Cleveland Avenue Homes Historic Structures Survey Report

HISTORIC STRUCTURES SURVEY REPORT
CLEVELAND AVENUE HOMES PUBLIC

HOUSING COMPLEX
Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina
SUBMITTED TO:
McCormack Baron Salazar, Inc.
720 Olive Street
Suite 2500
St. Louis, Missouri 63101
October 2021
RICHARD G RU B B & A S S O C IAT E S

HISTORIC STRUCTURES SURVEY REPORT
CLEVELAND AVENUE HOMES PUBLIC HOUSING

COMPLEX
Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina
Principal Investigator:
Ellen Turco, Principal Senior Historian
Authors:
Ellen Turco, Principal Senior Historian
Olivia Heckendorf, Architectural Historian
Prepared by:
Richard Grubb & Associates, Inc.
525 Wait Avenue
Wake Forest, North Carolina 27587
Prepared for:
McCormack Baron Salazar, Inc.
720 Olive Street
Suite 2500
St. Louis, Missouri 63101
Date:
October 4, 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents��i
1.0 Management Summary��1-1
2.0 Project Description and Methodology�� 2-1

2.1 Project Location and Setting�� 2-1
2.2 Project Description��2-1
2.3 Area of Potential Effects��2-1
2.4 Background Research and Previous Surveys�� 2-1
2.5 Field Methods��2-2
2.6 Reporting��2-2
3.0 Historical Context��3-1

3.1 Early History of Winston-Salem and the Beginnings of Racial Segregation�� 3-1
3.2 The Growth of Winston-Salem and Racial Zoning Ordinances�� 3-1
3.3 The Impact of New Deal Programs on Housing in Winston-Salem�� 3-3
3.4 The Housing Act of 1937�� 3-5
3.5 The American Housing Act of 1949 and Urban Renewal�� 3-5
3.6 Winston-Salem’s Continued Growth in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
��3-9
4.0 National Register Evaluation of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex
(FY9238)��4-1
4.1 Setting��4-1
4.2 Inventory List and Physical Descriptions�� 4-5
4.3 History and Architectural Context��4-10
4.4 NRHP Evaluation��4-33
4.5 NRHP Boundary Recommendation ��4-35
5.0 Summary of Findings��5-1
6.0 References��6-1
Appendices:
Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Criteria for Evaluation

Appendix B: Project Documents
Appendix C: Staff Qualifications
i
FIGURES:
Figure 2.1: Street map showing the location of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public
Housing Complex��2-3
Figure 2.2: Aerial map showing the location of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public
Figure 2.3: Aerial map showing the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex�� 2-5
Figure 2.4: Preliminary site plan for the Newside Phase II Multi-Family Residential
Development��2-6
Figure 3.1: Residential Security Map, also known as a Redline map, of Winston-Salem. The
area now occupied by the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex is
located in section D2��3-4
Figure 3.2: Historic photograph from 1956 showing a “slum” or “blighted area” in East
Winston��3-6
Figure 3.3: Historic photograph from 1956 showing a severely deteriorated house in East
Winston��3-7
Figure 4.1: Original architectural rendering for the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public
Housing Complex as designed by Lashmit, Brown, James and Pollock�� 4-2
Figure 4.2: Plat map produced by R.D. Tillson and Associates showing the new street alignment4-3
Figure 4.3: Detail view of the backyards with the sidewalk and clotheslines in the Cleveland
Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex�� 4-9
Figure 4.4: View of typical floorplans available at the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public
Housing Complex in the 1980s when the property underwent interior renovations��4-11
Figure 4.5: Interior view of a typical living room��4-12
Figure 4.6: Interior view of a typical kitchen��4-13
Figure 4.7: Interior view of a typical bedroom��4-14
Figure 4.8: Interior view of a typical bathroom��4-15
Figure 4.9: Interior view of a staircase��4-16
Figure 4.10: Sanborn map from 1950 showing the western portion of what would become
the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex bounded by East
Seventeenth Street, East Fifteenth Street, and North Highland Avenue��4-20
Figure 4.11: Sanborn map from 1950 showing the southwestern portion of what would
become the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex bounded by
ii
Liberty Street and East Fourteenth Street��4-21
Figure 4.12: Sanborn map from 1950 showing the eastern portion of what would become
the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex bounded by East
Seventeenth Street, North Cleveland Avenue, and East Fourteenth Street��4-22
Figure 4.13: Aerial photograph from 1956 showing the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public
Figure 4.14: A circa 1958 photograph of a man riding a lawnmower in front of one of the
units roughly three years after construction��4-25
Figure 4.15: A circa 1958 historic photograph of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public
Housing Complex roughly three years after construction��4-26
Figure 4.16: Sanborn map from 1958 showing the western section of the completed
Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex��4-27
Figure 4.17: Sanborn map from 1958 showing the eastern section of the completed
Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex��4-28
Figure 4.18: Recommended NRHP boundary for the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public
Housing Complex (World Imagery, ESRI 2020). ��4-36
PHOTO PLATES:
Plate 4.1: View looking into the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex from
East Seventh Street.��4-4
Plate 4.2: View of the open space, including the playground equipment and basketball courts. 4-4
Plate 4.3: View of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex from the
corner of North Cleveland Avenue and East Fifteenth Street.�� 4-6
Plate 4.4: View of typical, elongated, all-brick buildings within the Cleveland Avenue
Homes Public Housing Complex. �� 4-6
Plate 4.5: View of a smaller building within the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing
Complex.��4-6
Plate 4.6: View of a group of three buildings with a central courtyard.�� 4-7
Plate 4.7: View of a group of two buildings with brick veneer on the first story and vinyl
siding on the second story.��4-7
Plate 4.8: View of the backyard of a typical building enclosed by chain link fencing and
original clotheslines out back. �� 4-7
Plate 4.9: View of the rear elevations of a cluster of three buildings that form a central
courtyard.��4-8
iii
Plate 4.10: View of the units with all brick veneer and brick and vinyl veneers. �� 4-8
Plate 4.11: View of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Community Building and Office at 1135
East Fifteenth Street.��4-17
Plate 4.12: View of the rear elevation of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Community
Building and Office.��4-17
Plate 4.13: View of the plaque inside of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Community
Building and Office.��4-18
Plate 4.14: View of typical units within Piedmont Park (FY9124).��4-31
Plate 4.15: View of the back of units within Piedmont Park (FY9124).��4-31
Plate 4.16: View of typical building within the Columbia Terrace Apartments. ��4-31
Plate 4.17: View of the buildings that make up the Northwest Apartments (FY8774). ��4-32
TABLES:
Table 1.1: Resources studied and summary of their NRHP eligibility. �� 1-1
Table 4.1: Cleveland Avenue Homes Information Table.�� 4-1
iv
1.0 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
On behalf of McCormack Baron Salazar, Inc., Richard Grubb & Associates, Inc. (RGA) has completed
a Historic Structures Survey Report (HSSR) of the proposed Newside Phase II Multi-Family
Residential Development at the approximately 15-acre site known as the Cleveland Avenue Homes
Public Housing Complex (FY9238) (Cleveland Avenue Homes), which lies roughly one mile northeast
of downtown Winston-Salem in Forsyth County, North Carolina. The proposed undertaking will
be partially funded by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
The purpose of this HSSR was to identify and evaluate historic resources present within the Area of
Potential Effects (APE) in order to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation
Act (NHPA), as amended.
The project site is located in northeast Winston-Salem, on the east side of US 52. The project site is
roughly bounded by North Cleveland Avenue to the east, 14th Street NE to the south, Liberty Street
to the west, and East 17th Street to the north. The project site includes parcels on the north side of
East 17th Street on the east side of the block. The APE for the undertaking was defined by the North
Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (HPO) and limited to the subject parcels currently owned
by the Housing Authority of Winston-Salem.
In September 2021, RGA architectural historians recorded representative buildings of the above-
ground resources at the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex approximately 50 years of age or more
within the APE. The resource was evaluated using the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
Criteria for Eligibility (Table 1.1; Appendix A). As a result of this evaluation, for the purposes of
compliance with the NHPA, as amended, RGA recommends the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public
Housing Complex eligible for listing in the NRHP.
Table 1.1: Resources studied and summary of their NRHP eligibility.

Survey Site
Resource Name NRHP Recommendation
No.
FY9238 Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Recommended eligible under
Complex Criterion A
1-1
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY
In September 2021, under contract to McCormack Baron Salazar, Inc., RGA completed an HSSR and
NRHP Evaluation for the approximately 15-acre Cleveland Avenue Homes property, the proposed
site of the Newside Phase II Multi-Family Residential Development. The purpose of the survey and
this report was to identify and evaluate historic resources present within the APE in order to comply
with Section 106 of the NHPA, as amended. This report meets the requirements of Section 106 and
the manual Report Standards for Historic Structure Survey Reports/Section 106/110 Compliance
Reports in North Carolina (HPO 2019).
2.1 Project Location and Setting
The proposed Newside Phase II Multi-Family Residential Development (the project) will be sited
in the East Winston neighborhood located northeast of downtown Winston-Salem in Forsyth
County (Figures 2.1-2.2). The project site incorporates what is known as the Cleveland Avenue
Homes complex. The vicinity of the project site is characterized by mid- to late twentieth-century
development, including single-family homes and apartment buildings to the north, east, and south. A
commercial corridor is centered along Liberty Street to the west. Further to the west of Liberty Street
is US 52. The Cleveland Avenue Homes complex is primarily centered along East 15th Street, but a
number of buildings are accessible via East 17th Street, North Cleveland Avenue, and New Hope
Lane (Figure 2.3).
2.2 Project Description
Final plans for the project are still under development. The current plans consist of the replacement of
the 244-unit Cleveland Avenue Homes complex with 406 mixed-income housing units. A preliminary
schematic drawing was provided by the developer (Figure 2.4). The plan shows a realignment of
East 15th Street and restored north-south streets that connect East 17th Street with East 15th Street,
as it was prior to the construction of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex in 1955. The site map
includes the construction of new multi-family units, a new park, community building, and parking lots
for residents.
2.3 Area of Potential Effects
Section 106 of the NHPA, as amended, defines the APE as “the geographic area or areas within which
an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause changes in the character or use of historic properties,
if any such properties exist. The area of potential effects is influenced by the scale and nature of an
undertaking and may be different for different kinds of effects caused by the undertaking.” According
to the HPO, the recommended APE is defined by the parcels proposed for development and owned
by the Housing Authority of Winston-Salem (HAWS) (see Figure 2.3).
2.4 Background Research and Previous Surveys
In a letter to Hart & Hickman, PC, dated July 7, 2021, the HPO identified the Cleveland Avenue
Homes complex in the project site and requested it be evaluated for the NRHP and an HSSR be
prepared (Appendix B).
RGA conducted research to locate previously identified historic properties in the APE and to develop
an appropriate historic context. Due to ongoing COVID-19 visitation restrictions, research at the
HPO in Raleigh was conducted on RGA’s behalf by HPO Technical Assistant, Chandrea Burch.
Research was primarily conducted online at Ancestry.com; Newspapers.com; the Digital NC database,
including city directories and newspapers; and DigitalForsyth.org. Original architecture drawings were
also provided by HAWS and served as an invaluable resource in understanding the Cleveland Avenue
2-1
Homes complex. A number of previous reports and books were important in understanding the history
of Winston-Salem and public housing. Heather Fearnbach’s book Winston-Salem’s Architectural
Heritage provided an overview of the history of the East Winston neighborhood and the architecture
in the area. “Public Housing in the United States, 1939-1949” by Paul R. Lusignan helped foster an
understanding of the history of public housing in the United States and its architectural importance.
Lastly, “Historic Architectural Resources of African-American Neighborhoods in Northeastern
Winston-Salem, ca. 1900-1947” assisted in better understanding the racial discrimination African
Americans faced in the city.
2.5 Field Methods
On September 7, 2021, RGA’s Senior Architectural Historian, Debbie Bevin, and Architectural
Historian, Olivia Heckendorf, visited the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex. The buildings were
visually inspected, and the exterior and settings were documented with notes and digital photographs.
The interior of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex was inaccessible due to renter occupancy. The
historical development, architecture, cultural significance, and physical integrity of the property as a
whole was assessed and evaluated within its historic context and according to the established NRHP
Criteria for Eligibility.
2.6 Reporting
The results of this HSSR are presented in the following chapters: Section 3.0 provides a background
history and historical context for Winston-Salem that focuses on the history of public housing in the
area; Section 4.0 describes and evaluates the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex, which includes a
physical description of the property and includes an evaluation of the property for individual listing
in the NRHP by applying the NRHP Criteria for Evaluation; Section 5.0 is the summary of findings;
and Section 6.0 provides the references.
This report meets the HPO’s Standards for Historic Structure Survey Reports/Determinations of
Eligibility/Section 106/110 Compliance Reports in North Carolina. Ellen Turco served as the Principal
Investigator and served as co-author. Debbie Bevin, Senior Architectural Historian, conducted
fieldwork. Olivia Heckendorf, Architectural Historian, conducted fieldwork and background research
and co-authored the report. Ms. Turco, Ms. Bevin, and Ms. Heckendorf meet the professional
qualifications standards of 36 CFR 61 set forth by the National Park Service (Appendix C). Ms.
Heckendorf produced the report graphics. Natalie Maher served as technical editor and formatted
the report.
2-2
FORSYTH
Project Site
- 0
Feet
2000
Figure 2.1: Street map showing the location of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex
(World Street Map, ESRI 2020).
2-3
Blaireast Ln
Ophelia Dr
Wellbridge Ct
E Twentieth St
52
Bethlehem Ln
NB
FORSYTH
52
SB
Burke Village Ln
Brannon Ln
Project Site New Hope Ln

N Liberty St
E Seventeenth St
N Cleveland Av
Clarem ont Av
E Sixteenth St
Willie Davis Dr
E
Fif t
een
th S t
E Fifte enth St
Woodlan d A v
E Fifteenth St
st B v
we
rt h E Fourtee n
th St
No
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Highla nd Av
Old Northwest Bv
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Du
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bli n Feet
Du
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Figure 2.2: Aerial map showing the location of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex
(World Imagery, ESRI 2020).
2-4
Burke Village Ln
FORSYTH
New Hope Ln
Project Site
E Seventeenth St
E Fifteenth St
N Cleveland Av
Community Building
and Office
Willie Davis Dr
N Liberty St
E Fifteenth St
Woodland Av
Highla nd Av
E Fourtee n
-
th St
Feet
0 300
Figure 2.3: Aerial map showing the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex
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Figure 2.4: Preliminary site plan for the Newside Phase II Multi-Family Residential Development
(Courtesy of David Ferguson, Architect).
2-6
3.0 HISTORICAL CONTEXT
The following section presents a discussion of the history of Winston-Salem, racial segregation, and
public housing as it pertains to the survey of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex.
3.1 Early History of Winston-Salem and the Beginnings of Racial Segregation
Settlers of European descent came to what is now Winston-Salem in the eighteenth century, drawn
to the area’s natural resources and available land. Many of these settlers were Moravians of German
descent who came from the northern colonies via the Great Wagon Road, which extended from
Philadelphia through Georgia (Oppermann 1997:E2; Marshall 2006). When the Moravians established
Salem in 1766, enslaved Africans were brought from Moravian settlements in the Caribbean.
Winston was established in 1849 as an extension of Salem due to an industrial boom and increasing
population. Winston expanded significantly in the early 1870s with the completion of the Northwest
North Carolina Railroad connection with Greensboro (Oppermann 1997:E7). The completed railroad
connection and growing tobacco industry quadrupled the town’s population from 473 in 1870 to 2,854
in 1890 (Oppermann 1997:E7). At this time, about 40 percent of the population were Black residents,
most of whom worked in the city’s foundries, tobacco plants, and furniture factories (Oppermann
1997:E8).
In the South, there was an abrupt and intense movement towards racial segregation beginning in
the 1890s. Rising racial tensions were further instilled with the landmark decision known as Plessy
v. Ferguson in 1896. This decision legitimized state-sanctioned segregation laws and deemed Blacks
“separate but equal” (Rothman 2016). “Jim Crow” laws proliferated after the ruling, and included
segregation of schools, transportation, restrooms, restaurants, and the military.
The idea and execution of racial segregation was not limited to commercial and public institutions. It
also spread to residential neighborhoods and reinforced separation in home life (Hanchett 1998:149).
The use of restrictive deed covenants was a technique that had been in practice in commercial and
industrial areas of the United States since the 1850s (Hanchett 1998:151). Increasingly in the 1890s
and through the early twentieth century, cities throughout the United States, including Winston-Salem,
drafted restrictive covenants spelling out acceptable uses into every deed. This included language
such as “no part of said real estate shall ever be owned or occupied by any person of the Negro
race” (Hanchett 1998:151). It was believed the restrictive covenants “promised predictability” and
“protected economic investment” (Hanchett 1998:151). Those who supported the use of racially
restrictive covenants argued that it eased the fear that “today’s suburb might be tomorrow’s slum”
(Hanchett 1998:151).
During this time of increasing racial segregation, the area known as East Winston, which includes
the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex, was primarily inhabited by Black residents. East Winston
was separated geographically from White-occupied neighborhoods by the Northwest North Carolina
Railroad and Liberty Street. The 1900 Sanborn map shows modest dwellings, most of which were
duplexes for Black residents (Fearnbach 2015:363). Many Black residents living in the area were
employed by the tobacco industry. From 1890 to 1920, the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company recruited
Black sharecroppers from the deep south (Cruise 2011:33). Upon their arrival in Winston-Salem,
many of these recruits settled in East Winston.
3.2 The Growth of Winston-Salem and Racial Zoning Ordinances
In 1913, Winston and Salem merged into one municipality under the name Winston-Salem. As a
result of the city’s growing tobacco and textile industries, which included the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco
Company and the Hanes Hosiery Mills, the city was the largest and most industrialized city in North
3-1
Carolina between 1913 and the Great Depression (Hutcheson 2006). Many of the lower-income
Black citizens lived in areas like Happy Hill located south of downtown, The Pond to the north of
downtown, and Depot Street/Patterson Avenue in downtown. Housing for Black residents sprung up
around Winston-Salem’s tobacco factories. One of the earliest Black neighborhoods was Columbian
Heights, which was platted in 1892 by Jacob Lott Ludlow (Oppermann 1997:E114). Other Black
neighborhoods dating from the first quarter of the twentieth century include East Fourteenth Street/
Dreamland Park, East Winston, and Reynoldstown, all of which were located east of downtown
Winston-Salem.
The use of restrictive covenants was not the only tool used to enforce residential segregation. Southern
cities, including Winston-Salem, Richmond, and Baltimore, made use of zoning ordinances that
codified racial segregation (Oppermann 1997:E10). On June 13, 1912, the Board of Alderman, the
legislative body of the City of Winston, held a special meeting at the request of attorney S.J. Bennett.
According to the meeting minutes, Bennett
“stated that he represented the citizens of East Winston and had asked the mayor to
call the meeting of the Board of Aldermen that he might present an ordinance and ask
its adoption, as the negroes who are buying property and moving to the Eastern part
of the City are damaging the property of the [white] citizens of that part of the city”
(Winston-Salem Directing Board 1912).
The proposed ordinance was unanimously adopted (Herbin-Triant 2017:539). The first version of the
ordinance made it a misdemeanor for Black citizens to own or live on property on a specific portion
of East Fourth Street. The ordinance also made it a misdemeanor for White citizens to live on, but not
to own, property on sections of Third and Depot streets (Herbin-Triant 2017:539). After the adoption
of the ordinance Aldermen G.E. Webb suggested that the residential segregation ordinance be spread
to cover the entire city.
At their next meeting on July 5, 1912, the Aldermen expanded and clarified the ordinance. Black and
White residents were forbidden to live in homes on blocks where the majority of the occupants were
not of the same race. This ordinance only pertained to those who occupied the residence and not
who owned the property (Herbin-Triant 2017:540). In addition, it was clarified that the segregation
of residential blocks would only apply to those moving into the area, and the people who already
inhabited the homes in the area were not forced to move (Herbin-Triant 2017:540).
Black residents challenged the zoning ordinance in court (State v. Darnell 1914). Support for the
ordinance primarily came from middle-class White residents who felt threatened by the presence of
upper-class Black residents nearby (Herbin-Triant 2017:549). Upper-class White men were generally
less supportive of racially restrictive zoning, though they did support institutional segregation (Herbin-
Triant 2017:550). In April 1914, the North Carolina Supreme Court ruled that the City of Winston-
Salem did not have the authority to pass such legislation and the zoning ordinance inhibited “the right
of disposing of property” (State v. Darnell 1914; Herbin-Triant 2017:551-552).
By 1917, East Winston was densely populated (Fearnbach 2015:365). The area was built-up with
numerous duplexes, shotgun houses, and one-story L-plan houses in addition to the few two-story
dwellings. White and Black residents lived in close proximity to one another but not on the same
block, despite the repeal of the city’s segregation law in 1914 (Fearnbach 2015:365).
The increasing population of Winston-Salem resulted in a building boom in the 1920s, which would
not be matched until after World War II. In addition to residential development, infrastructure
improvements were also implemented and included work such as street paving and public utility
extensions (Fearnbach 2015:365). As development escalated, many White neighborhoods in East
Winston transitioned to Black-occupied neighborhoods. As a result, schools and religious organizations
transformed from all-White entities to all-Black entities.
3-2
3.3 The Impact of New Deal Programs on Housing in Winston-Salem
While the use of restrictive covenants continued in Winston-Salem throughout the early part of the
twentieth century, the federal government also aided in the move toward racial segregation with New
Deal policies (Hanchett 1998:224). The New Deal, spearheaded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt,
included construction grants, public housing and middle-class mortgage programs, highway aid,
urban renewal programs, and initiatives encouraging planning and zoning. These programs provided
unparalleled power to reshape cities (Hanchett 1998:225).
In 1933, the United States Congress established the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) in
order to bolster the United States’ faltering mortgage market. The HOLC undertook a massive effort
to standardize credit analysis across the nation (Hanchett 1998:229). In order to achieve this, property
appraisers were sent to map urban neighborhoods according to credit risk. Appraisers arrived in
Winston-Salem in 1937 and produced a report with a map called the Residential Security Map, also
referred to internally as Redline Maps, which reflected the “creditworthiness” of each area. Districts
were created and received ratings of A, B, C, or D, with A being the most favorable. A-rated areas
were considered “hotspots” and not fully built-up, while B-rated areas were similar but completely
built-up. Both A- and B-rated areas in Winston-Salem were identified as White residential areas and
racially homogenous. Segregation was rewarded with favorable ratings. Less favorable C-rated areas
were “characterized by age, obsolescence, and change of style” and lacking in racial homogeneity
(Hanchett 1998:229). C-rated areas include “infiltration” of “lower-grade” population (Hanchett
1998:229). Lastly, D-rated areas, the lowest rating, were considered to have an undesirable population
and “detrimental influences in a pronounced degree” (Hanchett 1998:230). The finished Residential
Security Maps were intended strictly for professional use and were sent to banks and real estate
appraisers throughout the country. The maps were not shown to the public.
The Residential Security Map for Winston-Salem was completed in 1937 (Figure 3.1). The area in which
the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex lies was given a D rating. An area description included with the
map stated the area was “not thickly settled” and was primarily inhabited by “unskilled negro laborers”
(Nelson, Winling, Marciano, Connolly, et al.). The description also said there were many narrow,
unpaved streets and “cheap negro properties” that averaged 20 years old and in poor repair (Nelson,
Winling, Marciano, Connolly, et. al.). Overall, the work of the HOLC and the resulting Residental
Security Maps encouraged disinvestment in low-income, mixed-use, and minority neighborhoods in
Winston-Salem and across the United States.
The federal government further supported residential racial segregation through the establishment of
the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in 1934 as part of the National Housing Act. The purpose
of the Act was to stimulate new home construction and renovations of existing properties (Lassiter
and Salvatore 2021:29). The FHA used federal money to insure bankers “against the possibility of
default by borrowers” (Hanchett 1998:232). The FHA also encouraged banks to offer long-term,
30- and 40-year mortgages (Hanchett 1998:232). By using deed restrictions, the FHA encouraged
physical separation by class and race. The FHA’s emphasis on homogeneity of neighborhoods resulted
in a shift in the design and development of American suburbs, including those in Winston-Salem
(Hanchett 1998:233). The FHA stipulated that winding street patterns be used to limit outside access,
and that racial homogeneity could be guaranteed through the creation of large subdivisions under a
single company. Suburban subdivisions for Black buyers were constructed on the cities’ fringes, while
White subdivisions typically developed in the “more desirable” areas (Hanchett 1998:235).
Another public policy employed to perpetuate racial segregation and discrimination in housing was
slum clearance. Slum clearance efforts in Winston-Salem were initiated in 1935. Through New Deal
legislation, the Federal Public Housing program began a slum clearance program to help cities eradicate
“poor” housing conditions. In Winston-Salem, Charles E. Norfleet, head of the Wachovia Bank and
Trust Company, and George W. Coan, a former mayor, worked to build a campaign for a $1,000,000
housing project to eliminate the slums (Cruise 2011:12). However, the Board of Alderman blocked
the project on July 12, 1935, after “a former city official” who “owned a block of 32 Negro tenant
3-3
Figure 3.1: Residential Security Map, also known as a Redline map, of Winston-Salem. The area now
occupied by the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex is located in section D2
(Nelson, Winling, Marciano, Connolly, et al.).
3-4
units served by one cold-water spigot and three outdoor toilets,” stated that the city had no slums and
there was no need for such a project (Cruise 2011:12). The Board unanimously agreed there were no
slums in Winston-Salem, and the topic would not be seriously addressed until 1941.
3.4 The Housing Act of 1937
In 1937, the federal government enacted the Wagner-Steagall Act, also known as the Housing Act of
1937. The legislation created the United States Housing Authority (USHA) and energized the trend
of racial segregation in residential areas. The purpose of the law was “to provide financial assistance
to [state and local governments] for the elimination of unsafe and unsanitary housing conditions, for
the eradication of slums, for the provision of decent, safe, and sanitary dwellings for families of low
income” (The United States Housing Act of 1937). This piece of legislation impacted the entire United
States. In order to receive federal funds from the government for slum clearance, local municipalities
had to establish housing authorities to carry out the work. Early public housing projects were garden-
style apartments. They were typically one- to four-story rowhouses and apartment buildings arranged
around open spaces or courtyards. The complexes included play areas for children and a community
building.
In May 1941, Richard J. Reynolds, Jr. was elected mayor of Winston-Salem. Reynolds brought attention
to the living conditions in the city’s poor neighborhoods (Tursi 1994:236). He stated,
“As for slum clearance I am heartily sold on the idea. Winston-Salem has had its share of slums for
many years and now we have the privilege of clearing out these slums and providing in their place
clean, well built houses at reasonable rentage…Slum clearance would not only provide decent places
for the City’s poor to live but would make a healthier place, would add greatly to the appearance of
the city and would serve to make these people better citizens” (Winston-Salem Directing Board 1941).
Mayor Reynolds understood the poor housing conditions of many Black residents, saw an opportunity
for federal money, and vowed to improve these areas (Tursi 1994:236). On June 27, 1941, the Housing
Authority of Winston-Salem (HAWS) was established, marking the first time the Board of Aldermen
acknowledged there were slums within the city (Winston-Salem Directing Board 1941). On September
1, 1941, the Board of Aldermen adopted a resolution to approve and authorize the execution of a
cooperation between Winston-Salem and HAWS. However, slum clearance was put on hold during
World War II and did not resume until afterwards.
3.5 The American Housing Act of 1949 and Urban Renewal
The years following World War II and continuing into the 1960s were defined by a massive housing
boom. This housing boom was directly correlated with war veterans returning from deployment
and an increase in industrial and manufacturing jobs in Winston-Salem. Companies such as Western
Electric and the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company were major employers during the period.
On August 3, 1948, the Planning Department of Winston-Salem created a master plan for development
over the next two decades (Cruise 2011:24). The plan included an improved street system, new and
enlarged recreational zones, new public buildings, and housing redevelopment and rehabilitation. The
housing redevelopment was meant to “get rid of slums” and transform the areas into industrial or
recreational activities (Cruise 2011:24). The plan also called for the city to rehabilitate housing in the
economically depressed areas. However, the expense of both housing redevelopment and rehabilitation
were too costly for the city to undertake alone.
In 1949, the American Housing Act was passed, which provided federal financing for slum clearance
programs associated with urban renewal projects and further increased the role of the FHA. As
part of the act, the Federal Urban Renewal Administration (FURA) was established (Hanchett
3-5
Figure 3.2: Historic photograph from 1956 showing a “slum” or “blighted area” in East Winston
(Digital Forsyth).
3-6
Figure 3.3: Historic photograph from 1956 showing a severely deteriorated house in East Winston
(Digital Forsyth).
3-7
1998:248). FURA’s goal was to provide better housing for low-income Americans by tearing down
slums using government money, and subsequently selling the land to developers at reduced prices to
erect affordable housing (Hanchett 1998:249). The legislation offered $1,000,000,000 in loans and
$500,000,000 in grants to assist cities with slum clearance on a first come, first serve basis (Cruise
2011:26). The American Housing Act also relaxed the definition of “slums” and funds could be used
to demolish “blighted areas,” which were defined as having inappropriate or incongruous land use
(Hanchett 1998:248; Figure 3.2-3.3).
Architecturally, public housing after 1949 reflects changes in architecture, architectural theory, and
public policy (Lusignan 2004:E66). The low-rise, garden-style buildings with a landscaped site plan
were replaced with high-rise towers set in large, open courtyards (Lusignan 2004:E66). The high-rise
tower symbolized “economic efficiently, social order, and modern design” and was the preferred
building type for public housing constructed after 1949 (Lusignan 2004:E66). The buildings had a
unified appearance and stood apart from their surroundings. Architectural detailing on the exterior of
the buildings was severely limited and gave the buildings “severe, institutional” appearances (Lusignan
2004:E66).
Supported by the federal government, the City-County Planning Board of Winston-Salem carried out
its master plan to redevelop the “blighted” areas around downtown in 1949. The Planning Board’s
efforts resulted in entirely displaced communities and razed many of the city’s historically Black
communities. Projects such as the expansion of the campuses of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
and Slater Academy (known today as Winston-Salem State University) demolished historically Black
neighborhoods (Oppermann 1997:E36). These neighborhoods included Columbian Heights and
Belews Street.
In order to carry out the master plan, the city reignited HAWS, which had been placed on the back
burner during World War II. The first target area for slum clearance was known as The Pond, located
north of downtown Winston-Salem (Cruise 2011:29). The slum clearance included the destruction of
373 dwellings in order to make way for new public housing units. HAWS proceeded to construct four
public housing projects in the early 1950s, including Happy Hill Gardens, Kimberly Park Terrace, and
the Cleveland Avenue Homes for Black residents and Piedmont Park for White residents (Fearnbach
2015:69). The first to be built was Happy Hill Gardens, a superblock complex east of Waughton
Street that consisted of one- and two-story brick-veneered units arranged around courtyards. Many
families who had been living in The Pond were relocated to Happy Hill Gardens. Shortly after the
completion of Happy Hill Gardens, the 240-unit Piedmont Park was completed in 1953. The first
phase of Kimberly Park Terrace was completed in 1953 on land that was formerly The Pond. The 244-
unit Cleveland Avenue Homes, the subject property of this survey, was completed in 1955. All four
complexes featured brick veneered buildings set on rolling lawns with front porches, heating system,
indoor plumbing, and other amenities (HAWS 2012). Over the next two decades, slum clearance,
public housing, and urban renewal drastically reshaped Winston-Salem.
Urban renewal continued to chisel away at historically Black neighborhoods through road construction
projects in the 1950s and 1960s. Around the same time as the construction of the Cleveland Avenue
Homes in 1955, US 52, originally called the North-South Expressway, was completed (Fearnbach
2012:35). Bisecting the city north to south, US 52 connected new suburbs to the north and south with
the city center and served as a major trucking route (Cruise 2011:60). Prior to the construction of US
52, Liberty Street served as the dividing line between Black Winston-Salem and White Winston-Salem.
Near the Cleveland Avenue Homes, US 52 closely aligns with Liberty Street. US 52 roughly follows N
Martin Luther King Jr. Drive to the south. The area that became US 52 was known as Monkey Bottom
and was home to a significant portion of Winston-Salem’s Black population. The area was completely
cleared and left thousands of residents without a home.
Throughout the mid-1950s suburban development in northeast Winston-Salem increased to

accommodate displaced Black citizens. Primarily built for middle-class Black families, some of these
early residential developments included neighborhoods such as Slater Park (1954), Skyland Park (1955),
3-8
Monticello Park (1955), Fairway Park Estates (1955), and Castle Heights (1958). All were constructed
as a direct result of social policies enacted by both the local and national governments.
3.6 Winston-Salem’s Continued Growth in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
Winston-Salem continued to grow throughout the second half of the twentieth century. At the time of
Winston-Salem’s bicentennial in 1966, the city included 45.4 square miles and roughly 140,000 residents
(Fearnbach 2012:36). Notable industrial activities included the new Hanes Hosiery plant, known as the
Weeks Division, located north of downtown near the Smith-Reynolds Airport (Fearnbach 2012:36).
Hanes Hosiery later consolidated their operations in 1964 and merged with P.H. Hanes Knitting
Company to form the Hanes Corporation in 1965. In 1966, Wachovia Bank’s International-style office
tower, known today as Winston Tower, was completed. This marked the first high-rise construction in
Winston-Salem since before the Great Depression.
Another important occurrence in the 1960s was the establishment of the HUD as a Cabinet-level
agency, which resulted from the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. This
legislation expanded funding for existing federal housing programs and created new programs to
provide rent subsidies for the elderly and disabled. The Housing Act of 1968 was passed to attempt
to shift the style of public housing developments due to rising concerns over vandalism, vacancy,
and the concentration of poverty (Gustafson 2018). The act banned the construction of high-rise
developments for families with children, thus, making the new high-rise public housing buildings of
the 1970s for elderly and disabled people without children.
As for public housing in Winston-Salem, a few new projects were carried out to serve as housing
for the elderly and disabled. The Sunrise Towers and Crystal Towers were constructed in 1970 and
1972, respectively, and designed by Michael Newman of the architectural firm Lashmit, Brown, and
Pollock. Both Modernist, high-rise structures contrasted with the earlier garden-style design of public
housing projects such as the Happy Hill Gardens, Kimberly Park Terrace, Cleveland Avenue Homes,
and Piedmont Park. Architecturally, Sunrise Towers and Crystal Towers embody the design evolution
of public housing.
Winston-Salem’s public housing stock was impacted by HUD’s HOPE VI initiative beginning in 1992.
Originally known as the Urban Revitalization Demonstration (URD), the intent of HOPE VI was
to revitalize outdated public housing projects into mixed-income development. In 1997, the City
of Winston-Salem received a $27.7 million revitalization grant (HUD 1997). At the outset, HAWS
used the money to revitalize the Kimberly Park Terrace. As a result, 205 of the 556 rental units were
demolished and the remaining 332 units were heavily redesigned (HUD 1997). Across the nation, the
work carried out under HOPE VI demolished roughly 100,000 public housing developments. This
led to a significant loss of early examples of public housing development in Winston-Salem, including
Kimberly Park Terrace and later, Happy Hill Gardens in the early 2000s.
HOPE VI also established a new framework in public housing. Rather than the local or federal
government owning large developments of public housing, the local and/or federal governments
purchased properties and subsequently sold them to private ownership following redevelopment.
Similar projects took place in Winston-Salem. However, HAWS has remained the owner of several
older properties, including Cleveland Avenue Homes.
HUD is continuing to convert public housing to the private market. This effort is focused on moving
families from a public housing platform to other forms of HUD rental assistance, including Housing
Choice Vouchers, Project-Based Vouchers, and Project-Based Rental Assistance. The potential work
to be carried out at the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex is a result of a $30 million revitalization
grant through HUD, known as Choice Neighborhoods.
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4.0 NATIONAL REGISTER EVALUATION OF THE
CLEVELAND AVENUE HOMES PUBLIC HOUSING
COMPLEX (FY9238)
Table 4.1: Cleveland Avenue Homes Information Table.
Resource Name Cleveland Avenue Homes Public
Housing Complex
HPO Survey Site FY9238
No.
Location East 15th Street, North Cleveland
Avenue, East 17th Street, NE
Woodland Avenue, and New
Hope Lane
Date of 1955
Construction
NRHP Recommended Eligible under
Recommendation Criterion A
This section contains a description of the setting and a physical description of the Cleveland Avenue
Homes Public Housing Complex (FY9238), a history of the property, an architectural context,
comparable properties, and an evaluation of the property as a historic resource for listing in the
NRHP by applying the NRHP Criteria for Evaluation.
4.1 Setting
Completed in 1955, the Cleveland Avenue Homes property occupies approximately 15 acres in the
historically Black residential area known as East Winston (see Figure 2.3; Figures 4.1-4.2; Plates 4.1-4.2).
The complex is roughly one mile northeast of downtown Winston-Salem and one-and-one-half miles
southwest of Smith Reynolds Airport. Liberty Street, a major north-south artery that links northeast
Winston-Salem to the city center, lies west of the Cleveland Avenue Homes. The surrounding area is
urban with single-family dwellings and multi-family units. Commercial structures are limited to Liberty
Street, and roughly six churches are nearby. Thirty-five of the 41 buildings, including the community
center and office that make up the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex, are set within a superblock
bounded by North Cleveland Avenue to the east, 14th Street NE to the south, Liberty Street to the
west, and East 17th Street to the north. A smaller section of the complex that contains six buildings
is located to the north and bounded by North Cleveland Avenue to the east, East 17th Street to the
south, single- and multi-family homes to the west, and New Hope Lane to the north. The main section
of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex is divided by East 15th Street, which was rerouted to its
present curvilinear path in 1955. NE Woodland Avenue, which accesses the property from the south,
was also made into a dead end in 1955. Both of the East 15th Street and NE Woodland Avenue are
one-way streets to limit the flow of traffic.
The buildings that make up the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex are set into an undulating landscape
with gently sloping terrain. The units have offset roof ridges that follow the topography of the land.
Each unit within the complex has its own address, and the buildings are labeled with their street
numbers. The dwelling units are predominantly oriented toward the center of the block and face the
communal spaces. The community building and office is located mid-block on the north side of East
15th Street.
The main open space is located centrally located. The open area includes two basketball courts, a
playground, and a parking lot. Not original to the Cleveland Avenue Homes site plan, a day care center,
constructed between 1960 and 1970, took up the eastern portion of the open space but was vacant
and demolished between 2010 and 2012. Grass is laid throughout the complex, with few places where
dirt has overtaken the grass.
4-1
Figure 4.1: Original architectural rendering for the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex as designed by Lashmit, Brown, James and Pollock
(Courtesy of David Snider).
4-2
Figure 4.2: Plat map produced by R.D. Tillson and Associates showing the new street alignment
(Forsyth County Register of Deeds).
4-3
Plate 4.1: View looking into
the Cleveland Avenue Homes
Public Housing Complex
from East Seventh Street.
Photo view: West
Photographer: Olivia
Heckendorf
Date: September 7, 2021
Plate 4.2: View of the

open space, including the
playground equipment and
basketball courts.
Note: The view also includes
an example of the sidewalks
that run throughout the
property and the various
fencing.
Photo view: West
Heckendorf
4-4
Cleveland Avenue Homes is accessed via East 15th Street and NE Woodland Avenue. Parking is
limited to the street and a small surface lot northeast of the community center and office building.
Concrete sidewalks that provide pedestrian access throughout the development run along both sides
of the East 15h Street. Along the western portion of East 15th Street, the sidewalk is separated from
the grassy yards by a retaining wall comprised of wood beams.
The concrete sidewalks are not limited to the roadways. An extensive network of concrete sidewalks
run throughout the entire complex and connect with the buildings. Sidewalks extend the length of
the open lawns between the buildings. Each front and rear entrance is connected to the sidewalk by a
shorter sidewalk.
Chain link and old railroad tie fencing encloses the backyards of the building. Each backyard has an
original clothesline. An aerial photograph from 1956 shows early tree plantings, which today provide
a mature canopy mostly concentrated along North Cleveland Avenue but can be found throughout.
Flowers and bush coverage are limited to the area surrounding the community center of office building.
4.2 Inventory List and Physical Descriptions
Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex, 1955

Designed in 1953 and completed in 1955, the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex contains 40 residential
buildings that include between two and 10 units each (Plates 4.3-4.10; Figure 4.3). The complex is
an intact example of a garden-style apartment complex. Garden-style apartment complexes rose in
popularity for middle-class residential developments in the 1920s and were later favored layouts for
public housing complexes in the 1930s and 1940s because of the perceived benefits of community
cohesion and self-sufficiency. The architectural detailing throughout the property is minimal.
All of the buildings present within the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex are two stories with a
rectangular form. The buildings are capped by traditionally-derived side-gabled roofs that are either
continuous or stepped due to the sloping terrain. The buildings are of frame construction with brick
firewalls walls separating each of the units. Two variations of exterior siding exist in the complex.
Units are either faced entirely with red brick veneer or they have brick veneer on the first story and
vinyl replacement siding on the second story. The vinyl is a replacement material for the original wood
weatherboards and was likely replaced in the 1980s. Those buildings with vinyl on the second story
have a slight overhang that protrudes over the first story.
Each of the entries into the walk-up apartments is protected by a porch, an example of a traditionally
derived architectural feature. Like the varying siding materials, the porch roofs also have varied forms.
Some units feature shed roofs, while others have gabled roofs. The porches are supported by paired,
rectangular, vinyl-wrapped posts spanned by a thin, metal balustrade. The porch foundations are
constructed of brick with concrete floors. Porch heights vary depending on the level of the terrain.
Each unit has a single-leaf front door that is protected by metal storm doors with decorative scrollwork.
The windows throughout all of the buildings at the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex are one-over-
one vinyl replacement sashes, which are protected by vinyl storm windows. These windows can be
found as single units or in pairs. The side elevation of each building is perforated by small, rectangular,
sliding vinyl window units. The vinyl windows replaced the original wood sash awning windows, likely
in the 1980s along with the vinyl siding.
The rear elevations of the buildings include an additional doorway with a storm door that matches the
front. Each back door is covered by a shed roof pent and is accessed by a set of brick stairs capped
with concrete.
4-5
Cleveland Avenue Homes
from the corner of North
Cleveland Avenue and East
Fifteenth Street.
Photo view: North
Heckendorf
Plate 4.4: View of typical,

elongated, all-brick buildings
within the Cleveland Avenue
Homes Public Housing
Complex.
Photo view: Southwest
Heckendorf
Plate 4.5: View of a smaller

building within the Cleveland
Avenue Homes Public
Housing Complex.
Photo view: Northwest
Heckendorf
4-6
Plate 4.6: View of a group of
three buildings with a central
courtyard.
Heckendorf
Plate 4.7: View of a group

of two buildings with brick
veneer on the first story and
vinyl siding on the second
story.
Photo view: West
Heckendorf

backyard of a typical
building enclosed by chain
link fencing and original
clotheslines out back.
Photo view: Southeast
Heckendorf
4-7
Plate 4.9: View of the rear
elevations of a cluster of
three buildings that form a
central courtyard.
Heckendorf
Plate 4.10: View of the units

with all brick veneer and
brick and vinyl veneers.
Heckendorf
4-8
Figure 4.3: Detail view of the backyards with the sidewalk and clotheslines in the Cleveland Avenue Homes
(Young 2020).
4-9
Access to the interior of a unit was not granted during the site visit on September 7, 2021. However,
interior photographs and floor plans were provided by David C. Snider, Director of Capital and
Construction at the HAWS (Figures 4.4-4.9). The interior walls and ceilings have a plaster finish that
is original. Wood strip flooring remains in place in the majority of the rooms, with the exception of
the kitchen and bathrooms, which are covered with a composition vinyl tile. The doors throughout the
units are replacements but have a similar six-panel design to those drawn in the original architectural
plans. Alterations to the interior include the installation of new kitchen cabinets and the composition
vinyl tile in the mid-1980s.
For the most part, the interiors plans are uniform. The floor plans are designated as A, B, C, or D. A
units have one bedroom; B units have two bedrooms; C units have three bedrooms; and D units have
four bedrooms. In total, there are 28 one-bedroom units, 120 two-bedroom units, 68 three-bedroom
units, and 28 four-bedroom units. Each unit has a kitchen, bathroom, living room, and storage along
with its varying number of bedrooms (see Figure 4.4).
Cleveland Avenue Homes Community Building and Office, 1955

The Cleveland Avenue Homes community building and office is located at 1135 East 15th Street
(Plates 4.11-4.13). The building is centrally located within the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex.
Situated mid-block on the north side of the street, the building is oriented with is primary elevation
facing south. The building is composed of two parts: a main block, and an attached lower wing off
the east elevation. The building is a single-story with a basement level that incorporates a two-bay
garage, which is accessible from the east elevation. The building is constructed of concrete block and
faced with red brick laid in a common bond. Both sections of the building are capped by a composite
shingle, side-gabled roof. A handicap ramp and set of stairs constructed of brick with poured concrete
flooring provide access to the building.
The primary elevation of the main block is dominated by banks of pairs, one-over-one vinyl replacement
windows surmounted by square panels. The windows were presumably replaced in the 1980s when
the residential units underwent renovations. A concrete sill course runs beneath the windows. The
front entrance is situated on the east wing and is composed of a substantial metal door with a large,
rectangular light and sidelight to the west.
The east elevation is defined by the site’s topography. The ground level includes two, single-bay, metal
garage doors which flank a plain, double-leaf metal door. These three bays are protected by a shed
roof pent. The three bays are echoed on the first story with three, one-over-one vinyl replacement
windows with vinyl storm windows. These windows are found on all elevations and have brick header
sills.
The north elevation has windows at both the first story and the basement level. The basement windows
are affixed with metal bars. Three small, single-light windows perforate the first story in addition to
the one-over-one vinyl replacement sashes. The north elevation has a metal entry door covered by a
shed roof pent. The west elevation includes only one window, a vent, and an exterior brick chimney.
On the interior, the main entrance accesses a small lobby. To the west is a large, open room used for
community events, meetings, and a study area for school children. The east portion of the building
contains offices. The north section of the building was inaccessible.
4.3 History and Architectural Context
Before Cleveland Avenue Homes

The Cleveland Avenue Homes complex was constructed in the East Winston neighborhood in 1955.
By the 1950s, the area was filled predominantly with Black residents who lived in an assortment of
duplexes, shotguns houses, and single-story, L-plan houses. The 1950 Sanborn map illustrates the area’s
gridded street plan with many dwellings along North Highland Avenue, North Woodland Avenue,
4-10
Figure 4.4: View of typical floorplans available at the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex in the 1980s when the property underwent interior renovations
(Courtesy of David Ferguson).
4-11
Figure 4.5: Interior view of a typical living room
4-12
Figure 4.6: Interior view of a typical kitchen
4-13
Figure 4.7: Interior view of a typical bedroom
4-14
Figure 4.8: Interior view of a typical bathroom
4-15
Figure 4.9: Interior view of a staircase
4-16
Community Building and
Office at 1135 East Fifteenth
Street.
Heckendorf
Plate 4.12: View of the rear

elevation of the Cleveland
Avenue Homes Community
Building and Office.
Photo view: Southwest
Heckendorf
4-17
plaque inside of the
Community Building and
Office.
Photo view: North
Heckendorf
4-18
Curry Street, and East 15th Street (Sanborn Map Company 1950) (Figures 4.10-4.12). The federal
census of 1940 and the city directories from the 1950s confirm the overwhelming majority of Black
residents. Residents who lived in the area that would become the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex
included Edward Marshall, his wife, and their eight children; Frances Mobbley; Elizabeth Hairston;
and John Fisker (United States Bureau of the Census [US Census] 1940). Records indicate most
residents were renters and paid anywhere between $5 and $6 in rent per month. Their occupations
were working class and included jobs such as laborer for road construction, laundress, janitor at a
candy store, tobacco hanger and stemmer at the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Factory, and cook for a private
family (US Census 1940).
With the passing of the American Housing Act and the establishment of FURA in 1949, Winston-
Salem city officials recognized an opportunity to gain federal funds for slum clearance. With help
from the federal government, Winston-Salem received loans and grant money to demolish slums and
blighted areas, which meant the eradication of historically Black neighborhoods. At least 90 buildings
were demolished for the construction of the Cleveland Avenue Homes, according to the 1950 Sanborn
map. As a result, families such as those listed above were forced to move from their community to
make way for new development, and do not show up in the city directories after 1950, indicating at
least some of the families moved out of Winston-Salem completely.
Construction of the Cleveland Avenue Homes

The Cleveland Avenue Homes complex was built as one of four original public housing complexes
carried out by HAWS; the others include Happy Hill Gardens, Kimberly Park Terrace, and Piedmont
Park. The architectural firm of Lashmit, James, Brown, and Pollock was tasked with designing the
complex. The firm was originally founded in 1906 by Willard C. Northup who worked on a variety
of projects ranging from residential to commercial to institutional buildings in the Winston-Salem
area (Bishir 2020). Northup was joined by Leet Alexander O’Brien in 1913 and the firm became
Northup and O’Brien in 1925. Early works of the firm include the University of North Carolina-
Greensboro Library (then the Woman’s College Library) and the Durham Life Insurance Building in
Raleigh (Bishir 2020).
In 1927, Winston-Salem native Luther Snow Lashmit joined the firm. Lashmit had a lasting impact on
the firm and likely had a hand in designing the Cleveland Avenue Homes. He was trained at Carnegie
Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh and the Ecole des Beaux Arts at Fontainebleau, where he earned
degrees in 1922 and 1925, respectively (Bishir 2020). Prior to joining the prestigious and busy firm
of Northup and O’Brien, Lashmit taught at the Georgia Institute of Technology. After a few years
with Northup and O’Brien, Lashmit took a leave of absence in the early to late 1930s to teach at the
Carnegie Institute (Bishir 2020). Two of Lashmit’s most notable buildings include Graylyn (1927-
1939), executed in the Norman Revival style, and the streamline Modernist Merry Acres (1939). Both
houses were designed for tobacco magnates of Winston-Salem. Lashmit’s diverse undertakings show
his design skills and his comfort in both the revivalist and Modernist modes of architecture.
During World War II, Lashmit took another hiatus from the firm to work for the Federal Public
Housing Authority in Atlanta (Bishir 2020). Upon his return to Northup and O’Brien in 1945, it is
likely that he used his knowledge of public housing design and construction to win the contract for
design of the Cleveland Avenue Homes.1
O’Brien retired from the firm in 1953. In response, Lashmit partnered with engineers Mack D. Brown
and William W. Pollock. Brown joined the firm in 1929 after an apprenticeship at the Simplex Heating
Company (Fearnbach 2016:11). Before joining the firm, Pollock worked under Charles Barton Keen,
Horace Well Sellers, and Morris and Erskine in Philadelphia, and studied at Philadelphia’s T-Square
Club atelier (Fearnbach 2016:11). He joined the firm in 1935. The men were also joined by architect
William Russell James, Jr. in 1935, who was educated at the Carnegie Institute and Princeton University
1 Further research should be carried out in order to find the architects who designed the other three original public
housing projects in Winston-Salem.
4-19
Figure 4.10: Sanborn map from 1950 showing the western portion of what would become the Cleveland
Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex bounded by East Seventeenth Street, East Fifteenth Street, and
North Highland Avenue
(Sanborn Map Company 1950).
4-20
Figure 4.11: Sanborn map from 1950 showing the southwestern portion of what would become the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex
bounded by Liberty Street and East Fourteenth Street
4-21
Figure 4.12: Sanborn map from 1950 showing the eastern portion of what would become the Cleveland Avenue Homes
Public Housing Complex bounded by East Seventeenth Street, North Cleveland Avenue, and East Fourteenth Street
4-22
(Fearnbach 2016:11). Together, the four men reorganized the firm under the name Lashmit, James,
Brown and Pollock.
Site plans and architectural renderings for the Cleveland Avenue Homes date to 1953. The drawings
indicate the firm R.D. Tillson and Associates, Inc. served as the landscape architects and engineers.
R.D. Tillson and Associates was founded by Reginald D. Tillson. He received a degree from the
Massachusetts Agricultural College at Amherst and subsequently practiced with Reasoner Brother in
Oneca, Florida. In the 1920s, Tillson came to High Point where he lived and worked until his death
in 1974. Tillson’s firm had partnered frequently with Lashmit, James, Brown and Pollock to work on
projects, including substantial projects like the Cleveland Avenue Homes (Tillson 2016).
Lashmit, James, Brown and Pollock and R.D. Tillson and Associates were also joined by W.H. Weaver
Construction Company, which served as the general contractor for the project. The W.H. Weaver
Construction Company was founded by husband and wife, Herman and Edith Weaver, in Greensboro
in 1939 (Weaver Investment Company). While many of their early projects focused on residential
construction, the company diversified in the early 1950s and began to work on commercial and
industrial projects. A newspaper article from 1951 noted the W.H. Weaver Construction Company
won the bid for work for the Lumberton Housing Authority (The Robesonian 1951:1). Much like the
firm of Lashmit, James, Brown and Pollock, the W.H. Weaver Construction Company is presumed to
have been chosen by HAWS due to their prior experience with public housing.
Residents of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex

Upon completion of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex in 1955, new residents moved into the
garden-style apartments. Photographs taken shortly after construction was completed show that little
change had occurred at the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex (Figures 4.13-4.15). A Sanborn map
from 1958 shows the layout of the housing complex (Figures 4.16-4.17).
Although the exact qualifications to become a resident at the Cleveland Avenue Homes could not be
determined, a discussion of the Happy Hill Gardens complex in the The Carolinian newspaper offers
an example of the described requirements. The article states that residents needed an income of less
than $3,000 a year, must currently be living in sub-standard housing or be without housing of any kind
at all for reasons other than the fault of the tenant, be a citizen of the United States, and a resident
of Forsyth County for at least six months continuously, prior to applying (The Carolinian 1956:11).
Similar requirements were likely in place for the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex.
Over the subsequent decades, the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex became a home and community
for its residents. A number of programs were offered to all age groups, including Girls Scouts and Boy
Scouts, 4-H, flower and community clubs, senior citizen programs, a neighborhood watch program,
and self-help workshops held by the Experiment in Self-Reliance (Winston-Salem Chronicle 1983:13).
Constructed between 1960 and 1970, the housing complex had an on-site daycare facility. It was
demolished between 2010 and 2012 due to its vacancy. The Cleveland Avenue Homes complex is
mentioned many times in newspapers in the second half of the twentieth century. Most of these articles
include notices of community meetings and events, including annual homecomings. Homecomings
served as a way for past and present residents to get together and celebrate their community.
In 2020, HAWS received a grant from HUD’s Choice Neighborhoods program, which takes a
“comprehensive approach to neighborhood revitalization by emphasizing education, healthy and
employment in addition to housing” (Young 2020). This money will be used to build replacement
housing onsite.
Public Housing Architectural Context

The architecture of public housing evolved hand-in-hand with public housing legislation over the
years. Three distinct public housing philosophies, expressed architecturally, can be identified between
the end of the Great Depression and the 1970s. The first phase took place between 1933 and 1949 and
featured garden-style plan arrangements with revival details. The second phase was influenced by the
4-23
Figure 4.13: Aerial photograph from 1956 showing the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex
(DigitalNC).
4-24
Figure 4.14: A circa 1958 photograph of a man riding a lawnmower in front of one of the units roughly
three years after construction
(DigitalNC).
4-25
Figure 4.15: A circa 1958 historic photograph of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex
roughly three years after construction
(DigitalNC).
4-26
Figure 4.16: Sanborn map from 1958 showing the western section of the completed Cleveland Avenue
Homes Public Housing Complex
4-27
Figure 4.17: Sanborn map from 1958 showing the eastern section of the completed Cleveland Avenue
Homes Public Housing Complex
4-28
institutional nature of Functional Modernism of the 1950s and 1960s, which emphasized minimalism
of building design but retention of communal outdoor spaces. The third phase was the short-lived
high-rise trend. The Cleveland Avenue Homes, built in 1955, borrows from the site plan concepts
of garden-style apartments, but the buildings are rendered in the stripped-down philosophies of
modernism in building facades.
Housing reform began with the need for better housing for low-income workers, most of whom
lived in dense, urban tenements or slums (Carpini and Nagle 2020:3). During World War I, workers
experienced a housing shortage near industrial hubs. As a result, the federal government stepped
in and constructed worker housing. This federally constructed housing influenced housing reforms
following the war, and many advocates looked to Europe and their successful government-run housing
programs. However, public housing and housing reform was slow at both the national and state levels,
and the influences of European Modernism would not be realized until the mid- to late 1930s (Carpini
and Nagle 2020:3).
Comprehensive government public housing did not come into existence until the 1930s, as a result
of the housing shortage caused by the Great Depression. The goals of public housing design of
the 1930s and 1940s, as established by the Public Works Administration (PWA) and subsequent
USHA, resulted in a distinctive architectural style based in classicism. Although early public housing
was not intended to be “high-style,” designs often depicted pared down revival styles with historical
architectural references. To be funded, public housing complexes had to have a 60-year lifespan, so
planners and architects chose materials to guarantee long-term usage, including frame construction
with brick veneer and metal windows (Carpini and Nagle 2020:3). In addition to more comfortable
housing for the urban poor, proponents of public housing advocated for modern amenities to assist
residents in securing a better future.
Garden-Style Apartments
The first phase of American public housing took place between 1933 and 1949 and almost always
contained multi-family, low-rise residential buildings centered around open spaces and recreational
areas, an idea that sprung up from the Garden City movement and Progressive Era reform principles
that emphasized the rehabilitative value of landscape and building design. The Garden City movement
promoted the idea of self-contained communities. Garden-style apartments, which had been popular in
middle-class residential neighborhoods from at least the 1920s, were adopted for early public housing
to promote self-sufficiency and tight-knit communities. Garden-style apartments were typically one-
to four-story rowhouses and apartment buildings arranged around open spaces or courtyards. Public
housing complexes from this time period frequently incorporated a public art component, which
was often found in the form of bas-relief panels on the building facades, such as the ones seen at
the Craven Terrace (CV2561) public housing complex in New Bern. The complexes often included
play areas for children and a community building. The idea was to create a pleasant, sociable outdoor
environment.
Examples of garden-style apartments in Winston-Salem remain, though all date to the mid-1950s.
Early examples of garden-style apartments that are now demolished include the Happy Hill Gardens
and Kimberly Park Terrace. Two of the original four original public housing projects carried out by
HAWS remains intact, including the 1953 Piedmont Park, which was built for White residents, and
Cleveland Avenue Homes built for Black residents. Both Piedmont Park and the Cleveland Avenue
Homes illustrate late examples of the garden-style apartments which are more architecturally austere
than public housing of the 1930s and 1940s with have little ornamentation and signals a transition in
the mind of architecture for public housing.
Functional Modernism
Functional Modernism was the concept that buildings should be designed based on their purpose
and function. This concept influenced the design of many housing projects throughout the 1950s,
including the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex designed by the architectural firm Lashmit, James,
Brown and Pollock. The employment of Functional Modernism in architectural design produced
utilitarian buildings using state of the art materials and embraced minimalism through the rejection
4-29
of ornament.
Functional Modernism of the 1950s, as employed in public housing, favored the repetition of form
and design to create community cohesion. It also had the benefit of keeping building costs low. Public
housing complexes were typically arranged in parallel rows to take advantage of the maximum light and
ventilation and to create open yards between the buildings and promote a sense of community. City
blocks were combined by eliminating through-streets to form a superblock with limited traffic flow,
sidewalks, and open space. Three- to five-story walk-up apartment buildings or two-story rowhouses
were favored.
The buildings were primarily faced with brick, although there are some examples of concrete
block and wood-frame buildings. Most buildings were functional with “utilitarian design that had
long unembellished lines, flat roofs, and minimal architectural decoration” (Neville 2002:21). Other
decorative flourishes included cantilevered concrete or metal canopies over the entries, brick or
concrete beltcourses, and simple quoining (Neville 2002:21). Original windows were most commonly
either metal casement or wood sashes, but those were often replaced over the years (Neville 2002:21).
The High-Rise Era

In the post-World War II era, public housing received a much lower level of funding than it had seen
in the 1930s and early 1940s. Public housing complexes also began to slowly fall out of favor in the
second half of the twentieth century (Carpini and Nagle 2020:4). Design-wise buildings were devoid
of architectural detail and had little historical architectural references like the period of the 1930s
and 1940s. Funding for public housing was continually cut and the federal government transformed
its policy from favoring local housing authorities placing public housing in the hands of private
developers. As this shift from the public to the private sector took shape, it also transformed the
architecture of public housing. In addition, the focus turned to low-income senior citizens. As a result
of these policy shifts, large high-rise developments for public housing rose in popularity beginning in
the 1950s through the 1960s. These stark, Modernist structures contrasted greatly with the garden-like
layout of earlier public housing developments. Buildings such as Crystal Towers and Sunrise Towers
in Winston-Salem stand as examples of high-rise style public housing. The practice of high-rise public
housing fell out of favor by the late 1960s and early 1970s. Many of these high-rise building types were
demolished between the 1970s and early 2000s and some are still under threat of demolition today.
Overall, the design of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex reflects the evolution of public housing
in the mid twentieth century. Although not considered “high-style,” public housing complexes in the
1930s and 1940s displayed historically derived architectural details. The public housing construction
of the 1950s tended to be more uniform and moved away from historic architectural detailing that
was prominent in revivalist styles. This period of public housing architecture manifests itself at the
Cleveland Avenue Homes complex in the form of parallel rows of buildings that are oriented to form
a courtyard, re-routed streets that form a superblock that results in restricted traffic flow, pedestrian
sidewalks, and open space. Although some buildings stand alone and face the road, many are situated in
groups of two or three with central courtyards. The dwelling units that make up the Cleveland Avenue
Homes complex demonstrates the uniformity and austerity of public housing complexes as a result
of the influence of Functional Modernism and stricter guidelines enforced by the federal government.
Traditional architectural detailing, such as the porches, gabled forms, and wood siding, are watered
down by the design philosophy of Functional Modernism. Despite the influence of Functional
Modernism on the facades, the site plan of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex adheres to the
earlier garden-style apartment layout with its undulating topography and curvilinear thoroughfare.
Designed for durability and longevity, the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex has witnessed little
change to its original design, although the original windows and weatherboards have been replaced
with vinyl windows and siding. The arrangement of the clotheslines in the backyard and limited
landscaping provides for a more streamlined appearance in accordance with Functional Modernism.
Comparable Properties
Of the four original public housing complexes built by HAWS in the mid-1950s, only the Cleveland
Avenue Homes complex and Piedmont Park remain. Happy Hill Gardens was demolished in 2004 and
4-30
Plate 4.14: View of typical
units within Piedmont Park
(FY9124).
Photo view: South
Heckendorf
Plate 4.15: View of the back

of units within Piedmont
Park (FY9124).
Photo view: South
Heckendorf
Plate 4.16: View of typical

building within the Columbia
Terrace Apartments.
Photo view: South
Heckendorf
4-31
buildings that make up the
Northwest Apartments
(FY8774).
Photo view: North
Heckendorf
4-32
Kimberly Park Terrace in 1997. Piedmont Park (FY9124) was built in 1953 for the White residents
of Winston-Salem but was opened to Black families with the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The property encompasses 21.47 acres of land and is composed of approximately 45 buildings. The
complex lies roughly 0.60 miles north of Cleveland Avenue Homes. Architecturally, Piedmont Park is
very similar to that of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex (Plates 4.14-4.15). The one- and two-
story brick townhouses are composed of multi-family units and set into a curvilinear block. Like the
Cleveland Avenue Homes, the exteriors are austere and devoid of any architectural detail, with the
exception of gabled entry stoops. Also similar to the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex, the original
windows have been replaced with double-hung vinyl sashes and the weatherboarded gables are now
clad with vinyl siding.
The Columbia Terrace Apartments are an example of private, segregated housing built in the 1950s
(Plate 4.16). Now the Skyline Village Apartments, the 48-building complex with 176 units is sited
on approximately 30 acres southeast of downtown Winston-Salem and south of Winston-Salem
State University. The Columbia Terrace Apartments were funded through the FHA, which approved
a commitment of $820,000 to “insure construction of a Negro rental housing project” (Asheville
Citizen-Times 1949:12). The Columbia Terrace Apartments are very different architecturally from
the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex. Set into an undulating landscape like the Cleveland Avenue
Homes, the Columbia Terrace Apartments are oriented with their primary elevations facing the
street. Because all of the units face the street, no courtyards are formed like in the Cleveland Avenue
Homes complex. The elongated, one-story apartment buildings include several units per building.
The Columbia Terrace Apartments now contains several vacant buildings. The buildings are clad with
vinyl replacement siding and the windows are one-over-one vinyl replacement sashes. The Columbia
Terrace Apartments are simple in design with little architectural detailing.
The Northwest Apartments (FY8774), formerly Atwood Inn Place, was constructed in 1962 and
expanded in the 1970s (Plate 4.17). The complex consists of two-story, multi-family, brick veneered
apartment buildings with simple, side-gabled forms. The primary elevations feature gabled entries
with replacement turned porch posts. According to an Evaluation of Eligibility Report from 2018
prepared by Mattson, Alexander and Associates, Inc., the Northwest Apartments have marginal
integrity and lack architectural and historical significance (Mattson, Alexander and Associates, Inc.
2018). Therefore, the Northwest Apartments do not compare favorably with the more intact nature
of the Cleveland Avenue Homes.
Overall, the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex compares favorably with other public
housing and low-income housing developments in Winston-Salem. The Cleveland Avenue Homes
stands as one of just two remaining examples of early public housing in Winston-Salem. Although
the siding and window integrity has been compromised, the original garden-style site plan is embodied
throughout the property. The buildings, built to conform to the area’s topography, are oriented to
form courtyards throughout and central open space remains. The site plan and layout of the Cleveland
Avenue Homes are an important, character-defining feature that remains highly intact.
4.4 NRHP Evaluation
Integrity
In order to be eligible for the NRHP, a property must possess several, and usually most, of the
seven aspects of integrity: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.
In addition, a property must also possess significance under at least one of the four NRHP evaluation
criteria (see Appendix B). Occupying the full extent of its original site and plan from 1955, the
Cleveland Avenue Homes complex maintains its integrity of location.
One of most important aspects of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex is its design. The buildings,
designed by the architectural firm Lashmit, James, Brown and Pollock, are still uniform in appearance
and follow the architectural influence of garden-style apartments and Modernist-inspired public
4-33
housing of the mid-1950s, which was uniform and austere. Groups of two and three buildings
form courtyards, which were typical of the earlier garden-style apartment movement. The site plan,
produced by R.D. Tillson and Associates, remains intact with the curvilinear path of East 15th Street
and undulating terrain. The buildings’ original relation to one another and the site remains intact. For
these reasons, the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex retains a high degree of design integrity.
The material integrity of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex has been compromised by the
installation of vinyl windows and vinyl siding. Despite this loss, the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex
still expresses its 1955 appearance and uniformity, thus also expressing workmanship throughout.
Because the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex retains such a high degree of integrity with regard
to location, setting, materials, and workmanship, there is also a high degree of integrity of feeling. In
comparing photographs of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex shortly after construction with
recent photos, the property still expresses its 1955 public housing complex aesthetic. The Cleveland
Avenue Homes complex also has a strong association with the history of public housing and racial
discrimination in Winston-Salem. Overall, the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex retains high levels
integrity in the areas of location, design, setting, workmanship, feeling, and association. However, the
vinyl replacement windows, and the vinyl siding have compromised the property’s material integrity.
Criterion A
A property can be eligible for the National Register under Criterion A if it is associated with an
event or events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history (see
Appendix B). Designed in 1953 and completed in 1955, the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex has
served as a public housing complex since its construction under HAWS, which still owns and operates
the property. The Cleveland Avenue Homes complex demonstrates the impacts of urban renewal
and public housing policies in Winston-Salem in the early 1950s. With funding from the federal
government under the American Housing Act of 1949, the City of Winston-Salem cleared slums and
“blighted areas” to erect racially segregated, affordable housing.
After the clearance, the Cleveland Avenue Homes were built for displaced, low-income Black residents.
Designed by the architectural firm Lashmit, James, Brown and Pollock and landscape architect R.D.
Tillson and Associates, the property is significant for its association with community planning and
social history. The Cleveland Avenue Homes complex is one of four original public housing projects
carried out by HAWS. Of the four public housing projects, only the Cleveland Avenue Homes and
Piedmont Park remain, making the Cleveland Avenue Homes the only remaining public housing
complex constructed for Black residents. For these reasons, the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public
Housing Complex is recommended eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion A.
Criterion B
A property can be eligible for the NRHP under Criterion B if it is associated with a person or persons of
significance within the community, state, or national historic contexts (see Appendix B). Many residents
have called the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex home since its construction in
1955. Through research, it was determined that the various residents and individuals associated with
the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex are not, at this time, known to be of transcendent importance
to local, state, or national historic contexts. Therefore, the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing
Complex is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion B.
Criterion C
A property can be eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C if it embodies the distinctive characteristics
of a type, period, or method of construction; or represents the work of a master; or possesses high
artistic value; or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual
distinction (see Appendix B). Designed in 1953 and completed in 1955, the Cleveland Avenue Homes
Public Housing Complex hybridized a garden-style apartment site plan with traditional architectural
forms with facades diluted by the Functional Modernist aesthetic favored in public housing design
at the time. The Cleveland Avenue Homes complex stands as an example of changing attitudes and
design philosophy in public housing.
4-34
The complex is defined by its site plan that works with its undulating topography, limited street frontage,
open spaces, and tree coverage. The smaller blocks make up one superblock which is bisected by the
curving East Fifteenth Street. Other site features include the sidewalks throughout the complex, the
basketball courts, playground, and clotheslines behind all of the units. The long, rectangular buildings
have several orientations, including units that open out onto the street and clusters of two or three that
form central courtyards. All the buildings are austere with a brick veneer and vinyl siding on several
of the units. The replacement vinyl siding hints at traditional architectural detailing. The primary
elevations are accented by porches with either shed or gabled roofs. The lack of overt architectural
style demonstrates the trend towards more institutionalized public housing complexes under the ideas
of Functional Modernism and its austerity.
The property retains its feeling and association as a mid-1950s public housing development. However,
the vinyl replacement windows, and the vinyl siding severely compromise the complex’s material
integrity. For these reasons, the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex is recommended
not eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion C.
Criterion D
A property can be eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D if it has yielded, or may be likely to
yield, information important to prehistory or history (see Appendix B). It is unlikely that additional
study of the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex would yield any unretrieved data not discoverable
through informant interviews and documentary sources. Therefore, the Cleveland Avenue Homes
Public Housing Complex is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D.
4.5 NRHP Boundary Recommendation
The recommended NRHP boundary for the Cleveland Avenue Homes complex encapsulates the
multiple parcels and approximately 15 acres that make up the property as a whole and that are owned
by HAWS (Figure 4.18). The recommended boundary is roughly constrained by North Cleveland
Avenue to the east, the south side of the dwelling units on the south side of East 15th Street, the west
side of the dwelling units along the west edge, and East Seventeenth Street to the north. A smaller
section to the northeast is bounded by North Cleveland Avenue to the east, East Seventeenth Street
to the south, and New Hope Lane to the North.
4-35
Burke Village Ln
New Hope Ln
Recommended NRHP Boundary
E Seventeenth St
E Fifteenth St
N Cleveland Av
Willie Davis Dr
N Liberty St
E Fifteenth St
Woodland Av
Highla nd Av
E Fourtee n
-
th St
Feet
0 300
Figure 4.18: Recommended NRHP boundary for the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex
4-36
5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Richard Grubb & Associates, Inc. completed an HSSR and National Register of Historic Places
(NRHP) evaluation for the proposed Newside Phase II Multi-Family Residential Development located
in Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina. The HSSR identified one historic resource within
the Area of Potential Effects: the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex (FY9238). The
Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex is recommended eligible for listing in the NRHP
under Criterion A.
5-1
6.0 REFERENCES
Asheville Citizen-Times (Asheville, North Carolina)
1949 Negro Housing Assured In Winston-Salem. 20 November. Asheville, North Carolina.
Bishir, Catherine W.
2020 Lashmit, Luther (1899-1989). Electronic document, https://ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu/people/
P000479, accessed September 2021.
The Carolinian (Raleigh, North Carolina)

1956 Negroes Move Into Housing at Twin City. 20 October. Raleigh, North Carolina.
Carpini, Heather L. and Kimberly Nagle

2020 Historic Structure Survey, Durham HUD – Oldham Towers and Liberty Street Apartments, Durham
County, North Carolina. On file, North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office, Raleigh, North
Carolina.
Cruise, Shane Nash

2011 Reynoldstown: Race, Blight, Disease, Highway Construction and the Transformation of Winston-
Salem, North Carolina. Masters thesis. North Carolina State University.
Fearnbach, Heather
2012 Forsyth County Phase III Survey Report. Prepared for the Forsyth County Historic Resources
Commission City-County Planning Board. On file, North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office,
Raleigh, North Carolina.
2015 Winston-Salem’s Architectural Heritage. Forsyth County Historic Resources Commission and City of
Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
2016 O’Hanlon Building, 101-105 West Fourth Street, Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina,
Local Historic Landmark Report. Electronic document, https://www.cityofws.org/DocumentCenter/
View/16488/LHL-135-OHanlon-Building-Application-PDF?bidId=, accessed September 2021.
Gustafson, Doug
2018 Short History of Public Housing in the US (1930’s-Present). Electronic document, https://homesnow.
org/short-history-of-public-housing-in-the-us-1930s-present/, accessed September 2021.
Hanchett, Thomas W.
1998 Sorting Out the New South City: Race, Class, and Urban Development in Charlotte, 1875-1975. The University
of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Herbin-Triant, Elizabeth A.
2017 Race and Class Friction in North Carolina Neighborhoods: How Campaigns for Residential Segregation
Law Divided Middling and Elite Whites in Winston-Salem and North Carolina’s Countryside, 1912-
1915, The Journal of Southern History 83, no. 3 (August 2017), 531-572.
Housing Authority of Winston-Salem (HAWS)

2012 The Organization. Electronic document, https://web.archive.org/web/20170515103542/https://
haws.org/index.php/about, accessed September 2021.
Hutcheson, Jr., John A.

2006 Winston-Salem. Electronic document, https://www.ncpedia.org/winston-salem, accessed September
2021.
Lassiter, Matthew D. and Susan Cianci Salvatore

2021 Civil Rights In America: Racial Discrimination in Housing. Electronic document, https://www.nps.
gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/upload/Civil_Rights_Housing_NHL_Theme_Study_final.
pdf, accessed September 2021.
6-1
Lusignan, Paul R.
2004 Public Housing in the United States, 1933-1949. National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property
Documentation Form, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
Marshall III, R. Jackson

2006 Great Wagon Road. Electronic document, https://www.ncpedia.org/great-wagon-road, accessed
September 2021.
Mattson, Alexander and Associates, Inc.

2018 Evaluation of Eligiblity Report, West Highlands Historic District, Replacement of Bridge No. 296,
West First Street Over Norfolk Southern Railway, Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, Project No. B-5007.
On file, North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Moffett, Simone Monteleone

2002 Garden Apartments, Apartment Houses and Apartment Complexes in Arlington County, Virginia:
1934-1954. National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, National
Park Service, Washington, D.C.
Nelson, Robert K., LaDale Winling, Richard Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al.
n.d. Mapping Inequality, American Panorama, ed. Robert K. Nelson and Edward L. Ayers. Electronic
document, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=14/36.099/-80.236&city=winston-
salem-nc, accessed September 2021.
Neville, Ashley
2014 Craven Terrace. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, National Park Service,
Washington, D.C.
North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office

2019 Report Standards for Historic Structure Survey Reports/Determinations of Eligiblity/Section 106/110 Compliance
Reports in North Carolina. Electronic document, https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/historic-preservation-
office/environmental-review/ER-106_110-ReportStandards.pdf, accessed September 2021.
Oppermann, Langdon E.
1997 Historic Architectural Resources of African-American Neighborhoods in Northeastern Winston-
Salem, ca. 1900-1947. National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form,
National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
The Robesonian (Lumberton, North Carolina)

1951 Lumberton Housing Authority Accepts Bids For Units Here. 16 November. Lumberton, North
Carolina.
Rothman, Lily
2016 The Long Death of ‘Separate but Equal’ Doctrine. Electronic document, https://time.com/4326692/
plessy-ferguson-history-120/, accessed September 2021.
Sanborn Map Company

1950 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina. Sanborn Map
Company, Inc., New York.
1958 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina. Sanborn Map
Company, Inc., New York.
Tillson, David
2016 Interview by Lindsey Naylor and Gwynn Thayer. Interview MC 00592, transcript, Reginald D. Tillson
Landscape Architecture Papers, 1906-2016, North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North Carolina.
6-2
Tursi, Frank V.
1994 Winston-Salem: A History. John F. Blair, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

1997 Clinton Administration Awards $27.8 Million for Public Housing to North Carolina and $498.3 Million
Nationwide. News release, October 9, 1997. https://archives.hud.gov/news/1997/pr97-200.cfm.
n.d. Repositioning Public Housing. Electronic document, https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/public_
indian_housing/repositioning, accessed September 2021.
Weaver Investment Company

n.d. History and Scope. Electronic document, https://weaverinvestment.com/about/history-and-scope/,
accessed September 2021.
Winston-Salem Chronicle (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)

1983 Cleveland Avenue Homes. 19 May. Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
Winston-Salem Directing Board

1912 Winston: 1907-1913, City of Winston Government Meeting Notes. Electronic document, https://
www.cityofws.org/DocumentCenter/View/2835/Winston-1907-to-1913-PDF/, accessed September
2021.
Young, Wes
2020 HAWS wins $30 million grant for Cleveland Avenue. Winston-Salem Journal, April 23, 2020. https://
journalnow.com/news/local/haws-wins-30-million-grant-for-cleveland-avenue/article_c4b80970-
4758-5a34-86a2-433e0e430c66.html, accessed September 2021.
6-3
APPENDIX A: NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CRITERIA FOR
EVALUATION
National Registers of Historic Places Criteria
Significant historic properties include districts, structures, objects, or sites that are at least 50 years
of age and meet at least one National Register criterion. Criteria used in the evaluation process are
specified in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 36, Part 60, National Register of Historic Places
(36 CFR 60.4). To be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, a historic
property(s) must possess:
the quality of significance in American History, architecture, archaeology, engineering,

and culture [that] is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that
possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and
association and:
a) that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad
patterns of our history, or
b) that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past, or
c) that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction,
or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that
represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual
distinction, or
d) that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or
history (36 CFR 60.4).
There are several criteria considerations. Ordinarily, cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical
figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that
have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties primarily
commemorative in nature, and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years shall
not be considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. However, such properties will
qualify if they are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following
categories:
a) a religious property deriving primary significance from architectural or artistic distinction

or historical importance, or
b) a building or structure removed from its original location but which is significant
primarily for architectural value, or which is the surviving structure most importantly
associated with a historic person or event, or
c) a birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no other
appropriate site or building directly associated with his/her productive life, or
d) a cemetery which derives its primary significance from graves of persons of
transcendent importance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association
with historic events, or
e) a reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and
presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other
building or structure with the same association has survived, or
f) a property primarily commemorative in intent if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value
has invested it with its own historic significance, or
g) a property achieving significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional
importance. (36 CFR 60.4)
When conducting National Register evaluations, the physical characteristics and historic significance
of the overall property are examined. While a property in its entirety may be considered eligible based
on Criteria A, B, C, and/or D, specific data is also required for individual components therein based
on date, function, history, and physical characteristics, and other information. Resources that do not
relate in a significant way to the overall property may contribute if they independently meet the
National Register criteria.
A contributing building, site, structure, or object adds to the historic architectural qualities, historic
associations, or archeological values for which a property is significant because a) it was present during
the period of significance, and possesses historic integrity reflecting its character at that time or is
capable of yielding important information about the period, or b) it independently meets the National
Register criteria. A non-contributing building, site, structure, or object does not add to the historic
architectural qualities, historic associations, or archeological values for which a property is significant
because a) it was not present during the period of significance, b) due to alterations, disturbances,
additions, or other changes, it no longer possesses historic integrity reflecting its character at that time
or is incapable of yielding important information about the period, or c) it does not independently
meet the National Register criteria.
APPENDIX B: PROJECT DOCUMENTS
North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources
State Historic Preservation Office
Ramona M. Bartos, Administrator
Governor Roy Cooper Secretary D. Reid Wilson
July 7, 2021
Danielle Clark dclark@harthickman.com

Hart & Hickman, PC
2923 S. Tryon Street, Suite 100
Charlotte, NC 28203
Re: Construct Newside multi-family residential development, Phase II, East 15th Street, Winston-
Salem, Forsyth County, ER 21-0857
Dear Ms. Clark:
Thank you for your email of March 26, 2021, regarding the above-referenced undertaking. We have
reviewed the submittal and offer the following comments. We apologize for the delay in our response and
any inconvenience it may have caused.
We are unable to accurately assess impacts to historic properties within the proposed Area of Potential
Effect. The existing Cleveland Avenue Homes public housing complex should be evaluated by a Secretary
of the Interior qualified Architectural Historian and a report submitted to us for review and comment.
Please be sure to review our Historic Structure Survey Report (HSSR) Standards for guidance on report
requirements (https://www.ncdcr.gov/state-historic-preservation-office/environmental-review/historic-
structure-survey-report-standards) to ensure timely review. Missing deliverables will cause a delay in
processing.
There are no known archaeological sites within the proposed project area. Based on our knowledge of the
area, it is unlikely that any archaeological resources that may be eligible for inclusion in the National
Register of Historic Places will be affected by the project. We, therefore, recommend that no
archaeological investigation be conducted in connection with this project.
The above comments are made pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation’s Regulations for Compliance with Section 106 codified at 36
CFR Part 800.
Thank you for your cooperation and consideration. If you have questions concerning the above comment,
contact Renee Gledhill-Earley, environmental review coordinator, at 919-814-6579
or environmental.review@ncdcr.gov. In all future communication concerning this project, please cite the
above referenced tracking number.
Location: 109 East Jones Street, Raleigh NC 27601 Mailing Address: 4617 Mail Service Center, Raleigh NC 27699-4617 Telephone/Fax: (919) 814-6570/814-6898
ER 21-0857, July 07, Page 2 of 2
Sincerely,
Ramona Bartos, Deputy

State Historic Preservation Officer
APPENDIX C: STAFF QUALIFICATIONS
YEARS OF EXPERIENCE OLIVIA H. HECKENDORF
With this firm: 2019-Present
With other firms: 1
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN (36 CFR 61)
Olivia Heckendorf’s experience includes historical research, writing, and architectural surveys. Ms.
EDUCATION Heckendorf has worked on cultural resources surveys completed in accordance with Section 106 of
MA 2019 the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended. Her educational and professional experience meet
Cornell University the qualifications set forth in the Secretary of Interior’s Standards for an Architectural Historian [36
Historic Preservation Planning CFR 61].
BA 2015 REPRESENTATIVE PROJECT EXPERIENCE
University of Wisconsin-
Whitewater Historic Structures Survey Report for Grove Airport, Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, NC
History (Sponsor: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development) Conducted a survey of 28
buildings that were part of circa 1941 airport. Survey work included the identification of airport
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES building types and photographs of both the exterior and interiors when possible. Research was limited
Member, American Cultural due to the COVID-19 outbreak, but online resources proved to be extremely valuable. In addition,
Resources Association maps were made to reflect the various construction periods over time. Due to integrity, the Grove
Airport was recommended not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places and this was agreed
Member, Cornell University upon by NC SHPO.
Historic Preservation Planning
Alumni Improvements to Smith-Reynolds Airport, Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, NC (Sponsor:
Federal Aviation Administration) Conducted a survey of the African American neighborhood of
Member, Preservation League Castle Heights and Mount Sinai Full Gospel Deliverance Center. Completed a historic context
of New York State regarding the history of the African American community in Winston-Salem, including topics such as
“red-lining” and urban renewal.
Corridor K, Graham County, NC (Sponsor: NCDOT) Architectural historian for Phase I and II Historic
Architecture studies. Completed surveys of large project corridor with a combined resource count of
over 200. Work within a compressed time frame requested by NCDOT. Conducted extensive research
on roughly 40 potentially NRHP-eligible properties. The Phase I work eliminated resources from
intensive study and identified resources that required Phase II National Register evaluations. Digital
data capture and early identification of potentially historic properties support NCDOT’s public
involvement efforts and the development of avoidance plans and feasible alternatives.
NC 115 Improvements, North Wilkesboro, Wilkes County, NC (Sponsor: NCDOT) Architectural

historian for Phase I and Phase II Historic architecture studies. Phase I documented over 80 resources
to the standards of the NC SHPO and NCDOT. All buildings were documented with photographs and
digital capture was used in the field. Findings were presented to NCDOT to identify resources that
required Phase II National Register Evaluation. Phase II included intensive-level study of 11 resources
and the completion of a historic context for the area.
Determination of National Register of Historic Places Eligibility for the Ezra Rural Historic
District, Johnston County, NC (Sponsor: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) Surveyed properties
within a one-mile radius of the established APE in order to determine the boundary of the Ezra Rural
Historic District. Fieldwork included the documentation of both previously surveyed properties and
unsurveyed properties. In total, 16 properties were surveyed and four of those were recommended
for inclusion within the boundary of the Ezra Rural Historic District. Research for the historic context
included a discussion of post-Civil War farmsteads and their development into the first half of the
twentieth century.
YEARS OF EXPERIENCE ELLEN TURCO
With this firm: 2018-Present
With other firms: 23
PRINCIPAL SENIOR HISTORIAN (36 CFR 61)
Ellen Turco has over 20 years’ experience in cultural resources management across multiple industries
EDUCATION such as transportation, telecommunications, oil and gas infrastructure, and land development. Her
MA 1995 experience includes historical research and writing, architectural surveys and analysis, National
North Carolina State University Register of Historic Places evaluations for individual resources, districts and landscapes, both state
Public History and federal Historic Preservation Tax Credit applications, and the preparation of both Memorandum
of Agreement and Programmatic Agreement documents. She has conducted and directed cultural
BA 1992
resources surveys in accordance with Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act,
Eckerd College
as amended, NEPA, and other municipal and state cultural resource regulations. Ms. Turco exceeds
Philosophy
the qualifications set forth in the Secretary of Interior’s Standards for an Historian and Architectural
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING Historian [36 CFR 61].
Section 106 for Experienced REPRESENTATIVE PROJECT EXPERIENCE
Practitioners
Improvements to U.S. 70, James City, NC (Sponsor: NCDOT) Principal Investigator and Historian
Preparing Section 106 for a Phase I and II Historic Architectural Resource Inventory and National Register evaluation of 250
Agreement Documents resources in a post-Civil War African American freedmen’s community in eastern North Carolina.
Authored background history and historic contexts for James City and evaluated resources under the
Section 106 Review for
NRHP Criteria both individually and as a historic district. The identification of NRHP eligible resources
Planners and CRM
was a key element of the planning process in this historically sensitive community where
professionals
environmental justice issues were a factor.
Innovative Approaches to
Upgrades to U.S. 70, Johnston and Wayne Counties, NC (Sponsor: NCDOT) This fast-tracked
Section 106 Mitigation
report evaluated the National Register eligibility of the Waverly H. Edwards House in a compressed
Project Budgeting for CRM timeframe. The house was the one resource located within alternative corridors so determining
Professionals National Register status early on in project planning was essential. The house was recommended not
eligible and a historic architecture survey of the larger areas around the alternative corridors was
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES undertaken subsequently.
(former) Director, American Improvements to NC 42 Interchange with I-40, Johnston County, NC (Sponsor: NCDOT)
Cultural Resources Association Principal Investigator and Historian for a Phase I Historic Architectural Resource Inventory of a
formerly rural but now heavily developed 5-mile long corridor. The Phase I work eliminated 25
Chair, Wake Forest Historic
resources from intensive study and identified 4 resources that required Phase II National Register
Preservation Commission
evaluations. The phased approach allows project planning and design to proceed in areas without
Voting Member, Capital Area historic sensitivity.
Preservation Anthemion
Mount Ararat African American Episcopal Church, Wilmington, New Hanover County, NC
Awards Committee
(Sponsor: NDOT) Principal Investigator and Historian for this multi-part mitigation of a
Reconstruction-era African American church and cemetery. Authored NRHP nomination text for the
2018 North Carolina
church, former school site, and adjacent cemetery. Provided background on folk burial practices in
Museum's Council's Award of
the eastern Coastal Plain for the ground-penetrating radar cemetery survey and authored an
Excellence
illustrated public history booklet about the history of the Middle Sound community entitled “Kin,
Kindred, Relatives and Friends.” Work on this project identified a potentially eligible resource, the
2016 Capital Area Preservation
Nixon Oyster Plant, that had been omitted in previous planning surveys. The Oyster Plant was treated
Anthemion Award
in a subsequent document to ensure that all Section 106 and NEPA requirements were met.

Cleveland Avenue Homes Historic Structures Survey Report

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Cleveland Avenue Homes Historic Structures Survey Report

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HISTORIC STRUCTURES SURVEY REPORT

CLEVELAND AVENUE HOMES PUBLIC

RICHARD G RU B B & A S S O C IAT E S

CLEVELAND AVENUE HOMES PUBLIC HOUSING

2.0 Project Description and Methodology������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 2-1

Appendix A: National Register of Historic Places Criteria for Evaluation

Figure 4.5: Interior view of a typical living room���������������������������������������������������������������������������������4-12

Plate 4.14: View of typical units within Piedmont Park (FY9124).���������������������������������������������������4-31

Table 4.1: Cleveland Avenue Homes Information Table.�������������������������������������������������������������������� 4-1

Table 1.1: Resources studied and summary of their NRHP eligibility.

2.1 Project Location and Setting

2.2 Project Description

2.3 Area of Potential Effects

2.4 Background Research and Previous Surveys

2.5 Field Methods

Project Site New Hope Ln

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3.1 Early History of Winston-Salem and the Beginnings of Racial Segregation

3.2 The Growth of Winston-Salem and Racial Zoning Ordinances

3.4 The Housing Act of 1937

3.5 The American Housing Act of 1949 and Urban Renewal

Throughout the mid-1950s suburban development in northeast Winston-Salem increased to

Plate 4.2: View of the

4.2 Inventory List and Physical Descriptions

Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex, 1955

Plate 4.4: View of typical,

Plate 4.5: View of a smaller

Plate 4.7: View of a group

Plate 4.8: View of the

Plate 4.10: View of the units

Cleveland Avenue Homes Community Building and Office, 1955

4.3 History and Architectural Context

Before Cleveland Avenue Homes

Plate 4.12: View of the rear

Construction of the Cleveland Avenue Homes

Residents of the Cleveland Avenue Homes Public Housing Complex

Public Housing Architectural Context

The High-Rise Era

Plate 4.15: View of the back

Plate 4.16: View of typical

4.4 NRHP Evaluation

4.5 NRHP Boundary Recommendation

Recommended NRHP Boundary

The Carolinian (Raleigh, North Carolina)

Carpini, Heather L. and Kimberly Nagle

Cruise, Shane Nash

Housing Authority of Winston-Salem (HAWS)

Hutcheson, Jr., John A.

Lassiter, Matthew D. and Susan Cianci Salvatore

Marshall III, R. Jackson

Mattson, Alexander and Associates, Inc.

Moffett, Simone Monteleone

North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office

The Robesonian (Lumberton, North Carolina)

Sanborn Map Company

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Weaver Investment Company

Winston-Salem Chronicle (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)

Winston-Salem Directing Board

the quality of significance in American History, architecture, archaeology, engineering,

a) a religious property deriving primary significance from architectural or artistic distinction

Danielle Clark dclark@harthickman.com

Dear Ms. Clark:

2.0 Project Description and Methodology�� 2-1

Figure 4.5: Interior view of a typical living room��4-12

Plate 4.14: View of typical units within Piedmont Park (FY9124).��4-31

Table 4.1: Cleveland Avenue Homes Information Table.�� 4-1

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