:

! "# $#

92/ /392 :

٠
 :

! ! " #$ % & ' :

& /4 + & ' / ! - 5/56" 4 * 7 /' 8 /0/12 , 34 : ( ) *+, - . ! .
9

92/ /392 :

25 % ": :

9 & /4 + & ' / ! - 5/56" 4 * 7 /' 8 * (/ : ; ! *+, - . ! .

9 & /4 + & ' / ! - 5/56" 4 :

4 15 :(= /") +

1392 : ; A "

١
 +(,- ./( %& ' (# ) ' *

:
! "# $#
: 0 ,1
& & '$ % , + / C 5; ! * DE , , F/ G #, , / 6" B ('

, 0; , (O P" ; ) K L " M /N /2! & 'J! , C I' & .( ( , 0;

/W " & 'J! F/ T ' ! R ! + / F/ U V" * S;4/ R , .( ;Q + R

, 9 (/T/M , 7 % G .( , 0; F , + / C 5; & ' XG # V

& ' M G '* X , 0; ! .!, * Y% $ % , Z , 2X O9 , 9 "*

'\9 , 9 /N : Q, & 'J! \ IQ I ' ., 9 , $% !, , , G [" , 2X

^ , .( ( , + *Q 3 $ % & ' G & " ;Q /M ! ( (% 4 ]7; & 'F49 ! !

B , & F G& & ': I G //_" ! ( X , %! * ;% ! * / //_" `

C 3Q & '! / , ]3` , , &, ^;R bZ , ! * N & '! / * Q, B 0a /7 *;3 a /E bZ ,

.c ( , 0; ]7; &' 9

5; $ % # M( & / #C ^6 [ ": 2' 0 "

0
! (9 M A " VR !, G ! ! " #$ %

.( ( , 0; &G! ( & /, , ( V 6 ! 5; & 'O/;9 " ! 'J! " V7Z ca Q

; , , ' X "* e(59)( ;Q + R , 0; , 1 F , G *3/ ! ]/Z d +

., , R

٢
*- , .( , hg , , , !X , ! b Z G 9 /f E C : /N ( ;4' *" 3 ' 4

( , 0; ' XG * , G * ! i ! , , [V F G ( b; . ,

.(68 ! 49 #39 # 14 # 7) c

S;4/ R , * , ! &G ! 9 K ^6 S/5;4 [/ X c7 9 ( ;4' *" 5 4

G n I 1- O /- ! + G! /2, .(85 ! 25 # 21) ( ;Q + R * N , 0; ,

.(75) ( * &G ! 9 S4 ! " / o 62

F .c ( , 0; + / R ' XG 9( * *" 5

C 5; &G ! 9 K ^6 ! . , + / ! ( ',* R 7 , S/5;4 4 + /

S/5;4 Z ! , /+* a ' X[ );4 G ' X , 9, !b ZG &G , 2X .( ',*

.(59) ( , +* &G ' 51 , V a !

, ! O G , 0; , 9 c3 ! , 9 J Q F G B('

/2, ! ! " #$ % p G Z q ; .( * ; D+ R , 2 I'( d * "

/2, $ % * F ! .( * , /4 O = 2 / & '$ % *R - ! * R c/

.c c , X J ;4+ _7V r " X Z G c , , 0;

78 9:; ' 64

,!( .c , *) M !, U & & ': I , G , 0; (' F/2!

, 9* , 0; : I & , - B Z c3/VZ , , % ]7; * " M&' I G 4 \/M C I' 100

&/ /N /2! & ' 4 B Z *3/VZ & / G * & &' G F .c

.c ( , 0; /2! & ' 4 r " $ ! ; #L d W *3/VZ

٣
 9 *3R , t ^- & a & ' )' M ! ' E C _ 4 *) M !, ,

K G S% Y & '! / , F , ., 9* cNQ 6 , - G #, ( (/ M ) , p -&' "

, !X ! E - , , ;Q + M&' 4 , !X ! / ! 4- , !X , ! & 'd ! ' VG

cNQ 6 & ;Q + R 7 , & ' 4 *3R F/ d , .(76) ( , 9* , 0; G & 8Q ]

!, ! , G .( , 9* , 0; ,!, G ! ( p %O "* , uK ; # 5 ,, -

.(59) , /+ R , 0; , 4 V G , 9 . X , ( "* ,!, 9 , , 9 ] 9 4 *)

/2! & ' 4 : Q, &P" ; -1

C 5; & C 0 ! (V # 4/9 G ' 4 9 ( , 9 (/M &(' F Y 2 F/ / , ) '!PM

.(76) ( , 9* , 0; B(' c

G X , .c ( cVh A " G VR !, , G * 5 QX . R , 0;

, 0; , F ,c c (' & w ', ! ( , 9* V G G M *a - w ' 4

! Diamphidia nigroornota & 'O /0 ! ! K G & R S O 'F .(5) ( , ,* R

/Y" & * ; & ! Q F .( , 9* q ; ;- , L d G ! x - , , % D. vittatipennis

 , /7 F G * 5 QX VR G *- , .( * , 0; / , , 0; , .

.(59) c ( , +* , 0; I/

Diamphidia nigroornota & 'O -2

(G ( q ; S G 'F , 0; -3

4 ) 78
9 ' ) ' * <' 4 '
, 0; G I/ ; ., 9 (',* y(5 & 'L ;9 , , % p

( !/ & I/ A7 7 G * *16R ! Z #Stomoxys /N ( I+ G .( , 9*

.(116 ! 114 #108 # 76) c ( , 0; ^ , % 02

' ;4 , 9 G .( , ,* R F , /;- , ' X ! , , R * ' ;4 , ' VG '

/ , F9 . R *- F ! .(76) ( * JI+ , ! ( , GX z ; -
 B! { F ' X .( , 9* , 0; 4 VG O . 4 V G &! *2 0 B! { G / !-

!, ' X L " M |} #( , ,* R , 0; , K ' X ' V G ! ( ; D+* 9 !/

.(76) ( , 9* , 0; ' X G $ % (/ , F , & '! /

VGG ' G , 0; -4

&! *9 - /Y9 ! 4 V G L " M G '* # '* ! # '* , / G \/M !, ,

.(89 ! 12) ( , 9* , 0; * , 6/74" F , & '*; 9

. Yd R , .( , +X &G ! 9 K ^6 4- & G , 0; ; /

b Z G 9 , 9 /a " a 6 5 , ! " ., c ! 5 F;4 & |/4 ! c ,! Q , / G \/M

, , 0; 7 & Z& / R G F/ T ' .( ,, ; ! " -, ' V G *7 "

.(68)

G ; & '* G , 0; -5
& 'O G 9 , 9 , 0; Pederin . & R &( ' S O G * O IM #G / ;4

G S F 9 ( , (5;3 / ! ., 9 /! 5 , S F ! .( * q ; Staphylinidae

.(85 ! 68 # 29) c ( X +( M K 8Q

Pederin S &! Staphylinidae & 'O -6

4 ) = +(,-
* R |} .( * C Y & 52 C !, * ( ~/57" 4 ! / r " / ( G D_"

G 9 |) * S " *' + .( , + ! , - : Q( G & O , " ( ;Q +* •

S/74" ! ( , ! O/;} x ! , 2X G / & / " ; D+ , Q (35 , #( , 9* & !Xp % : Q(

O * ( G ' X .( , 9* , 0; . ( ! & '|) G & , ; 6 & V/ VR .,

G |M Y " * R n .( 9 D_" * R G G + |) ! (/0 ! / & ' M r " " ( ;4 * c- ,

.(59) , ;Q * • 0" - ,,c ,G h ,c (d

٧
 7/ ! G & V/ VR , 0; -7

)9 ' ) ' * <' 4 '

b ZG 4 [ & 4 & '& / ! S-G / C 5; W .,! 4 = " M C 5;

( * & / / 6" & G , 0; , 7 % G O9 b Z G Z ! Tabanid & '|)

, ! *7/4/ '( Q $ % F , .( , K r " F"X \" , / G \/M S M R , .(108)

G / , K J ;4+ ! F"X \" * ;4 " & '!, B Z & 'LK " K &' M , 9

J! F/ ' Carthaginian \" (3 R O .(68) ( , 9 S/74" ! 9 D V $ / ' X

&! Heraclea / 4" R /E Y y 9 79 . &(V;4 S9 $ % F , .(59) , - c4

.(68) , !X c , / & ,

٨
 & &' (Heraclea) 9 ' Y / 4" -8

O " ' Y F Y 2 F/ r74" C V , y! y /;} " } #.!, R M ,

- *- .(68) , 9 , 0; ( I+ M( &! *2 0 B! { G &! ., , R 7 , *" / B('

*V/9 " ! Reduviidae " R F #* ( 9G! M #L 5 *2 0 B! { ! , 9 ( G* y(

,c !!, , 6" ( X , ! F , & '! / &! ( ' F .c , M( G

L" M & , & Q c/a - & , 9 * 4% G / ! ., c4 ,! ' X G! 20 (

.(4) ( , 9* , 0; * N & 2 6

9 # :><
! ( ; D+ 9 V G K #O/; M a 6 , Y B Z , '* ! #, / G \/M C 66 ,

Mithridates $ % , .( ( S/74" F , & '! / ! ( ; Y !, ' VG , , 9w

4 G ' X .( , 9 , 0; #( , ,, R /! V /4 , 9 * 4 B! { G F , & '! /

/ ! G 0 1000 $ % F , .( , 9 , 0; #c * *' /+ 9 * "(a + ( D_" & ' V G

.(91) ( ; D+ Q M /+ ! : Y" ; h , /5 ! ( ]7" . 4 4 G D_" h ,

٩
 a6 , Y , !, V G € 0 -9

? < 0 ' ! ;
.( , 9* , 0; % Y & V% pQ, ! a 6 F;4 & 4 V G G '* M! ' R&

.( , !X , a6 Y B Z ! (, 9 7 ;47) '&=! ! '*9 , 908 C ,

G " ! c- " ! , , & Q ' X Y q - ' , &K " b Z G ' VG K L " M '*4/7)

.(31) (/ M ' X

\ " \" 5 , , - G F , \" &! 4 V G L " M 1289 C , ; 9

9 4 & '!( 9 G , 0; = & , I% 9 G 'J !C , .(4) ( , 9 : Q,

.(68 ! 59 #12) ( , 9* , 0; * , ,G, 7 5 & #( , ,* R ' 37R ,

' 9 ( , Stuhlweissen Y B ^" ; X , * W & 'x " S',I R ! ,

* $ % C Z , '(f I/ G F , .( ( ' X € 0 p ! , 9 ,!(4 ' , ' V G G , 0;

.(10) ( , 9* : Q, , - G ' V G G , 0; *2 5" M & '! / 2

G , 0; Y F & ' G ! , ., , //_" 4 VG Y , - . C " M! &, / .( ' R ,

.(10) ( * cNQ 6 )" E 5 , 4 & ' VG

, V , & ' S',G R , ., . &, / 1300 ! 1000 & 'C F/ 4 &!( 9 L " M

(3 C 100 O/;9 " F .(10) , 9 , 0; , B 0a 7 & 4 VG K [ G 2x 2

١٠
 , ' V G (/2 " &K & ! Q .(10) ( " /} , S',I/ R , ! *V/7a & '$ % , , r "

, 4 V G &!( 9 ! ,, + 1 (X 9 p *7/- 9 ( z S', Yd R

.(12) ( , +* (/2 " * , & ' -, G

/( " 6
* ) ' ., , . Yd R , ( a 6 Y O / 4" & * = 2 / , ,! ! O/;9 "

#(31) ( , 9 ( a6 Y O , ! , 2X 2 6 * = 2 / $ % O , 4 Q 9

a6 C ( X #( , 9 I% V 9& 7 , 'C _ &, / 1343 C ,

* / [5 ! , 9 ' 51 Y B Z , , 4% , 9 ' ' X } Z ,! ! .( , 9

O , %! 7 c4/ *Q 9 /+ ' & / O G! & C 5; , %! .(89 ! 68 # 35 #21) ( , 9

, Z & ;9 J ;4+ , & 'C _ y V2 ! , 'O9 ( , GC ; .c G / I/ R

.(59) c , hg 4 ! + #$ #J /N Y / /

, .G Q4 ' • d R ! *'! + a & / : / G Q& Q9 / .,

M! ,& / F S9 S9 .cQ J ;4+ ; ( 51 & / [/" " F ! ((

9 * Z * .( ( ]7" ' X . Yd O ,!( * 3 R F c/3 % G 0 /7/ 25 ! ( /+ '

A " , I/) 3% Q * N /7 O & / O9 ( /+ , ! $ % * G

.( , +

@ < > ;
, * W $ % , 1799 C , 4 Q " } •7M r " G * & '& /

G Q * ; G V . ) ' , .( ( ; 9 0 I' 13 $ % F , 9 (83) ( ;Q + R , 0;

! (( * J! Q , 2X .!, c , ! c /R G & / 9 ( , *a ^ & '! / & , & 4 Q

., . *;/f ' 9 ( Q , - O Q 1801 C , .( ( , +* & / & /+ ' : / z

١١
 G / , , G [" & /+ ' &,!G ., ; Q I% F &! 75 & G I' 20 •7M

.( ( ; 9 /2! & '! / (a , 80 V;9 ,! ( ; 9 0 40 G! ' 9& Z .( ! Q

I' 450 ' •7M 1812 C Ff!= , .( ; +G M! ( G G I' 3 Y " '& 4 Q

& / ! \} ;4Y2 G V C , n I } F .( * , X / ! * Y 7 & G

G |M ! ( , ( , 2X G G 0 I' 80 * Y G V G ( O Y " .( , 2X y 0/"

( G G ., ,, c , G , - & '! / . !, ,!( •7M V ;} , 4 (/

.c +G 4 Q & 0 I' 200 07" 6" •7M d ( ', , $ % ( ;4 "*

0 4 A 8' !" ' /( ' * <' !- > )

. !, ,!( #( , , c , G , - % (6; K *7- , $ % , 9 &G I' 488 G

; 9 , G [" ! K /N e( ( * 5; ' M r " [7E 9 & ,! & '& / ; h , ' X

c ;Q + R , 0; , a F/Q Z r " K n I $ % F F , / , .(99 ! 72) ( (

.(92)

X *7- , $ % , R & ' M G , 0; -10

; h , $% C Z , , - % G G 0 I' X ! OI $% C Z ,

, * /;9 " O K ;4 % BG % C = .(105) ( , , c , G , G [" & /

١٢
C , / /% ! ( T c , 6" & '! / 1862 C !X , .(99) , , R& , Y

' X .( , c ! 5 C , Y *7 (d , ;4 % *'( Q / (0 9 & '! / .( , cQ /M

( d /; .( 9 ]R ; #c p K ( ;4 ,* 9 * ' -,! B Z , '! / " ( ; , *3

! ,, c , G & / ; h , , - (R c ' L, B Z , F , 5; G |M 9

* 3 S% Y & '! / G * / G \/ &K % ! , .(99) ( X c , 2 7+ O O/7 !( &G! /M

! -! , 9 ( z 07" F .( , ( ; 9 ( & ;4 ; / , 0 I' 20 ,!(

.( 9 * / [5 S% Y &! /

(G ' ) GX IY * = 2 / &' /Y" / " ( ! O '* M = 1939 C ,

R & '& / U V" ,( , I' 3 X , 9 ( , 9 |/ ‚" 731 ( ! . &G (4% & ' 9!

K *+( 9 /4 ;M * = 2 / & ' 9 Z ! ! #, G [" 7 % G r " C 5;

.(87 ! 65 #43 #42 #38 # 9) ( , 9* 32 1 #( ( * *57"

c4 -,! ! , & ;9 * &G ' b &! & '! / '* M = * = 2 / 7

c4 G r/6 , ( cNQ 6 L! / &G ' c4 c7 9 ( ( % ; '* M = .(42 ! 9) ( %

G , 0; 731 ( ! & V' ( . 32 1 .c , I/ y " 52 /4 ;M

.!, c , c /R G & / J! ! , 2X & 'J , 9 ' /N /2! , Y /M ., , , Y /M R

.(19) ( % c4 X a F , U 1- c M

١٣
 & O= 2 / &' ( 9 /Y" FM = 731 ( ! -11

! , Od 9 & 0 * dO & , 9, * / N06 Uji . *V &(3 , Y /M

I/ &P" ; F e(42 #9) c , F , 51 , ; & + / G ;/2 O * "

., V bQ (d

Uji [ -12

١
' (G , V a O9 (; ' X ., , , Y /M & ) , &P" ; 731 ( ! .

c/Q { ( G ( ! ' ., , 2X I/ J * 3 r ! I/ F/ T ' ' ( G #( , , J ! M / ( G &!

'* M = .(71 #59) c , C ' , O9 /7/ 500 G \/ 4 *2 ' , O9 . + 7/9 45 (/2 "

15 32 1 3 " ( , , , F/50; *) % & ! '* X 7 % ,, - 32 1 J ;4+

100 . ' X 5/56" i ; .(71) ( ( , + C 3Q ANDA );4 F/ T ' ! 731 ( ! , ( , I'

; 9 & \} ! O9 V (/2 " ! . , ; 9 #&G ! 9 K ^6 7 ,O= 2 / 7 /7

. * ! ! [" * R t ^- , I/ 673 ( ! , F/ T ' ., E1 ! 164 ( ! , 4

.(42 ! 9) ( , 9* 32 1 #c , ( /+ ' * " 9O= ' ["

/ ( G ( &! ANDA );4 , O9 (/2 " -13

Z 9 ( d ' ., 1940 ;4 " , Uji [ L " M u ' { $ % * , 9 F/2!

G ! M S9 : 0" ' /M ' [ F ] 9 G |M *' " 9 ( e(38) , ( , %! X /fI% G *7 9

١
 /4 7 F .(87) ( , 9* &G ' Z * M S J! ! X &G ' b Z G ! , 9

., "bQ [" 1940 C I/ M , !!G 9 7 .c , 0 I' 21 C, 3 *" 07" ! , I/ X c/5Q

., G ' I/ 7 G |M C \ *; ! c , 0 I' 50 C, 3 *" 07" 7 F G * & /: /

.( , & / & /+ ' h , n C , Y

F .( . F/d , ;) d , /7/ 100 ! !I) ' , O9 /7/ 15 ; & ), ,

. *3/ ! & '* MS # F 75 & '* /d .( , + 0 I' 100 C, 3 *" 07" z

731 ( ! ., !X * ! Q &, ^;R 4- ! ( ( G 7 , & ' Y I9 C !, *Z .( , ,

c6" 9 ) , * = 2 / & O , 7 #( , ( R 7 , * /d & '! / Y "

.(59 #9) ( , 9 &G ' * /}/7/Q ! * X & '! / /7 O9 /7/ 150 #( ( * (/ J - 7

F , .( 9 , 2X LX p 9 ( , 9 *3 F/d 7 , '* M = #• Q , !

& '* M = 1942 C , ., 9* S' Q & /+ ' ! /2! c 0 , & *Q 9 & ;9 731 ( !

.( , 9* * Z Yagi & '[ #, F/d , F/50; r- & '! / 5; I9 9 ! Y B ^"

.!, N06 ! c , , %! + / & ;9 N06 O , e( , N06 !, & , '[ F

* d O r " [ *% - \ M 0 ., ( M Musca domestican *) - |) 9

! Y , * % % h , ;V , Q .( , +* ., / , *+, 2X \ z Od 9

; 7/9 200 c3 ! & / ! ( , + 51 , n I /+ ' & / O , z B Z &' Y

.(9) cQ + * R 0 I' 200 ! ( ;

١
 /M ' r " Yagi [ -14

07" 0 I' 210 ! ( " $ !( *2 ; , 1943 C ! , O/;9 " F

, - & 'J " 731 ( ! , , .( ( * /49 ! *2 _ 51 ,! ! G VR * M = & '! / .c ,

* " 9 ( , 2X O9 , /7/ 5 (/2 " bQ * /d / ( G ! J I' '(a G , 0; !, 9(( "

.(38) ( ; , 4 c/3 % , ( ( Z & /+ ' ,

*; 9 e( , S/N " *;4 ! " O , O9 ; '* M = 1944 C , , ,

.(38) ( , + , F , & ' ,= r " (^5 (/ G VR O = 2 / 67

, pR ! X ) , 51 , O9 &G ' & , - ' * M = $ % * M & 'C ,

*Q " (R G ' X * ) e( , 9* , X * , G & ' ,= ! t - & ' /M ' r " / 0/2 9

* ! & '! / 9 * ) ' $ % , , .(9) ( , + * = 2 / J - 7 . G p X %

20 G \/ ( ; 9 , 2X & 'J , 9' FM = 731 ( ! #( ( O ,I 0) M 51

!. % FM = $ % O = 2 / c/' ,9 Q '* X $ % G |M .(115) ( ( 0 I'

.(42 #9) ( , 9 & /)/M 7 G , 9 F *) % c %

B ' A :3 ' !> = /(

! .( F (2 ' r " 1938 C , ( & '$ % , G , 0; (

F , &G ! 9 bZ ' /M ' r " * / G [/ O W &G ! 9 QX + 9 , (/5 F

١٧
 ' , 9 : F ! .(', R /h‚" c6" S/5;4 /E Z $%c ( "* #( , +

a G 9 ( , *'! + F/2! '& 4 Q .(41) , 9 *Q 3 ( X 5; & '$ %

. * / G [/ &!, 79 O ' X .( , 9 , 0; &G ! 9 K ^6 4- &

M! * DE , & ' 2 6 b Z G C! * Y% $ % C Z , 9 Leptinotarsa dicemlineata

.(40 ! 33 # 8) ( , 9 &G ' '&G * / G [/ : I , ! /W " #, (

.!, * Y% $ % , * / G [/ &!, 79 O G , 0; -15

'\9 3 " .( ( ), - ,& $ % G '* 2X *;R! 1940 C ,

, ;4+ * , F/ T ' .( , : ;- 7 5 & 04Q + *V^ . : ! ( , 9 G EX

.( , 9 G EX ' X S% Y" 75 , ! O &G ! 9 QX

١٨
&G ! 9 QX O = 2 / 7 5 , : Q, & * / / . 3 "!* , -16

/; * / G [/ &!, 79 O I' '* X 9,, ' 2X * % /7

% *Q " ! : Q, *Z '* 2X 5 , .(33) ( 9 , 0; $ % , ' X " ,9

c2!, S/74" 'A7 7 *16R G * 07" .( , , \ IQ / ; : I 'A7 7 Q

.(84) ( ;47)

* Q, (- N e, 9* *Q 3 * = 2 / & ' 3 " ]2 , - 7;/' ]2!,X

F *2! ., 9 |/ ‚" F , •Z " 75 N * / G [/ 5/56" 4 !, 79 O 5 ,

( . G , 0; cY% &, G & 'J " I9 F , G e, * / [ Q O

&! 4- & ! M ! |) # ; + 15 R ( 1944 ! 1941 & 'C F/ 9 & Z .(34 ! 33)

I/ SS * 5/56" 4 .cQ + R* , *7) % ;- , ! Q 7 #* DE K ^6

t ^- , 4 F ( , ., I9 ; b Z G 751 & '& / &! , - 5/56"

( d ' .(36) ( , 9* b/56" R & ' M r " K * ^ J ;4+ ! \} r " y 0/" C 5;

.( ' X G *" /7 , 0; '& D+ ! 5/56" F G . (9ƒ/'

.(36) , , , %! a 6 r , y 0/" h , ( ]7" ! ,G \} , 4% G *" I+

١٩
 2X \" , SS * 5/56" 4 -17

&(% [/ X / 6" & !, 79 O /7/ 40 " 20 ,!( 9 ,, '* 2X 5/56"

;47) • &G ! 9 bZ , cQX F , ;4+ ; .( * .GK ;47) , * / G [/ C ^6

p/ ! & ' 7+ N F & ., 9* * / \/M ., q /; (a , 6 G "K * DE , & 2 9 \' 9

& 'O/;9 " .( * D_" * / G [/ n !, 79 O X !, 9( ;- cQX /W " &

O I' 54 : , F V /W " & ' , .( , + \ GX I/ cQX ; ]7;

F/50; #$ ! ' I ' .(36 ! 33) ( ( ( 9 M , ;4+ Z 15 154 , ! ( , , J ! M

( p71 2X *2 *'( Q 1944 C , .(58 ! 36) , 9 SY; * &G (

50 &! . (9 ' 9 * 5 & ' V3% C F , .c , X 5; & !, 79 O -€ 9

J I+ O , d + (',* p .(47) ( ( &G ' |/7) I% , #, O 100 "

cQX r " J - 7 &(' e, ( J I+ *3/VZ /E 4- #* = 2 / $ % 6

O /; , ( (M F 9 (',* (6; 7 G 1969 C J I+ .(33) c ( , %!

.(57 ! 34) , ; /M : R! & 9L -

- A :3 ' !> = /(
( J I+ y 0/" , 2X \} I' 28 ; * 2X G 5 , / ! & '! / 7 5

! !# Z /N *7 &! b &! /' % , 6" * = 2 / $ % & ' ( .(21) c

C , 9c X G *9 p ec „ ' F /fI% d + ., ( I9 ; S-G /

& /+ ' G! z /2 ) # ) GX G * ( G O Q ! ;Q + . Z *4 GX 1941

! (/f " & 'O r "* K "& /, & &! & '! / G , 0; &(' F/ T ' .(

.(67), , , %! , ) /2 ; G q - , * 2X G , , 2X & ' 9

٢٠
 5 !> = /(
.( , C 3Q F/50; ! + , $ % * G , 0; 6 , , 9! /; (6; K

V R /E p * = 2 / &' 9 +( , F 1930 ! , X$%*

r " , G [" ; G 9 F \" * % O J I+ +( , F .( G EX #( 9* .(Y

9 cQ J ;4+ * G '* ) .( ]/38" 9 , * = 2 / 7 1- … 3 , C ; ! M

! 9) , 9 1 , G [" ( 9 , y! ! * (/2 " F/E! , & , Ishii . *M= ( ,O

'* X GF , .( ; * / / & '$ % c //_" *V * I+ 1939 C , .(42

S' Q * = 2 / & '$ % /4 ;M * G & * 7 & ;/ 9 #( , ;- X '* M = 7 G 9 *" / "

(6; K : Q, J! F ;Y 9 ( ;Q , * 7 ;/ 9 I+ G *) % ! .(87 ! 42) ( , 9

.( * % *Q " #( 9* & /+ 7% 9F ( S% Y" O :! G 9 Z

' XG I ' , 0; ! r " '& / C 5; 1 , *07; 32 1

M G , 0; , G [" & / J ;4+ C ; * C V, I/ '* , 9 .(87) ( .

R *) - |) &! 32 1 C , '* / ; G F/ ' , .(59)( , Aedes aegrpti

(R Q '* / ; .(87 !17) ( 9 , 0; X G " ( , S-G / & /! 2 & ;9

F " .(65) ( , S-G / [ F" ' /7/ (/2 " &I & '* X /N *;3 a

.( |/ ‚" ( 7 O ", , Y% * = 2 / $ % 5/56" I9 F "SY 9

٢١
 (7 O ", , Y% * = 2 / $ % 5/56" I9 F "SY -18

( , 5/56" , , .( . 'r " + / C 5; U V" , /2! 5/56"

, ( c{ 0 ! " hg C 5; /2, & / C 5; 9 ( (/ /; F * X

! V (/2 " t ^- , * , 9 F/556 & ' ;Q 5/56" F .(59) , , & "\/ * 9 * = 2 /

& I% , , - GX F/2! * X ( , 1940 C , .(59 ! 6) ( 9 '|) ;

G , 0; *M , ' X 9 ( z 'c/5Q F .( , , . &I/ Xc/5Q Z *M* * * , pR !

.( Cochlliomyia hominivrad |) t ^- ., ,G / ( 9, & '. 9 # / & '|) :

O= 2 / 4 !., ,G / ( 9, |) -19

٢٢
r- p1R & \9 , * 2X & '! / * = 2 / 7 * $ % =! M F " , ;

X O P" ; (- ;Q, & '! / r " 9 7 F , .(60) , I 2 '! / cQ /M

.( ( 51 G &G & '! / ( !/ bQ #( . , 9* $% 9& '

& ,! + / * C 5; * " 9( , 0; *) - |) G $ % F ,

' X #|) ; ! V 5 ! &% 9 F C! .c , , %! SY ; !, 7 F , .c ,

, 2X I F/+ r " *+, 2X 9 F .!, .( ;Q + *76 ! Q & '|) G , 0; S/ ^"

& L D% * / / [/9 " O G ' X #, I F/+ & !Xp % 9 % X G .( . + /

* ' Y F/ , , F ; 9 , F S/ ^" .( , 9 , 0; c , I F/+ t - 9 |)

.( ; G / , + / ! ( [7% *76 & '|) #, 9* V 2X \" 9

! (6; K & '! / /7 9 & ), , ., 9 & /+ 9 7;/' 7 G VR c , C F

X \" ., M Y , 9 !, F & '! / , y 0/" & / ( * (/M 1- #( . /;

& 'C , ., 9 * M S . , . , \9 F" 127 0 /7/ G \/ * (/M F L 9 &

100 *Z ! , 9 |/ ‚" * = 2 / 75 & ( " * IM & 'c- G X \" (3

.(95) , , \' 9 40 " F/50; & '! / , K & / * (/M w #* Q,

/(
C
[" # K #, G [" , 2X & ' M 7 % G O = 2 / & ' 3 " ! O ", [49 |/ ‚"

! 3% [" #* K " , 2X 9 # Z , 2X O9 #S-G / # ! #* - C Y |) #$ ,

9( * Z & P! Y & ), n I /7 , .(/ , - q! X , !, 79 O

G O9 J ! M & ., ,* . q! - /M ' , , % ); , O

, & ( 9 (/ i ; c 24 B { I/ ( ]7" /2, 9( , 0; |0R , &( ' T9 -

٢٣
&( (/2 " (5 ! c , ;0' , O9 /7/ 50 (/2 " * " 9( † & ) , & 'J! .c ,

r " , G [" y! ! C 5; &! 32 1 , ., *Q 9 G ( Z& / & /+ ' & 9,

/E & ' M r " ( &G /V G , 0; & &4 N F & ., M

/7/ O &G ' ! (/2 " G!G! n I /7 1955 C , 7 %G !, ( * Z , 2X

, ! ., 1956 C V " !X G .( . c/5Q ;4% + * ; ! bZ , A. aegypti

, /7 F , .( , X \" * = 2 / $ % GX c (- , ' +X a ;4% +

, & ), /7 , .(92 ! 44) ( ( , GX x M , O' 9 ! [ ' ' M & (;

&! *1/6 \5 * G & &! 4/9 2090 2 6 . + 7/9 320 ( 7Q 51

c 4 &G ' 6 G 9 ,, GX .( , 9 ' M G , 0; c/Q {

F G , 0; F .( ( ,G \/ r " ' ;- O ,I & ' 4 ; ' O ,!(

F/ T ' 556 ., [ &Y / ,O= 2 / 7 & ' ;- O ,I & ' 4 7 &

! * % Y" (R F; , F ` 9 ( , '\9 5 , R & ' M .! 5 & ' + (/2 " C V ,

.(27) ( .! 5 * / / . r " F , *2 ; : Q, 5 , "\/ C 5;

* Y% ]7; bZ , DM [/ X & 'c * :! (6; K \" 1960 C ,

G c{ 0 , c/3 % M /2, b &! /' % , 6" ! F/d & ' 9 & ' Y G & /4 ., 9

, .(74 ! 44) ( ( , , „/ " y 4 ., ! , F /E / /49 ! & 'J! 0 ' /7/ %

.(65 ! 43) ( |/ ‚" ' , M /7/ 130 (/2 " c/Q { y + / , I9 O C '

* , ! *; (Y (- 0/{! 9 cQ + b ! FM = , 1940 - ! , I/ * IM GX

406( ! * X & '! / #c4/ 9 € 0 , .( ; , b Z G 51 & '& / 5 ,

٢
|/ ‚" p/ ! c 0 C 5; & G , 0; B(' #, $ % * \ 9

.(27) ( + / F/7R ( I+ & '|) : t ^- , b/56" ( R ' X .( , 9

, $ % *Z , $ % * 5/56" 406 ( ! |/ ‚" -20

Yagi [ G *V/9 " 9 &( (% , 9* : Q, 5/56" ) GX GF ,

, 2X &KX CIE *' G &( M 500 [ O * , 9 ( , .( , 9 : ( #, Oss =! M ! FM =

! ( , ! );4 G X *3/VZ 3Z ' |) X 7/ ! 9 ( , 9 : ( |) I' 200

.( , + *+, 2X

/(
C .(45) (/ c4 F & /+ , G EX G \ B { ! ( G EX 1950 C Ff!= , 9 $ %

(',* $%b .(21) , 9 SY; 7 X y! ! J ;4+ (6; K & '! / *2 9 (3

, .(59 ! 27) ( , 9 , 0; $ % c4 F c4 & * = 2 / ! & ;4' & ' G '* X 9

, 5 (6; K \" 9 , 9 , (6; 7 G ,* Z *2 9 1952 C Q

٢
O9 9 F , * 0 & '& / & /+ ' N Gc 0 & '& ;9 G &, G

.(21) c ,, ; /M '

/M ' O 9 Gc 0 & '& ;9 ; -21

b ZG * ' 7 68 ;0' O C Z , 9 , 9 , ! (/ ‚" Y" F I/ F/d & Y %

9 , 5;4 * X & '! / ( Q .(27) c ( . F/d • C , , 2X &' a

G[ * c (Y c .( h , & /: / 9, . !, 9 , ! Y" * %

G R : 9* X & ' /M ' .! ( G * 'J I+ .(54) c , F ,b Z

1951 C Y , .(27) c , , %! #( , 9* &G ' , ;4+ 51 O , O9 ! M #|) 7 %

,& &' a G '* X 9 ( (/ /; F , - & 9! ' *77 2 F/ F O

60a : ` , * /d G! ! I " x / G! G F , .( , , 0; * = 2 / $ % O

(, 9 ; X* = 2 / : ` # R ! , 2X L , G & ! ^" ; , - C!

(' ! b ' X * ; , .( /2, I/ w [/7a G *77 2 F/ b/56" ;/ 9 & 'J " .(77)

* ' X .( . *77 2 F/ * 7 /4/ 9 r " b/56" F " , ;4+ .(27 ! 21) , /; *

b &! /' % , 6" G ;4% ( , \ r " F/d ! * % 9 , * = 2 / $ % & ' X

٢
 * Y% ~7a G + / : 8 , 2X ]7; & M( : 14 G , 0; C , *" ( ;4

.(48 #21) ( , 9

& 'c % #( , ( (' M X .!, * Y% $ % G (3 731 ( ! G 9 * 49

|) ]7; , , 0; , + / ! ' X .( , , ; FM = *) %

#S-G / ) Hylemya sp. #(S-G / ) Vicina |) #(*' /+ = " M ! V^ ; ) Muscina stabulans

( V^ V ) Ucilia sericata #(*' /+ & ' = " M ! V^ # V^ V & / #* - C Y #!

#(y! !) Culex pipines, Ades pallens, Trichocera maculipemis #( V^ ) Orthocladius sp.

QX) Locusta migratoria, Gryllus testacus #(S-G / ) Ptinus O #( Z) Pulex irritans

* / & '(' .(48) ( , 9 ; ( ! ! S-G / ) Isotoma springtail, Lycosa sp. #(&G ! 9

, , , %! *" I+ F ! .( , f * X & ' /M ' G U 5 C , J I+

CW .( , 9 , ! 4- ! ( ( (' C 3 /E & ' G , & ' + *- 9

9 ,, '* .c , C 3Q ;4 G C Z , 9 ( ; y r ! , % Y A7 ('

( , + &G ' '* X r " *3/VZ /E S9 " 9 , 6; * ; , P O G & +

I/ O9 ! S-G / , 2X & ' V ! 'O : G I/) c0) ! *3/VZ /E , .(48) c

& ' /M ' X G |M ! ( , + (' ' 9 , , *2 9&'; ! , 9c ( J I+

.(48) ( , 5;4 51 , , - G * X

٢٧
 O= 2 / , , 0; , M( G *- -22

/G , X , ! Y" I/ * X V7- & ' ; c , ,, % Q ; ! ('

9: ` F '* X .(87 ! 48 #20) ( 9* (/ ‚" G , 0;

! (54) ( , 9 , *2 9 ! '* /d & ' , '#, , - S4R c/49 O !+c M

Q c6" ! *{ 02 I/ *) % & Q ; .( , 1 * / _/7V" O Y " : `

/2, *; 9G *) % & #( ; - 9 ; , , G F/ T ' (6; K \" 5 .(48) ( ,

* X .( G * J I+ , ( , C 3Q & ' / , ( (% + ] 9 .( 9 9 6 c /-

.(100) ( ;4 , , - 51 , C 3Q Q G c4/ 9 5

٢٨
 Q G 9 c4/ 9 & ' 9 ! , *3/VZ ‡, F 9 ( , 9 , F/ T ' ' X

.( ; , *' +X I/ ' X 4- ! ( w ! *3/VZ & ' ;Q G ( "* #( ( : Z , - 51

d + .(59) ( , 9 [ D " u ,( : ` *1/6 c4 G N G *Y K, I/ * , 9 ( ,

'(a C " 9 (, 9 * Y% c (Y G 5 e(/ * N ( 9p R K, G *-

& /+ ' ! : / ' X /; 9 ;Q + a Xr " ( , 2X , 2X G * 'L" M

ˆ0 & (6; K *) % - ! ( , *2! .(59) c , ' /+ ! . , # 4 & '& /

#21) ( , & ,, - Z ; G $%* & 'O/;9 " * G , , - *" / Z

9 (',* 1998 C , / ! & Y %c *) , ] 9 .(100 ! 95 #84 #74 #59 #54

, 9 S' Q 1953 C , X* . & *V75" , F/d ! / ! & 'c2!,

.(59) ( ,

5 (48 /(
‰R , 0;‰ , ‰ . ; ! 9 /7 O = 2 / $ % , G , 0; & ( O/;9 "

, ., ‰ , G [‰" & ‰ / C 5; , M G , 0; #, B! 3 !, % / . 9 C! /7 .c ;Q +

,G M 2 6 ! c- ( ) 2 . ; ! , / X *R L % & /4 + r , , GX *; 9 O /7 F

& '! / /79 C 3Q /E O/;9 " O , '* X X G VR ., 9 9 X , ! , G [" y! ! , 2X

.‰;!C , ' ; G* I/ Z& / R O9 #, G [" ! .( , , 9 /49 ! , -

&G ‰ ' / ;- , ! i cQX 9, . ;!C , .!, /7 .(44) ( , ! ) .

G& I n * / / V/9 " G I ' .( , + , 0; *76 QX G O = 2 / 7 F , .(20) (

[‰ *3/VZ & ' );4 G ! p" .(106) ( , 0; p/ ! y /5 , * ,G ) % ! *' /+ \ M , F/

! L 5 /N ( I+ M( . O/;9 " , .(59) ( ( , ! & Y bZ 'O9 ! 'J ! cQ F/ G

٢٩
&! F ‰ , G 9 * ) ' .cQ +* R '! / &! , /M & ' /4 , /M C E 4 V G #w VG

.(‰ , +*‰ x ‰ , , JI‰+ ! (‰ I+ M( ( , GX z Od 9 * d O ( * , M( &! 6

F‰ ‰ .(‰ , 9*‰ &G ‰ ' F ‰ , , ‰Q / , #, JI+ ( 9 O 6" 9 *a - & 'C Q *' +

.(107 ! 4) ( ;Q +* R ' VG ( ( 7 , ! ( ,c , Q [/" "

. ;! , XO= 2 / -23

) 0 4 A 8' /(
&' &( 9 Y % |/f ! #1962 C , X 9* 7 6 ,

/ 9 , F B(' .( , , , Y /M & * = 2 / $ % 7 % G *07; % *R "

, #c y! ! * R 9 (84) Perkinsiella vitiensis x Gr " 9 9 SY C ^6

F(d e, 9 SY; O = 2 / $ % F;- ( (6; K ! ; 9 C(/Q d + ., /+ R 7

, 9* ! !& /* F ! .(111) c ( , %! X & & V;3 (' 1981 C " ',

n , 158 ! ;V 0 I' 344 9 ( J I+ I/ #( * 5; M r " ! , [" ( 9

,* 9 5 ., ( X ( (M S' G (% ! , ;4+ Z 9 Y , I '& / F .( , +

.c ( 5; 9F XG * 9 0 12 ,! ! b Z G & / F 9 (, 9

٣٠
 9 /7 X O = 2 / $ % -24

51 , O = 2 / $ % F;- ( (6; K I/ b &! ! ;4 _Q & 'c2!,

* I+ X \" 1981 C , .(94) ( , 9 SY; ;49 M , R & ' M &G ' b Z G ;49 M

" 8 &' 9 ! M! # X (6; K & $%* 1- * G t ^- ,

7 C ; * /;4 2 ! &, ^;R #b/R, /76" ! I " J I+ F 6 & '\ ., 9 , a

o 62 G X c/Q { J I+ F , ., , G [" & / R M *+, 2X b Z G ]7; &' Y

& 'C , .(59) c ( * * 0 & '& / *2 3 /E & ' )2 7 5 & * IM *

O = 2 / $ % F;- ( X (6; K 9 #b &! /' % , 6" * M! Q G |M

/ #(79) I/;4 " & / C 5; & Toxoptera citricida V9 & YR ; /N *" G , 0;

i - 9 #(23) Hypothenemus hampei YR - % #Phyllocnistis citoella V9 n

4 V G &X! ! 9 ! (24) Acarapis cuoodil 4 VG " 9 #(3) Steneotarsonemus spinki

., 9 SY; (78)

٣١
 O = 2 / $ % , &! r " , 0; , M( -25

,i - 9 9, 9 f *7 K, 7 % G e, : Q, , - & , G &(' / " 9

i &' ,b ZG ! ( /Y" #( 9* c/2 3Q i ( a D (/2 " & '{ 9 *" 5/56" I9

, X % - G! & /M ' I/ 1996 C , .c ( , ! 9 X 9 G *" , a

'* X .(82 ! 25 #21) ( ;- * ; *) & ;49 - VE ! ( , 9* G ! M 9 , S9 : 0"

G / Z & !, , 9 (' * 9 & /M ' O * X & /M ' V7- 9 ( , 9

cQX * ,!, 9 , 9 , 9 c2!, e(82) , ,9 ; ,!, #, - G & /+ 7% ! & ^ ('

, - Y" x ( f 9* !O= 2 / &' /4 9 c4 , .(82 ! 25) c ,

G ec , & ! ` /E * X & /M ' r " ,!, ; 9 F C! ., 9 " X /7

!, 9 F .!, .c , V ,!, ; &G / ! , + (% G ! M & '! ' , /M ' !, G ! M /4

,!, ,( \ M ! , 9 c9 /4 ' , I/ ) , * X & /M ' ( d C! G ! M G |M

G ! M /4 , ( , 4- ! , 2X : I F .( , &G ' * / G [/ : I , cQX *

٣٢
*;QX *;4 G N G ,!, a ( ; T. palmi cQX 9 F . .c , * X & ' /M '

) *;QX X* X ( , VR c ' ! , O = 2 / $ % &G ( & CX (

- X G , 0; 9 (,, R *" , % c YQ , X ! (, *Q 3 $ % * +( , G ( 9

.(111 ! 82) , ( p +( 9 8 B Z G ! 1 /4 9 , O = 2 / '

*1/6 c4 G B, ^" O ! , /1 R G ! & " b Z G cQX ,! ! C ; 9F / '* X

.(59) , : Q, , - G #c ,

* X 9L - 9 9 F , A7 : / 9, 9. / ! : Q, G! 1999 C ,

61) , 9 SY; 9F A7 S " V C 5; SY; X F/4 . (a C ' , .(57) c ,

& / ! *' /+ QX *51 /E 4- t ^- , &,(3; I+ 2000 ! 1999 & 'C , .(73 !

cY% * = 2 / & ' * & & 51 GX . h , ,! * C ; 9 , , , %! * 4

.(102 ! 32 # 30) c , Xr " 9 75

0 /( . +(,-
cV4 Cimex lectularius y G , 0; b &! ( G S;4/ R C! / ,

! * 4% * " z 9, c &( F .( , 9* . (R + / (G G 0 I'

.(97) ( , +* / R ( ( * ! [/ X

/ (G , , 0; , y -26

٣٣
 / R ., (/} L! E . ) ' , ;4 " C Z , $ + 2 Q *V'D R Q IM F/d ,

G ; + ); ,G , .(29) ( , ,* R, M &K /4 S9 " &! 9 * '( M !,

.(62 ! 15 #14) ( , 9* , 0; y4 / ( G GX & Entomophobic * !

D @ 8
X &G ! 9 G! 9 * G ! 1960 C ! G &G ! 9 S4 ! " G ' 9* )

V2 O #Ceratitis capitata & ;( / |) /N *" QX 5 , 9 & DM[/ X

+ M[ #Chilo soppressalis i * / X -R . 9 #Trogoderma granarium .( +

& ' + ! Sesamia Cretica € - R #Eurygaster intcgric sp. .( + F #Autograph agama

& '& / I/ V9 c3 a .(19) c ( , + G EX #, 9 . * / G [/ * Z - ]7;

$% ( ,G ( ] 9 I+ .(59) c y 4 /4 #, * 5; r " 9 *07;

& K, , /7/ O 4- / 6" & ) - -.9 ; G X , 9 , *V2 1 &!

& 7 G "* )d 9 , ,* F/ T ' J I+ F .(51) ( * , 0; ' ;49 "

SY 51 X , * / ! &, ^;R *" Vh * z /; , ! , 9 , 0; ;49 M V M C ^6 &,

& , 9 Bemisia tabaci G 1991 C , ( . 32 1 y J I+ F , .( , + O P" ;

.c ( , . , /0 7 & [ *1/6 c4 G ! * = 2 / & '*+P !

٣
 &G ! 9 S4 ! " , , 0; , -27

*7 & r " ( ; J I+ , ., /+ R *;4 ! " B(' ( "* I/ . , c3 a

O r " cQX ! /0 ,! ! h , / 0/2 9 / ,G/ & / : / 2003 C , X 5/56"

K, /7/ ' , 9 c ( , 0; * /5 J! G *;4 ! " 7 F A M , .c , c4 ! "

G E* Z - , 9 F9 & "* F/ T ' * /5 J! G .c , C V , X& I'

, 9 , 0; #c * = 2 / , 0; R G * 9 (Anthonomus grandis) V M

.(75 ! 59)

٣
* c0 , [" y! ! 9 c , J I+ X (6; K O = 2 / : Q, I9 (

I/ , 2X M S " b Z G hg ! , C 5; c/7 R G .c *;4 ! " x 1- & ' G

* ! Q &, ^;R 4- # 4 c [/ X F ` ! ( J ;4+ *+, ( "* F ., ,

#( * , G [" ! ) 9 9 [" #O = ' [" /N * ' / R 9 ), M( ., !X , %!

& *; (Y ! *;VR & 'S;4/ S/N " F .( /+ R , 0; , 'c4 ! " r " ( "*

.( * & ! ` /4 & /) /M

H @8' EFG ' ) 8E

& *' ƒ/' X , 9 c4 ! " / O r " ] , [" *Q 3 & J! F " ,

& ' M c4 ! " c4 9 c F #, . I/ *+, *Q Z G ! ; ( , %! 5 „/ "

&! ' X & 'S " |} .( 9 D_" Š / O G " (', G % ! , 9 p % );4 G G Aedes

, DE 9 , 9 ' C .( 9 , ! 7 , 9 , - F' /M [/% , ! , , R *Q a DE 9 O

F C ., !X , %! n I *;4 ! " / 3% Q O ( "* X F;- ( LX , u W [ );4 G O

& 'J! G ( "* , ‹, 9 (/M X& "* )d ‹, * ] 3" )d

'c4 ! " / u /- .( 9 , 0; * Q $ % O &P" ; 3 " ! F I & '[/ X / 6" &

3 "C , r " 51 & ' = " M * /; = //_" b Z G *; (Y S4 ! " / G ,

y! ! C 5; *; ! "K D_" (R & , #\9 .! 5 & ' + ! 'O/;9 "

5; (/0 & '|) b Z G 9 *' /+ y! ! O !X O , 'c4 ! " .( * HIV

V+ S *3/ ! bZ , D_" h , ( "* 9 ( , & ; , * /; = N G & + , *

.( 9 (/2 " . / /2 "

٣
 O/; = * ( Y b Z G & ( (% & ' (/2 " -28

r " / 0/2 9 ! |7 X|2 U * S4 ! " , F " V;3

, 0; * 9 & /"K S G C (Q ! *;2 & ' G X , 9 , c4 ! " ;9 . *'! +

&G ! 9 G! *2! e( ;4 , * *;4 ! " 7 : ` F X 5 *- .(59 ! 18) ( , 9

|M [7E / & '|) 9 F C! .c4 ,* O = 2 / 7 * X *7 K, / " (6; K

' { ( ( cQX a *3/VZ , 8 !( K & 'c/3 % , *1/6 c4 G [ "O G

., C 3 /E cQX & '! K /2! . ' !( ! SN a 9 : R! 9 F .!, .( *

., , ‡, G *R / |) & ;( / |) I ' 8 9F .

F c/' .( * % " R *;4 ! " / 7 O [2 R , 4 \5 (' F , %!

! c \ IQ ! & ( IQ Z ., * c [/ X 1- 9 c & +

I/ * R ! * % & ' G ., (' - , G /4 I/ F &, ^;R ! *1/6 c4 G & ' I'

, W9 , ! , V F/7 & /); , & *Q 9 2, f ,R, [7E , , ;4+ 5/56" SE *7

)d 9 (',* F G , 0; * " / *Q Z G .c ( *R ( : `

G , 0; /% " c (- , , ^;R ! *; M , P #S4/2 / /N * / ! * ;%

٣٧
 ; F F/^^ ; .( * * S7 7 F "c , G! Y% .c (X ,* = 2 /

.( *R - /E F 7 5 ! * / \/M & * 'J! C V , (

' * " 0(8E

, .( ;Q +* R , 0; , O P" ; ! * /;9 " & ' C I' &

#F/7R V (/2 " & 'J! F/ T ' ! + / ! F/ 1 c- S;4/ R !

F 5 , : Q, & 5 , .cQ \ IQ * = 2 / G & , Y

]7; & '$ % !, , C F .( : ( / /49 ! ! \9 /N * Q, & 'J! O = 2 /

` cY% 5; & '$ % , # /, * ;% ! * / //_" /- & 'C , t ^-

&G ( & I/ 'c4 ! " .( ;Q + R , 0; , " &' 9 &, ^;R & '! / ! G ,G

& ,O= 2 / F G , 0; .( , 9 & , Y J! F G ( p % ,* Q$%

:G ( " V 9 ( * &,(3; & I

.c , 9 R *; F , ,& / ! , , / 6" & J - O a -

*;4 ! " / ! * N , ' 9 " , / G VR C 300 G 9 F /2, ' X* 9 -
.c ( Vh #( ;Q + R , 0; , I/ Xc/5Q Z
K, ! Vh !( * N /E , Q ! &, ^;R ! *;3 a bZ &! * Q$%O -
.c , 9 R *77 2 F/ S9 6 , & /)/M R
.( , &, ^;R c/ ' C! % , &G ! 9 K ^6 . (Y c/7 R G & /4 -
*;4 ! " / ca Q ( "* * /5 /N &G ! 9 QX * 9 & 'J! G *- -
.( 9 S' Q
! ' 4 i ! , , / 6" & & R O = 2 / 5; ! ( & '$ % , -
.( ;4' &(% &, ^;R 4-

٣٨
 ( " V #( , + C V , * ) '!PM r " b/56" b Z G c4 * 9 ( X f 4

:G

G /2! , 0; G "F ! (' f & * ; & 'J! 9 -

FM = * = 2 / $ % c3 ! ! c/' t ^- , b/56" -
Z & !Xp % ! ' 9 ) , ! (6; K r "& &' G , 0; -
: Q, cY%
G , 0; , & ' 9 ) , ! (6; K *+, X t ^- , Z & !Xp % -
" hg & 'J! ! 'O/;9 " & &' a

; Insects as Weapons of War, Terror, and Torture 2 5 G & %" F : I

2012 C , Annual Review of Entomology 7 , 9 ( * Jeffrey A. Lockwood r " (
.c (/ Πd 57 ,

J) (

1. Aelian. 1959. On the Characteristics of Animals, Vol. 1–3. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
(Loeb Class. Library). 1296 pp.
2. Allworth EA. 1990. The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present, A Cultural
History. Stanford, CA: Hoover Inst. Press. 410 pp.
3. Alonso R, Ovies J. 2002. Transcript of Cuban television interview.
http://cuba.cu/gobierno/documentos/ 2002/ing/m240502i.html
4. Ambrose J. 1974. Insects in warfare. Army Dec.:33–38
5. Aouade JAA. 1979. Traditional Beekeeping in Nigeria: Editorial Summary from ‘Beekeeping Among
the Tiv’.London: Commonw. Secr. Int. Bee Res. Assoc. 23 pp.
6. Avery D. 1999. Canadian biological and toxin warfare research, development and planning, 1925–
45.See Ref. 37, pp. 190–214
7. Baldwin GC. 1965. A Story of the Chiricahua and Western Apache. Tucson, AZ: Dale Stuart King.
144 pp.
8. Ban J. 2000. Agricultural Biological Warfare: An Overview.Washington, DC: Chem. Biol. Arms
Control Inst. 8 pp.
9. Barenblatt D. 2004. A Plague Upon Humanity: The Secret Genocide of Axis Japan’s Germ Warfare
Operation. New York: HarperCollins
10. B´erub´e C. 2008. War and bees: military applications of apiculture.
http://beekeeping.com/articles/ us/war_bees.htm
11. Bojtzov V, Geissler E. 1999. Military biology in the USSR, 1920–45. See Ref. 37, pp. 153–67.

٣٩
12. Burgett M. 2008. Plagues, pests and politics. http://ent.orst.edu/burgettm/ent300_lecture14.htm
13. Burnes A. 1973. Travels into Bokhara. London: Oxford Univ. Press. 502 pp.
14. Bybee J. 2009. Memo from Chief of Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel.
http://dspace.wrlc.org/ doc/bitstream/2041/70967/00355_020801_004display.pdf
15. Byrne J. 2009. Bush memos parallel claim 9/11 mastermind’s children were tortured with insects.
http://forum. prisonplanet.com/index.php?topic=99987.0;wap2
16. Carson-DeWitt RS. 2008. Trench fever. Encyclopedia ofMedicine.
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/ mi_g2601/is_0013/ai_2601001395
17. Carter GB, Pearson GS. 1999. British biological warfare and biological defence, 1925–45. See Ref.
37, pp. 168–89
18. Chavez S, Simon R. 1988. Mystery letter puts a strange twist on latest Medfly crisis. Los Angel.
Times (Orange County Edition), Dec. 3:B1
19. Clarke R. 1968. The Silent Weapons. New York: David McKay. 270 pp.
20. Cookson J, Nottingham J. 1969. A Survey of Chemical and Biological Warfare. New York: Mon.
Rev. 424 pp.
21. Croddy E. 2002. Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned
Citizen. New York: Springer. 352 pp.
22. Crosby MC. 2006. The American Plague: The Untold Story of Yellow Fever, the Epidemic that
Shaped Our History. New York: Berkley. 384 pp.
23. Cuban Government. 2000. Action brought by the people of Cuba against the government of the
United States of America for economic damages caused to Cuba. Work. Pap., Ad Hoc Group
States Parties Conv. Prohib. Dev. Prod. Stockpiling Bacteriol. (Biol.) Toxin Weapons Destr.,
20th Sess., Geneva. http://opbw.org/ahg/docs/20th%20session/wp417.pdf
24. Cuba Portal. 2011. The People of Cuba vs. The Government of the United States of America for
Human Damages to be Submitted to the Civil and Administrative Court of Law at the
Provincial People’s Court in Havana City.
http://cuba.cu/gobierno/documentos/1999/ing/d310599i.html
25. Dinger J. 1997. Cuba: no use of biological weapons. Press Statement, US Dep. State, May 6
26. Dunn A. 1990. Officials advertise to contact group claiming Medfly releases. Los Angel. Times,
Feb. 10:A13
27. Endicott S, Hagerman E. 1998. The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early
Cold War and Korea. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press. 304 pp.
28. Falun Dafa. 2004. Illustrations of torture methods used to persecute Falun Gong practitioners.
http:// clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2004/6/11/49032.html
29. Frank JH, Kanamitsu K. 1987. Paederus, sensu lato (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): natural history and
medical importance. J. Med. Entomol. 24:155–91.
30. Frazier TW. 1999. Natural and bioterrorist/biocriminal threats to food and agriculture. Ann. N.Y.
Acad. Sci. 894:1–8.
31. Free JB. 1982. Bees and Mankind. London: George Allen & Unwin. 154 pp.
32. Fujii E, Zilinskas R. 2009. Cuba profile: biological overview. Nuclear Threat Initiative.
http://www.nti.org/ e_research/profiles/Cuba/Biological/index.html
33. Garrett BC. 1996. The Colorado potato beetle goes to war. Chem. Weapons Conv. Bull. 33:2–3.
34. Garrett BC. 2000. A plague of locusts. Nonprolif. Demilitarization Arms Control 6:11–12
35. Geissler E, ed. 1986. Biological and Toxin Weapons Today. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 172 pp.

٠
36. Geissler E. 1999. Biological warfare activities in Germany, 1923–45. See Ref. 37, pp. 91–126.
37. Geissler E, van Courtland Moon JE, eds. 1999. Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research,
Development and Use from theMiddle Ages to 1945. SIPRI Biological and Chemical Warfare
Studies. NewYork: Oxford Univ. Press. 296 pp.
38. Gold H. 1996. Unit 731 Testimony. Singapore: Yen Books. 256 pp.
39. Green J, ed. 1979. Zuni: SelectedWritings of Frank Hamilton Cushing. Lincoln: Univ. Neb. Press.
449 pp.
40. Grubinger V. 2008. Colorado potato beetle. http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/factsheets/
potatobeetle.html
41. Haldane JBS. 1938. Science and future warfare. Chem. Warf. Bull. 24:7–17.
42. Harris SH. 2002. Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American
Cover-Up. New York: Routledge. 352 pp.
43. Harris R, Paxman J. 1983. A Higher Form of Killing. New York: Random House. 336 pp.
44. Hay A. 1999. A magic sword or a big itch: an historical look at the United States biological
weapons programme. Med. Confl. Surviv. 15:215–34.
45. Holmes R, ed. 2001. The Oxford Companion toMilitary History. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
1072 pp.
46. Hopkirk P. 1992. The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia. New York:
Kodansha.564 pp.
47. International Herald Tribune. 1970. When the Nazis tried to starve out Britain by beetle-bombing
crops. Feb. 25:5
48. International Scientific Commission. 1952. Report of the International Scientific Commission for the
Investigation of the Facts Concerning Bacterial Warfare in Korea and China. Peking. 660
pp.
49. Isikoff M, Thomas E. 2009. The lawyer and the caterpillar. Newsweek Apr. 18.
http://www.newsweek. com/2009/04/17/the-lawyer-and-the-caterpillar.html
50. Johnson J. 1990. Female medfly found in Sun Valley close to area targeted earlier. Los Angel.
Times, Jan. 4:B3
51. Kadlec RP. 1995. Biological weapons for waging economic warfare. In Battlefield of the Future, ed.
BR Schneider, LE Grinter, ch. 10. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air War Coll. Stud. Natl.
Security
52. Kour´ı G, Guzm´an MG, Bravo J. 1986. Hemorrhagic dengue in Cuba: history of an epidemic. Pan
Am. Health Organ. Bull. 20:24–30.
53. Lapidus F. 2003. Could insects be used as instruments of biological warfare? Voice Am., Jan. 29.
http://worldnewssite.com/News/2003/January/2003-01-29-38-Could.html
54. Leitenberg M. 1998. The Korean War biological warfare allegations resolved. Cent. Pac. Asia Stud.
Stockh. Univ. Occas. Pap. 36:1–40.
55. Leitenberg M. 2008. Biological weapons in the 20th century: a review and analysis. Prepared for
Int. Symp. Prot. Chem. Biol.Warf., 7th, Stockholm.
http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/bw20th.htm
56. Leitenberg M. 2008. Undermining the international regime: false allegations of BW use. See Ref.
55; http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/review/under.htm
57. Litovkin D. 1999. Valentin Yevstigneyev on issues, relating to Russian biological weapons.
Yaderny Kontrol Dig. 11:43–51.

١
58. Lockwood JA. 1987. Entomological warfare: history of the use of insects as weapons of war. Bull.
Entomol. Soc. Am. 33:76–82.
59. Lockwood JA. 2009. Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War. New York: Oxford.
377 pp.
60. Lovell SP. 1963. Of Spies & Stratagems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 229 pp.
61. Lynch C. 1999. U.N. employee planned locust plague, Iraq says. Wash. Post, July 7:2
62. MacAskill E. 2009. Bush officials defend physical abuse described in memos released by Obama.
Guardian, Apr. 17. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/17/bush-torture-memos-
obama-mukasey
63. MacKenzie D. 1999. Run, radish, run. New Sci. Dec.:36–39.
64. Maclean F. 1959. Back to Bokhara. Oxford: Alden. 125 pp.
65. Mangold T, Goldberg J. 1999. Plague Wars: The Terrifying Reality of Biological Warfare. New
York: St. Martin’s Griffin. 496 pp.
66. Mangold T, Penycate J. 1986. The Tunnels of Cu Chi. New York: Berkley. 290 pp.
67. Mauroni A. 2003. Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Reference Handbook. Denver, CO: ABC-
CLIO.
68. Mayor A. 2003. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare
in the Ancient World. New York: Overlook Duckworth. 319 pp.
69. McGinnis D. 2004. Looking for loopholes. BEEF Mag., July 1. http://beefmagazine.com/
mag/beef_looking_loopholes/
70. Meyer KE, Brysac SB. 1999. Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in
Central Asia. Washington, DC: Counterpoint. 704 pp.
71. Military Tribunal of the Primorye Military Area. 1950. Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen
of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons.
Transcripts of the Khabarovsk Trial. Moscow: Foreign Lang. Publ. House. 535 pp.
72. Miller GL. 1997. Historical natural history: insects and the CivilWar. Am. Entomol. 43:227–45.
73. Miller J. 1999. U.N. backs mine expert expelled by Iraq. N.Y. Times, July 9
74. Murphy S, Hay A, Rose S. 1984. No Fire, No Thunder: The Threat of Chemical and Biological
Weapons. New York: Mon. Rev. 145 pp.
75. National Research Council. 2003. Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism. Washington, DC: Natl.
Acad. Press. 192 pp.
76. Neufeld E. 1980. Insects as warfare agents in the Ancient Near East. Orientalia 49:30–57
77. New York Times. 1952. Red photographs exposed as fakes. Apr. 3:1.
78. Pages R. 2001. Biological warfare against Cuba: Bee-eating insect causes losses of two million
dollars. Granma Int., Aug. 3. http://blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2001-Caribbean-Vol-3/
BIOLOGICAL_WARFARE_AGAINST_CUBA
79. Pages R. 2003. Cuba:Washington’s objective is to “cause hunger, desperation, and overthrow the
government.” Green Left Wkly., Nov. 12
80. Pate J, Cameron G. 2001. Covert biological weapons attacks against agricultural targets: assessing
the impact against US agriculture. Discuss. Pap. 2001–9, Belfer Cent. Sci. Int. Aff. 30 pp.
81. Payne D. 2008. The other British war on the western front in the great war: the hygiene war.
http://www. westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-on-land/78-cas-med/246-hyg-
war.html

٢
82. Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations. 1997. Note verbale, addressed to the Secretary-
General, as Item 80 of the preliminary list of the 52nd session of UN General Assembly.
http://afrocubaweb. com/biowar.htm
83. Peterson RKD. 1995. Insects, disease, and military history. Am. Entomol. 41:147–60
84. Peterson RKD. 2008. The role of insects as biological weapons. http://entomology.montana.edu/
historybug/insects_as_bioweapons.htm
85. Piel J,H¨ ofer I, HuiD. 2004. Evidence for a symbiosis island involved in horizontal acquisition of
pederin biosynthetic capabilities by the bacterial symbiont of Paederus fuscipes beetles. J.
Bacteriol. 186:1280–86.
86. Ray E, Schaap WH. 2003. Bioterror: Manufacturing Wars the American Way. New York: Ocean
Press. 80 pp.
87. Regis E. 1999. The Biology of Doom: The History of America’s Secret Germ Warfare Project. New
York: Henry Holt. 272 pp.
88. Roberts D. 1993. Once They Moved Like the Wind: Cochise, Geronimo, and the Apache Wars. New
York: Simon & Schuster. 368 pp.
89. Robertson AG. 1995. From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history. Military Med.
160:369–73.
90. Robertson H. 2008. San people’s use of poisonous beetles. http://biodiversityexplorer.org/beetles/
chrysomelidae/alticinae/arrows.htm
91. Root-Bernstein RS. 1991. Infectious terrorism. Atlantic May:44–50.
92. Rose WH. 1981. An Evaluation of Entomological Warfare as a Potential Danger to the United
States and European NATO Nations. US Army Dugway Proving Ground, UT: US Army Test
Eval. Command. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/mosquito1.html
93. Sair R. 1944. The Book of Torture and Executions. Toronto: Golden Books. 191 pp.
94. Schapp W. 1982. US biological warfare: the 1981 Cuba dengue epidemic. Covert Action Inform.
Bull. 17:28–31.
95. SchultzHA. 1992. 100 years of entomology in theDepartment ofDefense. In Insect Potpourri:
Adventures in Entomology, ed. J Adams, pp. 61–72. Gainesville, FL: Sandhill Crane 96.
Selim J. 2005. Virus code red. Discov. Mag. 26:14
97. Solzhenitsyn A. 1974. The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation.
New York: Harper & Row. 660 pp.
98. Soper FL, DavisWA, Markham FS, Riehl LA. 1947. Typhus fever in Italy, 1943–1945, and its
control with louse powder. Am. J. Hygiene 45:305–34.
99. Steiner PE. 1968. Disease in the Civil War: Natural Biological Warfare in 1861–1865. Springfield,
IL: Charles C. Thomas. 243 pp.
100. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 1975. The Problem of Chemical and Biological
Warfare: A Study of the Historical, Technical, Military, Legal and Political Aspects of CBW,
and Possible Disarmament Measures. Vol. I: The Rise of CB Weapons. New York:
Humanities. 395 pp.
101. Sutherland R. 2003. The importance of bees in war time.
http://www.honeyflowfarm.com/newsletters / 2003/november/novhoney.htm
102. Tamayo JO, Laughlin M. 1999. Cuba files $181 billion claim against US. Miami Herald, June 2

٣
103. Treble A. 2008. Chemical and biological weapons: possession and programs past and present.
Monterey Inst. Int. Stud. James Martin Cent. Nonproliferation Stud.
http://cns.miis.edu/cbw/possess.htm
104. TschanzDW. 2008. Typhus fever on the Eastern Front inWorldWar I.
http://entomology.montana.edu/ historybug/WWI/TEF.htm
105. Tschanz DW. 2008. Yellow fever and the strategy of the Mexican-American War.
http://entomology. montana.edu/historybug/mexwar/mexwar.htm
106. United Nations. 1969. Chemical and Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons and the Effects of Their
Possible Use. New York: Ballantine
107. United States Air Force. 2003. When killing just won’t do. From “Nonlethal Weapons: Terms and
References,” a report published by the United States Air Force Institute for National Security
Studies. Harper’s Mag. Feb:16. http://harpers.org/archive/2003/02/0079475
108. University of Saskatchewan. 2008. Climate change between 5000 and 4000 years ago.
http://geochemistry.
sask.ca/bill/Courses/Climate/Disturbance%20&%20Decline%20prt.pdf
109. Wellman PI. 1935. Death in the Desert: The Fifty Years’War for the Great Southwest.New
York:Macmillan. 318 pp.
110. Wheeler CM. 1946. Control of typhus in Italy 1943–1944 by use of DDT. Am. J. PublicHealth
36:119–29.
111. Whitby SM. 2002. Biological Warfare Against Crops. New York: Palgrave. 288 pp.
112. Wolff J. 2008. Ameer of Bokhara Nasir Ullah, report of Josef Wolff 1843–1845.
http://www.oocities.org/ athens/5246/amir.html
113. Woodall J. 2006. Why mosquitoes trump birds. Scientist Jan.:61
114. Wotton RS. 2007. The ten plagues of Egypt, Opticon 1826.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/opticon1826/archive/ issue3/RfP_Art_LIFE_Wotton_Plagues.pdf
115. Wu T. 2008. A preliminary review of studies of Japanese biological warfare Unit 731 in the
United States. http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/530696/posts
116. Xyroth Enterprises. 2008. The ten plagues of Egypt. http://xyroth-
enterprises.co.uk/10plague.htm
117. Zinsser H. 2007. Rats, Lice and History. Edison, NJ: Transaction Publ. 332 pp.