Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 4

! " # #  $ % !

" # #  $ %

€ !"# $%&'()%"* =€ "! 9+)% )*+% ,O3#+.% #+% EE% " (€ ! 9+)%)*+%1.+4+,)%!:+4%B!)*+.
E5% "% 7% C%  !,<% 40,% #+% % -% 5% 5+!.4
€‚ƒ„ †„„„„„„„„‡ˆ‰Š‹Œˆ‰Ž  F2G+,% EE% "% E5% "% 7% & .+41+/)2G+A5
!  !  
⇒ %  =  % ⇒%   = "5"7$% '% PP% "% P5% '% P  F2G+,% % '% 85% -
€ ! !"#$% &% !&#$% '% (  
!  "%5$
!  % "% D% '% (% 5% "% D$
!% "% #% &% !% "% #% '% (
∴ % Q)% 24% <2G242#A+% #5% P€ % "% D% '% (5% "% 8E
(#% '% ( .  
= = >€ #! 8% "% (8% '% E8% "% P8% 2+% R0)* 85% "% D% '% (5% "% 8E
. 8 8 !.+% +SO!A% )0% =(P€
#% '% % )*+,% !% -% #% !.+
5% '% D
/01.23+4 D€ "! 9+)% 41++<% 0B% 4)+!3+.% #+
IJ6K ∴% = % '% 85% '% ;D
(€ "! % "% 5% '% 6% % "% 5% "% 7$
9+)% )*+% <24)!,/+% #+% L<M% IJ % '% P % "% 5% '% ?E
5% "% 7% '% 6% % "% 5% "% 7$
8€ ! F2G+,% )*+% .!)20% 0B
7% "% % '% 6 % "% 5% "% 7$ < P€ ! 9+)% % '% " # " # " #!!!!! ∞ SO+4)20,4% '% (% H% (% H% % '% (% H
F2G+,% % '% ;
∴ %%"%5%"%5%"%7%"%7%"%%'%86  "(
4SO!.2,:% 0,% #0)*% 42<+4
(% H% 
% "% 5% "% 7$
<% '% ; "($% '% ;% "% >% → $ 
(% %"%5%"%7$%'%8%6% %"%5%"%7$ @0)!A% 3!.X4% '% (% % "% (% C
 %'%?%"% ? " ? " ? "€€€€€ ∞
( (
< % "% % C% (
( F2G+,% % '% D
6'  −( (% '% ?% "%  ⇒ % % "% (% "% (% '% EE
8 (
<% '% D% &% E% % % % % % % % → ($  % &% % &% ?% '% E D% '% EE
8€ ! 9+,:)*%'%;%-%#.+!<)*%'%8
B.03% $% -% ($% ;% "% >% '% D &8$% "($% '% E Y0€% 0B% )Z0% 3!.X% SO+4)20,4
∴ % ((% '% =(> &% E % '% 8% % TU$% % % '% &% ( '% % '% (E
(% '% ;; N1++<% 0B% 4)+!3+.% $% '% > E€ ! F2G+,% 88&D% '% P& 8 P
% '% ( IJ6K ;€ !  − =
88&D% '% 8&( EE (D
?€ ! 9+)% #.+!<)*% #+% LM% /3
∴ %%'%;>%3)4%-%#%'%8?%3)4 8% &% D% '% &% ( ? 8
F2G+,% % '% 8 ⇒% =
6% '% ( % "% #$% '% ?> D% '% D (D EE
F2G+,% 8% &% 8$% "D$% &% 8$
@0)!A% /04)% 0B% B+,/2,:% '% ?> $% '% D= % '%  ⇒ % 8% '% ?; ⇒ % % '% ;
3% C% % (€D € #! 9+)% 43!AA+4)% !,:A+% #+% LM D€ ! K[\%0B%;?DW%=(%-%>=P%24
8(%"%D%&%8%&%D%&%8(%'
(P8
'% % ;(E D= F2G+,% % "% (% &% 8EV% '% >EV
(;?D% '% (DC(P8% '% 8((P8
;€ "! F2G+,% *% H% *(% '% 8% H%  (% '% D=% "% D% '% =( 8% '% (EV
8=(% '% 8;C(P8% '% >(P8
 % '% ? % '% =EV

= D>=P% '% D8$(P8% '% (D(P8
 ∴ % % '% 8% '% > ∴ % (% &% 8EV% '% EV
(
∴ ]4/+,<2,:% 0.<+.% 24% 8( (P8W
6%'%( "#$%'%(% (;%/3$%'%;> ∴ % B0O.% !,:A+4% !.+% =EVW >(P8W% (D(P8
F2G+,% π !(  = π !(( ( /3 EVW% =EV% -% EV 2+% (;?DW% 8=(W% D>=P

€‚ €€ €& + ,-!)" .!//)"0 12!#€3


! " # #  $ % ! " # #  $ %

?€ #! F2G+,% 5% '% ;D% % -% % &5% '% ; P€ "! N6% !B)+. (E€ ! [2./O3BO.+,/+% 0B% /2./A+% ' (;€ "! ].+!% 0B% +SO2A!)+.!A% ).2!,:A+
4SO!.2,:% 0,% #0)*% 42<+4 6+.3+)+.% 0B% !% .+/)!,:A+
(EE − () 8
C ; C ; /3(
(% "% 5(% &% (5% '% ? (^% <24/0O,)% '% J6% $π$ % '% ( >€=% "% ;€8$ '%
;
EE
(% "% 5(% &% PE% '% ? (( '% !  % /3(
>> × . = 88
= J6 × =
(% "% 5(% '% E? EE ]A)2)O<+% 0B% !,% +SO2A!)+.!A
=€ "! 9+)%)*+%1.2/+%0B%+!/*%!.)2/A+ = ( ).2!,:A+
N6% !B)+.% (E^ 8
#+% LM% ,O3#+.% 0B% !.)2/A+4 .% '% 88 C = % '% E€D% /3
(( ( ( " "
40A<%#+%5%)*+,%0.2:,!A%4!A+4 >> (EE − (E) '% "= ×  #$ % & "
!30O,)% '% 5 0,%!#0G+%'%J6% × ' '
EE EE "
 >  (
(€ #! [Q%'% %DW?(D%   "
 EE 
Y+Z% 4!A+4% !30O,) >> >E U!<2+4% 0B% /2./A+% '% % 0B
'% J6 × × 8

=
(>E ) × >E 5 ' 8?5 EE EE !A)2)O<+
&% % DW?(D
EE EE (D >>
'% J6% C% ) +& +& +& ( ;
(D '% )%*%+% × × −  )%*%+%
Q,/.+!4+<% 4!A+4% ' +% +% +% '% × = 8 % '% % /3
a24/0O,) 8 8
8?5 5 '% % % P?>8% &% DW?(D$
].+!%0B%4*!<+<%1!.)%'%/2./A+
= − 5 = 1+./+,)!:+%'
(D (D '% % ;ED> !.+!% &% ).2!,:A+% !.+!
 >> 
J6 − J6 
 (D 
Q,/.+!4+<% 4!A+4% 1+./+,)!:+ ((€ "! 9KN%'  ; 
+

× EE '% π  − ;P 8 /3+


 8 
J6 & ( &  )& " &( &  )$ &5 " & &  & 5 + ( & 5 )&
  5 
 (D  '
  ((D − >>) × EE '' ) ( )
(  + 5) × − ' "
"
= × EE = ^ '% = " " " '%
&) "
5 (D CJ6
 '% (ED€888% &% >;€>=$% /3(
= (€  + € ‚)
€×
>€ ! F2G+,% A% H% #% H% *% '% 8% H% (% H% % ' 8=
'% ×; €
'% (E€;?% /3(
8% H% (% H%  D
  
F2G+,% @N]% '% >>% /3( '% €  + € ‚
(( ) (? ) (8 )
- -
;> 8 ? ? 8 8 ; ;
( ?(% "% ((% "% 8($% '% >>% /3( '% % '% (P% % ^ (D€ #! 9KN%'%
D D (8€ #! R.+!<)* ( % '% a2!:0,!A ( % &   
( ) ) (( ) ( 8 )
- -
8 ; ; (
(
(( % '% >>% /3 (
TU$ A+,:)*( 8 (

(% '% ;
!! −
(!! − $ ) (!! − $( ) '% 8=(% &% 8D(
−
% '% ( !!,− R.+!<)*% '% % '% ( ( * − ( 
 '%
"" % "& #&& − "#  " ) − ( (−
9N]% '% (*% "#$% '% ( ($% _?";` '% EE% &% = = ].+!% '% 8D% 3% C% (% 3% '% ;(E
&& # #
'% ;% C% E% '% ;E% /3 ( 3)4(€ ) (  (
'( '% % '% 8
TU$% ' + ( − ( (*
##

€‚ €' €( + ,-!)" .!//)"0 12!#€3


! " # #  $ % ! " # #  $ %

@*+% 01)2/% ,+.G+% +,)+.4% )*+ €‚ƒ„ †„„„„„„„„„„„„„Š‹Œ‰"! 6+).0A+O3% :!4% 2,% A2SO2<
€‚ƒ„ †„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ Š!Ž
+5+% ,+!.% )*+% #A2,<% 410)% 24 B0.3%24%96F€
(?€ "! N)!)+3+,)4% ]$W% R$%!,<% a$ ).O+€ 8?€ #! ]/2<% .!2,% 24% /0..042G+% !,<
Y!)O.!A% :!4% 24% /031.+44+<
!.+%,0)%).O+%0B%#0)*%40O,< *!.3BOA% )0% #0)*% A2G2,:% !,<
@*+%41!/+%#+)Z++,%A+,4%!,< ,!)O.!A%:!4%[YF€
!,<% A2:*)€ ,0,dA2G2,:% )*2,:4€
/0.,+!% 24% B2AA+<% Z2)*% /2A2!.5
6+).0A+O3%24%!A40%X,0Z,%#5
(=€ #! N)!)+3+,)4% ]$W% R$% !,<% [$ 3O4/A+4%24%B!A4+%!4%2)%24%B2AA+< 8=€ #! N)!)+3+,)4% ]$% !,<% R$% !.+
)*+%,!3+%#A!/X%:0A<€
!.+% ,0)% ).O+% .+:!.<2,: Z2)*% !% ).!,41!.+,)% A2SO2< ).O+€% N)!)+3+,)% [$% 24% ,0)
1.+44O.+% ++.)+<% #5% ! /!AA+<% !SO+0O4% *O30O4€ ).O+€% aO.2,:% 410,)!,+0O4 6!.!BB2,% Z!% 24% O4+<% 2,
A2SO2<€% 6.+44O.+% 2,% !% A2SO2< /03#O4)20,W% !% 3!)+.2!A 3!X2,:% G!4+A2,+W% /!,<A+4W
8€ #! @*+% /0..+/)% 4+SO+,/+% 0B
2,/.+!4+4% Z2)*% <+1)*W% #O) 4O<<+,A5% #O.4)4% 2,)0 02,)3+,)4W%+)/€
).!,4324420,% 0B% 40O,<% 2,
!)% )*+% 4!3+% <+1)*W% )*+ BA!3+4€
<2BB+.+,)% 3+<2!% B.03% )*+ ;(€ ! \0.% .O4)2,:% )0% 0//O.W% )*+.+
1.+44O.+% 24% 4!3+% !)% !AA 4A0Z+4)% )0% )*+% B!4)+4)% 24 8>€ #! 60)!442O3% 24% )*+% 304) 3O4)%#+%05:+,% !,<% Z!)+.€
102,)4€ *+A2O3% :!4W% !A/0*0A% !,< .+!/)2G+% 3+)!A% % !,<% 1A!/+< @*+% #02A+<% Z!)+.% *!4% ,0
(>€ ! N300)*% .O##+.% #!AA% Z2AA 3+)!A% .0<€ !)% )*+% )01% 0B% )*+% .+!/)2G2)5 05:+,%!,<%)*+%)*2,%A!5+.%0B
30G+% 30.+% +!42A5% )*!,% )*+ 4+.2+4€% F0A<% 24% )*+% A+!4) 02A% 1.+G+,)4% !2.% /0,)!2,2,:
8(€ "! a2!30,<% 24% !,% 2,4OA!)0.€
)+,,24% #!AA% !4% )*+% !30O,) .+!/)2G+% !,<% 24% 1A!/+<% !) 05:+,$% B.03% <2440AG2,:% 2,
0B%B.2/)20,!A%B0./+%!/)2,:%0, 88€ #! @*+% A+,4% 2,% 0O.% +5+% 24% *+A< )*+%#0))03%0B%)*+%.+!/)2G2)5 )*+% Z!)+.€
)*+% 4300)*% .O##+.% #!AA% 24 2,% 1A!/+% #5% )*+% /2A2!.5 4+.2+4% 0B% 3+)!A4€
;8€ #! Y5A0,% 24% O4+<% 2,% 3!X2,:
A+44+.% )*!,% )*!)% !/)2,:% 0, 3O4/A+4W% Z*2/*% /!,% /*!,:+
8P€ "! 6b@% 24% !% 45,)*+)2/% 10A53+. #.24)A+4% 0B% )00)*#.O4*W
)*+% )+,,24% #!AA% Z*2/*% *!4% ! )*+% )*2/X,+44% 0B% )*+% A+,4
/!AA+<% L60A5+)*5A+,+ #+/!O4+% 0B% 2)4% Z!)+.% ,0,d
.0O:*% 4O.B!/+€ !,<% *+,/+% 2)4% B0/!A% A+,:)*€
@+.+1*)*!A!)+M€% 6b@% 24 !#40.1)20,% )+,<+,/5W% 30.+
@*+%+5+%A+,4%#+/03+4%)*2/X
(P€ #! bA+/).0A5424% 1.0/+44% 24 :+,+.!AA5% .+B+..+<% )0% !4 4).+,:)*% +G+,% 2,% Z+)
)0% 4++% ,+!.% 0#c+/)4% !,<
O4+<%)0%4+1!.!)+%Z!)+.%2,)0 L10A5+4)+.M€%]4%!%1A!4)2/W%6b@ /0,<2)20,% !,<% .+424)!,/+
)*2,% )0% 4++% <24)!,)% 0#c+/)4
2)4% /0,4)2)O+,)% +A+3+,)4W 24% O4+<% !4% !% 4O#4)2)O)+% B0. )0Z!.<4% #!/)+.2!% !,<
#5% )*+% 3O4/OA!.
*5<.0:+,% !,<% 05:+,€ .+1A!/2,:% 3!)+.2!A4% A2X+ BO,:O4€
/0,).!/)20,% !,<% +1!,420,
:A!44€
$!"#$%&% !&% !%'%(% "!'%(*+ 0B% /2A2!.5% 3O4/A+4€ ;;€ ! N03+%.+<%1*041*0.O4%0,%!
)+/*,2SO+4% % :2G+,% 2,% )*+4+ ]/.5A2/% 24% !% 45,)*+)2/% B2#.+€ 3!)/*4)2/X% 24% /0,G+.)+<
8;€ ! @*+% *+2:*)% 0B% )*+% 3+./O.5
01)20,4% !.+% ,0)% O4+<% )0 aO+% )0% 2)4% .+4+3% #A!,/+ 2,)0% Z*2)+% 1*041*0.O4
/0AO3,%<.014%!4%)*+%1.+44O.+
4+1!.!)+% Z!)+.% 2,)0% 2)4 !,<% 1.01+.)2+4% !4% )*!)% 0B Z*2/*% #O.,4% )*+
2,%)*+%#+AA%c!.%<+/.+!4+4%<O+
/0,4)2)O+,)%+A+3+,)4€ Z00AW% 2)% 24% 0B)+,% O4+<% !4 3!)/*4)2/X€
)0%)*+%!2.%#+2,:%1O31+<%0O)
4O#4)2)O)+% B0.% Z00A€
8E€ "! \0AA0Z2,:% 4)!)+3+,)4% !.+ B.03%)*+%c!.€ ;D€ ! [011+.% B0.34% !% :.++,
).O+% !#0O)% *O3!,% +5+€ ;E€ ! N)!)+3+,)4% ]$W% [$%!,<% a$ /0!)2,:% <O+% )0% 2)4
8D€ ! @*+%Z+!X%70,+4%!.0O,<%)*+
!.+% ).O+€% 96F% #+2,:% ! /0..0420,€% Q,% )*24% 1.0/+44W
@*+% 2.24% :2G+4% !% <24)2,/) #0O,<!.2+4% 0B% 1A!)+4
430X+A+44% BO+A% % <0+4% ,0) 2)4% 4O.B!/+% :+)4% /0G+.+<
/0A0O.% )0% )*+% +5+% 24% ).O+€ O,<+.,+!)*%)*+%+!.)*W%Z*2/*
/!O4+% 10AAO)20,€ Z2)*%!%A!5+.%0B%#!42/%/011+.
!.+%1.0,+%)0%4A2<+%!,<%/!O4+
Q)% *!4% /0,G+.:2,:% /0,G+$ /!.#0,!)+W% 2€+€W% 2)% /0,)!2,4
+!.)*SO!X+% !.+% /0330,A5 ;€ ! @*+% /0..+/)% 3!)/*2,:% 24
A+,4%24%).O+€ /011+.% *5<.02<+% !,<
X,0Z,% !4% B!OA)% 70,+4€
6% d% (W% e% % d% 8W% U% d% W% N% d% ;€ /011+.% /!.#0,!)+€
€‚ €) €% + ,-!)" .!//)"0 12!#€3
! " # #  $ % ! " # #  $ %

€‚ƒ„ †„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„#$%$&! G!:2,!€% Q)% )*+,% 30G+4


€‚ƒ„ †„„„„„„„„‡ˆ‰ˆŠ‹Œ„Žˆˆ‘
!/)2G+A5% )0% 3++)% )*+% +::
;?€ ! YO/A+O4% % !,<% :0A:2 2,42<+% )*+% B+3!A+M4% #0<5€ D?€ #! 9+B)W%N!3+ ?E€ #! EE)*%5+!.%24%,0)%A+!1%5+!.€
!11!.!)O4%!.+%B0O,<%2,%#0)* !,<% B+.)2A27!)20,% 0//O.4€ N0W% (;% B+#.O!.5M4% *!G+% (P
1A!,)% !,<% !,23!A% /+AA4€ D=€ "! <!54€
@*+%+::%!,<%)*+%41+.3%!.+
;=€ ! U+/5/A2,:% <.2,X% /!,4€ /+AA4€% b!/*% 0B% )*+3% *!4% ! D>€ !
,O/A+O4%)*!)%/!..2+4%:+,+)2/ DP€ "! h!)+.% 24% +44+,)2!A% B0.
RO52,:%*0O4+*0A<%1.0<O/)4
2,B0.3!)20,€ 4Z2332,:dZ2)*0O)% Z!)+.W
<+42:,+<% Z2)*% A+44
1!/X!:2,:%3!)+.2!AW%*+A1%)0 DE€ ! f% 24% ,O/A+O4% !,<% g% 24 )*+.+% 24% ,0% 4Z2332,:€% @*+
4!G+%0O.%+!.)*€ /*A0.01A!4)€ 0)*+.% /*02/+4% !.+% )*2,:4
)*!)% 3!5% 0.% 3!5% ,0)% #+
;>€ ! N03+%A2G2,:%)*2,:4%0,%+!.)* D€ "! 6+,2/2AA2,% 24% <+.2G+<% B.03, 1.+4+,)€
*!G+% #+/03+% +)2,/)€% @*+5 1+,2/2AA2O3% BO,:2W
#+/!3+% +)2,/)% #+/!O4+% 0B Z+!X+,+<% #!/)+.2!W €‚ƒ„
0G+.d*O,)2,:W% )*+% 1.+4+,/+ !))+,O!)+<% G2.O4% !,<% X2AA+<
0B% <24+!4+4% 0B% )*+ 32/.0#+4% !.+% O4O!AA5% O4+<
<+4).O/)20,%0B%)*+2.%*!#2)!)4 )0% 1.0<O/+% G!//2,+€
<O+% )0% A0::2,:% 0.
D(€ ! N).O/)O.+% 6% 24% )*+% ,O/A+O4
<+B0.+4)!)20,€
0B% !% /+AA% % A!#+AA+<% !4% h% 2,
N03+% A2G2,:% )*2,:4% !.+% 2, )*+% :2G+,% <2!:.!3% 24
<!,:+.% 0B% +)2,/)20, YO/A+O4€
#+/!O4+% 0B% 0G+.d*O,)2,:W
D8€ ! @*+%43+AA%0B%BA0Z+.4%<2BBO4+
10!/*2,:W% <24+!4+4W
Z2)*% !2.% !,<% .+!/*% O4% Z2)*
+/+442G+% A0::2,:% 0.
)*+% 30G+3+,)% 0B% !2.
<+B0.+4)!)20,€
1!.)2/A+4€
;P€ "! @*+%+::%24%)*+%A!.:+4)%/+AA%2,
D;%€ ! RO.,2,:% O,Z!,)+<% 1A!4)2/
)*+% *O3!,% #0<5€% Q)% 24% !
1.0<O/)4% 2,% 0O.
B+3!A+% .+1.0<O/)2G+% /+AA
,+2:*#0O.*00<% )0% .+<O/+
B+3!A+% :!3+)+$€% Q)% 24
,0,d#20<+:.!<!#A+%.O##24*€
1.0<O/+<% 2,% )*+% B+3!A+
.+1.0<O/)2G+%454)+3€%Q)%<0+4 aO312,:% #20<+:.!<!#A+
,0)%30G+%3O/*€%@*+%41+.3 .+BO4+% 4O/*% !4% B.O2)% 4X2,4
24% !% 3!A+% .+1.0<O/)2G+% /+AA !,<%#0,+4%2,%0O.%4+Z!:+%)0
3!A+% :!3+)+$€% Q)% 24 3!X+%)*+%Z!)+.%,O).2+,)%.2/*
1.0<O/+<% 2,% )*+% 3!A+ B0.% *+!A)*5% :.0Z)*% 0B
.+1.0<O/)2G+% 454)+3€% Q)% 24 BA0Z+.2,:% 1A!,)4€
).!,4B+..+<% )*.0O:*% )*+
DD€ ! Q,B+/)+<% A+!G+4% 24% ,0)% !,
1+,24% 2,)0% )*+% B+3!A+M4
2,*+.2)+<% /*!.!/)+.€

€‚ €* &+ + ,-!)" .!//)"0 12!#€3

Вам также может понравиться