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1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1.9.1.
1.9.2. ?
1.9.3.
1.9.4.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
2.3.4.
2.3.5.
2.3.6.
2.3.7.
2.3.8.
2.3.9.
2.4. -
2.4.1.
2.4.1.1.
2.4.1.2.
2.4.1.3.
2.4.2.
2.4.3.
2.4.3.
2.4.4.
2.4.5.
2.4.6.
2.5.
2.5.1.
2.6.
2.6.1. ( )
2.6.2. ( )
2.6.3.
2.6.3.
2.6.4.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
5.
5.1.
6.
6.1.
7. ()
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4. ?
7.5.
. ,
.
. .
, .
,
,
gena@ps.bkc.com.ua.
1. .. , ,
1999
. ,
.
..
http://www.chat.ru/~fatus/easter.html
2. ..
.
,
- .
http://biblioteka.agava.ru/vi/zametki_o_nash.htm
http://www.bibl.ru/vi/zametki_o_nash.htm
3. .., , ., ,
1977 . .
,
.
http://n-t.knc.ru/ri/dm/vh.htm
4. Claus Tondering Frequently asked questions about calendars ver 1.3
1996 ftp://login.dknet.dk/pub/ct/calendar.faq
,
.
5. John Mosley (Griffith Observatory) Star of Bethlehem Christmas Star
errors ,
.
http://www.griffithobs.org/IPSChristmasErrors.html
6. ,
http://www.ortho-rus.ru/titles/DaysAbout.htm -
.
7. .. , .
( , . XVII, .,, 1984)
( - )
.
http://hbar.phys.msu.su/gorm/chrono/christ0.htm
8. http://www.britannica.com
. ,
.
9. http://www.webexhibits.com/calendars
( ),
.
10. http://petals.newmail.ru - "
" ,
http://anime.ru/Articles/calendar.htm
11. Dirk Husfeld and others, Astronomical Time Keeping
http://www.maa.mhn.de/Scholar/times.html
1.
( . Calendarium )
, .
,
.
1.1.
.
. .
( ) -
.
.
.
1.2.
.
( )
,
29.5305889 . 1900 29.5305886
2100 29.5305891 .
- .
: "" - "", ""
- "".
1.3.
.
-
( ).
. ,
. , 1900
365.242196 ( ), 2100
365.242184 , 365.242190 .
( . sidus, )
365,2563 .
.
365,596 .
12 ( 354,376 ).
19 - 234.977 ,
. , 19
( ,
). 19-
() ,
, 5 ..
1.4.
,
,
. .
(, ) ,
( , ,
, ).
,
11 . ,
.
( , )
: ,
(-).
. ,
, .
-
. , ( ) , ;
- ,
; ()
-
, .
-
. .
.
( . Intercalate , )
. , -
.
()
.
1.5.
( . secunda divisio - ,
, ).
() 1/31556925.9747
. .
9192631770
133/55.
2e-9.
= 60
= 60 = 1/24
1.6.
.
,
, .
.
.
.
.
1.7.
, ,
.
1.7.1.
7 . ,
, .
.
, , 7
,
. , 7
: , , , , ,
. ,
. ,
7-
, .
, .
,
( ),
, 7
, ( , )
.
1.7.2. ?
.
13- 20- .
5- 6- . 1929-30
5- ,
. 1 1931 6-
, 6, 12, 18, 24 30
(1 30 , 31
). 7 26 1940 .
9- .
1.7.3.
. ,
1.7.1., -
.
321 . .. ( )
. -
.
, .
,
. ,
:
Sunday
Dimanche
Sonntag
Monday
Lundi
Montag
Tuesday
Mardi
Dienstag
Wednesday
Mercredi
Mittwoch
Thursday
Jeudi
Donnerstag
Friday
Vendredi
Freitag
Saturday
Samedi
Samstag
.
Saturday
(), Sunday (), Monday ().
,
, :
Tuesday - Tiw Tiu ( , ),
Wednesday - Woden (),
Thursday - Thor ( ),
Friday - Freya (Frija ) , .
Segunda-feira
Poniedzialek
Terca-feira
Quarta-feira
Wtorek
Sroda
Quinta-feira
Czwartek
Sexta-feira
Piatek
Sabado
Sobota
Domingo
Niedziela
1.7.4.
,
, .
, , -,
, .
- (Sabbath).
: "
, , ,
" (. 2:3) . ""
, .
,
. (, )
.
.
" ".
1.8. (Daylight Saving Time)
1784. 1907 (William
Willett) 80
20 . 1908
.
, , ,
, .
. , 9 1942 . 30
1945 . ,
.
(Uniform Time Act)
1966 .,
.
1986 , 2:00
2:00
.
1:00
, 1:00 .
30 26 .
1.9.
- .
,
.
(. aera - . ) -
.
()
.
. ,
, .
.
2.
.
.
-
.
.
:
-4236
-1700-1500
1 . ..
(,
,
..)
-753
-238
-45
2 3
(
-
525
1582
,
.
(284)
,
.
2.1.
(J. H. Breasted),
4236 ..
. ,
.
1700 - 1500 ..
. :
, ( ) ( ).
,
.
( - ,
. ,
,
, .)
,
.
, -
. :
("" "") (" ").
. " Stella
canicula" "Canicula". , ,
( ).
365 12 30 .
5 -
: , , , (
).
, ,
. ,
1460 . ,
4 .
- ( ).
.
7 238 . .. III (Ptolemeus Euergetes)
.
" " (The Canopus decree) c
.
, .
. .
( 26 . ..),
, .
.
, 29
(.. ).
- - 29
( - 365.25 ).
.
.
1 (29 ),
.
.
:
1, 2 , 5 -.
, [3]
.
(
):
1. Thoth
7. Phamenoth
()
2. Phaophi
()
8. Pharmuthi
()
3. Athyr
()
9. Pachons
()
4. Choiak
()
10. Payni
()
5. Tybi
()
11. Epiphi
()
6. Mechir
()
12. Mesore
()
Epagomenai () ( 5 )
2.2.
-
. 500 . ..
(octaeteris) 8- ,
12 13 .
.
.
.
:
1.Hecatombaion
7. Gamelion
2.Metageitnion
8. Anthesterion
3.Boedromion
9. Elaphebolion
4.Pyanopsion
10. Mounychion
5.Maimacterion
11. Thargelion
6.Poseideion
12. Scirophorion
2.2.1.
3 . .
( 352 - 256 . . .) ( 276 196 . . ., ,
)
.
, .
11- 16- .
. 1 776
.. . 394 ..
I .
otium graecum ( ).
.
2.2.2.
, , ,
.
.
,
.
.
,
(2 ..), ,
,
.
,
,
.
2.3.
() .
2.3.1.
XVII
"ab urbe condita" - " ", ,
- .
.
(116 - 27 . ..)
: 6- (21 753 ..)
,
. 1050 ,
.
509 .. 537 ..
I (482 - 565 .)
, 534
.
541 . : 1-, 2-
. . post consulatum Basilii - " ".
(886 - 912 .) ,
.
2.3.2.
.
. (Kalendae Calendae) , . (Idus) - ,
13 , , , , , ,
, 15 , , . (Nonae) -
, 9 ( ).
: "
", " " " "
( - ,
).
, "N-
". "N- "
( ).
2.3.3.
, 1 304
10 (Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September,
October, November, December). 304
.
. ,
- (pontificies)
, .
3 15 .
(Pontifex Maximus).
(Numa Pompilius 715-673 ..)
, 354
355 . 450 ..
(?).
,
Intercalans Mercedonius (22 23 ),
Mercere - .
, .
,
191 . . .
8- :
1: 12 355
2: 13 377
3: 12 355
4: 13 378
5: 12 355
6: 13 377
7: 12 355
8: 13 378
,
46 . .., . ,
- 23 23 .
(67 )
445 . , 1
45 . ..
(.. ).
, 47 46 . .. :
- 47
- 46
January
29
29
February
28
24
Intercalans
--
27
March
31
31
April
29
29
May
31
31
June
29
29
Quintilis
31
31
Sextilis
29
29
September
29
29
October
31
31
November
29
29
Undecember
--
33
Duodecember
--
34
December
29
29
355
445
(annus confusiosus).
365,25 ,
128 .
(366 ) (365 ).
. ,
. -
.
, . :
-45, -42, -39, -36, -33, -30, -27, -24, -21, -18, -15, -12, -9, 8, 12,
.
36 , 3 .
9 . .. 8 . ..
2.3.5.
, "
" .
, - 29
,
(annus bissextilis).
"bissextile"
"". ( - "",
"". ,
"" "".)
,
7- 23
6- 24
6- 25
5- 26
4- 27
3- 28
2- 29
1
, - (. bissexto-kalendae) 24 .
.
,
Intercalans/Mercedonius
, 7 6
.
.
:
22 22
23 23
-
24
24 25
25 26
26 27
27 28
28 29
, , 24- ,
.
29 2000- .
2.3.6.
Januarius
(Janus) -
,
, -
Februarius (Februa)
Martius
Aprilis
, ,
"aperire" (
"" )
Maius
,
(Maia)
Junius
, (Juno)
, ,
" "
Julius
44 ..
Quintilis
"quintus", ,
Augustus
8 .
.. Sextilis
"sextus",
September "septem",
October
"octo",
November "novem",
December "decem",
,
, - ,
, Quintilis,
, . ( 15 44 ..
).
(14 - 37
. ..) , (138-161 .) - ,
(180-192 .) - .
(81-96 .) .
.
2.3.7.
. , ,
() 31 . ,
. , ,
() .
:
1. 45 .. , .
,
, .
2. 31
- 30 ( 29 ). 8 ..
"Sextilis" "Augustus" , ,
31 , ,
,
31 .
,
14 .
2.3.8.
. 222 .. 15 ,
153 .. .
1
. ,
.
2.3.9.
, .
dies fasti dies nefasti,
, .
dies festi dies feriae (
).
I 4
.. .
2.4. -
.
- . ,
, .
2.4.1.
,
, - .
.
, .
, .
,
.
2.4.1.1.
.
. .
:
" ,
:
?
." ( 2:1-2);
"
. .
, . ,
, , , ,
" ( 2:1-4).
: ",
, " ( 3:23).
" ,
" ( 3:1); "
(
). 14 15
, (,
). , ,
, " " ( 16:9).
2.4.1.2.
1. , , ,
7 . (
27 . .. 14 . ..)
1- 2- ..
7 .
2. 73 .., 4 . . .
3. 26 36 .
4. 29
( 14-37 .)
,
.
10 ,
.
,
.
, .
: " , "
(, 23:45).
,
.
, ,
.
7
, , .
2.4.1.3.
1604 , .
26 , 9 .
10 ,
9 , .
,
, De Stella Nova in Pede
Serpentarti. 1614
7 . .. (
) 7-6 . ..,
.
.
" ", " ",
. , ,
,
.
, 7 . ..
,
( )
,
.
1977 ., .
.
10 . .. 13 . ..
70
5 . ..,
. 5 . ..
. 7 ..
.
2.4.2. -
-
, , .
,
. 1 1
(284-305)
, 19-
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
, " ".
,
, " ".
.
15 ,
. ,
, ,
.
- .
22 25
, - 20 21 ,
(, - ,
). I (
, ) 325 .
( . - )
.
.
(, ,
),
.
.
21 ,
.
,
.
, .. 326 , 330, 333, 340, 341, 343 .,
.[1]
. ,
380 . 100 ,
- , .
.
.
235 29 30
19
- [2,4].
, 1 1
(29 284 . ), ,
, 95- 153-247 .
(437 - 531 . ).
84- ,
, ,
.
.
, , 18
, , 21
(- ). ,
, .
6 ,
.
525 . .. (Dionysius Exiguus,
) I
.
, .. 19-
8- .
1582 . ( )
.
, .
"
, ,
" [6, . 150].
,
(21
). , ,
1700-1776, 1740-1844 17 .
2.4.3.
[2]
, .
200 "
", " ",
3483 6984 .
: ( - 5501, 5493 ..),
(5969 ..) .
VI 1
5508 .. , ,
, 1 1
. , ,
,
, " , , ,
" (2 . 3, 8).
I. [2]
2.4.3.
, . ,
,
.
.
753 .
.
.
(Bede 673-735)
8 . 754 AUC,
"Before Christ" ( ). 1 . ..
1 . .. ,
, ,
.
,
3 .
,
(), 6 , ,
4, . ,
.
2.4.4.
.
25 , (
7
).
25 431
. ,
(. 3- . ., 1975, .
22, . 171).
, .
2.4.5.
1 128 .
128 .
, ,
- ,
0,06135 = 1 28 20
(.. 310 ).
.
.
,
() . . ,
"
, 4 5
. - , , , 1894
, :
12 17 ;
8 , ,
10- , ,
" ( [2]).
2.4.6.
,
.
[6]. , ,
,
, .
,
-
.
- ,
.
.
2.5.
,
1 128 . 1582 .
(1582-325)/128 = 10 . -
.
1545 . , ,
10 ; ,
(Council of Trent 1545-63) III
. , III
, 1563 . IV (1559-65)
.
, V. 1572
XIII,
(1537-1612), .
(Aloysius
Lilius; 1576) ,
. :
. . 1603
Explication Romani Calendarii a
Gregorio XIII P.M. restitui.
:
1. ;
2. ,
;
3. .
.
365 97/400 = 365.2425 ,
1 3300 .
97 400 , :
4 ( ), 100,
400, . ,
1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200 , 1600, 2000 2400
.
, 21 325
, .
,
.
10 1583
3 ( 1 ?).
.
XIII 24 1582 (
"Inter gravissimas", ,
),
:
"o aoo ae e oo occao paoece a pee
aaeo ey ece, o oopoo co pee Hecoo coopa oo
ocyo a ec e peo, 14 ye epy ee eco, o
oopoo oa a epe e oxo, o ycao ae
17 10
18 11
19 12
20 13
[4]:
1912
5 1583
16 1583
14
5 1583
1583
14
1582
21
1582
1912,1915
18
1 1916
1916
18
1911
18
1928
1 1912
1 1929
6 1584
17
1584
18
1700
1 1700
1875
1918
25
1582
1 1583
. .
,
9 1582
20
1582
.
- .
1583-1585
22
1610
2 1610
- .
18
1700
1 1700
14
2 1752
1752
9 1924
23
1924
21
1587
1 1587
4 1582 15 1582
1915
1918
1915
14
1582
25
1582
14
25
1582
1582
,,
Artois
30
1700
12
1700
Hennegau,
Zeuthen,Groningen,
Geldern, Friesland,
Overysel
4 1582 15 1582
4 1582 15 1582
31
1919
14
1919
31
1918
14
1918
4 1582 15 1582
17
1753
1 1753
- ..
1583, 1584
- ,,
,
31
,
1700
,
C-:
1724
18
1926
12
1701
1 1927
.
1919
19
1872
18
1918
1 1873
1 1919
.
. 11
, ,
.
28*19 = 532. 345, 877, 1409
1941 .
2.6.3.
- .
, = 8. ,
= ,
19
:
Epact = (11 * (GoldenNumber-1)) % 30
0,
30. , 19
:
1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30 .
:
1) ,
, :
Epact = Epact - (3*century)/4
( , 0- 99.
, 20- 1900 1999.)
2) , 19
:
Epact = Epact + (8*century + 5)/25
3) 8, 1 :
Epact = Epact + 8
4) 30, 1 30.
1
30.
: 1992 ?
GoldenNumber = 1992%19 + 1 = 17
1) Epact = (11 * (17-1)) % 30 = 26
2) Epact = 26 - (3*20)/4 = 11
3) Epact = 11 + (8*20 + 5)/25 = 17
4) Epact = 17 + 8 = 25
2.6.4.
:
1) ;
2) :
1
12
11
21
23
11
12
22
22
10
13
31
23
21
14
30
24
18
15
29
25
18 17
16
28
26
17
17
27
27
16
18
26
28
15
19
25
29
14
10
20
24
30
13
25 , GoldenNumber > 11
17 , 18 .
3) -
. ,
.
, 1992 17 .
- 19 ( ).
(., "
", ., "", 1988, [1]):
a = year % 4
b = year % 7
c = year % 19
d = ( 19 * c + 15 ) % 30
e = ( 2 * a + 4 * b - d + 34 ) % 7
month = 3 + (d + e + 21) / 31
day = ( d + e + 21 ) % 31 + 1
:
century = year/100
G = year % 19
K = (century - 17)/25
I = (century - century/4 - (century - K)/3 + 19*G + 15) % 30
I = I - (I/28)*(1 - (I/28)*(29/(I + 1))*((21 - G)/11))
J = (year + year/4 + I + 2 - century + century/4) % 7
L=I-J
Month = 3 + (L + 40)/44
Day = L + 28 - 31*(Month/4)
(Oudin (1940) "Explanatory
Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac", P. Kenneth Seidelmann)
3.
( Hijri) .
12 12*29.53=354.36 .
( IX, 36-37)
.
.
.
3.1.
1. Muharram
7.
Rajab
2. Safar
8.
Sha'ban
9.
Ramadan
10. Shawwal
,
. ,
,
.
, - .
3.2.
(Hijra, . ) -
,
622 . I (634644) .
16 622 .
4.
. - ,
, .
353, 354 355 12 ,
383, 384 385 13 . ,
"", "" "".
.
:
Tishri
30
30
30
Heshvan 29
29
30
Kislev
29
30
30
Tevet
29
29
29
Shevat
30
30
30
(Adar I
30
30
30)
Adar II
29
29
29
Nisan
30
30
30
Iyar
29
29
29
Sivan
30
30
30
Tammuz 29
29
29
Av
30
30
30
Elul
29
29
29
353
354
355
Adar II "Adar".
Adar I.
, 19 0, 3,
6, 8, 11, 14, 17. (.
).
.
12 :
(), (), (),
(), (), (-, ,
?), (),
(), (), (), (), ().
12 ,
, , 12 .
4.1.
( -) ,
, ,
.
(. 4.4.).
, 4 :
1 Tishri: "Rosh Hashanah".
.
15 Shevat: "Tu B'shevat". .
1 Nisan: " ". , 6
7 .
1 Elul: .
.
4.2.
, .
12 , 12 .
. 18 .
4.3.
,
3761 . .. (Anno
Mundi) . , 1996 5757 .
587
.. ( ). .
.
365 366 , 12 30
5 6 . :
1. Vendemiaire (
)
7.
Germinal
(
)
2. Brumaire
()
8.
Floreal
(
)
3. Frimaire
()
9.
Prairial
(
)
4. Nivose
()
10. Messidor
5. Pluviose
()
11. Thermidor
()
6. Ventose
()
12. Fructidor
(
)
()
3 10
. . ,
.
Primidi, Duodi, Tridi, Quartidi, Quintidi, Sextidi,
Septidi, Octidi, Nonidi, Decadi.
( 22 ).
5 6
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(),
. , , , ,
. ,
.
6.1.
22
1792. 1 1- (
24 1793).
6.
.
[2], c
, 1 1
, .
.
.
( ) . ,
.
,
. , 1492 .
1- , 1- .
1492 . 7000 . [3] III
1 . (?)
1- .
I ,
1 7208 . "o " 1
1700 . " ".
1 . 1699-
: , . . 4 . ,
,
: ,
, ".
6.1.
, , 1830 .,
" ,
, ".
26 1918 . 31
1 , 14-.
7. ()
,
, , , , ,
,
- .
60- .
, , ,
. 60- 12- 30-
. ,
, 12-
. ,
.
, 12- . ,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
.
.
.
- , ,
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