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НАКЛОНЕНИЕ
Наклонение – это грамматическая категория глагола, выражающая отношение содержания
высказывания к действительности. (О.С.Ахманова, Словарь лингвистических терминов)
В английском языке существует три основных наклонения:
1. Изъявительное наклонение (The Indicative Mood) употребляется, когда действие или состояние,
выражаемое глаголом, представляется говорящим как реальный факт.
You remember my brother, I am sure.
They walked to the car slowly.
Формы изъявительного наклонения выражают значения времени, вида и залога.
2. Повелительное наклонение (The Imperative Mood) употребляется для выражения команды или
просьбы. В английском языке есть только одна форма повелительного наклонения, которая образуется с
помощью формы инфинитива без частицы to.
Come in and close the door.
Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола do.
Don’t say it again.
Don’t be late.
3. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood) показывает, что действие или состояние,
выраженное глаголом, не является реальным фактом. Говорящий представляет его, как что-то
воображаемое, желательное, необходимое, возможное и т.д. Формы сослагательного наклонения также
могут выражать эмоциональное отношение говорящего к содержанию высказывания, например, сожаление
по поводу того, что что-то произошло или не произошло.
We would help you, but we are leaving now. – Мы бы вам помогли, но мы сейчас уходим.
If only we knew the truth! – Если бы мы только знали правду!
I wish I were there with you. – Я бы хотела быть сейчас с тобой.
Для выражения значений сослагательного наклонения употребляются специальные формы
сослагательного наклонения, модальные глаголы, а также формы изъявительного наклонения (Past Simple,
Past Continuous, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous). Однако когда формы изъявительного наклонения
употребляются для выражения значений сослагательного наклонения, происходит сдвиг временного плана.
ФОРМЫ СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОГО НАКЛОНЕНИЯ
Собственные формы сослагательного наклонения:
1. Синтетические формы
2. Аналитические формы
Синтетические формы сослагательного наклонения настоящего времени имеют форму инфинитива без
частицы ‘to’ – be, have, go; etc. Название форм не соответствует их употреблению, так как они могут
обозначать действия, относящиеся как к настоящему, так и к прошлому и будущему. Эти формы могут
употребляться в устойчивых словосочетаниях и придаточных предложениях, вводимых союзом that.
Устойчивые словосочетания: Be it so! So be it! Be that as it may! God forbid! Heaven forbid! Suffice it to
say…, Far be it from me…, Come what may be…, etc. e.g. Long live the republic! If you really want to drop out of
college, be it so!
В объектных придаточных предложениях (object clauses) после таких глаголов как advise, demand, insist,
propose, recommend, request, suggest и в субъектных придаточных предложениях после таких
прилагательных как advisable, desirable, important, necessary выражаются предложения, советы, пожелания,
требования и т.д.
He suggested that we go there by car. – Он предложил, чтобы мы поехали туда на машине.
It is necessary that everybody obey the rules here. – Необходимо, чтобы все здесь подчинялись правилам.
Синтетическая форма сослагательного наклонения прошедшего времени есть только у глагола “be”; это
форма were, которая употребляется со всеми лицами в единственном и множественном числе. В
придаточных предложениях условия форма were употребляется для выражения маловероятного условия и
относит его к настоящему или будущему времени.
If I were you, I wouldn’t hurry. – На вашем месте я бы не торопился.
If he were here, he would know what to do. – Если бы он был здесь, он бы знал, что делать.
В других типах придаточных предложений форма were обозначает действие, происходящее
одновременно с действием, выраженным в главном предложении.
I wish you were more attentive. – Я бы хотела, чтобы вы были более внимательны.
I wished he were there with us. – Мне хотелось, чтобы он был там с нами.
Аналитические формы сослагательного наклонения образуются с помощью вспомогательных глаголов
would, should и инфинитива смыслового глагола без частицы “to”. Модальные глаголы may/might и could
также употребляются для выражения нереальности.
Вспомогательные глаголы would и should являются показателем сослагательного наклонения, время
действия выражается формой инфинитива. Инфинитив в английском языке имеет шесть форм:
Non-Perfect Simple (Indefinite) Active (to do), Non-Perfect Simple (Indefinite) Passive (to be done), Non-
Perfect Continuous Active (to be doing);
Perfect Simple Active (to have done), Perfect Simple Passive (to have been done), Perfect Continuous Active
(to have been doing)
Формы инфинитива не могут изменяться в соответствии с лицом или временем действия.
Неперфектные формы инфинитива в составе аналитической формы сослагательного наклонения относят
действие к настоящему или будущему; перфектные формы относят действие, выраженное инфинитивом, к
прошлому.
If I were you I would think over her proposal. – На вашем месте я бы обдумала ее предложение.- настоящее
время
If I were you I would have thought over her proposal. – На вашем месте я бы уже обдумала ее предложение. –
прошедшее время
Формы индикатива (изъявительного наклонения) также могут употребляться в придаточных
предложениях для выражения маловероятного или невозможного условия, желания, сожаления и других
значений. Употребляются формы Past Simple и Past Continuous, Past Perfect и Past Perfect Continuous. В
придаточных предложениях условия формы Past Simple и Past Continuous обозначают маловероятные
условия, относящиеся к настоящему или будущему времени, в то время как формы Past Perfect и Past Perfect
Continuous обозначают невозможные условия, относящиеся к прошлому.
If we knew all the facts, we could take a decision. – Если бы нам были известны все факты, мы могли бы
принять решение сейчас.
If she were writing her essay now, the music wouldn’t be so loud in her room. – Если бы она писала сейчас
сочинение, в ее комнате не было бы такой громкой музыки.
If we had known all the facts then, we could have done it in a different way. – Если бы тогда нам были известны
все факты, мы могли бы сделать это по-другому.
If it had been raining since morning, there would be puddles everywhere. – Если бы дождь шел с утра, везде
были бы лужи.
В других типах придаточных формы Past Simple и Past Continuous обозначают действия одновременные
с действием, выраженным в главном предложении, а формы Past Perfect и Past Perfect Continuous обозначают
действия, которые предшествуют действию главного предложения.
She looks as if she knew something. – Она выглядит так, как будто она что-то знает.
She looked at us as if she knew our thoughts. – Она выглядела так, как будто ей были известны наши мысли.
She looks as if she hadn’t slept the previous night. – Она выглядит так, как будто бы она не спала прошлой
ночью.
She looked at me as if she had never seen me before. – Она посмотрела на меня так, как будто бы она никогда
не видела меня раньше.
EXERCISES
Ex. 1 Choose the correct form to express something unreal:
1. If only I ______ the truth! Then I could take some steps.
a) know b) knew c) had known
2. If only somebody ______ me about it when I asked!
a) had told b) told c) has told
3. If only the weather ______ for the worse when we were climbing that mountain!
a) didn’t change b) wasn’t changed c) hadn’t changed
4. If only they ______ us now!
a) didn’t bother b) hadn’t bothered c) don’t bother
5. If only she ______ in such pain! She couldn’t even talk.
a) were not b) hadn’t been c) wasn’t
6. If only they ______ it before!
a) had explained b) explained c) would explain
7. If only this day ______ forever!
a) will last b) had lasted c) could last
8. If only he ______ to me! I really want to tell him the truth.
a) would listen b) had listened) c) listens
9. If only you _________ how much I miss you.
a) had understood b) could understand c) will understand
10. If only he ______ her when he was still so young!
a) didn’t meet b) wouldn’t meet) c) hadn’t met
11. If only he __________ you everything!
a) would tell b) will tell c) tells
12. If only Jane ____________ to our party!
a) will come b) should come c) would come
13. We ___________ them to help us yesterday. Unfortunately we didn’t see them.
a) will ask b) would have asked c) would ask
14. My sister ___________ a week ago, but there were no tickets.
a) arrived b) would arrive c) would have arrived
15. They _____________ the work last Monday, but it wasn’t necessary.
a) could have finished b) should have finished c) would finish
Ex. 2 Choose the form to show the condition as possible or unlikely:
1. If Mary ______ at home, she would answer the phone.
a) were b) was c) is
2. John would certainly visit you if you _________ him.
a) invite b) would invite c) invited
3. We will arrive at the decision sooner if you _______ arguing.
a) stop b) will stop c) stopped
4. If the ice ________ we won’t be able to cross the river.
a) melted b) melts c) would melt
5. I wouldn’t be surprised if they __________ married soon.
a) get b) would get c) got
6. She won’t accept your invitation if she ________ out that John will be there.
a) found b) finds c) had found
7. If the car ___________ down, we will get there in no time at all.
a) didn’t break b) hadn’t broken c) doesn’t break
8. If you _________ this article, we won’t have to go to the library.
a) find b) found c)will find
9. If I ________ when they will arrive, I would meet them at the station.
a) knew b) had known c) know
10. Who will show us the way if we ____________ a guide?
a) didn’t take b) won’t take c) don’t take
Ex. 3 State the type of condition expressed in the following sentences. Use the following words: possible
improbable impossible
1. If wishes were horses, beggars would ride. 2. If my aunt had been a man, she’d have been my uncle. 3. If you
agree to carry a calf, they’ll make you carry a cow. 4. If you sell the cow, you sell her milk too. 5. If there were no
clouds, we should not enjoy the sun. 6. If you cannot bite, never show your teeth. 7. If things were to be done twice
all would be wise. 8. If you try to please all, you will please none.
Ex. 4 Use the correct form of the verb in brackets to show the condition as unlikely or impossible:
1. If it ____________ (not be) so foggy, we could see the lake from here. 2. If you ________________ (save)
his telephone number, we could call him now. 3. If he ___________ (not be) so tired, he would go on working. 4.
We could stay at our friends’ if we _________________ (not find) a vacant room at the hotel. 5. If there _________
(be) enough food at home, we wouldn’t have to go shopping. 6. Will you tell me if he _______________ (call) you?
7. If he already ________________ (know) the answer, he wouldn’t ask you again and again. 8. If you
_____________ (get) an extra ticket, let me know, please. 9. We wouldn’t be waiting for her if she _________ (let)
us know that she would be late. 10. If he ________________ (mention) these facts to me, I wouldn’t be looking
through these newspapers now.
Ex. 5 Mark the correct sentence:
1. a) If she were good at languages, she would learn French besides English.
b) If she had been good at languages, she would learn French besides English.
2. a) You would have met him if you stayed at the party longer.
b) You would have met him if you had stayed at the party longer.
3. a) If you helped him, he would have coped with the task.
b) If you had helped him, he would have coped with the task.
4. a) John would marry Anne if he could support a family.
b) John would marry Anne if he could have supported a family.
5. a) If only they wouldn’t make us tell it again! I’m so tired of talking.
b) If only they don’t make us tell it again! I’m so tired of talking.
6. a) If only he had been younger! He would be able to change a lot in his life.
b) If only he were younger! He would be able to change a lot in his life.
7. a) If she hadn’t been in such a hurry to leave, she would have answered more questions.
b) If she weren’t in such a hurry to leave, she would have answered more questions.
Ex. 6 Choose the correct form of the Subjunctive Mood; mind the time markers in the sentences.
1. I _______________ you yesterday, but I was really busy.
a) would have joined b) would join c) could join
2. Jane ________________ a teacher for 5 years, but she didn’t start working after college.
a) would be b) were c) would have been
3. I _______________ you the news right now, but I haven’t heard it.
a) would tell b) would have told c) might have told
4. Would you ________ out with us? – I’m afraid, not. I’m too busy.
a) have gone b) go c) went
5. I ______ excited, but your story didn’t sound true.
a) got b) would get c) would have got
6. Think before you tell her anything. It ________ easy to persuade her.
a) wouldn’t have been b) wouldn’t be c) weren’t
7. He _________ our friend – he is such a nice person.
a) could become b) would have become c) should become
8. Can you show me her picture? Otherwise I _________ her.
a) didn’t recognize b) wouldn’t have recognize c) wouldn’t recognize
9. You certainly ________ Tom, but he is out at the moment.
a) could have asked b) could ask c) would ask
10. I _______ you everything but only after you explain why you want to know it.
a) would have told b) tell c) would tell
Ex. 7 Use the proper form of the Infinitive in brackets:
1. Why didn’t you ask me? I could (help) ______________________ you. 2. Why don’t you ask him? He could
(answer) ____________________ you. 3. Will you call them? They might (wait) ________________ for you now.
4. She could (write) __________________ a good story, but she didn’t know all the facts. 5. You might (remember)
_______________ him; he is the guy who always brings flowers. 6. He might (give) _____________ you his notes;
just ask him. 7. He might (give) _____________ you his notes. Why didn’t you ask him? 8. It would (be)
____________ impolite to make him wait. Let’s see him immediately. 9. We could (talk) ______________ some
more, but I’m in a hurry. 10. John would (do) ______________ it much better. Why didn’t you let him do it? 11.
We left before Tom came. What could we (tell) _____________ him? 12. Jane would (come) __________ earlier
but she didn’t manage.
TEST
Ответ оценивается в один или два балла. Оценка задания в баллах указана в скобках. Результат теста
оценивается по следующей шкале:
90% - 100% выполнения (90 – 100 баллов) – «отлично»
70% - 89% выполнения (70 – 89 баллов) – «хорошо»
50% - 69% выполнения (50 – 69 баллов) – «удовлетворительно»
Ниже 50% выполнения (менее 50 баллов) – «плохо»
Task 1 (10 points)
Use the proper form of the Indicative Mood of the verb in brackets:
1. If you _________ (send) the letter when you say you did, they would already have it.
2. If you __________ (not tell) her yet that you went to the cinema yesterday without her, do it now.
3. If only he ________________ (tell) the truth when they asked him!
4. This cottage would look much better if you ________ (paint) it white.
5. If you ______________ (bring) her some flowers, she would have forgiven you.
6. If she ____________ (taken) the pills the doctor had prescribed to her, she would feel much better.
7. He would be glad to go hiking with us, but he ___________ (injure) his leg last week.
8. I’m sure he already _____________ (know) the answers when he was writing the test; otherwise he wouldn’t
have finished so quickly.
9. If you _____________ (read) the article yesterday, I’m sure you could answer my questions.
10. If you _____________ (manage) to come home before you parents return, you wouldn’t have to explain
where you have been.
Task 2(10 points)
Use the proper form of the Subjunctive Mood
1. But for his letters we _______________ (feel) very lonely.
2. If he had left the hotel at 5, he _____________ (be) here in a couple of minutes.
3. He doesn’t know that you are in town, or he _________________ (call) several times already.
4. We ________________ (accept) your invitation to go to the country tomorrow if the weather hadn’t changed
for the worth. I think we’d better all stay in town.
5. If it hadn’t snowed for the whole week, they ________________ (not close) the road – it’s too dangerous to
use it now.
6. She prepared an explanation for her visit in case somebody ________________ (ask) her.
7. If only she _______________ (not be) so careless!
8. He __________________ (see) you home with pleasure, but he has to return to the hospital – there is some
emergency there.
9. If you ________________ (find) Jack’s telephone number, will you please invite him to our party?
10. We _________________ (wait) for her if she had let us know that she would be late. We wasted so much
time.
Task 3 (20 points)
Choose the correct way of expressing condition:
1. ________ we wouldn’t have been able to see him standing there.
a) If not the dim light coming through the window,
b) But for the dim light coming through the window,
c) If it were not for the dim light coming through the window,
2. We agree to discuss the contract, ________.
a) provided you have sent the necessary papers already
b) only if you will send the necessary papers immediately
c) on condition that you send the necessary papers immediately
3. She wouldn’t discuss these events with you ____________.
a) in case you asked her
b) even if you asked her
c) unless you ask her
4. _____, would you forgive him?
a) Suppose he apologized
b) Provided he apologized
c) In case he apologized
5. We can go by plane ______.
a) unless the time of the flight suits us
b) provided the time of the flight suits us
c) even if the time of the flight suits us
6. Take some warm clothes with you ___________.
a) in case it should become cool at night
b) if it becomes cool at night
c) if it should become cool at night
7. _______ we wouldn’t be able to look through those papers. But now there is nothing to worry about.
a) If it weren’t his permission
b) But for his permission
c) Without his permission
8. She would be already here by now – ________.
a) if only something extraordinary hadn’t happened
b) unless something extraordinary had happened
c) even if something extraordinary had happened
9. _______, we could explain what has really happened.
a) If you would manage to persuade him to listen to us
b) If you should manage to persuade him to listen to us
c) In case you manage to persuade him to listen to us
10. Your guests will start looking for you ______.
a) if you don’t return immediately
b) on condition that you don’t return immediately
c) unless you return immediately
Task 4 (20 points)
Use the proper form of the infinitive of the verb in brackets:
1. If I knew the answer I would certainly ______________ (share) it with you.
2. But for the difficulties we came across we could _______________ (solve) this problem long ago.
3. I might __________________ (change) my mind if you hadn’t warned me.
4. If I had been you, I would _______________ (avoid) meeting this person.
5. If the task ___________ (be) as difficult as you say it was, he wouldn’t have fulfilled it within such a short
time.
6. If only they would _____________ (stop) arguing about the children!
7. Jane would have left without saying good-bye to anybody, but suddenly she ___________ (notice) a familiar
face.
8. If only they ______________ (stop) there and then!
9. She was very busy; otherwise she _____________ (call) him.
10. He ________________ (reach) the top of the mountain, but the weather was awful.
Task 5 (20 points)
Mark the correct sentence:
1. a) He wouldn’t leave us so soon if he could help it.
b) He wouldn’t have left us so soon if he could help it.
2. a) If he had already known the truth, you wouldn’t argue now.
b) If he already knew the truth, you wouldn’t argue now.
3. a) We would have called you as soon as we arrived if we had known your telephone number.
b) We would call you as soon as we arrived if we had known your telephone number.
4. a) I think the weather is going to change. So we could have gone on a picnic.
b) I think the weather is going to change. So we could go on a picnic.
5. a) The weather was awful yesterday. He might prefer to stay at home.
b) The weather was awful yesterday. He might have preferred to stay at home.
6. a) Who could this man in the picture be?
b) Who could this man in the picture have been?
7. a) Jane wouldn’t be so upset if you didn’t tell her this sad news.
b) Jane wouldn’t be so upset if you hadn’t told her this sad news.
8. a) She wouldn’t have paid any attention to the boy, but his behaviour was awful.
b) She wouldn’t have paid any attention to the boy but his behaviour had been awful.
9. a) The roses would be in full bloom already if the previous nights hadn’t been so cold.
b) The roses would be in full bloom already if the previous nights weren’t so cold.
10. a) He had changed his mind; otherwise he would be already here.
b) He has changed his mind; otherwise he would be already here.
Task 6 (20 points)
Define the type of condition expressed in the following sentences:
From J.K. Jerome “Three Men in a Boat”
1. If I hadn’t woken you, you’d have lain there for the whole fortnight.
2. He wouldn’t have joined if it hadn’t been for the idea of seeing Mrs. Thomas’s tomb.
3. Much of this sort of trouble would be saved if those who are towing would keep remembering that they are
towing.
4. Had this happened before supper, George would have expressed wishes and desires concerning Harris’s fate
in this world and the next that would have made a thoughtful man shudder.
5. “If I am guilty, said the Earl, “may this bread choke me when I eat it!” Then he put the bread into his mouth
and swallowed it, and it choked him, and he died.
6. …I don’t expect anybody would believe me if I did.
7. If it killed us, that would be a sad thing for our friends and relations, but it could not be helped.
8. Had there been any particular reason why we should not have gone to sleep again, but have got up and
dressed then and there, we should have dropped off while we were looking at our watches, and have slept till ten.
9. If he be of a stout and short-winded build, you could easily avoid his advances; but when he is of the youthful
and long-legged type, a meeting is inevitable.
10. If, we said – if anything unforeseen should happen, preventing our return, we would write to him.