2006

2006

 539.19

: . ..
. ..

/ .:

..,

..; . . . -.

, 2006. 20 .

, ,
.
.
.

,
.
.
. ...

: -. . , . ..
. . , . ..

..

RISO
150

420015, , ., 68



,
, , , , .
, ,
, , ,
.
,
,

,
,
.
, ,

, .

,
, ,
.
.
,
,
.

(1s22s22p3)

(3,0) .
p- 2- ,

sp3-, sp2-

sp-.

. : -3, -1, +1, +3, +5, +2 +4.

N2
. N2 :
N2 = 2N , H0298 = 945
30000 C
0,1%.
N2 .
, (N2 ).
,
.
.
,
Li3N. N2 (,
)

.
,
, NH4NO2:
NH4NO2 = N2 + 2H2O
.

.


.
.
, ,
-3:
3Mg + N2 = Mg3N2
2Al + N2 = 2AlN
3Si + 2N2 = Si3N4

H3N

(), :
3H2 + N2 2H3N

.
.
,
:
TiO2 + CaH2 + N2 TiN + CaO + H2O
ZrO2 + Mg + N2 ZrN + MgO

, :
3CuO + 2H3N 2Cu3N + 3H2O
.
, , :
TiCl4 4NH3 TiN + NH3 + HCl
AlN, VN, NbN, Ta3N5, CrN, U3N, Fe2N.
.
.
8000:

MeCl4 + NH3 MeN + HCl

MeOCl3 + NH3 MeN + H2O + HCl
1.

(!)
1-2 .
, .
.
.
, .

2.

NH4Cl

Ca(OH)2

.
. .
, .
, ,
. H3N
.
.

: , .

( ), s.

, p- (B, Al, Si, Ga, Ge, .).

 ,
d- f- .

.
,
(Li3N, K3N, Ca3N2, GaN, InN, BN, AlN, Si3N4),
,
.
,
(TiN, ZrN, Cr2N, Mn3N2),
(Nb2N NbN, Ta2N TaN, Cr2N
CrN).

,
2s22p3.

(s2p6), (s2p0),
(s0p0).
.
s2p6, s2p0-.
,
.

s2p3 s1p4 s1p3 + e

s1p3- .
.

sp3-

NH4+,

-
( , ).


. ,
.

s2p6-.

. , .1

Cu3N ,

ReO3 .
, .

. 1. Cu3N
,
. ,


.
2s22p0
2s12p1,
sp-, sp2- sp3-.


, .

3d-

.
s- . ,
, d- ,
s-
.

. ,
Cu3N 0,23 , Zn3N2 0,09 .

sxpy- ,

.

.
, ,
.
BN,
( ),
2 3.

. 2. BN

s2p1. s
p s1p2, ,
s1p3. ,
, s1p3.
,
( ),

sp3-

.
,
(.2). ,
Z. -
,
.

 4 .
,
.
(13600) (60-70 /2)
(.3),
.

.3. BN

,
. ,
, 20000 (
9000). 10 ,
.

AlN Si3N4.

, .
.

Al- 3s23p2

N+ 2s22p2.

,
ns1np3. s p 3s23p2
3s13p3 2s22p2 2s12p3.
.
3s03p0
2s22p6 .

5 . ( 20000), (
13000), ( 14000). AlN
65 12000.
Si3N4
. Si3N4
,
sp3-

sp2-

. p-

sp2-

.

. ,

Si3N4

3000 - .

d- f-
. MN (TiN,
VN, CrN)

M2N (Nb2N, Cr2N, Mo2N). :


.

.

, .4.

.4.

.

, .

d- f- .

s-,

d-

( dsp-),
.
,
(.1).
1

Ti

Zr

Hf

Nb

Ta

., 0

1668

1855

2220

1900

2470

3015

TiN

ZrN

HfN

VN

NbN

TaN

., 0

3220

2950

2982

2050

2573

3090

d- ,

.
.
,
15 , 12 .

. ,
:
Na3N Mg3N2

AlN

Si3N4 P3N5 S3N4 Cl3N

s- , Na3N, Mg3N2,

. .
, , :
Na3N + 3H2O = 3NaOH + H3N
, Cl3N,
:
Cl3N + 3H2O = 3HClO + H3N

 :
Mg3N2 + HCl = MgCl2 +H3N
:
BN + H2O + OH- BO2- + H3N
, AlN, ,
:
2ALN + H2SO4 + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + (NH4)2SO4
AlN + 3H2O + OH- Al(OH)4- + H3N

,

Li5TiN3 ,

Li3AlN2 ,

Li5GeN3 ,

Li9WN5:
5LI3N + Ge3N4 = 3Li5GeN3
.

.
.
.
.
, ,
1000-12000.
, , ,
.
,
,
, .
.
.

,
,
,
, ,
.
( Al,
B, Si), ( Ti, Zr, Hf),

,
, , .
: 1)
;

2) ; 3)

; 4) .

,
, .
()
,
.

, , .

..

, .

.
, ..
, .
-
. ,
, ,
.
.

1. .
2. :
N2 () + 3H2 () = 2H3N

H = - 46,19 ,

(),

S = - 103 /
) - ?
) ,
, .
) ,
?
3.
.
4.

G0 :

4H3N () + 3O2 () = 2N2 () + 6H2O

()

4H3N () + 5O2 () = 4NO () + 6H2O ()

) ?
)
H3N NO ?
) HNO3 .
5.

?
,
.

6.

)
.
) , .
) ?
)
?

7.

8.

, ?
?

9.

? ?

10.
? , ?

11. d-
?
12. ) :
L3N + H2O
Li3N + HCl
Li3N + AlN
)
?
13. .

1. .. . .: ,
1998. 744 .
2. . 3. .: ,
1964. 1112 .
3. .. . : , 1969. 378 .
4

.. .
.: , 1964. 181 .