p r(auj sl

o og, o,.la Ln
IIIrIra xo lloII aaalreM, a ayv
BoIo Ipaay opa. PJao olo lioilro a)oo
pIlI Io 01oc! Mpoo oop oo 600 lp.oo.
p!n, o ojelr poo, PIIlIt o o6I0
fi o. o i(a B oa]r o oJirro Irrr,
C opy, o orlo o y, oa oJl.
IIrIIT' plra IIyI a o poopa

!,PA PoT TA.A )I{oP,) {FURAN V, GoRGlA' 1972).

oIi ox
IIIIroopiI
pIIo
Ir o
o
o,,opopr po o o aJI

4(|.j.Ao
r } [ | U) v ) | l | , J q , ] 1 o ! . ] l o ] L} o {|
pI II]oo a flIloae. oIIIeIlo Ina Txa, BxoBllo
) } p | p o o | | | I ] o p o . l o , 1 | o v t | o v
oEM Bol,Io u lpaaro opaox' tl pIIoIo p.
oop olp' o,
o u a 'epr a'
;{ton ot'l.ml ol
,'Bflerli
o ! geoti p o apa l.
pen x n'
ptoBoeI po a }'ar
yfiBo B 196? n 1968 oa
(a '
!x 6! o qo o e pIt a r! oopl'
itl
ce Jo ) oto.Uo 0|opU, \! le.
ltoo a p!Ila IIna a l{aaa. Boa rpataa
onp'{ le oa ro xnoro t ip'oo eI
Itt p flo
..Bv rB|o.|o tvol|l|ol ,1l.}l \l'i xIl|\
o6a! ' poo poopa o
l|lrct|1lo|o
ot|o P}l\ p! xtivIlrv
peprE Jrflv'
! 'aR!!]t! paIlI! Balon Bpae l'Jrt'
po Ipaattv \l
llon lopol l tlpol lv.
o y 'lrr
o 'a
arf,. Coao aoy !!
p|l|o aaj8e
plolrl. }pool t|i' rv o o ep lve uol lry! ostvolo. o! o I l!e!o!
!e B o e pefl! qa _a
yltlopliJllrotl
yuour
.IIa! poe e'
eIroo Bopa' a oa! oo! o or I roy e tl
l{ o al'oB ( oIoro
o,r '
Mrr !r
.a),
''o!o ' o i!pt ooDop aBae Eenyx, eopaoa.
l } oeolx etl eTn. eo 6 t t egr.
e ro tlooIr opo!'
y aaflIo. ooy o' a.
B po p' oop o.rl oToe ' re IcIrn aaa! yae y.y' eo IlnaI IloBo. op, a p tlo
aa|i! plNter o.!o rBorn
06]0x{a oa' oooptlrotlta!
taofloJll

205

,\|at

quo'' ( oaao lrIrlr Il n]{.

ooa,(r, ooI p}.(ooBoarnraolo ao& oa

nIx aGoIIrIooy o M J IiII polI
a llo Ilo1.aoo'(no aa or olo axaa.
o o pll rto 1l aaali llo. paIr
I. p a aa p] a o a Txo(IrM lrpy.
, IroIoIrIrra pr]rr l po axaalr'
]l Il o-
IrI{ oopx a
aa' p' {oop o yoa }a pypoo li Mpllolo IIoo, Ir yro a o ir
o oo e oJIIloI aaj Io ooI.
Iiilo popgI a I eyIr, a paoao
o' o o I]o pIx nol lloop o P a
paI J1' o a po lIrpI pIoopo
o ooo 50 a o o pIre o yoo o ai(aI{
oJ p} proM MIr' oxilo Jl npa o
oi}oflIto o pllll _ orItMI o flp op
a, o y roooI! a ooIl ]rpoopo a.
o llIl{ o oa a oo , nooy
EpaBIl,l oo ltxa pyo paocy cy ajIron "r IIop'{
a oa, pxooyro xooM, ! ,1p
it Ioy' o opraoI{Iro oro ea Mol Ill tlpy.
a aeooxaa'! oIo p o aapoltooo. .' alrlloo ''oy'' o pIo o Ii op.
aoalfio yIII Jn ('ao Ira'), oaxo o M]lIoy apI'
ooo } llo oo oa' Ilpnlrx Mp .oo a
o oop olr!y. oMr Jll o]o ooo.
| , r ,B o M o p i . ,
\}llx||o
oI ooo NIriop@. o oaJI jirrro paa
o oll yI-]nrya poro a, o yl.
oa o]roaIror a opaa, po aaalrIJlo
eo y'( o aIrJr. Cy', 1lotlo! oo
aaaoM oxo o 1o o ''x o oqIe
II:r'.o o!I{o pee]r ol ppoa
'jra,',apMp: B i(orr oiaoloo'JrirapaEx
opo, a ooI npIra o }I{' oIrao o g ooaa, o
Eaa orrIJI! Da oo\'IIII oo pIr ]r no y Fun' 5 ao !r oa oe
I(ooao o op IiIIn MI a{aa'l apaIe opJr p @o!
)ryo a neE! y y tst l ' o ePE} t
ol a pe oor} o!y c oPa e6E (lli
v' allins' 1994),

206

npao o a
Elrlr yoo
opI l!oa aoo nIlaIrIoyol, ,,
lt,!noopaaji pyoo o a' A o'
x UJa o o na !}xaEo o posoo,
po a yaJixa a o6!'voo! a oo - lia' pltlo oMoo c I pI aall. oo
a lra pt y ao ar o6aElro opa aII lra
o o Il' a oo]Ia;ao
ld o6]J | liq popi

(qlg-!]ggg' 1976),

VpI PoI o ]ll oo ) |ov |l|dU

{oot 1t oo sJl EI, p)'ioIrrI pEoo

poop:t a oIlIl1pll' Io e ojo oa
y'palrI popJllo p! aIr
o p !raa3, oI Ir l1poo o.
y Mo polrx (opl 'l peM.
px pylo {axo l(o o !o (a
oyMaIoJ' o y. o\r 'laali]o oao poop!,l Ji.
oo o p pn
o, oBar o
po o).
o pIra'<po ng oIrcIryIroEIrI
IrIIooplotMy op]IiEIrooII Ir(okr v, Geogi' 1977),
ao a a{o aa opxll paIrLrrMepo aa
j3'
aIIoaIrpoo I'I!
y p e(oo Jt'aIo pIaaae' xoopx IIrryo aI ooa' lrap,
o,{.p oM o o''lIr
opa oo
L | | o , 1 l | v | d | J r | o o p o J D e ) v ( i o ; o 1 h D l o o |
oo (Fd v, Waiwright' 1986) IrEoopaIxrr, oopMenl{o
op oollIlI opay on
l]v-oo|oU)v'|o,o1l]|.v||o'|rdo,r|
1989), po oo y paplllJr oJ, ooa no
9J.!.
It oMo, oopoy o oplre]r yll
6I-1()I o 16 , (slanford v. Knluk, 1989).Hoop opIo
6 | o y | , \ ' l p .
' o o D i
Jl, op p on ooo opa lhomsl]n
v. Oklahoma, 1989).
Mop a o, o oI1o oopI E IIo y Furman' L
!r epa aaarr' IraIrasaoI o 0BIMp:r' ]r o
o iR! o pol pay rra Boy
yu o!, BflpI o o opo BxoI y .
a o lsky v, Kmp (1987), p Irai aa
v | o v p | h | r] p | o o ,
,]' xop |l
o xl e ae q p lllIipllolo pl3 TPeo poopoEo
a x pryr ]ro o
o , i o 3 ) 9 ( p , } | | i o A d , ' r . o , 1 B ' v e p at & q : l |
oPo paPa Ee (eo lrmln
v, Mihic'

207

roopt ltM lrfil a, xpol.i 6,

o aa
a. (oa 6I j
qp, Jiolf l1I ]ivl oa Ci oao al! 1o
]! ItM arM rve r -r JIl o !oo.
o lrp p
apxo npIra, p
l poo oxlo ojorr !(o oa' ora l ao yao
o aoB '}ao Ir o] o] ila ]ralr'
fti,
ogao lrofio o{a.]. oo' o r (oX i ]IIIoyR)
|d } | |, |} ,hol', Ji |', |qvo .il,
o,rL o ,'||'|nv

oa,Ita n ep.a Baaa

I1 poopl|oEanoi|

I.tfu

ryecIL|III]]?

BoMa' opa{a ] aa xo oIIr IlIr

|',.rul .] unsu!'']l, BpxoI y l ooao l. o"r'{ o "1
aa]IIr I po11ooaIrlf ,y
e!, aIro ro o6vo (tlrmelin v, ig. 199l )
a"r1g pIllI, plpn!
yopft oo
poa! o o(] o opa eo JlLII y:r '{
Ilt. o opxlt yaiaeT oI pa'io l)pr

\ \ P V L P o B | \ | A \ | H A R \ , ' Il FN|\ ] \ 4 lH' | \

i99l).
ol'o eor.!a tp}'

672 I.ro (oaa, ] !l I]Tp

gpoo. Ira{Irx ll pa lloo peIIae 500 po,
o]r!a I aa!a o!oo
'!l]ll1 ool. IVI r
oI{rro ooIo ooo,lflr, B !I ]I ltpI{o liaa.
oy tl oo ila p laaali 6I"ra ao ypoo
1r' py lpIrj o xoolv oxo rlo
tl v py a{a
o Jirioalrlri ( .
o aa oaI]o x o), ,{e !ooo, .
ofla! Jix xpa! ap pao1pa \le 650 la Eap{x, poIro Cy o,ro IIJ. l1o Ii
jolt !orEIvj]
r \lNI po1o
all o1y aJrrro 9llpol|opolarto
o onro.
luio ooo pyI{t|l],

., . ] 9]6 o A
IlIopo o!! 6oe ]00 p! !Pol]o.
q6o 100 a. B ar oe , PIxN!atIo o,.
000!!oo!E{: {ooJ 50?o6I.40Eo PIx'79i llloaParl(P!v
.' o!!'
]rn o pyoli !c plr a!a
! II.,! oo. o E a y! poo ' oe Nt'oIo
Ea!', l o apry! l I oole ||I' c;i olE !p !r !e
!o Io p, (. Pe, ' )

208

m oltffio p''pt'
a ola.lIa poa. o o.
'e
ao a oxpBa
pyNtoo oo ! ro }To
]nt{! rnrlI oo
o,t !ir. oflo oo xpa
apoIll,
!(a o'r Irao o.r' B go rt r
r o l pIr' 106 xo oootB' a
oJo o !'itrm pl opeoro a&tlll!
leoo
oo,ftoIl
e

opxoo
a
B oJlIl o apylloso'!tn.
rl'n po'r} )I'' topoe o-

l[l

Ac

(amejn v l!1ihi

eEo!xpaleaolo.
J ,ro p p'o! r }loNly

ry' oor yo6'r.

Bpr o.rrpIrcro'ao.
oB otB - o a
oon yIlrprfi'}lepya! po.
fle olio'II.rEol
it o opos .. - lo Bl,] pillIl' o

,pt(ol!l
non
o' o - 'o poBlloo y - lttrc I tlpli ny'r}l',
( ool M!IIr aa)6'.
lp I o.
' , e t r r l o o I l l o . p } l o l | o o
ypoBr
I'
Iioo'!o'iao

aI(
apr
p''
|l
IUIoa
Il! o!

roy
!
o.

oopl
oylq
oo
opxaq
aflt
''
ooqo

yorey
B
o
Dpri'
o'.
oprlreIe
yra tlpa! o]Boa 'Il{
ol|Il 'TotIl yop!
pooJllI! Iope ! }tep aaa ''eo orr,'! oe'
( or l1
IofurEor' al!"Ire ooo oyyrJ'
C(ai),

, ' I ' l o p r | l v r } I o o } ! l ' l v a a '

oIrao tllo,ft po a! o ap!or
r M'fE.
'
llor
ye r fi]rlflil
ao
JI |ov ol\|.
slotio poopo
flo
EpoTIt a a oo r ryr
oa proTpat

PE

oa'
o pr1
oev /ry ($eBylo'
.| oRi|rsv,lrlomiaatiiyI!ve
x ''aPon'.Poo! oEy,, ' 6
o !r l e!, opno,-.

nPIB!fl
a a !a!! a..eoxa eoia,, )J
a!
n
)la
!!!' Io o!yo ro! eolep oe.
. o 6 oGto oruo no']eEca (! P ' )

209

{!'' o a oysollll! pl{t{. M' ! Do

a
lo o ol\o opor par po|
-*";".,"^
yo oapry !eNry par rt'! ( oaIro
}fin
tt),
o 'l y olflr aI o o llpl o . o
opo ox'i pIl _ oa (yI o rr<eoIar(
roIIr Ira.
a y o lraa. I.o
]ro
{)6.
p, a
op oo oli Ar, o
..)o{
P o o a . , ,! } +
)l||o r. |o'""

||il |.

"".,".;
"
yo Ii ]r aolioar orro.
B oo
o
oi o o,I I ttroop ( 6sesiIilo, Taoo
alia o rr M. Ceoa,o A a a.
o"\
} r\ d.
,
;.'"'
rrIlpoorao, Tol aol Boo oaI "D
".
o p i l { | | } o . 1 6 0 1 1
onp.. '.*" p.' .ou n". '.";.""''
"
"".
oEao ooI prll BpoIloo r.
To o yoIr oIlyI1oIo eo oopno
ao a' o ooy Ir (99!L
:!I9!, t9l0) .
or ! oop ft i5 oM rlx y]r-!x
o
oty oyrro; Ir.o BpMEaa o
ojlx rr .
oa {alrI. po loo otl o (o olIr :laI)
a.
a olflr o oIrI op a,
olr
JflrllrpoIr piI1ix p:t. BpoIrIy yo o.
yol'gol :)oo
paoo ooa
a poopolrlro rro llaaa !o paI]EIo pl!Iroo pI],Iioo (Runrm]v. stei],
1980)
Cy oa opaEIL
I1pj Dooo r I o | o o , | e v }} ) \ o p , , l | ) r o v | ' p | ' | | o o. , " " * o

);u."u"'
opMllo, o r'pll pooolro
)e! ( lAIllM
roopaM] a _ aa
a
o
M pM EtaE, Jr I a{ lo, ora al(ooaJloIJi
, , yop o,Ir.,{nE a opl]r
Jl.
o apytl a opoo.o ,lI1'
rrpII poo!oEano]r I o l!
1 . p | o }|, \ 'L' v e . | p | o o p | 0 J
I o \ L s o | m\ , H | m .I 0 8 l I
I o , | l | l ' | o p l r lo o p ^ J ' d o | J r c o o
i6l o]!lo.
fio yooo opooo yo) I II ooa
oa
o IroopaoM I1'Ma oIlltoo !l]r o6ol
1t. po a lrojry yy _ Ir l{Iyto.
.o ooo a, pIy p}n]len IooDI1oIo
o o| ! p , D qo v I ] \
, o ( l l } . 1 .' . o o , | ; j i r - " t ' n ' , v ' " n ' s " n
o I I \ ' o . J y| i ] H I ] p | o p u o ]| o | o . p ] | v . | " ' ; ; q " .
o;
p!I' Ilpl.op!opEy yo op' oe na
o o Irpoono!I. yton
.,aDI
| p p l | o | P u n o p u o n o r I J h o | q
|JUl.
IrM lrararrropytl oIL,! o y{Ir' yIr'',
po

210

oo o opa v.r a P1rI llla pp

aEaa llproBoo JiIIIIrooI. y oopeIrooop p! olorro'o]r ya Ix popo' oopl
o(o'6 o6Ilrollo, py aaaM. o o oJi.'o
a a, oo ,i!.
x oIl aaa} o I(o"Il
o o Iro6pao,oo Jfl Jilro ox oM' o oaIa
pJo,HoJoo
or|Jll|opo|o,l.ll
toIloo. o paa o' o aM oIr l},ao','
o.t, IpyIi oo oaa, oro' ,i px ' Iaa
D o J 1 } l o | o o v | U J | | p o | o p u n t s .l o | o U } ' ,
Bo oa t1pe poopotroa{a ye.
olra apa IIlp yo' oopo. ,, pl{
e oepoopylr'r. y
6paoM Iipoop,lo-IrI
oo oo o p pooPolrajIr' o oooy
poop.
o(MI{o!1pIlll
oliaIri,aaa, Ioo ao y a pallll o 6oJI.
Iro a antrtt,o ]r
p

py

Ioy,
.lo
oloop,
p}Iy
Il .rdoJ,l|looh,|,\oJIvoIo|oJ,)Lvp..

Iroo poopi. T'' o I{ pa (a llo paMpBoM',

o oII Mopy' a{ ooM lr, Ipao

o yqg9f:9.

p op ooo oa o IIIoylo llp.

paio llE llpoolraol, pj]a p pI lIpoopo.
:Ulo Ira pIl: o pIx, J llolo
a {opoo
ll oo
ll; opr(' papa lraa.
a p pyI] o x lIIa; px. papa a(a
1 | l ' ] J p ! . ) | , r , ) l l f i ' | \ t o L " t t p o .o ,
aEo Ir Io al ypoj xooo o(o Io 6I nIIr
| a | M | ' \ ' l o v a d . r p , p l ^ p | | o - } .
Iilltt o6y,
ylr ( o o
pryo.o yMI o opE pry] pi oJllolo
p
IIII pIraJI lraaa]r ooyl
o
opo.o, I opoo y o Ir I Ira,.
I. Aopl o)l.ioo MIl pIaJ' aM e'rr o a'
o (aa' aaee no oeIi a oIlo ]rn xpalr apoa,
pao lraaaI' ooo aollo oeo a pan apoIl
JIto o paop, o p Mae) o o' o.
opI paL I y! oy al(o al(aax, i(a{o ojllo
aflro \ooxplollfy
,lBIr. o opo pp oP oJ.
oo IrIi opai.jlll Mfle' o o pyflrM
l1po xIr, o_
oo.

oIfio
a
app

o]i
o
o
' ao aE
IIIa Ir
ypo'tt poI aII. C oaJll
oxo o6Boy
o ' ]i a o posI, Ira xx n! !p\|oi .
| o i { , o . | \ a ) p ' p l , o 6

211

 yap o ypol{ (aa a a

o-! oo'Jo
orxoi.o (ojitra apoo (' o1.Ii 49
].tB ro'o 'a.
DaM pyaI1
olo yooo.
,lopooo oo,ItIt Ji l{a(tro.o' o ojlo r,
oa
o'I .tJ y o i0 -rovo {oa!]'
{iI
o]riI r.! Ioy' o ee pEa Ix olt rllEae,re
axoo
a}n
Ia o paIre\{oy )Iny' ooo p
y{.tI I apry'NiI
lte pyJ oIr ra {oro og
.
B py.a !{a, Iroo ojrlloM] IIoo
( !xJI.
Ir , rr oopI6lInaN{PF!poo).
ory1.'1Iala
o li.to o a!'..oo
lrotlo'. _ ilolrif
oMo pa{ . o nonopo.LI1oli
prrl0,
IIrIiElv roIrv y1 ofl p
l1t liooDr llpoop
p'elr]. oll'I o p,Ir o} J{tr,
r: r pa 1oI rap.
ep'lrE 5 o1tIrJli ooI:i !I!lop.oono
oo,IrIIi (oo.),
oILcKa

oEcBY!'

o1naI]'n!B2!

eaI .ra. a
ao aa
reo paoy :u( o]r oo ool.l o}po
nI,
i' o q ojroaj]n nfpa poa, orra or'v lra.
'.oau t'', Py ro Irlrlr
oI e
o3o tat( py l r.
l1l.lt alll ]'jIoo
')no . , o1J., ,,pJv|o
l|'|o<,),.
r li].yrro 1!J]1Io,
.tN-'pltftr oa e
op aaol.1 j o.
loBIro, oc oira ovIi
o o!ilrl..
Ilo] ooo, o e opopx a
a!trr o!l
}0l lalra'
oMa oa'i' Bo p. 1Iiar pyMI
oaa o rp{igli a
!. \i yo'rloof
oo ( o'r1l{ yx olllto
Irooo oxn
o'vor
o}lr..), Bo o1'
o xon !va
a 'ya ., .";''.."',"""."
".""";"
(ap' Io ol Fap( lpgto
al]e ooliy e.
*.""i'"
*.
lDo r' |ll\ )
( o '|n l| |''hov) oP.
P q o | , l , , p | " \ .
'|..|o|'/ \o[iIl/, oIo^,]
' ^y
!{o vy
I.oopIroro lr! pj pxalr
o,i.
\{oxFo {olro. app' Mo!l
pIra j
'opoxlr llapo]'ol
EIvlo o' o rpoaI -q a.
\'I or'
{ooplx11E o)'l.o!iall
pyI:1lgo.
a
o J'' Nlpo' ao }o
Ia]l Iop'Iroo
arn Jl trta, NIoy. o
o.o.oo,'oo
Ic oa"r Ir{o"ro o -1t1olio
ojl'ro' ,io x
ol ]r lpl l]ojr,l !. B \{ xo

212

oE apaE' l papao po (o!l')

JIo p flporro,
oIioo {o,ro flo olrIr o noox,
Bo Ix.Ial a op o oa{ p ooo
laarr a o o '( po.,Bo opix, liooP ax
oa' .tpyi a pall o o ap a
o ojlll iUpo,}o x o 1ooopoJIIIo
||llii

},,lov)

) (opo| p|}|Liqo

, p.yI l a o( oo6,11j Bol o, pp

o | L U s t , U | 5 o .I q q o |, | v o I p | r l p } , D ol | o | o
E.ta llop a o. so olB ooo Ja "r o6yI olop'l.
llo plo ir ).ooo rra.C x ir,'Iori proop
xa apIrI Ir pII o axaM llpo{r, aaI
oIlIlloo ooraa' a oopo oIaa'
Ipala'oo oa, oIiao oop\,Irrro pIr.o .
I(ooIx,ryxo(a I1oarroy Mo a oo
rioqo pp xanp, l{o ollo oaa ooogrrE !rM.
lip ofioro oIIIr.A lop oolo l' MlrL ap!i.
(oaIo
{. o lr ollla ''ono lo Ioy
xxoo oM JIapI' xoolx o ..)'toooa'.oJlo
BpoLI o aooIr aprya' oot a aF.
a!

I,

pllo

oCT PoB oIx

l99).

TAo (UsTlN v. UNITDsTATs'

orrI Ipoopll o IIIa( rol e ooIa

\p\o{
| ( | < | | o | o J L o o | p J | | l , B , p a ' o v |}o. 1 | v
a: .'l! x
". Coou Pe 'orj IIonPa!
o]ro .o ryE..,
!!
oo
o1!
!
oao!
oec
6r o o.!o] e opm odool (o{a, auaeo
Bpxoi
uo!ry )ly. a P poyo Pse,t'o!.
yo!
o aeo'
oxo
aia
o
PuEy'
o
oEo
pa/1
o!au!pooeoooPa'!ylpovea.
v l | ' ' J | l l ! J ! 1 | e . J " D - D o ' J R . . = ! P | o " 1 |l . t ] l J | v , J 0 er l
q | e \ o ,\ | s L , ) / ) ' d I o , c J \ ! i ' i , , I l / | | o |D d t h r o !
ac o o!Ea' p y oo!.
*'
,"o*
""no"c!!r
"
asro, rm Ea! oarl! ooIjlmol
!oop
o
p!
tJt?8 oPoPd ao o!vI I
|p\Dp",vpoo||
o ,. ' o | , J D " r . '
6o|odvIop!.
' ^)pJ

, !|

| k

|| i

.d o.h

]i!

o|| el'lP'

" Io, '"

o.

!IPaoo ia!p, oto ePoIyuo.

o o ! ra x eo ola oo,I!]u (, 1|.c'r;,.,)
Deoo lloao' o!a ! o aa tanPo.
v y o ' , , r o D e v J | | y r r | e o . , a o " o | p " , " d , . o 0 J B 1 ,
aoe o ! !a
r! ol

213

olr o o a]rn rrexax o6oy ao!t'

pIiMpo ooo po, aall p
yEoo llpolroa ( aIa{oca\u ''in ren',) pap;r^n
p,Ir. aIioaerlo! oool! ao, pa]ro oao
i | o \ 4 o 6 . o | o p | o r r o i
.o;.p..n,"
pflrl aoo pota' a aoo no.{
. v a J o v f \ { , o o p | \ p o l L r r J p oI l ( , ' ] d r' l .
ooIrooapynpoa]r,co aIrlrao e o]rxlrap
p e qpepEo lo Iao, poypayp o o oo
ypJIIi! o o ap paopa o]o a
ool' a pa.
''. Boo op (...) o patl}e oo a oa
3rr aIr.np B 'rro lt ffo6. Iraaa olurago ll lo IBItpoo. pr tla
pepo n ao
opa[}r.Ie..Iat o.Ioxlr Io (B !ax tr ap), paapao
gaa& a eoopr py. B ]o ! o ofiIr ..l]ra', rt pe'1le'Il paB Il }!o
ao. oer.
o lo' o popI paaEItoo j l!o} y,lrl a prpI{B!!
a ti eBfito_oDo .,,a
ooll rw e. o
J o} pe
,,in rm''
fooBoi| l fpt.aEo' Itoo B , r l{ r . p r l o c r l | l ' v( l v 6 0 " 1 | JJ l o J \ | ] .
y],
orro ]roooaa io c,
o p o H ' , \ o | | v o 6 n ' , ' " ' , . , " ' 1 p o
-"",'o. no
".
oIpIrIr r oo opax ,lilloIro
yooIrI
a, opair oEo Io opalr rr
pl aa. ooy r.o' aoM D aaa c
aaalr. eo6xoo oJni' o olo ppI1Io poj o
aoy Jry, ae
l r, oo oo a
o ooo pyiIIItolloloo npa !a DDtro
| \ 1 p J o ,
oo o 06o (o]r Irn Cy o p
.
op. o pi,oa o loyeo tIlopy 6.
r B o ' o | . o F J U 1
v l l \ 1 . L n i { J i x U ) , p .
roooy a li ( o loyap},l y).
B ll, Ir o ltopIio xoyl o alil{a o
{opa6 oapo rr.Uro poI. IrI
olr r A yooIr i{pa aIl.
a pflflr op o:l Co a {o
p v | B
, l o p o p v { p t J "| o f i } ' { q p o v t a o o
eo pLa o' :u(a a oyalIly ey,
fu}
){x p.)LlIrI aIi e t rpeo, B Coinlx
* Bepo Cy
o r' pE' o oe(!' yoot y '
(o n&r oxo no p! tPa aa.
!' Peo !ox pao (o y AIexndIv. U,s,' ]99),

214

aa oa lrII rlr oI{, paIrI orpo a

oop pa nra'
x prIrlrxpoi y a Il1{,o aporpElra
''ia
IrIr,o "
aolroIrxa re', loIrop"^I
Aust o papelr po, .]II1p rr(alr
aoJaII]ao' ooo
afla!oa o}lo!III
oIII,
p / p o | p q | o . } u o r| r | , l | p ] v F o o , | \

Ipao,
a olio ]o oa, oypa apyflri{poa' o orrr o olr.
xapap, np.
a Ir (op Ip' peIli
o Mos' rpllr{llxtrropro,!! aplloa, r{
apy/T Jo rll, a oot{oM
I aoi a' ao
t{\4|||pdo],/|),0|ypopi'1l'h)|'|o,(|ov
p o v \ 4 [, o I o p
i o | o p J i | p a | ( l } 1(
||
o'liaporr',
oEao o'ioL'l y apyMfl ' aE
pp(o|oipipJoD|oIov),
|]v',o)1i|
oEIollao o
Ji
aoMoJ
a
o all IIpr.
o

colo ll pxa o.
,
rr

Il
o,
o pa

o
}ro
al
JoI'
ara.
'
JIo pa''o
ao

paorr,

opqo
aitirI

x pBI LaIr
oErroI
'
p
I
lI{o
o
oojfiJrro
| | r ' | o J \ o ' 1 l t \ r y x i , p i | J U , , C \ o ] | v i
l]II o 060 '!oa ,(lyoo aaix
lraa[ po orrx pao,
B o J | , . vv | | 6 | 1 p o p . p , o l | v o , l ^ | o .
oacyI ,'IoJlflflr'o]ttoJI. llo . aa iio.
L u , 1 o v6 0 , r t p o v , F ( | h ( \ o H or v ) L o | o
oo o o oprIlIpyIr ' o I lrr.
pooB).oa
aIroooJoalr(a aII!p,i.4IIIa
IIpB.

oIi
aIl,
oair Ma e e
IIpII
tJ
ro
c,1
x
I.o
o oIIarroo po'
py ry' a lraeP! llooon o:t tlpo
gaa.
{oB a oy y ooro' oaaa IoIro
ll pepllIpI oopoo oI 6 pMo yeolo pMeo o, o o IrrBpxoIrIv o plII
o D 4 ! 1 . l p L L v l p q | o c h o o P o . | D a l q ' U , ] p o o p .
p e ( ) , r o ) 9 , o .
Jlr v^} tll
Morfiio, o I Bpxooo ya o o y a IIop
(oE.
o Mp 6oi! y pp.!lroro aal(p
B Js ey y,(aa L, o o ,r BpxoI y a a
flI(oopo aaE, oop oll o BolJooa p]
oo o ppeoapapaIloo oIrooa,AriIro' o.
o yoro oaa furo ' o a]IIaoo M},ia

215

ooooao al att o} or pyE' ao

s olr e'l:p e pfllpe
)tap. B oalol
xll Io {aflo oiII ol o, a Eo' J lar o.t]
lo1 ooo o r RIl flpry]rll] I oa
My'r p {olr.yoEEo, oo Jry Bnnis ,
'{g(|)l ) |}i | | }j|| 60*'*."".
''".*
g o ltot ooIr! p!{Ea1xao oolvl }tv, !o
, l o l ' p . | v r l | l j | v | | o x | l ' | v ; U | | | p v J
ylr p y' op alIoo y:LEM ae lpo
yo lla M irIltt 'oI oo]r,
Pa|panaeT Jr ocTmr qBa'IT|IBII apr oopeBaeMoro oIto BBI
qo ocTaB' a ooe on oe oBoInnI ,loB.je
ooBlEoo o'l!a'

oI{l TATI oT APo (UNITDsTAs V,

sALRNo, 1987)
ao o o aolaoT 1984 oaItrp!parpI
ap
' ol x
llpol! p-rrrolo axoxj o IroIra.
I y[JrIM oaarI
! Iol o ao nlio
oa oo ,! Jr ollo. ooyl J1
io a] -oI r( lapIo o ' e'

o xr1a]l a o ooa
!, oo poa o-!o]r
Ir IIBaEoa
y oo] o BMa opa
pa .'aaIrpo
ojilrxlt :Lo'', o pa]ra.
oy poyp o'ro oaal o o
aptlo ''oo'. :t' .
oo oaJi, o ol'II pa a1!
ylllcoo . op.
e 'a, or rtL
B"rloollI' ]r.
a o )IooIr
aBEoJo6r!rr.
'
oopln
M
a]r
oo)rgTjy xapapy.
pa pno apoa o.
! aM pao yfio,
aMr oarr oB-

oil o'{a-'1oIu.
apy'' 1.oyooIa.

216

(!9]!1j1s:)

o pyapae,l aa a opIIIIfiIp]r,a ! a
, A o yoro ppa. o
pIlo]raaI
popoIla,lro
o)olooBpIllllp]r]
(,|roselfu
pros,')
tl
l
du
- Ia aoo' o ]ropo.
aofl
ropIr oyIr o'( rl oMo pa.
ll]l.M

Eo

o!olo

ao,

Boo Jlro
o' ap' o oo
''B ir or
ppaja - !! po r.aot o '
ooEtr ]jrt{ o
oopttlll'I aeJro oopI}rn opa!.
aprry o y6Eolo pa6lpaet n - o nay lur - i'o
l 9 l | v I l | . r oo l p a
}o orsc' P| o p|.

pe! Il.rle\ oo "
}pa ya ' 6!e

:ryrr poIlopoo
ollpoa .r pIIa ("v) ptl}tli
noi| o||o ''l'o l' olfl! lo )lo orIio| Il t|o|! |
paIlIl l{xatl yo ooor apa. p! oi' oe
N{ !e olie
xlliIr
ye ( oirer
poopo).
) l e p l c l . | o l . o p t | l.l p l | | e p r o . l | 3 e e ' o . .
noB a aoo pa'ra' .. aol o ]oori tl r pa,{(' m.lel pl! pl 0(t!.l p!'1o|l'. l|'..
ol o o IIor! Jl pr ]llllt' peepo 6olllo aor'
Ioeo
B ollo opa ( o]irrrB itopa p.
a Pa)'
Bo tlp ltfy,fil' ,{(IlIl ri Ir ,ft aol pr! !p.
po pe lo pv o^lJ r l60 p ! | .| a .o.
l opo. Botvol|o l|o|
o |. |o l]l] olon t l
apyalr.or Ea]I lloy]r') pyIraTe Tl 01 r.o rB I{
lpIl '|l \.o|trx-. H o| | }. o } |Bl{llNo Iop 3o
200 oNly A' oox! ]a! a a pe r rloo
}'olopV|urolop)rl3.ll'lotp
x poT,rn 200 ]re' oy
rtrellllo aflo}Ia 6l)"r o.
yteo{ ot o opale ! pa'o. o o]r' o.no
yroo oaa p' Jo .o papy! ( or!ro
apl).
yj o g!pI Ial
o !Do ! y
oo o a-ro o pc1oI ooM
p . v | ' | , U | oJ P | . ' |
|Un6a'w|jPl'|B),
y Roar }ooBIroM paoi{ (pp. a
)' a x oyM -r Py'! oyl. oloall
]a'I
olo' ao alra oa. ,. oIIa. o ()6 Mor 6l
o p | o p | t | | | p < L | ) || | q o p v 9 o 4 | ! , ' | : |L o , ) J | o | o
ll

nolo apgr t npEroro l g flI lloo

ooX o!i. o pl, }1BIflrolrae I(y
''
po.yo paIl a.|1\ pro.]ufuIdu pi?.eJs',) op}(lIl o
qtpaal.o op.r. B opI, < yI. rB;Lo,oa oa'
p
a aflpa y' liIra IIo olllo al.' o oJ!,
oilo

217

papfiBala' Bpo Cy opr liapyIoro pa

olal ora y ELp
oJII' oI o6Irncl
o o ya I lI oxa pra ape.
floo' o op oaral' o o ll !P9 BoI y
o l(olfli p, oI/a B ooo _o apgra o aol,
B o oy rll o o' o arialao I..Ji r{o
ojio.'' a o o!!. o o6oj Dto
orxo oji epoIio a ooro apl! o pMI
ap m oo po
o foo paJr
ooy poop!l plt oLrlo parno, o{I]Iio
aol o ltopI aolro am ro l
06 o oao oaoo,op'iaoopIo o'!
oIro yo aI{Ioj p o IIpo pI
ye p oo} olr, o aoa o 6oao
o oxpe o oaooy, ooFo ji sp
ooo yalroo, o o!el{I DLrrooalro I
oo yo
aT o olpoy o
apy, alroo Boo opa a xag .
pflo oo JIoI.ol apyIrTpoaJ a o I1.
yo ltltx Bpoiol a' oLorr oooIr o ot
-rlyal a arrlro plrry po(a lLIIa
a aa! Ir a ory oa' 1.o()6IIr r
y y nppIioIx]r,l Ir,t peIr pfip pIr o,1 stak v, Boyl (1951), Toa y Ipa!
rle! o JI ao y:l ooI{o ooa Jya]ro
oo1I{ooo , ,o oorIroapll oo
opa, 6(r pao lra ooo o o o ao yIi.
n 1loo]r'xo'opa a ]r o olloilI p!l.lo
pojilo o, JI npop o!yr lraxa
oM 6oj!l o' eM o'r1oo o too ooo).
Io "'1o(a
oa|) Ji o ooIrallo
oE lie oIleoo . oo oro oo o npo. o opa lroa a opaoJ so olla oaa.
ooJTl o s ooo o o oo oaa, ro-r
el.EIrIooJia, a. Ea]r) o6xoo aI .
oaIro oa! oo a oao}rl oIroBali Jr i](oo

pro a j]IioI ooIll]l Da -ioa.

t'', .Ir oa]l, lo lPy IrIroI]
Jr apI{ -!TM ayl pago o ololxe
p, oIxo olr oI) o orflr loo DIlIIa ]]

Jo ooo, ,, '.rlapprlro IIIraI

oM Iroa a oo aq]r l oaIoD'j,

218

oI{ooM. o '.orrolaooo:
( ' oolx Ira
oa M ryv llpoeo o
p paJoo

II. PAI{
MoEo ppa BnIl!
cDlraB apcoBallIno'a?

AMIIPABIII

JILA

ooonii o coIIaJIr,r oIIreED ' E B-

'1970)

.]ta' IIoI oirjlIr} oo lryJnr po B "!a.

l { ol o p ] p , r o | J 1 d | B | J . l J .
} o o ; | | U l | J J \ o , } J . v ] v o .
o poIro
ol o prypa.
ooBeI' o}o
Ba! o ]aa ', oe!'
l ' s l ' a 1 a | o o l o l . | l i . p o s t \ l l o p
aoo oypA. oae oor' oI'Ba ooIIe ltr'
t Ntoy or lirllyr'
a!re!!oe vae 06rt
r llpe . flp' oo Bn. .rr,, opran!'
oao o}lo}' yrar a mao'
r epa }oi oi'o!
oy t 'elolli
Il o ao. B o|tl fir eooo - r q
pIa por g oon!I'-poe'
pa]ra eI yTfio li r
( E olrr,t op
oo ! r''

pa).

o| |o. veJ, |oo

| l D r l | .I l | , | o \ 4 ,
oa y oo oIro p yv aJBIrI oo'
(ta app' I'oo o 6a6oIr)' o oollllll oop ,r
p i l U | p ] x o I p - I l j v p r V e | p U y | | o | ( ! ) o , | . l . | .
oo eoo oa oajio! o oJl oo
poyt(oa]I'l
''o!lrop

]r o'qoo o o,', B ori o op o ooj

nallloe I oaJIIoo !oo' o v on! (!a
Ira ro o-1. Mo :ro Jlo oI{ollIx p, ot
oo! o o o o)l{/]aMoo M plIIIr, Iroj I1oIooI1o ol{oI or.o o1. DnNlaI(o
y, rro ar
}x ollo 4a.
B
yl
,
B
Lq'
I il:lo] so tlr .
oI{
oo - oo oao ar olxo pall ]l
lll1 ooo opr oeo (,?roP"?o,,). o rpaI, o
l g o.o p' tale a poaj!,no np.
B -11 ]rro yo' o I(o ooaa Ir.
Il oo ll !o ooie] ylor oli ot.

219

p:t!j 1. o pIx, oxoo' o pa NI' Ia apyelt

aIrpoaoro o oMIr o ":Ia!py!IoM ryae
eoa aoo oll, aoe-r oolvo oN{li
ooy
opelr!l oo}'Io o, a! oo
llo!ll lI''oo pl' o oxpoy rry] (ooo NlIJIpe.
oyIlllf IIyIlIl l -lul ' yroroc o'lN{
| o l v , t v o o | } L | | . | o I p J ' . , ' , ' | q ( o | o \ ' l q D p ( , l o |
o
Il{y o n. oaalr op g!a
po oaarrlr IIoo1, o aa o ,ra oli{ar !
Eov , } "rio!I o a yaa, o
-!, y o"]fl !o!!ol ao I1IIaI aItII
I'q MflIIoI'l . Ml
yr ]rIrro, o ]pyo o p IpoB a apl.yv
Ij PIroaII
oltlo }'itolo o a.
o! To Iro ooa oijlro a o{a e' ory 6
I1paI]r. I'oon -i' alor
oy .'oIia .
, ) , l P ) | U o ( . o l | | ' o r o | | | | l v , n J ( o v | l | , ' | | p |l v U
. pali
oo y'ro
j]ppelrirt onpo
oo o IVIll,
ooI qao ooalo] ago 1, yj loy
ajori oor Iro oe poa oo)o lp"rll Ia
. ItopI porlj 6 y oo ]]o allo oJ'
poo
poa
aoil. pnx loao
a"'Io p o l1pflalIo pl a o oosall.
,ool|'|i
v|px |/, . v9 |, I
xaro oorloa! poallovy
pyEo oa pa'.
o lio
on oM a y lrpj o j.
o on n ar p o onlrll py olx.
Irpoilr p otlllor 1,'Pl.Pz'-',,) ir ()6o (,,lil,.r\,''). r
oo! yala l opa. r l . a.
pIllp, Jilll]lNi oe-roro yopIl' l,' ljropoNl
roaoj )''LlI l Iy poo olellt r orya
o - . h o o , , , ) P , | J |v D J l ' . | 1 . - U I r 6 U | J | \ c \ } i ' | o o J | " d U
p Jxo, nJtoalot o! o ooo
j.ool 6lrt).' o'lle,ar r, orlll
J1IJi aBa y aIopx j'or o.. ]r}'
..ooi' ojlio a] Iiora olr aoo pIralra aftolio IILo r.t'
-r Ql\f oo)! Jr o pa, Aopl -1Eoo rI

iry 'ito o] iloo IioiI]raII] IIoIl.,, ..oo

arIlra l Jroa ooo atnoo o po!
py jIM oyoI apmt allx ao Ey Eao
oooo o pllllol oxa ool1 po{ol
a o'ro1. n.
B aaooliaxoee o y. oopo y o.
o o' pa6oI'v(aoyIIIo xlrli lre.

oro Ifli x'11oo. o1 ooo

o ..ooi', air opo )oI .t {e pa olt lII oo1 po po-o a&o,
y.o Ut |o J] o. { |o Pa,L () | ('a, | opo; |'lo,,.
pJ!I Jr lrcoyl o:LII IIflr'' tishop v. Wood, l976),
oo ol o
r j.pa!n y { a
ooTto Iro oIr oJi{ fl
oyitlo ao aIrJllllI '' ftopI
| | p | | td1f u | p o P i | | ( U J , ) | l | ( | c P|o . ! l t l l J } , ) \ , . ,
oop o apaIra,,,
B 1976 loy C po lo pl o n-r. aaooMy
y Goldbeg v, Kll' (]y opa al("'naa o. Io JEi ollr
o Iiao po }t y'ro yo rralr]r p/'1p't
u| | |p\p,||||/
lloo||q ), o.
'|p|i |
'

|
\
i

p
p

.
o
l
o

o
o
o

,
|

, | \ ' l o \ a .
:rNa
|q o . |,, 'iIJ 6o rp.rl Io|oP |ocpJ |o
(i J i
o o o | r | ' o o ' , B .
tlIf yae o lI '.!PpIe,. opol v v o
l l !'y olo oo Iflil]l pa.'tlolo pl.
Ir IP Jrl apeoalll]i. !a ioo (Mth! v, ldndge'

*.
1976)

,oc!

!/1f D !EIe oI]',IIIEI IIo .ea o pcIop'ene

o. Po AT oIlT
l97l)

pla

(oDDl v, oNNTlUT.

oaa aopl aa q' olIr oa oal

paMp 60 oJ!l. paaqIro a oI1 ylr6!
paxoo ep.
cpv |pU|L(() ,|
H
o, ro |e U,
ojlolr a!o oNlolI xnII oa fla ol p
o.Lm o pxa, ]lt Ll o t',l r,ra r
.'}c.r!aojo{o!l,lyo'tPoc!I
,2"4@,p.,.|,9

.',l1,4moYou(.)Jo,!|4'
rreEo! (a!p' !r!
pa.
]| !ap!!Nloji
!,a oi]] o oPI, p!( PI'oo ! rlEraoo
II
on e!! prrr! la ' !!!eI plc.rP ! po ](E!o
(|| | ,Uv
! , ! ! j | ' \ , ' J | ,| ' l ' , P | | q I p d ' \ , | . l + , P
ofi!'

B !rj

!rcvpe!eP@.
!pa!Ii, (!
p dr')
P!yjn

221

olII"qI, o oaoBaJ{ rrepaoM y pGoalie a o oo

MpJoro oolr ol yD(oll oay p,plr
oyrron.flo Ii Io
o o pano olry yy o y o p]o, Ja
IIo]Ti aBE a Iay f,o paop oo}'rIli !EroIflff
()60ro'l.ypxa alrlr
1.o y aa a p:ro]'1
o ' l | , | vi | v v | o v U ] U o J6 | o ' o , . o o p } } t
o 'onI pa oapr oo o, orr ToIan a o t o oap oIroIIoJn a Jo pa.
op 6a, B Io1l ]o
p o.
Lo pa,rliocl apt Jm o oxaI o x yy
ollo a oMoIror! peI!o
aM l.
M a paox p:ta,
',li 'orya.rlIloa]ro p' o pr Mpr' l)o,
o {' tye orl yoBpr{ otl Tpe6oa o pall t{oItllo v! o"vIlIlprxy oilroIro pear o'
p.o. p tll e!' ao o o ,{! ooI
!! offo pey illll
o 'o o y' a o]a o}oo Ir ot'r papo )'oo r. otit! p
oa' a llol|o a lB o' oopaIlli B flare
Be IIen ooo r!'or o xapar . BA oafla
- B pa}rflo - o l(aoy .!l{v l)o pea! o
ooa ! r a pa-!!oa p!' ta plI{ao.
yItopao 1 oIa aaop xp.
.patlre a orII opo o]ra{ o no py.em'
poltNt oI I ovapEy o!rc'Io. pa,afl
l..
!BIo !r o.ot o "ln' !tr pl o ! otl llo
oo]oa troo oyapBI[looyprlrn Irxl
o!lt. o Ta a i a paBo E opoo;o lltt
oyy }lep '!Ir' l' oo Irvyri t{a aaaIr]
oeo pyrc. .!oaeJr !yI' pa a} ]rai!
o,r Ir pa rv yo-rol ra. oy r neoo . ooIloB loo' o e ry o paat{rav a o
pyo' yaI' pea pot{ elx pBll! Ir! !] p!.
!a porllo' pBeJIno!' pyope! oy'
Uni ] ([paB)' oBrltl oerrE{ py'' ( or1Ilro .
o!.o }'oI olJa ol-l.lo oo6aIi' lI
a, p poao a]o' o oplto le
oorxa mor ' oIroBo arflr aMmo tol}Tloo , aoal.ol oro pa o'ao f,Iro
aro o ta leooMo o oprEar -ro.
o oo oa; iro oi{ aail oo IIIrIrl{
oo'
flIr! o opoLv o?rmo go li parli.
a? oLo payMo paIlr:lr. opl, l| ooo paru.
l oJi]I a paBoo oo Jor I-o!i o6eIflro o oi.

222

oIill, o oo rp\a x o) ,(
o lll o oa. ooDI l oJi orao.
o 06l, o o yo oox Ip) AMp.
rU| ,{

ldq

| |o ro i1\4,

, ..,

p o o a, n o a ooy IIa
oiro. ea paoI'1' Iroo lya a l llooptx {arop opo oo o oop'
oI]lirlro o yao a,'Iilo'aI
Bp yo ao o paaM !, oIrMIx pl]r
py. aalpaollpMp-Jnr,oaIoIIfip
a paolpII poro a o epo alr. p ,folo
oM'

o \lItao

el!

oI!lo

Ioy llrIpoN'apr po M paxIrr,

oo y po paaIra o .ogry!' y LIaI, po(!r.tlo
aJr'o' ajipllIoo plll'
o]' o. ono o pa p xoopyqaax- oaa
ooM olo . o oyll orryaoa
ao potrr,jIal l(oopt oaJIo
aro o p lra Jrrrro. o o sa
oqostI rlpIMalroo a. oo yrrIro. 1.oJIa
]Ilao pq xoIlM pryJnrpoap ao lla
p'(. app, Ipan o oo a-qla{oMp
| | .'

tr I d 1,| }ouy | l'Jlp( |opi | ) |Pdr

oI,

oul Ba,'Po o rm] o!a!r pIlo o poo

!Iorya ooopoIx o.III .
i roo opML oopo
yeB' ToEo a,
oop ao'
ooy paJl TaIio. oarrrxpao IIo M.
oI1oIloa y6Ixo oIr,{lo
ooo ir.rop.
IoooM . eI I IrIIllI
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a o nI y.
e poo1{Ilolo'In]{llloo
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pE
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ll o] x llno
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opnI - o]rc I pl{alr prai]rM p lptrao
IlpaBl'ol.,o o plr.rB oIllllolly JIIi p
npyMll['I ]roMIoEo ypx. Il,Ipao
ppI! o o. B -i ]a,rooaa {{o o.

o oapo ao o](o Moo p paoI]VI
Ir.ooI o o'

223

B - C no. o 0l}!u { Yy Ma]rovyNl jIra\I

- roo loyplloo
}r'' o ao l plll!
oo
]1v pa ' aolrN'
o pa a x'! r'l
rrn o aIllTo lio-!y paoI{ ploo oI a'r

oyr.orror oooi{ aoo /]e !a-pIr

Irn oeyro !po,
Ba Ia oIa. o
}roorosll!lpI
' r !] o:uor }tI{xtl
! ) l | o ] , | J r p] f u, \ 6 | ' i \ ' l o , p . \ o | | q ' | ! D : , 1 6 |, , j .
! ov ),o!r[U( \ pyl| ||1|pl |i.,o\|,''ot]lL,o|y|o
poJra ir paollo on { 'lllloy ypo
tlooMo opIiy] o } o{lr pIra no ']oy!.' .
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o oo !o
}, po .'o'' Ii J1 orryIrlr o sao ool}1Ir
yo o'tlo ' oooo oa '{ ]rtl. oo
Ir o'(axo pao. IIo!!lNl lToNl oopo '.
n
ooI !al
po ''oy]] yy . oIr
i q ' , D ' | ' | ) | , , | | \ l , f u , U5 | J ' ' \ , r ' ' . ( \ | ( ) . \ | o | , , ; l ' q
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B-oJro I'e'! o -ry o 6() lparro' ro {o]yolr

Do oa ft y apoal{eJl-rIrolo]ro a
r
oIr j. y I, l o gpNl lpal (Gitlin !,
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o/1.., i{o o shughnss , tl.s' (195). pa pai.clo
oxpaoil v a:'. yoI lioI oIIo j Ir It
p,ivtl op( pa o, r-1Iror. '! riro I
Ipl ]olt xoa , o ro! 16 ooltr
frorl} o tllll p/LvpIrj olIMIr tiomon
l||. t1o :!a\I\
liolly] o lIpoy oli]! poypj..

224

y o yo oao yr parre
o'4o)l
ooo'ApaaBo aDv
E

p v , ' o | 1 J o P ' | oo I l l o ; m ^
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o polir,
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v Ir lJo 1|o,o

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pIloaal o oo ocoll a,I oor, yara
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yeo (o-po I ao)p.oIxalr
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o*t o'
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11'x r!iv,

225

P r o poa, aIrEN po JI pao, oIIII oJ]jlllo at pJiIro tr oo.

opIl N{oo'i
(l.opy oI1 pJ.,
o poli oa po p' xrr o,
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pl aoo
pa
tp. lroo rli' ppgx
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o nr rrpa arllroo op opx opnia
xoo.

226

so o: o pl' I Eo lpI{ol o o]' lI

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po lroo oo oai, lo ooali
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6. o o ' x aoor.o }

229

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E{oopI io
(lo llopo'.xpoypl"
lllaa)
rlps o!r o opolo apal !,
oIrar' Ir
eo "1 a apyll a a aIlto ,l
o apoao
o.
P ooc MIlag
ts Iry ){{IiyIlaa
' 8, . 2 olr: ''roy!o
yl l
ooBa l pa
ytt p yopIlll
ao.
I ! floorr oaro
or' y oyapon
.
oa'' y"t
eoo aoooIl!
ov.
]om opa } pro'paefl
'pB'
ltpeytt]rIfi,
aT Do
l| i!o] l|.l |ltl ool |p|\ Il... o ov R
ynUio |']p], !|p).
Norr ooIxrro oo oIrp x ,
loo
Dav
l l]'o^l 14o'q| |ir'eJ)l
|o
l ' o . , ) | ) , d | . U | J | o1J o o v . - p 6 | q
. . o u ". ', ". ' '.""}; *. ,, ,; " o
i | x , l o | | q o o p o y l . o p l | ( | l ' p } r v" n p' . o J o P o p
ojlIr' ooyro
ro o ojiiloM),
{ oo I .oolM
'lo apI
( ool Jov
p}oo ). .
1 l r p ( o p ' l | l l o | ' Io o

' " | p p p r \ 4 o' ov P | i | p o l : v ' | . p v r ,B , u o 6 r , .

:]r)
l l " * yo
yoopIo.oe a o o1.o1pe
paMaa

otle , 6I]l a oe o.
)'] |oo o,TJ| l, ]D!U<r'tI.,|^o('y ov"'o U'| .. ..
I !
,e' I]' pMoIrI Ir prIM
axooa
'!J ]n\ a{ a '
a ) oao. p(a o'
c ,r oaIr
aIlo , a{lrx erlo ,rya - !r
| o q v . ) o v | \ ' | v r 6 , 2 , ( | | p o i , o l ' | ' U '
'lJ |Il\J
P i 1 } o U | | l | " \ ' p , , i ' ' l ' . I a 0 . . D t
i 9 9 0 , | q s ) '
'l,l to l V ol po r Bl..o6 r ri_".""
..,;' ur
oaeo- o oI apx Ir .1o
" "..' ".;,"-;.
p]
o l oo.
1poa'v
oIrE (a,2, ,8). "'r"
'".""''"
||.vpou|o|\lJl
l ' o | J h"""''";''.""'"'
y|o,,,n",'".';.',
!onIx .oopo a olltlo' oor!
.ooo

20

J eMopaoM o6e.' (po6 floy]raE :r o.

op po, oopo rro o1aao)' a ax poopoajo llpl{Irrroro orparr o il ooBI
p oo oa, (o ay. ]r Dy. po e' 1978),
lo ooxIrr p ao xo oo DD
| , 8 . ! 6 l 2 o J J ,f o I o p v 6 l 0 ' | o j o | o q . r ; l o .
alrlro aIr cpo onIr a ]r (nD po , l987). opI1Io'o IIa]La(pIoIioopa.
a) o o,roIaoEo opoI li a xopoj Io
al o o1lo!! j1 p {p Ir aI
Jl oyo ofiaI{o]r) opIae oali pep] oyoo :tpoIl'oxo
so .
I alo pysIa oer.xIpoalr.
Irl, II ea i]IrI opo loppI 'e!r, o ]IrnBo
a}Io ox 1. ajlxo _ ooll1paoy.
Ii l o on, opIr o o a oro a . o
orr]raoa o P ap pa
Jo oao 'poaij 11x oo opojl.
oaJ a o Itoorr npo' .a
pIropiaI Io E
! oo oll oor
EypIIy ]aoEoal a a o oJio oo Io
aoE IaIoo,tli, o pB.aI{I
,8. a,2 o' _ J fiapM pa Jio (p
poI1 Boll' 1994; o 'roy Io BpiIIeo oll
o. oI p a rra' Iloopcaoo ogIl oort
oa),Il lIBaop)Iiplrrlr ypIrooa.
J oIl IrIrIx( ao]r o.pa II o p Mo.
pa)- D po Ap' 1995,ToIro a a I'
t ooc p ooa J 'o) o"lrIiofio
J opl pyoIo(oa Iroo o.ro oo po.
o aoopo liy 'o)
o a.
raIroxIr oa( ooI c yo]r ,8, .2 oll.
Ir( Do lIIa.i992). tloo, e a}'IIIIr
yr o ai(olloJa' yEaao oo !ra y.
aao yo{ oIII I apIaTonr pao
rr aII xrr oalr oIr (o A, o a, 199,
a oJ!a]raa IiIpaoBo e oa po}' lpyopo o py aolloT).oo
llolo ailpy ]ro-oali oyrfli' {li oo aaoj
flpp' y, o o oo yna!rraM o oy
oIx ro I' o pe o !x.
or o(xo p yl olo paoBarr!o!iB
' p ) o l o J D r u ] J | | o p |]n I G | ] l x v b | v p o v i ] h n ' } o |] l r o .
( ' , 8 o | h U | J v , l | , p o | l p v r ; I q q 2 | , . . ; l a n . ] x . . v o '
papoa To)e a po'a! eJff) a nnra aprp
papor a fioe}' lloa.

231

Mo1Eo ficonoBa oaa.qBa' UgqREIr BeeaIEo

, oo:t ap{ e Ira o ea MaD v, ohio
l I 6 ' ] , o \ J p J | p 1 o q r p . o . . , o r o l ' U c r o lo or | l
)
p}E-, pae o yIro pa a
olr poo
o, o I, oN{I,
oyoIr. orLIl
ttafl p,o ooo or' Jnr ,rJl, o o

oy opo a'a I1!l o!alo o! o IIoJn j! o!'

ojloa llooIn oalr JI]t oya ooll!

po y o npa j1oa oIl olaIl' a IIIpo

oTe 'lEo aooa opo oy]ro oJo.
l ax oaJI' o y IIIlr poB a, i988 (oBIr.
Ifi lrapI C, 6' , 2 oIr: ,, oe x rIlIro3I oa e['y ye oa
Iroo B ooe!
oo!,)
aoo! o l!apo eBo
rao
o'IrN a,l oI{ llpeoopo ar' oJ topo a ao ajIipoa
alt o v6.
h o p o ) o , , | p o ( ) p l i , l o J 6 ' ' o J 1 J |
'. lrap},in,t ofl'., 6()0. o ! I ae,'I y o.
\ 1 J } d j p o j ] o U v | | l p )
pIra pllt EIioo (].a o ea p]roopIrI III)'
apyIIi Io a t1](ooBor
aro Iry Lr.
olo Iroyrul - ola piliIrll ooo ya o I oo o a y}i
a ra o opoy p a ty l ap plrl]o oox ai.o
aIllo III] (C' 8. a, 2 oE). pI{ oft
o IIa,r ]aoo o paa a po I roIro
aEo Ir (o A. pro|iw Fii' l99, o {oopoy ojxi oll.
Ia eolrlr aIoop 06/.1 6x axooM poeyp),
Ua o
o _ oDEo pyo o. 6y l o
aro ayIIr l{oyflr ye6Eo poorry o'yx .
opao oac' o a o }! lpaa Ira Ir Ir
yae oE! n oMop p{' ao
'r1 yo oaa] oopI I pa l1oygil9{
.apIr pa a x(fi (oyE po Bo6pai
x}o pyJall
po palrr)' oIro o;
o ll]loo.
l r aa'. lIoIri]I apIr :ta lra ylo
ai{| . I{pPo o l\ | o a|) onpo} o-
t l l { | |
arooo aa o,
o6J pj IroIo poll
o ra ,6 poeo
olrIr - Ir oxo oI'l oIo paa,
o{a.
lt oI{Ii Iaro o noal{l o,
oa
]a aaolo oa oxo ol1poIa (a
oE poo olrIr.
] oIllra opo oopllo
ool o a Ia ooy
oi(aa ]!oao aoy.'(,6'
'2), oEo o y .
lro oI{' Iao olysIrEI oatrr o't flvlll

22

al(ooaJo .I{o pI. To ooJ1o oIroln ypE.

o :rooaJla oaa papIae oo ooa.
Jrro. poxa oIr1I Ir paptta o a; py
pa 'lo.
lloop oorr0ro o oIll i( oaaaj o^l
o _ oa oj ,6' ,, ya r) o, poa,\
po I{a: 'oo Ir DIIo terc oBl'!'' t| Doar
pll}|ll opoa|rnjar a |\ flrev.lo||{;t l i
o&r,.Bo oo lel oll,'{oooopj' (o .a
o pao)Io ooo yo aaal (o oll
ee' p)' oeIx alll aoa, o 6Ji
opoa orIrao! oao ooo! o
p, yJIIloo pea' yo oo aB aDDa. M.
|} '. opo po | (, tq88, o . '!-9.!js@J99l
o xooo1loooo}'IIaIr ooo paroopa (ao.
o li r o) 6]1()npEao, so To ooa a
1o Eal oopeaoo opro oxa _ Eo o pe
yo!' yaalEx ,8, a'2
'ooro op
ap'',o ylooo y po
.
p' proop I,1IIr
o aieI p px ' oJIrI]rx, BIa Io lt y, o a ( gooIroIoa ooo
oaa' o oopo) a po o pa
IraC,6, ,' { ) ,i oo pa o cIrooo
} gopo' o y yo Do]rJo6a (1992),o.
Ir o apyllIr srro yolo Dpoo e o EaIr.
(aEo
lrTroo.
Iry pl o o oolo Io aIl xooDI }'l.
' \ . | o , l ' o p ] h o
.,'', ''" ;up}.;no"
tlroeIio
yr po a) 6I DaI
o o J . o o 6 ) t ( , 1 o l o } | o p o l U , o o 1 J , | o
,l-illro ' lipoo ap' Iroo opa, oiraTo
ooo Mo o oll aI iro .
oo p oa, 6o oEo IraIro oooaEil
a olr aTo llIlJx o o papaa y o
x o' Iiop oy aolo prlij o ;t,'tIloliov.
P | j o ] z l , | v ' p l J \ ' l o ^ | . . o 1 l o ' | ( ) p o r o .
oMy _ a ]ra o oo oEIl aoa. IiD
' |' l1o,iJ}
.ou...,. - ,,",
"i,
''oIroooop''(o ooIII rr]ll
pa.,-C.6, a,,
al )' JpeoE,oxa.eIlI]io oil ,6'a,2]. B o.
oa oo' oI ,l, x !' nooa e j v
oar||l,o,}t
ov tro."o"""*ouo.
Jl rrI]oa' pa]fi o al]e.
pooIi o Iorpogao Bpelry
{ooy o ofiylro ( o p o) .

 oo axooaJir IrIo I{' o oIl ' | , a Io a | | o p } l l l o v o 1 o .

o]ry.
, o o ys 'fo oxo a
o po
pe.
lIIIn
aI
eIoopo

aIo oEI
oopI
oooa.
a
oIr

oJilipxpp,
ojo allpar (,6.
o oJIjEo oooal ao o

a.2),
o' olcac olI|?
a sji : o p
o opo rtl oo
oo noI(a'Jrpaa Ea prllolfl{oano I'
o olo. xo o '.
xa apxa oI a' ,. M ra p o
(160.o Ilo oo (, 5' a6' 5. a ) oE)'
J '.ooollllo op opIaolo or.'
o (1600r opa oprx (olo ) oya'., o.
ll ..ooIioao.o..o]ropI'paoEa yaEI B oM1.
' p q o , o ' , (| J v o v | o p || i v ' | i , a
o 6 p l o v 6 d | a l o | o p } ) | ( d p o| o .| , , o o ^ | p { \ | .
ola' Irprnaoo' o oo Io ..oooIrlrI'.
Ao.io a. o oeyl ooTo oorrJlorr o( poo o y o[Iroo rro
a-noooIrorrooopE
oo'
o ''oooElrooop'' .
e

IIpnI

nppato).
ooaIo (no papo o 808'77 x.
o B,1oa,1980)' AlaoIro p ll o I1o
8]9, Ierro a, l980) - o pIro
o a]:IlIIIoparroalill.oopo Moe oI api. oopao o. , ap,r Do Brplralr (l990)' p.
e aa, o yo '.oooaor.''op JI.
tl. a o ooooo apxa p' o oo.
06rIiI, ayI la-Ilo o,t
o | o o P | p ' ) | |l o |
6 L | o .
,,6'o||tJ|.lJ| o|
op!, o| oo1p
ooj o Iy. o a l 6opo ppo
.'ooIro.' oo oa a' I{ o yM py (Iopp po BJroa' 1994.}, oo o, Ba
Ir oIr r pllx oIlo opMa' o.
o a a ,.o6ooa l1o oope'', ! a( E oI B.
l axl' oopl oJ i oMo lrtlpoa 1.o]r.o
Brro
oxeIro a
ol( E otr oali ..oorloaElroro'' oo B o
C oope }roaa 6I ao. ,|o a aoJr.
IiaJlaM,oaoI JI oB]rlrelryx Morr a xIIIr Ir
oo oee(ora } IIoBoDaE' ]988),B o

24

or'xoao' o pIr,ia py
lrjaqflioIovo
l l q o l o p l | | a \ | p | v \ o U \ i |' , J 6 l
2 . r , , v , | . n ; j . ,
i v q r ' 5 , l , l o h l l ' , ^ | o p | j { o v | | o U { ' 0 6 o l I o a l .
Iroc' Ir. tleooIlIlo apall
a oIroa-a oMlr
pa (, 5. . 5 oj
IIo'Ee

so BpIa aep,$aq's

,]:]"-,o*
rrooo .ypaIll, po Iroy
ap'x
'.
ropo oo 'y lranMlra , 5, a,
plro ;,
lrN{ap a' o: ''al ap,ltxo]t'y
to rr tra ol|nov
|o ll oa l l pvuo p,"*,
,n o"p*u*" o np" .o""'J!e " Il'', o ](alroIl,
"
llp
po . Co
sp a 'I apxIlo o
'u.a* o,*no "." auo
noIro o paax (a oJI,
o poa .
, o ooo ogIra'( ( o
rliy)'
so o , o) 6".."
."";"';;
".'",,"..""""
"
Iaa po olr o,]rao'
ool''loo6
yoo oo}rpoo orlr 06)
c

. , l ' p J | ' | | | p l } i i , . |L l 1 n o I v o | { o

aool oy'Ioa!
po aarrooa
oaeIra,o poa , I]a tparr',

rool Ieoa,
a o pyoo
!]ryono 6o
a o. tooo lo ''
ao,'o ar
po o} o'(i |oB,,o J 1 Bilqi!:!!!q!!-]spro
J 9 q 0 p c J o ; - r c p / u r "^ " . " ' , " ' p " " * ; ; ,
ooout|r{oov
""*U
opalrIflr,oo, o t<
.

_1.o

oa
li.*"""-",;;',J.:i],xi;li}illiiTliix"]",i*lT
a popx r,',rr-rl

;"n,to3,o".
ivpi|)
" " - . . : l i : : i
] 1 ])o
: ' " " DIpP
. " q ] Lpoon
n I l o p oH."u".,io".,nno.
! o l \ o ' o l 'o
| nponn.1o.
pet|'
poaooo,,elto''
(,,a, olou,"***'ia ui*, oo".
oo:l!I) op .'oooopl,loo'
ou oo'".oo" o* oi.o

Io ] xi , jj ..).,oil 1
* "
l , p ' l o

l \ v v o 6 | , r |,,hl (' lJ ,

| p 6 ) | L . | 0 6 ( ) 6 o , r ) i o

ao ,ne
ooa.
o.'"- '*"-*
'pi,".l,
""."
|lU,l
o|pU,l.
roro'
o".i.n".
?:.1]]:1i'.
l o q | o 1 r | p o o l o )I ] o o

iUJp)i| ,lle

lll,lUiJ:o]pr\4|ooyve

ao.

25

 on c IIIo wp fu or.o IIpo Bop a

oea' aaa allI]nt po
ira ollo M roo, p a'( a' oa
o Moov aoonoM o ll oa M
Ir ryIIxo l989 o lpoxoI(pl' o .
o) a yapfiar Irpa Boo oI. AoJ{
ol,L

|n| oL,B

| p Ul

|,r. IJv

pJ1 |h| p| }\| || lnl |

l,Iopa1lo.o aoro apep.l) oIra ExoI a

(olr.r.olrIaII,o xIo Eo: paxoEyIr
Jy!a ( o o lGloopao oIlalr) pII o o
ooo oo ' elr o p' IIl4.
orI ao1loa"'Ia'
p)a p o ao Io ap, oMy
{oppot
I{o ',,I(.' aIroooo Il'oo IIro
aooaro lreBl],oIo po ooJI]il]oo'l.
Ni oIr.
on oIIrIr o o opJriipoll a'|
Ira Mpl poopl, o Djjol opaxa po ptl ao
| ' , | d v , p r ] . V . ' p | J v | ] v < P r r J ,o i L| ) .
tiII t985 o ooI ooo x olrg va
pa' o '' p oe aaa! orrflr. 'o e rt'oe I pttooe
o ooxe
oy ralrll -Ie,olln pDa
|
J

n
|

t
l

o |oo||.,I
p

l
o

l
,
o
.
o
p

Io!}dp|,
(( ill't lre pa! ojr],.,) jt oloJlI,Iparp, o '.oapo l'o,{t yloe oe raoEo'e.r l y ]llpy afl''
a p{y-r'! oeplltl o e ot'! '' llp oonBa ypor'
oflri 9o ll]a 6 prreflr r r!' pJropnr}l
oya t,aEo Ir Boo pol 'r!Io fialia o.
\ | | t | : B n . q{ , ) | | | p ' | 1 | q I l o . ' l | ) | I o h ( , o p |
Eaaalrrpflil{oyoIrIvy.tno op l990). .
Py'lI, CIoa. .o1r,B p}x paEaoo o1laolra pytr.
(
na aoao] o p pIio {Ito'
pI
olrt op Ll paop Ex o
ooo; rio ia tlro),Too pI IlUoCCP
l A 1 6 |l q J u r ' d o o , J | | | ro |p q | o , L : r l l
o]r!l(opo Moaop)'
i{peI' peo ajo Boo
oI. Jrapalr.oIopaxaI pos o
oIroMplloo Ea'IrpBoapy
o aIIo-roro nox ! a ox poo,oo,
o o po ..ao'. (,oJrr a (oop y
o aorroa] pa paEo otlopo oTpara
a( pJnroI), rroBoo oo a 'l olrIro
oo.oo: ooIro]o aaxo a
op B o. 'o]oo poa xtra
p
H , r \ v p | o I o ] l | o a D
J | | , \ ( o U o , | o | | \

p}] o ooasa apyll l(olryol Elo paIoaIrI

Ilpoega ecooo g Rodnfloro aaaI n poea cpTIIooIIaa\aIIE
,aan
Dpo oe,r tEa .'ocl]ro' u n|
C, a!r. o .,!o fle oe ! eno}'
t,
' n!JtEol\iy oenlo' n,!aaar oEao a o oo loox
oa y lpaxa. (oo},l oo pIraooI
olr aeIl , oI oll lJIIr, llp. a o,a
t{armtinv, ihigan' 1991, 6 Iraa'IEoMI aE llo
ougjl, sp oa yxo oo Jnr oIot L
o' Irap,o apolo rray9)' o o e yeEoo
poa, oopo I opo. Mo) pplroLto axaa.
I1I pal- MIroo o p orr y.
orrrro
. poo olra ]tIrIIo-r
_

.' oIroio lllroro oolllEaIri lp

el a, llIyJI,lo ooil,Io yIIaB oax,
o M Ip opoo lIlola apalia oopon
o IJr u}rMaIr,
oIro a fioo axoIr (pllll'lt .l o I.
e c.infura arra 1o p' o o
o xflpa] po Jo op'rrlroo a
D L v , p i ] i ( l . ! v o 6 p o .

^
N o ^
(a
arrp\l, R apo' I]o ao.
ytriroo
o6pallr

l a| . ro paao Bop y
I]oa.l]o A]rao Booo A tlDolB.
(opa, 197; IrrrpIlBoaoor'opo lr-v.
.* ."npe'u op'"o A' a' Bjria o t(oa.
I', 1985),
c|lo fui -pe 'J! 9|9 I eE!o o . p cr
H o | J | i L j ! : ] : ! d | r n o . l q o 7 | a a o v . ] , o | . } | \ ' l o J i o
E, pyla xlr ool a. oopo o6Ir M a
ox prpJl o y, o y oIro' o o
p oa oplll ono Irpy,o oo o a poo
oo ( o Ilo o Booo o) pa.
o l' aoa, paIoo y y, B po ootio
U r r r p a o o . , l o | \ '\ v o , p l , 1 o . | p l r } o r ' l
IIpEllpIrlroopa {anlroUlp e A, oya
paIr B1roIrool o a' o IiIII JIaI1o.
cl'tIr oflo olrll oo lI JEllIiIreoo ti
na l p p yo ( oopflrlil oplt .
lloo opI{a- o{y' a ro po o yrooIioo

27

p a!lx npoep, p olrex 5. a.1.v

) paj o l1eoIoMo, -qoo poo )'o!rao
'ov o arprr ri p B' oeyy opay! I{
yrr
o6Iloor oopflIlr epI llaJeoo oya! .r,i.o
o6ori}ro I poBperr aoro llv. .a o ro
o !J alr o6a a! Ilo ltEa oJo
p o a , p o 6 r \ 1 la.l I L o
| d . | v , o ' o P | o ; J v i l . ] L l r ] , y
o sa]rn. o lt o gpo o py o
p , o .oy'I o D-ralr, l 96 l oli y o paa
oea alron' o pIr"lo lloa aloo Jnra
po' opllre Ir o\( peyll l
aIIl -1Ieo {x pIrx :Iroo Itt o 6l.
o] ''aa eI ! ooeyr\'y opy,'. sro p , 5. a, 1' ) Irli, A
iy poIr olr B,Jl(oa.l988 o ]rIp.o o
}a Ir Ia paa apyiv o' pIxa p,l
!o o lIinl]oo op yll,To
ao '{ opo I o a o y o!( anfl'rIo.
P oE lxar l1I oo! rroy oIv pn a loa o Boo Irp, a ax o
po BIropa, 1978 oliy o ooo oa.
rlr ooopa CIlo pfl. oIro rlo ' o.

, 'L9Ll!-!jrpq_.{!{r
"'

, |q4} r ,.. '. ' ,

'

" "p.'".
oooxo y oy no Bo6p) a oaM
5' , l' $a ) o. oopo ya iypnolo .
I{ pp)Ir,oeIlllt pn' o
a!, ppaI C, 5' a, ]' ) oIr. aj .
1 yo p(!i. Il lE o
pl1polo oo'(Ir,A r oIrg
i l]6()"'1
( | o v , u I U p d | ' | | o p ( - o o n qo o | \ l , . ' p | ) .
jr}rosrrrE. opa rrya lolo ape'ra o.o { Iy.
aj oa o oo oy oo y, .}F" d p t . l , | (o , . v | n . i t
# o f , . ] r r o.1 | . . | | / o
pa o M Me) x oxjlo opa'
PIDpl pgErEI'r puuhn\ por.|\Jlo npaBlitl&ol a2 l paar
g a''EII'paTrRI /Iem
po. aaIr! a oJ pxoolo CA a
o Goldbrg v, K]l. ]969] oddi v. oniut' 1971' opaJoe
yo pi oll poo o' Boo oo o'
ppopaIo I p)n Mrrarl ]ra .apali.
Illll poajirro
paoIo!oop alra Irpoit y/]
o yooo ,
CIIllpaa ooo o6fl. oa oIanpa p o
o]rrlr opoy l paa a ( agI poM

2a

rap) oo paa '{Irpa , CoIaFo C.6, ' l

oEIirI ,,a'{I !rr pB s ttp,ro ! Jo plloplr eo
}ov. )'l|oBl|
e.u plyv o. 'ltEv 6pt||Dgll|\,|
pelnr o o a oart ltloo 'pa.
r' ll m
pa(...)'',Ca pa ppy oox r rrre o llrpoo,
Pr!Ioe aIr M o. sJrIo lry-{o rro o
o }p1re ooJI: pa !r,' poa
Ilpo lra ay y (rro oro DoIr BJ o6rraIr' 1975) Ji {a(
ao)a pa.ol{! o rrpa (tl994P9!4!!-!p,
l 97 l lrji o I Mll'p op pl! a pox
Jooo B'(llo)- opIo aI{ apap
llpotrr, aalo
'Ii:olro paaplra
a ( p

op

qo
a

olla
].Io.]
pa, 1978 lrIJIo Jrrl paa a noJE opaa].
o: .,!aaIl oo a)aolo xpa'' Ba' Iroa o aon
!aIr, oa oo ].oo opn Jl op}I a, Il
| n| l | o H | l o p | p o o | o I oL v o p | i l
oN{I. ] o er. 1981- Iao oo Io lra oo)o rrli pi), o aM' al'tl
La
r p J \ o J vl o } l ) t | l p J o a } o r . o
axIroo xapapa ( ona C'6 ' oIrIr) 006,pa a.
l986; y.
paI pBll. etsra,a @!jPg]LI9p.
Dy. o nalio, l986), oot aa yeI plrIr
rra y o ar.pap, aM po y

"pa
,or?aro y(aIrtl "opl! lto ll IroIy p ooalr
oot. ' alr p Iooy I(ooa
.Jaxalriro eo'. lra o oIroalrlrlrllpllarl, o a o po(o
alraa C,6 o o Irpoo,Bo o y

op

o
po)

Booo
a,I
]i
aEo ','I'
paIro

a.
TpEE
a(Irozero

o,
o
palLo
e
E
apa 'aIr a ] n o' o eno .
[oJo aori aMa ' a o ol{ y o Mo
oo ,r .{(oo p T|Ii\|IlI:'enafio xnooo6rIojeIo, I|,\M|I l l t l | | , l].l p o| H l | . o , r . ,. p | J .
o v y p ) , I | p B])J | v |
o o o o l -
, o|)
( ryaalro y] (o Ira a ooIr o ao) . pt,laro
, r | p | \ I l ' p}| o | l ird | p ,/ l v v , v o | |
Io a j'paxaoo a.',B ' a, IrII .
nojitl po' I ( o o ollIo' paltl.
llIlpol.o,IirrM!
rIllp)'
o",iaoaoo paoa, l, I xo .
apaM o .6 oI oo o'( a' pap]ra.
eMI}oorri, oo a pyo opo. eo o'
o Iroa IrIrIiaolloae olI s pIra yoo.
o xapap paI1oo oa IIJErap l,l IlpallI .

29

na Io'{x olojo, pIta

o oe
ox pa 1!r yarj o o I{oIro pea 6
n a a t]' a pao .6, Ta na yro o Il
o aa!a a yro-roIrjq aMplJia,
ao aIaoe o proM,
o ey.
\li ' py,l ' v) |J "60 , |,|o 1, !
I-rsl!g j.L!!:].ss .q9
1980t.
Pn ya]ro-
y IIpa y no oji'{ NIe
o-!c pgIr rlp, Ir N{IoIp o NI
t : | o h ol ' | | e' l ( p y o \ 4 , r ( ( l P ) ] t s \ r | i ' e o
po| L:lu.
| |Zl]'.188,o| to or ' ,
6;i .6";|I;
D..,Dt*
||o.o,r.||"|,,|q,,o\|{L,p|(*,'"'n.np,"",..,,."ou'p.'",..
voe1 6 oa aoaejo lllio arr'
r :rll
aIiooNJorilo}'-!ao]
pIIIoIiEapyI*r .o D
a y. a,iep' ooIr oyxIroo!l1o
o l1IrI]\1
\ h o |. | , , h | v | ' i \ l ' | p 6 ' p o u u '.,t
.'oo,
" oliert!o.
..**,i'.',,
o o pIr' 1979, ra ppII]
(
lyae o e,ry Bddic v. otiut' ] 97l !o opoiuy Jl.I'al]I

po \IoIJ]' ]ra' ey6 olllll

I-.1o
.io
ilpytriIra oao llpao.
opI]rr]r

240

AIoI[THI
AMAH
paoTpnI BlI y oIraIro! o y popalo
aix JrE o o ooy o yo Jllo ppa
ol W, aLIoUr
Jh |,l\4opodv
v|o

fi P|p,|j

8'ofl,|)'o|i'

oo)i'

( |o

lp |q ]a}|

ralr{x oo.
A p a p oIr I o! oa
ro Ira o pxoolo ; oo]ro o o
p lrarraa y, Ii)Io rjio J o
' Baoai(o oo apalr!a plllE 6T I1.
aT !l1ly oir4 pxoIroro ya lloy oxIrIrI
yo. olalp Irayapo,lj0l, oIaM r.
JllI rIIIi ro pIra' o oIarl pao: '' aa
Boo y'.'
B ox roI E p yarr n aa J ylx

j]oIia!'

Ir !'pl1p!r,.,

gIo

po yIl o .o ay a ypI 1yllll op o o! ()6 ao, o yajlr o.

Jr oo oe o alrlro , Py oa y' pa
jlt o a!a rl aalo oo: o oyan
e, eoopl a o!l B 1787 oy. o aax 1791 ry
o@' o pI o pa]]la(o o op]r
o rpax p. y ol oI a o pa.
, ' Maa1 o po ao ]l '
a Io oo}'l opo arrIr. :tM, Io o ol ) ll op a EIio!oop a pae, a aa
opo &oro oxoaj y' ar: '' aoa o6oaa a(o

ffi

o -rnrrraoop:, o ox!ry JUIe a

oyMI{oM
ol]rp;lcoy.
o, oi o{yo ypaa '. pa'' oIIIoo,,ol
po oJ(oa.II
oyflra 200 aIro.1y aajEi .
onoj a o, oIo Ir
p}ypl,o pyIfl:ialo flaMolflrol ''o'j,
ao IIIMooIr{o aoo oa oo
' '{. ali, y ajr', l oJi oo
xoa a pooMpoa !i x' {oop! ' Irr
o Ir , yryI o: .' l ooM o {
o, I i oI oao?'.B o o1.Eepal
o aa' op l pa ol]rox (a.

241

p'.6] oo poa oxo o - 6() DaeJI,

o p U , l sl " f l } , l ' v ] J e | l } * u * . u o o u n p o " " ' ' * o ' o o .
' o Il eIo o p l o,rsa po apaol (Iloplta po al'aja o oppoo onox! olr.
ryIrn)! o oo op]rll ol oIroIv.
oj(oa o a oa yo opMpoarri pa , ar
Io, x o opaIl ll , IlpparlfIx opa.
| c ] 6 p o l i1 o o l r o
i o l { ' | o L , p y ; o
opol lloxo opar apalo plfy]roa Ex
o oy ollr aao ! M aI' oI }tla.
a LI ]i' Irao a po pIlI
Ilol] ollo oll, oM apyo oly !l.
oIIy a oa plr a, .lo o oo p
po t paooo aIia poopao. o
aa aoa'),l lrom]ylo o po onro
oEIo l o!ylr, pxoil y xoEo oo
'!a 'rjnr lrflo}r]l'Iro,'raa oIIoojIloo p'a
oc rryolrlrojoa aooa]r!roBrrlrxy aa:'.oo.
m oEt]y To 'n o'', BpoI at a
B pIolryo' ' p a o(on oEy
x jroa ap' poJll IIM ojIlroe y E.rrrr
a(oo.
Ja ceoBaao a{poatr p Jaao oa'
Iro oa ) ao}roaJa' IIIE oa Bolloo ya ' pIIoIr ooalr o a oa IIa'
oIo, oI aflrlr aoo! y poIo a.
oo' so e o}'lloile opI o' aa a
oy, a oa a IrIo. xya, orarx rIlr
op o lalo]r' apIa6 pa'
oaxo, I e o ex oM jrrtoDoo. x
1 | o J r o6 |
prorl1-,voro
Pllloooa l ppa, x I y o 1.ovr a
Lopo oo oxol lo!rpl1p ttI
p} aya poy-rlIroo aoy. ooIro
opI ooo JleEaoa <oo} (li}erry)... pa'
xoTo a Laya aII.
y, pa.pIolr olr}'lfl co llpor IIo yo'
o oyJ,r 'p aoo ooa o oI{
Bopo: a( l o oIro opr! ao lrl plrlr l opl
oE!ryIr o oI]l a. pa6paI ya? o oiflr. 1. o.
aJr ILo ro! (oop l]oBJtrtIr Jr l78 7
oyj Jr ) llpae ao! xoop pallpoa? op
6r pooP )E
Cy' oya olo a po t]d
Law Rview' ..Rules!s, standedj'(l99?).

poilro o 200 aI nplr{tooIroorro on'jo aoe J r pI oi{ooro aoa' Blrpoe. aj

| 6 I } ' l d , , n \ l i | l f x v | ' o [ o \ 4 y .r 6 l ] c o p o , J s o 1 i L
oo o 1l1. opIroooa! tlanpp, opa
p a ypa opEIrIpIn, B o p M
Yp]rg oopx pIrIrI(
li p]rooo
op' p, yl. rr pa Bo a ]o oooe o.
o oIo opIilroAp? o6oEaa ! o, ,i.o-

l(oll.

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op

Jal

oo o ot]y y p p J yyalll
n'a o oe
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'n.
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oI ap. a yoIrrlo.
o ooasa' o oJ
o lraooaE pi(ar tolIo ooa,.I.
Iroo a:l, oreT o aBa o:ry :leorx .
pei.opo'JB l 791 Io iI 6.' elleoo?o T y oo
y ryIlTlo. oIr o: '.o a pa oy
o eop)Iro
ooI x o-{r! }o pa oUrIr.
q'oa po oylia'', flo !l1l:]ov oDov
, ' j . o ] 1 | (| o p o , r r o p " o , o " ^ " o n . * .
y l(x a pa' paa, o po oa p
o oIJii,pp )o.o xona' o a 'jaIoor
JInano pi u]op po op llt o. o e
ao J l) IlrrIloylln'' o]t!{o o o]r yo1l
. aLpio oo.
C' opo pao oy n( oa rl' p}'l
oo aIr }op a aapI' at( y Il
pllotl ol
06 6 la op'!o}'I ()6a'
I l(orlaflI o y oI 6I lllr
l ' o v } | 6 0 | i ( p r | l v v | } | ' J ) ' v I l r o 1 r r v r .
]r, Iaa JITaol sIj oo. o y.
Ty ro a-!j oMo,l IIa Ji pqa pi
olrel y' pv a o1llt. *
*_p-' o;";;
""
|J ho lopo|o t, 1' ot:l

o , } | o r }r | o [ y | po . , o p | p o J. J o r -!go
.\'l)
o paaI 6(] Irlrol, oIaIy oMo oo.
IrIIIpoo opypoalrlil olry o', ax. a{
ooa po-sa x IrJ ' y ooIrpay
poaoon o. a operpao
ary o pao opM, o oil oI{o p]ro( oo,r
oryIrll, pa li:t pIr! aa'x, o ,!f,aIr
o'(rro Iiorl oppa ]ltflnr(orrci( Dori lroo
{! - oplajrj paaa o!rir i(a o
p. _ I1pt
lpopM, pealr, opo lloxoa. ooarrrrolo

24

a l'ax (ap), oo o}t R-I jr!Dov' -q.

. oa' o'j ro ltj !'apa}e olr
o lpa' -rI oeopN!! paIlo (a( y yl )t
noroB _ rp]I' tlan. yI x m' ao Bep.
xoIro ]97 1971 , xpo,l paI pIIIlI,
Iip.
l paa oy/1MI pIralo o'Itofl ool o.
o yj lllo t!, poro oJ t oE
I oct o' B o l'I' )p ap.
II Jl oaop. avltaioIr oIo o a.
oo.
ao' iaa
Ix IooB allo o.
] . oopI n! Jrpnaltj o6irro oTa I1o]l! ooy, I{ptoy a ]rn] olropl Ixala B oy
o. oo IIal' a o.;Iata y pllllt] oIll lz
Jd.,o o! I' 'I ox{ro o"r I.i
) ooy
pe oll. o op] oxo' o oI1 o p I.l' o .
o!py ! p'' aoaEa a' {olpollyNla ojr
o oa' Ji . jI oaio o :]aM
o;l{olo 6lIII]xj a] r)e pr o'!lra
oo opl1o lgp o Jflo, Irago llo o \1l o oep.

\ v |J.vo ! | . | !rt{E v, ( ||! J.| |\e.anJ. Ia-. IoJ . , .

p a. o xoopo C p!ae. o p oIl' oo -r
olr xooB"]opo -!o o!'vo oo

l p o l d h q , o | l ' l n | | \ J . , o o i I i I d } L o q | \ , p o | . | .
o l lioI{ o-llo ! o'ro t Iro, oE .
a a oIrol poIIo a. ye6 a
li.tl ol} ay opM I1I1oN'.o al nl
eEo lrya, r olry'
oyy oItrI oo.
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{ )'Il} va!
qv, .6
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pIIr' a oa poI y o !o plia as
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pa |,J |pP lJmo |DUr' 'o | !.
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l J')Uo|
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ojra' Ca oa''] povy (6ltoo.coy) oy ft.
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244

oy o plr'rllr p {aolo o lxaa. y pFa

o ooo IlIr
lo oolr o M o
po lra o]Il.am co o pee(o! ,, ooy, op,tey yyo
aoo oa,
LI oaIlrl Ea )'loali
oo
oo paa' 'rp! o (oo oa' (ooo ll,{salor.
-I y!
IIa oooall olr, o
opo: yy il,' oB otp ir
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o p
a rol!.
! opt oo ,' oo a oe.
o o oir}lill
po lra iip-r o oy oo.
B o,r pIrlr flollJl ! noo olr a y pa. oaI, o ori,l llpIl' aaI l79l o' a y
:t IiIraJi! l aty or.a, Pa o tr lroIo ojl(o
VIII B, L.1. o IiIII pIlal. "ra orr po apa.
IIIio lra ooI. oiltlo ax
pllx ao oIraI BII o as - o oll I{po o o ptr
oo epp o'y. o oopoo apa-! opoI
paI{ o. o y, al9l Po I, Iy'.r
oIII , pap oIrIrIo a o( p
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x, o lrla a o, y oo loaoIl IIo y R
v, Wde. r-] I.o o' o .IroEoar,r o y

o6oif' a ory ox.

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o a o.To y :tlr'o '.a i l
pJl IIooI,,' o 'y Ro v, Wad, r Mo,t la olipo
lr ooIIo,o IipoaIIIrMo-aal opo.
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245

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poo]EI o y uZ o Epae a Mp,
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246

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v, Hli' 40? U,s, 25 (]972)- A.pppoaMa. 1972
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Austinv,Unitdstts,509U,s,6m
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loooro o a fuMo,183
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Bettsv, Brdy' 16 U,s, 455 (i942) _ IioTp,1942
9!!9P!y9,426 U,s. 4i (19?6) IopoBa, 1976
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Boddiev, nnnut,401 U,s, 7l (1971) o otlTaor{y
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1988
lifomiv,tlodiD.,499U.s'62]099l)a ,lropapoIBxo'1991
tiins v- ollins. 5l0 U's. 1]4] (199,t) ,rpoona, 1994
mda v. uniipa]t,387U,s' 52 (1967) aapao yIrIr,olo
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op. 1977
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.nop, l990
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Jo T o1 )" A.o},ilr o oja' 1967
Dnnisv,Uitdstl,s,41U,s'494(l951).pool,llrrro.
1951
Do v, Bolton' 4l0 U's, ]79 (l97) _ o o oo. l97
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opoalflr, 1947
Folt v, wainwright, 475 U,s, 1007 (]986) op o Irpa' t986
Fotierov, Rihdson.zl11U,s.67? (]97) potlo o Poa. 197
Fum v. Geor8ia' 408 U's, 2:]8(19?2) alr p a
. 1972
Gison v, Louisina'79 U's,64 (1964) ppl P IIIaylrlaa. 1964
Grlz v, Ro.t Welh, In ' 4]8 U.s, 2 (1974) _ p o Poea Bna
Iropoe, 1974
Gideon v, Wiwright,72 U,s, 5 (]96) o BDa. 196
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Gg v, Gogi,428 U.s' 15 (]97) r po ra
nr, 1976
Giswoldv. etiut'8 1 U,s, :179( 1965)_ yo no .aa o,r,
1965
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1956
re]inv, iign' 50] U's,957 (199i) _ ap]r! po aa,lII, 1991
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' l94j
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lvinv' alifmii. 47 U's' 128(|954) p poIIIaaJ'oplr'1954
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Jonsonv.Trnstationgny,480
Ero aa,1987
Kahn vjhvit. 416U.s, 5l (1974)- alr po! a' 1974
tz v.Unitdsratq89 U,s,,l7(1967) :r ponorIlIo, 1967
U.s.28 (1976) po,r.ot,oa'1976
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rmtsuv' Unitrd stats.32 U,s, 214(1944) oaypo'
lllao, 19zl4
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Lmnv, Kutznn'40 U's, 602 (1971)- oE llolrypI'. 1971
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1989
uay v, Girto',192U's, 1 (]989) pp po,rt{pao)
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Narv. Minnsola'28 U.s' 69? (I91) Ir o MIiIlo'1931
Ao]ripIrcIl
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p, 1976
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1964
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252

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y v. Latrgh'492 U,s, 02 (1989)_ lr poo' 1989
pio..-, so"i"yots;"t".'.z68U.s,510(1925) p! poo,l925
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Ioooi1oJaqlrpoo.,'"'',o,uo,u""
. 1992
PissYv. Frgusn.16U,s, 57 (1896) Itpopro 1896
iwI v' Alma.28? U,s. 45 (192)- ]Jpos a Aaaa' 19t2
1944
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Romrv. vns.116s, t, 1620(1996) Pop oliaa, 1996
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354
Rotha. Unitdstates. U's,
v. stel1'445 U.s,26
U.s, 26 (]980) aMI poe, 1980
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skirv, oklhoma. |6 U,s, 55( |9Zl2)
smith v' a.yld.,t42U,s, 735 (1979) npoaa pIr.]979
solm v. l' 463 U.s, 277 (]98) o-rlo a, l98]
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1987
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1996
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