МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования
«Южно-Уральский государственный университет»
(национальный исследовательский университет)
Политехнический институт
Кафедра промышленной теплоэнергетики
Направление 13.04.01 «Теплоэнергетика и теплотехника»

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНОЙ ВЕТРОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ

УСТАНОВКИ (ВЭУ)

НАУЧНО-ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКАЯ РАБОТА

ЮУрГУ – 13.04.01.2017.277.00 ПЗ

Руководитель доц., к.т.н.

_________ /Осинцев К.В/
«____»_____________2017 г.

Автор, студент группы П-289

_____________/ Мезаал Н. А /
«____»_______________2017 г

Работа защищена с оценкой

_______________________
«____»____________2017 г

Челябинск, 2017
 АННОТАЦИЯ

Мезаал Н. А. Исследование перспективной

ветроэнергетической установки (ВЭУ) –
Челябинск: ЮУрГУ, П-289; 2017, 12 с., 5 ил.,
библиогр. список – 17 наименований, 14 рис.,
2 табл.

В работе выполнено моделирование вычислительной гидродинамики

(CFD) с использованием ANSYS Fluent, CFX, коммерчески доступного пакета
CFD, для характеристики поведения нового HAWT. Проведено статическое
трехмерное моделирование CFD. Статические характеристики вращающего
момента турбины и простота конструкции характеризуют ее пригодность для
рынка малых ветровых турбин. Основным фактором для генерации энергии
через HAWT является скорость воздуха и положение угла поворота лопастей в
узле лезвия HAWT.
В работе показано, что лезвие имеет длину 43,2 м и начинается с
цилиндрической формы у корня, а затем переходит к аэродинамическим
профилям S818, S825 и S826 для корня, тела и кончика соответственно. Это
лезвие также имеет шаг для изменения в зависимости от радиуса. Это лезвие
было создано так, чтобы оно было похоже на турбину GE 1.5XLE (в настоящей
работе модель имеет дополнительное 2-метровое цилиндрическое расширение
у корня, чтобы сделать ее более реалистичной).
Для турбины GE 1.5XLE можно сравнить результаты, как анализа CFD, так
и экспериментального анализа. Инструментарий CFD для ANSYS используется
для моделирования и тестирования. Полученные результаты тестирования
программного обеспечения проверены с помощью экспериментальных
измерений. Благодаря этому полученный результат может использоваться в
средствах максимальной постоянной генерации энергии для HAWT –
горизонтально-осевых установок (ГОУ).
Работа представлена на английском языке.

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Студен Мезаал Н. А. Лит. Лист Листов
Руководит Осинцев К.В.
Исследование 2 27
перспективной
ЮУрГУ
ветроэнергетической Кафедра промышленной
Н. Контр Осинцев К.В установки (ВЭУ) теплоэнергетики
 ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
1. Problem Specification .................................................................................................... 4
2. Objective of work ........................................................................................... 5
3. Mathematical Model ....................................................................................... 5
3.1 Governing Equations ........................................................................................... 5
3.2 Boundary Conditions ............................................................................. 6
3.3 Numerical Solution Procedure in ANSYS 18.0 .................................... 6
3.4 Hand-Calculations of Expected Results ................................................ 6
4. Geometry ...................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Overview of Current Geometry ....................................................................... 7
4.2 Body Transformations ........................................................................... 7
4.3 Defining the Blade Volume ................................................................... 7
4.4 Drawing the Fluid Volume .................................................................... 7
4.5 Creating the Fluid Volume .................................................................... 7
5. Mesh ............................................................................................................. 7
5.1 Named Selections ................................................................................................. 7
5.2 Default Mesh and Section Plane ........................................................... 8
5.3 Local Mesh Controls ............................................................................. 8
5.4 Mesh Metrics ......................................................................................... 8
6. Physics Setup ................................................................................................ 9
6.1 Governing Equations .......................................................................................... 9
6.2 Boundary Conditions ............................................................................. 9
7. Numerical solution ....................................................................................... 9
8. Numerical Results ........................................................................................ 9
8.1 Results in FLUENT ............................................................................................. 9
8.2 Graphical Instances.............................................................................. 10
8.3 Blade Velocity ..................................................................................... 10
8.4 Velocity Streamlines ........................................................................... 10
8.5 Pressure Contours ................................................................................ 10
8.6 Torque .................................................................................................. 11
9. Verification ................................................................................................. 11
10. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 11
References

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 Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
simulations were performed in the present study
using ANSYS Fluent, CFX, a commercially-
available CFD package, to characterize the
behaviour of the new HAWT. Static three-
dimensional CFD simulations were conducted.
The static torque characteristics of the turbine
and the simplicity of design highlight its
suitability for the small wind turbine market. The
major factor for generating the power through
the HAWT is the velocity of air and the position
of the blade angle in the HAWT blade assembly.
The study presents the effect of The
blade is 43.2 meters long and starts with a
cylindrical shape at the root and then transitions
to the airfoils S818, S825 and S826 for the root,
body and tip, respectively. This blade also has
pitch to vary as a function of radius, giving it a
twist and the pitch angle at the blade tip is 4
degrees. This blade was created to be similar in
size to a GE 1.5XLE turbine. (note that model in
the present work has an additional 2 meter
cylindrical extension at the root to make it more
realistic). The experimental analysis of GE
1.5XLE turbine, so that the result of both CFD
analysis and experimental analysis can be
compared. CFD workbench of ANSYS is used to
carry out the virtue simulation and testing. The
software generated test results are validated
through the experimental readings. Through this
obtainable result will be in the means of
maximum constant power generation from
HAWT.
INTRODUCTION
The focus on Renewable Energy Resources has
increased significantly in the recent years in the
wake of growing environmental pollution, rising
energy demand and depleting fossil fuel
resources. Different sources of renewable energy
include biomass, solar, geothermal,
hydroelectric, and wind. Among these resources
wind has proved to be a cheaper alternative
energy resource and hence extensive research
efforts have been put to improve the technology
of electricity generation through wind. The
world has enormous potential of wind energy
that can be utilized for electricity generation.
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Currently, large scale HAWTs are not
economically attractive; however, they offer
energy solutions for remote places away from
the main distribution lines and places where
large wind farms cannot be installed due to
environmental concerns and small scale
dispersed generation units are preferred. That is
why mass production of HAWTs has recently
been started as small scale wind power
generating units.
1. Problem Specification
This study considers the deformation due to
aerodynamic loading of a wind turbine blade by
performing a steady-state 1-way FSI (Fluid-
Structure Interaction) analysis. this study uses
ANSYS Fluent 18.0 to develop the
aerodynamics loading on the blade.
Figure. 1 is showing the blade is 43.2 meters
long and starts with a cylindrical shape at the
root and then transitions to the airfoils S818,
S825 and S826 for the root, body and tip,
respectively. This blade also has pitch to vary as
a function of radius, giving it a twist and the
pitch angle at the blade tip is 4 degrees. This
blade was created to be similar in size to a GE
1.5XLE turbine. (note that model in the present
tutorial has an additional 2 meter cylindrical
extension at the root to make it more realistic).
The blade is made out of an orthotropic
composite material, it has a varying thickness
and it also has a spar inside the blade for
structural rigidity. These specs, which are
important for the FEA simulation.
Figure. 1. 3D solid model of the Turbine blade
The turbulent wind flows towards the negative z-
direction at 12 m/s which is a typical rated wind
speed for a turbine this size. This incoming flow
is assumed to make the blade rotate at an angular
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 velocity of -2.22 rad/s about the z-axis (the blade The equations that we will use look as follows:
is thus spinning clockwise when looking at it
from the front, like most real wind turbines). The Conservation of mass:
tip speed ratio (the ratio of the blade tip velocity
to the incoming wind velocity) is therefore equal
+ ∇ ρv2 = 0
to 8 which is a reasonable value for a large wind
turbine. Note that to represent the blade being
connected to a hub, the blade root is offset from Conservation of Momentum (Navier-Stokes):
the axis of rotation by 1 meter. The hub is not
included in our model. ∇ (ρvr vr ) + ρ(2⍵ × vr + ⍵ × ⍵ × r) = - ∇p + ∇ ₸r

2. Objective of work Where

1. Create the 3-D model of the blade profile
and blade for the simulation in SOLID-
WORK.
2. Create the mesh model of the blade.
3. Create the cavity model for the cavity
analysis for the CFD analysis and
simulation.
4. Comparison of the software simulation
data and experimental data of GE
1.5XLE turbine.
5. Validation of the result will be done by
comparing the Experimental result with
ANSYS result.
In this section of the study, the blade geometry is
imported, a mesh is created around the blade and
the Fluent solver is then used to find the
aerodynamics loading on the blade, the fluid
streamlines and the torque generated. We will
use air at standard conditions (15 degree
celcius). Its density is 1.225 kg/m^3 and its
viscosity is 1.7894e-05 kg/(m*s).
vr is the relative velocity (the velocity viewed
from the moving frame) and
⍵ is the angular velocity.
Note the additional terms for the Coriolis force
(2⍵ × vr) and the centripetal acceleration (⍵ × ⍵
× r) in the Navier-Stokes equations. In Fluent,
we'll turn on the additional terms for a moving
frame of reference and input ⍵ = -2.22 rad/sec.
Important: We use the Reynolds Averaged form
of continuity and momentum and use the SST k-
omega turbulence model to close the equation
set.
3.2 Boundary Conditions
We model only 1/3 of the full domain using
periodicity assumptions:

Using periodicity, we will simulate the flow

around one blade and extrapolate the solution to
two more blades in order to visualize the results
for a 3 blade rotor.

3. Mathematical Model
3.1 Governing Equations

The governing equations are the continuity and

Navier-Stokes equations. These equations are
written in a frame of reference rotating with the
blade. This has the advantage of making our
simulation not require a moving mesh to account
for the rotation of the blade.
Figure 2. Periodicity assumptions

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This therefore proves that the velocity
distribution at theta of 0 and 120 degrees are the
same. If we denote theta_1 to represent one of
the periodic boundaries for the 1/3 domain and
theta_2 being the other boundary, then
The boundary conditions on the fluid domain are
as follow:
Inlet: Velocity of 12 m/s with turbulent intensity
of 5% and turbulent viscosity ratio of 10
Outlet: Pressure of 1 atm
Blade: No-slip
Side Boundaries: Periodic
3.3 Numerical Solution Procedure in
ANSYS 18.0
FLUENT converts these differential equations
into a set of algebraic equations. Inverting these
algebraic equations gives the value of (u, v, w, p,
k, and omega) at the cell centers. Everything
else is derived from the cell centers values (post-
processing). In our mesh, we'll have around
10000,000 cells. The total number of unknowns
and hence algebraic equations is:
10000,000 * 6 = 60 million.
This huge set of algebraic equations is inverted
through an iterative process. The matrix to be
inverted is huge but sparse.
In FLUENT, we will use the pressure-based
solver.
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3.4 Hand-Calculations of Expected
Results
One simple hand-calculation that we can do now
before even starting our simulation is to find
theoretical wind velocity at the tip. We can then
later compare our answer with what we get from
our simulation to verify that they agree.
The velocity, v, on the blade should follow the
formula:
v=r×⍵
Plugging in our angular velocity of -2.22 rad/s
and using the blade length of 43.2 meters plus 1
meter to account for the distance from the root to
the hub, we get
V = -2.22 × 44.2
= 98.12 m/s
Additionally, by using the simple one-
dimensional momentum theory, we can estimate
the power coefficient which is the fraction of
harnessed power to total power in the wind for
the given turbine swept area. This analysis uses
the following assumptions:
 The flow is steady, homogenous and
incompressible.
 There is no frictional drag.
 There is an infinite number of blades.
 There is uniform thrust over the disc or
rotor area.
 The wake is non-rotating.
 The static pressure far upstream and
downstream of the rotor is equal to the
undisturbed ambient pressure.
According to this blade is meant to ressemble
GE 1.5 XLE wind turbine blade. The
specification sheet of this turbine states the rated
power of this turbine to be 1.5 MW, the rated
wind speed to be 11.5 m/s and the rotor diameter
to be 82.5 m.
Thus, at rated wind speed,
Cp = =
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 Cp = = 0.3 4.4 Drawing the Fluid Volume

1. Upwind sketch
The resulting power coefficient of 0.30 is very 2. Downwind sketch
reasonable. We will compare it to power 1. Same thing but place it 180
coefficient obtained from the simulation in the meters behind
Verification & Validation section. 2. twice the radius, so 240 meters

4. Geometry 4.5 Creating the Fluid Volume

For users of ANSYS 18.0, blade was created
right in SolidWorks and has the file extension
.agdb which stands for DesignModeler
Database.
4.1 Overview of Current Geometry
In the following section, we show how to import
this our geometry and we explain important
features of this geometry as shown in Figure 3.
4.2 Body Transformations
Finally, we do a Boolean subtraction to remove
the blade volume from the fluid
geometry. Summary of steps:
1. Skin
2. Name this body, fluid, and specify
that it’s a fluid
3. Boolean subtract
4. Show the blade inside with wireframe
view

It is not necessary to have strong background in

wind power technology, having a basic
understanding of wind turbine blade design and
aerodynamics is suggested. It would be a good
idea to know why blades are twisted for
example. The following steps starts with a brief
statement on how blades are oriented Summary
of steps:

1. Rotation of the blade

2. Translate so that global coord. is at the
middle of the root
Figure 3. Wind turbine blade Geometry
3. Translation for hub

4.3 Defining the Blade Volume 5. Mesh

5.1 Named Selections
In the following steps, we close off all opening
then make a solid body to represent the volume We start off by naming various faces of our
enclosed by the blade, out of the current surface geometry for later use in FLUENT and to make
bodies. Summary of steps: surface body referencing much easier when
creating our mesh as shown in Figure 4.
1. Closing the surfaces Summary of steps:
2. Making a copy of our blade surface
bodies to use later for the FEA. 1. Suppress Blade FEA
3. Sew 2. Show the fluid geometry, wireframe.
3. Create named selections
1. Inlet
2. Inlet-Top
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 3. Outlet
4. Blade (select all then control click
the surfaces not wanted)
5. Periodic 1 (one of the
quadrilateral surface).
6. Periodic 2 (the other quadrilateral
surface).
7. Fluid

Figure 5. Mesh part in ANSYS Fluent

5.4 Mesh Metrics

We now will show how to judge the quality of

your mesh. This is an extremely important step
because a bad mesh can lead to bad results:

1. Skewness and orthogonal quality are the

two most important. Skewness better for
Figure 4. Final model with various faces of CFD.
geometry
2. Look at the skewness mesh metric under
details of mesh.
5.2 Default Mesh and Section Plane

The section plane is a really neat tool that allows
you to cut through the mesh in order to visualize
its interior!
As shown in Figure 5. We start by applying
specifying some global mesh settings which
means that these settings will be applied to the
whole mesh altogether:
It is generally advised to keep the minimum
orthogonality greater than 0.15 and maximum
skewness lower than 0.95. Having bad cells or
elements can lead to incorrect simulation results.
However, these are general guide rules and
depend on the physics solved or where the cells
are located. The following tables can help you
gauge the quality of your mesh.

1. Automatically optimized for CFD and Table 1. Skewness range values

FLUENT, tetrahedral cells.
2. Change use advanced size function to Very
Outstanding Good Sufficient Bad Inappropriate
proximity and curvature. It makes it deal Good
with curves better, lower skewness.
3. Change relevance center to medium. 0.25- 0.50- 0.95-
0-0.25 0.80-0.95 0.98-1.00
0.50 0.80 0.98

5.3 Local Mesh Controls

Table 2. Orthogonal quality range values
After applying controls to the whole mesh, we
now apply mesh settings to specific areas of our
Very
geometry: Inappropriate Bad Sufficient Good
Good
Outstanding

0.001- 0.20- 0.70-

0-0.001 0.15-0.20 0.95-1.00
0.15 0.70 0.95

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 Figure 6 illustrates the skewness study obtained 1. Boundary Conditions
by using the data of the model. Evaluating the
skewness analyses data have been done taking 1. Inlet Velocity magnitude: 12m/s
into account the range of values presented in 2. Inlet-Top Component (X,Y,Z):
Table 1. According with this explanation, there (0,0,-12m/s)
is an evidence that the results represented in the 3. Blade Default, wall
graphic below are adjusted with the outstanding 4. Periodic 1 and Periodic 2 Change
and very good range values of the skewness
to Interface
analyses.
2. Mesh Interface

7. Numerical solution

Here, we tell FLUENT which solution method to

use, how many iterations to perform, how to
Figure 6: Skewness in ANSYS Fluent initialize to solution and what to visualize during
the calculation. Finally, we run the calculation:
Figure 7 describes the orthogonal quality study
and it shows that the data complies the 1. Solution Methods
requirements of the outstanding and very good 2. Monitors
range values of this analyses, which are detailed 3. Solution Initialization
in Table 2. 4. Run Calculation
1. Set the number of iterations to
1500
2. Initialize and Run calculation

In the above solution, we set the residuals to be

very small, at 1e-6. This effectively ensured that
the calculation did not stop before before the
Figure 7: Orthogonal Quality in ANSYS Fluent 1500 iterations specified. A solution is deemed
to have converged (and the calculation ends)
6. Physics Setup when ALL residuals fall below the limit set.
6.1 Governing Equations
For the first few hundred iterations you may see
In the following section, we go into FLUENT "reversed flow" being listed with each iteration.
and specify the governing equations that we will This will eventually disappear as the solution
use: stabilizes and is nothing to be concerned over.
This can easily be fixed in later iterations by
1. Fluent Launcher moving the outlet further away from the wind
2. Models turbine blade geometry.
1. K-omega
2. SST 8. Numerical Results
3. Cell zone conditions 8.1 Results in FLUENT
1. Enable Frame Motion
2. Specify angular velocity We can view various results using both
to be -2.22 m/s FLUENT and CFD-Post. We will start by
looking at a few results in FLUENT like mass
6.2 Boundary Conditions flow rate and the integral static pressure surface
monitor. Summary of steps in the above video:
We now specify the boundary conditions:
1. Reports
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 2. Plot

8.2 Graphical Instances

Let's now go in CFD-Post for the remaining

numerical results. We'll start by enabling the
visualization of a full 3 blade rotor as shown in
Figure 8:

Figure 9. Blade Velocity

8.4 Velocity Streamlines

Figure 10. Shows visualize the flow around the

turbine using velocity streamlines:

Click on the streamline button and leave the

name as velocity streamline
Figure 8. The wind turbine with a full 3 blade
rotor

8.3 Blade Velocity

First, a hand-calculation is done based on the

classical aerodynamic theory in order to find the
theoretical wind velocity at the tip.

V =98.12𝑚𝑠⁄ 𝑗̂

This data is compared with the value of the

velocity obtained by ANSYS. Figures 4.19 and
Figure 10. Blade Velocity Streamlines
4.20 illustrate that the local wind turbine blade
velocity increases with radius because of the
rotation of the blades. The velocity of the tip, 8.5 Pressure Contours
which is the highest velocity, it is around
98.05𝑚𝑠⁄ 𝑗̂, the same value as equation. Next up, we'll look at the pressure distribution
on the blade surface as shown in Figure 11.
Figure 9. Show how to find blade velocity at
different radii. Summary of steps in:

1. Insert vectors
2. See that there’s too many lines, change
sampling to equally space and click 500,
apply
3. Look at the max velocity

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 Figure 11. The pressure distribution on the blade solving time. The solution, however, does appear
surface to converges better after 3000 iterations.

8.6 Torque

Let's now find the torque that the fluid is

generating on the blade:

1. Finding torque in CFD Post

2. Finding torque in FLUENT (more
detailed)

Reports Moment

Figure 13. Check number of iterations

Check mesh refinement

Figure 12. Torque on blade Finally, it is crucial to perform a mesh

9. Verification
Compare blade tip velocities Torque
The blade tip velocity was found to be 98.14 m/s
in CFD-Post. This is basically identical to result
obtain from hand-calculations which was 98.12
m/s. Great!
Torque; Torque is a force that turns or rotates
the wind turbine and it is equal to the force
multiplied by distance. This means that so longer
blades are, more torque can generate.
refinement study. A finer mesh can help achieve
a more precise solution of the model but is more
computationally expensive. A CFD analyst thus
has to gauge what mesh size will provide a
decently accurate solution at a reasonable
computing cost. This is of course very dependent
on the desired accuracy of results and the
application of the project. The following Figure
demonstrates how the results change with a
greater number of cells. It is quite clear that the
mesh created in the tutorial (which has around
10,000,000 cells) is enough to obtain a
sufficiently accurate solution.

Two important verifications that can be made to

check whether the simulation correctly solved
the model is to see if mass is balance and if the
pressure on the blade has converged. Both have
been inspected in the previous section.

Check iterations

Another essential condition to verify is whether

a sufficient number of iterations were performed
in obtaining the solution (i.e if the solution
Figure 14. Mesh refinement
converged). The figure below shows how the
solution behaves after 3000 iterations. As you
10. Conclusion
can see, the residuals do not change much
between 1500 and 3000 iterations. This is why
In order to calculate the aerodynamic loading of
1500 iterations was deemed appropriate for the
HAWT blades, there it is been developed an
sake of this tutorial, considering the reduction in
aerodynamic model for studying of the flow

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 around HAWT rotor, which employs the Finite
Element Method (FEM) and FLUENT solver. In
the aerodynamic model, first the blade geometry
is imported from Solid Work, another CAD
program that is used to design in advance the
geometry of one wind turbine blade, after that
using the tools of ANSYS software the other two
blades from the HAWT is designed, and it is
model the fluid domain. After created the proper
fluid domain, a mesh is created around the
blades and the Fluent solver is then used to find
aerodynamic loading on the blades, also to
consider the fluid flow field.
The realize study into this project and the
obtained relative good correspondence between
the obtained numerical results and those from
hand calculation for numerical models:
aerodynamic is the conformation that developed
both model work and it can be used in the
preliminary stage of design of HAWT blades. In
order to investigate in details the complex flow
field around HAWT blade, it is advisable for the
next stage of that project to be considering the
unsteadiness of flow close to the real one.
References
[1] Cornell University. MAE 4021 Project Guide
Rev. 10/29/2013
[2] Validation of wind turbine wake models,
Douwe J. Renkema, June 11, 2007
[3] Alberto Mazzoldi. Leakage and atmospheric
dispersion of CO2 associated with carbon
capture and storage projects (thesis). University
of Nottingham, March 2009.
[4] Renewables 2014, Global Status Report.
REN21 Renewable Energy Policy Network for
the 21st Century. www.ren21.net
[5] Renewable energy technologies: cost
analysis series. Volume 1: Wind Power. IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency. June
2012.
[6] Martin O.L. Hansen. Aerodynamics of Wind
Turbines. Second edition, 2008.
[7] GE Energy 1.5xle - Manufacturers and
turbines - Online access - The Wind Power,
RMT, Inc. | North Coast Wind & Power LLC
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