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30.12.2003
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32.8173

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....................................................................................................................... 7
1 ....................................................................... 8
1.1 ................................................................................................. 8
1.2 ................................................................................... 10
1.2.1 .................................................................... 10
1.2.2 ............................................................................... 12
1.2.2.1 .................................................................... 12
1.2.2.2 ................................................................................. 13
1.2.2.3 ........................................................................ 14
1.3 .......................................................................... 15
1.4
...................................................................................................................... 20
1.4.1 --........................................................................ 20
1.4.2 --...................................................................... 20
1.4.3 -................................................................. 21
1.5 .................................................................................. 22
1.6 ............................................................................... 23
1.6.1 , ................................................... 23
1.6.2 ................................................................ 24
1.6.2.1 ........... 24
1.6.2.2 ....................................... 24
1.6.2.3 .......................................... 25
1.6.2.4 .............. 25
1.6.2.5 ...................................................................... 25
1.7 ............................................................... 26
1.7.1 ...................................................................................... 26
1.7.2 ................................................................... 26
1.7.2.1 .......................................................................... 27
1.7.2.2 ....................................... 27
1.7.2.3 ........................................................................... 28
1.7.2.4 ..................................................... 28
1.7.2.5 , ............................................................................................. 28
1.7.2.6 SQL ................................................. 28
1.7.2.7
............................................................................................... 29
1.7.3 . ....................... 30
1.8 ......................................................................... 30
1.8.1 ............................. 30
1.8.2 - ................................. 32
1.8.3 - ................................................. 35
2 Visual Fox Pro .......................................................... 36
3

2.1 ............................................................................................. 36
2.1.1 ............................................................................................ 36
2.1.2 ............................................................................................ 38
2.1.3 ................................................................. 39
2.2 .............................................................................. 40
2.2.1 Browse ................................................................... 40
2.2.2 .............................................................. 41
2.2.3 ........................................................................... 41
2.2.3.1 ......................................................................... 42
2.2.3.2 ........................................................................ 43
2.3 ...................................................................................... 43
2.3.1 ................................................................. 43
2.3.2 .................................................................. 44
2.3.3 ...................................................................................... 45
2.4 ............................................................................ 45
2.4.1 ............................................................. 46
2.4.2 ............................................................................................. 47
2.4.3 ............................................... 48
2.4.3.1 ............................................................................ 48
2.4.3.2 ................................................................. 49
2.4.3.3 ........................................... 49
2.4.3.4 .............................................. 50
2.4.3.5 ............................ 50
2.5 Visual Fox Pro ........................... 50
2.5.1 .............................................................................. 50
2.5.2 ................................................................................ 52
2.5.3 --................................................ 53
2.5.4 -- ............................................. 53
2.5.5 ............................... 54
2.5.6 ......................................................... 57
2.5.6.1 .................................. 57
2.5.6.2 ........................................... 57
2.5.6.3 ....................................................... 58
2.6 ................................................................................ 58
2.6.1 .......................................................................................... 58
2.6.2 ................................................................................................... 60
2.6.2.1 ............................................................... 60
2.6.2.2 ............................................................... 61
2.6.3 ......................................................................................... 62
2.6.3.1 ............................................................... 62
2.6.3.2 .............................................................. 63
3 Visual FoxPro..................................................................... 63
3.1 ..................................................................... 63
3.1.1 ....................................................................... 63
3.1.2 ............................................................................ 65
4

3.1.3 ...................................................................................... 65
3.1.4 ................................................................................. 67
3.1.4.1 ..................................................................................... 67
3.1.4.2 ................................................................................. 68
3.1.4.3 - ...................................................................................... 68
3.2 Visual FoxPro ................................................................. 69
3.2.1 Program Error Data Session ............................................. 69
3.2.2 ........................................................................................ 70
3.2.3 .................................................................. 71
3.2.4 .............................................................................. 72
3.3 ..................................................................... 73
3.3.1 , ................................................................ 74
3.3.2 ....................................................................................... 75
3.3.3 ............................................................ 76
3.3.4 .................................................................. 77
3.3.5 -.................................................................................... 79
3.4 ..................................................... 82
3.4.1 ............................................................................................... 82
3.4.2 ............................................ 83
3.5 - Fox Pro............................................. 84
4 Visual Fox Pro........................................................... 85
4.1 Visual Fox Pro ........................................................................ 86
4.1.1 ......................................................................... 86
4.1.2 ........................................................................................................ 87
4.1.3 ......................................................................... 88
4.1.4 ................................................................................................ 88
4.1.5 ................................................................. 89
4.1.6 ......................................................... 91
4.1.7 ................................... 92
4.2 Visual Fox Pro................................................................ 93
4.2.1 ................................................................................................ 93
4.2.2 .................................................................................................. 94
4.2.3 ............................................................................................. 96
4.3 ......................................................................................... 96
4.4 ................................................................................. 97
4.4.1 Form Wizard ...... 97
4.4.2 Form
Designer....................................................................................................................... 99
4.5 ............................................................................................... 101
4.5.1 .................................................................................................. 101
4.5.2 ........................................................ 102
4.5.3 .............................................. 108
5 . . SQL .................................... 110
5.1 , , ,
...................................................................................................................... 109
5

5.1.1 ......................... 109

5.1.2 .......................................................................................................... 111
5.1.3 ..................................................................................... 112
5.2 ............................................................. 112
5.2.1 ............................................................................ 112
5.2.2 dBASe- ......................................................... 113
5.2.3 () ....................................... 115
5.3 SQL ............................................................ 117
5.3.1 SQL ............................................................. 117
5.3.2 SQL ............. 118
5.3.2.1 .................................................................. 118
5.3.2.2 .................................................................... 119
5.3.2.3 ....................................................................................... 119
5.3.2.4 ............................................................................... 120
5.3.2.5 .................................................................... 121
5.3.2.6 ....................................................................... 122
5.3.2.7 () .......................................... 122
5.4 SQL ..................................... 123
5.4.1 SELECT...................................................................... 123
5.4.2 .............................................................................. 125
5.4.3 SQL .............................................................................. 126
5.4.4 ...................................................................................... 127
.................................................................... 129


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COPY TAG < > {OF <d-> ] <id->]
.
, < >, ,
ALL.
2.4.3.4
,
,
DELETE TAG < 1> [OF < d->]
[,< 2> [OF < d-> ] ] ... |
ALL [OF < d->]
,
.
2.4.3.5

, ,
.
.
:
NDX(<p.N> [,< |
> ])
:
CDX(<p.N> [,< | > ])
51

 :
MDX(<p.N> [,< |
>])
<.N> - ,
.
TAG([< d-> , <p.N> [, < |
> ])
< d-> <.N >, .
< d-> ,
.
2.5 Visual Fox Pro

2.5.1
FoxPro .
Visual FoxPro 3.0 25
. ,
.
. ,
, . ,

, .
(), .
(), .

, .


, ,
. :

.
, :
-
-
- .

. .
,
52

 . :
, ( 21).

:
- ,
;
- ( );
- ,
,
.

21 -

:
- SET RELATION TO;
- SET SKIP TO;
- JOIN;
- UPDATE;
- TOTAL;
- .
,
,
.
.
,
.

53

2.5.2

.
FoxPro. . , 1 25
Visual FoxPro 3.0 . ,
- J. FoxPro
,
(ALIAS).
,
, , ,
.
.
- .
,
,
.
.
, .
:
SELECT < | >
.
.
-> .
FoxPro, 3.0,
. -
, ,
.
2.5.3 --
, ,
, .
. ,
, SET RELATION TO
,
.
:
SET RELATION TO [<.1> INTO < 1> ] [,
<.2> INTO < 2> ] [...] [ADDITIVE]
:
<.1> <.2>...
.
54

INTO <> ,
.
ADDITIVE
.
.
Regular
,
,
--.
--
SET RELATION TO .

() () ,

SET RELATIONS OFF INTO < > | <

>
2.5.4 --
- -
--,
--, :
SET SKIP TO [< 1> [, <
2> ] ... ]


.
-- SET
SKIP TO .
2.5.5
,
.
.
Table Designer.

,
. .
Edit Relationship,
, .
55

 Ok
Database Designer,
.
+, -> ( 22) .
( ) .
,
. (
) , -. ,
, --.
,
Edit Relationship.
,
.

22 -
,
Edit Relationship.
,
Del.

.
.
:
.

.

. , ()
56

 ,
() ( ),
.


, ,
.
Referential Integrity. Referential Integrity
Builder ( 23).
Referential Integrity
:
- Parent Table .
) .
- Child Table ,
.
- Update
()
( ).
- Delete
.
- Insert
.
- Parent Tag .
(Child Tag)

- Child Tag .
(Parent Tag), .

23 -

, .
57

 Update, Delete Insert

().
, :
Cascade ()
(Candidate)
()

().
Restrict ()
,
() .
Ignore
.
.
Delete Insert, Insert
: Restrict Ignore.
:
Rules for Updating
;
Rules for Deleting ;
Rules for Inserting .
Cascade, Restrict Ignore
.
2.5.6
2.5.6.1

. ,
.
() , .
()
. :
JOIN WITH < > <
>
[FOR]
[FIELDS < > ] [NOOPTIMIZE]
FIELDS
, . FIELDS ,
.
:
- -
, ,
58


.
-
,

.
2.5.6.2

.
, -
.

:
UPDATE ON < >,
FROM < >
REPLACE < 1 > WITH
<
1>
[, < 2 > WITH < 2> ... ]
[RANDOM]
.
ON .
.
FROM ,
- .
REPLACE ,
<>, WITH
.

.
.
2.5.6.3

(). TOTAL
, .
.
,
.
:
TOTAL ON < > < >
59

[SCOPE]
[FIELDS < > ]
[FOR <. L1>]
[WHILE <. L2>]
[NOOPTIMIZE]
2.6

, . ,
.
, .
,
.
-
.
.
.
2.6.1
,
.

. ,
.
,
, ().
, () .
,
( ).
,
, ( )
( ) .

, ( ).
FoxPro :
) .
,
. ,
, .
60

 , ,
.
) SORT

( ), ( ) .
SORT < > ON < 1> [/A] [/D] [/]
[,< 2> [/A] [/D] [/]... ]
[ASCENDING | DESCENDING]
[SCOPE]
[FOR <.L1>]
[WHILE <.L2>]
[FIELDS < >]
[NOOPTIMIZE]
:
< > (),
.
ON ... ,
.
:
/ . . /D
.
/ (
).
ASCENDING ,
/ /D.
DESCENDING ,
/ /D.
FIELDS ,
. ,
.

,
. .
2.6.2

.
FoxPro :
.

61

2.6.2.1

.
.
LOCATE FOR [SCOPE] < >
[WHILE <.L> ]
[NOOPTIMIZE]
:
< > ,
<,>,<=,>=,= <>
. ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
DISPLAY BROWSE. ,
, CONTINUE.
,
: End of Locate Scope.

Table
Go to Record Locate.
Locate Record ( 24).
:
For .
Scope While
.

. ,
, .
,
SEEK.
2.6.2.2
,
.
, ,
. (
, ,
.) ,
,
62

 .
.
) Command
:
SEEK < >
FIND < >
< >
, LOCATE.
SEEK , LOCATE.

, ,
.
)
, - ,
. Edit -> Find.
Find ( 24) .

24 - Find
Look For .
.
,
( ).
Options :
- Match Case .
.
- Wrap Around .
.
- Match Whole Word .

.
- Search Backward ( ).
Find Next
, .
63

2.6.3
FoxPro : ,
, ,
, , ,
, .
2.6.3.1

( ),
. ,
,
. .

() .
:
SET FILTER TO <. L>
<. L> ,
.
, .
2.6.3.2

,
.
, , - ,
. :
,
.
:
SET FIELDS [< > | ALL [LIKE <> | EXCEPT <>] ]
,
, < >,
. ALL . LIKE
,
(). EXCEPT ,
().
< >,

. SET FIELDS TO ,
SET FIELDS TO.
64

SET FIELDS ON | OFF | LOCAL | GLOBAL.

:
ON .
OFF
. OFF.
LOCAL ,
.
GLOBAL ,

(
).

, . 2.6.3.1 . 2.6.3.2 ,
DISPLAY BROWSE
.

3 Visual FoxPro
3.1

3.1.1


. .
.

. ,
,

.

FoxPro.
Command,
.
) Command,
:
MODIFY COMMAND | FILE [< > | ?] [NOEDIT] [NOMENU]
[NOWAIT] [RANGE , ] [[WINDOW < 1>] [IN [WINDOW]
< 2> | IN SCREEN ] [SAME] [SAVE]
COMMAND
( ) .prg,
( ,
).
FILE
,
.
65

 ,
? (

.prg),

.
:
NOEDIT ,
;
NOMENU ,
F10
;
NOWAIT (
) , .
.
RANGE , <.N2> . Memo-
;
WINDOW < 1>
< 1>;
IN WINDOW < 2>
<_2>.
IN SCREEN .
FoxPro.
SAME , Memo-
, .
SAVE
.
FoxPro
Memo-, Ctrl +
Home, ,
.
)
:
File
New .prg ( Program).

:
File -> Open .


3.1.2
Command
DO < >,
:
PROGRAM -> DO -> ,
,
.
66


Esc, SET ESCAPE ON.
FoxPro .
Visual FoxPro Esc,
:
Cancel .
Suspend
RESUME.
Ignore .

Escape SET ESCAPE
OFF.
3.1.3
:
1)
. ,
* .
:
: Search.prg
* :
* main.prg
* 25.03.2008
* 14.04.2008
2) - SET, ;
: , , ,
.
. , , ,
, | , ?
.
, SET
SAFETY OFF. ,
, , , .
.
******************************************************************
LEAR
CLEAR MEMORY
CLEAR ALL
CLOSE ALL
CLEAR MACROS
******************************************************************
67

SET TALK OFF

SET COLOR OF SCHEME 1 TO 5
SET CONFIRM ON
SET BELL OFF
SET DATE GERMAN
SET ESCAPE OFF
SET COMPATIBLE OFF
SET SCOREBOARD OFF
SET HOURS TO 24
SET CLOCK ON
SET EXACT ON
SET SAFETY OFF
SET SYSMENU ON
SET PROCEDURE TO roz_pro
SET AUTOSAVE ON
3) ,
, .
4)
,
. :
POP KEY
CLEAR ALL
CLEAR
ON KEY
CLOSE ALL
RELEASE WINDOWS ALL
3.1.4
,
.

,
. , FoxPro
(),
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) .

68

3.1.4.1
,

. ( )
. ,
() .
:
SET PROCEDURE TO [< >]
.
. :
DO < >
[ WITH < ] [ IN < > ]
:
WITH < >
.
, .
IN < >
SET PROCEDURE.
DO .
,

.
< > ,
: .exe, .app, .ficp, .prg.

PROCEDURE < >

. ,
.
. :
PARAMETERS < >

.

, DO, .
. :
RETURN [TO MASTER | < > | <>]
RETURN

.
RETURN TO MASTER
,

.
RETURN TO < >
,
69

 .
<> .
-
.
RENTRY
, , . .
.
,
.

CANCEL ,
,
Command.
Visual FoxPro QUIT
Visual FoxPro .
,
.
3.1.4.2

.
,
.
3.1.4.3 -

, -. -
. ,
. -
,
.
-:
FUNCTION(< ->)
-
() -
,
RETURN . ,
,
.
- :
DO < ->
70

3.2 Visual FoxPro

3.2.1 Program Error Data Session

Visual FoxPro 7.0 ,
,
, . ,
Program Error
Cancel, Suspend, Ignore, Help.

,
, ,
.
,
(Missing),
(Mismatch), ,
, ,
(Unrecognized). Cancel.
, .
, , ,
,
. ,

, . ,
,
.
DISKSPACE().

Data Session.
Data Session,
Current Session. Data Session ,
, ,
.
3.2.2

, , ..
, ,
.
Tools>Debugger
Visual FoxPro Debugger - Debug>Do,
.
71

 Debug
Options,
.
- Tr. , ,
(Breakpoint)
..
- Watch.
.
- Locals. ,
, .
- all Stack. .
- Debug Output. .

.
, .
- Open. .
- Resume. .
- Step Into. .
- Step Over. .
- Step Out. .
- Run to cursor.
.
- Toggle breakpoint.
.
- Clear all breakpoints. .
- Breakpoint dialog. .
- Toggle event logging. ,
.

Debug>Cancel Debug>Fix,
.
Visual FoxPro 7.0
.
, Select Margin
Editor Options... Tools. Select Margin
,
Toggle BreackPoint (
) .
"
" ? SET.
SET DEBUG ON | OFF
.
SET DEBUG OFF
SET ECHO ON ACTIVATE WINDOW DEBUG,
- SET STEP ON ACTIVATE WINDOW TRACE.
72

 ,
SET TALK ON , SET
STATUS ON .
,
SET DEBUGOUT [< > [ADDITIVE]]
SET
DEBUGOUT TO.
3.2.3
,
ON ERROR <>,
. , , ,
,
- .
: PROGRAM(), MESSAGE(), LINENO(),
ERROR().
- ERROR() ,
ON ERROR.
PRO
GRAM(<BN>) < N>
128. < N> 0
. PROGRAM()
.

,
LINENO([1]), 1
, .
-, -
. ,
ON ERROR DO r_er WITH LINENO ( )
r_er

WAIT WINDOW ' : '+ALLTRIM(STR(par))

, ,
MESSAGE() MESSAGE(1). :
ON ERROR DO r_er

73

PROCEDURE r_er
? ' : '+MESSAGE(1)
? ' : '+STR(ERROR( ))
? ' ; '+MESSAGE( )
rierror()

(Referential Integrity).
3.2.4
Visual FoxPro 7.0 Coverage Profiler (
) .
Coverage Profiler
.log :
, .
Coverage Profiler Tools>Coverage
Profiler,
.log.

SET COVERAGE TO < .log > [ADDITIVE]
ADDITIVE
, .
, but.log:
SET COVERAGE TO but.log
but.prg.
DO but
,
DO (_OVERAGE)
_COVERAGE
.
Coverage Profiler
.
Coverage Profiler
( 4).

74

 4 -

Open
Save
Statistic
Add-Ins

.log




Coverage Profiler

Options
Coverage
Mode
Profile
Mode
Profile Mode
.
Source Text Log
. :
, , ,
, ,
.
|
Source Files Skipped ,
, .
Statistics by Project .
3.3

FoxPro .
.
( ) .
, ,
;.
; .
,
+.
;, .
FoxPro ,
FoxPro.

. FoxPro
.
* NOTE ,
, . * -
75

 .

&&, .
, .
3.3.1 ,
FoxPro
, , Memo.
,
.
,
, .
12 .
FoxPro :
. _

FoxPro. .
5

Character

1
256

, '', [],
""

Pr = Hello

=$500

Currency

Date

()

= (25/01/02)

DateTime

( )

= (25/01/02
11:00am)

.. .F.

=..
= 1550

Logical ,
Numeric

5
.
FoxPro .
, . ,

.
,
().

76

. FoxPro . .
DECLARE
DIMENSION, :
DECLARE | DIMENSION < 1> (<.N1> [,<Bp.N2>])
[,< 2> (<.N3> [,<Bp.N4>])] []
:
DIME abc(5,10), cd(18)
DIMENSION :
abc, ,
cd, .
, ,
(), .
3.3.2

.
:
< > = <>
< > = <>.
STORE
STORE <> < >
STORE <> < >
TORE <> < >
(
),
() .
:
st = && st
*
,
*
,
dt = (25/01/08)&& dt
*
,
*
25 20 08 .
STORE 145 TO nm
*
*
DECL mas(12)
*
STORE * mas
*

&&
,
145.
&&
mas 12 .
&& mas
* .
77

mas(4) =0
*
mas(7) = (07/02/02)
*
*

&&
mas 0
&& mas
7
2002 .

3.3.3
FoxPro :
, , .
SAVE TO ,
, , ,
Memo- .
:
SAVE < > | MEMO < > [ALL LIKE | EXCEPT
<>]
.
"*" "?".
,
.mem. .
, .
,
, SAVE SET SAFETY
OFF.

, ,
:
RESTORE FROM < > | FROM MEMO < > [ADDITIVE]

,
.mem Memo-.
,
SAVE TO,
() ( Memo-),
ADDITIVE.
, ,
:
DISPLAY MEMORY [LIKE <>] [ PRINTER | FILE < >]
,
, , .
ENTER,
.
( PRINTER), ( FILE).
78

 ,
-, :
RELEASE < > RELEASE ALL [LIKE | EXCEPT
<>]
:
CLEAR MEMORY
3.3.4
FoxPro :

.
SCATTER
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
. .

. .
. :
SCATTER
[FIELDS < > | FIELDS LIKE <> | FIELDS EXCEPT
<> ] [MEMO] < > | <_> [BLANK] |
[MEMVAR] | [MEMVAR] [BLANK]
:
FIELDS < > ,
.
FIELDS LIKE <>
,
.
FIELDS EXCEPT <>
,
.
MEMO Memo-.
Memo- .
< > ,
.
< > BLANK .
.
79

MEMVAR , .
MEMVAR BLANK .
.
FIELDS ,
. ,
,
.
GATHER
.
.

.
:
GATHER FROM < > | MEMVAR
[FIELDS < > | FIELDS LIKE <> |
FIELDS EXCEPT <>]
[MEMO]
:
FIELDS < > , ,
,
.
FIELDS LIKE <> (
SCATTER).
FIELDS EXCEPT <>
( SCATTER).
MEMO Memo.
FIELDS ,
. ,
, .
,
.
COPY TO ARRAY
. ,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
. :
COPY TO ARRAY < > [FIELDS < >] [SCOPE]
[FOR <.L1>] [WHILE <Bp.L2>] [NOOPTIMIZE]
:
FIELDS < > ,

SCOPE , ,
80

 .
FOR <L1> ,
<.L1>.
WHILE <Bp.L2> .
NOOPTIMIZE
(Rushmore).
APPEND FROM ARRAY
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
. :
APPEND FROM ARRAY < >
[FOR <.L1>]
[FIELDS < >]
:
[FOR <.L1>] , <.L1>.
FIELDS < > ,
.
3.3.5 -
-
, ,
.
-, , .
FoxPro
.
.
? <.1>.
:
?|?? [<.1>]
[PICTURE <. 1>]
[FUNCTION <. 2>]
[AT <. N1>]
[FONT <.>[, <Bp.N2>]] [STYLE <.4>]
[, <.2>] ...
:
? <.1> <.1>
.
?? <.1> <.1> .
81

 SET PRINTER ON,

().
PICTURE <. 1> <.1>
( . @ ... SAY ... GET ...).
FUNCTION <. 2> (
. @ ... SAY ... GET ...).
AT <. Nl> .
<Bp.Nl> ,
<.1>.
FONT <. 3> [, <Bp.N2> ] [STYLE <.4>] -
(<.>), (<.N>) (STYLE
<.4>).
Visual FoxPro :

I
N

Q S
U
-
:
1) CLEAR.
,
.
2)

:
@ <Y1,X1> [CLEAR | CLEAR TO <Y2,X2>]

(<Y1,X1>)
(<Y2,X2>). ,
.
-
- .
:
@ <Y1>, <X1> [SAY <.1>] [ GET <>]
Y1 (
0 35) XI ( 0 79 ) , ,
, SAY <.1>.
GET <>, <>
SAY <.1>. @ ... SAY
... GET ... SET DEVICE TO PRINT,
.
SET
DEVICE TO SCREEN ( ).
<> @ ... SAY ...
GET ... , SAY ,
() GET.
READ
@ ... SAY ... GET .
:
82

READ
[CYCLE]
[ACTIVATE <.L1> ]
[DEACTIVATE <.L2>]
[MODAL]
[WITH < >]
[SHOW <.L>]
[VALID <L4> | <N1> ]
[WHEN <p.L5>]
[OBJECT <.N2>]
[TIMEOUT <p.N3>]
[SAVE]
[NOMOUSE]
[LOCK | NOLOCK]
[COLOR < > | COLOR SCHEME <Bp.N4>]
:
CYCLE @ ... SAY ... GET ,
READ
@ ... SAY ... GET @ ... SAY ... GET.
Esc,
Ctrl + W, .
ACTIVATE <L1> @ ... SAY ... GET
.
READ
<1>.
DEACTIVATE <Bp.L2>
,
<L2> .
MODAL ,
< > WITH.
WITH < > ,
READ.
SHOW <.L> ,
READ.
SHOW GETS, .
VALID <.L4> | <Bp.N1>
READ. READ
, <.>
.
WHEN <Bp.L5> READ
<Bp.L5>.
OBJECT <Bp.N2> ( @ ... SAY ... GET),
. .
TIMEOUT <Bp.N3> READ

83

3.4

3.4.1
,
. ,
, .
:
DO WHILE <. L>

[ LOOP]
[ EXIT ]
ENDDO
,
<. L>. ,
<. L>, EXIT. LOOP
,
, .
:
FOR <> = <. N1> TO <. N2> [ STEP <. N3> ]

[ EXIT ]
[LOOP]
ENDFOR | NEXT
().
<.> .
,

<. N3>.
<. N1> () .
<. N2> .
<. N3> .
<. N1>, <. N2> <. N3> .
1. <. N2>
<.>, , <.>
<. N2>. ,
, <.> 1.
,
, <. N3>
, 1, <.>
. (),

<. N3> ,
<.> <. N2>.
84

 ().
<. Nl> <.>
<. N2>, <. N3>
.
<.> <. N3>
, <.>
<. N2>.
.
:
SCAN

[FOR < L1>]

[ WHILE <L2> ]
[ NOOPTIMIZE ]
[LOOP]
[EXIT]
ENDSCAN
DO WHILE,
. .
.
3.4.2
:
RUN <> | ! <>
DOS
, DOS
Command.
,
,
.
:
IF <. L> <1> [ELSE <2>] ENDIF
<. L> , < 1>.
<. L> , <2>.
:
DO CASE
CASE < 1>

< >
CASE < 2>

< >
85

[ OTHERWISE

< >
... ]
ENDCASE
CASE < N> . DO
CASE CASE < N>
, .
, CASE < N>
. ,
OTHERWISE.
CASE < N>:
1) .
-
- .
CASE a = b CASE a>b CASE a<b
2) .
,
. CASE BETWEEN(ms, 01, 09)
3) .
.
. CASE INLIST(ms, '10', '19', '43', 44', '25')
CASE < N> ,
.

GO | GOTO
[RECORD] | TOP | BOTTOM
[ IN <. N2> | <> ]
.
:
[ RECORD ] <. N1> .
.
BOTTOM .
IN <. N2> | <>
, .
.
3.5 - Fox Pro

Visual FoxPro ,
. .. FoxPro ,
, .
86

 -
,
. Visual
FoxPro,
.
, . .
- Visual FoxPro
, .
. ,
.
.
: , , , . .
.
, .
, .

:
THIS ;
THISFORM , ;
THISFORMSET , .
Visual FoxPro :
BROWSE . Visual FoxPro
.
, ()
.

Visual FoxPro

.
,
, , ,
, ,

.
, , , ,
, OLE-,
.

87

4.1 Visual Fox Pro

Windows
, Visual FoxPro ,
, , . .

( , , , , ).
. .
,
. .
,
, ,
, .
4.1.1
,
, ,
.

. , ,
.

,
.
,
,
. Windows
Windows ,
.
, ,
, .
,
, .
.
FoxPro
.
, .
-
.
, , ,
, , , ..
88

4.1.2
() ,
, .
,
-
Enter. Esc.
, ,
.
.
,
. .
( ),
.
, ,
.
.

SET
TALK
OFF.
,
SET TALK ON.
,
()
. SET
CONFIRM OFF.
SET CONFIRM ON,
Enter,
SpaceBar.


().
, \.
(POPUP)
,
.
\-.
-
, -
.
.

.


.
89

4.1.3
FoxPro : FOX-
dBASE-.
FOX
.
,
. ,
DO CASE... ENDCASE.
.
, .
dBASE
.
,
Command ,
.
.
, ,
.

, .

:
- ,

, . dBase
;
- ( )

;
- ,

, ;
- .
.
4.1.4
:
().
,
Visual FoxPro, ,
90

 PAD- (, File, Edit, View...).

POPUP
, BAR
PAD- (, New, Open,
Save... File ). POPUP-
, .
POPUP- :
DEFINE MENU / POPUP < >
< (PAD, POPUP, BAR)>
< >
ACTIVATE MENU < >

Visual F, .
:
DEFINE MENU < >
[BAR[AT LINE < , >]]
[IN WINDOW < , >]
[FONT < >]
[STYLE < >]
[KEY < , >]
[MESSAGE <, >]
[COLOR SCHEME < >]
[SCROLL]
BAR .
/,
[SCROLL].
4.1.5

(Menu level). ,
MENU POPUP.
PAD, MENU, BAR,
POPUP,
.
OF < , >.
PAD- .
DEFINE PAD < D-> OF < BAR-,
PAD>
PROMPT < D->
[AT <Y,X>]
[BEFORE < nya>/AFTER < >]
*
91

[MESSAGE < >]

[MARK <, >]
[KEY <>]
[SKIP[FOR <pL, >]]
[COLOR SCHEME <>]
().

, .
, - padname,
'\< 1.
"",
.
DEFINE PAD padname OF mainmenu PROMPT '\< ' AT 1,8
POPUP
DEFINE POPUP < >
[FROM <Y1,X1> TO <Y2,X2>]
[PROMPT <> / PROMPT FIELD <>
/ PROMPT FILES [LIKE <>] / PROMPT STRUCTURE]
[IN WINDOW <>] [KEY <>] [FOOTER <>][TITLE <>]
*
[MARK <>]
[MESSAGE <>]
[MULTISELECT]
[SHADOW]
*
[SCROLL]
[COLOR SCHEME <>]
PROMPT .
PROMPT FIELD <>
, <> - . <>
, .
, list
name stud.dbf .
USE stud
DEFINE POPUP list FROM 1,7 TO 15,30;
PROMPT FIELD name
ACTIVATE POPUP list
PROMPT FILES [LIKE <>]
, ,
PROMPT STRUCTURE
.

MOVER. , ,

.
CLEAR
92

DEFINE POPUP popDemo MOVER FROM 2,2

DEFINE BAR 1 OF popDemo PROMPT ''
DEFINE BAR 2 OF popDemo PROMPT ''
DEFINE BAR 3 OF popDemo PROMPT ''
DEFINE BAR 4 OF popDemo PROMPT ''
ACTIVATE POPUP popDemo
BAR
DEFINE BAR < > OF < UP-> PROMPT <>
[BEFORE < nya>/AFTER < >]
[KEY <>]
[MARK ]
[MESSAGE <>]
[SKIP[FOR <L>]]
[COLOR SCHEME <>]
, ""
23-
" 23- ". ,
.
USE stud
DEFINE POPUP popname FROM 5,8 TO 18,30;
TITLE "" PROMPT FIELD
IIf (group=23, name, SPACE(12));
MESSAGE " 23- ";
SKIP FOR country=''
ACTIVATE' POPUP popname
4.1.6

SKIP ,
, <L>,
.F. / ...
SETSKIP OF MENU < <L>
SETSKIP OF PAD < -> OF < BAR-Me)> <L>
SETSKIP OF POPUP < U-> <L>
SETSKIP OF BAR < BAR- OF < U-> <L>
.
IF < >
SET SKIP OF PAD PadName OF BarName ..
*
ELSE
SET SKIP OF PAD PadName OF BarName .F.
*
93

ENDIF

Enter Space,
. , ,
:
ON SELECTION MENU <>[<>]
ON SELECTION BAR <> OF < U->[<>]
ON SELECTION PAD <> OF < BAR-Me>>[<>]
ON SELECTION POPUP <>/ALL [<>]
<> , .
<> .
, rep
:
ON SELECTION POPUP rep DO repproc

PROCEDURE repproc
USE,scholar
REPORT FORM scholar.frx PREVIEW
RETURN
.
, exit
main
ON SELECTION PAD exit OF main CANCEL
:
ON BAR <> OF < U-> [ACTIVATE POPUP < U>]
ON BAR <> OF < U-> [ACTIVATE MENU < R>]
BAR-
.
PAD.
ON PAD <> OF < BAR-Me> [ACTIVATE POPUP < U>]

ON PAD <> OF < R-> [ACTIVATE MENU < R->]

[ACTIVATE...] .

4.1.7


ACTIVATE MENU <>
94


ACTIVATE POPUP <> [AT <Y,X>][BAR <>][REST][NOWAIT]
BAR <> BAR .
REST ,
PROMPT FIELD DEFINE POPUP,
.
.
base. (
"" print.)
DEFINE POPUP base FROM 1,1 TO 5,35
DEFINE BAR 1 OF base PROMPT '\<'
DEFINE BAR 2 OF base PROMPT '\<'
DEFINE BAR 3 OF base PROMPT '\<';
MESSAGE ' !' COLOR, w+/r,,,w+*/r
DEFINE BAR 4 OF base PROMPT '\<'
DEFINE BAR 5 OF base PROMPT '\<'
ON SELECTION BAR 1 OF base DO procl
ON SELECTION BAR 2 OF base DO proc2
ON SELECTION BAR 3 OF base DELETE
ON SELECTION BAR 4 OF base DO print
ON SELECTION BAR 5 OF base CANCEL
ACTIVATE POPUP base

PROCEDURE print
SET PRINTER ON
? PRINTSTATUS()
IF NOT PRINTSTATUS()
WAIT ' !'
ELSE
LIST TO PRINTER
ENDIF
SET PRINTER OFF
CLEAR
RETURN TO MENU
DEACTIVATE MENU/POPUP
.
HIDE/SHOW MENU/POPUP /
.
CLEAR
MENUS/POPUP. To RELEASE.

95

4. 2 Visual FoxPro

4.2.1
Fox Pro
. C ,
, ,
.
:
1) - ,
;
2) - (
) ;
3) - .
:
Ctrl+F7 -
trl+F9 - .
Shift+ctrl+F9 -
.
trl+F10 -
4.2.2
:
DEFINE WINDOW < > FROM Y1,X1 TO Y2,X2
[AT Y1,X1]
[SICE Y2,X2]
[IN[WINDOW]< 2> IN SCREEN IN DESKTOP]
[FONT <.1>[.N>]][STYLE<.2>]
[FILL FILE<.3>]
[ICON FILE<.4>]
[HALEHEIGHT]
[MDI/NOMDI]
[FOOTER<.5>]-
.
[TITLE<.6>]-
[DOUBLE/PANEL/NONE/SYSTEM< >]
[CLOSE/NOCLOSE]
[FLOAT/NOFLOAT]
[GROW/NOGROW]
[MINIMIZE]
[SHADOW]
[ZOOM/NOZOOM]
96

[FILL<.7>]
[COLOR< >/COLOR SCHEME<.2>]
.
FROM AT. .
IN [WINDOW]. ,
.
.
.
IN SCREEN. .
NAME < >. Visual FoxPro.
.
TITLE <>. .

MODIFY WINDOW < > TITLE " "

FOOTER . .
DOS.
DOUBLE | PANEL | NONE | SYSTEM | < >. .
CLOSE | NOCLOSE. / .
( - NOCLOSE.)
FLOAT | NOFLOAT. / . ( NOFLOAT.)
GROW | NOGROW. / . (
-NOGROW.)
ZOOM | NOZOOM. /
. ( - NOZOOM.)
MINIMIZE | NOMINIMIZE. /
. ( NOMINIMIZE.)

WindowState. 0 -
, 1 -, 2 - .
ICON FILE - ,
( Icon).
MDI | NOMDI -
(Multi Document Interface).
WindowType. 0
(Modeless) - . 1 (Modal) -
, , ,
.
Modeless
.
.
SHADOW - ( ).
97

 DOS.
FILL - .
DOS.
FILL FILE - BMP-.
,
.
CLEAR.
,
- .
COLOR SCHEME | COLOR.
.
COLOR SCHEME 1.
4.2.3
,
ACTIVATE WINDOW [< 1>[,< 2>...]] |
ACTIVATE WINDOW ALL
[IN [WINDOW] < -> | SCREEN]
[BOTTOM | TOP | SAME]
[NOSHOW]
NOSHOW,
.
BOTTOM | ,
/ , a SAME
. , ..
.

ACTIVATE WINDOW ,
WINDOW.
4.3

.
FoxPro, , ,
. ,
, @ GET FUNCTION PICTURE.
, .
,
(
).
98


(TERMINATING),
READ, -

(
);

(NOTERMINATING),
(
). FUNCTION
PICTURE
:
* ;
.

:
*R (Radio Button).
* (CheckBox).
* (Invisible Button).
, . ,
.
^ (ComboBox).
(List Box) FUNCTION
FROM.

, :
N .
.
(HORIZONTAL).
V (VERTICAL).
( )
. FUNCTION PICTURE
, PICTURE
@.
, ,

4.4

4.4.1 Form
Wizard

,
.
99

 .
( )
(Project Manager) (Documents)
(Forms).
(New).
New Form
Form Wizard. Wizard
Selection : Form
Wizard ; One-to-Many Form Wizard
.

, .
: Cancel
; Next ; Back
, Finish .
Finish ,
.
Form Wizard (Step 1 Field Selection)
Databases ,
Tables ,
. Avalable Fields
, .
Selected Fields
-.
Form Wizard (Step 2 Style)
. Style
: Standard, Chiseled, Shadowed, Boxed Embossed.
.
- Button Type :
- Text Buttons ;
- Picture Buttons ;
- No Buttons .
Form Wizard (Step 3 Sort Order)
. Available Fields
,
. Ascending ( ) Descending (
) . Add
Selected Fields.
Form Wizard (Step 4 Finish)
,
Type a title for your form.
:
- Save form for later use ;
- Save and run form
100

;
- Save form and modify it in the Form Designer
.
, ,
Caption,
. Caption ,
.

.
Program ->Do
Ok.
4.4.2 Form
Designer
(
, . .)
.
:
- ,

- .
, ,
, (, ,
. .) .

:
1) File -> New,
New File
Form;
2) Document,
Form New;
3) Document,
Form File -> New,
New File
Form.

:
- Form Controls
;
- Form Designer
;
- Layout
101

;
- Color Palette .
,
(
).
, , ,
,
.

.
. ,
.
,
.

Properties ( )
View - Properties.
Properties .
Properties :
- ll ( )
.
- Data ,
.
- Methods .
- Layout , .
- Other ,
.
Properties
:
- () ;
- ,
;
- ,
- .
:
1) ()
;
2) ;
3) .
Properties
.
,

Height Width.
,
102

 Left .
Backspace,
Del, Edit - Cut,


.
View -> Grid Line. ( )
Grid Properties,
Format S Grid Scale.
,
Format -> Snap to Grid.
Tab (' )
.
( ) :
Interactive ,
, By List .
, ,
Tools -> Options Options,
Forms Tab Ordering
: Interactive By List. View -> Tab
Order Interactive
. Shift
,
. Reorder.
View - Tab Order By List

Tab Order,

. By Column By Row
.
4.5

4.5.1
.
.
( ) , ,
. ,
, .
FoxPro :
- ;
- ;
- ;
103

- .
,
.
() ( )
.

.
, ,
,
.

.
.
.
.

( ) ( ).
Visual FoxPro :
- (Quick Report)
; ;
- (Report Wizard)
;
, ,
;
-
(),
.
4.5.2
:
Document.
Document , New.
Document ,
, New.
Visual FoxPro,
File, New.
New Report
( 25), :
- Report Wizard .
- New Report .

104

 25 -
,
.
Wizard Selection :
- One-to-Many Report Wizard
, -.
- Report Wizard .
Wizard Selection Report
Wizard .

:
- Cancel .
- Back ;
- Next ;
- Finish ;
- Help .
Step I Select fields ( 26)
, .
Databases and tables ,
.
, ,
. Databases and tables
,
.

105

 Available fields . ,
,
.

26
Step 2 Group Recodrs ( 27)
.
(None),
, .
-
1 .

. 3,
2 3.

106

 27
,
Grouping Options.

Grouping Intervals ( 28).
, Entire
Field , . .
, Exact Number
,
. .
.

28 -
107

 ()
. Summary Options
Summary Options.
()
:
- Sum ;
- Avg ;
- Count ;
- Min ;
- .

.
:
- Detail and Summary ,

.
- Summary Only
.
- No totals .
.


, Calculate percent of total for sums
, ,
Calculate percent of total for sums .
Step 3 Choose Report Style
( 29).

29 -

108


Style.
,
,
.
Step 4 Define Report Layout
.


Orintation, :
- Portrait () ;
- Landscape () .

30 -

109

 , ,
, .
Step 5 Sort Records
.
Available fields of index tag ,
. ( 2)
, ,
.

, Available fields of index tag
.
2 Available fields of index tag
Add
Selected fields.
Selected fields
Remove.
,
:
- Ascending ;
- Descending .
Step 6 Finish
Visual FoxPro.
Type a title for your report.
Visual FoxPro
Select an option and click Finish:
- Save report for later use .
- Save report and modify it in the Report Designer

.
- Save and print report .
:
- Use display setting stored in the database
,
.
- Wrap fields that do not fit

,
.
Preview
.
, Back
.
Finish .
110

4.5.3

New Report New Report
( 31). ,
: ,
, :
, . .,
.

31 -
:
Select Object .
Label .
Field .
Line .
Rectangle .
Rounded Rectangle .
Picture/OLE Bound Control .
Button Lock .

():
Page Header , ,
111

 ( ).
Detail
.
Page Footer ,
, ( ).
:
Title : ,
. .
Group Header , .
,
.
Group Footer .
Summary
,
.
:
- ;
- ;
- .
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) , ;
5) ;
6) .

5 . . SQL
5.1 , , ,

, Visual FoxPro,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
, .
. ,
,
, .
Visual FoxPro.
112

5.1.1

.
,
. ,
, ,
.

. ,
, .
,
. ,
.

Table ( 32).

, Rule () Message
() Record validation ( ).
Rule ,
. True (),
,
.
, Message.

32 -
113

5.1.2
Visual FoxPro , ,
:
6

Insert

Update

Delete

Insert trigger, Update

trigger Delete trigger Table ()
,
. True
, .

, ,
, .
Delete :
DELETE;
Browse Edit
insert :
APPEND FROM, APPEND FROM ARRAY,
APPEND BLANK;
Browse Edit;
IMPORT, INSERT - SQL, RECALL;
Browse Edit.
Update , :
,
(, );
GATHER, REPLACE, REPLACE FROM ARRAY
UPDATE SQL.
114

 ,
Visual FoxPro:
, ,
PACK
ZAP Delete.
update
TABLEUPDATE ()

Table
Delete TRIGGER.
5.1.3

:
1) ;
2) Stored Procedures ( );
3) New;
4) ,
, ,

.
:
, Visual FoxPro
,
.
Visual FoxPro
MODIFY PROCEDURE,
.

<Delete>

Remove () .

115

5.2

5.2.1

, ,

() .
,
.
,
.

.
:
- dBASe-
,
;

,
;
- SQL- ,
.
5.2.2 dBASe-
, , dBASe, Paradox, FoxPro, Clipper,
Rbase ., ,
,
dBASE- (X-Base).
dBASe.
,
( , Assist ..),
(),
.
(CREATE, MODIFY, UPDATE, DELETE
.).
( )
, (
). ,
.
( - 1).
:
- , ( ,
116

 );
- .

; :
- APPEND BLANK, BROWSE, CHANGE, EDIT, INSERT ,
( );
- DELETE - ( );
- SEEK, FIND, LOCATE ;
- COPY
;
CONTINUE

..
:
- RECORD n n;
- ALL ;
- NEXT n , ;
- REST - : , ; .

FOR WHILE.
1 ()
: , .
, :
FOR [ .]>=1000000 AND [ .] < 2000000
2 ,
:
WHILE [] < 1.1.80
,
FIELDS, .
:
1) DELETE FOR 1 WHILE 2
() ,
. ,
2.
2) COPY TO _ FIELDS _ FOR 1
WHILE 2
, !,
2, ,
_.
, ,
.
:
,
.
:
JOIN WITH FOR FIELDS _
117

 , ,
, . ,
.

,
.
,
:
- (DO WHILE .... END DO);
- (IF ... ELSE ... ENDIF);
- (DO CASE ... OTHERWISE ...ENDCASE)
.
dBASE-

, ,
,
.
5.2.3 ()
QBE (Query By Example),
, , Microsoft
Query.
.

.
()
V (
).
:


.

()
() .
,
:

:
* ;
+ ;
- ;
/ ;
118

 :
> ();
>= ( );
< ();
<= ( );
<> ( );
= ().
,
:
(AND) .
(OR) .
(NOT) .
:
BETWEEN- .
IN .
IS Null ,
( ) ( ).
LIKE .
:
- ;
- ,
;
- ,
.
Q (
) :
Avg ;
Count ;
;
Min ;
Sum .
,
.
:

1.1.79 -1.1 .80 :

Calc Count >1.1.79

<1.1.80

Calc .
,
:
119

.

, Calc

, today
.

, ,
.
. QBE {)
,
.
* :
ONLY ,
N ,
EVERY ,
EXACTLY .
SET.
:
, ,
123456

(INSERT), (DELETE)
(CHANGETO).
5.3 SQL

5.3.1 SQL
SQL (Structured Query Language) ,

(ORACLE, dBASE IY, dBASE Y, Paradox, Access .).
120

 SQL
-, ,
. SQL ,
, ,
, ,
. SQL
.
SQL.
5.3.2 SQL
5.3.2.1

: , ( ).
.
:
CREATE TABLE (1 [()] [ 1]
[, 2 [()] [2] [,...]] [, _ [,...]])

- ;
1, 2
;

- ;
- ;
1, 2 (
);
.
.
(
):
CONSTRAINT _ {PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE |
REFERENCES _ [( )]}
(
):
CONSTRAINT {PRIMARY KEY ( 1[, 2 [, ...]]) |
UNIQUE ( 1[, [,...]]) | FOREIGN KEY (1, 2 [,
...]]) REFERENCES _ [(_1 [, _2
[,...]])]}
:
UNIQUE ( ,
, );
121

PRIMARY KEY (
; );
FOREIGN KEY (
);
REFERENCES - .
:
CREATE TABLE
([] TEXT,
[] TEXT,
[ ] DATETIME,
CONSTRAINT UNIQUE ([], [], [ ]))
, :
: , , / .
,
,
, .
5.3.2.2
:
- ;
- ;
- .

:
ALTER TABLE
ADD {[COLUMN] [()] [CONSTRAINT ]
CONSTRAINT } |
DROP {[COLUMN] i CONSTRAINT _} }
ADD , DROP
, CONSTRAINT
.
:
ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN [] (5)

:
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX ON ([,...])
.
[WITH { PRIMARY | DISALLOW NULL | IGNORE NULL }]
WITH ,
:
DISALLOW NULL -
-;
122

IGNORE NULL - ,
.
:
CREATE INDEX ON ([]) WITH DISALLOW NULL
5.3.2.3
( , )
:
DROP TABLE _
( )
:
DROP INDEX ON
:
DROP INDEX ON -
DROP TABLE -
5.3.2.4
:
.
INSERT INTO _ [(1[, 2[,...]])]
VALUES (1[, 2,...]);
, , ,
.
:
INSERT INTO ([], [], [ ])
VALUES ("", "", 2.3/3/80)
( ),
() :
INSERT INTO _[_ ]
SELECT [.] 1[, 2[,...]
FROM
WHERE
SELECT,
. SELECT
- - ,
_; FROM
, ,

123

 WHERE .
,
.
()
, {,
, , ).
:
INSERT INTO SELECT [-].* FROM
[-]
[-]
.
. .
:
INSERT INTO SELECT [-].* FROM
[-] WHERE [ ] >= #01/01/80#
[-) ,
.
5.3.2.5

INNER JOIN
FROM. , : ,
:
FROM 1 INNER JOIN 2 ON 1 .1 =
2.2

(noe1; 2). ,
.
:
- LEFT JQIN () -
"" "" ,
;
- RIGHT JOIN ()
"" ""
.
:
SELECT .*, .* FROM INNER JOIN
ON .[ .] = . [ .];
SELECT .*, .* FROM LEFT JOIN
ON .[ .] = .[ .];
SELECT .*, .* FROM RIGHT JOIN
ON .,[ .] = .[ .];
124


[ .]; ,
( ) .

. ,
.
JOIN
.
:
SELECT ., .. .[ ]
FROM ( INNER JOIN ( INNER JOIN
( ON . [ ] =
. [ ])
ON . [ .]=. [ .])

[ ]. ,
, .
[
.].
, ,
.
5.3.2.6
,
. :
DELETE [,*] FROM WHERE _

: DELETE * FROM
:
DELETE * FROM
.
DELETE*FROM C WHERE [ ]>#1.1.81#
, [ ]

.
,
:
:
DELETE .* FROM INNER JOIN ._
ON .[N] = ._.[] WHERE
:
125

DELETE .* From INner JoIN [ ]

ON .[]- [ ]. []
,
[ ].
. Microsoft ACCESS
, .
5.3.2.7 ()

, :
UPDATE SET WHERE
_ _=
:
UPDATE SET [] = "1212"
WHERE [] LIKE '*' AND [ ] < = #01/01/81#
,
, 1212.
UPDATE INner JoIN [ ] ON .[]=
[ ]. [] SET []= []&""
,

[ ], .
5.4 SQL

5.4.1 SELECT
SELECT
.
,
,
, .. ( 7).
,
,
. ,
, ,
(),
.
SELECT :
SELECT
[]
{*
[*
|
[.]1
[,
126

[.]2.[,...]]}
[AS ! [, 2 [,...]]]
FROM [,...] [IN __\
[WHERE... ]
[GROUP BY...]
[HAVING...]
[ORDER BY... ]
[WITH OWNERACCESS OPTION]
SELECT
.
,
.
7 - SELECT

: ALL - ;
DISTINCT ,

;
DISTINCTROW

;

, ORDER BY

1, 2

, (

)

1,
2
FROM

[WHERE... ]
()
[GROUP BY... ]

( 10) ,
;
(,
..)
127

[HAVING... ]
[ORDER BY...]

[WITH
OWNERACCESS
OPTION]

( GROUP BY...)

,
;
.
(ASC), (DESC)

SELECT .
SELECT ,
, .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- SQL.
:
SELECT [],[] FROM
SELECT TOP 5 [] FROM
SELECT TOP 5 [] FROM ORDER BY []

. ,
, .
5 , 5
, .
,
FROM,
(): [ ].[] [].[]
.

AS.
:.
SELECT DISTINCT [ ] AS FROM
SELECT [] &" "& [] AS , [ ] AS
FROM
128


, .
, [ ]
, ,
.
AS
.
5.4.2
WHERE ,
,
( 8) .
,
:
LIKE - ;
BETWEEN...AND- ;
IN
;
IS Null ().
"" , ..
"" ,
.
8 -

AND

(
)

Imp

Or

( )

Eqv

Not

(
Or)

:
1) SELECT .* FROM WHERE [ ] >=#01.01.79#
2) SELECT .* FROM WHERE [ ] >=#01.01.79#
129

AND [] IN ("1212", "1213")

3) SELECT ,* FROM WHERE [ ]
BETWEEN#01.0i.79 AND #01.01.81# AND [] IN ("1212", "1213")
4) SELECT .* FROM INner JpIN [ ]
ON . []= [ ]. []
WHERE .[ ] > =#01:01.79#
,
1.1.79. ,
1212 1213 1.1.79.
, ,
.
, , -,
1.1.79.
5.4.3 SQL

:
- Avg ,
;
- Count ;
- Min, Max
;
- StDev, StDevPs
;
- Sum ;
- Var, VarPs
.

GROUP BY. HAVING
.
:
1)SELECT , Avg(Pe) AS _ FROM

GROUP BY [ .]
2) SELECT [ ], g() AS _ FROM
GROUP BY [ ]

,
.
:
1)SELECT , Avg(Pe) AS _ FROM

130

GROUP BY [ .] HAVING g() > 4.5

2) SELECT'{Ko ], Avg(Pe) AS _
FROM GROUP BY [ ] HAVING
Avg(Pe) < 4

, ,
4.5.
, 4.
5.4.4
SELECT SELECT,
SELECT...INTO, INSERT. INTO, DELETE UPDATE.
, .

SELECT WHERE HAVING.
:
1) (ANY | ALL | SOME) ();
2) [NOT] IN ();
3) [NOT] EXISTS ().
.
:
ANY ( ).
ALL ( ).
SOME (
).
:
SELECT* FROM WHERE [] > ANY
(SELECT [] FROM
WHERE .[.]="123124")
,
() . 123124.
,
, .
:
1)SELECT * FROM WHERE [ .] IN
(SELECT [ .] FROM WHERE [] > =4)
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