Создание Сетевых Приложений в Среде Linux

Linux
2001
www.books-shop.com
32.973.26
018.2.75
681.3.07
""
""
: info@williamspublishing.com, http://www.williamspublishing.com
, .
Linux. : . . . :
"", 2001. 464 .: . : . .
ISBN 5
8459
0193
6 (.)

Linux. ,
, . ,

( , HTTP),
UDP .
, TCP/IP,
.

Java C++.
RPC, SSL,
IPv6.
,
,
.
32.973.26
018.2.75

.

, ,
, Sams
Publishing.
Authorized translation from the English language edition published by Sams Publishing Copyright 2001
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec
tronic or mechanical, including photocopying recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without
permission from the Publisher.
Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with R&I En
terprises International, Copyright 2001
ISBN 5
8459
0193
6 (.)
ISBN 0
672
31935
7 (.)
"", 2001
Sams Publishing, 2001
www.books-shop.com

I.
1.
23
24
2. TCP/IP
41
3. Internet
58
4.
79
5.
99
II.
6.
7. :
115
116
131
8.
167
9.
188
10.
213
III.
231
11.
232
12. Java
248
13. C++
14.
263
279
IV.
15. (RPC)
291
292
16.
308
17. , 326
18.
336
19. IPv6: IP
345
V.
.
357
358
379
. API
407
434
www.books-shop.com
19
I.
1.

: TCP/IP
:
socket()

:
.

2. TCP/IP
IP

Internet
,

IP

UNIX
: IP
3. Internet

version
header_len
serve_type
ID
dont_frag, more_frag frag_offset
time_to_live (TTL)
protocol
options
data

tcpdump

:
4. .
,

23
24
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82
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: HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
,
,

/

UDP
UDP

.

:
:
5.

.
OSI
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
'
6:
7:
Internet
1:
2: (IP)
2: (ICMP)
3: (UDP)
3: (TCP)
4:
OSI IP

:
II.
6.
:

84
84
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,'
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?
?
?
?
?
?
?
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?
: HTTP
:
7. :
:

_clone()

:

Pthreads

:

()
8.
: ?
?

.

'

poll() select()

:
9.

125
125
125
125
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select()
, ,

,.

select()

select()

IP
IPv6
TCP

:
.

:
send()

recv()

10.

SIGPIPE
SIGURG
SIGCHLD
SIGHUP
SIGIO
SIGALRM

("")

,

:
195
195
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III.
231
11.

:
:
:
:

232
233
233
234
235
235
236
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' .
.

:
12. Java

UDP

Java

. . .

.

'
13. C++
C++?

'

10
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.!

,

/

:
14.

friend

:
.
IV.
15. (RPC)
OSI

RPC rpcgen
rpcgen

%RRNVVKRS

piracy@books-shop.com
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11
: RPC
307
16.
308

309

309

310
Internet
310

311

311
TCP/IP
312

313

313
313

314

316

318

319

319

319
SSL
320
OpenSSL
320
SSL
321
SSL
323
:
324
17. , 326

327
IP
327

328

329

329

330

332

332

333

'
334
:
335
18.
336
'
337
ICMP
337
IP
337

338

338

339

339
ICMP
339

340
IP
341

341
ping
341
MyPing
342
MyPing
342

'
343
:
344
12
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19. IPv6: IP

IPv6
.
IPv4 IPv6?
IPv6

IPv4 IPv6
IPv6
ICMPv6

IPv6
Linux
:
345
346
346
346
348
348
348
349
349
351
352
352
354
354
355
V.
357
.
:
socket()
: socket()

Internet ( 100 )
HTTP 1.1
( get/setsockopt())

ICMP
IPv4
IPv6
Ko lCMPv6
IPv6
IPv6
.

socket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
connect()
socketpair()

send()
sendto()
sendmsg()
sendfile()
recv()
recvfrom()
recvmsg()

shutdown()

htons(),
htonl()
ntohs(),
ntohl()
358
359
363
364
365
366
368
372
' 374
375
375
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13
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inet_addr()
inet_aton()
inet_ntoa()
inet_pton()
inet_ntop()

getpeername()
gethostname()
gethostbyname()
getprotobyname()

setsockopt()
getsockopt()
. API
fork()
_clone()
exec()
sched_yield()
wait(), waitpid()
pthread_create()
pthread_ join()
pthread exit()
pthread_detach()
pthread_mutex_init(), pthread_mutex_destroy()
pthread_mutex_lock(), pthread_mutex_trylock()
pthread_mutex_unlock()
~
signal()
sigaction()
sigprocmask()

bzero(), memset()
fcntl()
pipe()
poll()
read()
select()
write()
close()
.
C++
Exception ()
NetException ()
C++
SimpleString ()
HostAddress ()
C++
Message ( )
TextMessage ()
C++
14
397
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Socket()
SocketStream ()
SocketServer ()
SocketClient ()
Datagram ()
Broadcast ()
MessageGroup ()
Java
java.io.lOException ()
java.net.SocketException ()
Java
java.net.DatagramPacket ()
java.net.lnetAddress ()
Java
java.io.lnputStream ( )
java.io.ByteArraylnputStream ()
java.io.ObjectlnputStream ()
java.io.OutputStream ( )
java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream ()
java.io.ObjectOutputStream ()
java.io.BufferedReader ()
java.io.PrintWriter ()
Java
java.netSocket ()
java.net.ServerSocket ()
java.net.DatagramSocket ()
java.net.MulticastSocket ()

438
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15
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www.books-shop.com

1990 .
, ,
. 1988 .
.
,
BSD
. , Hewlett
Packard,
(PostScript PCL),
LaserJet 4 .
8052,
UNIX, Linux, HP
UX, Ultrix, SunOS
System V. ,

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, .

, ,

, Java C++. 1998 .
Java
Java. Nationwide Enterprise
www.books-shop.com

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www.books-shop.com
...
1.
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3. Internet
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5.
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...

27
: TCP/IP
28
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40
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1.
29
www.books-shop.com
. Telnet FTP
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1.1. TCP
/***********************************/
/*** ***/
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int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
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domain
PF_INET
PF_LOCAL
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PF_INET6
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SOCK_RDM
(
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protocol

32
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PF_
AF_
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TCP :
int sd;
sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_5TREAM, 0);
sd ,
int fd;
fd = open(...);
socket ()
errno.
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#include <sys/types.h>
#include <resolv.h>
/* */
/*
*/
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sys/socket.h Socket API

( socket(), ). sys/types.h
, .
resolv.h, c
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netinet/in.h, , ).
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socket () ,
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bind().
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( )
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connect () :
iinclude <resolv.h>
int connect(int sd, struct sockaddr *server, int addr_len);
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socket(). , ,
sockaddr, ,
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sockaddr 8 ,
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, . 16
.

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struct sockaddr {
struct sockaddr_in {
unsigned short int sa_family;
sa_family_t
sin_family;
unsigned char sa_data[14];
unsigned short int sin_port;
};
struct in_addr
sin_addr;
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pad[];
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sockaddr ( :
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AF_INET6,
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www.books-shop.com
. ,
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13
struct sockaddr_in dest;
char *host "127.0.0.1";
int sd;
/**** ****/
bzero(Sdest, sizeof(dest));
dest.sin_family = AF_INET;
34
/* */
/* */
I.
www.books-shop.com
dest.sin_port = htons ( PORT_TIME ) ;

inet_aton(host, &dest.sin_addr) ;
/* */
/* */
if ( connect (sd, &dest, sizeof (dest)) != 0 ) /* ! */

{
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ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);
.
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(sd). read( ):
int sd, bytes_read;
sd = socket (PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
/* */
/**** ****/
1.
35
www.books-shop.com
bytes_read = read(sd, buffer, MAXBUF);

/* .*/
if ( bytes_read < 0 )
/* ; */
(FILE*),

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char Name[NAME], Address[ADDRESS], Phone[PHONE];
FILE *sp;
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int sd;
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/* */
/**** ****/
if ( (sp = fopen(sd, "r")) == NULL ) /*
FILE* */
perror("FILE* conversion failed");

else if ( fscanf(sp, "%*s, %*s,
%*s\n",
/*
*/
NAME, Nm, ADDRESS, Address,
PHONE, Phone) < 0)
perror("fscanf");

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fscanf ( ) , .

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36
I.
www.books-shop.com
read(), ,
.
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(
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EINVAL. ,
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read() , . Linux
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. ,
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Linux .
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MSG_PEEK recv()
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MSG_WAITALL.
recv() , read(). ,
( read()):
int bytes_read;
bytes_read = recv(sd, buffer, MAXBUF, 0);
:
int bytes_read;
bytes_read = recv(sd, buffer, MAXBUF, MSG_PEEK);
:
int bytes_read;
bytes_read = recv(sd, buffer, MAXBUF, MSG_OOB | MSG_PEEK);

. ,
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, .
recv() , read(),
.
ENOTCONN.
.
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, socket().
38
I.
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, read() ,
, ,
, recv().

,
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close():
#include <unistd.h>
int close(int fd);
(fd) (sd)
0.

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close () .
EBADF. .
shutdown()
, .
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stdout.
shutdown
shutdown () shutdown (. 8
UNIX), .
shutdown() ,
:
Iinclude <sys/socket.h>
int shutdown(int s, int how);
how .
0
1
2
1.
39
www.books-shop.com
:
TCP
,
. .
. ,
(. 1.2).
1.2. ,

1. socket():
,

2. connect():

,

bind()
3. ,

( )
()
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()
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5. ,

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7. , .
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. socket(),
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read()
write() J .
recv().
TCP/IP , .
IP
,
, .
40
I.
www.books-shop.com
TCP/IP
2
...
IP
43
IP
49
51
57
UNIX
: IP
57
58
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Internet .
. ,
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Socket API ,
IP
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TCP/IP .
IP
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, .
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Internet.
( )
.
, .
Bob Sasha, ,
.
. .

,
( ). ; ,
, . ,
(, DHCP). (
)
.
,
. ,
. ,
, , '
,
, .
.
, ,
.
, .
.
, , ,

(Media Access Control
). Ethernet.
42
I.
www.books-shop.com

, .
Ethernet 6
, 0 0 : 2 0 : 4 5 : F E : A 9 : O B .
, .
,
. .
,
.
,
.
,

( , ).
,
. ,
: ( ) ( ).
IP
.
IP

. , (
).
, ,
. IP

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol
) [RFC826].
ARP
ARP IP .
,
. ,
.
, , IP
. , ARP,
. , ,
.
, , I.
Internet
Internet " ".
. ,
, (. 2.1).
. 2.1. IP! ,

2. TCP/IP
43
www.books-shop.com
IP
.
. ,
, , .
, ,
, , , , .
Internet .
, :
.
. .

0.0.0.00.255.255.255
1.0.0.0 126.255.255.255
()
2242, 16777214 .
126 .
,

. Internet
127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
( )
128..0.0191..255.255
2162, 65534 .
64x256 .
,
,
.
( , 129.5.0.0).

8
192...0 223.xxx.xxx.255 2 2, 254 .
32x65536 .

Internet
224.0.0.0239.255.255..255
2282, 268435454 .
,

240.0.0.0255.255.255.255
2282, 268435454 .

. ,
255.255.255.255
IP
, ,
. ,
0. 1,
0.
: 0 (00000000)
126 (01111110)
: 128 (10000000) 191 (10111111)
: 192 (11000000)
223 (11011111)
D: 224 (11100000) 239 (11101111)
: 240 (11110000)
255 (11111111)
Internet
( 4 ) ,
44
I.
www.books-shop.com
CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing
).
(
RFC
15171519).
IP
.
, :
, .
: ,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
, .

.
, 16 , ,
. Linux
, , , .
CIDR,
.
.
. ,
. , .
, .
,
, ,
187.35.209.208.
208 (11010000). , ,
ll0lxxxx, !
. : 187.35.209.208 (),
187.35.209.209 ( 1) .. 187.35.209.222.
.

. .
, .
. , , , ,
187.35.209.223. ,
, : 11011111.
( ) ,
.
2. TCP/IP
45
www.books-shop.com
, .
,
,

Internet .
,
. ,
( ),
.
,
,
( ) .
,
, .
, .
, , ,
, . ,
, ,
. .
,
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IP
, ,
. , ..
. (
), ,
. ,
, ARP

.
Ethernet ,
. , ,
,
Ethernet IP
. ARP.

, .
: ( ),
( ). ,
, ,
2. : .
.
: 0.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255.
46
I.
www.books-shop.com
"" . ,
128.187.0.0, 0.0.25.31
128.187.25.31.
1992 . Internet (TAB Internet Activities
Board) [RFC 1160], Internet
(Internet Architecture Board),
Internet.
, 450 .
, 2% .
?
, .
, .
.

, , 128 .
30. 10 ,
. ,
,

.

. ,
. Internet
. .
?
?
Internet (ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
,
,
.
DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol
) [RFC2131], IP

. IP
.
,
.
, , ,
DHCP.
, DHCP. ,
(
) .

.

. ,
IP! ( ).
2. TCP/IP
47
www.books-shop.com
IP
,
. . ping 127.0.0.1
. , . Red Hat Linux
( ) /etc/sysconfig/
network
/etc/sysconfig/networkscripts/ifcfg*.
IP
.
IPv6 [RFC2460].
: 128 , 32! :
8008:4523:FOE1:23:830:CF09:1:385
,
.
IPv6
38
. 310
( 19, "IPv6:
IP").
IP
. ,
, ,
. ,
. TCP/IP .
, .
. TCP/IP ,
.
: ,
.
IP

. 16
.

. (
read() recv()). ,
( write() send()),
.
.
,
, EINVAL.
,
SO_REUSEADDR ( 9,
" ").

, ,
; , : ,
.
, ,
, .
48
I.
www.books-shop.com
.
/etc/services ( , "
"). .
1
7
9
tcpmux
TCP
echo
discard
/dev/null
13
20
21
23
25
daytime
smtp, mail
UNIX
37
time, timeserver
42
70
79
80
nameserver
(DNS)
gopher
Gopher
ftpdata
FTP
ftp
F
telnet
Telnet
finger
Finger
www, http
Web
.
Telnet.
/etc/services : , , .
: ,
(, Mandrake Linux ). ,
/etc/services, .
.

.
bind(). bind() ,
.

,
, 1024, root. ,
( 13), root
, SUID. "set
user ID" . . SUID
, ,
. , /usr/bin/at (
) cron, root.
.
. UNIX. : SUID
. ,
, , .
2. TCP/IP
49
www.books-shop.com
, ,
.
. Linux BSD
:
1024 .
, :
* , (
root);
*
::
* .

.
, .
. :
( ) ( ). ,
, , ,
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:
:
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00
01
5
02
57
03
04
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, () .

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:
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00
01
57
02
5
03
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04
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().

. ,
. ", ,
ASCII
?" ,
. ,
,
. ,
, . ,
, .

,
. ,
? ,
. ,
sockaddr. :
50
I.
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. 1,
" ":
/**************************************************************/
/***
:
***/
/***
sockaddr_in.
***/
char *dest_addr = "127.0.0.1";
dest.sin_port = htons(13); /* 13 ( ) */
if (inet_aton(dest_addr, &dest.sin_addr) == 1) {
: sin_family, sin_port sin_addr.
, .
. sin_port (13)
htons(), .
htons ()
htonl()
ntohs ()
ntohl ()
16

32

16

32

, " ".
, ,
,
.
inet_aton() IP
ASCII
, (..
htonl()).
.
inet_aton() (###.###.###.###)
; ,

inet_addr() ( inet_aton()), ;
1 ( 255.255.255.255
)
inet_ntoa() IP,
, ASCII
gethost
( www.linux.org)
byname ()
IP
2. TCP/IP
%RRNVVKRS

51
.
, .
,
" ".

, , , :
Linux ,
. .
,
.

. write():
#include <unistd.h>
ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
read(),
, .
,
.
EBADF.
. ,
( ,
socket()).
EINVAL. ,
. , .
EFAULT. . buf
,
,
EPIPE.
,
. ,
, SIGPIPE, ,
write() EPIPE.
. :
1) ;
2) ,
( );
3) .
,
write ():
52
I.
www.books-shop.com
int sd, bytes_written = 0, retval;

/*** ***/
while ( bytes_written < len)
/* , */
{
/* */
retval = write(sd, buffer+bytes_written, len);
if ( retval >= 0)
bytes_written += retval;
else
/* */
}
fprintf (),
, FILE*:
FILE *sp
int sd;
Sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
/*** ***/
sp = fdopen(sd, "w");
/*
*/
if ( sp == NULL)
perror("FILE* conversion failed");
fprintf(sp, "%s, %s, %s\n", Name, Address, Phone);
,
while . ,
, .
, FILE*
, .
send(),
.
,
recv(). :
#include <resolv.h>
int send(int sd, const void *msg, int len, unsigned int flags);
, write().
, ,
.
MSG_OOB. .
,
. ,
SIGURG.
MSG_DONTROUTE. .

2. TCP/IP
53
www.books-shop.com
. ,
ENETUNREACH ( ).
.
MSG_DONTWAIT. He send().
, .
,
SIGIO.

send (), ,
errno EAGAIN.
MSG_NOSIGNAL. He SIGPIPE.

,
SIGPIPE. ,
.
.
send():
/************************************************************/
/***

****/
/*************************************************************/
int bytes_sent;
bytes_sent = send(sd, buffer, MAXBUF, 0);
/*

*/
int bytes_sent;
bytes_sent = send(sd, buffer, MAXBUF, MSG_OOB | MSG_NOSIGNAL);
send().
EBADF. . ,
socket ().
ENOTSOCK. .
EMSGSIZE. ,
.
(
) ,
.
EAGAIN. ,
.
, , " ".
.
EPIPE. .
SIGPIPE, MSG_NOSIGNAL.
send()
. , Finger,
79, .
54
I.
www.books-shop.com
,
( Web
):
/***************************************************************/
/*** : ****/
/*** .
****/
int main(int count, char *strings[])
{ int sockfd;
char buffer[MAXBUF];
/* */
sockfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
bzero(&dest, sizeof(dest));
dest.sin_port = htons(atoi(strings[2]));
inet_addr(strings[1], &dest.sin_addr.s_addr);
/* */
if ( connect(sockfd, sdest, sizeof(dest)) != 0 )
PANIC("connect() failed");
sprintf(buffer, "%s\n", strings[3]);
sendfsockfd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);
/* */
bzero(buffer, MAXBUF);
recv(sockfd, buffer, MAXBUF
1, 0);
printf("%s", b u f f e r ) ;
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}

, :
/************************************************/
/*** , ***/
/*** .
***/
/*************************************************/
/* */
do
{
bzero(buffer, MAXBUF);
bytes = recv(sockfd, buffer, MAXBUF, 0);
printf("%s", buffer);
}
while ( bytes > 0);
close(sockfd);
,
. "".
,
. ,
, .
, .
2. TCP/IP
55
www.books-shop.com

.
,
. .

PF LOCAL
TCP/IP
Novell
AppleTalk
PF_INET
PF_IPX
PF_APPLETALK
;

TCP/IP
Novell
AppleTalk
,
" ".
, Socket API,
. , ,
, ,
TCP/IP.
UNIX
: ,
? ,
Socket API.

( ) . ,
.
; ,
.
, :
TCP, UDP.
sockaddr. :
/****************************************************************/
/***

****/
/****************************************************************/
linclude <sys/un.h>
int sockfd;
struct sockaddr_un addr;
sockfd = socket(PF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
bzerof(&addr, sizeof(addr));
addr.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
strcpy(addr.sun_path,
"/tmp/mysocket");
/* */
if ( bind(sockfd, Saddr, sizeof(adrr)) != 0 )
perror("bind() failed");
. sun_path
104 ( NULL).
56
I.

www.books-shop.com
.
/tmp,
. , .
: IP$

Socket API
. ,
.
TCP/IP ,
: , ,
ARP
.
, ""
.
TCP/IP .

. .
, ,
.
Socket API ,
(inet_addr(), inet_aton(), inet_ntoa()),
(htons(), ntohs(), htonl()).

TCP UDP.
Internet
2. TCP/IP
57
www.books-shop.com

Internet
60
65
77

tcpdump
77
79
79
www.books-shop.com
, Novell (IPX), Microsoft (NetBEUI), AppleTalk ,

, TCP/IP. ,
,
.
, .
Internet : ,
ICMP, UDP ( ) TCP (
). (. 3.1).
,
, .
. 3.1. Socket API

,
, ?
, : ,
. ,
.
, (, UUCP),
.
IP (Internet Protocol) [RFC791] ,
: , .
.
, , ,
.
Internet.
( , ),
.
3. Internet
59
www.books-shop.com

.
, .
.
( ) , o . ,
Linux .
2, " TCP/IP",
() . ,
( 3.1) (. 3.2) .
4
6
OF MF
10
12
16
( 40 )
20
( 65535 )
2060
. 3.2. IP!
3.1. IP
/****************************************************************/
/***
IP
***/
/****************************************************************/
#typedef unsigned int uint;
#typedef unsigned char uchar;
struct ip_packet {
uint version:4;
uint header_len:4;
/* */
/*
*/
uint serve_type:8; /* */
uint packet_len:16; /* */
uint ID:16;
/* */
uint _reserved:1; /* 0 */
/* , */
uint dont_frag:1;
uint more_frags:1; /* */
uint frag_offset:13; /* */
60
I.
www.books-shop.com
uint time_to_live:8; /* */
uint protocol:8;
/* : ICMP, UDP, TCP */
uint hdr_chksum:16; /* */
uint IPv4_source:32; /* IP
*/
uint IPv4_dest:32; /* IP
*/
uchar options[];
/* 40 */
uchar data[];
/* 64 */
}
, ,
, . IP
. , dont_frag
, :
.
,
3.1. .
,
.
version
IP.
, .
(. 3.1).
3.1. version
4
5
6
7
8
9
IPv4
( )
IPv6
TP/IX (Internet )
Internet ""
TUBA (TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses TCP UDP
)
( IP_HDRINCL).
0. ,
.
header_len

. 15 (60 ).
,
, ,
IP_HDRINCL. IP
3. Internet
%RRNVVKRS

61
20 ,
5 (20/4).
serve__type
, .
: (
), (TOS type of service).
setsockopt()
: , ,
.
( 9,
" ").
ID
IP
.
16 , ,
. , ,
,
, , .
.
(IP_HDRINCL),
.

:
, . IP
. ,
.
dont_frag, more__frag frag_offset
.
(). ""
. ,
.

,
Linux.
(, ). , "
, .
,
.
62
I.
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dont_frag ,
. , ,
, ICMP

.
more_frags ,
. (
).
0.
frag_offset ,
. ,
. ,
. frag_offset 13
64 .
8 .
, ( ) 8.
: IP
time_to_live (TTL)
,
( ),
.
time_to_live 8 ,
255 , .
, .
, ,
.
"" .
time_to_live IP_TTL
( 9, " "). ,
.
protocol
Internet : ICMP
(IPPROTO_ICMP, 1), UDP (IPPROTO_UDP, 17) TCP (IPPROTO_TCP, 6).
, .
, socket()
SOCK_RAW.
netinet/in.h. (He
, , ,
.)
3. Internet
63
www.books-shop.com
options
IP
.
, , ,
.. 40 .

,
.
data
, 65535
( 60 ).
. , ICMP
4 , UDP 8, TCP 20
60.
IPv4.

Internet ,
. IP
,
.
, , .
TCP, UDP, ICMP
. (. 3.2).
3.2.
ICMP

() 2060
2060+[4]
()
65535
65535
UDP
TCP
2060+[20
60]
( )
65535

2060+[8]
, ,
. , ,
.
64
I.
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, . 3.2.
, , .

, ,
,
, .
( )
, .

. . 3.2 .

,
. , TCP,
, IP
(65536 ).
, , .

. ,
. .
,
. , .
,
. ,
, .
,
. ,
.

. , ,
. ,
, Telnet, HTTP,
, .. ,
.
3. Internet
65
www.books-shop.com
HTTP
HTTP 1.0 UDP, TCP.
,
. , .

. , .
, .
, :
, .
,
. ,
, .
, .
,
.
CRC
(Cyclical Redundancy
Check ).
,
.
.
.
. ,
/: ,
..
, ,

. , , ,
, .
,
. ,
FTP, Web
, /.
,
. ,
, Web
.
,
.
, .
, .
66
I.
www.books-shop.com
,
.

, , , , .
,
. ,
, ,
.
, . ,
IP,
. .
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
.

, .

IP
.
.
. 3.3.
3.3.
()
()
2060
65535 (65515 )
( )
( )
( )
Linux TCP/IP
( Internet
5,
" "). TCP/IP
IP
.
.
3. Internet
67
www.books-shop.com
IP
,
socket () SOCK_RAW.
, , ,
root.

IP
. :
.
UDP, .
.
, .
, .
18,
" ".
ICMP
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol
Internet) IP.
, Internet (, ,
), , .
, traceroute
ping. . 3.4.
3.4. ICMP
()
()
2464
65535 (65511 )
( , )
( , )
( , )
( )
ICMP,
.
sendmsg() sendto() (
). .
ICMP ,
.
, . ,
ICMP .
:
. ,
.
ICMP
.
, ,
, .
IP, ICMP IP
,
( 3.2).
68
I.
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3.2. ICM
/***
/***
/***
*/
***/
***/
***/
ICMP.

netinet/ip_icmp.h.
typedef unsigned char ui8;

typedef unsigned short int ui16;
struct ICMP_header {
ui8 type;
/*
ui8 code;
/*
ui16 checksum; /*
uchar msg[]; /*
*/
*/
*/
*/
IP (2060 )
ICMP
2060
ICMP
2262
2464
( 65535 )
. 3.3. ICM!
, "
". msg ,
.
UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol )
(
).
. UDP . 3.5.
3.5. UDP
()
()
2868
65535 (65511 )
TCP/IP,
. UDP
3. Internet
69
www.books-shop.com
. ,
.
, UDP,
. , , ,
. ,
, . ICMP,
, .
, . ,
UDP,
, .
(: ,
. .)
UDP
. ,
, . ,
Internet ,
,
.
.
,
, .
UDP . ,
.
, .

. ,
.
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
CRC
.
. CRC

, , .
,
.

. ,
,
, .
, .
TCP,
.
UDP IP. UDP
IP
(. 3.4).
3.3.
70
I.
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3.3. UDP
/*** UDP
.
***/
/*** netinet/udp.h. ***/
struct UDP_header {
ui16 src_port; /* */
ui16 dst_port; /* */
ui16 length;
/* */
ui16 checksum; /* */
uchar data[]; /* */
0
2060
2262
2464
2666
2868\
IP (2060 )

( 65535 )
. 3.4. UDP
UDP , $
. IP$ $
.
bind(), (. $
2, " TCP/IP").
TCP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol ) $
, Internet. $
read() write() $
. TCP . 3.6.
3.6. TCP
()
()
40120
( )
( )
( )
( )
3. Internet
%RRNVVKRS

71
,
, ,
. UDP ,
, .
TCP.
, , , .

,
. WWW,
TCP ,
UDP.
, Internet:
, .
.
, . ,
, . ,
, ( )
, . Internet
. ,
,
, , .
. ,
, ,
.
TCP ,
, . ,
10 . TCP
,
,
. , TCP
.

" " .
' "; ,
. '
.
. (Nagle).
( 9,
" ").

,
. ,
. TCP
,
, . ,
,
72
I.
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, TCP

,
.
. ,
.
UDP ,
, ,
. IP ,
.
, TCP
. ,
.
,
. TCP 536
1500 .
MSS (maximum segment size )
( 9, "
").
,
TCP
,
.

TCP . ,
TCP$
TCP ,
TCP
.
TCP UDP
.
3.4.
3.4. TCP
/*** TCP
.
***/
/*** netinet/tcp.h. ***/
/**************************************************************/
typedef unsigned int ui32;
typedef unsigned int uint;
struct TCP_header {
ui16 src_port;
/* */
ui16 dst_port;
/* */
ui32 seq_num;
/* */
ui32 ack_num;
/* */
3. Internet
73
www.books-shop.com
uint data_off:4;
uint res:6;
uint urg_flag:1;
uint ack_flag:1;
uint psh_flag:1;
uint rst_flag:1;
uint syn_flag:1;
uint fin_flag:1;
ui16 window;
ui16 checksum;
ui16 urg_pos;
ui8 options[];
ui8 padding[];
uchar data[];
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
*/
() */
.
, */
*/
*/
*/
() */
*/
, */
*/
*/
TCP */
/* (
data[]) */
/* */
I
(2060
2060
2262
2464
90 eg
3272
3474
3676
3878
4080
|urg|ack|psh|rst|syn|fin
TCP
( 65536 )
. 3.5. TCP!
, data_off
. , header_len IP
, , , 32
.
,
.
.
TCP
, UDP.
seq_num ack_num .
, IP
(seq_num).
74
I.
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(ack_num), ,
. .
TCP

, . 3.7.
3.7.

SYN=1 (syn_flag)
()
=0 (ack_flag)
SYN=1 (syn_flag)
=1 (ack_flag)
SYN=0 (syn_flag)
ACK=1 (ack_flag)
.
().
, ,
.
, , . 3.8.
3.8. TCP
FIN=1 (syn_flag)

FIN=1
=1
=1
=1
TCP
,
. ,
.
, , , :
? ,
3. Internet
75
www.books-shop.com
.
, , ,
.
ICMP, UDP, TCP IP
. ,
. , TCP
, ICMP.
Linux TCP/IP,
.
ICMP, UDP TCP IP
. .

tcpdump
, , ,

. tcpdump ,
. "" IP
, TCP
root.
,
.

.
root, ,
. , Linux ,
,
,
.
Ethernet
. 2, " TCP/IP",
, Ethernet 6

. .
Ethernet
OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer
) ( PCI PCMCIA),
( Ethernet).
, . ,
,
. .
76
I.
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struct sockaddr_in addr;
sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
/* */
bzero(&addr, sizeof(addr));
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
addr.sin_port = htons(DEST_PORT);
inet_aton(DEST_IPADDR, &addr.sin_addr);
if ( connected, &addr, sizeof (addr)) != 0 ) /* ! */
perror("connect");
/* ! */
send(sd, buffer, msg_len);
/* TCP */
UDP sendto()
recvfrom() ( ). send() ,
connect!).
, , ,
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bind(). ,
connect().
connect() TCP,
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RDP (Reliable Data Protocol ) [RFC908, RFC1151]
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UNIX
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83
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int sd;
struct servent *serv;
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PANIC("HTTP servent");
if ( (sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0 )
84
I.
www.books-shop.com
PANIC("Socket");
/* */
bzero(Sdest, sizeof(dest));
addr.sin_port = serv>s_port;
/* HTTP */
if ( inet_addr(Strings[1], &dest.sin_addr.s_addr) == 0 )
PANIC(Strings[1]);
/* */
if ( connect(sd, Sdest, sizeof(dest)) != 0 )
PANIC("Connect");
/* */
sprintf(buffer, "GET %s HTTP/1.0\n\n", Strings[2]);
send(sd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);
/* , */
do
{
bytes_read = recv(sd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)l. 0);
buffer[bytes_read] = 0;
if ( bytes_read > 0 )
}
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Linux ,
.
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UDP
.
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connect() .
send() recv().
, : sendto() recvfrom().
#include <resolv.h>
int sendto(int sd, char* buffer, int msg_len, int options,
struct sockaddr *addr, int addr_len);
int recvfrom(int sd, char* buffer, int maxsize, int options,
struct sockaddr *addr, int *addr_len);
, send() recv().
. sendto()
.
sockaddr ( 4.3).
4.3. sendto()
/**************************************************************/
/***
sendto()
***/
/**************************************************************/
int sd;
inet_aton(DEST_ADDR, &addr.sin_addr);
sendto(sd, "This is a test", 15, 0, &addr, sizeof(addr));
DEST_ADDR:DEST_PORT. ,
ASCII
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, AF_INET).
86
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www.books-shop.com

recvf rom() . ,
PF_LOCAL,
( ), .
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addr_len, .
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/***
recvfrom()
***/
int sd;
/* */
while ()
{
int bytes, addr_len=sizeof(addr);
bytes = recvfrom(sd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, fcaddr,
&addr_len);
fprintf(log, "Got message from %s:%d (%d bytes)\n",
inet_ntoa(addr.sin_addr), ntohs(addr.sin_port),
bytes);
/**** ****/
sendto(sd, reply, len, 0, &addr, addr_len);
}
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addr_len ,
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87
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88
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/***
/
***/
/**************************************************************/
int flag=l;
int sd;
if ( setsockopt(sd, IPPROTOJTCP, TCP_NOPUSH, &flag,
sizeof(flag)) != 0 )
PANIC("TCP_NOPUSH not supported");
/*** ***/
if ( sendto(sd, buffer, bytes, MSG_FIN, &caddr,
sizeof(addr)) < 0 )
PANIC("sendto");
/ TCP

setsockopt().
, ,
sendto () MSG_FIN.
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, / Linux.
, UNIX.
Web.
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, ,
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.
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4. ...
89
www.books-shop.com
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recv() , ,
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sockaddr, .
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bind().
UNIX
, " ".
PF_LOCAL PF_UNIX, .
" ".

sockaddr. , ' AF_LOCAL AF_AX25
, AF_INET AF_IPX .
, , , (TCP UDP)
( , AF_INET).
UDP c .
( /etc/services) .
bind() :
90
I.
www.books-shop.com
#include <resolv.h>
int bind(int sd, struct sockaddr *addr, int addr_size);
.
6, " ".
, connect().
:
/t**************************************************************/
/***
bind()
****/
/***************************************************************/
struct sockaddr addr;
int sd;
sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0 ) ;
addr.sin_port = htons(MY_PORT); /* */
addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
/* IP
*/
if ( bindfsd, Saddr, sizeof(addr)) != 0 )
perror("bind");
bind()
connect(), .
,
MY_PORT,
, INADDR_ANY.
, ,
.
INADDR_ANY (
0.0.0.0), ,
.
(, ,
IP
).
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. bind()
TCP UDP
.
,
:
if ( inet_aton("128.48.5.161", &addr.sin_addr) == 0 )
perrorf("address error");

128.48.5.161.

:
addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(0x803005Al); /* 128.48.5.161 */
.
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4. ...
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.

UDP

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, bind().
. ,
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, .

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connectionless
sender. Web
).
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/***

***/
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( connectionless
sender.)
***/
/****************************************************************/
int sd, bytes, reply_len, addr_len=sizeof(addr);
char *request = "select * from TableA where fieldl = 'test';";
char buffer[1024);
/* */
addr.sin_port = htons(9999);
/* * */
if ( inet_aton(DEST_ADDR, &addr.sin_addr) == 0 )
/* IP
*/
perror("Network IP bad");
/* */
if ( sendto(sd, request, strlen(request), 0, saddr,
addr_len) < 0 )
perror("Tried to reply with sendto");
/* */
bytes = recvfrom(sd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, saddr, &addr_len);
if ( bytes > 0 )
perror("Reply problem");
else
92
L
www.books-shop.com
, 9999, SQL
.
,
recvfrom(). (
, . ,
.)

,
bind(). ,
.
4.5
(
connectionless
receiver. Web
).
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/****************************************************************/
/***

***/
/***
( connectionless
receiver.)
***/
/***************************************************************/
int sd;
/* */
/* */
/* IP
*/
if ( bind(sd, saddr, sizeof(addr)) != 0 )
perror("bind");
/* */
do
{ int bytes, reply_len, addr_len=sizeof(addr);
char buffer[1024];
/* , */
bytes = recvfrom(sd, b u f f e r , s i z e o f ( b u f f e r ) , 0, saddr,
&addr_len);
if ( bytes > 0 .)
/* */
printf("Caught message from %s:%d (%d bytes)\n",
inet_ntoa(addr.sin_addr), ntohs(addr.sin_port),
bytes);
/**** ****/
if ( sendto(sd, buffer, reply_len, 0, saddr,
addr_len) < 0 )
perror("Tried to reply with sendto");
else
4. ...
93
www.books-shop.com
perror( "Awaiting message with RecvFrom");

while ( !quit );

. ,
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.
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94
I.
www.books-shop.com
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96
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send() recv(), UDP
sendto() recvfrom(), .
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UDP ,
, . TCP,
UDP
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UDP,
, , ,
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. TCP
, UDP .
IP.
98
I.
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103
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108
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116
116
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to
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102
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103
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104
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Systems
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www.books-shop.com
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106
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107
www.books-shop.com
, (
10, " ").
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Procedure Calls ) (
15, "
(RPC)").
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, , ,
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RPC.
Internet
Linux ( UNIX
) OSI
TCP/IP. Linux Internet,

Linux.
IP 1972 . ARPAnet, DARPA (Defense

Advanced Research Projects Agency
). BBN .
UNIX, , Bell Labs,
IP. , ARPAnet,, UNIX ,
. Socket API
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4.2
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108
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Internet
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API
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IP
, IPv4 IPv6,
.
, ,
5.
109
www.books-shop.com
OSI.
. ,
, .
2: (ICMP)
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol
Internet) .
"network not reachable" ( ) "host not found" (
).
,
. , , ARP
, . ,
TCP " "
. IPv6
() .
ICMP , .
UDP, TCP . ICMP
.
3: (UDP)
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UDP

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UDP :
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.
110
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Internet
OSI

API
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TCP
UDP
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,
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3: (TCP)
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4:
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Web
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OSI. (NFS) RPC
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ICMP.

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112
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. IP
.

, Internet.
IP,
socket() (. 5.4).
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TCP/IP
4
3
(TCP)
3 (UDP)
2 (I)
2 (IP)
/
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socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)
,
socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);

socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, );
socket(PF_INET,
SOCK_PACKET, );
Linux
socket () SOCK_PACKET.
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3, "
Internet
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10.
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:
121
122
129
131
134
www.books-shop.com
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119
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6.1. bind() TCP!

/***
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/*
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120
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*/
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122
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clientsd = accept(sd, &addr, &size); /* */

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{
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printf( "Connection [%s]: %s:%d\n",
/* */
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6.
123
www.books-shop.com
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if ( client > 0 )
{ char buffer[1024];
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6.
127
www.books-shop.com
bzero(buffer, sizeof(buffer) );
/* */
recv(client, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0); /*
*/
send(client, reply, strlen(reply), 0); /* */
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fprintf(stderr, "%s", buffer);
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128
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6.8. HTTP
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else
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129
www.books-shop.com
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130
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www.books-shop.com
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136
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if ( (pchild = fork()) == 0 )
{ /* */
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exit(status); /* ! */
}
else if ( pchild > 0 )
{ /* */
int retval;
/* */
wait(&retval); /* */
}
else
{ /* */
perror("Tried to fork() a process");
7. :
137
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7.2.
/**********************************************************/
/*** () ( ) ***/
/**********************************************************/
int pchild;
for (;;) /* */
{
/* */
{ /* */
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exit(status);
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138
.
www.books-shop.com

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int pthread_create(pthread_t* child, pthread_attr_t* attr,
void* ( * f n ) ( v o i d * ) , void* arg);

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7. :
139
www.books-shop.com
7.1. pthread create ()
child
attr
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{
/* */
int main (void)

{ int pchild;
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if ( (pchild = fork( < 0 )
perrorf ("Fork error");
else if ( pchild == 0 )
{
/*
*/
/*
*/
Child_Fn();
exit(0);
140
II.
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{ /* */
/* */
/* */
wait();
}
return 0;
7.5.
/***
***/
void *Child_Fn(void *arg)

{ struct argstruct *myarg = arg;
/* */
return NULL; /* */
int main (void)
{ struct argstruct arg = {};
pthread_t tchild;
/* */
/* */
if ( pthread_create(&tchild, NULL, &Child_Fn, &arg) != 0 )
perror("Pthreads error"); /* */
/*** , ***/
/* () */
/* */
/* */
pthread_join (tchild, NULL);
return 0;
}
fork(), ,
.
, , , ,
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exit() .
Pthreads . return (
) .
7. :
%RRNVVKRS

141
clone()
Linux _clone(),
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.
(. . 7.1), ,
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clone ()
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clone () :
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int
clone(int (*fn)(void*), void* stacktop, int flags,
void* arg);
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142
II.
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7.3.
clone ()
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; ,
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: ,
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7.6. fork() pthread_create()
/******************************/
/*** fork() */
/******************************/
void Child(void)
{
/* */
exit(O);
}
int main(void)
{ int pchild;
Child();
7. :
143
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wait();
else
perror( "Can't fork process");
/***********************************************/
/*** pthread_create () ***/
/***********************************************/
void* Child (void *arg)
{
/* */
return &Result;
int main (void)

{ pthread_t tchild;
if ( pthread_create(Stchild, 0, &Child, 0) != 0
perror ( "Can ' t create thread" ) ;
pthread_join(tchild, 0);
7.7. clone ()
/*****************************************/
/*** fork() */
/*****************************************/
void Child(void *arg)
{
/* */
exit(O);
}
idefine STACK 1024
int main(void)
{ int cchild;
char *stack = mallocfSTACK);
if ((cchild = _clone(&Child, stack+STACK1, SIGCHLD, 0)) == 0)
{/** **/}
else if ( cchild > 0 )
wait();
else
perror("Can't clone task");
}
/********************************************/
/*** pthread_create() ***/
/**********************
"~
void* Child(void *arg)
{
/* */
exit(O);
144
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tdefine STACK
1024
int main(void)
{ int cchild;
char *stack = malloc(STACK);
if ((cchild = _clone(&Child, stack+STACK
1, CLONE_VM |
CLONE FS | CLONE_FILES | CLONE_SIGHAND |
SIGCHLD, 0 ) ) < 0)
perror("Can't clone");
wait();
}
_clone() ,
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7. :
145
www.books-shop.com
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fd , .
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146
II.
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pipe():
/****************************************************************/
/***
pipe()
***/
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int f d [ 2 ] ;
/* , */
if ( pipe(fd) != )
/* */
perror("Pipe creation error");
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char buffer[1024];
/* fork() */
close(FDs[0]);
/* */
write(FDs[l], buffer, buffer_len); /*
*/
/* */
wait();
close(FDs[l]);
7.9.
/****************************************************************/
/***

***/
/***************************************************************/
7. :
147
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int FDs[2); /* , */
char buffer[1024];
/* pthread create() */
write(FDs[l], buffer, buffer_len); /*
*/
/* */
pthread_join(pchild, arg);

. 7.10 7.11.
7.10.
/***
***/
int FDs[2];
/* , */
char buffer[1024];
/* */
dup(FDs[0], 0); /* stdin */
close(FDs[0]); /* */
close(FDs[l]); /*
*/
read(0, buffer, sizeof(buffer)); /*
*/
/*
printf("My report...");
exit(O);
*/
7.11.
/*********
/***

***/
int FDs[2];
/* , */
pipe(FDs); /* : FDs[0] , FDsfl] */
char buffer[1024];
/*___ */
148
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read(FDs[0], buffer, sizeof(buffer)); /*

*/
/* */
printf("My report...");
close(FDs[0]);
close(FDs[1]);
/* */
/* */
pthread_exit(arg);
,
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1. .
pipe().
2.
fd[0], a
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7. :
149
www.books-shop.com
. 7.2. !
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150
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. 7.3.
,
7. :
151
%RRNVVKRS


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int sigaction(int sig_num, const struct sigaction *action,
const struct sigaction *old);
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sigaction:
152
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struct sigaction
{
/* */
void (*sa_handler)(int signum);
/* */
void (*sa_sigaction)(int, siginfo t *, void *);
/* , ,
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sigset_t sajnask;
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.
7.12 , SIGFPE
( )
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7. :
153
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7.12. SIGFPE SIGINT

/*** SIGFPE SIGINT ***/
#include <signal.h>
/* */
void sig_catcher(int sig)
printf("I caught signal #%d\n", sig);
int main(void)
{ struct sigaction act;
bzero(&act, sizeof(act));
act.sa_handler = sig_catcher;
sigaction(SIGFPE, act, 0);
act.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
signal(SIGINT, &act, 0 ) ;
/* */
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*/
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kill(). :
154
II.
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#include <signal.h>
int kill(pid_t PID, int sig_num);

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/*** ,
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***/
7. :
155
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int queue[lO];
int in, out, empty;
/************** 1 **************/
/* */
if ( !empty ) /* */
{ int val = queue[out];
out++;
if ( out >= sizeof(queue) )
out = 0; /* */
empty = (out == in);
}
7.14. 2
/*** ,
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162
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163
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/* ls PATH */
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164
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client = acceptfsd, &addr, &addr_size);

printf("Connected: %s:%d\n", inet_ntoa(addr.sin_addr),
ntohs(addr.sin_port));
if ( ork() )
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dup2(client, 1); /* stdout */
dup2(client, 2); /* stderr */
execl("/bin/ls", "/bin/ls", "al", "/etc", 0);
perror("Exec failed!"); /* */
}
}
fork()
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174
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int pos[MAXCLIENTS];
bzero(pos, sizeof(pos));
for ( i = 0; i < ClientCount; i++ )
if ( fcntl(client[i], F_SETFL, 0_NONBLOCK) != 0 )
perrorf'Fcntl could not set nonblocking");
done = 0;
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{ int bytes;
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*/
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if ( bytes > 0 )
pos[i] += bytes;
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8.
175
www.books-shop.com
if ( pos[i] < size )

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for ( i = 0; i < numports; i++ )
if ( fcntl(client[i], F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK) != 0 )
perror("Fcntl can't set nonblocking on port #%d", i);

for (;;) /* */
{ int client;
for ( i = 0; i < numports; i++ )
if ( (client = accept(sd[i], &addr, &size)) > 0 )
SpawnServer(sd[i], i);
/*** ***/
176
II.
www.books-shop.com
,
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177
www.books-shop.com
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int ready=0;
void sig_io(int sig)
{
/*** recv(): ***/
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ready =1; /* */
for (;;)
{
if ( ready > 0 )
{
/*** SIGIO ***/
ready = 0;
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***/
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SIGIO,
.
178
www.books-shop.com
/***
SIGIO
***/
/*****************************************************/
if ( fcntl(sd, F_SETFL, O_ASYNC | O_NONBLOCK) < 0 )
PANIC("Can't make socket asynch & nonblocking");
if ( fcntl(sd, F_SETOWN, getpid()) < 0 )
PANIC("Can't own SIGIO");

,
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/*** VRML
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int ready=0, bytes;
{
/* */
bytes = recv(server, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);
if ( bytes < 0 )
perror("SIGIO");
ready =1; /* */
}
/* , */
if ( fcntl(sd, F_SETFL, 0_ASYNC | O_NTONBLOCK) < 0 )
PANIC("Can't make socket asynch & nonblocking");

/* */
8.
179
www.books-shop.com
/* SIGIO SIGURG */
if ( fcntl(sd, F_SETOWN, getpid()) < 0 )
PANIC("Can't own SIGIO");
while ( Idone )
if ( ready > 0 )
/*** SIGIO ***/
ready = 0;
FillQueue(Queue, buffer, bytes);
/*** SIGIO ***/
/*** ***/
/*** ***/
/*** , ready
***/
}
.
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180
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II.
www.books-shop.com
int ready=0, bytes, size=0, pos=0;

{
if ( size > 0 )
{
bytes = send (client, buffer, size+pos, 0);
if ( bytes < 0 )
pos += bytes;
ready = 1;
/* , */
/* SIGIO */
while ( Idone )
if ( /*** ***/ )
/*** ***/
else
/*** ***/
, ,
SIGIO.
.
. ,
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:
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.
:
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int Connections[MAXCONNECTIONS];
int sd, NumConnections=0;
{ int client;
8.
181
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/* ,
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*/
if ( (client = acceptf sd, 0, 0) > 0 )
if ( NumConnections < MAXCONNECTIONS )
Connections [NumConnections++] = client;
else
{
sendfclient, "Too many connections !\n, 22, 0");
close(client);
}
else
perror(" Accept");
,
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linclude <unistd.h>
int select (int maxfd, fd_set *to_read, fd_set *to write,
fd_set *except, struct timeval *timeout);
182
II.
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FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set);

/*.
FD_ISSET(int f d , fd_set *set);
/*

FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set); /*
FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);
/*
*/
*/
*/
*/
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to_read
to_write
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,
,
,
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timeout
fd
set
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,

maxfd
1.
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1024), (
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) 1,.. 7.
timeout ,
. :
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;
.
, [3,4,6],
:
/***************************************************************/
/***
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***/
/***************************************************************/
int count;
fd_set set;
struct timeval timeout;
FD_ZERO(&set);
FD_SET(3, &set);
FD_SET(4, &set);
FD_SET(5, &set);
/* */
/* #3 */
/* #4 */
/* #5 */
timeout.tv_sec = 5; /* 5,25 */
8.
183
www.books-shop.com
timeout.tv_usec = 250000;
/* select() */
if ( (count = select(6+l, &set, 0, 0, &itimeout)) > 0 )
/*** , ***/
else if ( count == 0 )
fprintf(stderr, "Timed out!");
else
perror("Select");
select() ,
, . ,
, .
0, , 5,25 .
poll() , select(), .
, :
struct pollfd
{
int fd;
/* */
short events; /* */
short revents; /* , */
}
, fd, .
, events revents, , ,
.
POLLERR. . ,
.
POLLHUP. . ,
.
POLLIN. . ,
.
POLLINVAL. fd . ,
.
POLLPRI. . ,
.
POLLOUT. . , write ()
.
poll() :
linclude <sys/poll.h>
int poll(struct pollfd *list, unsigned int cnt, int timeout);
pollfd, .
cnt . (,
. ,
, .. , . poll()
184
II.
www.books-shop.com
.) timeout
select(), .
, select() poll(),
. ,
, .

,
. Linux
.
:
timeout select() poll();
SIGALRM
.
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(SO_RCVTIMEO)
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select()
,
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, .
. ,
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, :

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timeout,
.
SIGALRM.
, . ,
.
EINTR.
, ,
.

alarm(), SIGALRM.
:
/***
alarm(). ***/
/*** ( echo
timeout. Web
.)
***/
/**************************************************************/
int sig_alarm(int sig)
{/*** ***/}
8.
185
www.books-shop.com
void reader()
/* */
act.sa_handler = sig_alarm;
act.sa_flags = SA_ONESHOT;
/* ,*/
if ( sigaction (SIGALARM, &act, 0) != 0 )
perror( "Could not set up timeout");
else
/* , */
/* */
alarm (TIMEOUT_SEC) ;
/* , */
/*
*/
if ( recv(sd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0) < 0 )
{
if (errno == EINTR)
perror ("Timed out!");
, ,
recv().
, SIGALRM.
recv() , errno
EINTR.
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SA_RESTART. 7, " : ",
, .
,
.
: alarm()
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: $
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( , ),
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fcntl(),
.

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.
.

.
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187
www.books-shop.com
...

194

select()
200
206
212
213
213
:

214
215
217
www.books-shop.com
Socket API ,
. ,
.
,
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. .

,
.
,
. ,
.
,
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). .
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/***

***/
/**************************************************************/
int sd;

if ( (sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0 )
PANIC("socket() failed");
addr.sin_port = htons(MY_PORT);
9.
189
www.books-shop.com
addr.sin_addr = INADDR_ANY;
if (bind(sd, &addr, sizeof(addr)) != 0 )
PANIC("bind() failed");
if (listen(sd, 20) != 0)
PANIC ("listen() failed");
for (;;}
{
int client, len=sizeof(addr);

client = accept(sd, &addr, &len);
if (client > 0)
{ int pid;
if ( (pid = fork()) == 0 )
{
close(sd);
Child(client); /*
*/
else if( pid > 0 )

close(client) ;
else
perror("fork() failed");
7, " :
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,
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, . ,
,
. , ,
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,
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:
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/***
, .
***/
/***
( capped
servlets.c Web
.)
***/
/***************************************************************/
int ChildCount=0;
{
wait(O);
ChildCount;
190
II.
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for (;;)
{
int client, len=sizeof (addr);

while ( ChildCount >= MAXCLIENTS )
sleep(l);
client = accept (sd, &addr, &len);
if ( client > 0 )
{ int pid;
if ( (pid = fork()) == 0 )
{/* */
close(sd);
Child(client); /* */
}
else if ( pid > 0 )
{/* */
ChildCount++;
close(client) ;
}
else
.
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,
, .
,

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. ,
, .

520 ,
. HTTP
. (
httpd, ,
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/***

***/
/**************************************************************/
if ( (pid = f o r k ( ) ) == 0 )
{
close(sd);
Child(client) ; /* */
9.
191
%RRNVVKRS

, (sd).
!
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/***
, ***/
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servlets.c Web
.)
***/
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int ChildCount=0;
{
wait(O);
ChildCount ;
main()
/*** ;

***/
for (;;)
if ( ChildCount < MAXCLIENTS )
if ( (pid = fork()) == 0 ) /* */
for (;;)
int client = accept(sd, 0, 0);
Child(client); /*
*/
else if ( pid > 0 ) /* */
ChildCount++;
else
else
sleep(l);
accept() fork():
,
, .
, , 10 .
. ,
192
www.books-shop.com
( "" ). ,
"", ,
" ".
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, accept()
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. .
9.
193
www.books-shop.com
, . ,
, ,
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),
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),
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. 9.1. ,

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,
.
(. . 9.1, ). ,
fork() ( ,
5 ).
, ,
.
.
/***
/***
( servlet
chumner.c
Web
.)
***/
***/
/**************************************************************/
194
II.
www.books-shop.com
int delay=MAXDELAY;
time_t lasttime;
void sig_child(int signum)
/* , 5 */
wait(O);
timej&lasttime);
delay = MAXDELAY;
/* */
/* */
/* */
void Chuiraner( void (*servlet)(void))

{
time(&lasttime) ;
/* */
for (;;)
{
if ( !fork() )
/* */
servlet(); /* ( /
exit()) */
sleep(delay);
/* */
/* ,
*/
if ( times[0] timesll] >= delay 1 )
if ( delay > MINDELAY )
/*
*/
delay /= 2;
/* */
, .
( delay), .

select()

.
,
.
:
"" .

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. ,
. ,
9.
195
www.books-shop.com

. :
Linux 10 .
, .
, 200 , 2 ,
0,01 . ,
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10 / ( TCP/IP).
512 /.
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" "
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" " ,
.
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. ,

: select() poll().
.
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.
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,

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196
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select()

.

. ,

. ,
.
.
select(), " " ,
.
.
.
select().
/*** select(): ***/
/***
***/
/*** . ***/
/*** ( smart
select. Web
ye.)
***/
int sd, maxfd=0;
fd_set set;
FD_ZERO(&set);
/*** fork() * * * / > :
/* */
maxfd ~ sd;
FD SET(sd, &set);
f or ( ; ; )
{
struct timeval timeout={2,0}; /* 2 */

/* */
if ( select (maxfd+1, &set, 0, 0, stimeout) > 0 )
{
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/* */
if ( FD_ISSET(sd, &set) )
{ int client = accept(sd, 0, 0);
if ( maxfd < client )
maxfd = client;
FD SET(client, &set);
/* , */
/* */
else
/*** ***/
/* , */
/* */
9.
197
www.books-shop.com
( ,
), 510 ,
, , 5
10 .

, SD
,
. , select()
"" , .
BSD4.4 , select().
,
Linux
.

.
.

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,
Web
.

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. ,
:
/*** ***/
/***********************************************/
if ( FD_ISSET(sd, &set) )
if ( ceiling < MAXCONNECTIONS )

{ int client = accept(sd, 0, 0);
if ( maxfd < client )
maxfd = client;
FD_SET(client, &set);
ceiling++;
}
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198
IL
www.books-shop.com
, ,
. ,
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.
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. ,

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( select(), .)
. ,
.
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poll() . ,
, poll()
.
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:
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/***

***/
/*** .
***/
/***
( fair
load. Web
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***/
/****************************************************************/
int fd_count=0;
struct pollfd fds[MAXFDs]; /*
bzero() */
/*
*/
int sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
/*** bind() llsten() ***/

for (;;)
{ int i;
/* ,
/* */
for ( i=0; i<fd_count; i++ )
if ( fds[i].events == 0 )
break;
if ( i == fd_count && fd_count < MAXFDs )
9.
*/
199
www.books-shop.com
fd_count++;
/* ? */
/* */
if (i < fd_count)
{
fds[i].fd = accept (sd, 0,0);
fds[i].events = POLLIN | POLLHUP;
}
else
/* */
sleep(1);
/* "" *[
/* */
void *Servlet(void *init)
{ int start = *(int*)init; /* */
for (;;)
{ int result;
/* 0,5 */
if ( (result = poll(fds+start, RANGE, 500)) > 0 )
{ int i;
for (i = 0; i < RANGE; i++)
{
if ( fds[i).revents & POLLIN )
/*** .***/,
else if ( fds[i].revents & POLLHUP )
/*** ***/
else if ( result < 0 )

perror( "poll() error");
,
.
fds[].
. ( events
pollfd , poll() .
,
0.)
.
7, " : ", ,
. ,
.
, .
200
II,
www.books-shop.com

getsockopt() setsockopt().
, , (
, " ").
:
int getsockopt(int sd, int level, int optname, void *optval,
socklen_t *optlen);
int setsockopt(int sd, int level, int optname, const void *optval,
socklen_t optlen);
.
Linux 4 : SOL_SOCKET, SOL_IP, SOL_IPV6 SOL_TCP.
.
optval,
optlen.
getsockopt() , .
, , SOJCEEPALIVE:
/***
setsockopt()
***/
int value=0; /* FALSE */

if ( setsockopt(sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, Svalue,
sizeof(value)) != 0 )
perror("setsockopt() failed");
:
/***
getsockopt()
***/
int value;
int val size = sizeof(value);
if ( getsockopt(sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TYPE, &value, &value)) != 0 )
perror("getsockopt() failed");"

.
SOL_SOCKET.
SO_BROADCAST.
.
(. 2, " TCP/IP").
. , ,
. ( ,
False)
SO_DEBUG. /
.
TCP. ( , False.)
9.
201
%RRNVVKRS

SO_DONTROUTE. / .
. ,
. (
, False.)
SO_ERROR. .

,
errno. (
, 0, .).
SO_KEEPALIVE.

, ,
. (
, True.)
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close () (
) . ,
.
linger, : l_onoff
(/ ) l_linger (
). , 1_linger
, .
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. ( linger,
.)
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,
( ).
.

,
. ( , False.)
SO_PASSCRED. /
. ( , False.)
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( , ). (
ucred, .)
SO_RCVBUF.
. TCP 34
(. TCP MAXSEG). UDP

, , ,
. ( , 65535 .)
SO_RCVLOWAT. , ,

. ,
.
Linux . (
, 1 .)
202
www.books-shop.com
SO_RCVTIMEO.
.
(read(), readv(), recv(), recvfrom() recvmsg())
,
. ( timeval, 1 , .)
SO_REUSEADDR. ,
/.
. , ""
.

.
bind() "Port
already used" ( ),
, . ( ,
False.)
SO_SNDBUF. . (
.)
SO_SNDLOWAT. . ,
, ,
, .

,
. Linux
. ( , 1 .)
SO_SNDTIMEO.
.
(write(), writev(), send(), sendto() sendmsg())

,
. ( timeval, 1 , .)
SO_TYPE. .
socket(). ( ,
, .)
IP

. SOL_IP.
IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP.
. (
ip_mreq, , .)
IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP.
. (
ipjnreq, , .)
IP_HDRINCL.
IP
. ,
, .
. ( ,
False.)
9.
203
www.books-shop.com
IP_MTU_DISCOVER.
(MTU
Maximum Transmission Unit).
.
:
IP_PMTUDISC_DONT (0)
;
IP_PMTUDISC WANT (1)
;
IP_PMTUDISC DO (2)
. ( , .)
IP_MULTICAST_IF. ,
IPv4,
.
, .
, . (
in_addr, INADDR_ANY.)
IP_MULTICAST_LOOP. .
.
( , False.)
IP_MULTICAST_TTL. (TTL Time To
Live) , .
Internet,
,
. ( , 1.)
IP_OPTIONS. IP
.
IP

( , ,
..). ( , .)
IP_TOS. (TOS Type Of
Service), .
:
IPTOS_LOWDELAY ;
IPTOS_THROUGHPUT ;
IPTOS_RELIABILITY ;
IPTOS_LOWCOST . (
.)
IP_TTL. .
, .
( , 64.)
204
II.
www.books-shop.com
IPv6
,
IPv6. SOL_IPV6.
IPV6_ADD_MEMBERSHIP. IPv4,
.
( ipv6_mreq, ,
.)
IPV6_ADDRFORM.
IPv4 IPv6. ( ,
False.)
IPV6_CHECKSUM.
IPv6
. 1,
, . (
, 1.)
IPV6_DROP_MEMBERSHIP. IPv4,
.
( ipv6_mreq, ,
.)
IPV6_DSTOPTS.
.
recvmsg(). ( , False.)
IPV6_HOPLIMIT.
recvmsg(),
, . (
, False.)
IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS. IPv4 ( IP_MULTICAST_TTL),
,
. ( , 1.)
IPV6_MULTICAST_IF. IPv4, , IP
(
) . (
, 0.)
IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP. IPv4, ""
. ( , False.)
IPV6_NEXTHOP. ,
. ,
root. ( ,
False.)
IPV6_PKTINFO. ,
IPv6. ( ,
False.)
IPV6_PKTOPTIONS.
.
sendmsg(). ( , .)
9.
205
www.books-shop.com
IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS. IPv4 ( IPJTTL),

. (
, 64.)
TCP

.
SOL_TCP.
TCP_KEEPALIVE. , SO_KEEPALIVE,
2 , .
TCP_KEEPALIVE
. . Linux
sysctl(). ( ,
7200 .)
TCP_MAXRT.
. 1,
. (
, 0.)
TCP_MAXSEG. TCP .
.
,
. ( , 540
.)
TCP_NODELAY. TCP ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
. ( , False.)
TCP_STDURG. ,
. , ,
recv() MSG_OOB.
TCP ,
. Linux
sysctl(). ( , 1.)

,
bind() "Port already used" (
). (
), Usenet.
, .
,
( ).
206
www.books-shop.com
. , ,
, , .
, SO_REUSEADDR, ,
. ,
,
. , .
/***
/***
( ,
)
***/
***/
int value=l; /* TRUE */

int sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_ADDR, 0 ) ;
if ( setsockopt(sd, SOL SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &value,
sizeof(value)) != 0 )
/*** bind(), listen() accept() ***/
bind() ,
EAGAIN. ,
.
SO_REUSEADDR , .
, , HTTP

80. , , ,
. , ,
/var.
. (
, .
TCP_NODELAY,
.
, TCP ,
, .
,
, ,
. , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, write() ,
.
,
, . :
,
. ,
.
9.
207
www.books-shop.com
$
, ,

.
.
, . ,
,
Socket API.
, , , printf(), ,
.

,
, ,
.
read() write() , ec ,
Socket API.
Socket API.
.
, , .
:

:

, .
,
. Linux ,
.
Socket
API ,
. , fcntl().
.
, .
8, "
", ,

.
send()

. ,
send().
,
.
208
www.books-shop.com
,
send(). , , ,
, ,
.
SO_ERROR ,
errno.
send() , MSG_DONTWAIT.
.
,
, .
, ,
. , .
,
, .
recv()
send(), recv()
, , , ,
. , recv()
. ,
. ( ,
MSG_WAITALL.)
, ,
.
: , ,
. .
, ,

recv().
, ,
.
, ,

, .
, SIGIO.
recv().
, , .
, ;
, . ,

,
, .
, , ,
recv() MSG WAITALL.

""

. TCP
, "" .
9.
209
www.books-shop.com
( out
of
band).
, :
, (
, ).
,
. ,
: .
,
. , Telnet
(^) .
, reset
transaction
restart
transaction. 256 .
SO_OOBINLINE ,
SIGURG (
). ,
recv() MSG_OOB.
, MSG
send(). , ,
fcntl()
:
/*********************************************************/
/***
SIGIO SIGURG
***/
/**********************************************************/
if ( fcntl(sockfd, F_SETOWN, getpid()) != 0 )
perror( "Can't claim SIGURG and SIGIO");
,
SIGIO SIGURG.
,
, , ,
. ""
:
/****************************************************************/
/***

***/
/***
( ).
***/
/*** ( heartbeat
server. Web
.)
***/
int clientfd;
void sig_handler(int signum)
{
if ( signum == SIGURG )
{ char c;
recv(clientfd, &c, sizeof(c));
if ( == '?')
send (clientfd, "Y", 1, MSG );
/* ? */
/* ! */
int main()
( int sockfd;
struct sigaction act;

210
II.
www.books-shop.com
act.sa handler = sig_handler;
sigaction(SIGURG, &act, 0);
/* SIGURG */
/*** ***/
/* SIGIO SIGURG */
if ( fcntl(clientfd, F_SETOWN, getpid()) != 0 )
perror("Can't claim SIGURG and SIGIO");
/*** ***/
}
, .
:
/****************************************************************/
/***
/***
/***

( ).
( heartbeatclient. Web.)
***/
***/
***/
int serverfd, got_reply=l;

{
if ( signum == SIGURG )
{ char c;
recv(serverfd, &c, sizeof(c));
got_reply = ( == 'Y' )
/* */
}
else if (signum == SIGALARM)
if ( got_reply )
{
send(serverfd, "?", 1, MSG_OOB);
/* ? */
alarm(DELAY);
/* */
got reply = 0;
}
else
fprintf(stderr, "Lost connection to server!");
}
int main()
act.sa_handler = sig_handler;
sigaction(SIGURG, &act, 0);
sigaction(SIGALRM, &act, 0);
/*** ***/
/* SIGIO SIGURG */
if ( fcntl(serverfd, F_SETOWN, getpid()) != 0 )
perrorj"Can't claim SIGURG and SIGIO");
alarm(DELAY);
/*** ***/
9.
211
%RRNVVKRS

,
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
, .

, .
,
, ,

. ,
,
.

. ,
, , , .

Socket API, ,

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. ,
, ,
.
212
II.
www.books-shop.com
10
...

:
220
221
223
227
230
234
235
236
www.books-shop.com
. ,
.
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, .
.

. ,
.

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, ,
. , ,
.
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.
,
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, GNU
, .
, .
, .
,
,
UNIX. :
214
II.
www.books-shop.com
, 0;
,

errno;
;
;

;

,
, const;
, typedef
();

, ,
;
,
.
.
.
, ,
, , .
: ,
Linux .
.

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. :
,
.
.
.
bind(). , ,
. ,
.
( )
.
connect(). , .
"host not found" (
) "host unreachable" ( ).
accept(). ,
. ( ,
.)
EINTR ( ). .
10.
215
www.books-shop.com
sigaction() SA_RESTART,
.

(recv(), send() ..).
, .

(. ). ,
fprintf(), ,
. ,
SIGPIPE .
gethostbyname().
, 0 ( NULL).

, .
fork(). , , ,
. ,
, .
pthread_create(). fork(), ,
.
setsockopt()/getsockopt(). ,
. ,
,
.

. :
, .
, .
.
,
.
socket(). ,
),
. bind(), connect() .
"not a socket" ( ).
listen(). bind() ,
, . ,
, .
close() shutdown(). ,
. ,
.
, , , ,
, . ,

. , ,
216
//.
www.books-shop.com
. ,
, .
,
. ,
" ".
TCP/IP,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
, getsockopt() SO_ERROR:
int error;
socklen_t size = sizeof(error);

if ( getsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &error, &size)
== 0 )
if ( error != 0 )
fprintf(stderr, "socket error: %s(%d)\n", stderror(error),
error);
, ,

. ,
.
.
, ,
. ,
,
, ,

,
. .
, ,
SIGPIPE.
,
7, " : ".
.
, .
.
,
.

. ,

,
( ).
. , ,
, .
10.
217
www.books-shop.com

, .
,
.
,
. ,
,
, .
, .
,
. ( Linux 32)
. ,
.
. 32
( ,
" ", 7 )
: SIGPIPE, SIGURG, SIGCHLD, SIGHUP, SIGIO SIGALRM.
SIGPIPE
UNIX ,
. ,
. ,
, .
,
.
,

(. sigpipe
client.c sigpipe
server.c
Web
). ,
, less, ,
, "broken pipe" (
). SIGPIPE , MSG_NOSIGNAL
send(). .
.
, .
, ,
.
, , :
, , ,
. ,
. ,
, . ,
, .
,
.
, ,
( Web
).
, ,
, ,
.
218
II.
www.books-shop.com
SIGURG

.
(.
9, " "),
. ,
SIGURG . .

, . ,

.
SIGCHLD
SIGCHLD , (
, ) . ,
, .
,

(. 7, " :
").
SIGCHLD wait().
,
. , ,
.
wait() (
), waitpid():
#include <sys/wait.h>
int waitpid(int pid, int *status, int options);
pid ; 1,
, wait(). status
wait()
. ,
options WNOHANG.
, ,
, 0.
SIGCHLD.
/*** ***/
/*******************************************/
void sig_child(int signum)
i
while ( waitpid(
l, 0, WNOHANG) > 0 );
}
,
. waitpid(). ,
10.
219
www.books-shop.com
,
.
wait()
, . waitpid()
.
, ,
.
SIGHUP
,
? SIGHUP.
. .
,
.
,
. , .
,
.

SIGHUP.
, init .
, (), .
,
. (
, .)
SIGIO
,
. SIGIO
,

( ).
, (
SO_SNDLOWAT ).
,
( SO_RCVLOWAT ).
8, "
",
9, " ".
SIGALRM
SIGIO, SIGALRM,
. alarm(), ""
. ,
, .
220
II.
www.books-shop.com
. , "" (
), , ,
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( )
.

(); stdin, stdout stderr. , ,
.
,
, .
.
.
,
. ,
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);
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, ,
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assert(). , ,
.
, .
calloc(), .
. , C++ new ,
malloc() calloc().
delete ,
malloc(), .
10.
221
%RRNVVKRS

NULL.
(,
, ).
,
.
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,
.
. 10.1 .
, ,
.
10.1.

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""
""
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(

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Linux
(
1 ,
)
malloc()
. malloc() , ,
, .

,
.
,
.
, " ". ,
,
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222
II.
www.books-shop.com
, "" ,
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,
.

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, .
:
int Counter;
/*
*/
char *words[] = {"the", "that", "a", 0}; ;/*

*/
void fn(int arg1, char *arg2)
/* () */
{ int i, index;
/* () */

, .

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,

,
.
.
. ,
.
.
. .
. ,
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, ,
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. ,
10.
223
www.books-shop.com
,
.
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. ,
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.
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, ,
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.
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.

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, ; ,
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,
. , , ,
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.
224
www.books-shop.com

( ,
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: , .
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.
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. . TCP
, .
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, , ,
.
, .
: .
, .
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, ,
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10.
225
www.books-shop.com
, , 100$
.
, .
, ,
.
. ,
200$, 100$.
.
. .
,
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,
.
, ,
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. .
,

226
www.books-shop.com
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).
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10.
227
www.books-shop.com

,
. , ,
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HTTP
,
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. , ,
, . Telnet
,
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253
www.books-shop.com
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255
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12. Java
257
www.books-shop.com
Socket s = ss.accept();
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258
III.
www.books-shop.com

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www.books-shop.com
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268
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/* */
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tf6 */
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struct hostent *host = gethostbyname(hostname);

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/* */

SSL :
**********************************************************/
/***
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***/
/***

***/
/**********************************************************/
SSL *ssl = SSL_new(ctx); /* SSL
*/
SSL_set_fd(ssl, sd);
/* */
if ( SSL_connect(ssl) ==
1 ) /* */
/* */
SSL
.
:
char* cipher_name = SSL_get_cipher(ssl);
:
/***************************************************************/
***/
/**

/***************************************************************/
char line[1024];
509 *509 = X509_get_subject_name(cert);
/* */
X509_NAME_oneline(x509, line, sizeof(line)); /* */
printf("Subject: %s\n", line);
x509 = X509_get_issuer_name(cert);
/* */
X509_NAME_oneline(x509, line, sizeof(line)); /* */
printf("Issuer: %s\n", line);
,
, send() recv(). .
, flags ;
, 1.
send() recv() ,
.
/***************************************************************/
/***

int bytes;
bytes = SSL_read(ssl, buf, s i z e o f ( b u f ) ) ; /* / */
bytes = SSL_write(ssl, msg, strlen(msg)); /* / */
,
322
IV.
www.books-shop.com
SSL
.
, SSL.
.
, :
/***

***/
/**************************************************************/
SSL_METHOD method;
SSL_CTX *ctx;
OpenSSL_add_all_algoritms();
/* */
SSL_load_error_strings(); /*
*/
method = SSLv2_server_method();
/*
*/
ctx = SSL_CTX_new{method);
/* */
, , ,
SSL2, SSL3. ,
Netscape.
, .
: ,
. .
, , :
/***

***/
/************************************************************/
/* */
SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file(ctx, CertFile, SSL_FILETYPE_PEM);
/* */
SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(ctx, KeyFile, SSL_FILETYPE_PEM);
/* */
if ( !SSL_CTX_check_private_key(ctx) )
fprintf(stderr, "Key & certificate don't match");
,
.
, Internet,
, VeriSign.
, OpenSSL (
, ). Perl CA.pl
/usr/local/ssl/misc, .
, , PATH
/usr/local/ssl/bin.
16.
323
www.books-shop.com
, :
/***
***/

int sd, client;
sd = socket(PP_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
/*
addr.sin_port = htons(port);
addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY /*
bind(sd, &addr, sizeof(addr));

/*
listen(sd, 10);
/*
client accept(server, &addr, &len); /*
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
, SSL
:
/***
SSL
***/
ssl = SSL_new(ctx);
/* SSL */
SSL_set_fd(ssl, client);
/* */
if ( SSL_accept(ssl) == FAIL ) /*
SSL */
else
{ int bytes;
bytes = SSL_read(ssl, buf, sizeof(buf));
SSL_write(ssl, reply, strlen(reply));
/*
*/
/* */
}
. Web
Netscape.
,
.
:

. ,
, , .
Internet,
.
Internet , .
Internet.
,
. ,
324
IV.
www.books-shop.com
, Web

.
,
Internet, ,
.
.
.
, SSL.
SSL.
.
OpenSSL,
200 .
OpenSSL, ,
, Internet.

: .
,
, ,
16.
325
www.books-shop.com
17
...

337
339
346
www.books-shop.com
. ,
, , .
?
.
,
,
. "".
IP
: . ,
.

[RFC919, RFC922]
. :
. ( ,
, .
, .)
IP

. 2, " TCP/IP",
ifconfig ,
. ,
.

. , 1 9 8 . 2 . 5 6 . X X X , 250 ,
198.2.56.0, :
198.2.56.255. ( 2, " TCP/IP", ,
, , . :
.)

: . ,
.
, .
, IP
(

Ethernet

). , ,

. ,
,

.
, ,
,
,
(FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF).
, ,
17. , ...
327
www.books-shop.com
, .
, .
IP
. .
, .
( UDP) ,
,

. .
. "" .

SO_BROADCAST. :
.
/***
***/
const int on=l;

if ( setsockopt(sd, SOL SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, Son, sizeof(on))
1= 0 )
panic("set broadcast failed");
addr.sin~port = htons(port);
addr.sin~addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
if ( bind(sd, Saddr, sizeof(addr)) != 0 )
panic)"bind failed");
addr.sin_port = htons(atoin(strings[2]));
if ( inet_aton(strings[1], Saddr.sin_addr) == 0 )
panic("inet_aton failed ( % s ) " , strings[l]);
,
.
. ,
,
.
:
/*** . ***/
/*** .
***/
if ( fork() )
Receiver(sd);
else
{
shutdown(sd, SHUT RD); /* */
Sender(sd);
}
wait(O);
328
IV.
www.books-shop.com

.
, ,
. , ,
. ,
255.255.255.255 Internet. ( ,
.
,
, 198.2.255.255, , 198.2.1.0,
.)
.
,
. ,
.
. IPv4
.
, .
[RFC1112]
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
, TCP
. TCP,
Linux,
.
.
. , Internet,
.
.
(
" ").
IPv6. IPv6
, .
'
Linux ,
( /proc/net/dev_mcast, ,
), ,
, , ,
.
17. , ...
329
www.books-shop.com

,
. , ,
, . ,
.
2, " TCP/IP", ,
IP
,
: 224.0.0.0
239.255.255.255. , ,
, , ..
,
(. 17.1).
17.1.

(TTL)
224.0.0.0
224.0.0.255
< 32
239.255.0.0
239.255.255.255
< 128
239.192.0.0
239.195.255.255
<= 255
224.0.1.0
238.255.25.255
, setsockopt(),
ipjnreq:
/***************************************************************/
/***
ipjnreq
struct ip_mreq
struct in_addr imrjnultiaddr; /* */

struct in_addr imr_interface; /* */
};
imrjnultiaddr ,
. , sin_addr sockaddr_in.
imr_interface .
bind(), ,
INADDR_ANY,
.

imr_interf INADDR_ANY,
. , Linux 2.2.
" ". ,
, .
,
ipjnreq . imr_interface INADD_ANY
.
330
IV.
www.books-shop.com
,
,
.
/***************************************************/
/*'**

***/
/***************************************************/
const char *GroupID = "224.0.0.10";
struct ip_mreq mreq;
if ( inet _aton(GroupID, &mreq.imr_multiaddr) == 0 )
panic("address ( % s ) bad", GroupID);
mreq.imr interface.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
if ( setsockopt(sd, SOL_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq,
sizeof(mreq)) != 0 )
panic("Join multicast failed");

, SO_REUSEADDR.
Linux (SO_REUSEPORT).
/***********************************************************/
/*** ***/
/*************************************************************/
if ( setsockopt(sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &on, sizeof(on))
!= 0 )
panic("Can't reuse address/ports");
, ,
. UNIX 16
. , , .
, "
".
, :
/***********************************************************/
/***

***/
/*************************************************************/
if ( setsockopt(sd, SOL_IP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq,
panic("Drop multicast failed");
,
.

,
. ,
, . ,
.
.
. ,
IP
.
. Internet,
IAB (Internet Architecture
Board Internet).
17. , ...
331
%RRNVVKRS

. UDP
,
.

,
. '.
, .
.
" ":
, .
/. ,
, .
.
,
, . ,
.

( , Linux)
, , ,
"" . ,
,
.
MAC
(
).

. ,
(FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF),

, 01:00:5,
( 23 ) .
, 224.138.63.10 (EO:8A:3F:OA)
01:00:5E:OA:3F:OA ( , 8 8 ).
,
. .
. .

, .
.
! ( ).

64
512
.
,

.
, .
,
.
.
332
IV.
www.books-shop.com
. ,
, .
.
.
,
TCP/IP
. , ,
, , ,
. UDP
TCP, .
, .
.
. .
, .

Internet
: IP

.
, , .

; ,
.
.
.

. ,
.
, Internet
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol
) [RFC1112, RFC2236],
. IGMP

,
. ,

. .
( , .
,
.)
, ,
, .
( )
17. , ...
333
www.books-shop.com
.

.
. .
,
, .
, .
(
)

,
, . ,
, .

1992 . , ,
. ,
IP
,
.
(multicast backbone, Mbone) .
?
( mrouted),
mrouted. mrouted
.
IP
. mrouted
, .
, ,

,
. ,
.
, , ,
.
,
.
, .
334
www.books-shop.com
, , ,
,
(, "" ,
56 /). ?
, .
.
, .
. ,
, ,
.
, Internet
. ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
IGMP.
,
. , ,
,
,
, .
, .
, .
, , .
.
( )
.
, ,
. ,
.
,

. ,
.
17. , ...
335
www.books-shop.com
18
...

348
349
350
352
354
35
ping

;
www.books-shop.com
. TCP UDP
I
.
, . ,

, IP

, .
, . ,
, ,
. ,
,
ICMP
ICMP (Internet
Control Message Protocol Internet),

. , TCP UDP,
ICMP
. , Sockets API
, SOCK_MSG.
( SOCK_RAW), ICMP

.
ICMP ,
, " ". (
ping), , .
, , ICMP
.
IP
IP

IP_HDRINCL. 3,
" Internet
".
setsockopt(), , .
IP
, ,
. ,
IP,
. 3.1.
18.
337
www.books-shop.com
. ,
, .
, , 12
10 /.
. ,
, .
, , .

, .
.
,
. .
.
. , TCP :
. ,
UDP, .
.
( ).
,
,
. ,
,
.
MyPing, .
.
, ,
. ICMP

TCP/IP.
ICMP!.
, ICMP
, TCP (SOCK_STREAM) UDP (SOCK_DGRAM).
, 3.2,
, ,
.
338
IV.
www.books-shop.com
TCP! UPD!o. TCP UDP

.
, 6 (TCP) 17 (UDP),
. ,
. UDP
,
UDP
,
, .
. ,
, ,
root.
,
, ,
.
.

. ,
/etc/protocols ( , "
").
getprotobyname():
#include <netdb.h>
struct protoent* getprotobyname(const char* name);

protoent. p_proto
:
struct protoent* proto;
int sd;
proto = getprotobyname("ICMP");
sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, proto
>p_proto);
, ICMP
, .
socket() SOCK_RAW.
ICMP

,
. IP
18.
339
www.books-shop.com
, sendtsof)
, .
I
.
( ) Linux
, ICMP
:
#include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>
struct,
icmphdr
,*icmp_header;
:
#define PACKETSIZE 64 /* '*/
struct packet_struct
{
struct icmphdr header;
char message [PACKETSIZE
sizeof( struct icmphdr)];
} packet;
.

, ICMP
,
. ,
. , Linux
, , ,
.
18.1.
1 8. 1 . ICMP
unsigned short checksum(void *b, int len)
{ unsigned short *buf = b, result;
unsigned int sum=0;
for ( s u m = 0 ; l e n > 1 ;
len
=2)
.
/*
*/
if ( len == 1 )
/* , */
sum += *(unsigned char*) buf; /* */
sum = (sum >> 16) + (sum & OxFFFF); /* */
sum += (sum >> 16);
/* */
result = sum;
/* , */
return result;
/*
*/
}
:
, .
, .
, .
, .
340
IV.
www.books-shop.com
IP
IP
,
, ,
. ICMP, IP
,
.
IP

(. 3.1), .
, sendto()
, ,
(4 PF_INET, 6 PF_INET6). ,
.
setsockopt().

IP

. .
, : ,
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
, TCP, , IP

IP
. IP
,

.

, IP ,
. , ,
, . , ,
.
Internet "" ,
IP. , Linux :
.
ping
, ,
ping, ,.
. IP
:
, ping.
,
, :
, . , ,
,
, .
18.
341
%RRNVVKRS

MyPing
. .
recvfrom() ( 18.2).
18.2. MyPing
/***
MyPing.
***/
/***
MyPing.c Web
.
***/
/****************************************************************/
for ( ; ; )
int bytes, len=sizeof(addr);

bzero(buf, sizeof(buf)); /* */
bytes = recvfrom(sd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, &addr, &len);
if ( bytes > 0 )
' /* , */
display(buf, bytes);
/*
*/
else
perror("recvfrom");
display() buf packet_struct
. , ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
.
ICMP, ICMP
( ,
). ? ICMP

(PID process ID).

.
, .
MyPing
.
, ( 18.3).
18.3. MyPing
/************************.****************************************/
/***
MyPing.
***/
/***
MyPing.c Web
.
***/
/***
for ( ; ; )
{ int len=sizeof(r_addr);
342
IV.
www.books-shop.com
/* , , */
if ( recvfrom(sd, &pckt, sizeof(pkt), ft/ &r addr, slen) > 0 )
print("***Got message!***\n");
/* */
bzero(&pckt, sizeof(pckt));
/*
pckt.hdr.type = ICMP_ECHO;
/^
pckt.hdr.un.echo.id = pid;
/*
for ( i = 0; i < sizeof(pckt.msg)l; i++ )
pckt.msg[i] = i+'O';
/*

pckt.msg[i] = 0;
/*
pckt.hdr.un.echo.sequence = cnt++; /*
pckt.hdr.checksum =
/*
checksum(&pckt, sizeof(pckt));
if ( sendto(sd, &pckt, sizeof(pckt), 0, addr, /* !
sizeof(*addr))<= 0 )
perror("sendto");
sleep(l);
/*
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
.
ping TTL ( )
: 255. ,
, recvfrom()
.
ICMP
. traceroute
.
My Ping,
ICMP
.
,
TTL.
(ICMP).
TTL . ,
. :
.
,
.
,
MyPing. :
TTL = 0;
do
{ int len=sizeof(r_addr);
struct iphdr *ip;
18.
343
www.books-shop.com
TTL++;
if ( setsockopt(sd, SOL_IP, IP_TTL, &TTL, /*
TTL */
sizeof(TTL)) != 0 )
perror("Set TTL option");
/***
(. MyPing) ***/
if { sendto(sd, &pckt, sizeof(pckt), 0, addr, /* ! */
sizeof(*addr)) <= 0 )
perror("sendto");
if ( recvfrom(sd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0,
/* */
&r_addr, &len) > 0 )
{ struct hostent *hname;
ip = (void*) buf;
printf("Host #%d: %s \n", cnt1, /* IP
*/
inet_ntoa(ip>saddr));
hname = gethostbyaddr(
/* */
(void*)&r_addr.s_addr, sizeof(r_addr.s_addr),
r addr.sin_family);
if ("hname !=NULL )
printf("(%s)\n", hname>h_name);
else
perror("Name");
}
else
perror(recvfrom);
}
/* ,
*/
while ( r_addr.sin_addr.s_addr != addr
>sin_addr.s_addr );
, ,
. ,
. 2, " TCP/IP".
ICMP,
IP
.
.
,
IP

.
ping traceroute.
344
IV.
www.books-shop.com
IPv6:
IP
19
...

IPv6
358
IPv6
:
366
360
367
www.books-shop.com
Internet .
IP
,
. ,
IP
, , .
IP:
IPv6.
IPv4.
, ,

IPv4
. 2, " TCP/IP", IP

32
(4 ).. .
,
, :
.
Internet , IAB,
, . ,
1% .
Internet .
,
, Internet, . IPv4
.
$

IAB .
IP
,
DHCP IP

.
, 32
. IPv6 [RFC2460].
IPv6 128
(16 ).
IPv4
( ). IPv6
1x1038!
IPv6
IPv6
IPv4, .
, ,
2FFF:80:0:0:0:0:94:1.
: 2FFF:80::94:1.
346
IV.
www.books-shop.com

,
, . ,
80 : 2FFF:80::94:1.80.
IPv6 , [RFC 1897,
RFC2471]. (
IPX).
.
, 001,
IPv4. . 19.1 .
. 19.1. IPv6 , !
,
. 19.1 ,
. 19.1.
19.1. IPv6
(001), Internet (
)
(TopLevel Aggregation ID);
Internet (13
)
(NextLevel Aggregation
ID); (32 )
(SiteLevel Aggregation
ID); (16 )
(64 )
TLAID
NLAID
SLAID

2, " TCP/IP", "
", .
.

.
IPv4 IP
.
IPv6 .
(TLA, NLA SLA), , .
,
, .
19. IPv6: IP
347
www.books-shop.com
IPv4 IPv6?

. Internet
IPv6. IPv4.
?
, IPv6,
IPv4. ,
IPv6.
.

. Internet UDP TCP,
IP
. IPv4
, IPv4.
IP
, , TCP
UDP. ,
IPv4 IPv6 .
IPv6 IPv4, ,
, .
IPv4 IPv6, 80 IPv6
, OxFFFF
IPv4. , 128.10.48.6 ::FFFF:128.10.48.6, ..
::FFFF:800A:3006 (, :: ).
, ,
, IPv4,
IPv6. ( . 128
32
. IPv4
"" , .
, .)
IPv6
IPv6
. Linux
IPv6
, . ,
.

,
IPv6. /, /proc/net.
igmp6 if_inet6. ,
ipv6.o.
348
IV.
www.books-shop.com
ifconfig
ifconfig, net_tools, ,
ipv6.o.
ipv6 .
,
. (

,
.
Web
www.kernel.org.) ,
Experimental Drivers. IPv6
It Is Safe to Leave These Untouched Network Settings.
IPv6. ! ,
, ipv6 ,
. .
,

.
IPv6, ifconfig
. .
IPv6 ,
IPv6.
,
help.
. , IPv6
. net_tools,
.
configure.sh, IPv6.
,
( /sbin).
,
. , ifconfig,
IPv4 .
IPv6 :
ifconfig eth() add < IPv6>
:
ifconfig eth() add 2FFF::80:453A:2348
.
IPv4 IPv6
,
. ,
19. IPv6: IP
349
www.books-shop.com
, ,
.
.
sockaddr_in, a sockaddr_in6:
struct sockaddr_in6 addr;
b i n d ( ) , connect() accept()
. .
.
PF_INET6:
sd = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, 0); /* */
/* */
.
.,
..
sd = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
/* UDP6 */
/* */
sd = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_RAW, 0);
/* ICMP6
*/
, , .
socket();
:
addr.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
addr.sin6_port = htons(MY_PORT);
if ( inet_pton(AF_INET6, "2FFF::80:9ACO:351",
perror("inet_pton failed");
&addr.sin6_addr)
== 0 )
sockaddr_in6 ,
. ( bzero()
memset()), .
.
inet_pton().
inet_ntop()
. IPv4, IPv6, Rose IPX. ,
GNU

AF_INET AF_INET6.
:
tinclude <arpa/inet.h>
int inet pton(int domain, const char* prsnt, void* b u f ) ;
char *inet_ntop(int domain, void* buf, char* prsnt, int len);
inet_pton()
,
buf. inet_ntop{) . domain
, len prsnt.
350
IV.
www.books-shop.com

IPv6
UDP TCP .

ICMP, ,
IPv6.
IPv6 , IPv4,
(40 , 20). ,
.
( ):
/***
IPv6
***/
union IPv6_Address
{
unsigned
unsigned
unsigned
unsigned
char u8[16];
short int ul6[8);
long int u32[4];
long long int u64[2];
};
struct IPv6_Header
{
unsigned
unsigned
unsigned
unsigned
int version:4;
/* IP (6) */
int priority:4;
int flow_label:24;
int payload_len:16; /*
*/
unsigned int next_header:8; /* ( TCP) */
unsigned int hop_limit:8;
/* , L */
union IPv6_Address source;
union IPv6_Address dest;
};
. priority
. ,
.
flow_label priority.
(flow) ,
.
, .
. ,
. priority flow_label ,
sin6_flowinf sockaddr_in6.
, payload_len 0, .
1 / ( 100 /)
( 100 ),
19. IPv6: IP
351
%RRNVVKRS

. ,0,
:
/***
(Jumbo)
***/
struct Jumbo_Payload
{
unsigned char option;

unsigned char length;
unsigned long bytes; '
/* 194 */
/* 4 () */
/* */
};

4 .
ICMPv6
ICMPv6 [RFC2463] ,
ICMPv4, type code . ,

(128 129 ).
.
, " ".

. : ,
.
17, ",
",
: ,
: IPv6
33:33. ,
FF02::725:6832:D012,

33:33:68:32:00:12 (725 ).
IPv6 , IPv4. , FF,
, . 4
. ,
. ,
, , .
.
(
). , . IPv4
TTL ( ,
). ,
. IPv6 (. 19.2).
352
IV.
www.books-shop.com
19.2. IPv6
1
2
5
8
14
( 12 7.0.0.1)
,
;

(
)
, (. 17, ",
") . IPv6
IGMP, IPv4,
.

, .
IPv6 , IPv4,
:
/***
IPv6
***/
/**************************************************************/
struct ipv6_mreq
struct in6_addr ipv6mr_multiaddr; /* IPv6 */
unsigned int ipv6mr_interface;
/* */
, ipv6mr_multiaddr,
IPv6 (, FF02::10). :
, 1 (ethO) ..
:
/**************************************************************/
/***
IPv6
***/
/**************************************************************/
const char *GroupID = "FF02::4590:";
struct ipv6_mreq mreq;
if ( inet_pton(GroupID, &mreq.ipv6mr_multiaddr) == 0 )
panic("address (%s) bad", GroupID);
mreq.ipv6mr_interface =0;
/* */
if ( setsockopt(sd, SOL_IPV6, IPV6_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq,
if ( setsockopt(sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &on, sizeof(on))
!= 0 )

19. IPv6: IP
353
www.books-shop.com
IPv6
IPv6 IPv4.
, , 128

.
, , IPv4 :,
.
,
. , IPv4,
6.4 .
, Jumbo 4 .

. , ,
, .
IPv6.
,
. IPv4 20 .
IPv6 40 . IPv4
. , IPv4
65535 , IPv6 ( Jumbo)

65535+40 .
IPv6 .
.
, IPv6 .
, CRC
.

.
Linux
Linux
IPv6. Linux, 2.2.0,
. IPv6 ,

. 100%.
6b
IPv4 ,
Mbone ( ),
IPv6. IPv6 6bn,
IPv6 IPv4,
. .
: IPv6
.
, Internet.
354
IV.
www.books-shop.com
:

IPv6 ,
IPv4. , IPv6
Internet. IPX,
.
, IPv4, IPv6
,
, . socket()
.
IPv6 IPv4,
IPv4
.
, , ,
.
Linux, 2.2.0, IPv6,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
. IPv6
, .
19. IPv6: IP
355
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www.books-shop.com
V
...
.
.
. API
.
www.books-shop.com
...
371
375
376
: socket()
: socket()

Internet (
100 )
HTTP 1.1
( get/setsockopt())

ICMP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMPv6
IPv6
IPv6
377
378
380
386
388
389
389
390
391
392
www.books-shop.com
,
.
:
socket()
. socket().
bind(), ,
AF_.
. sys/socket.h.
.1. socket()
PF UNSPEC
PF_LOCAL
PF_UNIX
PF FILE
BSD

PF_INET
#include <linux/un.h>
struct sockaddr_un addr;
addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
strcpy(addr.sun_path,
"/tmp/mysocket");
struct sockaddr_un {
sa_family_t sun family;
char sun_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX];
IPv4
struct sockaddr in {
sa_family_t
unsigned short int
struct in_addr
unsigned char
#include <linux/in.h>
if ( inet_aton("127.0.0.1",
&addr.sin_addr) == 0 )
perror("Addr conversion");
PF_AX25

struct sockaddr {
unsigned short int sa_family;
unsigned char sa_data[14];
};
#define UNIX_PATH_MAX 108

.25
#include <linux/AX25.h>
};
sin_family;
sin_port;
sin_addr;
pad[];
};
typedef struct {
char ax25_call[7];
} ax25_address;
struct sockaddr_
sa_family_t
ax25_address
int
ax25 {
sax25 family;
sax25_call;
sax25_ndigis;
};
359
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PF_IPX
. A.I

Novell
struct sockaddr ipx
#include <linux/ipx.h>
sa_family_t sipx_family;
u16
sipx_port;
u32
sipx_network;
unsigned char
sipx_node[IPX_NODE_LEN];
u8
sipx_type;
/* */
unsigned char sipx_zero;
PF_APPLETALK
AppleTalk
#include <linux/atalk.h>
struct sockaddr_at {
sa_family_t sat family;
u8
sat_port;
struct at_addr {
u16 s_net;
u8 s_node;
}
sat_addr;
char
sat_zero[];
};
PF_NETROM

NetROM
PF_BRIDGE
PF_ATMPVC
ATM
PF_X25
( .25)
#include <linux/x25.h>
typedef struct {
char x25_addr[16];
} x25 address;
struct sockaddr_x25 {
sa_family_t sx25 family;
/* .121 */
x25_address sx25_addr;
};
360
V.
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PF_INET6

IPv6
#include <linux/in6.h>
. . 1

struct in6_addr
{
union {
_u8 u6_addr8[16];
_u16 u6_addr16[8];
_u32 u6 addr32[4];
#if ("OUL) >~oxfffffff
#ifndef _RELAX_IN6_ADDR_ALIGNMENT
/* 4
.

,
*/
_u64 u6_addr64[2];
#endif
#endif
} in6_u;
#define s6_addr in6_u.u6_addr8
#define s6_addr16 in6_u.u6_addr16
#define s6_addr32 in6_u.u6_addr32
#define s6_addr64 in6u.u6_addr64
struct sockaddr_in6 {
unsigned short int sin6_family;
_ u16
sin6_port;
_ u32
sin6_flowinfo;
struct in6_addr sin6_addr;
PF_ROSE

Rose
#include <linux/rose.h>
typedef struct {
char rose addr[5];
} rose address;
struct sockaddr_rose {
sa_family_t srose_family;
rose_address srose_addr;
ax25_address srose_call;
int
srose_ndigis;
ax25_address srose_digi;
struct full_sockaddr_rose {
sa family t srose_family;
rose_address srose_addr;
ax25_address srose_call;
unsigned int srose ndigis;
ax25 address
srose_digis[ROSE_MAX_DIGIS];
.
%RRNVVKRS

361
. . 1
(
DECnet)
PF_ NETBEUI (
802.2LLC)
#include <linux/netbeui.h>
PF_DECnet
PF_SECURITY
#define NB_NAME_LEN
20
struct sockaddr_netbeui {
sa_family snb_family;
char
snb _name[NB_NAME_LEN];
char
snb_devhint[IFNAMSIZ];
PF_ KEY
PF_NETLINK
PF_ROUTE
4.4 BSD
#include <linux/netlink.h>
struct sockaddr_nl
{
sa_family_t
nl_family;
unsigned short nl_pad;
u32
nl_pid;
u32
nl_groups;
PF_PACKET

#include <linux/if packet.h>
struct sockaddr_pkt
{
unsigned short spkt_family;
unsigned char spkt_device[14];
unsigned short spkt_protocol ;
struct sockaddr_ll
{
unsigned short sll_family;
unsigned short sll_protocol;
int
sll_ifindex;
unsigned short sll_hatype;
unsigned char sll_pkttype;
unsigned char sll_halen;
unsigned char sll_addr[8];
PF_ASH
362
Ash
V.
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PF_ECONET
Acorn Econet
# include <linux/if ec.h>
. . 1

struct ec_addr
{
/* */
unsigned char station
/* */
unsigned char net;
};
struct sockaddr_ec
{
unsigned short sec_family;
unsigned char port;
/* */
unsigned char cb;
/* */
unsigned char type;
struct ec_addr addr;
unsigned long cookie;
};
PF_ATMSVC
ATM
PF_SNA
PF_IRDA
Linux SNA
IRDA
#include <linux/irda.h>
struct sockaddr_irda {
sa_family_t sir_family
/* LSAP/TSAP */
unsigned char sir_lsap_sel;
/* */
unsigned int sir_addr;
/* <cep:IrDA:TinyTP */
char
sir_name[25];
};
:
socket()
socket() .
, . .2, ,
.
363
www.books-shop.com
.2. socket()

SOCK_STREAM
(TCP) .
,
FILE*.
.
accept() ,
SOCK_DGRAM
(UDP) .
, .

SOCK_RAW
(IP) .
ICMP. root
SOCK_RDM
(RDM) . ,
. ( Linux
UNIX.)
SOCK_SEQPACKET
; . (
Linux.)
SOCK_PACKET
( ). (
), .
Linux. root. (

PF_PACKET.)
.1 /etc/protocols [RFC2292],
.
.
.1. /etc/protocols
ip
icrop
0 IP
1 ICMP
igmp
2 IGMP
ggp
3 GGP
4 IPENCAP
5 ST
6 TCP
ipencap
st
tcp
egp
pup
udp
hmp
xnsidp
364
8
12
17
20
22
EGP
PUP
UDP
HMP
XNSIDP
IP (Internet Protocol)
ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol )
IGMP (Internet Group Management
Protocol )
GGP (GatewayGateway Protocol)
IP

TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol )
EGP (Exterior Control Protocol)
PUP (PARC Universal Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
HMP (Host Monitoring Protocol)
XNS/IDP (Xerox Network
V.
www.books-shop.com
rdp
isotp4
xtp
ddp
idprcmtp
27
29
36
37
39
rspf
vmtp
73 RSPF
81 VMTP
ospf
89 OSPFIGP
ipip
encap
94 IPIP
98 ENCAP
RDP
ISOTP4
XTP
DDP
IDPRCMTP
Standard Internet Datagram Protocol)

RDP (Reliable Datagram Protocol)
ISO Transport Protocol ( 4)
XTP (Xpress Transfer Protocol)
DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol)
IDPRCMTP (InterDomain Policy
Routing Control Message Transport
Protocol)
RSPF (Radio Shortest Path First)
VMTP (Versatile Message
Transaction Protocol)
OSPF IGP (Open Shortest Path
First Interior Gateway Protocol)
IP
IP
Internet$
( 100 )
.2 ( 100)
/etc/services. ,
.
.2. /etc/services
tcpmux
rtmp
1/tcp
1/ddp
nbp
2/ddp
echo
4/ddp
zip
6/tcp
echo
echo
discard
discard
systat
daytime
daytime
netstat
qotd
msp
7/tcp
7/udp
9/tcp
9/udp
11/tcp
13/tcp
13/udp
15/tcp
17/tcp
msp
18/udp
chargen
19/top ttytst source
TCP
RTMP (Routing
Table Maintenance Protocol)
NBP (Name Binding
Protocol )
(AppleTalk
Echo Protocol)
ZIP (Zone
Information Protocol)
sink null
sink null
users
quote
18/tcp
MSP (Message Send

Protocol)
MSP (Message Send
Protocol)
365
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chargen
19/udp
ftpdata
20/tcp
ftp
21/tcp
fsp
21/udp
ssh
22/tcp
ssh
22/udp
telnet
23/tcp
# 2 4
smtp
25/tcp
1 26
time
37/tcp
time
37/udp
rip
39/udp
ttytst source
fspd
SSH (Secure Shell)
SSH (Secure Shell)
mail
timeserver
timeserver
resource
nameserver 42/tcp name

whois
43/tcp nicname
remailck 50/tcp
remailck
50/udp
domain
domain
mtp
bootps
bootps
bootpc
bootpc
tftp
gopher
gopher
rje
finger
www
53/tcp
53/udp
57/tcp
67/tcp
67/udp
68/tcp
68/udp
69/udp
70/tcp
70/udp
77/tcp
79/tcp
80/tp
www
80/udp
nameserver
nameserver
RLP (Resource
Location Protocol)
IEN 116
RMCP (Remote Mail
Checking Protocol)
RMCP (Remote Mail
Checking Protocol)
(DNS)

Gopher
netrjs
http
link
87/tcp ttylink
kerberos
88/top kerberos5 krb5
kerberos
88/udp kerberos5 krb5
supdup
95/tcp
linuxconf 98/tcp
100
Transfer
Transfer
HTTP (HyperText
Protocol)
HTTP (HyperText
Protocol)
Kerberos v5
Kerberos v5
HTTP 1.1
. . HTTP 1.1
[RFC2616, RFC2817].
366
V.
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.. HTTP

100 Continue
101 Switching Protocols
200 OK
201 Created
202 Accepted
203 NonAuthoritative Information
204 No content
205 Reset Content
206 Partial Content
300 Multiple Choices
301 Moved Permanently
302 Moved Temporarily
303 See Other
304 Not Modified
305 Use Proxy
400 Bad Request
401 Unauthorized
402 Payment Required
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found
405 Method Not Allowed
406 Not Acceptable
407 Proxy Authentication Required
408 Request Timeout
409 Conflict
410 Gone
411 Length Required
412 Precondition Failed
413 Request Entity Too Large
414 RequestURI Too Long
415 Unsupported Media Type
500 Internal Server Error
50% Not Implemented
502 Bad Gateway
503 Service Unavailable
504 Gateway Timeout
505 HTTP Version Not Supported
367
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(
get/setsockopt())
. .4.7 .
UNIX . ,
IP_TTL Linux int, . AIX

char. ( "*"
Linux, "" ,
"3" .)
.4.
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SO_ATTACH_FILTER
?
SO_BINDTODEVICE
?
SO_ BROADCAST

SO_BSDCOMPAT

BSD
SO_DEBUG

SO_DETACH_FILTER
?
SO_DONTROUTE

SO_ERROR

SO_KEEPALIVE

SO_LINGER

SO_NO_CHECK

SO_OOBINLINE

SO_PASSCRED

SO_PEERCRED

SO_PRIORITY

SO_RCVBUF

SO_RCVLOWAT

SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
SOL_SOCKET
368
?
?
?
?
int
char*
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
struct
linger
int
int
int
struct
ucred
int
int
int
V.
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SOL_SOCKET
SO_RCVTIMEO
SOL_SOCKET
SO_REUSEADDR
SOL_SOCKET
SO_REUSEPORT

(
)

SOL_SOCKET
SO_SECURITY
AUTHENTICATION
SOL_SOCKET
SO_SECURITY_ENC
RYPTION_NETWORK
SOL_SOCKET
SO_SECURITY
ENC
RYPTIONJTRANSPORT
SOL_SOCKET
SO SNDBUF
SOL_SOCKET
SO_SNDLOWAT
SOL_SOCKET
SO_SNDTIMEO
SOL_S0CKET
SO_TYPE
..4
3
struct

timeval
int

int
int
int
int
int
struct
timeval
int
struct
Ipv4 ip_mreq
struct
Ipv4 ip_mreq
int
Ipv4 struct
in_addr
int
int
int[]
int
.5. IP
SOL_IP
SOL_IP
SOL_IP
SOL_IP
SOL_IP
SOL_IP
SOL_IP
SOL_IP
IP_ADD_MEMBER
SHIP
IP_DROP_MEMBER
SHIP
IP_HDRINCL
IP
IP_MTU_DISCOVER
IP_MULTICAST_IF

IP_MULTICAST_

LOOP

IP_MULTICAST_TTL TTL

IP_OPTIONS
IP
int
369
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. .5
SOL_IP
IP_PKTINFO
SOL_IP
IP_PKTOPTIONS
SOL_IP
IP_RECVERR
SOL_IP
IP_RECVOPTS
SOL_IP
IP_RECVTOS
SOL_IP
IP RECVTTL
SOL_IP
IP_RETOPTS
SOL_IP
IP_ROUTER_ALERT

TTL

TTL
SOL_IP
IPJTOS
SOL_IP
IP_TTL
int
int[]
int
int
int
int
int
int
3
?
int
int
.6. IPv6
SOL_IPV6
IPV6 ADD MEMBER

SHIP
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_ADDFORM
int
?
?
IPV6_AUT8HDR
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_CHECKSUM
int
SOL_IPV6
IPV6 DROP
MEMBERSHIP
SOL_IPV6
struct
IPv6 ipv6_mreq
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_DSTOPTS
int
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_HOPLIMIT
int
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_HOPOPTS
int
370

struct
IPv6 ipv6 mreq
int
V.
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. .6
3
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_MULTICAST_H
OPS
int
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_MULTICAST_I
F
int
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_MULTICAST_ L
OOP
int
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_NEXTHOP
int
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_PKTINFO
int
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_PKTOPTIONS
IPV6_ ROUTER_ALER
?
?
?
?
int[]
SOL_IPV6
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_RXSRCRT
int
SOL_IPV6
IPV6_UNICAST_HOP
S
?

?

?

?

?
?

?

?
?
int
int
.7.
*
SOL_TCP
TCP_KEEPALIVE
SOL_TCP
TCP_MAXRT
SOL_TCP
TCP_MAXSEG
SOL_TCP
TCP_NODELAY
SOL_TCP
TCP_STDURG
SOL_TCP
TCP_CORK
SOL_TCP
TCP_KEEPIDLE
SOL_TCP
TCP_KEEPINTVL

(
sysctl())

(
)

(
sysctl())

int
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
371
%RRNVVKRS

. . 7

SOL_TCP
TCP_KEEPCNT
int
SOL_TCP
TCP_SYNCNT
int
SOL_TCP
TCP_LINGER2
int
SOL_TCP
TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT
int
SOL_TCP
TCP_WINDOW_CLAMP

FINWAIT2

,

int

. .8 .
,
BSD, Linux, System V.
.8. Linux
SIGHUP
SIGINT
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
11
13
SIGQUIT
SIGILL
SIGTRAP
SIGABRT
SIGFPE
SIGKILL
SIGSEGV
SIGPIPE
,

, abort ( )
,
kill
: ,
SIGALRM
14
, alarm( )
SIGTERM
15
, kill
SIGUSR1
30, 10, 16
SIGUSR2
31, 12, 17
SIGCHLD
20, 17, 18
SIGCONT
19, 18,25
372
,
,

V.
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. . 8
SIGSTOP
SIGTSTP
SIGTTIN
SIGTTOU
SIGIOT
17, 19, 23
18, 20, 24
21,21,26
22, 22, 27
6
SIGEMT
7,, 7
SIGBUS
10,7,10
SIGSYS
12,, 12
SIGSTKFLT , 16,
SIGURG
16, 23, 21
SIGIO
23, 29, 22
SIGPOLL
SIGCLD
,,8
SIGXCPU
24, 24, 30
SIGXFSZ
25, 25, 31
SIGVTALRM 26, 26, 28
SIGPROF
27, 27, 29
SIGPWR
29, 30, 19
SIGINFO
29, ,
SIGLOST
SIGWINCH 28, 28, 20
SIGUNUSED ,31,
,

SIGABRT

(SVID)

(4.2 BSD)
(4.2 BSD)
SIGIO (System V)
SIGCHLD
(4.2 BSD)
(4.2 BSD)
(4.2 BSD)

(System V)
SIGPWR

(4.3 BSD, Sun)

.
.
.
.
.
POSIX.1.
373
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ICMP
. .9 ICMP [RFC792] ,
.
.9. ICMP
0
1
2
4
5
8
9
10
11
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0
0
1
2
3
0
0
0
0
1
12
374

, DF

( )

TTL
TTL

V.
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. ,9
IP

1
13
14
15
16
17
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
IPv4
. [RFC2365]
.
. 10.

TTL
224.0.0.0224.0.0.255
224.0.1.0238.255.25.255
<= 255
239.0.0.0239.191.255.255
( )
239.192.0.0239.195.255.255
239.196.0.0239.254.255.255
( )
239.255.0.0239.255.255.255
<128
<32

IPv6
. .11 IPv6
.
.11. IPV6
()
( )
NSAP
IPX
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0001
001
010
375
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. . 11
( )
( )
( )

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

0000 01 1
0000 1
0001
001
010
01 1
100
101
110
1110
11110
1111 10
1111 110
1111 11100
11111110 10
1111 111011
1111 1111
ICMPv6
. . 12 ICMP IPv6.
. 12. ICMPv6
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
0
0
1
4
0
376

( )
( )

V.
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. . 12
128
1
2
0

(ping)
(ping)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137

IPv6
. . 13
IPv6.
. 13. IPv6
( )
34
14
( )
( )
()
15
()
5
67
8
913

( 127.0.0.1 )
,
;

( )
377
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IPv6
. .14
IPv6.
.14. IPv6

:
0 ;
1
()
()
()
1
2
3
378
V.
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...

394
400
409
410
415
419
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Socket API ,
.
socket()
socket () , ,
.
,
.
#include <resolv.h>
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
, .
errno.
domain
type
protocol
() (. ,
" ")
(. ,
" ")
0 (. ,
" ")

EPROTONOSUPPORT
ENFILE
EMFILE
EACCES ENOBUFS
ENOMEM
EINVAL
380

,

; ,

,
.
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/***
***/
int sd;
/*** ICMP
***/
int sd;
sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, htons(IPPROTO_ICMP));
bind()
bind() .
,
,
.
#include <resolv.h>
int bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, int addrlen);

0. ,
errno.
sockfd
addr
addrlen
addr

EBADF
EINVAL
EACCES
root
ENOTSOCK
/*** ft 9999 IP ***/

struct sockfd;
381
%RRNVVKRS

/* */
/* */
/* , : */
/* inet_aton("128.l.l.l", &addr.sin_addr); */
if ( bind(sockfd, saddr, sizeof(addr)) != 0 )
perror("bind");
listen()
listen()
. SOCK_STREAM.
.
#include <resolv.h>
int listen(int sockfd, int queue_len);

0. ,
errno.
sockfd
queue_len
SOCK_STREAM,

EBADF
ENOTSOCK
EOPNOTSUPP

,
listen();
, ,
SOCK_STREAM
/*** ; ***/,
/*** 10 ***/
int sockfd;
/* bind() */
listen(sockfd, 10); /* 10 */

382
V.
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acceptQ
accept() .
, (
sockfd),
. SOCK_STREAM.
#include <resolv.h>
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, int *addr_len);
, ,
errno.
sockfd
addr
addr_len
,
,
, ;

EBADF
ENOTSOCK
EOPNOTSUPP
EFAULT
EAGAIN
EPERM
ENOBUFS, ENOMEM

,
SOCK_STREAM
addr
,
/*** , ***/
/*** ***/
int sockfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0 ) ;

/*
/*
bind() */

listen()
for
*/
(;;)
383
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int client;
client = accept(sockfd, 0, 0) ;
/*
*/
close (client);
/*** , ***/
/*** ***/
int sockfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
/*
bind()
*/
/*

listen()
*/
for (;;)
{ struct sockaddr_in addr;
int client, addr_len = addr;
clientsd = accept(sockfd, &addr, &addr_len);
printf ("Connected: %s:%d\n", inet_ntoa (addr.sin_addr) ,
ntohs(addr.sin_port) );
/*
*/
close (client) ;
connect()
connect() .
SOCK_DGRAM SOCK_STREAM.
( UDP) ,
.
send() recv(). ( TCP)
#include <resolv.h>
int connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, int addr_len);

0. ,
errno.
sockfd
;
bind() ( ,
)
addr
addr_len
,
addr
384
V.
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EBADF
EFAULT

;
addr
ENOTSOCK
EISCONN
,
; ,

ECONNREFUSED
ETIMEDOUT
ENETUNREACH
EADDRINUSE
EINPROGRESS
EALREADY
EAFNOSUPPORT
EACCES

,
.
select() poll(),
getsockopt()
so_ERROR ( SOL_SOCKET), 0,
,
,

sa_f amily
,

/*** TCP ***/

int sockfd;
addr.sin_port = 13; /* */
inet_atoi("127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);
if ( connect(sockfd, saddr, sizeof(addr)) != 0 )
perror("connect");
socketpair()
socketpair() ,
, UNIX
. pipe(),
Socket API.
socketpair() PF_UNIX PF_LOCAL.
bind().
385
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#include <resolv.h>
int socketpair(int domain, int type, int protocol,
int sockfds[2]);

0. ,
errno.
domain
type
protocol
sockfds [ 2 ]
PF_LOCAL PF_UNIX
SOCK_STREAM;
, UNIX
, POSIX.1
0
,

EMFILE
EAFNOSUPPORT
EPROTONOSUPPORT
EOPNOSUPPORT
EFAULT

sockf ds
/*** ***/
int sockfd[2];
struct sockaddr_ux addr;
if ( socketpair(PF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0, sockfd)
perror("socketpair") ;
!= 0 )
386
V.
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send()
send()
, . write(),
#include <resolv.h>
int send(int sockfd, void *buffer, int msg_len, int options);

write(), send()
. , msg_len.
. ,
, errno.
sockfd
buffer
msg_len
options
, SOCK_DGRAM SOCK_STREAM

, :
* MSG_OOB. ( );
* MSG_DONTROUTE , .. ;
, ;
* MSG_DONTWAIT. , ..
send(); , errno EAGAIN;
* MSG_N0SIGNAL He SIGPIPE ,

EBADF
ENOTSOCK
EFAULT
EMSGSIZE
EAGAIN
ENOBUFS
EINTR
NO

,
buffer
,
,
,

; ,

387
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EINVAL
EPIPE

;
SIGPIPE, MSG_NOSIGNAL
/*** (TCP, UDP) ***/

int sockfd;
int bytes, bytes_wrote = 0;
/*
, /
*/
while ( (bytes = send(sockfd, buffer, msg_len, 0)) > 0 )
if ( (bytes_wrote += bytes) >= msg_len )
break;
if ( bytes < 0 )
perror("send");
/*** (TCP) ***/

int sockfd;
int bytes, bytes_wrote = 0;
/*
,
*/
if ( send(sockfd, buffer, 1, MSG_OOB)) != 1 )
perror("Urgent message");
sendto()
sendto() ,
.
, / (Transaction TCP), ,
, Linux.
#include <resolv.h>
int sendto(int sockfd, void* msg, int len, int options,
struct sockaddr *addr, int addr_len);

1, .
sockfd
msg
len
options
addr
addr_len
388

( , send())

V.
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( , send())
/*** (TCP, UDP) ***/

int sockfd;
if ( (sockfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0 )
perror("socket");
inet_aton(DEST_ADDR, &addr.sin_addr);
if ( sendto(sockfd, buffer, msg_len, 0, &addr, sizeof(addr))
<0 )
perror("sendto");
sendmsg()
sendmsg() .
msg_name sockaddr,
, . NULL,
, .
#include <resolv.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
int sendmsg(int sockfd, const struct msghdr *msg,
unsigned int options);

1,
( errno).
sockfd
msg

msghdr, ,
. :
struct iovec
{
void *iov_base;
/* */
_kernel_size_t iov_len; /* */
};
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struct msghdr
{
_ptr_t msg name; /* */
socklen_t msg_namelen; /* */
struct iovec *msg_iov; /* */
size_t msg_iovlen; /* */
_ ptr_t msg_control; /* */
size_t msg_controllen; /* */
int msg_flags; /* */
};
options
, ,

( , send())

( , send())
int i, sd, len, bytes;

char buffer[MSGS][100];
struct iovec ip[MSGS];
struct msghdr msg;
bzero(&addr, sizeof (addr));
inet_aton (&addr.sin_addr,"127.0.0.1");
bzero(&msg, sizeof (msg));
msg.msg_name = &addr;
msg.msg_namelen = sizeof (addr);
for ( i = 0; i < MSGS; i++ )
{
io[i].iov_base = buffer[i];
sprintf(buffer[i], "Buffer #%d: this is a test\n", i);
io[i].iov_len = strlen(buffer[i]);
msg.msg_iov = io;
msg.msg_iovlen = MSGS;
if ( (bytes = sendmsg(sd, &msg, 0)) < 0 )
perror("sendmsg");
sendfile()
sendfile() .
in_f d
out_fd.
390
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,
.
( count) ( offset).
*offset ,
#include <unistd.h>
int sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *offset, size_t count);

. 1, errno
.
out_f d
in_f d
offset
count
( )
( )
,

EBADF
EINVAL
ENOMEM
#include <unistd.h>
struct stat fdstat;

int client = accept(sd,0,0);
int fd = open("filename.gif", O_RDONLY);
fstat(fd, &fdstat);
sendfile(client, fd, 0, fdstat.st_size);
close(fd);
close(client);
recv()
recv()
, .
read(), .
391
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#include <resolv.h>
int recv(int sockfd, void *buf, int maxbuf, int options);

1 .
sockfd
buf
maxbuf
options

,

, :
* MSG_OOB. ,
. ,
;
* MSG_PEEK. , . ,
;
* MSG_WAITALL. ,
. , ,
;
* MSG_ERRQUEUE. .
, ( IP
IP_RECVERR). sock_extended_error;
* MSG_NOSIGNAL. SIGPIPE

EBADF
ENOTCONN

(. connect() accept())
ENOTSOCK
EAGAIN
, ,
, ,
EINTR
EFAULT
EINVAL
/*** (TCP, UDP) ***/

int sockfd;
int bytes, bytes_wrote=0;
/* , / */
if ( (bytes = recv(sockfd, buffer, msg_len, 0)) < 0 )
392
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perror("send");
/*** (TCP) ***/
/*** SIGURG ***/
int sockfd;
/* , */
if ( (bytes = recv(sockfd, buffer, msg_len, MSG_OOB)) < 0 )
perror("Urgent message");
recvfrom()
recvfrom()
(UDP ). /
. accept().
linclude <sys/socket.h>
linclude <resolv.h>
int recvfromfint sockfd, void* buf, int buf_len, int options,
struct sockaddr *addr, int *addr_len);

.
1, errno .
sockfd
buf
buf _l
( , )
options
( , recv())
addr
addr_len
( ,
);

( , recv())

int addr_len=sizeof(addr), bytes_read;
char buf[l024];
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int sockfd = socket (PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);

/* */
bytes_read = recvfrom(sockfd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, &addr,
&addr_len);
if ( bytes_read < 0 )
perror("recvfrom failed");
recvmsg()
recvmsg()
. SOCK_DGRAM ( ,
sendmsg()).
#include <resolv.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
int recvmsg(int sockfd, struct msghdr *msg, unsigned int options);

,
1.
sockfd
msg
options

( , recv( ))

( , recv())
char buffer[MSGS][1000];
struct iovec io[MSGS];
struct msghdr msg;
msg.msg_name = &addr;
msg.msg_namelen = sizeof (addr);
for ( i = 0; i < MSGS; i++ )
{
io[i].iov_base = buffer(i);
io[i].iov_len = sizeof (buffer[i]);
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msg.msg_iov = io;
msg.msg_iovlen = MSGS;
if ( (bytes = recvmsg(sd, &msg, 0)) < 0 )
perror("recvmsg");
. ,
.
shutdown()
shutdown() .
, ,
.
, shutdown()
.
int shutdown(int sockfd, int how);

, 0.
rrno.
sockfd
how
, , :
* SHUT_RD (0) ;
* SHUT _WR(1) ;
* SHUT_RDWR (2) ( close()).

EBADF
ENOTSOCK
ENOTCONN
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int sockfd;
inet_aton (DEST_ADDR, &addr. sin_addr);
connect(sockfd, &addr, sizeof(addr));
if ( shutdown(sockfd, SHUT_WR) != 0 )
PANIC("Can't make socket inputonly");
, .. Socket API
, .
, .
htons(), htonl()
htons() htonl()
.
,
.
#include <netinet/in.h>
unsigned short int htons(unsigned short int host_short);
unsigned long int htonl(unsigned long int host_long);

(16
32
).
host_short
host_long
16
32

()
396
V.
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/*** 1023 ***/
/*** 128.1.32.10 ***/
addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(Ox8001200A);
ntohs(), ntohl()
ntohs() ntohl()
.
unsigned short int ntohs(unsigned short int network_short);
unsigned long int ntohl(unsigned long int network_long);

(16
32
).
network_short
network_long
16
32

()

int client, addrlen=sizeof(addr);
client = accept(sockfd, &addr, &addrlen);
if ( client > 0 )
printf("Connected %lX:%d\n", ntohl(addr.sin_addr),
inet_addr()
inet_addr() . IP

.
1,
IP
(255.255.255.255). inet_aton().
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unsigned long int inet_addr(const char *ip_address);

He
INADDR_NONE (1)
, IP
. ( .
, 255.255.255.255
.)
ip_address
IP , (, 128.187.34.2)

( errno )
if ( (addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("182.187.34.2")) ==
1 )
perror("Couldn't convert address");
inet_aton()
inet_aton() IP

.
inet_addr().
int inet_aton(const char *ip_addr, struct in_addr *addr);

, .
.
ip_addr
addr
398
ASCII IP (, 187.34.2.1)

, ; sin_addr
sockaddr_in
V.
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( errno )

if ( inet_aton("187.43.32.1", &addr.sin_addr) == 0
perror("inet_aton() failed");
inet_ntoa()
inet_ntoa() IP

iinclude <netinet/in.h>
int inet_ntoa(struct in_addr *addr);

.
addr
( sockaddr_in)

( errno )
clientfd = accept(serverfd, &addr, &addr_size);

if ( clientfd > 0 )
printf("Connected %s:%d\n", inet_ntoa(addr.sin_addr),
inet_pton()
inet_pton() IPv4 IPv6
Iinclude <arpa/inet.h>
int inet_pton(int domain, const char* prsnt, void* addr);
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, .
domain
prsnt
addr
(AF_INET AF_INET6)
ASCII
IP
(, 187.34.2.1 FFFF:8090::3245)
, ; sin_addr
sockaddr_in sin6_addr sockaddr_in6

( errno )

if ( inet_pton(AF_INET, "187.43.32.1", &addr.sin_addr) == 0 )
perror("inet pton() failed");
inet_ntop()
inet_pton()
.
AF_INET AF_INET6.
#include <arpa/inet.h>
int inet_ntop(int domain, struct in_addr *addr, char* str,
int len);

str.
domain
addr
str
len
400
(AF_INET AF_INET6)
( sockaddr in)

V.
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( errno )
char str[100];
clientfd = accept(serverfd, &addr, &addr_size);
if ( clientfd > 0 )
printf("Connected %s:%d\n",
inet_ntop(AF_INET, addr.sin_addr, str, sizeof(str)),

Socket API ,
.
getpeername()
getpeername() ,
sockfd.
addr. addr_len .
, accept().
int getpeername(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr,
socklen_t *addr_len);

. ,
errno.
sockfd
addr
addr_len
; ,

EBADF
401
%RRNVVKRS

ENOTSOCK
NONN
ENOBUFS
EFAULT
,

addr

int addr_len = sizeof(addr);
if { getpeername(client, &addr, &addr_len) != 0 )
perror("getpeername() failed");
printf("Peer: %s:%d\n", inet_ntoa(addr.sin_addr),
gethostname()
gethostname() .
name, len.
#include <unistd.h>
int gethostname(char *name, size_t len);

. ,
errno.
name
len

EINVAL
EFAULT
len ,
Linux/i386, len ,
name
char name[50];
if ( gethostname(name, sizeof(name)) != 0
perror("gethostname() failed");
printf("My host is: %s\n", name);
402
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gethostbyname()
gethostbyname() DNS

IP
. , .
;
h name h addr list[0] hostent.
#include <netdb.h>
struct hostent *gethostbyname(const char *name);

hostent.
NULL. ,
. h_addr
.
#define h_addr h_addr_list[0]
struct hostent {
char *h_name;
/* */
char **h_aliases; /* */
int h_addrtype; /* */
int h_length;
/* */
char **h_addr_list; /* ;
*/
};
name
IP

ENOTFOUND
NO_ADDRESS, NO_DATA
NO_RECOVERY
EAGAIN

, IP

,
int i;
struct hostent *host;
host = gethostbyname("sunsite.unc.edu");
if ( host != NULL )
{
printf("Official name: %s\n", host>h_name);
for ( i = 0; host>h_aliases[i] != 0; i++)
printf("
alias[%d]: %s\n", i+1, host>h_aliases[i]);
403
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printf("Address type=%d\n", host>h_addrtype);

for ( i = 0; i < host>h_length; i++)
printf("Addr[%d]: %s\n", i+1,
inet_ntoa(host>h_addr_list[i]));
}
else
perror("sunsite.unc.edu");
getprotobyname()
getprotobyname() /etc/protocols
.
, HTTP, FTP Telnet,
#include <netdb.h>
struct protoent *getprotobyname(const char* pname);

protoent. NULL.
struct protoent {
char
*p_name;
/* */
char
**p_aliases; /* */
int
p_proto;
/* */
};
pname

( errno )
#include <netdb.h>
int i;
struct protoent *proto = getprotobyname("http");
if ( proto != NULL )
{
printf("Official name: %s\n", proto>name);
printf("Port!: %d\n", proto>p proto);
for ( i = 0; proto>p aliases[I] != 0;
404
V.
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printf("Alias[%d]: %s\n", i+1, proto>p_aliases[i]);

else
perror("http");

, .
.
setsockopt()
setsockopt() .
( ).
, " ".
int setsockopt(int sd, int level, int optname,
const void *optval, socklen_t optlen);

. ,
errno.
sd
level
optname
optval
optlen

(SOL_SOCKET, SOL_IP, SOL_IPV6, SOL_TCP)

EBADF
ENOTSOCK
ENOPROTOOPT
EFAULT

,

optval
const int TTL=128;

/* 128 */
.
405
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if ( setsockopt(sd, SOL_IP, SO_TTL, &TTL, sizeof(TTL)) != 0 )

getsockopt()
getsockopt() .
iinclude <sys/socket.h>
int getsockopt(int sd, int level, int optname, void *optval,
socklen_t *optlen);

. ,
errno.
sd
level
optname
optval
optlen

(SOL_SOCKET, SOL_IP, SOL_IPV6, SOL_TCP)

; ,

EBADF
ENOTSOCK
ENOPROTOOPT
EFAULT

,

optval optlen
int error, size = sizeof(error);

if ( getsockopt(sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &error, &size)) != 0 )
perror("getsockopt() failed");
printf("socket error=%d\n", error);
406
V.
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API
...
408
415
418
421
424
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, .
. Pthreads,
,
. , .
fork()
fork() ( ).
, .
#include <unistd.h>
pid_t fork(void);

0
>0

<0
; errno
()

EAGAIN

ENOMEM
int PID;
if ( (PID = fork()) == 0 )
{
/* */
/*** ***/
exit(status);
}
else if ( PID > 0 )
{
/* */
408
V.
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int status;
/*** ***/
wait(Sstatus); /*
SIGCHLD */
}
else /* */
_clone()
,
. ,
.
,
iinclude <sched.h>
int _clone(int (*fn)(void* arg), void* stacktop,
int flags, void* arg);

.
errno.
fn
stacktop
flags
, void*;
,
( );

, ,
.
,
.
,
:
* CLONE_VM. . ,
,
, .
;
* CLONE_FS. :
, ( umask).
, ;
* CLONE FILES. .
, ,
, .
. API
409
www.books-shop.com
arg
, ;
* CLONE SIGHAND. .
sigprocmask( ) ,
. ,
;
* CLONE_PID. .
, (
Pthreads). ,
, f .

EAGAIN
ENOMEM
fdefine STACKSIZE
1024
void Child(void *arg)
/* */
exit(O);
int main (void)

{ int cchild;
char *stack = malloc( STACKSIZE);
if ( (cchild = _clone(&Child, stack+STACKSIZE1,
SIGCHLD, 0)) == 0 )
{ /*** ***/
else if ( cchild > 0 )

wait();
else
perror("Can't clone task");
exec()
(
, ,
#! <> []).
,
.
410
V.
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execl(), execlp(), execle(), execv() execvp(),

execve().
#include <unistd.h>
int execve(const char* path, char* const argv[],
char* const envp[]);
int execl(const char* path, const char* argv, ...);
int execlp(const char* file, const char* argv, ...);
int execle(const char* path, const char* argv, ...,
char* const envp[]);
int execv(const char* path, char* const argv[]);
int execvp(const char* file, char* const argv[]);
. , 1.
file
; , ,
PATH
path
argv
;
, NULL (0)
arg
;
(...). ; ,
NULL (0)
envp
;
<>=<> (, TERM=vt100);
NULL (0)

EACCES
,

EPERM
SUID SGID,
nosuid
E2BIG
ENOEXEC
,

EFAULT
ENAMETOOLONG
ENOENT
. API
411
%RRNVVKRS

ENOMEM
ENOTDIR
ELOOP
ETXTBUSY
ENFILE
EMFILE
EINVAL
EISDIR
ELIBBAD

,

PT_INTERP

execl("/bin/ls", "/bin/ls", "al", "/home", "/boot", 0);

perror("execl() failed"); /* IF :
*/
char *args[] = {"ls", "al", "/home", "/boot", 0};
execvp(args[0], args);
perror("execvp() failed");
sched_yield()
sched_yield() .
,
.
,
#include <sched.h>
int sched_yield(void);

0,
1.
()

( )
412
V.
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#include <sched.h>
sched_yield();
wait(), waitpid()
wait() waitpid()
. ,

. wait()
. waitpid()
. , ,
.
WIFEXITED(cayc) ,
.
WEXITSTATUS()
, exit()
return. ,
WIFEXITED .
WIFSIGNALED() true,

.
WTERMSIG(cayc) ,
. ,
WIFSIGNALED .
WIFSTOPPED() true,
. ,
options, WUNTRACED.
WSTOPSIG() ,
. ,
WIFSTOPPED .
linclude <sys/types.h>
linclude <sys/wait.h>
PID_t wait(int *status);
PID_t waitpid(PID_t pid, int *status, int options);
. API
413
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PID
, :
* < 1 ,
;
* == 1 (
wait());
*
== 0 ,
;
* > 0 ,
; 0 NULL,
, exit()
status
options
WNOHANG. , ,
;
* WUNTRACED. , ,
,

ECHILD

( , SIGCHLD
SIG_IGN)
EINVAL
options
EINTR
WNOHANG , SIGCHLD;

void sig_child(int signum) /*

*/
{ int status;
wait(&status);
if ( WIFEXITED(status) )
printf("Child exited with the value of %d\n",
WEXITSTATUS(status));
if ( WIFSIGNALED(status) )
printf("Child aborted due to signal l%d\n",
WTERMSIG(status));
if ( WIFSTOPPED(status) )
printf("Child stopped on signal #%d\n" WSTOPSIG(status));
void sig_child(int signum) /*

*/
while ( waitpid(l, , WNOHANG) > 0 );
}
414
V.
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Pthreads.
pthread_create()
pthread_create()
. ,
start_fn ( arg).
void*, ,
, NULL.
int pthread_create(pthread_t *tchild, pthread_attr_t *attr,
void* (*start_fn)(void *), void *arg);

.

,
, errno.
tchild
attr
start_f n
arg
( );

,

, ;
void*
, ;
,
( )

EAGAIN
(
PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX)
void* child (void *arg)

{
/* */
pthread_exit(arg); /* */
. API
415
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int main(void)
{ pthread_t tchild;
if ( pthread_create(&tchild, 0, child, 0) < 0 )
perror("Can't create thread!");
/* */
if ( pthread_join(tchild, 0) != 0 )
perror("Join failed");
pthread_join()
pthread_join() wait(),
.
int pthread_join(pthread_t tchild, void **retval);

.

, ,
errno.
tchild
retval
,
( )

ESRCH
EINVAL
EDEADLK
,

tchild
(. pthread_create())
pthread_exit()
pthread_exit() ,
retval.
return.
416
V.
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void pthread exit(void *retval);

()
retval
, ; ,

()
(. pthread created)
pthread_detach()
pthread_detach()
. .

int pthread_detach(pthread_t tchild);

.

, ,
errno.
tchild

ESRCH
EINVAL
EDEADLK
,

tchild
. API
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void* child(void *arg)
/* */
pthread exit(arg); /* */
int main(void)
{ pthread_t tchild;
if ( pthread_create(&tchild, 0, child, 0) < 0 )

perror("Can't create thread!");
else
pthread_detach(tchild);
/* */
.
,
. ,
.
pthread_mutex_init(), pthread_mutex_destroy()
pthread_mutex_init() pthread_rautex_destroy()
.
, .
pthread_mutex_destroy() ,
, , Linux ,
, .
/* */
pthread_mutex_t fastmutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
pthread_mutex_t recmutex = PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP;
pthread_mutex_t errchkmutex =
PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP;
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex,
const pthread_mutexattr_t *mutexattr);
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
418
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mutex
mutexattr
; NULL,
( PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER)

()
pthread_mutex_lock(), pthread_mutex_trylock()
pthread_mutex_lock() pthread_mutex_trylock()
,
.
. ,
, .
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

,
. errno.
mutex

EINVAL
EDEADLK
( pthread_mutex_trylock())
( ,
)
EBUSY
( pthread_mutex_lock())
pthread mutex t mutex = fastmutex;
. API
419
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if ( pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex) == 0 )
{
/*** ***/
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex) ;
pthread_mutex_t mutex = fastmutex;
/* */
while ( pthread_mutex_trylock(&mutex) != && errno == EBUSY )
{
/*** ***/
}
/* ! */
if ( errno != ENOERROR)
/*** ***/
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
pthread_mutex_unlock() .
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

,
.
errno.
mutex

EINVAL
EPERM

(
, )
(. pthread_mutex_lock())
420
V.
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(
). ,
.
signal()
signal() sig_fn
signum. (

).
#include <signal.h>
void (*signal(int signum,
void (*sig_fn)(int signum)))(int signum);

typedef void (*TSigFn)(int signum);

TSigFn signal(int signum, TSigFn sig_fn);

, .
signum
sig_f n

,

( errno )
{
switch ( signum )
{
case SIGFPE:
if ( signal(SIGFPE, sig_handler) == 0 )
perrorf("signal() failed");
. API
421
%RRNVVKRS

sigaction()
signal(), sigaction()
.
.
#include <signal.h>
int sigaction(int signum, const struct sigaction *sigact,
struct sigaction *oldsigact);

, .
signum
sigact
; sigaction
:
struct sigaction
{
void (*sa handler)(int);
sigset_t sa_mask;
int sa_flags;
void (*sa_restorer)(void);
};

sa_handler
sajnask
sa_flags
,
, . :
* SA_NOCLDSTOP. SIGCHLD, ,
;
* SA_ONESHOT SA_RESETHAND.
;
* SA_RESTART.
EINTR;
* SA_NOMASK SA_NODEFER.

sa_restorer
oldsigact
422
V.
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EINVAL
EFAULT
EINTR
; ,
SIGKILL SIGSTOP,

sigact oldsigact ,


switch ( signum )
case SIGCHLD:
struct sigaction sigact;

bzero(&sigact, sizeof(sigact));
sigact.sa_handler = sig_handler; /* */
sigact.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP | SA_RESTART; /* */
if ( sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sigact, 0) == 0 )
perror("sigaction() failed");
sigprocmask()
sigprocmask() ,
#tinclude <signal.h>
int sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *sigset,
sigset_t *oldsigset);

,
.
how
, sigset:
* SIG_BLOCK.
, sigset;
* SIG_UNBLOCK. , sigset,
. API
423
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sigset
oldsigset
, ,
;
* SIG_SETMASK. ,
sigset

NULL,

EFAULT
EINTR
sigset oldsigset ,

,
.
bzero(), memset()
bzero() .
, memset(),
linclude <string.h>
void bzero(void *mem, int bytes);
void* memset(void *mem, int val, size_t bytes);

bzero() . memset()
mem
val
bytes

( )

()
424
V.
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memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
fcntl()
f c n t l ( ) .
linclude <unistd.h>
linclude <fcntl.h>
int fcntl(int fd, int cmd);
int fcntl(int fd, int cmd, long arg);
int fcntl(int fd, int cmd, struct flock *flock);

1 errno.
.
F_DUPFD
F_GETFD
F_GETFL
F_GETOWN
F_GETSIG

, , ,
SIGIO
.
fd
cmd

. ,
(arg flock).
:
* (F_DUPFD). , dup2 (arg, fd).
f d arg;
* () (F_GETFD, F_SETFD).
,
().
;
* (F_GETFL, F_SETFL).
, (),
0_APPEND, O_NONBLOCK 0_ASYNC;
* (F_GETLK, F_SETLK, F_SELKW).
F_GETLK , .
. API
425
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arg
flock
:
* & (F_GETOWN, F SETOWN).
SIGIO;
* (F GETSIG, F SETSIG).
,
. SIGIO

EACCES
,
EAGAIN
EBADF
,
f d
EDEADLK
, F_SETLKW
EFAULT
flock
EINTR
F_SETLKW, .
F_GETLK F_SETLK, ,
.
( NFS)
F_DUPFD arg
. F_SETSIG arg

F_DUPFD ,
APPEND , "
"
EINVAL
EMFILE
ENOLCK
EPERM
#include <unistd.h>
linclude <fcntl.h>
printf("PID which owns SIGIO: Id", fcntl(fd, F_GETOWN));
if ( fcntl(fd, F_SETSIG, SIGKILL) != 0 )
perror("Can't set signal");
if ( (fd_copy = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD)) < 0 )
perror("Can't dup fd");
426
V.
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pipe()
pipe() , :
(fd[0]) (fd[l]).
.
#include <unistd.h>
int pipe(int fd[2]);

0,
1.
fd

EMFILE
ENFILE
EFAULT

f d
int f d [ 2 ] ;
pipe(fd); /* */
poll()
poll(), select(),

.
, .
#include <sys/poll.h>
int poll(struct pollfd *ufds, unsigned int nfds, int timeout);

, , .
, .
, .
. API
427
www.books-shop.com

ufds
pollfd. :
struct pollfd
int fd;
/* */
short events; /* */
short revents; /* ,
*/
};
f d . events revents
.
:
* POLLIN ;
* POLLPRI () ;
* POLLOUT ;
* POLLERR ;
* POLLHUP ;
* POLLNVAL , f d ;
* POLLRDNORM ( Linux);
* POLLRDBAND ( Linux);
* POLLWRNORM ( Linux);
* POLLWRBAND ( Linux)
,
; ,

nfds
timeout

ENOMEM
EFAULT
EINTR

,

,
int fd_count=0;
struct pollfd fds[MAXFDs];
fds[fd_count].fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
/*** bind() listen)) ***/
fds[fd_count++].events = POLLIN;
for (;;)
{
if ( poll(fds, fd_count, TIMEOUT_MS) > 0 )
int i;
if ( (fds[0].revents & POLLIN) != 0 )
428
V.
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fds[fd_count].events = POLLIN | POLLHUP;

fds[fd_count++].fd = accept(fds[0].fd, 0, 0);
}
for ( i = 1; i < fd_count; i++ )
if ( (fds[i].revents & POLLHUP) != 0 )
{
close(fds[i].fd);
/***
***/
fd_count;
else if ( (fds[i].revents & POLLIN) != 0 )

/*** ***/
read()
read() fd
. ,
, , recv().
#include <unistd.h>
int read(int fd, char *buffer, size_t buf_len);

.
fd
buffer
buf_len

,
,

EINTR
EAGAIN
EISDIR
,
( NONBLOCK),
; ,
SIGTTIN ;

. API
429
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EBADF
EINVAL
EFAULT
buffer ,

int sockfd;
int bytes_read;
char buffer[1024];
/* */
if ( (bytes_read = read(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) < 0 )
perror("read");
select()
select()
. ,
. ,
.
FD_CLR .
FD_SET .
FD_ISSET
.
FD ZERO .
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int select(int hi_fd, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set);
FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set);
FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set);
FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);

,
. .
, .
430
V.
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hi_f d
readfds
writefds
exceptfds
timeout
,
,
,
,
, ;
; ( ) ,
,
NULL (0), ( )
, ,

fd
set

EBADF
EINTR
EINVAL
ENOMEM
int i, ports[]={9001, 9002, 9004, 1};

int sockfd, max=0;
fd_set set;
struct timeval timeout={2,500000}; /* 2,5 */
FD_ZERO(&set);
for ( i = 0; ports[i] > 0; i
addr.sin_port = htons(ports[i] );
if ( bind (sockfd, &addr, sizeof(addr)) != 0 )
perror("bind() failed");
else
FD_SET(sockfd,&set);
if ( max < sockfd )
max = sockfd;
if ( select(max+l, &set, 0, &set, &timeout) > 0 )
for ( i = 0; i <= max; i++)

. API
431
%RRNVVKRS

if ( FD_ISSET(i, &set) )
{ int client = accept(i, 0, 0);
/*** ***/
write()
write()
fd. , ,
send().
#include <unistd.h>
int write(int fd, const void *buffer, size_t msg_len);

.
, msg_len.
, ,
, errno .
fd
buffer
msg_len

EBADF
EINVAL
EFAULT
EPIPE
EAGAIN
EINTR
ENOSPC
432

,
buffer
,
; , , SIGPIPE,
, write() EPIPE
( 0_NONBLOCK),

,
, ,

V.
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/*** (TCP, UDP, ) ***/
int sockfd;
/* , */
while ((bytes = write(sockfd, buffer, msg_len)) > 0 )
if ((bytes_wrote += bytes) >= msg_len)
break;
if ( bytes < 0 )
perror("write");
close()
close() ( , ).
,
. Linux 2.2.14 getdtablesize() 1024,

/usr/include/linux/limits.h NR_OPEN.
#include <unistd.h>
int close(int f d ) ;

. ,
errno.
fd

EBADF
int sockfd;
sockfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, htons(99));
if ( sockfd < 0 )
PANIC("Raw socket create failed");
if ( close(sockfd) != 0 )
PANIC("Raw socket close failed");
. API
433
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.
C++
C++
C++
C++
Java
Java

Java
Java
449
450
451
452
456
457
458
464
www.books-shop.com
, Java API,
C++, 13,
" C++" ( Web
).
; ( ,
), (,
) (
, ).
++

,
.
Exception < RangeException
< FiteExceptton
FiteExceptton
< NetException <:
< NetCoriversionExceptton
< NetDNSException
NetDNSException
< NetlOException
< NetConnectException
< NetConfigException
. .1. C++
Exception ()
:
Exception(SimpleString s);
: .
:
const char* Getstring();
:
RangeException
FileException
NetException
, ;
MessageGroup
, ;
Socket
()
:
NetException(SimpleString s);
: .
: Exception
:
435
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NetConversionException
NetDNSException
NetIOException
NetConnectException
NetConf igException
, (
inet_ntop()/inet_pton()); HostAddress
, ;
HostAddress
send()/recv();
Socket
bind(), connect(),
listen() accept(); SocketServer,
SocketClient MessageGroup
/ ;
Socket
C+ +
,
C++.
SimpleString ()
:
SimpleString(const char* s);
SimpleString(const SimpleString& s);
: .
:
+ (char *);
+(SimpleString& );
const char* GetString();
: ()
HostAddress ()
:
HostAddress(const char* Name=0, ENetwork Network=eIPv4);
HostAddress(HostAddressS Address);
: , .
:
void SetPort(int Port);

int GetPort(void) const;
,
ENetwork GetNetwork(void)

const;
436
V.
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struct sockaddr*
GetAddress(void)const;
int Getsize(void) const;
int ==(HostAddresss
Address) const;
int !=(HostAddresss
Address) const;
const char* GetHost(bool
byName=l);

'

:
Exception
NetConversionException
NetDNSException
C+ +
, ,
Message ( )
: ().
:
.
:
virtual char* Wrap(int& Bytes)
const;
bool Unwrap (char* package, int
Bytes, int MsgNum);
: ().
TextMessage ()
:
TextMessage(unsigned short Bytes);
TextMessage(const char* Msg, unsigned short Len);
: .
: Message
437
www.books-shop.com
:
=(const char* str);
=(const TextMessage* s);
+=(const char* str);
+=(const TextMessages s);
const char* GetBuffer(void) const;
char* Wrapfints Bytes) const;
bool Unwrap(char* package, int
Bytes, int MsgNum);
GetSize(void) const;
void SetSize(int Bytes);
int GetAvailable(void) const;
: ().
C+ +
, .
: SocketServer, SocketClient,
Datagram, Broadcast MessageGroup.
OpenSSL (SSLServer SSLClient).

Socket < SocketStream < SocketServer
< SocketClient
< Datagram
< Broadcast
< MessageGroup
. .2. Socket C++
Socket ()
:
Socket(void);
Socket(int sd);
Socket(ENetwork Network, EProtocol Protocol);
Socket(Sockets sock);
: ,
.
:
void Bind(HostAddress& Addr);
void CloseInput(void) const;
void CloseOutput(void) const;
438
V.
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int Send(Message& Msg, int

Options=0) const;
int Send(HostAddress& Addr,
Messages Msg, int Options=0)
const;
int Receive(Message& Msg, int
Options=0) const;
int Receive(HostAddress& Addr,
Messages Msg, int Options=0)
const;
void PermitRoute(bool Setting);
void KeepAlive(bool Setting);
void ShareAddress(bool Setting);
int GetReceiveSize(void);
void SetReceiveSizefint Bytes);
int GetSendSize(void);
void SetSendSize(int Bytes);
int GetMinReceive(void);
void SetMinReceive(int Bytes);
int GetMinSend(void);
void SetMinSend(int Bytes);
struct timeval
GetReceiveTimeout(void);
void SetReceiveTimeout(struct
timevals val);
struct timeval
GetSendTimeout(void);
void SetSendTimeout(struct
timeval& val);
ENetwork GetType(void);
virtual int GetTTL(void);
virtual void SetTTL(int Hops);
int GetError(void);

/
/
/
/
SIGIO
/
SIGIO
/ ,

/ ,

()
/
,
:
NetException
FileException
NetConnectException
NetIOException
NetConf igException
439
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SocketStream ()
:
SocketStream(void);
SocketStrearn(int sd);
SocketStream(ENetwork Network);
SocketStream(SocketStreams sock);
: ,
(SOCK_STREAM).
: Socket
:
int GetMaxSegmentSize(void);
void SetMaxSegmentSize(short Bytes);
void DontDelay(bool Setting);
/
/
:
NetConfigException
SocketServer ()
:
SocketServer(int port, ENetwork Network=eIPv4, int QLen=15);
SocketServer(HostAddressS Addr, int QLen=15);
: TCP
.
: SocketStream
:
void Accept(void (*Servlet) (const
Sockets Client));
Servlet(), Socket
void Accept (HostAddressS Addr, void

(*Servlet)(const Sockets Client));
:
Exception
NetConnectException
SocketClient ()
:
SocketClient(ENetwork Network=eIPv4);
SocketClient(HostAddress& Host, ENetwork Network=eIPv4);
440
V.
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: TCP
.
: SocketStream
:
void Connect(HostAddress& Addr);
:
NetConnectException
Datagram ()
:
Datagram(HostAddress& Me, ENetwork Network=eIPv4,
EProtocol Protocol=eDatagram);
Datagram(ENetwork Network=eIPv4, EProtocol Protocol=eDatagram);
: UDP
.
: Socket
:
void MinimizeDelay(bool Setting);
void MaximizeThroughput(bool
Setting);
void MaximizeReliability(bool
Setting);
void MinimizeCost(bool Setting);
void PermitFragNegotiation(EFrag
Setting);
:
NetConfigException
Broadcast ()
:
Broadcast(HostAddress& Me);
: , .
: Datagram
: ().
:
NetConfigException
441
%RRNVVKRS

MessageGroup ()
:
MessageGroup(HostAddress& Me, ENetwork Network=eIPv4);
: .
: Datagram
;
Connect(HostAddress& Address);
void Join(HostAddress& Address, int
IFIndex=0)
void Drop(HostAddress& Address);
:
NetConfigException
NetConnectException
RangeException
Java
, Java

.
lOException < ProtocolException
< UnknownHostException
< UnknownServiceExceptbn
< SocketException
< BindException
< ConnectException
< NoRouteToHostException
. .. Java
java.io.IOException ()
:
IOException();
lOException(String msg);
: ,
.
: Exception
:
java.net.ProtocolException
java.net.UnknownHostException
Socket
DNS
java. net. unknownServiceException
442
V.
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java.net.SocketException
()
:
SocketException();
SocketException(String msg);
: ,
bind(), connect(), listen() accept(); Socket, Server
Socket, DatagramSocket MulticastSocket.

: IOExceptian
:
java.net.BindException
/ (
, ,
)
java.net.ConnectException
, ,
java.net.NoRouteToHostException
Java
,
java.net.DatagramPacket
()
:
DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int );
DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int len, InetAddress addr, int port);
DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int Offset, int len);
DatagramPacket(byte[ ] buf, int Offset, int len, InetAddress addr, int port);
: , ,
/ .
:
InetAddress getAddress();
/ /
void setAddress(InetAddress addr);
byte [ ] getData();
void SetData(byte[] b u f ) ;
void SetData(byte[] buf, int offset, int
len);
int getLength();
void setLength(int length);
443
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p ,

/ /
int getOffset();
int getPort();
void setPort(int port);
: ().
java.net. InetAddress ()
: ().
: , Internet;
, .
:
InetAddress getByName(String host);
InetAddress getAHByName(String host);
InetAddress getLocalHost();
String getHostAddress();
byte[] getAddress();
boolean isMulticastAddress();
,

String getHostName();
:
UnknownHostException
Java
Java ,
. ,
. , .
Object < InputStream
< OutputStream
< Reader
< Writer
< ByteArraylnputStream
< ObjectlnputStream
< ByteArrayOutputStream
< ObjectOutpufetrearn
< BufferedReader
< PrintWriter
. .4. ! Java
444
V.
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java.io.InputStream
( )
:
InputStream();
: .
: Object
:
int available();
int read();
int read(byte [] arr);
int read(byte [] arr, int

reset(),

,
mark()/reset()

,
offset,
void close();
void mark (int readlimit);
boolean markSupportedf);
int length);
void reset();
long skip();
:
IOException
java.io.ByteArraylnputStream ()
:
ByteArrayInputStream(byte[] buf);
ByteArrayInputStream(byte[] buf, int offset, int length);
:
(, ).
: InputStream
: (; InputStream).
: ().
java.io.ObjectlnputStream
()
:
ObjectInputstream(InputStream );
:
; InputStream Socket.
445
www.books-shop.com
: InputStream
:
int available();
void close();
void defaultReadObject();
int read();
int read(byte[] arr, int
offset, int len);
int readFully(byte[] arr);
int readFully(byte[] arr, int
offset, int len);
boolean readBooleanf);
byte readByte();
char readChar();
double readDouble();
float readFloat();
int readInt();
long readLong();
short readShort();
int readUnsignedByte();
int readUnsignedShort();
String readUTF();
Object readObject();
,

,
; readFully()
, ,

Object;

:
IOException
ClassNotFoundException
NotActiveException
OptionalDataException
InvalidObjectException
SecurityException
StreamCorruptedException
java.io.OutputStream ( )
:
OutputStream();
: .
: Object
:
446
V.
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void close));
void flush();
void write(byte b);
int write(byte[] arr);
int write(byte[] arr, int
offset, int len);
:
IOException
java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream ()
:
ByteArrayOutputStreain();
ByteArrayOutputStream(int size);
: .
: OutputStream
:
void reset();
offset, int len);
byte[] toByteArray();
intsize();
String toString( String
encoder);
void write (int b);
void writeTo(OutputStream );

,

OutputStream'
: ().
java.io.ObjectOutputStream ()
:
ObjectOutputStream(OutputStream );
:
; OutputStream Socket.
: OutputStream
:
void close();
void defaultwrite0bject();
447
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writeObject()
int flush();
int reset();
void write(byte b);
offset, int len);
void writeBoolean(boolean b);
void writeByte(byte b);
void writeBytes(String s);
void writeChar(int c);
void writeChars(String s);
void writeDouble(double d);
void writeFloat(float f ) ;
void writeInt(int i);
void writeLong(long l);
void writeShort(int us);
void writeUTF(String s);
int writeFields();
void writeObject(Object o);

,

,

object
:
IOException
SecurityException
java.io.BufferedReader()
:
BufferedReader(Reader i);
BufferedReader(Reader i, int size);
: ,
;
; size .
: Reader
:
void close();
void mark(int readlimit);
boolean markSupported();
int read();
int read(byte[] arr, int
offset, int length);
448

,

,
mark()/reset()

,

V.
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String readLine();
boolean ready();
( )
true,
void reset();
long skip(long n);
:
IOException
java.io.PrintWriter ()
:
PrintWriter(Writer );
PrintWriter(Writer , boolean autoFlush);
PrintWriter(OutputStream );
PrintWriter(OutputStream , boolean autoFlush);
: ; autoFlush

println().
: Writer
:
boolean checkError();
void close();
int f l u s h ( ) ;
void print(boolean b);
void print(char c);
void print(char[] s);
void print(double d ) ;
void print(float f ) ;
void print(int i);
void print(long 1);
void print(Object obj);
void print(String s);
void println();
void println(boolean b ) ;
void println(char c);
void println(char[] s);
void println(double d);
void println(float f ) ;
void println(int i);
void println(long 1);
void println(0bject obj);
void println(String s);
void write(byte b);
true,

;
Object String.valueOf()

,
; autoFlush,

449
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offset, int len);
int write(String s);
int write(String s, int offset,
int len);

,

,

:
IOException
SecurityException
java
Java IPv4: Socket, ServerSocket, DatagramSocket
MulticastSocket. .
java.net.Socket ()
:
Socket(String host,
Socket(InetAddress
Socket(String host,
Socket(InetAddress
int port);
addr, int port);
int port, InetAddress lAddr, int lPort);
addr, int port, InetAddress lAddr, int lPort);
: ,
(TCP).
: Object
:
void close();
InetAddress getInetAddress();
InputStream getInputstream();
boolean getKeepAlive();
void setKeepAlive(boolean bn);
InetAddress getLocalAddress();
int getbocalPort();
OutputStream getOutputStream();
int getPortf);
450
InputStream,

,

,

OutputStream,

V.
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int getReceiveBufferSize();
void setReceiveBufferSize(int size);
int getSendBufferSize();
void setSendBufferSize(int size);
int getSoLinger();
void setSoLinger(boolean on, int
linger);
int getSoTimeout();
void setSoTimeout(int timeout);
boolean getTcpNoDelay();
void setTcpNoDelay(boolean on);
void shutdownInput();
void shutdownOutput();
/ (
),

/

/ ,
;
, ,

:
IOException
SocketException
java.net.ServerSocket ()
:
ServerSocket(int port);
ServerSocket(int port, int backlog);
ServerSocket(int port, int backlog, InetAddress bindAddr);
:
,
.
: Object
:
setSocketPactory(SocketImplFactory
fac);
,

:
Socket accept();
void close();
int getLocalPort();
int getSoTimeout();
void setSoTimeout(int timeout);

Socket

,

/

451
%RRNVVKRS

IOException
SocketException
java.net.DatagramSocket()
:
DatagramSocket();
DatagramSocket(int port);
DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress bindAddr);
: UDP
.
: Object
:
void close();
void connect(InetAddress addr, int
port);
void disconnect();
InetAddress getLocalAddress();
int getLocalPort();
int getPort();
int getReceiveBufferSize();
void setReceiveBufferSizefint size);
int getSendBufferSize();
void setSendBufferSize(int size);
int getSoTimeout();
void setSoTimeoutfint timeout);
void receive(DatagramPacket p);
void send(DatagramPacket p ) ;

,

/
/
/

:
IOException
SocketException
452
V.
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java.net.MulticastSocket ()
:
MulticastSocket();
MulticastSocket(int port);
: UDP
.
: DatagramSocket
:
InetAddres s getInterf ();
/ ,
void setlnterface(InetAddress
addr);
int getTimeToLive();
/
void setTimeToLive(int TTL);

void joinGroup(InetAddress addr);

void leaveGroup(InetAddress addr);
void send (DatagramPacket , ist.
TTL
TTL);
:
IOException
SocketException
453
www.books-shop.com
46
43
ARP,
45
CIDR,
D
42; 47
DHCP,
Ethernet
42; 46; 101

76
29,112
FTP,
HTTP,

GET

ICMP,
ICMPv6,
IGMP,
454
66; 84
366
84; 128
84
127
110; 337;
339, 342,343
340
'374
339
68
64
352
376
333
IP,
108;

337;

IPv6,
48; 346; 349;
346; 377;

348;

IPv4
Java
Runnable
259;
Serializable

TCP
TCP
UDP
109
47
312
341
59
42
203
60
29
354
378
351
349
351
351
205
351
375
348
255
256
444
256
256
255
255
249
250
256; 257
442
259
259, 260
257
267
249
250
252
253
254; 259
450
258

www.books-shop.com
251
MAC, 42, 101; 327; 332, 333
OpenSSL,
320

321
323

OSI,
105; 108; 293

106
108; 299

108

107

107
TCP/IP
112

107

105
P
Pthreads,
139; 145; 160
757; 158

160
R
RDP,
RPC,
83
108; 293
316
298
s
SSL,

SUID,
320
321
323
49
/,
88
TCP,
72, 110
312
/
88
75
111
206
75

80
81
UDP
71; 73

64
TCP/IP
312
42

109
110

28; 42
112

112
OSI
108
108

29; 228
Telnet
U
UDP,

94

96
110

92

94

93
96
82; 86
TCP
81

69

95
94

64
MAC
42; 101; 327;
IPv6
352;
IPv6
330;
309
332; 333
47
346
330; 332
377; 378
375; 377
348
43
42
45; 327
455
www.books-shop.com
45
26
46
46
43; 327
29
45; 327
226; 309
Java
249

132, 190

107

37; 53; 127;
202; 206; 209
203; 329;
333; 334
IPv6
'205; 352

334

332; 333

330
IPv6
353
332
6bone
354
157
158
158
313; 318; 334

314

314
202
203

180
171; 172; 208
177

180

181

179
168; 170; 171
170

170

170

170
180
Java
256
171
37; 182

172
172

175

173
176

77J
171;
177
172;
185
208
456
97; 126; 158
159;
159;
145
138
159
159
159
138
160
133
132
136
755
152
132
160
314
238
244
155; 156; 158
PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_
MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP
158
PTHREAD_MUTEX_
INITIALIZER
757
228

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PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_
MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP
157
147
316; 317
56
146
87
226
75
257
BufferedReader
448
256
ByteArrayInputStream
445
256
ByteArrayOutputStream
447
CharArrayReader
256
256
CharArrayWriter
253
DatagramPacket
443
DatagramSocket
253; 255
452
256
FilelnputStream
256
FileOutputStream
256
FileReader
256
FileWriter
256
FilterReader
256
FilterWriter
260
Frame
250
InetAddress
444
InputStream
250; 256; 257
445
256; 257
InputStreamReader
442
IOException
254
MulticastSocket
259
getInterface()
259
getTimeToLive()
259
setInterface()
259
setTimeToLive()
453
256; 257
ObjectInputStream
445
ObjectOutputStream
256; 257
447
OutputStream
250, 256; 257
446
OutputStreamWriter
256
PipedInputStream
256
PipedOutputStream
256
PipedReader
256
PipedWriter
256
PrintStream
256
PrintWriter
256; 257
449
Reader
256
SequenceInputStream
256
ServerSocket
252
451
Socket
250, 257
close()
257
450
SocketException
443
StringReader
256
StringWriter
256
Thread
259;
260
Writer
256
241
256
274
283
273
242
274
241
282
286
241
242
241
259;
260

242
242
241
242
243

43
46
""
227
SSL
321

52

32; 40
26; 30

35
39
457
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EACCES
31; 120
EAGAIN
37; 54; 124; 173; 207
EBADF 37; 39; 52; 120; 121; 124
EBUSY
158
EFAULT
52; 146
EINTR
185;
215
EINVAL 31; 37; 48; 52; 120; 161
EMFILE
146
EMSGSIZE
54
ENETUNREACH
54
ENOTCONN
38
ENOTSOCK
38; 54
EOPNOTSUPP
121; 124
EPIPE
52; 127
EPROTONOSUPPORT
31
ESRCH
161
EWOULDBLK
38; 173
ping
337

341
traceroute
343

28
267

42

155;
158
333
334
334

43; 46

45; 327

334
97; 132; 134; 135
107
37
238

243
284
239; 269
458
241
281

59
ICMP
68
TCP
71; 73
UDP
69
60

102
28
67
TTL
63; 102; 343

61
64
.
61
62
64
63

62

62
103
63

62; 204
56; 67

338
38; 62; 67
64; 65

66
45
45; 327
241
29
48
49

90; 119

48;
203; 206

365
50

50
50
50
34;
50
50
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132
stderr
135; 165; 221
147
stdin
755; 165; 221
147
stdout
135; 165; 221
147
157
158
158
()
165
160
1
35
139

755

136
ifconfig
349
init
135; 160, 220
rpcgen
293; 300; 302; 304

301
300
tcpdump
76; 77
132
.
146
342

162
136

136
225; 226;
297;

HTTP
SSL

R
223;

306
305
29,6
296
305
295
127
323
123
298
224
117
189
229
189
32; 40
26; 30

35
191
122
118

39

121

193

25
193
757
226; 309
184; 220
SIGALRM
152; 161; 219
SIGCHLD
SIGFAULT
153
SIGFPE
220
SIGHUP
153
SIGINT
SIGIO
54; 177; 180; 181;
209; 210; 220
SIGPIPE
52; 276; 218
153
SIGSTOP
153
SIGTSTP
153
SIGTTIN
153
SIGTTOU
53; 179; 210; 219
SIGURG
101

102
107
277
152
154
152

372
757
158
158
158
155
155; 156;

158
155; 158
157
28
117
26
459
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296

77; 113
Java
249
258
TCP
80; 250; 252
UDP
82; 86; 253
254
259
56; 120
63; 68;
337; 338; 339
IPv6
351
IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
203
IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP 203
IP_HDRINCL 61; 62, 203; 337
IP_MULTICAST_IF
204,259
IP_MULTICAST_LOOP
204
IP_MULTICAST_TTL 204,259
IP_MTU_DISCOVER
204
IP_OPTIONS
204
IP_TOS
204
IP_TTL
63,204
IPV6_ADD_MEMBERSHIP 205
IPV6_ADDRFORM
205
IPV6_CHECKSUM
205
IPV6_DROP_MEMBERSHIP 205
IPV6_DSTOPTS
205
IPV6_HOPLIMIT
205
IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS 205
IPV6_MULTICAST_IF
205
IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP 205
IPV6_NEXTHOP
205
IPV6_PKTOPTIONS
205
IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS
206
SO_BROADCAST
201,328
SO_DEBUG
201
SO_DONTROUTE
202
SO_ERROR
202, 209,217
SO_KEEPALIVE 201, 202; 206
SO_LINGER
202, 258
SO_OOBINLINE
202; 210
SO_PASSCRED
202
SO_PEERCRED
202
SO_RCVBUF
202, 258
SO_RCVLOWAT
202,220
SO_RCVTIMEO
185
SO_SNDBUF
203
SO SNDLOWAT
460
203
185; 203
48; 203;
207;331
SO_TYPE
203
SO_REUSEPORT
331
SO_TIMEOUT
258
TCP_NODELAY
258
TCP_KEEPALIVE
206
TCP_MAXRT
206
TCP_MAXSEG
206
TCP_NODELAY
206; 207
TCP_STDURG
206
368
SOL_IP
203; 369
SOL_IPV6
205; 370
SOL_SOCKET 201; 368
SOL_TCP
206; 371

330

90; 119

100
ip_mreq
330
ipv6_mreq
353
linger
202
pollfd
184; 200
protoent
339
sigaction
152
sockaddr
90

119
33
sockaddr_in
34
sockaddr_in6
34; 350
245
SO_SNDTIMEO
SO_REUSEADDR
185
/etc/protocols
/etc/services
netinet/in.h
sys/socket.h
sys/types.h

339; 404
364
49; 90; 121
365
32; 63
32
32
313
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314
314
_clone()
135; 139; 160
142; 409
CLONE_FILES
143
CLONE_FS
143
CLONE_PID
143
CLONE_SIGHAND
143
CLON_V
143
accept()
117; 119; 121; 123;
153; 170; 177; 181; 192, 193; 229

215
EAGAIN
124
EBADF
124
EOPNOTSUPP 124
122; 383
alarm()
185; 220
bind()
32, 49; 71; 83; 90; 92, 93;
117; 119; 123; 203; 206

275
EACCES
120
EBADF
120
EINVAL
120
INADDR_ANY
91; 330
90; 119; 381

bzero()
35
424
close()
117; 119, 202

216
EBADF
39
39; 433
connect()
40; 80; 82; 86;
90, 91; 117; 170

215
32; 384
()
162; 163; 220
410
1()
163
410
execle()
164
410
execlp()
163
410
execv()
164
410
execve()
410
164
execvp()
exit()
138; 141
fcntl()
175;
178;
208; 210
F_SETFL
174
173; 425
O_NONBLOCK 38; 174
fork() 139; 143; 160; 163; 192; 194

216
137; 408
gethostbyname()
57

216
403
gethostname()
402
getpeername()
401
getpid()
137
getpriority()
159
getprotobyname()
339; 404
getsockopt()

216
201; 406

368
htonl()
57; 91
396
htons()
35; 51
396
inet_addr()
57
397
inet_aton()
35; 51
398
inet_ntoa()
57
399
inet_ntpp()
350; 400
inet_pton()
350; 399
kill()
154
listen()
117;
119; 193

216
EBADF
727

EOPNOTSUPP
727
121;
382
memset()
424
ntohl()
51
397
ntohs()
57
397
pipe()
EFAULT
146
EMFILE
146
146; 427
410
182; 427
461
%RRNVVKRS

POLLERR
184
POLLHUP
184
POLLIN
184
POLLINVAL
184
POLLOUT
184
POLLPRI
184
185
pthread_create()
143; 161

216
139; 415
pthread_detach()
EINVAL
161
ESRCH
161
161; 417
pthread_exit()
416
pthread_join()
416
pthread_mutex_destroy()
418
pthread_mutex_init()
418
pthread_mutex_lock()
757
419
pthread_mutex_trylock()
158
419
157
420
read()
40; 48; 52; 71; 82; 117;
119; 127; 170; 171; 203; 208
EAGAIN
37
EBADF
37
EINVAL
37
35; 429
recv()
40, 48; 53; 86; 90;
119; 127; 172; 173; 177;
180; 186; 203; 209; 299

216
ENOTCONN
38
ENOTSOCK
38
37; 391
MSG_DONTWAIT
37
MSG_OOB
37; 206; 210
SG_
37
MSG_WAITALL 37; 209
recvfrom()
78; 83; 90; 93;
122, 203; 343

87
86; 393
recvmsg()
203
394
sched_yield()
412
select() 177; 195; 196; 197; 199; 228

198
462
182; 430
185
send()
48; 83; 86; 90, 119;
172, 175; 177; 180; 203; 208

216
EAGAIN
54
EBADF
54
EMSGSIZE
54
ENOTSOCK
54
EPIPE
54
53; 387
MSG_DONTROUTE
53
MSG_DONTWAIT 54; 209
MSG_NOSIGNAL 54; 218
SG_
53; 210
sendfile()
390
sendmsg()
68; 203; 205
389
sendto()
68; 83; 88; 90,
203; 340, 341
86; 388
setpriority()
159
setsockopt() 62; 180, 330, 337; 341

216
201; 405

368
shmget()
146
shutdown()
119

216
39; 395
sigaction()
SIG_DFL
153
SIG_IGN
153
152, 422
SA_NOCLDSTOP
153
SA_NODEFER
153
SA_NOMASK
153
SA_ONESHOT
153
SA_RESETHAND
153
SA_RESTART
153;
186; 216
signal()
152
421
sigprocmask()
423
sleep()
186
socket()
37; 40; 52; 80, 113;
117; 119; 121; 203

216
PF_INET
PF_INET6
33
33; 350
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PF_IPX
33
PF_PACKET
31
,
359
31
EACCES
31
EINVAL

31
EPROTONOSUPPORT
0, 380

30
SOGK_PACKET 77; 113
63; 68;
SOCK_RAW
337; 339
SOCK_STREAM
119
, 363
78
socketpair()
385
sysctl()
206
vfork()
165
wait()
152; 160; 219
413
waitpid()
WEXITSTATUS() 162
WIFEXITEP()
162
219; 413
40; 48; 71; 82; 117; 119;

184; 203; 207; 208
EBADF
52
EFAULT
52
EINVAL
52
EPIPE
52
52; 432

50
write()
201; 327; 328; 329
318; 319
319
319
318
318
318

319

319
311
463
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Linux
..
. .
..
. .
.. , .. ,
. .
"".
101509, , . , . 43, . 1.
. . 090230 23.06.99
.
10.08.2001. 70x100/16.
Times. .
. . . 33,9. .
. . 27,11.
5000 . 1480.
" "
,
.
197110,
, ., 15.
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Создание Сетевых Приложений в Среде Linux

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Linux

terprises International, Copyright 2001

, Java C++. 1998 .

", "" 10,

II, " ".

IPX, Rose) socket().

: domain=PF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM, protocol=0.

sys/socket.h Socket API

dest.sin_port = htons ( PORT_TIME ) ;

if ( connect (sd, &dest, sizeof (dest)) != 0 ) /* ! */

bytes_read = read(sd, buffer, MAXBUF);

perror("FILE* conversion failed");

..). Socket API

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol

CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing

int sd, bytes_written = 0, retval;

, Novell (IPX), Microsoft (NetBEUI), AppleTalk ,

. 3.1. Socket API

), (TOS type of service).

typedef unsigned char ui8;

MSS (maximum segment size )

bytes_read = recvfrom(sd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, 0, 0 ) ;

IP, UDP TCP, 3, "

. (FedEx UDP; TCP.)

read() write(), TCP,

HTTP (1.1 HTTP

, .. NULL (0). UDP

perror( "Awaiting message with RecvFrom");

Internet (. 3, " Internet

(CRC cyclical redundancy check)

TCP, UDP, TCP

send() recv(), UDP

TCP/IP. Linux Internet,

IP 1972 . ARPAnet, DARPA (Defense

. 5.2. Internet OSI; !

"network not reachable" ( ) "host not found" (

socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);

: socket(), connect(), read(), write() close().

: socket(), bind(), listen(), accept() close().

6.1. bind() TCP!

struct sockaddr_in addr;

clientsd = accept(sd, &addr, &size); /* */

/*** ( accept()) ***/

nbytes  recv(client, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);

: " ?" " ?"

404 ("Not Found").

, (PID process ID).

7.1. pthread create ()

void Child_Fn( void)

int main (void)

else if ( pchild > 0 )

void *Child_Fn(void *arg)

fork() pthread_create() , clone()

int main (void)

(" !"), ("

read(FDs[0], buffer, sizeof(buffer)); /*

7.12. SIGFPE SIGINT

queue, in, out empty.

void sig_child(int sig)

struct sigaction act;

client = acceptfsd, &addr, &addr_size);

Pentium III 500 ,

F_SETFL, option O_NONBLOCK. (

perror("Fcntl could not set nonblocking");

/* ( accept()) */

nbytes recv(client, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);

void Child_Fn(void arg)

perror("Fcntl can't set nonblocking on port #%d", i);

/* bind() llsten() */

char words[] = {"the", "that", "a", 0}; ;/

start(); // < run()