Английский язык
Королев, 2007
2
100 экз
3
Методические указания
1. Правила чтения
Окончание Словообразование
-S имени 1) books
существительного 2) the president’s
1)во мн. числе office
в 3 лице
2) в
притяжательном
падеже
Глагола He reads
3 .л. ед.ч. падеже
в утверд.форме
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наст.врем.
(Present Simple)
-ER имени
прилагательного Employer
сравнительная степень cooker
имени существ.
Агент действия,
профессия; аппарат,
прибор
-EST имени прилагат. The longest
В превосх.
степень
-ED глагола: 1)We decided
1)в личной форме 2) Certified goods
простого
прошедшего времени
(Past Simple)
2) в неличной форме
(Participle II)
-ing Глагол в Being
неличных формах: writing
Причастие
Participle I -
Примеры к таблице
-s, ‘s
-er , -est
a teacher – учитель
lighter - легче
the lightest – самый легкий
a lighter – зажигалка
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-еd
-ing
Строевые слова-признаки
Контрольное задание №1
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и определите по
грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова,
оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет,
т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см.
образец выполнения.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Не likes the lectures on history.
2. Blue suits you.
3. I usually take my sister’s books.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2 ).
.1. I visited his country house last weekend.
2. The bus stop is not far from here.
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3. .Every office worker uses a computer.
III. Перепишите предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и
переведите их на русский язык.
1. The prices are getting higher.
2. You need to be more attentive.
3. The smaller the parcel is, the cheaper it is to post.
4. The old office building is not as tall as the new one.
IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. There was no money for the operation.
2. Has he got any books on marketing?
3. The teacher always gives us some English articles.
4. Everything is getting better.
ST.PETERSBURG
1. St. Petersburg (Leningrad) is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
Its history is inseparable from the history of the Russian people and dates back to
the beginning of the 18th century. The city was founded by Peter the First in 1783
on the banks of the Neva river. The city lies on forty-two islands. Three hundred
and sixty bridges cross the river and the canals in the city.
2. St. Petersburg is famous for its revolutionary past, its heroism during the
Great Patriotic War. Leningrad stood against the enemy for nine hundred days and
over half a million people died in the blockade but did not let the enemy
come into the city.
3. Today St. Petersburg is a centre of industry, science and culture in Russia.
It has about 300 research and design institutes and more than 40 higher educational
establishments with a total of about 275 000 students. The city is known for its
highly developed industry producing everything, from powerful turbines and
machine tools to sophisticated gadgets.
4. St. Petersburg is called the city of museums. There are about 50 museums
of different kind. Among them are the State Hermitage, one of the world's largest
fine art museums, the State Russian Museum and others. There are also14 theatres,
40 palaces, 50 cinemas, a lot of libraries, parks and squares in St. Petersburg.. Most
of the city's buildings form architectural compositions of great artistic value. The
famous tourist attractions are the Summer Palace, the Admiralty, St. Isaac's
Cathedral, Alexander Column, the Statue of Peter the Great and many others. The
environments of the St. Petersburg are as famous as the city itself. The popular
tourist destinations are Petrodvorets, Lomonosov, Pushkin, Pavlovsk and
Gattchina.
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ВАРИАНТ 4
1. London is one of the most complex cities in the world. To the Londoner it
is more a collection of village areas than one large city. To the visitor it is an
exciting mixture of sights, sounds and people.
2. London began on two small patches of dry land in the middle of a marsh
on the north bank of the Thames. That was long before the Romans came. In
Roman times it was named Londinium, and was already a large centre of trade.
Alfred the Great took London from the Danes and it gradually replaced Winchester
as the capital. Since then it has grown and grown. Today it covers a greater area
than any other city in the world, has about 9 million inhabitants and is the capital
of the United Kingdom.
3. As you approach the centre of London, you see the busy shopping streets
and catch a first glimpse of the famous building - Buckingham Palace or the
Houses of Parliament -or focal points like Piccadilly Circus and Trafalgar Square.
Everywhere there are bright red buses, and black taxis and busy restaurants; it is
the most pleasant surprise to see so many parks, trees and gardens in London.
4. The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre.
Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of
England. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work.
There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking
of them is St. Paul's Cathedral; the greatest of English churches. It was built in the
17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was founded by
Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a
fortress, a royal palace and a prison. Now it is a museum.
Пояснения к тексту:
The Bank of England - Английский банк
The Stock of Exchange - Лондонская фондовая биржа
Тhe Old Bailey - Центральный уголовный суд
Focal points - главные достопримечательности
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ВАРИАНТ 5
Пояснения к тексту:
Stock Exchange - фондовая биржа
borough (амер.) - городской район
elsewhere - где-нибудь в другом месте
to die – здесь. затихать
Контрольное задание N 2
ВАРИАНТ 1
1. The Russian Federation is one of the largest countries in the world. Its is
more than 17 million square km , the population is about 146 million people with
more than 100 nationalities. There are 49 regions and about 1000 towns in Russia
now. The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is a political, industrial and cultural
center of the state. The Russia’s climate is continental.
2. Russia is a highly industrialized country. The main industries are oil, gas,
atomic, chemical, electronic, textile, construction, food and consumer goods ones.
Russia is rich in natural resources and fossil fuels such as gas and oil.
3. Russia is the Federation of sovereign units. The legislative body is the
Parliament which consists of two chambers: the upper one - the Council of
Federation, and the lower one - the State Duma. The executive branch of power is
represented by the Government headed by the Prime Minister. The judicial power
is exercised by the Supreme Court the Constitutional Court of Russia. The
President is the head of state. Russia has a three-coloured flag- red, white and
blue, and a state anthem. The official language is Russian. There are currently
more than 80 political parties, big and small.
4. Russia develops friendly relations and commercial ties, economic
cooperation and trade with many countries of the world. It exports industrial and
consumer goods, agricultural products and other commodities from various
countries of the world.
ВАРИАНТ 2
Пояснения к тексту:
manufacturing – промышленный
executive power– исполнительная власть
legislative power– законодательная власть
judicial power – судебная власть
the powers – полномочия
Washington D.C. – г. Вашингтон, округ Колумбия
V. Прочитайте первый абзац текста и вопрос к нему; из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос:
Where is the USA situated?
1. The USA is situated in the western part of the North American
continent.
2. The USA is situated in the central part of the North American
continent.
3. The USA is situated in the southern part of the North American
continent.
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ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-
сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите
предложения на русский язык. В разделе б) обратите внимание на перевод
пассивных конструкций (см. образец выполнения 1).
a)
I. He has been in London many times.
2. When you telephoned, I was having dinner.
3 The professor had left by the time we arrived.
6)
1. The goods will be delivered in the morning.
2. We are asked to come early.
3. He was given a very good piece of advice.
II. Перепишите следующие упражнения, подчеркните Participle I И
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите является ли
оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Having much time we decided to walk to the station.
2. Dried and sorted the goods were delivered to the shop.
3. The books published for children are well illustrated.
4. This is a reliable company, always delivering loads in time..
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из
них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. He can't play tennis very well now, but he could play tennis well when he
was younger.
2. I am not sure but Tom may come to see us tomorrow.
3. You must have a passport to visit most foreign countries.
4. I can't meet you on Friday, I have to work.
5. In spring one should take more vitamins..
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THE US ECONOMY
1. The American economy is a dynamic, free-market system that is
constantly evolving out the choices and decisions made by millions of citizens who
play multiple, often overleaping roles as consumers, producers, investors and
voters. The United States is generally described as a mixed economy. It means that
even though the great majority of productive resources are privately owned, the
federal government does play an important part in the marketplace.
2. By any standard, the American economy that has evolved over less than
250 years has been immensely successful. With less than 5 percent of the world's
population, the United States in the early 1990s produced about 25 per cent of the
world's output. The US economy is more than twice as large as the largest
economy, that of Japan. By conventional measures, US productivity and standard
of living remain among the highest in the industrial word - although other nations
have experienced higher rates in recent decades.
3. The American have often been described as pragmatists. Clear evidence
of the American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions: to establish
and maintain an economy soundly based on the principles of free enterprise. At the
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same time, American government helps to create the widest possible opportunities
for people, economic growth and progress.
Пояснения к тексту:
to evolve – развиваться
conventional measures - общепринятые мерки
V.Прочитайте 3-й абзац еще раз. Какое утверждение лучше всего
соответствует содержанию данного абзаца?
1. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to
establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of planned economy.
2. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to
establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of free enterprise.
3. The American people's pragmatism is demonstrated by their actions to
establish and maintain an economy, based on the principles of state controlled
market economy.
Контрольное задание № 3
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание N 3. необходимо усвоить
следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному
учебнику:
1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one it.
2. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видо-временных форм Simple,
Continuous, Perfect.
3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции
а) подлежащего, 6) составной части сказуемого, в) определения,
г) обстоятельства цели.
5. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных
придаточных предложениях.
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. 1)
Present Perfect Passive
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The main question has already been discussed.
Главный вопрос уже обсудили.
Present Simple Passive
His scientific work is much spoken about.
О его научной работе много говорят.
Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)
It is interesting to study economics.
Интересно изучать экономику.
One should agree to sign this contract.
Следует подписать этот контракт.
He knows that banking is very important for business.
Он знает, что банковское дело очень важно для бизнеса.
Образец выполнения 3 ( к упр. IV)
What is the name of the book you are reading?
Как называется книга, которую ты читаешь?
This is the subject we know nothing about.
Это предмет, о котором мы ничего не знаем.
ВАРИАНТ I
1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
вило-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения
на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 1).
1. The mail has been brought.
2. The room was being cleaned when I arrived.
3. This work will have been done by Friday.
4. Service was included in the bill.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения one, it, that (см. образец
выполнения 2).
1. One must always keep one’s word.
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2. It is strange that he hasn’t come yet.
3. The devise won’t sell well unless it is upgraded.
4. I am afraid that they will be late.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do
1. We were to meet at five.
2. I am afraid I have to go.
3. He doesn’t feel well today.
4. I have got a new car.
5. I do know this subject.
6. He is very kind.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. Образец
выполнения 3)
1. I know he has returned.
2. He has found the book he was looking for.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. Will you help me to make out the manual?
2. To drive a car in a big city is very difficult.
3. I don't know him well enough to ask him for help.
4. She was sorry to leave so early.
YI. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2 и 3-й абзацы текста.
VII. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных
вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный
ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What economies can you find in most countries?
1. You can find free economies in most countries.
2. You can find controlled economies in most countries.
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3. You can find mixed economies in most countries.
ECONOMICS
1. Economics was defined by Alfred Marshall, one of the great Victorian
economists, as "the study of mankind in the everyday business of life". There are
other definitions of economics, but Marshall's definition draws attention to the
unique feature of human society: that unlike other animals, man provides for his
everyday needs by means of a complex pattern of production, distribution and
exchange.
2. This everyday business of providing the means of livelihood is called by
the general term 'economy'. Economics is the study of economies, and in particular
of modern economies such as those of Western Europe and the USA. It is
interesting to study primitive economies, but it is the advanced economies that
interest us most.
3 How do we produce all the things that we need? How do we distribute the
products among the various groups in the society? What institutions have we
developed to promote economic activity, and how does each institution play its
part in the intricate relationships of everyday life?
4. The economic systems fall into three categories, they are traditional
economies, controlled economics and free economies. In fact most countries must
be, to some extent, mixed economies. It is impossible for bureaucracy to supervise
every aspect of production in the countries of controlled economies while the
monopolistic exploitation of the mass of any people in a truly 'free enterprise'
system is totally unacceptable in the modern world.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в из них видо-
временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. Almost everything in the modern world is done with the help of
computers.
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2. Originally computers were used only for doing calculations.
3. Computers are being used more and more extensively in the world now.
4. A new kind of processor has been launched into the market recently.
II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It is wholesale vendors who take part in wholesale fairs and sign contracts
with consumers and suppliers.
2. -Which coat is yours? -The grey one.
3. It is essential to support small businesses.
4. Unless the company pays more attention to the research and development,
it won’t be competitive.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на разные значения слов to be, to do, to have.
1. We’ll have to review the prices.
2. She is to come to the office at nine.
3. .We did include this issue in the agenda.
4. .We do business with a few European countries.
5. .Our interpreters usually do their translations carefully.
6. They have got a lot of customers overseas
IV.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение
.1 This is a new company we don't know much about.
2 The technological projects the we are using currently were developed last
year
V Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. The task of small busunesses is to create retail and catering outlets.
2. To market consumer goods and provide all kinds of paid services small
businesses should have a wide sales network.
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3. It is necessary for a newly established company to carefully work out its
own advertising and marketing policy.
4. This is the issue to be discussed as soon as possible.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1 по 4 абзацы текста
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2, 3-й абзацы текста
VII.. Прочитайте текста еще раз. Из приведенных вариантов ответа
укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на
поставленный вопрос.
What does the computer do in commerce?
1. Control manufacturing processes.
2. Compose music.
3. Record and process inventories, bills, payrolls.
COMPUTERS
1. Originally computers were used only for doing calculations. When
Ch.Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, invented
the first calculating machine in 1812 he could hardly have imagined the
situation we find ourselves in today.
2. Almost everything in modern world is done with the help of
computers. Computers are being used more and more extensively in the
world now, for the simple reason that they are more efficient that human
beings. They have much better memories and can store great amount of
information and they can do calculations in a fraction of the time required by
a human mathematician. No man alive can do 500000 sums in one second,
but a modern computer can.
3. In fact, a computer can do many things we do, but faster and better.
They can control machines at factories, work out tomorrow’s weather and
even play chess, write poetry or compose music. In science computers digest
and analyze masses of measurements such as the sequential positions and
velocities of a spacecraft and solve extraordinary long and complex
mathematical problems, such as the trajectory of the spacecraft.
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4. In commerce they record and process inventories, purchases, bills,
payrolls, bank deposit and the like and keep track of ongoing business
transactions. In industry they monitor and control manufacturing processes.
In government they keep statistics and analyze economic information.
Computers are also a great help to scholars in history, literature and so on.
ВАРИАНТ 3
I Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видо-временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого. Переведите
предложения на русский язык (см.образец выполнения 1)
1. A new ring-road is being built around the city.
2 The room had been cleaned before we arrived.
3. The problem was being discussed when the manager came in.
4. He told me that he had been invited to the conference.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения one, it, that (см. образец
выполнения 2)
1. One can use such methods in one's work.
2. It’s nice to see you again.
3. It is surprising that he thinks so.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. They are to leave on Friday.
2 We had to answer a lot of questions at the examinations.
3. He didn’t apply for this job as Martin didn’t have the relevant
qualifications.
4 They are both good students.
5 The professor had left by the time we arrived.
6 What do you usually do on Sunday?
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IV Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. образец выполнения
3).
1. He posted the letter he had written.
2 She knew they had left London.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива
1 . She decided not to buy a car.
2. To walk in the garden was pleasant.
3. The professor gave us some materials to study.
4. He was pleased to meet them.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы текста
ADVERTISING
1. Advertising is a message to promote a product, a service or an
idea. The purpose of most advertising is to sell products or services.
Advertising plays a key role in the competition among businesses for the
consumer’s money. In many businesses the volume of sales depends largely
on the amount of advertising done.
2. Manufacturers advertise to persuade people to buy their
products. Large firms also use advertising to create a favourable image of
their company. The company may advertise in many ways depending on how
much it wishes to spend, and the size and type of the target audience. If the
company wants to enter the market or to launch a new product, it often starts
an advertising campaign.
3. Such campaigns are usually very successful because people
learn about new products or services. There are different ways of advertising:
newspapers, television, direct mail, radio, magazines, outdoor signs, other
ways (transit advertisement, window displays, point-of-purchase displays,
telephone directories and novelties).
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4. Television is a chief medium used by advertisers. In the USA
100 largest advertisers spend on average 75 percent of their advertising
budgets on television. Food companies spend about 80 per cent on television,
and candy, snacks and soft drinks companies spend about 85 per cent.
Пояснения к тексту:
advertising – реклама
transit advertisement – реклама в городском транспорте
window display – витрина
point-of-purchase display – выкладка на месте покупки
VII. Прочитайте текст еще раз. Из приведенных вариантов ответа
укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на
поставленный вопрос.
How much do food companies spend on advertising on TV?
1) They spend 75% of their advertising budget.
2) They spend 80% of their advertising budget.
3) They spend 85% of their advertising budget.
ВАРИАНТ 4
1. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-
временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык ( см. образец выполнения I).
1. The long-term agreement was signed last week.
2. This advertisement is still being published. It isn’t ready yet..
3. Recently a new shopping center has been opened in our town.
4. The work of economists is concerned with the analysis of the economic
and financial issues.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения it, that, one (см.образец
выполнения 2)
1. It is impolite to leave the letter unanswered.
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2. One must show the passport here.
3. We know that management is important for business.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do
1. Commodity imports have risen substantially this year.
2. If you have to send a fax , do it promptly.
3. Britain is to reduce her export prices.
4. The government had to introduce new measures to stimulate the economy.
5. It is the biggest voluntary organization in the world.
6. They do know economics well.
IV Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. образец выполнения
3).
1. I hope you will accept my sincere apologies.
2. The measure this programme provides for is very popular.
3. Unfortunately the delivery date you asked for is rather short.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
I. Overseas companies will be invited to invest in the construction of the
project.
2. It wasn't easy to find the way to the railway station.
3. I want to accompany you up to the metro station.
4. He was the first to come to the meeting.
VI.Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 абзацы текста.
JOB SEARCH
1. Job search is a long process which needs lots of time and effort.
You can’t start it without a resume. You present the most important
information about yourself in it: your background, your work experience,
skills and special knowledge. You should write your objective too, that is
what position you are aiming at.
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2. With your resume drawn you start direct search. You look
through business magazines and newspapers and look for the companies that
regularly hire in your field. You can send your resume to these companies.
Employment and recruitment agencies are aimed at assisting you in finding a
job. State employment agencies are funded by state labour departments. The
most effective way to use their services is to visit the local offices.
3. Only employment agencies and some recruitment agencies will
actively market you to a large number of companies. The most part of
recruitment agencies only present the credentials on exciting position. It is
useful to visit job fairs and career days, ask your family, relatives, friends,
neighbours and acquaintances to help you in job search.
4. The Interview is an important part in your job search. It is
important to make a good impression and to wear proper clothes. Try to keep
eye contact with the key person in the meeting. It is not proper to ask about
the salary at the first interview or criticize your former boss or company. It is
not recommended to discuss personal problems with representative of the
company. It is important to assure the company representatives that you are
the right person for the position.
Пояснения к тексту
to draw – составлять (документ)
employment agency – агенство по трудоустройству
recruitment agency – агенство по набору персонала
credentials – документы
salary – заработная плата (служащих)
Пояснения к тексту
It is accepted that... – общепризнано, что
overall strategy – генеральная стратегия
decision making – принятие решений
ratio analysis – анализ коэффициентов
profitability - рентабельность
assets and liabilities – актив и пассив
V. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий
вопрос:
What is the role of an accountant in business?
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ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский следующие
предложения. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты
соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1)
1 He is said to have studied marketing very well
2. Marketing is known to be one of the systems of big corporations’
management
3. He expects to be invited to work for this firm.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод независимого
(самостоятельного) и зависимого причастных оборотов (см. образец
выполнения 2).
1. Having travelled much he told interesting stories.
2. We watched them demonstrating the machine in operation.
3. There being no manual the machine was difficult to maintain.
III.Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные
предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. If he has time he will help you.
2. The goods would be bought if you advertised them on TV.
3. If they had given us a 5% discount we would have bought the goods in
bulk.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и
письменно переведите 2,3,4 абзацы текста.
CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETS
1. Markets may be classified in many ways, such as a) according to the area
covered,
b) according to the methods of dealing, c) according to the commodity or
class of commodities dealt in. This classification is very useful.
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2. Markets for Raw Materials. These markets are known as Produce
Markets, where importers sell raw materials to wholesale dealers. Well-known
examples of such markets are for cotton, wheat, wool, copper and rubber. Produce
markets are located in some important city but their transactions are world-wide.
Dealers usually meet on an Exchange, where the method of dealing is a sample, or
by grades. The Exchange usually issues periodical Market Reports, and regulates
all transactions by its rules.
3. Markets for Manufactured Goods. When the processes of manufacture are
completed, the manufacturer may distribute the goods to the retailer himself, or, as
is more usual, he may sell them to the wholesaler, who warehouses the products of
many manufacturers and distributes them to the retailers or to other wholesale
dealers at home or abroad. The wholesale market extends therefore over a wide
area; the wholesaler is in contact with retailers, from whom he receives reports
regarding changes in demand. The orders received from the retailers are passed on
to the manufacturers, and in this way the course of production is determined.
V. Прочитайте текст еще раз и ответьте письменно на следующий
вопрос:
What is the classification of markets?
BAPИAHT 3
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные
обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец
выполнения 1).
1 The film to be shown at our club tonight consists of two parts.
2. We consider this congress to be one of the biggest events of our time.
3. The force of economic plans is known to lie in the reality of the tasks und
ways leading to their fulfillment.
II Перепишите и письменно пере ведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод независимого и зависимого
причастных оборотов( см. образец выполнения 2).
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1. People smoking so much can't be healthy.
2. Not knowing the working instructions we couldn't use the equipment.
3. The goods having been unloaded, the ship was ready to start its way back
to the country.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения . Обратиге внимание на перевод условных
предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. If we get tickets for the football match, we shall invite you to the stadium.
2. If he agreed to speak at the conference we would all be very happy.
3. If all the documents had been in order we could have signed the contract
yesterday.
IV Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите
1, 2, 3 абзацы
CURRENCY
1. Currency is the official medium of money exchange of a country.
"Currency" - because money runs or passes from person to person.
The currency in circulation usually consists of coins and bank-notes. In
Britain the currency in circulation is the pound sterling. About one-sixth is held by
banks, the remainder by public.
2. Each sovereign state has a currency (e.g. the American dollar, the French
franc) ; a payment from one country to another requites to be made in terms of a
rate of exchange between their currencies.
3. A variation in the rate of exchange between currency is known as
depreciation or devaluation of the currency, which becomes cheaper as a result of
the appreciation of the others. Rates of exchange between currency depend on the
demand and supply for them and their supply. But this depends upon trade,
services, the price of currency, the international movement of capital, i.e. the
import and export of securities and similar financial claims.
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4. There are two kinds of currency: soft and hard. SOFT currencies are
those, for which international demand is weak, HARD currencies are those, for
which international demand is strong.
It is the Exchange Equalization Account and International Monetary Fund
who run all matters about currency in the world.
Пояснения к тексту:
rate of exchange - курс обмена (валют)
depreciation - обесценивание, снижение
devaluation - девальвация.обесценивание
soft currency - неконвертируемая (неустойчивая) валюта
hard currency – конвертируемая ( устойчивая, твердая) валюта
Exchange Equalization Account – Единый уравнительный фонд счета
V. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос.
What do rates of exchange between currency depend on?
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные
обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см.образец
выполнения1).
1. He must have forgotten about his promise.
2. The economic situation seems to be getting worse.
3. We expect new types of computers to be installed in banks.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого
(самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).
1. The goods sold by this firm are of high quality.
2. Some TV programs being not interesting, people prefer watching musical
shows.
3. Growing poverty of population is a cause of many diseases.
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III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные
предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. If you borrow money from a bank you will have to pay interest.
2 If they followed bank recommendations unemployment would increase
greatly.
3. If he had read this advertisement he would have bought this thing.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1,2,3,4 абзацы.
BANKS IN GREAT BRITAIN
1. The safest place to keep your money is a bank. The most widely used type
of account in Britain is a current account. You can pay in money received in any
form and then draw it out when you need it by using your cheque book. Payments
to other people can be made by writing out cheques in their name. If you want to
draw out cash for yourself, make the cheque payable in your own name.
2. When you pay a cheque into your account no one knows that it is
definitely going to be paid. In fact, it may take up to a week before your bank
actually receives the money. During this time, the cheque is ‘uncleared ‘and money
cannot be drawn against it, unless your bank agrees to let you do so.
3. Most banks in Britain don't make charges if you keep more than a certain
amount of money in your account. However, you shouldn't overdraw on your
account without the bank's permission. If you borrow money from the bank there
will be an interest charge. You will also have to pay a small charge to convert
foreign currency paid into your bank.
4. When you have established yourself as a satisfactory customer with the
bank they can issue you with a cheque card. This is an identity card which
guarantees that your cheques will be honoured by the bank. A cheque card can be
very useful as many shops will not accept a cheque unless it is backed by a cheque
guarantee card.
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5. Many banks provide dispensing machines, generally set in the wall of the
bank outside where you can draw cash when the bank is crowded or closed.
Provided you are a satisfactory customer the bank can issue you with a cash card
which allows you to use these machines.
Пояснения к тексту:
uncleared cheques - недостоверные , непроверенные чеки
to be in interest charge - зд. взимать процент
to backed by - зд. Подтверждать
V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий
вопрос
What are cash cards used for?
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные
обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец
выполнения 1).
1. The shareholders expected the profit to be distributed at the end of the
year.
2. The manager believes the terms of payment to be acceptable.
3. The goods are likely to arrive in a month.
11. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого
(самостоятельного) причастных оборотов ( см. образец выполнения 2).
1. Many new industrial enterprises producing consumer goods will be put
into operation in our country.
2. We expect to receive all the materials ordered during the first half of the
year.
3. Consumer goods production has increased considerably, more fabrics and
knitwear being produced.
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III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные
предложения, (см. образец выполнения 3).
I .They would have signed the contract yesterday, if they had been satisfied
with the results of the tests.
2. If we received the reply tomorrow, we should start negotiations next
week.
3. If you accept our terms of payment, we'll deliver our machines in 10 days.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2 и 3 абзацы
V..Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий
вопрос:
When does marketing become too costly?
THE NATURE OF MARKETING
1. Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of
goods and services from producer to consumer or user. Simply to produce a
product is not enough; the product must be transported, stored, priced, advertised
and sold before the satisfaction of human needs and wants. Marketing is the whole
process of having the right product, at the right time, in the right place and
bringing a mutual benefit to customer and vendor. Marketing activities range from
the initial conception and design of the product to its ultimate sale, and account for
about half the cost of the product. Customers benefit by having what they want,
when and where they want it. Vendors benefit by making a profit. The greater the
benefits customers receive, the more frequently they will trade with the business
that provides them.
2. You are engaging in marketing when you; design or develop a product or
service; transport and store goods; provide a variety of choice; buy in large
volumes and sell them by item; install, service, repair, instruct; update and
improve.
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3. Marketing is the Four Ps - the product, the place, the price and the
promotion. But most of all, marketing is research; finding out who the customers
are and what they need.
Successful vendors never forget that benefit lies in the customer's
perception, not in the vendor’s. Marketing is asking the question "Who will buy
my product or service?
4. Although many critics claim that the cost of marketing is too high, an
analysis of the marketing functions does not bear this criticism out. Rather than
think of the cost of marketing, one should consider the value added through
marketing. Marketing becomes too costly only when its cost exceeds the value it
adds.
Пояснения к тексту:
to range from ... to - начинается ..... и заканчивается
a variety of choice - ассортимент
does not bear these criticisms out -зд.: не оправданно подвергается такой
критике
rather than – прежде чем
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