Ospf

OSPF
2-

OSPF
www.williamspublishing.com
www.ciscopress.ru
ciscopress.com
. II
CCIE
9360
32.973.26-018.2.75
56
681.3.07
""
. ..
..
"" :
info@williamspublishing.com,
http://www.williamspublishing.com
, . II
56 OSPF, 2- . : . .
.: "", 2004. 816.: . . . .
ISBN 5-8459-0594- (.)
OSPF,
, , ,
,
, .
OSPF ,
, Internet , OSPF.
. ,
, TCP/IP.
, OSPF, , : , , , ,
, ..
32.973.26-018.2.75
.

, , , Cisco Press.
Authorized translation from the English language edition published by Cisco Press, Copyright 2003
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without permission
from the Publisher.
Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with R&I Enterprises International, Copyright 2004
Cisco, http://www.academy.ciscopress.ru.
ISBN 5-8459-0594- (.)
ISBN 1-5870-5032-3 (.)
"", 2004
Cisco Press, 2003

I. OSPF

27
1.
29
2. OSPF
3. OSPF
77
141
II. OSPF
201
4.
203
5.
301
6.
389
7. OSPF
459
III. , ,
OSPF
8. OSPF
495
497
9. OSPF
593
10. BGP MPLS OSPF
713
IV. OSPF
767
. RFC, OSPF
769
788
791
,
,
15
16
18
19
20
22
23
23
23
I. OSPF

27
1.
29

OSI
OSI
OSI

OSI
,
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
TCP
IP

, IP

D

IP-
IP-
IP-
IP

,
VLSM CIDR
30
31
31
34
35
36
38
39
39
40
41
42
42
42
43
48
49
50
50
50
51
51
55
55
56
57
59
60

VLSM
VLSM
CIDR
,

CIDR
IP
CIDR
IP CIDR
: VLSM

67
68
68
69
69
70
71
72
73
2. OSPF
77

-

SPF
SPF
OSPF

OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF

: OSPF
:
: OSPF

OSPF
OSPF
78
80
61
62
63
64
66
66
82
88
89
91
95
96
97
104
105
105
107
111
111
113
115
116
117
118
121
124
132
133
133
134
138
3. OSPF
141

LSA
LSA
OSPF
OSPF

LSA
LSA

OSPF
LSA
LSA MOSPF
- LSA
LSA

: OSPF
:

,

,

,

141
141
151
158
158
159
164
164
166
166
169
169
170
170
171
172
172
173
178
188
189
191
196
197
II. OSPF
201
4.
203
OSPF
OSPF

OSPF
1:
2:
3:
4:
204
205
205
205
206
206
207
207
208
212
220
226
5: IOS Cisco
6: ,
OSPF
OSPF

ABR

,

OSPF
,

OSPF

OSPF
0
0

OSPF

-
OSPF

:

:

227
229
230
231
231
233
234
235
236
237
237
241
241
242
242
243
243
243
244
246
247
247
248
248
250
251
251
254
255
258
258
259
260
261
273
273
275
275
276
276
276
276
277
277
279
282
284
: OSPF

285
287
290
5.
301
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF

OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF

OSPF
,
:
OSPF
: OSPF
: OSPF
301
302
307
311
312
314
314
317
318
319
321
324
333
363
372
379
379
380
385
6.
389
OSPF

,

1:

2: RIP OSPF
3:

4: OSPF
EIGRP
390
392
393
394
398
399
10
406
407
411
413
414
418
419
429
433
5: OSPF
RIP
6:
443
449
456
7. OSPF
459
OSPF

OSPF
460
462
464
465
466
487
487
III. ,
OSPF
495
8. OSPF
497

SNMP
SNMP
SNMP
MIB OSPF

OSPF
OSPF

: Secure IOS
:

,

-

498
500
503
506
511
519
522
524
524
531
538
552
552
565
566
9. OSPF
593
OSPF

593
594
595
11
579
580
580
581
588
589
590
, OSPF
OSPF
(System Logging SYSLOG)
, OSPF
show ip ospf
show ip ospf process-id
show ip ospf interface
show ip ospf border-routers
show ip ospf database
show ip ospf delete ()
show ip ospf events ()
show ip ospf flood-list
show ip ospf maxage-list ()
show ip ospf neighbor
show ip ospf neighbor ip address
show ip ospf neighbor int ip-address
show ip ospf neighbor detail
show ip ospf virtual-links
show ip ospf stat ()
show ip ospf summary-address
clear ip ospf
debug OSPF
debug
debug
debug
debug, OSPF
: OSPF
1
2:

: OSPF
OSPF
OSPF

OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
601
601
603
611
611
614
615
617
617
633
636
639
640
640
641
642
642
643
644
645
645
648
648
649
650
650
675
676
676
688
693
694
694
696
703
707
709
10. BGP MPLS OSPF
713

EGP
BGP
BGP
BGP
BGP OSPF

713
715
719
719
721
724
726
12
,

OSPF

:

MPLS OSPF
MPLS
MPLS
IP ATM

,
MPLS
OSPF MPLS
748
750
758
764
IV. OSPF
767
. RFC, OSPF
769
RFC, OSPF
RFC 1131 OSPF
RFC 1245 OSPF
RFC 1246 OSPF
RFC 1247 OSPF 2
RFC 1248 OSPF 2
RFC 1252 OSPF 2
RFC 1253 OSPF 2
RFC 1364 BGP OSPF
RFC 1370 OSPF
RFC 1371
IP
RFC 1403 OSPF
RFC 1583 OSPF 2
RFC 1584 OSPF
RFC 1585 MOSPF:
RFC 1586 OSPF
Frame Relay
RFC 1587 OSPF,
NSSA
RFC 1745 BGP4/IDRP IP-:
OSPF
RFC 1765 OSPF
RFC 1793 OSPF ,

RFC 1850 OSPF 2
RFC 2178 OSPF 2
RFC 2328 OSPF 2
769
772
772
772
774
774
774
775
775
775
730
732
739
740
740
743
744
746
747
776
776
776
777
777
778
780
782
782
783
783
784
784
13
RFC 2370 OSPF,

LSA
RFC 2676 QoS
OSPF
RFC 2740 IPv6 OSPF
RFC 2844 OSPF ATM
Proxy-PAR
787
788
788
791
14
786
787
787

. II (Thomas M. Thomas II),
(Network Emergency
Repair Dude, NERD), CCIE1 9360. ,
Cisco Systems CCNP2, CCDA3 CCNA4.
, , , ,
, . NetCerts.com ( CCPrep.com) International Network Resource Group (www.inrgi.net), , .
Chesapeake Computer Consultants, Inc. (CCCI) Cisco Systems. ,
OSPF Network Design Solutions
, .
US Networks, Inc. (www.usnetworksinc.com)
(Voice-over-IP VoIP) IP. . , ,
, , .
1
CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert
Cisco).
2
CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional Cisco).
3
CCDA (Cisco Certified Design Associate Cisco).
4
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate Cisco).

(Henry Benjamin), CCIE 4695, CCIE ( ,
Internet ). Cisco Systems, , . CCIE CCNP Practical
Studies: Routing ( Cisco Press) CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Cram
( Coriolis).
. (Matthew H. Birkner), CCIE 3719, Cisco Systems
IP MPLS. .
, ,
Cisco ,
MPLS . " CCIE" Cisco Internetwork Design ( Cisco Press). , .
(Rick Burts), CCIE D 4615, 20-
. Cisco Systems CCIE ( ). Cisco OSPF
Mentor Technologies. OSPF,
. Chesapeake NetCraftsmen (www.netcraftsmen.net). , , .
. (Daniel L. Golding) Internet America
Online ( AOL). Internet
AOL Time Warner .
.
Internet, .
, ,

(North American Network Operator's Group NANOG).
(John Hammond) Jumper Networks.
Chesapeake Computer
Consultants, Inc., Cisco .
( 1990 ) .
( Riddock), CCNP CSS11,

, .
CISSP2 CCSP3. Cisco (Managing Cisco Network
Security MCNS), Cisco Press,
.
CSS1 (Cisco Security Specialist 1 Cisco 1 ).

CISSP (Certified Information Systems Security Professional ).
3
CCSP (Cisco Certified Security Professional Cisco).
2
17

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.
.
, .
,
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, (Chris Cleveland),
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, Cisco IOS Software Command Reference.
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.
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. , OSPF, , , -
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, .
10, " BGP MPLS OSPF".
OSPF ,
, OSPF , (Multiprotocol
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25
". 40 , ,
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,
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1995 , ,
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, 100 000 (Million Instructions
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OSI.
OSI 1970-
1980- 1990- .
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OSI
. 1.2 , . , , Network Associates, ,
OSI . . 1.2 , . , OSI, Web- .
Acterna ( W&G)
OSI, ATM,
ISDN - www.acterna.com/shared/
forms/poster_form.html.
Network Associates Guide to Communications Protocols no www.sniffer.com/dm/

protocolposter.asp.
1.
31
. 1.1 1.2 , OSI 7 1 .

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1
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I. OSPF.

OSI ( 5, 6 7) , . . .
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6
( )
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, ,
EBCDIC (8-) , ASCII (7-). ,
, PGP
(Pretty Good Privacy).
5

OSI,
. RPC (Remote Procedure Call
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Novell, 5.
1. 35

OSI (14) ,
.
, . ,
.
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TCP), ,
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,
OSPF (Open SPF SPF) FTP (File Transfer
Protocol ), ,
TCP.
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3
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Web- (Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers IEEE).
IEEE Ethernet Ethernet. 3 Ethernet , 3 , . . 1.3 Ethernet,
, Cisco Systems.
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TCP IP TCP/IP,
TCP/IP .
TCP/IP 25
ARPAnet ,
Internet , TCP/IP , TCP/IP
, . TCP/IP
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TCP/IP OSI, , OSI, OSI. TCP/IP , IP.
, TCP/IP 3
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OSI , TCP/IP . ,
, Internet.
40
I. OSPF...
TCP/IP
, TCP IP .
TCP.
IP , . , , . 1.3.
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Internet
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IP, .
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(TCP UDP), TCP/IP , , FTP, Telnet ..
TCP/IP, TCP/IP, .
.
TCP/IP
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, . ,
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TCP
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42
Ethernet. , ,
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10 /. Ethernet . Fast
Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet, , - .
I. OSPF...
Fast Ethernet. Ethernet, , .

Ethernet ; Fast
Ethernet 100 /.
Gigabit Ethernet. Ethernet, 1 /. Gigabit Ethernet, - , , .
Token Ring.
, 1969 .
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4 16 /. Token Ring, ,
, IBM,
.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface - ). -

, 100 /. FDDI , Gigabit Ethernet SONET (Synchronous Optical
Network ). SONET .
Ethernet . 1.6.
. 1.6. Ethernet
Web-:
www.ethermanage.com/ethernet/ethernet.html

, , .
,
, .
.
1.
43
Frame Relay. ,
, . Frame Relay
,
.
. , "-"
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ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ).

ATM , ITU-T
(International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization
Sector
). . ATM
, ,
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Institute ) ITU-T, . ATM
, , IP.
ISDN (Integrated Systems Digital Network

). ,
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.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line ).

Internet, . DSL , .
, DSL,
(ADSL4), , . DSL
. DSL
, . DSL ISDN 1.
44
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ).
I. OSPF...
. , . ,
, ,

World Wide Web. " " , , ,
, . , , (Cable Modem Termination System
CMTS) ( ).
SONET. - , Bellcore 1980- .

ANSI. SONET, , SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ). SONET
OSI. ANSI SONET , , (Optical
Carrier ), 51,8 / ( )
2,48 /. SONET, ITU, SDH. SONET
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, ATM.
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(

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. 1.7.
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.

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; 1.4. DS
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;

DS
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DSO
DSO
64 /
DS1
1 ,544 /
24
2,048 /
32
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DS1C
3,1 52 /
48
-1
DS2
6,312 /
96
8,448 /
128
-2
34,368 /
512
DS3
44,736 /
672 28 - -3
DS1
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46
]
;
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I. OSPF...
. 1.4

DS
(Digital Signal
DSO
2048
-4
139,264 /
DS4/NA
139,264 /
2176
DS4
-
274, 176 /
4032
4 -4
-5
565, 148 /
1.5.
SONET SDH ( . 1.4 1.5 )
SONET
SDH

SONET
-1 (STS-1)
51 ,84 /
STM-0
28 DS-1 21 1
1 DS-3
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155,52 /
STM-1
84 DS-1
63 1
3 DS-3 1 4
OC-12(STS-12)
622,08 /
STM-4
336 DS-1
12
DS-3
-48 (STS-48)
2,488 /
STM-16
1344 DS-1 1008 1

16 4
48
DS-3
OC-192(STS-192)
STM-64
-256
13,271 /
5376 DS- 4032 1

1 1 92 64 4
DS-3
-
-768
40 /

SDH
252 1
4 4
. 1.4 1.5:
STS-1 -1, ;
STS-1 = OC1 = 51,84 / ( );
STS-3 = = STM-1 = 155 /;
STS-9 = 9 = STM-3 9-
( );
STS-12 = = STM-4 = 622 /;
1. 47
STS-18 = OC18 = STM-6 18- ( );
STS-24 = 24 = STM-8 24- ( );
STS-36 36 = STM-12 36- ( );
STS-48 = 48 = STM-16 = 2,5 /;
1 = 2,048 / 32 64 /;
= 64 /;
4 1 = 2;
4 2 = ;
= 34 / (
);
STM ( ITU-T) (Synchronous Transport

Module);
STS ( ANSI) (Synchronous Transfer Signal);

( ANSI) (Optical Carrier).
STM-1, SDH,
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, , .
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(Variable-Length Subnet Mask VLSM)
(Classless InterDomain Routing - CIDR).
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IP .
IP- , 0 255. . -
48
I. OSPF...
.
, . . 1.8 IP-,
.
-8 -
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172

24

248

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100

. , ,
, 00000000-11111111.
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IP- ,
. . , . ; Internet,
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Numbers) , RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeens) APNIC (Asia
Pacific Network Information Centre) . , ,
() .
, 172.24. , 248.100. 172.24.248.100.
,
.
, OSPF,
IP- : .../8,
/16 /24. IP- .
(/) .

( /8) , .
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Cisco , , 1 0, , .

( /16)
.
10; ,
, 1 0. , 1 2 8 . 0 . 0 . 0 191.255.255.255.
6 8 , 16 384
.
65 534 .

( /24)
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110. , 1 9 2 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 2 3 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 5 8 ,
2 097 152 . , 254 .
D
D , . 4 1110. ,
224 239.
D ,
.
Cisco (Cisco
Discovery Protocol CDP), ICMP, Internet (Internet Group Management
Protocol IGMP), , ,
Cisco IOS 11.2.

. , . ,
IP- 2 2 4 . 0 . 0 . 5 , ( OSPF), Ethernet.
50
I. OSPF...

2 4 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 .
1111.
IP. ,
- , ,
6 IP (IPv6).
IP- ,
. , IP- , (.. ),
,
(.. ).
RFC 1918 Address
Allocation for Private Internets
IP-.
10.0.0.010.255.255.255. .
172.16.0.0172.31.255.255. .
192.168.0.0192.168.255.255. .
10/8, 172.16/12
192.168/16,
.
IP-
( ) . IP-
( )
.
. 1.6 , IP-.
, N , .
,
.
. 1.71.9 , IP-
, . ,
0 1, .
1. 51
()
N.H.H.H
1.0.0.0-126.255.255.255
7/24
N.N.H.H
10
128.0.0.0-191.255.255.255
14/16
N.N.N.H
110
192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255 21/8
1110
224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255
11110
240.0.0.0-254.255.255.255
24
16 777 214 (2 - 2)
65 534 (216-2)
8
254 (2 - 2)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
255.192.0.0
255.224.0.0
255.240.0.0
255.248.0.0
255.252.0.0
255.254.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.128.0
255.255.192.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.252.0
2
6
14
30
62
126
254
510
1022
2046
4094
8190
16382
4194302
2097150
1 048 574
524 286
262 142
131 070
65534
32766
16382
8190
4094
2046
1022
. 1.7

15
255.255.254.0
32766
510
16
255.255.255.0
65534
254
17
255.255.255.128
131 070
126
18
255.255.255.192
262 142
62
19
255.255.255.224
524 286
30
20
255.255.255.240
1 048 574
14
21
255.255.255.248
2097150
22
255.255.255.252
4194302
; 1.8. / IP- "-
>-;':, ''/
* '" -j
255.255.192.0
16382
255.255.224.0
8190
255.255.240.0
14
4094
255.255.248.0
30
2046
255.255.252.0
62
1022
255.255.254.0
126
510
255.255.255.0
254
254
255.255.255.128
510
126
10
255.255.255.192
1022
62
11
255.255.255.224
2046
30
12
255.255.255.240
4094
14
13
255.255.255.248
8190
14
255.255.255.252
16382
1.9. / IP-

.,,

255.255.255.192
62
255.255.255.224
30
255.255.255.240
14
14
255.255.255.248
30
255.255.255.252
62
,
, ,
N 1, 256. 2. , N. . . N *
* * , (256 * 256 * 256) - 2 =
16 777 214. ( 16 777 214, 16 .)
. 1.9 IP- .

24
i; 8 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
14
1 0
1 1 0
16
. 1.9. IP-
IP-, ,
, . ,
IP- , (.. ), , (.. ).
54
I. OSPF ...
IP-
IP .

. , IP-
172.24.50.10, (172)
. , (24) .., ,
, . ,
.
, .
IP-, (. 1.10).
IP-
32

(.. )

IP-
8
16 10
24 110
. 1.10. IP-
, , . ,
919-779-, , , 919,
, 779
, , . , , , 888. ,
, , , 800 , .
IP-
( ) . IP-
( )
.
1.
55
. IP- . -
, , , . , Token Ring
IP- 172.24.248.100. , ,
172.24.0.0, .
IP
.
, ; .
.
,
. , 1.
,
. ,
, , .
, , .
1. .
2. .
3. IP- .

. , (172.24.0.0) 256 172.24.0.0, 172.24.1.0, 172.24.2.0
.. 254 .
RFC 1812, 5.3.5.3,

, , 1.
56
I. OSPF ...

,
IP-. 1 , . ,
32- , IP- ,
. , , IP-
.
, 172.24.1.
255.255.255.0. , IP-
172.24.1.0 255.255.255.0.
Ethernet ,
172.24.1.30,
, ( IP- ),
, 172.24.1.0, Ethernet .
, , ,
.
, IP-.
. 255.0.0.0.
. 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 .
. 255.255.255.0.
l ,
IP-.
,
, , . , , , IP- .
: "
?" ,
, : "
?" , .
Ethernet,
, ,

. ,
, ,
. , , , , -. ,
, . ,
, . -
1.
57
, Ethernet
; ,
.
, , , , . ,
, ,
.
.
,
, , .
, , , .
, , , , .
, , 1
1 7 2 . 2 4 . 0 . 0 , 2 10.37.0.0. IP- (, .. 1.1)
, , . . 1.11.

#1
172.24.1.1

IP-
172.24.50.10
#2
JBP
10.37.1.1

IP-
10.37.100.212
. 1.11.
.
, 1 IP-
172.24.1.1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 , , 1 7 2 . 2 4 . 0 . 0 ,
. , , , ( 172.24.0.0
10.37.0.0), , , ().
, IP- 10.37.100.212. , IP- , IP, (10.37.1.1)?
. , IP- 10.37.1.1 2, .
58
I. OSPF ...

.
, Cisco IP-, .
2 255.255.0.0,
, , IP- (10.37). 2. , 255 ,
, 0 , , , .
2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 , , , ,
IP- . , ,
, .
, . ,
RFC, .
, .
, , , VLSM, , VLSM ( OSPF 1),

. ,
VLSM ( RIP-12),
.
, , , , , . . .
, , , . ,
, , .

.
1
2
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol ).

RIP-1 (Routing Information Protocol version 1 1).
1. 59
RFC 791, Internet Protocol.
RFC 950, Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure.
RFC 1219, On the Assignment of Subnet Numbers.
RFC 1700, Assigned Numbers.
RFC 1918, Address Allocation for Private Internets.
Co RFC
Web-
www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcxxxx.txt,
RFC.
VLSM
CIDR
VLSM . .
CIDR , BGP-4
. , . CIDR IP,
, ,
, .
VLSM CIDR IP-. , IP-, IPv4,
IP-. , . CIDR VLSM ,
. CIDR ,
, Internet .
CIDR, Internet .
,
,

.
,
, - . Internet
,
.
60
I. OSPF ...
, Internet .
, , ,
. , , ,
.
IP 6 ( IPv6), IP
(IP next generation IPng),
. IP
( IPv4), . IPv6
Internet (Internet Engineering Task Force IETF) 1992 . . IPv6 IP-,
,
, .
IPv6 12.2 Cisco IOS.

Web-: www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/pd/iosw/
prodlit/pfgrn_qp.htm.
IP IP- ,
VLSM CIDR. IP-, , ,
. Internet. , Internet,
, , ,
, VLSM CIDR.
, , VLSM CIDR.

, , ,
, . , , ,
:
172.24.100.0/24
172.24.101.0/24
172.24.102.0/24
172.24.103.0/24
1. 61
: " , 172.24.100.0/22".
,
IP-. , , ,
. . 1.12 , .
>

,

(

,
,

. 1.12.
3 Internetwork Design Guide Cisco.

Web- www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/
cisintwk/idg4/.
CIDR, . .
IP-,
.
32- IP-
.

( /16, 255.255.0.0) 32-
IP-, .
, . , ,
.
.

. , -
62
I. OSPF ...
, RIP IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing

Protocol ). , . .

. -,
. -,
. . 1.13 ,
.

: IP, OSPF.
( , )
.
,

,

182.68.10.16
255.255.255.240
. 1.13.

, .

. ,
. IP-
.
OSPF. .
, .
.
1.
63
,
Cisco (Cisco Express
Forwarding CEF).
VLSM
VLSM
.
, , ,
.
VLSM . VLSM, ,
VLSM. , , OSPF, BGP, EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP ), IS-IS (Intermediate System-toIntermediate System ) RIP 2 (RIP-2).
VLSM , OSPF . VLSM ,
IP-. VLSM , , . ,
,
.
1.1 , 30- ,
2 , .

.
r
r*-r-,
-HVU"~ --
; 1.1. '
interface ethernet
ip address 131.107.1.1 255.255.255.0
! 8 Ethernet
interface serial 0
ip address 131.107.254.1 255.255.255.252
! 2
! OSPF,
! 107
router ospf 107
! ,
network 131.107.0.0 0.0.255.255 area O.O.O.O
64
I. OSPF ...
1.1, VLSM
,
, , .
.
VLSM, . . 1.14 ,
172.24.10.0 6 .
6 63 . ,
VLSM
172.24.10.0.
172.24.10.4/30
255.255.255.252
172.24.10.8/30
255.255.255.252
172.24.10.12/30
255.255.255.252
172.24.10.16/30
255.255.255.252
172.24.10.25/24
255.255.255.0
. 1.14. VLSM
IP- , IP- . IP- ,

,
, IP- . ,
. , , 20%
20% , , IPv4, , IPv6.
, .
1.
65
VLSM
VLSM
.
VLSM ,
.
VLSM ,
.
, VLSM
. ,
, ,
OSPF, EIGRP, IS-IS RIP-2. , , VLSM, . , VLSM
. ,
VLSM,
. ,
.
CIDR
VLSM ,
, . CIDR,
RFC 1517, 1518, 1519 1520. CIDR
, IP- . 19941995 . CIDR, RFC 1817,
Internet , ,
.
CIDR , , RIP-2, OSPFv2
BGP-4. CIDR . , ,
, ,
.
IP-, , -
66
I. OSPF ...
( , ).
Internet
, Internet. Co Internet, , .
1988-1991 . Internet
10 . , 1995 .
80 000 .
25 , ,
. CIDR 1996 . 42 000. Internet
100 000 . CIDR, , , 775 000 .
, BGP, ,
.
CIDR , , . CIDR , . CIDR IP,
, ,
, . CIDR ,
, IP.
CIDR .
, .
,
.
1. 67

/16 /24 ,
IP-, . , ,
172.24.0.0/16, 256 , 192.200.0.0/16. CIDR 192.201.1.0/24.
, IP- , IP- . IP. ,
IP-.
, IP- 172.24.0.0/16, CIDR, ,
172.24.0.0 255.255.0.0.
/16 , 16
, .
. 1.15 , CIDR .

: 198.32.1.0
24
16
1100011000100000 00000001 00000000
255.255.255.0
255.255.0.0
11111111 11111111
11111111 11111111
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 00000000
00000000 00000000
198.32.1.0255.255.255.0 <> 198.32.1.0/24

198.32.0.0 255.255.0.0
198.32.0.0/16
. 1.15. CIDR
CIDR
, IP , . , 200.34.5.0, ,
255.255.255.0. ,
CIDR 200.34.0.0/16. , 24
, CIDR 16 ( 16 24), , , . ,
IP, .
68
I. OSPF ...
CIDR
, 2 0 0 . 3 4 . 5 . 0 , 2 0 0 . 3 4 . 6 . 0 2 0 0 . 3 4 . 7 . 0 ;
. ,
. . 1.16 , CIDR .

> I <- ->.
--
131.20.0.0/22 = 10000011.00010100.00000000.00000000
<
VLSM
. 1.16. , CIDR
IP

IP ,
(, ). ip
classless , - , ,
. Cisco
IOS 12.0 , IP . IP,
,
, , .
, ,
, , . , , .

CIDR
. 1.10 ,
CIDR .
1.10. > CIDR ,

, , ,
, ; .. .
ul i.^kluLli^s^liiil
CIDR
/1
128.0.0.0
127.255.255.255
/2
192.0.0.0
63.255.255.255
/3
224.0.0.0
31 .255.255.255
1.
69
. 1.10
CIDR
/4
240.0.0.0
15.255.255.255
/5
248.0.0.0
7.255.255.255
/6
252.0.0.0
3.255.255.255
/8
254.0.0.0
1.255.255.255
255.0.0.0
0.255.255.255
/9
255.128.0.0
0.127.255.255
/10
255.192.0.0
0.63.255.255
/11
255.224.0.0
0.31.255.255
/12
255.240.0.0
0.15.255.255
/13
255.248.0.0
0.7.255.255
/14
255.252.0.0
0.3.255.255
/15
255.254.0.0
0.1.255.255
/16
255.255.0.0
0.0.255.255
/17
255.255.128.0
0.0.127.255
/18
255.255.192.0
0.0.63.255
/19
255.255.224.0
0.0.31.255
/20
255.255.240.0
0.0.15.255
/21
255.255.248.0
0.0.7.255
/22
255.255.252.0
0.0.3.255
/23
255.255.254.0
0.0.1.255
/24
255.255.255.0
0.0.0.255
/25
255.255.255.128
0.0.0.127
/26
255.255.255.192
0.0.0.63
/27
255.255.255.224
0.0.0.31
/28
255.255.255.240
0.0.0.15
/29
255.255.255.248
0.0.0.7
/30
255.255.255.252
0.0.0.3
/31
255.255.255.254
0.0.0.1
/32
255.255.255.255
0.0.0.0

IP CIDR
IP
CIDR , 5 :
166.38.0.0/19
IP CIDR , .
70
I. OSPF ...
1. 32 .
2. 19 .
3. 16 , 3
. , . 1.11.
1 ^'
{144
^sUjtr^"1*
128
64
32
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
4.
, : 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 31.
5. ( 31)
( 0), (0+31=31).
6. , CIDR 166.38.0.0166.38.31.255.
:
VLSM
1987 . RFC 1009. , , , . , IP ,
,
() .
, VLSM
. ,
IP-, .
/16, , /22,
64 (26), , 1022 (210 - 2), . 1.17.
131.20.0.0/22 =
<
>
foooooTi"6ooi 01 o6.boooob DO.OOOOOOOO
. 1.17. , VLSM
1. 71
,
, , 20 30
. , , ,
20 30 22 . IP- . ,
,

.
,
, ,
VLSM. , , . 1.17, 130.5.0.0/16
, /26 (. 1.18).

131.20.0.0/26 = 10000011.000101
^1^ -
OO.DOOOOOOO.OODOOOOO
VLSM
. 1.18. VLSM
/16 , /26, 1024 (2 ), , 62 (26 - 2). /26
,
60 , /22 ,
1000 . ,
VLSM, , , . , IP- , .

VLSM
,
, . , , . ,
,
.
. 1.19 11.0.0.0/8,
, /16, 11.1.0.0/16 ,
72
I. OSPF ...
/24, 11.254.0.0/16 , /19. ,

. ,
, .
11.1.1.0/24
11.1.2.0/24
11.1.0.0/16
11.1.3.0/24
11.2.0.0/16
11.3.0.0/16
11.1.1.32/27
11.1.1.64/27
11.1.1.96/27
11.1.1.128/27
11.1.1.160/27
11.1.1.192/27
11.1.252.0/24
11.1.253.0/24
11.1.254.0/24
11.0.0.0/8
11.252.0.0/16
11.253.0.0/16
11.254.0.0/16
- 254.32.0/19
^11.254.64.0/19
^^11.254.96.0/19
1.254.128.0/19
1.254.160.0/19
1.254.192.0/19
. 1.19. VLSM
. 1.20 ,
VLSM IP-.
, F G
( 11.1.1.0/24
11.1.2.0/24) (11.254.0.0/26)
. , (11.1.0.0/16) ,
. ,
, VLSM
Internet 11.0.0.0/8 ( 11/8).

, .
. , -
1. 73
OSI. TCP/IP, Internet.
11.0.0.0/8
11.1.1.0/24
11.1.2.0/24
11.254.32.0
11.254.64.0
11.1.253.0/24
11.1.254.0/24
11.254.192.0
11.254.32.0/19
11.1.1.32/27
^ ^
11.1.2.32/27
F .1.64/27 . 1.2.64/27
"
11.1.1.96/27
11.1.1.128/27
11.1.1.160/27
11.1.1.192/27
11.1.2.96/27
11.1.2.128/27
11.1.2.160/27
11.1.2.192/27
/. 7.20. VLSM
, IP, .
, IP-: , VLSM CIDR. , , .
74
I. OSPF...
...
^1|
Jjf
jj
|[
!!*'
jjj
I
^
OSPF
1
ii
.,
:
!
^^^
''-"-7'
'W?
^/00^*"'
OSPF
^^^: ^
||^
^ : ^ OSPF
^
^104
111
OSPF
V'-'*,
14 -- V
" SPF (Open Shortest

Path First OSPF) .
" , . , OSPF .
OSPF,
|5 , .
; ,
. ,
, OSPF . . ,
, OSPF . .
?,
,:
. rjf , , . , . , 1
, OSPF .
IF
' .
*?. ,''.' ,w<
',,\
I,.?
T* * -
, , .
. .
1
" " " " .-'
OSPF .
(Shortest Path First SPF) ,
OSPF. SPF OSPF,
OSPF. OSPF ,
SPF. OSPF.
.
.
.
.
, OSPF.
.
OSPF. OSPF . , OSPF
,
, .
OSPF . , ,
OSPF .

. ,
(Request For Comments RFC).
,
. , , OSPF, RFC 2328.
RFC Web-:
www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcxxxx.txt
RFC. RFC, Web-:

www.rfc-editor.org/cgi-bin/rfcsearch.pi
78
I. OSPF...
OSPF , . ,
,
.
.
, ,
, . , , ; , .
. ,
,
( ), .
, ;
. OSPF ,
OSPF, .
, .
.
. ,
. , ,
. (Internet Protocol
IP); AppleTalk
DECnet. , .
. ,
.

.
. OSPF, IGRP RIP
(Routing Information Protocol ).
, IP,
. , OSPF,
, IP, ,
. , , IP
2. OSPF
79
, OSPF RIP.

, .
,
.
( )
, . , .
, . .

,
, .
. ,
, , . , ? .
80
. .
, . ,
, . . 2.1 ,
.

,
. ,
, .
(. . 2.1).
, OSPF.
(default route). ( ) , , ,
. , ,
I. OSPF...
, (gateway
of last resort). . 2.2 ,
.

OSPF
iproute 192.168.254.0255.255.225.010.10.2.1
""""**^
10.10.2.2

ip route O.O.O.O 0.0.0.010.10.2.2
. 2.1.
OSPF

. 2.2.
. 2.2, ,
192.168.254.0/24, SO .
. , , , .
, .

. , ,
.
2. OSPF
81
,
. ,
, , .
, , .

, , ,
.

-

,
TCP/IP, RIP OSPF. , ( ) , .
, , - (Interior Gateway Protocol IGP); , OSPF BGP (Border Gateway Protocol

). OSPF/BGP
7.
IGP ,

(Autonomous System AS). IGP
IGRP, OSPF, IS-IS RIP.
IGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol
EGP), BGP.

(
) (
).
,
, .
,
. , 82
I. OSPF...
- .
, ,
, .
. , .
, , .
, ,
, . ATM (Asynchronous
Transfer Mode ) ,
50 OSPF .
,
(SPF),
(Dijkstra). " SPF", , SPF .
, , , , ;
.
. "" , ,
.
( LSA) , . SPF.
,
, ,
.
. , .
.
.
.
, .
2. OSPF
83
,
, .
SPF ,
. . 2.3 ,
.

LSA

(LSDB)
SPF
"""

.

,

. 2.3.
, OSPF,
. , , .
OSPF
OSPF ,
,
. , SPF
. OSPF
:
84
I. OSPF...

TCP/IP, IP, , RIP,
;

, ;
RIP,
.
" "
, " ", ,
, ! ,
OSPF RIP
,
, . ,
, ,
OSPF ,
RIP. , RIP 25 ; , OSPF LSA
, , . ()
OSPF ,
, ,
RIP. ,
LSA , ,
OSPF EGP.
OSPF BGP.

, SPF , IS-IS.
,
, IS-IS OSPF.

IS-IS OSI, , DECnet/OSI
(DECnet Phase V), DEC
(Digital Equipment Corporation). , , .
(ISO)
OSI :
2. OSPF
85
IS-IS;
ES-IS (End System-to-Intermediate System

);
IDRP (InterDomain Routing Protocol ).
IDRP ES-IS
RFC,
www.ietf.org.
ISO IS-IS,
,
(ConnectionLess
Network Protocol CLNP), ISO, X3S3.3 (
) ANSI (American National Standards
Institute ). IS-IS, CLNP, IP. IS-IS; .
OSI
ISO; , IS-IS.
ISO 10589. Standards definition for IS-IS.
RFC 1195. Intermediate IS-IS.
-
- ,

, , . "" ,
, ,
, .
- -
(Bellman-Ford), ,
.. ; ,
(Fulkerson). -
( -) ,
, .

.. . 2.4.
. 2.4,
,

( ). ,
;
,
.
86
I. OSPF...

. 2.4. -

RIP 1 - ,
(Berkeley) 1960- ,
. , , . RIP :
30 ;
,
, 15 ;
, RIP, , .
RIP ,
OSPF, RIP
1 2 .
5 Jeff Doyle. Routing TCP/IP, Volume I, RIP.
(RIP) cisco. com:

www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_docXrip.htm
RFC 2453, RIP Version 2, 1998 .
2. OSPF
87

, - .
,
- . () ,
.
,
,
, , .
, .
,
- .
.

. , ,
.
. , , IS-IS OSPF. , .
88
. ,
. ,

.
. ,
.
. , .
.
I. OSPF...

. 2.1 ,
.
2.1.
OSPF
IS-IS
IP
IP, ISO, CL.NP
IP-
IP
( 2 OSI)

,
:
AppleTalk RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
), IPX (Internetwork
Packet Exchange ) Novell RIP, IP RIP, IGRP OSPF. ,
, . , .
.
OSPF TCP/IP. TCP/IP
,
. , , .
IS-IS
,
.
IS-IS IS-IS, OSI
CLNP, TCP/IP. , IS-IS , .

. , . .
2. OSPF
89
SPF.
.
OSPF ,
() ( ). OSPF ,
( 0) .
OSPF ,
, .
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93
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94
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, ,
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,
,
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95
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. OSPF , IS-IS , OSI, TCP/IP. , IS-IS DECnet Phase V.
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/S-/S Network Design Solutions, Cisco Press.
SPF
OSPF . , SPF .

, OSPF.

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96
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, .
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97
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2. . ( OSPF) ,
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, .
1: (100) + (100) +
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RTA
192.168.254.0
192.168.254.0
192.168.254.0
: 5
*
: 5
10.10.10.0
: 10 |
: to
: 5
100.100.100.0

SPF

15
. 2.7. , , SPF
2. OSPF
101
. 2.7 , ,
RTA. . , RTB 192.168.254.0
10.10.10.0. RTA
10.10.10.0 RTB 15 (10+5).
, RTA 100.100.100.0 RTC, 20 (10+10), RTB, 20 (10+5+5). ,
, OSPF Cisco , .
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:
;
;
.
102 I. OSPF...
VLSM CIDR
SPF
SPF, Cisco Systems,
. SPF .
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, . 2.1
show ip ospf, SPF.
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. .
. . ,
{ 2.1. show ip ospf
HAL9000#show ip ospf 100
Routing Process "ospf 100" with ID 10.10.10.10

Supports only single TOS(TOSO) routes
SPF schedule delay 5 sees, Hold time between two SPFs 10 sees
Number of DCbitless external LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
2. OSPF
103
Area BACKBONE(0) (Inactive)

Number of interfaces in this area is 1
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 13 times
Area ranges are
Link State Update Interval is 00:30:00 and due in 00:09:05
Link State Age Interval is 00:20:00 and due in 00:19:05
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
HAL9000*
, SPF
debug ip ospf spf inter debug ip ospf spf
external, , LSA.
, LSA
LSA.
OSPF
OSPF
. OSPF ,
:
OSPF ;
, , , .
, , . . ,
. ARIN
, RIPE APNIC . OSPF
, , Internet,
Internet, . .

, .
,
,
.
,
.
104
I. OSPF...

OSPF
, .
, ,

.

(. ).

30 100. (
.)
0,
(ABR) . , ABR, .
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,
.
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OSPF :
.

, OSPF.

,
OSPF, . OSPF LSA,
( 1) ( 2). , OSPF , "".
2. OSPF
105
OSPF ; ' ,

OSPF...
,
OSPF.
(Autonomous System Boundary Router ASBR)
, . , .
ASBR, ip ospf summaryaddress, . Cisco

.
, OSPF, .
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( ) OSPF. , , 1
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2. 2 , OSPF . OSPF;
, , .
, , 2 ,
.
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,
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, .
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,
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2. OSPF
107
, OSPF . ,
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, LSA
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SPF;
,
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,
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, ;
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. 4.

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, , , , , , OSPF, , OSPF.
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, . ,
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, . , , .
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. Cisco Systems , , no-summary

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, , . . . 0.

(Not-So-Stubby Area NSSA) RFC 1587, The OSPF NSSA Option. NSSA Internet , , . NSSA OSPF
.
, NSSA
RFC.
LSA ( 7). OSPF ( ) LSA .
NSSA , Internet
RIP, OSPF. NSSA ,
( ) OSPF,
RIP.
NSSA . 2.8.
110
I. OSPF...
. ABR

OSPF
- ABR
NSSA
OSPF

NSSA
ASBR
. 2.8. NSSA
OSPF

OSPF. , OSPF, . , OSPF ,
.
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, , OSPF , .
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, ISDN. , ,
, ,
.
,
, OSPF.
OSPF
OSPF
, OSPF. . . 2.9 OSPF,
OSPF .
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.

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, .
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111
; ABR
3 .''

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(AS)

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BR
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.
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OSPF, ,
. ABR
, ,
. ABR LSA
ABR
, .

ASBR ,
. ASBR . , -
112
I. OSPF...
ASBR . ASBR OSPF , RIP . ASBR OSPF, .
Cisco
redistribution.
BGP.
Sam Halabi. Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition.
ASBR .
OSPF ASBR redistribute static redistribute connected
OSPF.

(Backbone Router BR) , . BR , OSPF, ABR.
OSPF
. 2.10 , OSPF.
OSPF (. 2.10) .
. , OSPF
, Ethernet FDDI. OSPF;
(Designated Router DR) (Backup Designated Router BDR).
2. OSPF
113
NBMA

. 2.10. OSPF
OSPF, , , .
(NBMA). NBMA
. Frame Relay, ATM .25. NBMA ,
,
.
. NBMA, OSPF , , NBMA. DR BDR,

.
. , OSPF, -
114
I. OSPF...
. , (Point-to-Point Protocol
"-") HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control ). DR BDR.
OSPF
, 2.3.
| 2.3. OSPF
HAL9000(config-i) #ip ospf network ?
broadcast
Specify OSPF broadcast multi-access network
non-broadcast
Specify OSPF NBMA network
point-to-multipoint
point-to-point
Specify OSPF point-to-multipoint network

Specify OSPF point-to-point network

, OSPF,
(Router ID RID).
32- ,
, . RID
(Link-State DataBase LSDB) OSPF ,
.
OSPF.
, RID OSPF.
RID OSPF .
1. , RID ospf
router-id. 2.
2. , IP- .
,
IP-. ,
.
3. RID IP-
.
Cisco IP-, .
, ,
,
.
2. OSPF
115
, , , IP- . , IP-.
IP-
, "" IP-
. IP-, , IP- .
RFC 1918.

OSPF , , , . OSPF , , . ,

.
10 30
NBMA. 224.0.0.5
( AllSPFRouters SPF);
,
OSPF, .
,
, ,
RID
:
- - ;
( );
( );
2.4 , , . HAL9000
, .
116
I. OSPF...
2.4.
HAL9000#show ip oapf neighbor
Neighbor ID
Pri
192.168.254. 102
1
1
192.168.254. 100
192.168.254. 101
1
State
FULL/BDR
FULL/DROTHER
FULL/BROTHER
Dead Time
00 :00 :37
00 :00 :32
00 :00 :34
Address
192 .168,.254..102
192 .168..254..100
192 .168..254.,101
Interface
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
HAL9000#
OSPF
, . priority, , DR,
DR ip ospf priority.

OSPF
. .
. ,
OSPF .
DR.
DR.
BDR.
BDR.

, , , . 3.
OSPF
, , , .
, . . ,
.
, .
2. OSPF
117
, ,
. :
, .. ,
.
OSPF.
, , show ip ospf
interface, 2.5.
I 2.5.
[
HAL9000#show ip ospf interface

EthernetO is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.254.253/24, Area 0
Process ID 100, Router ID 192.168.254.253, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 192.168.254.253, Interface address 192.168.254.253
Backup Designated router (ID) 192.168.254.102, Interface address
192.168.254.102
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:06
Neighbor Count is 3, Adjacent neighbor'count is 3
,. Adjacent with.neighbor.192.168.254.102 ;; (Backup Designated Router)
Adjacent,with neighbor 192,168,254,100
Adjacent with neighbori!92.168.254.101
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
SerialO is down, line protocol is down
OSPF not enabled on this interface
HAL9000*

OSPF , .
OSPF, NBMA , . , , , , ,
.
(DR).
OSPF ,

. :
= [ * (-1)]/2,
, .
118 I. OSPF...
, , 5 . :
[5 * (5-1)]/2 = 10 .
, 10 .
:
[10 * (10-1)]/2 = 45 .
, DR . DR .
OSPF.
DR
, , ,
.
, DR
. , OSPF , DR.
DR , DR. , ; RFC 2328.
. 2.11 ,
DR BDR.
, . 2.11, .
1. OSPF ,
( )
.
, . ,
.
2. ,
DR. , OSPF 0.
, , .
, .
3. BDR ,
.
,
OSPF .
4. ,
. DR ,
- .
2. OSPF
119
. OSPF
DR,

DR

, '

BDR
BDR
DR
?
. 2.11. DR
5. DR, DR BDR.
6. DR, ,
BDR.
, DR,
, 3. ,
DR, BDR. , DR OSPF .
, DR, , , DR, BDR BDR, DROther.
120
I. OSPF...
7. DR
.
:
OSPF
,
, . , OSPF.
, , OSPF . . 2.122.15
, .
1. OSPF.
2.
224.0.0.5, OSPF. ,
DR (. 2.12).
. 2.12.
DR,
DR, .
3. DR BDR
, . (. 2.13).
2. OSPF
121
DR
BDR
. 2.13. DR BDR
4. DR BDR
DR LSA ( 1)
. BDR
, DR, , DR (. 2.14).
LSA
gpp
(LSA 1)
. 2.14. LSA
5. BDR ,
, DR.
122
I. OSPF...
LSA ( 2 2 4 . 0 . 0 . 5 )
, , . , DR , (. 2.15).
DR, BDR
BDR.
BDR
LSA

LSA

DR
. 2.15. LSA
.
, .
OSPF , DR BDR. , , , , DR BDR. ip ospf priority,
. ,

.
1,
, , DR BDR. , DR;
, .

( , ,
).
2. OSPF
123
, , 5, :
interface ethernet
ip ospf priority 5
, , OSPF, , DR BDR. , DR BDR , .

OSPF,
DR BDR. , DROther; , DR
BDR, . , , DR BDR, ;
, .
:

,
OSPF LSA.
, LSA
.
. 2.16 OSPF .
0 OSPF
HAL9000
/ 30 OSPF \
.../24
faO/1
/Tokyo\
', 10 OSPF ' \ 20 OSPF .'

10.10.10./24
/ \
20.20.20./24
. 2.16. OSPF,

2.6 HAL9000, show ip ospf

database.
124
I. OSPF...
; 2.6. LSA
" HAL9000
.'
.1.. *
HAL9000#*how ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (192.168.254.253) (Process ID 100)

Router Link-states (Area 0)
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum
192.168.254.100 192.168.254.100 649
0x80000003 Ox75C
192.168.254.101 192.168.254.101 651
0x80000003 Ox55B
192.168.254.102 192.168.254.102 582
OxSOOOOOOA OXF461
0x80000051 0x0669
192.168.254.253 192.168.254.253 1486
Net Link-states (Area 0)
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000006 OX355B
192.168.254.253 192.168.254.253 1346
Summary Net Link-states (Area 0)
Link ID
10.10.10.0
20.20.20.0
30.30.30.0
HAL9000*
ADV Router
192.168.254.102
192.168.254.100
192.168.254.101
Age
648
1312
651
Link count
1
1
1
1
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000002 OXBC91
0x80000001 Ox61Dl
0x80000002 OxEF23
, ,
, . 2.16. ,
HAL9000 , , 0. 2.6,
HAL9000, 2.7, Tokyo.
, .
2.7. LSA
:
Tokyo^^^-^'.''~^^-(
' ' ' '
'''.>*
''"-'---'
Tokyo* show ip oepf database
with. ID (192.168.254.101) (Process ID 100)

'Link-states (Area 0)i
&**'.iff ADV 'Router
. Age
Seq# '' ; Checksum Link count

192.168.254 192.168.254.100 903
0x80000003 Ox75C
1
192.168.254.101 192.168.254.101 903
0x80000003 Ox55B
1
192.168.254.102 192.168.254.102 836
OxSOOOOOOA OxF461
1
192.168.254.253 192.168.254.253 1740
0x80000051 0x0669
1
Net Link-states (Area 0)
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum
192.168.254.253 192.168.254.253 1601
0x80000006 Ox355B
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum
10.10.10.0
192.168.254.102 902
0x80000002 OxBC91
20.20.20.0
192.168.254.100 1567
0x80000001 Ox61Dl
30.30.30.0
192.168.254.101 904
0x80000002 OxEF23
Router Link-states (Area 30)
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum Link count
192.168.254.101 192.168.254.101 904
0x80000002
1
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum
10.10.10.0
192.168.254.101 826
0x80000005 OxC684
20.20.20.0
192.168.254.101 1566
0x80000001 Ox65CB
192.168.254.0 192.168.254.101 1421
0x80000007 Ox7B84
Tokyo*
2. OSPF
125

. , RFC 2328 OSPF 2 .
, 2.7, LSA, .
. Cisco , ,
LSA. , RID,
OSPF . Cisco
OSPF.
, . , ABR
(LSDB)
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.
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,
. , RtrA
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126
I. OSPF...
0 OSPF
- - 10/
- 100 /
. 2.17. OSPF
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, . 2.17.
,
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, ,
. 2.17, : RtrA RA, RtrB RB ..
. 2.4
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, OSPF
, . , ,
,
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2. OSPF
127
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10
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t. 1

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,
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128 I. OSPF...
2.
, , .
, OSPF SPF, .
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, , , , .
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. 2.5 ,

, . 2.17.
2.5. SPF ,
:
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RA,RA,0
2. OSPF
RA SPF

129
. 2.5

RA,RB,2
RA,RD,4
RA,RE,4
244
RA,RA,0
RA
RA,RD,4
RA,RE,4
RB,RC,1
RB,RE,10
RD,RE,7
443
RA,RA,0
RA,RB,2
(RA,RB,2) ,
.

RB, ,
. ,
RE
. (RA,RE,4) RE

(RB,RE,10) (RD,RE,7),

RA,RD,4
RA,RE,4
RC,RF,2
445
RA,RA,0
RA,RB,2
RB,RC,1
(RB,RC,1)
, .

RC, ,
RA,RE,4
RC,RF,2
RD,RE,3
RD,RG,5
4579
RA,RA,0
RA,RB,2
RB.RC.1
RA,RD,4
(RA.RD.4),
(RA,RE,4), RA, 4;
(RC,RF,2)
5. (RA.RD.4) ,
.
RE;
(RD,RE,3) ,

,
RA,
130
I. OSPF...
. 2.5

RC,RF,2
RD,RG,5
RE,RF,2
RE,RG,1
596512
RA.RA.O
RA.RB.2
RB,RC,1
RA,RD,4
RA,RE,4
(RF,RE,1) .
RE,
.
RG
65129
RA,RA,0
RA,RB,2
RB,RC,1
RA,RD,4
RA,RE,4
RC,RF,2
(RC,RF,2) ,
RF.
(RE,RG,1),
(5) , RA. RH

RA.RA.O
RA,RB,2
RB,RC,1
RA,RD,4
RA.RE.4
RC,RF,2

(RE,RG,1). RG
,

,

RE,RH,8
RE.RF.2
RE,RG,1
RE,RH,8
RF.RH.4
RF,RH,4
DC 1
RA.RA.O
RA,RB,2
RB,RC,1
RA,RD,4
RA,RE,4
RC,RF,2
RE,RG,1
RF,RH,4
(RF,RH,4) ,
.
, .
,
RA

,

. 2.5 ,
.
2. OSPF
131
;
. .
, RtrA, . 2.17,
SPF ,
. 2.5. . 2.18 ,
RtrA . ,
. .
. 2.18. SPF
:
OSPF

. , , , OSPF.
, MatrixNet,
,
, OSPF .
, Ethernet, ,
. 2.19.
OSPF
Cisco.
, OSPF .
OSPF OSPF .
132
I. OSPF...
. 2.19. OSPF MatrixNet

OSPF ,
IP- .
. , , RID. 2.8
Neo, Cypher .
[ 2.8.
Neo(config) tinterface loO
Neo(config-if)#ip address 192.168.254.82 255.255.255.0
Cypher (config) tinterface loO
Cypher(config-if)#ip address 192.168.254.83 255.255.255.0
Apoc(config)#interface loO
Apoc c o n f i g - i f ) # i p address 192.168.254.84 255.255.255.0
OSPF

OSPF.
, 2.9.
2. OSPF
133
2.9. OSPF
Neolconfig)#router ospf 100
Neolconfig-router)^network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Neofconfig-router)ttnetwork 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 0
OSPF
OSPF show,
2.10.
2.10. OPSF
Neotshow ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "ospf 100"
Sending updates every 0 seconds
Invalid after 0 seconds, hold down 0, flushed after 0
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
Redistributing: ospf 100
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0/25
192.168.254.0
201.0.0.0/25
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway
Distance
Last Update
192.168.254.84
110
03:09:43
192.168.254.83
110
/.,03:09:43
Distance: (default is 110)

OSPF . , ,
OSPF, RID , . 2.11, show ip ospf , , OSPF
, .
2.11. show ip ospf
Neotshow ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 100" with ID 192.168.254.82
Supports opaque LSA
It is an area border router
Minimum LSA interval 5 sees. Minimum LSA arrival 1 sees
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
134 I. OSPF...
External flood list length 0

Area BACKBONE (0)
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 4. Checksum Sum Oxl58A8
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Flood list length 0
Area 201
It is a stub area
generates stub default route with cost 1
,*'>' .- SPF algorithm executed 7 times
Area ranges are
100.0.0.0/16 Passive Advertise
201.0.0.0/16 Passive Advertise
Number of LSA 6. Checksum Sum Ox42B44
Flood list length 0
show OSPF
, ,
. , RID
OSPF (192.168.254.82); IP-
, , 2.8. ,
OSPF (, ABR). , SPF (,
OSPF LSDB
).
,
OSPF . , (
Neo) . 2.12
, show ip ospf neighbor.
2.12. OSPF
Neo#show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID
192.168.254.83
192.168.254.84
Neo*
Pri
1
1
State
FULL/DROTHER
FULL/BDR
2. OSPF
Dead Time
00:00:38
00:00:37
Address
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
Interface
FastEthernetO/0
FastEthernetO/0
135
:
RID Neo;
(
3);
IP- , Neo
OSPF;
,
. State. , Neo ;
FULL. State
, . , 192.168.254.84 BDR
, 192.168.254.83 , DROTHER (.. , DR). ,
DR? show ip ospf neighbor,
2.13, .
2.13. OSPF

j
i
Neo#show ip ospf neighbor detail

Neighbor 192.168.254.,83, interface address 10.0.0.1
In the area 0 via interface FastEthernetO/0
Neighbor priority is 1, State is FULL, 6 state changes
DR is 10.0.0.3 BDR is 10.0.0.2
Options is 0x2
Dead timer due in 00:00:33
Index 2/2, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 2
First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor 192.168.254.84, interface address 10-0-0.2
DR is 10.0.0.3 BDR is 10.0.0.2
Options is 0x2
First 0x0(01/0x0(0) Next 0x0(01/0x0(0)
Neo#
show ip ospf neighbor detail ,

OSPF. , , DR BDR, , - OSPF.
136 I. OSPF...
show ip ospf interface , .

, OSPF ,
,
. , OSPF
.
2.14.
. 2.14. show ip ospf interface

Neoflshow ip ospf interface faO/0
FastEthernetO/0 is up, line protocol is up


Backup Designated router (ID) 192.168.254.84, Interface address 10.0.0.2
Timer intervals configured. Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(01/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 3
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.83
(Backup Designated Router)
Neot
, , show ip
ospf database. , LSDB
OSPF. 2.15
, LSDB Cisco.
2.15. show ip ospf database J

Neotshow ip ospf database
Router Link States (Area 0)

Link ID
ADV Router
192.168.254.82 192.168.254.82
192.168.254.83 192.168.254.83
192.168.254.84 192.168.254.84
Age
1696
1943
1675
Seq#
Checksum Link count
0x80000013 Ox6A5A
0x80000000 Ox4E71
OxSOOOOOOD Ox5F5D
2
2
2
Net Link States (Area 0)

Link ID
10.0.0.3
ADV Router
192.168.254.82
Age
1951
Seq#
Checksum
OxSOOOOOOB 0x2090
2. OSPF
137
Link ID
192.168.254.82
ADV Router
192.168.254.82
Age
423
Seqt
Checksum Link count
OxSOOOOOOF OxDIEE
0
Summary Net Link States (Area 201)

Link ID
0.0 .0.0
10. 0.0. 0
192 .168 .254 .82
192 .168 .254 .83
192 .168 .254..84
ADV Router
192..168..254 .82
192..168.,254 .82
192..168.,254 .82
192.,168.,254 .82
192..168.,254 .82
Age
1178
1953
1698
1953
1698
Seq#
OxSOOOOOOC
0x80000011
OxSOOOOOOB
OxSOOOOOOB
OxSOOOOOOB
Checksum
OxASCF
OxlFC9
OxCCFl
OxCCEF
OxC2F8
, LSDB
LSA;
3. ,
.
, ,
, IS-IS OSPF.

. , OSPF. , ,
,
.
" OSPF" , . ,
, . OSPF
, , . OSPF ,
. OSPF . , OSPF .
" OSPF" , OSPF.
, .
OSPF.
: , ,
, , , OSPF,
LSA.
138
I. OSPF...
.,s>;^:,;;,^-'
,,.;;>,<;/
...
/'- '
<V'''
,,?'"
, ?j.* .,,, ^%'# <f''< î"f-.'r"' -, '. _,,
:
,4;,^''-',,'- ^.,^'/^','
'^-
.'^

141

OSPF
*;
;-;
,
158
LSA'
166
t .--/:'>

^-*
172
*
#:-!'^*|''<; .
: OSPF , ( -;''
178
:

;_
188
4
"" ""
*':.
>>+''
'"':, 197
5".
&i
vl( *
i-
; <"-^
,4 ;.
t.'
' ^>- ^

OSPF
S& , ' OSPF , . 2 OSPF, , , SPF.

^ SPF , ,
'^ OSPF . , LSA,
OSPF.
OSPF,
OSPF.

^
OSPF , Frame Relay Ethernet.
,
(! ). | , OSPF [^' OSPF. LSA
, OSPF
OSPF.
LSA
- (RIP IGRP),
*OSPF
. LSA, 2. OSPF
. , OSPF, , , , OSPF,
, .
OSPF LSA
. . 3.1 LSA,
- LSA -. , Cisco
LSA OSPF, LSA 6,
RFC 1584.
3.1. LSA
LSA
1
2
LSA

ABR
ASBR
LSA (
Cisco)
(Not-So-Stubby
Area - NSSA)
10
11
, LSA ( 6
).
LSA
, , ,
. 3.1. LSA,
. LSA
.
1: LSA
LSA ,
.
142 I. OSPF...
, . LSA 1
, . , ABR OSPF LSA
, . ( ,
.)
0
1
2
3
01234567890123456789012345678901
LSA
TnnLSA

LSA
LSA
. 3.1.
LSA OSPF , OSPF , .
. , OSPF.
. , OSPF.
. 3.2, LSA 1 , .
. 3.2. ,
LSA 1: LSA ()
OSPF (
)
, . LSA
. 3.3.
3. OSPF
143
01234567890123456789012345678901
0 V
TOSx
TOSy
70S
TOSO
TOSx
TOSy
TOSz
...
TOSz
. 3.3. LSA
2: LSA
LSA (DR)
, (NBMA) .
LSA , LSA NBMA (
).
, LSA OSPF. , LSA 2 , .
,
, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI Frame Relay
( NBMA). . 3.4, LSA 2
, .
(DR)
OSPF
LSA 2 -
, , . D
. 3.4. , LSA 2:

144
I. OSPF.,
IP- DR. LSA . 3.5.

0
1
2
3
01234567890123456789012345678901
LSA

LSA
LSA
. 3.5. LSA
(TOS) OSPF
, TOS
, .
3: LSA ABR
LSA
(ABR) . , LSA 3 , OSPF,
OSPF, . LSA 3
, ,
. , ABR
1 0 , 1
172.16.1.0/24, LSA 3
1 . ABR
LSA 3 0, 1.
. 3.6. LSA .
.
LSA . 3.7.
4: LSA ASBR
LSA 4 LSA 3,
.
LSA ,
OSPF, (..
).
3. OSPF
145
(AS)
OSPF

a.b.c.d
ne.f.g.k
OSPF

L.M.N.O
P.Q.R.S
LSA 3 -
a.b.c.d e.f.g.k
LSA 3 -
LM.N.O P.Q.R.S
. 3.6. , LSA 3: LSA 3 ,

01234567890123456789012345678901

TOSO
TOS 0
TOSx
TOS x
TOSz
...
TOSz
. 3.7. LSA ( 3 4)
, LSA 4 ASBR ABR. LSA

4 ASBR
. LSA 4 . 3.8.

ASBR, . . . 3.7.
5: LSA
LSA 5 ASBR. LSA
,
146 I. OSPF...
. LSA 5 , .
ASOSPF
LSA 4 -
ASBR
ASBR
. 3.8. , LSA 4: LSA
4 ,
ASBR
,
OSPF. OSPF , . ASBR
.
LSA 5 . 3.9.
AS
,/ AS OSPF
\
iASBR
ISA 5 -

. 3.9. , LSA 5
3. OSPF
147
LSA 5. . 3.9
, Internet.
ASBR ,
. , , LSA 5.
.
LSA 5 , .
LSA 5 . 3.10.
0
01234567890123456789012345678901

TOS
70S

. 3.10. LSA 5
7: LSA
LSA 7 ASBR. LSA
, NSSA. LSA 7
LSA 5 ABR
OSPF. LSA 7
LSA 5 , LSA 5. LSA 7 . 3.11,
. 3.12 LSA 7.
51 OSPF

NSSA
ABR (
)
NSSA LSA
7 5
. 3.11. , LSA 7
148
I. OSPF.,
01234567890123456789012345678901
LSA

LSA
LSA
TOS
. 3.12. LSA 7
, NSSA,
, NSSA RFC
(1587). .
NSSA LSA 7,
NSSA, LSA 5, , OSPF.
RFC, . 3.13 , , .
9: LSA,

LSA ,
, .
LSA MPLS. , LSA

MPLS, . LSA
Cisco, ,
Juniper Riverstone. , RFC 2370, The OSPF
3. OSPF
149
Opaque LSA Option, .

LSA .
ISA 7 LSA 5 SPF
NSSA RID (.. ABR);
LSA 7 5
1. LSA 7
. /
,
,
:
1.1.
1.2. 7 5
- ,
1.3. 7 5 -
.
,

,
, ABR

2. LSA 7
.

, ,

;
1_5 5

,
.
3.
DoNotAdvertise,

1_5 5.
LSA

,

,

:
3.1. LSA 7

135;
3.2.15 7

1_5 5;
3.3. LSA 7

LSAmna 5
. 3.13. LSA 7 NSSA

LSA 5
10: LSA,

LSA ,
, OSPF.
11: LSA,

LSA ,
, OSPF.
LSA 911 . 3.14.
150
I. OSPF...
0
1
2
3
01234567890123456789012345678901
LSA
LSA
9,10 11
LSA

LSA
LSA
LSA
. 3.14. LSA 9, 10 11
LSA
, LSA,
Cisco, OSPF, . 3.15 LSA OSPF.
,
,
.
, .
ABR , , . , ( 0), ,
, . , ABR
, ASBR.

.
OSPF Cisco
LSA,
OSPF . LSA .
LSA ,
. LSA
LSA SPF. SPF , . SPF , LSA. . 3.16 ,
, , LSA . LSA .
,
SPF LSA , D.
3. OSPF
151
LSA ASBR ( 4)
LSA ABR ( 3)
OSPF
LSA 5
LSA ASBR ( 4) ABR;
ASBR
LSA ABR ( 3) , ,

LSA ( 2) OSPF
LSA ( 1) ,
. 3.15. LSA
, LSA 30 ,
.
OSPF, ,
SPF, (. 2). SPF . .
152 I. OSPF...
- , :
1) ;
2) ;
3) SPF

a.b.c.d .

.

. 3.16. , LSA
, , .
SPF
.
LSA, , , , .
LSA.

, .
SPF ( )
OSPF .

.
, ( )
.
.
, TOS , .

. 3.17 , , .
3. OSPF
153
if
OSPF
OSPP,
I

OSPF ,

,
RID

OSPF
,
RID
.
RID
RID
1.
RID ,
DR
-
2.
I 05PF ;
4.

/
I
( DD).
DD ( )
DD ( * 1)
DD ( + 2)
DD ( )
LSDB
5.

I LSA,
6.
.
I

OSPF
I ,
. 3.17.
OSPF ,
. RFC 2328, 10.1,
OSPF. . 3.18. .
. , ,
. , ( ).
,
, . 3.17, .
.
OSPF. , -
154 I. OSPF...
,
.

( )
;

NBMA

,
I ;
-.^
>.
|^~
^-.
"
. 1
. 3.18. OSPF
.
NBMA. , , , , - .
OSPF :
(
),
(, - , -
), , , .
( 1 . 3.17).
, ,
. , ,
, -
3. OSPF
155
-
, .
( 2 . 3.17). OSPF , . , . ,

- .
OSPF DR.
,
.

DR BDR,
.
(DD) .
( 3 . 3.17). .
/ , , LSA . (RID) ,
. DD.
, DD .
( 4 . 3.17). DD,
, . DD
. / .
( 5 . 3.17). , . (. 2) ,
LSA. . 3.19 , .
( 6 . 3.17). OSPF , .
, OSPF
.
,
156
I. OSPF...
DR BDR, , ,
, DR BDR, .
0
1
2
3
01234567890123456789012345678901

AuType
LSA

. 3.19.
, ,
. ,
.
DR
BDR.
. - RouterDeadinterval
( RouterDeadinterval = 4 * Hellolnterval (-
)), .
LSA . DD;
2, ,
, . DD , . . 3.20 ,
DD .
DD , , . - LSA, .

. /, , , .
3. OSPF
157
0
1
2
3
01234567890123456789012345678901

AuType
MTU
I MS
DD
ISA
. 3.20.

OSPF
OSPF , , OSPF. OSPF
IP, , .
.
OSPF
OSPF , . OSPF . 3.2. ,
.
_3.2._

OSPF
, _ _ / . , .
., ., _,
,,,.,,,
-.
fl
,-,..,,.,
--..,
158
.,. . J
I. OSPF...
. 3.2

LSA,

. ,
LSA,
.
,

, ,

OSPF . . 3.21
( ), , OSPF ( , ). OSPF ,
( 2 2 4 . 0 . 0 . 5 ) , OSPF.
0
1
2
3
01234567890123456789012345678901
AuType
. 3.21. OSPF
OSPF. 2. OSPF ( . 3.2). , .
OSPF, ,
OSPF, , EIGRP. , . , OSPF
, .
3. OSPF
159
() .
, .
DR BDR
NBMA.
OSPF (.. ).
. 3.22 , OSPF
.
. 3.22.
, 30 (NBMA) 10 .
OSPF .
1. OSPF .
2. OSPF .
3.
OSPF . OSPF .
OSPF Working Group , , OSPF
.
OSPF ,
. , , ,
,
OSPF. , OSPF,
.
160
I. OSPF...
OSI IP- 2. , Ethernet 23 IP- Ethernet,

0100.5. IP- AllSPFRouters
- 0100.5.0005. ,
, AllSPFRouters 2 ( f f f f . f f f f . f f f f ) . OSPF , .
-
ip ospf hello-interval seconds,
, , .
, CCIE
, OSPF - 4 -
. -
,

. OSPF , ,
- / .
-, .
HAL9000#show ip ospf interface ethernet 0
Process ID 100, Router ID 10.10.10.10, Network Type BROADCAST,
Cost: 10
Designated
Router
(ID)
10.10.10.10,
Interface
address
192.168.254.253
No backup designated router on this network
HAL9000#

(, Ethernet Token Ring) ,
,
.
NBMA ( Frame Relay, X.25 ATM) OSPF

, . ,
-
3. OSPF
161
(. " OSPF" 2).

OSPF ,
OSPF
.
(.. Frame Relay)
OSPF , .
,
. , , ,
, ATM,
ARP.
OSPF
. OSPF 24- , , ,
. ,
, . 3.23.
32-, :
Hellointerval -
(16 );
(8 );
(8 ).
0
1
2
3
01234567890123456789012345678901

OSPF
AuType
RtrPri

. 3.23.
162
I. OSPF...
. OSPF, , .
. .
. , OSPF ( IP- ). RID ,

, IP-.
. , , , 32- .
. , . OSPF , Ethernet, IP.
. , .
, .
- (Hellointerval). , .
(Rtr Pri).
, ; , 1. , 0, ,

BDR DR.
- (RouterDeadlnterval). ,

,
.
. IP- , ( ). 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
, , .
. IP- ( ). 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 , , .
. , .
.
3. OSPF
163

() OSPF
( ).
.
(.. , ) OSPF DR. ( ) .
, OSPF.
, .
, .
. , . 3.24.
1
'
2
3
01234567890123456789012345678901
OSPF, 2 (DD)
OlMMs
DD
LSA

LSA
LSA
LSA
. 3.24.
, ,
. , ,
.

OSPF
.
,
. LSDB,
OSPF. , -
164
I. OSPF...
LSDB OSPF , .
(, ) , ,
( ),
. . ,
( )
LSA.
OSPF -, .
LSA 14 7 ; , LSA
.
LSA 5 OSPF, NSSA.
DR, , DR,
DR. DR ,
.
OSPF ,
;
, LSDB.
OSPF , . , , , , OSPF
, . OSPF .
- -. ,
OSPF DR.
DR . , DR, .
- ,
-
.
. 3.25 , .
3. OSPF
165
0
1
2
3
01234567890123456789012345678901
OSPF, 4 ()
LSA

. 3.25.
LSA
Cisco IOS 12.0
, LSA OSPF.
Cisco, ,
, .
, OSPF, . , , .

LSA

LSA OSPF no LSA OSPF
,
. .
Cisco
LSA OSPF Cisco IOS 12.0
.
LSA OSPF , , LSA . LSA (60 ) . LSA, LSA, .

LSA LSA, .
OSPF
LSA, LSA , , . , LSA,
166
I. OSPF...
30 ; ,
LSA 60 .
30 ,
LSA. OSPF
LSA 10 .

LSA , Cisco
IOS LSA -,
-. , , 30
LSA, , .
. 3.26, LSA .
,
.
LSA. , 120 LSA Ethernet 3
30
30
30
, OSPF, LSA
. 3.26. LSA OSPF -
OSPF ( LSA)
LSA, .
-, LSA
, . , LSA .
-
LSA. , LSA 30 , LSA.
, . LSA , ,
, ,
, .
, LSA,
LSA ,
-. LSA, , ,
. , -
3. OSPF
167
,
. . 3.27 , . ,
- LSA,
, LSA .
<
- LSA
II
II
20 LSA, 1
3 ' LSA, 1
LSA

1 5 LSA, 1
1
4 4 4 4
. 3.27. LSA OSPF -
LSA OSPF ,
. .
OSPF.

LSA
LSA OSPF
. - , , , ,
. - ; 4 ,
, , .
- LSA,
, . , 10000 LSA, - . ( 40 100 LSA), - 10 20 .
168
I. OSPF...
- LSA 240 (4 ). -
10 1800 (30 ). - LSA
:
router ospf 100
timers Isa-group-pacing 60
-
OSPF LSA 60 .

OSPF
OSPF Cisco IOS 12.0, OSPF
, , , . ,
, .
, .
, .
OSPF , 33 . -
.
OSPF . , , LSA .
, Cisco IOS,
; .
OSPF
LSA,
, exec-:
LSA
OSPF LSA , , , LSA.
OSPF ,
. , OSPF , , .
3. OSPF
169
,
,
-
. ,
, OSPF,
, .
OSPF LSA
, :
,
OSPF;
, LSA OSPF
:
ospf database-filter all out
LSA
OSPF
:
router ospf 109
neighbor ip-address database-filter all out
LSA MOSPF
Cisco OSPF (Multicast
OSPF MOSPF) LSA 6 . MOSPF, , , .
:
router ospf 109
ignore Isa mospf
,
MOSPF,
router ospf 109
ignore Isa mospf
-
LSA
Cisco -, LSA,
. OSPF, -
170
I. OSPF...
, LSA
, , LSA . 5 LSA .

. , .
ip ospf retransmit-interval , 3.1.
3.1.
LSA
;
.
;
HAL9000(config)#int
HAL9000(config-if)#ip ospf ?
authentication-key
Authentication password (key)
cost
Interface cost
dead-interval
Interval after which a neighbor is declared dead
demand-circuit
OSPF demand circuit
hello-interval
Time between HELLO packets
message-digest-key Message digest authentication password (key)
network
Network type
priority
Router priority
retransmit-interval Time between retransmitting lost link state
advertisements
transmit-delay
Link state transmit delay
HAL9000(config-if)#ip oapf r*tranmit- interval'-?.
<l'-65535> Seconds
,
- OSPF.
LSA
,
LSA OSPF, OSPF . ,
, LSA ,
. OSPF Cisco 1 . , ip ospf transmit-delay , . , 3.2.
3.2.
>!18%*&*:/<t&vf'*'>,'.****> 1'',', ,,.* ^^
,^/^_.^^1^
HAL9000#con t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.
HAL9000(config)#int *0
End with CNTL/Z.
. OSPF
171
H A L 9 0 0 0 ( c o n f i g - i f ) t i p ospf transmit-delay ?
<l-65535> Seconds

,
OSPF, , .
, OSPF - ,
,
LSDB (.. ). , , .
,
.

OSPF .
.
. , - .
,
OSPF, , - -
( 4 -
), OSPF
.
.
, NBMA,
,
, , .
. , -. , ,
.
172
I. OSPF...
.
.
.
.
, .

OSPF, , DD. , , , . ,

DR BDR
.
. , ,
. RID. , DD.
.
LSDB, DD. DD

.
(
LSA).
. ,
DD , (Link-State Request LSR),
, .
(.. , LSR) LSA, .
. , ,
LSA.
OSPF. , , .
, .
3. OSPF
173
3.4.
".
..
:
HUB_ROUTER1#
interface SerialO
ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-multipoint non-broadcast
encapsulation frame-relay
frame-relay map ip 10.0.1.2 102
no shut
I
router ospf 1
network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
neighbor 10.0.1.2
neighbor 10.0.1.3
neighbor 10.0.1.4
3.4 , neighbor,
OSPF, , .
neighbor OSPF. ,
,
OSPF. ,
DR.
neighbor
OSPF . frame-relay
map broadcast,
OSPF . neighbor ,
OSPF, , .
OSPF
DR BDR, , . , OSPF DR
BDR. OSPF
, .
, .
3.5, , , show frame-relay map.
1 2.

, 3.
176 I. OSPF...
i 3.5.
; 1 2 show frame-relay map
!^ .
__.-_
'^ '^,
.;
;
!
. ;. ,,,
HUB_ROUTERl#show frame map

SerialO (up): point-to-point dlci, dlci 111(0x12,0x420), broadcast
, 3.5, , SerialO
DLCI .
, ,
. Frame Relay, , OSPF,
.
show ip ospf interface serial 0 3.6.
i 3.6. show ip ospf interface
serial , ,
! - OSPF
Spoke_R2#show ip ospf interface serial 0
SerialO is up, line protocol is up
Process ID 1, Router ID 10.0.1.2, Network Type POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT,
, 3.6,
. , OSPF.
.
,
debug ip ospf events; 3.7.
;
3.7. debug ip ospf events

OSPF: Mismatched hello parameters from
Dead R 40 40, Hello R 10 10 Mask R
OSPF: Mismatched hello parameters from
Dead R 40 40, Hello R 10 10 Mask R
200.1.3.2
255.255.255.248 255.255.255.0
200.1.3.2
255.255.255.248 255.255.255.0
, 3.5, :
R , ;
, .
3. OSPF
177
, () OSPF, show ip ospf

neighbor. , , :
OSPF, show ip ospf neighbor

.
.
9.
:
OSPF
OSPF . , Ethernet OSPF
( 0). , OSPF,
. 3.28.
, .
13.0.0.0/24
,.--'"
0'"--..
/'/' 13.13.13.0/30
faO/1
13.13.13.1
13.13.13.2
!
. 3.28. OSPF
178
I. OSPF...

, ,
, , .
Capetown, OSPF faO/1. . 3.29, .
OSPF
FF :
QbPF ^
OSPFIf
OSFF: Version. 2,
Type "* 1
Router
ID
- [13,1/
OSPF:
OSPF: Area ID
- [0,0.0
Reader checksum 039.2 (t

QSPF; Aulhnticatioa; Type D
OSFF:
Hetvcwk jaask
OSPF.t Hei lo.- interval
Optional capabilities
OSPF:
.0. . .
OSPF:
. ,0
OSFF:
.0
. . Q
OSPF:
OSPF:
, . . , ,0, .
OSPF:
1.
0
OSPF:
Router priority
OSPF; Router deed interval
OSPF: Design a,ted router
OSPF: Backup dearignated'TOUter
OSPF:
Helio).
, OSPF
Length - 44
(Ho AutheUieetiGR).
(Capetown)

Value. 00 00 OD
oo oo ao oo
-- t'ZSS. 255, 255.252.)
10 (seconds)
... 02
* Opaqu-2-SUe not farwardtsd
ftepand Circuit, bi.t
* External Attributes bit
1
* no llfeSA capability
- no iettltiest oapabi.lity
* extesrnal routi.n.".f5pshility
- no , of Service routing capabiliiy
- 1
40 (.seconds)
-. [13 13,13.1]
- (o. o . o . o ]
x.

DR,
RID
,
Capetown
Sydney
. 3.29. , Capetown
Sydney
, RID
Capetown (. 3.30).
3. OSPF
179
,, OSPF,
IP: D-t'2i4.p O S ] S-[13,13 13,2] 18 10-46

QSPF,
OSPi" Header
)OSPF;
jOSPF: fersic* --?.
Type r 1 (Hello':),
length - 48
JOSPF: Soiiter 1C
- t'I3,13.13.2].<
Sydney
(OSPfc-; irea ID
tO,0,0,0]
JOSPF: Header qhectasu * B97E (ccrrect)
JOSPF: Authentiostioft; Type 0 (Ho.Authenticatio),
Value - 00 00 0 0 . 0 0 00 00 0 0 . 0 0
I OSPF;
(OSPF: Ketork ask
[25.5,^55.25.5.2521 <
,
ID (secronds)
VLSM
)C;SPF- Heilo iDlerval
JOSPF; Critlclnsl capafeiiities
,
JOSPF:
.0.
Opaque-J.9A.s not forvarded
JOSPF;
.0
Dsaand Circuit bit
EKtariia:! Attributes bit
j. OSPF;
. , ,0 . . . .
iOSPF:
. . . . 0,. .
no NSSfi cajebiiity
JCSPF:
, , , , ,0,
no Kulticast capability
)OSPF:
.1.
eKter^*i routing capability
JOSPF:
. , . ,
, ,{
7 a Service routiag capability
j OSPF; Router priority
JOSPF: Router dead iuterval
) OSPF': Designated router
[13,13,13,2]
Sydney
| OSPF; Backup dt
DR
[0,0.0 PI
JOSFF: Seigbbor (1>
[13,1.1,1]
jOSPF:
Capetown s
RID
.
3,30.
, Sydney
, Capetown RID,
Sydney DR. .
,
. OSPF LSA
(. 3.31).
0
. Capetown
Sydney. . 3.32. , RID , Capetown 2
RID .
180
I. OSPF...
/
IPj D'[224 0 D , S ] 8-3.13 13 1] LEH-96 1D-S3 /
CSFFOSPF Seeder
/
gOSPFX
OSPF-. Version t,
4 (link State Update).
SoSPF- Router ID
- [13.13. 1 3 : 2 !
liosPF: uroa ID
- [ . f l . 0 . 3 . 0)
SuSPF: Header dbedksua '6FFC { correct)
OSPF- Authentication; Type t) (to Authentication).
OSFF
9
'
ra^SPF: I*u)fiber
length 96
Vaitie - -00 00 00 00 00 00 00 '00
ot Advert isojients
HCSFF- Link State Advert iskea.1
1 (s^candy)
OSPF link state
CSFF Optional capabilities * 22
M OSPF
.0.
. . - Opeique-ISAs not forwarded
Deiu^nd Circuit bit
OSPF. 1, .
H OSPF
. . . D . . . External Attributes bit
OSFF:
.
0
r.o HSSA capability
no multicast capability
OSPF '
0
1 OSPF
, 1 - external routing caspibili.ty
OSPF
0 - no Type of Sex'vice routing capability
LSA
H OSPF Link state type
1 (Router links) <
a
OSPF L} ik K t a f r e iu
[
1
3
1
3
li
.
2
]
LSA
OSFF Adve-* isitw Router
CbecksuE - 0387
3 OSPF Sequence number
* 2147.483650.'
36
OSPF length
p OSP Renter typ^ flags
H CSFF
. , D.
- Jiot A wild-c^rd aulti.Cias.t receiver
H 03FF
, . * Hot cmdpoiiit of active v i r t u a l link
H 5
. 1 * ftS boundary router
OSPF
. . . .
5 ~ Area bordor rcrater
gCSPF -^
- (I
- ISA 1
( )
S
05
SCSFI
:
gOjFF
link
' [11 13 :1 ? J (IF address ol Designated Router;
L-n^ "4ta
- [13 13 13 !] < /
2 ( Ccmnttrt ion tfana:!!;. network)

J i n k (
lutitm ol 70S iatrics D.
TOS 0 EQtl-ic - 1
SoSPF Ink s'e-e age

1 (seconds)
P OSPF Optionsi capabi i i 5 i.e =
| 05PF
,0. .
. . . - Qpaque-LSAs not forwaxdcsd
| OSPF
. 1 . . . -Deaasd Circuit bit
i OSPF
.0 . . .
r External Attribute; b i t
OSPF 1-.
0. .
no KSSî cajMsbility
QCpp
fi
*
OSPF
OSPF
SOSPF
jji OSPF
OSPF OSPF
p OSPF
. . . . ! ' KKtarnal routing capability

,
. 0 - ho Type o Service routing capability
Link state type
2 (lietwork links)
LSA
Link state II'
* [ 13 1 3 . i 3 2 ] <
Advertising Router
[ 1 3 1 3 .13 i'3 <
,
2147483649.
CKecksua 624?
LSA
Soqunnce huaber
Length
*
OSPF. Attached router ( 1 )

OSPF Attached router ( 2 )
g OSPF:
~ [13 1^* 13. 2 J 4
- [13.1 1 17
LSATnna2
{ )
. 3.31. , Sydney
3. OSPF
181
1-1:
1>"['24 0 5] S-[13.13 13.1) LEB-64 ID-47

Versaou 2.
" 4 (Link.Stale Upd^t}.
Router ID
* [13 1.1,'11
&re* I'D
- [D, 9. 0.0]
checksum " 317.6 (correct.)
.tiefttion; Type 0 (No Autl
L*ng;h * 64
- 2
Value * 00 00 00 00 00 00 OD 00
Kufeber of Advertisements
Link State udvertiameat
Link artiste g.
* 1 (second!
Optional capabilities " 22
Opaque-ISAs not forwarded
iJeisand Circuit, bit
External Attribute* bit
no HSSA capability
D
ncs multicast capability
xternal routing capability
.1
no Type of Service routing capbility
t.yps
1 <Router links)
Li nk
Link stttte- IP
- 1 1 l] <
, ISA
Advertising Router
* [ 1 3 . 1 1 1]
Sequfi?ne iiunbesr
* 2147483650.
Checksum C8F6
Length
3&
Rcutfflr type i lengs,
- Ql
e
." . 0
Hat o. ifild-cffind aulticsst recffiivfss 1
a
0.
end point a activs? virtual link
* Kon AS boundary router
U
" Ares border router
Res-served
- 0
her of rauter links - 1
[13.13 13 2] ( I F address Q Ctesagnatwi Kauter)
UnK ID
- is; 13 i s i]
link Bat*
f
Link 1 type
2 (Connection tc transit netyork)
ITusiber of TOS sietric^ - 0.
TOS 0 metric e 1
Puc. 3.32. , Capetown
Capetown Sydney
,
, -
. . 3.33 , Sydney Capetown.
D-f ;M-4 0 0 5] S-fl3,1.3..13 .-2] IEN- ID-40
OSPF Hoader
6 " :
- IP.
t IOSPF
}{1 OSPF Version 2

OSPF/ Pouter ID
l lgSOBPF
!..,!
Area TO
Type S (Link Stta AoitnolRdgwetii) .
" [ 1 3 . 13 1 3 . 2 ]
[ 0 . 0 0 01
(...I
Header phtsc^ksua - 5C98 i correct }
i-13 OSPF . Authenta.Cfttaon. Type 0 (Ho Authentication).
ICST-F:
aospF
1'jsngth 44
Vle 30 00 00 00 0(1 00 00 CO
jl|a OSPF. Link State ^dvprt i.seieewi.t Header if 1

. Si (seconds)
i-1i osre- link slate ye
i-ii OSPF Opl: t Quft.l l.Mdl.l l.itaoK a
* Opacjuo-lSAa net torvurded
0.
1-i OSPF
} OSPF
USS OSF'F:
i""S9 >3SPF
OSPF
ri|
| OSPF
a OBPF .
'I3 OSF'F|J
riicepF
1aS OSPF
OSPF
!
!-|i OSPF
-HIOSPF
,1
link at^.te type
0 .
. 0...
0 .
1
... 0
link states 10
Advertising Router
Sfficjuencs nusibwr
length
DejiifcAd Circuit bit

Sixternal Attributes b i t
no KSSA capability
no Multicast capability
ffl^ttiTikiJ routinsi capability

Type S^rvicff routing capftbllity
J ( Ranter l i n k s )
[13.1.1.1]
"- [13.1 1 . 1 ]
2147463650.
36
Chaeksua. C9F6
Puc. 3.33. , Sydney
182
I. OSPF...

. show ip ospf neighbor,
3.8.
CapeTown#how ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID
13.13.13.2
CapeTown*
Pri
1
State
FULL/DR
Dead Time
00:00:39
Address
13.13.13.2
Interface
FastEthernetO/1
, Sydney ( 3.9),
, DR.
I 3.9. , Sydney DR
Sydney>show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID
13.1.1.1
Sydney>
Pri
1
State
FULL/BDR
Dead Time
00:00:30
Address
13.13.13.1
Interface
FastEthernetO/1
.
, Capetown, ABR,
( 3.10).
3.10.
Capetown
'
.
|
* ..... ;1
Capetowntshow ip ospf database

Router Link States
Link ID
13.1.1.1
13.13.13.2
ADV Router
13.1.1.1
13.13.13.2
(Area 0)
Age
992
1014
Seq#
Checksum Link count
0x80000006 OxCOFA
1
0x80000006 OxFASB
1

Link ID
13.13.13.2
ADV Router
13.13.13.2
Age
1014
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000005 Ox5A53

Link ID
10.1.1.0
13.0.0.1
ADV Router
13.13.13.2
13.1.1.1
Age
1014
993
Checksum
Seq#
0x80000005
0x80000005 Ox4DCC
3. OSPF
183
13.1.1.1
13.1.1.1
993
0x80000005 Ox36El

Link ID
13.1.1.1
ADV Router
13.1.1.1
Age
993
Seq#
Checksum Link count
0x80000005 Ox6F8
1

Link ID
10.1.1.0
13.1.1.1
13.13.13.0
ADV Router
13.1.1.1
13.1.1.1
13.1.1.1
Age
994
994
994
Seq#
0x80000005
0x80000005
0x80000007
Checksum
OxSFBE
0x36E1
OxlSEC
Summary ASB Link States (Area 1)

Link ID
13.13.13.2
ADV Router
13.1.1.1
Age
994
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000005 Ox9F4

Link ID
13.1.1.1
ADV Router
13.1.1.1
Age
995
Seq#
Checksum Link count
0x80000005 Oxl7E5
1

Link ID
10.1.1.0
13.0.0.1
13.13.13.0
ADV Router
13.1.1.1
13.1.1.1
13.1.1.1
Age
995
999
999
Seq#
0x80000005
0x80000005
0x80000007
Checksum
OxSFBE
Ox4DCC
OxlSEC

Link ID
13.13.13.2
Capetown*
ADV Router
13.1.1.1
Age
999
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000005 Ox9F4

Capetown ( 3.11).
| 3.11. Capetown
Capetowntfshow ip route
Codes: - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, 0 - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
El - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, LI - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 13.13.13.2 to network 0.0.0.0
10.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
0 IA
10.1.1.0 [110/2] via 13.13.13.2, 02:54:37, FastEthernetO/1
192.168.254.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/0

13.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
13.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopbackl
184
I. OSPF...

13.0.0.0/24 is directly connected, LoopbackO

S*
0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 13.13.13.2
CapeTown*
Sydney 3.12.
j 3.12. Sydney
Sydney>show ip ospf database

Link ID
13.1.1.1
13.13.13.2
ADV Router
13.1.1.1
13.13.13.2
Age
1471
1491
Seq#
Checksum Link count
0x80000006 OxCOFA
1
0x80000006 OxFASB
1

Link ID
13.13.13.2
ADV Router
13.13.13.2
Age
1491
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000005 Ox5A53

Link ID
10.1.1.0
13.0.0.1
13.1.1.1
ADV Router
13.13.13.2
13.1.1.1
13.1.1.1
Age
1491
1471
1471
Router Link States

Link ID
13.13.13.2
ADV Router
13.13.13.2
Seq#
0x80000005
0x80000005
0x80000005
Checksum
Ox9A6B
Ox4DCC
Ox36El
(Area 5)
Age
1491
Seq#
Checksum Link count
0x80000005 OxF9D5
1

Link ID
13.0.0.1
13.1.1.1
13.13.13.0
Sydney>
ADV Router
13.13.13.2
13.13.13.2
13.13.13.2
Age
449
449
449
Seq#
0x80000006
0x80000006
0x80000008
Checksum
Ox9A64
0x8379
Ox588F
Sydney,
3.13.
3.13.
Sydney
,!
,
;:; :
Sydney>show ip route
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
i - IS-IS, LI - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
. OSPF
185

Gateway of last resort is not set
10.1.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/0
13.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 inasks
0 IA
13.1.1.1/32 [110/2] via 13.13.13.1, 02:54:59, FastEthernetO/1
IA

Sydney>
3.14 .
3.14. Capetown
Sydney vV.V ,'-.;., v ' ' ".. >;-1- - .".v ...'/
'
'
'
Capetown#show running-config
Building configuration...
Current
I
version
service
service
service
configuration:
12.0
timestamps debug datetime msec localtime
timestamps log datetime msec localtime
password-encryption
hostname CapeTown
i
enable password 7 08274D5D1DOBOA02060E1E
ip subnet-
ip tcp synwait-time 5
no ip domain-lookup
voice-port 1/0/0
voice-port 1/0/1
;
interface LoopbackO
ip address 13.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
no ip directed-broadcast
\
interface Loopbackl
ip address 13.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
\
interface FastEthernetO/0
description CONNECTION TO CAT5K PORT 21
ip address 192.168.254.100 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface SerialO/0
no ip address
186
I. OSPF...
no ip mroute-cache
shutdown
no fair-queue
j
description CONNECTION TO CAT5K - PORT 22
ip address 13.13.13.1 255.255.255.252

duplex auto
speed auto
i
interface SerialO/1
no ip address
shutdown
r
router ospf 100
network 13.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
network 13.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
network 13.13.13.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
I
ip classless
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 13.13.13.2
no ip http server
logging 192.168.254.69
snmp-server location Raleigh, NC
snmp-server contact Tom Thomas
end
Capetown*
Sydney*show running-config
Building configuration...
Current configuration:
!
version 12.0
service timestamps debug datetime msec localtime
service timestamps log datetime msec localtime
service password-encryption
i
hostname Sydney
!
enable password 7 094A4F1AOD1718071F0916

i
ip subnet-zero
ip tcp synwait-time 5
no ip domain-lookup
i
voice-port 1/0/0
i
voice-port 1/0/1
i
description CONNECTION TO CAT5K - PORT 23
ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.252
duplex auto
. OSPF
187
, , ,
, . , ,
, , .

, .
.
- ,
IP- 2 2 4 . 0 . 0 . 5 . ,
OSPF 2 2 4 . 0 . 0 . 5 ( ,
OSPF).
, , , 2 .
- 2 2 4 . 0 . 0 . 5
(),
. , Frame Relay, X.25 ISDN, 2 IP-. , , frame-relay map ip 1.1.1.1 100
broadcast dialer map ip 1.1.1.1 broadcast name routerl 55346
broadcast
OSPF
. ,
debug ip packet detail.
He OSPF
. ,
,
, , ,
.
.
Cisco IOS
11.1.9 , show ip ospf
interface , .
OSPF
, , . Cisco -
190
I. OSPF...
CSCdj01682. .
,

, OSPF DD.
.
, DD,
MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit ) DD , .
OSPF OSPF ,
OSPF .
, MTU , , .

OSPF Cisco .
, MTU, ,
MTU, ,
, . show ip ospf
neighbor , . 3.34.
S2.7
'
170.170.11.0/24
. 3.34. MTU
6 7 , . 3.34, Frame Relay, 6 204

, OSPF. 6 MTU, 1500,
7 MTU,
1450. 3.16 ( , ).
3.16. 7,
. 3.34
6
interface Serial2
no ip address
7
!
interface SerialO
mtu 1450
3. OSPF
191
no ip mroute-cache
frame-relay Imi-type ansi
!
interface Serial2.7 point-to-point
ip address 170.170.11.6 255.255.255.0
frame-relay interface-dlci 101
no ip address
frame-relay Imi-type ANSI
!
interface SerialO.6 point-to-point
ip address 170.170.11.7 255.255.255.0
router ospf 7
redistribute static subnets
network 170.170.11.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

router ospf 7
network 170.170.11.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
ip route 192.79.34.0 255.255.255.0 NullO

ip route 192.79.35.0 255.255.255.0 NullO
ip route 192.79.36.0 255.255.255.0 NullO
.... 204
3.17 show
neighbor .
ip
ospf
3.17. show ip ospf neighbor t

6 7
]
..W. _,.,,w-J
router-6#show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID
170.170.11.7
Pri
1
State
EXCHANGE/
Dead Time
00:00:36
Address
170.170.11.7
Interface
Serial2.7
Dead Time
00:00:33
Address
170.170.11.6
Interface
SerialO.6

Neighbor ID
170.170.11.6
Pri
1
State
EXSTART/
, 6, , DD OSPF, 1450 ( MTU

7). debug ip packet debug ip ospf
adjacency, ,
, OSPF. . 3.4
, 6 7,
1 14.
9, . 3.4, 7
DBD (DataBase Descriptor ) 0x7.
, 7 .
10 6 DBD 7 .
11 , 6
DBD 0x7, ,
(
/ ).
192
I. OSPF...
3.4. debug ip packet debug ip ospf

adjacency 6 7
, ',-,
;; Kfe
,
6
,
?
)
"' 6 , ;
00:03:53:
OSPF:
170.170.11.7
address
170.170.11.7 on Serial2.7 is dead
00:03:53:
OSPF:
170.170.11.7
address
170.170.11.7 on Serial2.7 is dead, state DOWN
(2)
*"B 7
OSPF
(3)
"" 6
00:03:53:
IP:
3=170.170.11.6
(local),
d=224.0.0.5 (Serial2.7), len 64, sending
broad/multicast, proto=89
00:04:03:
IP:
8=170.170.11.6
(local),
d=224.0.0.5 (Serial2.7), Len 64, sending
(4)
"* 7
OSPF
(6)
(5)
*" 7 OSPF;
LSA
00:17:44:
IP:
8=170.170.11.7
(local),
d=224.0.0.5 (SerialO.6), Len 64, sending
00:17:44: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0,
router ID 170.170.11.7, seq 0x80000001
"'
7
00:04:04: IP: 8=170.170.11.7 (Serial2.7),
d=224.0.0.5, Len 64, rcvd 0, proto=89
00:04:04: OSPF: Rev hello from 170.170.11.7
area 0 from Serial2.7 170.170.11.7
00:04:04: OSPF: End of hello processing
(7)
"' 6 , 7
00:04:13:
IP:
8=170.170.11.6
(local),
(8)
'" 7 6
00:17:53: IP: 8=170.170.11.6 (SerialO.6),
d=224.0.0.5, Len 68, rcvd 0, proto=89
area 0 from SerialO.6 170.170.11.6
00:17:53: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to
170.170.11.6 on SerialO.6, state 2WAY
. OSPF
193
. 3.4
,
6
,
7
(10)
"" 6 DBD 7

00:04:13:
IP: 5=170.170.11.7 (Serial2.7),
d=224.0.0.5, Len 52, rcvd 0, proto=89
00:04:13: OSPF: Rev DBD from 170.170.11.7
on Serial2.7 seq 0x13FD opt 0x2 flag 0x7 Len
32 mtu 1450 state INIT
00:04:13: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to
170.170.11.7 on Serial2.7, state 2WAY
(9)
'" 7 DBD 0x13FD
00:17:53: OSPF: Send DBD to 170.170.11.6 on

SerialO.6 seq 0x13FD opt 0x2 flag 0x7 Len 32
00:17:53:
IP:
5=170.170.11.7
(local),
(11)
'" 6 DBD
7 (
/; 6
)
Serial2.7 seq OxE44 opt 0x2 flag 0x7 Len 32
00:04:13:
IP:
3=170.170.11.6
(local),
00:04:13: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We
are the SLAVE
(12)
"' 7
DBD
6
(
MTU)
00:17:53: IP: 5=170.170.11.6 (SerialO.6),
d=224.0.0.5, Len 52, rcvd 0, proto=89
00:17:53: OSPF: Rev DBD from 170.170.11.6
on SerialO.6 seq OxE44 opt 0x2 flag 0x7 Len 32
mtu 1500 state EXSTART
00:17:53: OSPF: Nbr 170.170.11.6 has larger
interface MTU (
MTU)
(13)
"" 6 , DBD LSA, (0x13FD), DBD
7. (
.)
Serial2.7 seq 0x13FD opt 0x2 flag 0x2 Len
1472
00:04:13:
IP:
5=170.170.11.6
(local),
(14)
'" 7 DBD,
00:17:54:
IP:
5=170.170.11.7
(local),
00:17:58: OSPF: Retransmitting DBD to
170.170.11.6onSerial0.6
*"B 6
DBD,
7
"' 7 6,
DBD,
6, ,
MTU 7. 7
DBD
194 I. OSPF...
. 3.4
,
6
,
7
00:04:13: IP: 8=170.170.11.7 (Serial2.7),

d=224.0.0.5, Len 68, rcvd 0, proto=89
area 0 from Serial2.7 170.170.11.7
0:17:58: IP: 8=170.170.11.7 (local), d=224.0.0.5

(SerialO.6), Len 52, sending broad/multicast,
proto=89
170.170.11.6onSerial0.6
00:04:18:
IP: 8=170.170.11.7 (Serial2.7),
d=224.0.0.5, Len 52, rcvd 0, proto=89
00:04:18: OSPF: Rev DBD from 170.170.11.7
32 mtu 1450 state EXCHANGE
Serial2.7 seq 0x13FD opt 0x2 flag 0x2 Len
1472
00:04:18:
IP:
5=170.170.11.6
(local),
00:04:23:
IP:
8=170.170.11.6
d=224.0.0.5 (Serial2.7), Len 68,
(local),
sending
00:04:23: IP: 8=170.170.11.7 (Serial2.7),

d=224.0.0.5, Len 52, rcvd 0, proto=89
00:04:23: OSPF: Rev DBD from 170.170.11.7
32 mtu 1450 state EXCHANGE
00:18:03:
IP:
8=170.170.11.7
(local),
00:18:03: IP: 8=170.170.11.6 (SerialO.6),
d=224.0.0.5, Len 68, rcvd 0, proto=89
area 0 from SerialO.6 170.170.11.6
00:18:04:
IP:
8=170.170.11.7
(local),
170.170.11.6onSerial0.6
00:18:08:
IP:
3=170.170.11.7
d=224.0.0.5 (Serial0.6), Len 52,
router-7#
(local),
sending
'"
,
12 7 DBD 6 MTU. ( 7 , 6
MTU MTU DBD.) DBD 6 7. 7 DBD.
13 , 6
, 7, DBD, LSA;
. 7 DBD,
MTU 7.
3. OSPF
195
, 13, 7 DBD 6, DBD, ,

. ,
.

MTU,
MTU
, MTU,
. Cisco , MTU
.
Cisco IOS 12.0(3)

MTU . , OSPF DBD MTU . RFC 2178, G.9,
OSPF. DBD, MTU, , , DBD, .
.
, MTU
.
Cisco IOS 12.1(3) ip ospf mtu-ignore, MTU.
,

, . 3.35, ,
Ethernet, OSPF.
3.18 show ip ospf
neighbor R7.
3.1 8. show ip ospf neighbor ]

R7
- ' 'i '"X i
Neighbor ID
170.170.3.2
170.170.3.3
196
Pri
1
1
State
FULL/BDR ,
2WAY/DROTHER
Dead Time
00:00:37
00:00:30
Address
170.170.3.2
170.170.3.3
Interface
EthernetO
EthernetO
I. OSPF...
170.170.10.8
170.170.7.4
router-7#
FULL/DR
2WAY/DROTHER
00:00:39
00:00:39
170.170.3.8
170.170.3.4
EthernetO
EthernetO
R4
R7
. 3.35. ,
R7 DR BDR. . OSPF.

,
,
.
, DR BDR. ,
DR BDR. OSPF ,
. , OSPF , .
,
,
DR BDR.
, , OSPF.
, ,
OSPF OSPF. LSA OSPF , OSPF
.
,
OSPF ( , ),
3. OSPF
197
OSPF . , LSA, Cisco OSPF. LSA,

.
198
I. OSPF...
II
OSPF
..!.
;.. 4.
203
5.
*

, 6.
301
389
7.
OSPF
459
...
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
,

OSPF
OSPF

:
:
: OSPF
204
205
207
230
231
242
242
247
248
250
258
273
276
276
276
279
285
, OSPF. , OSPF,
, ,
OSPF . , , , OSPF. ,
, .
. '
,
(i
,..
OSPF.
OSPF
.
,
.
. ,
OSPF . ^ OSPF.
: , , , .
. OSPF,
, .
' 5. , , OSPF.

OSPF
OSPF, RFC 2328,
, ,
, ,
TCP/IP.
OSPF .
(VLSM).
OSPF
.
, , OSPF,
, OSPF
OSPF.
OSPF .
, , .
, , ,
.
RFC 2328, OSPF,
, OSPF. OSPF ,
, .
OSPF , .
Cisco
, Cisco Internetwork Design Course.
: Cisco Internetwork Design Course Companion.
Cisco Internetwork Design.
204
II. OSPF
OSPF
OSPF , . RFP (Request For Proposals
), OSPF, .
OSPF ( ).

, .
, ,
, , .
(Service Level Agreement SLA).
, , .
, . , . , , ,
, .
. , . . , , .
,
, . , . .
"" , , . ,
(. 4.1).
4.
205
OSPF
-
*
. 4.1.
, ,
, OSPF, OSPF (Autonomous System AS). 7.
, OSPF,
, . 100
IP-.
.
.
, ,
. , .
,
. ,

. ,
(Network Operating Center NOC) , , .
206
II. OSPF
: NOC : " ,
, ". .

. , ,
,
. , , ; , , .

, ,
. ( ,
).
, , , , .
OSPF
OSPF .
, , OSPF.
( ) ,
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. Cisco IOS.
6. , .
. 4.2
, . ,
, ,
.
4.
207
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. , ,
. 4.2.
1:
,
, .
,
1 , OSPF, , .
. , ,
, . , , . , .
.
. , , Web-.
, .
? ?
208
II. OSPF
, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
, , .
,
, .

. , ,
, , (RFP Request For
Proposals). , , .
.
,
. , ,

. , , , , .
.
.
, . , .
, . , , .
.

.
,
.
.
, .
,
.
.
4.
209
. IP . ,
, TCP/IP,
, . , IP, .
. . . , .
. , .
,
. , .
.
, ,
. , . , , , .
OSPF
, OSPF. , OSPF.
OSPF?
?

? , ?
, ( )?
, ( )?
OSPF

OSPF. OSPF
210
II. OSPF
Cisco . OSPF .
OSPF ,
, .
OSPF . ( ) , ,
OSPF
(.. , ).
Cisco IOS OSPF
, 100 , (. 4.3).
OSPF 108

FDDI
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
1 w= ST
Gigabit Ethernet

ospf auto-cost
. 4.3. OSPF
Cisco IOS 11.2

ospf auto-cost reference bandwidth.
, , OSPF Gigabit Ethernet .
OSPF
, OSPF . OSPF.

, , OSPF .
4.
211
, OSPF .
, ,
(LSA),
(SPF) .
SPF, 5 ( ).
, OSPF LSA SPF, 1 .

SPF - , 5 .
OSPF 6 46 , , -
SPF, LSA. ,
, SPF 40-
- .
2:
OSPF
. OSPF : . , .
,
2 , OSPF. , , . , .

,
, . ,
, . OSPF,
.

, . , .
212
II. OSPF
.
OSPF,
0.
.
.

, Gigabit Ethernet.
.
OSPF, (ABR)
( 0).
, ,
(Domain Name System DNS) ..
. , . , .
, (. 4.4).
0 OSPF

( 0)

( ABR
)
1 OSPF
OSPF)
2 OSPF
. 4.4. OSPF
OSPF, . 4.4, .
4.
213
. ,
. .
. OSPF, .
. , .
. . .
. .
, , ,
,
. ,
, .
. , .
, OSPF, .
,
OSPF.
OSPF

,
. , .
. ,
, . OSPF . 4.5.

,
. OSPF,
. OSPF
.
, .
. ,
,
. ,
214
II. OSPF
;
, . 4.6.
OSPF

. 4.5. OSPF
OSPF

( 2 )
( 3
. 4.6.

OSPF , . , .
4.
215
( ), 100
( 4050), . . 4.7.
OSPF
0, 0.0.0.0
100
. 4.7. OSPF
, .
, ,
, , ,
. , , , . , , . ;
,
, Cisco!
,
OSPF ,
.
, .

. LSA ,
. ABR LSA
( )
0. ,
ABR LSA . . 4.8.
ASBR, , .
216
II. OSPF
, 1 - (TSA)
OSPF
(ABR)

:
- LSA
( 3 4);
- LSA
( 1 2);
-
0.0.0.0 (

)
OSPF
'
. 4.8.
, .
Cisco, , OSPF
.
, , LSA
ABR .
ASBR, , . . 4.9.
, (Not-So-Stubby Area NSSA) , NSSA . ,
NSSA. NSSA , "
".
OSPF
.
,
. ,
OSPF .
( ). -
4.
217
.
, 1 - (TSA)
OSPF
(ABR)
B

0.0.0.0
( 3-5 7 )

(TSA)
. 4.9.
. , ( ).
.
.
( , ,
).
.
.
.
.
(6 ).
(6 ).
(5 ).
(7 ).
.
, .
Widgets, (4 ).
Gidgets, (3 ).
Tomgets, (3 ).
218
II. OSPF

OSPF. () OSPF, .
,
. ,
0, .
,
.
,
.
.
0 .
Internet.
, , .
,
ABR.
OSPF.
( 0). 0.
ABR ( 1). .
ABR ( 2). .
ABR ( 3). .
ABR ( 4). .
ASBR. Internet.
,
;
ABR OSPF. , .
( )
.
. 4.10.
4.
219
I
mr
'! OSPF >
vUJA
*'
- ""
^ 2 OSPF
3 OSPF

. 4.10.
, ,
, .
, .
,
.
,
.
,
, www. wandl. com www. opnet. com.
:

. , ,
, .
220
II. OSPF
OSPF VLSM,
.
.
VLSM CIDR 1, OSPF.
,
3 . , ,
, , .
,
.

,
, , , , .
, IP-
. : "
, Internet (Internet
Service Provider ISP), , RFC 1918 1597?"
. , Internet
, .
,
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) DNS.
.
DHCP IP- . DNS IP-.

. 4.11 , IP- .
OSPF

. , .
OSPF, . 4.12, .
, LSA
OSPF , .
4.
221

10.0.0.0/16
-- host.hq.com
10.0.80.0-10.0.91.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.248.0
10.0.80.0/21
10.0.0.0/22
255.255.252.0
255.255.252.0
10.0.79.0-10.0.82.0/22
host.pay.com
10.0.0.0-10.0.3.0
I Gigabit Ethernet
10.0.4.0-10.0.7.0
10.0.8.0-10.0.11.0
255.255.254.0
host.rec.com
10.0.12.0-10.0.15.0
10.0.72.0/21
255.255.248.0
host.ben.com
host.man.xxx.com
10.0.33.0-10.0.44.0
10.0.55.0-0.0.56.0
host.sales.xxx.com
. 4.11.
LSA 1 2 ABR LSA
3, . ( , , RFC, LSA 3 , .) LSA OSPF LSA SPF.
LSA 3 ,
SPF.
OSPF :
SPF.
,
OSPF . ,
( 0) LSA . ,
SPF, .
. 4.13.
; 7.
222
II. OSPF
OSPF
0, 0.0.0.0
131.108.32.0
131.108.33.0
131.108.34.0
..
131.108.64.0
131.108.65.0
131.108.66.0
..
131.108.1.0
131.108.2.0
131.108.3.0
..
LSA !
. 4.12. ,
OSPF

LSA-
ABR
ABR
-?-rv<~
131.108.32.0/19
I P
131.108.64.0/19
"^\
131.108.1.0/19
^^J
,
LSA ,
, ,

. 4.13. , OSPF
IP- OSPF , , .
() .
() .
, .
OSPF . ,
,
4.
223
LSA OSPF . . 4.14.
OSPF

192.168.1.0
LSA

172.16.0.0/16
172.17.0.0/16
172.18.0.0/16
. 4.14. OSPF,
IP- 2 , ""
. area range. , . , . . 4.12 4.13, 32 ,
, 32 64, , 32 , , 5, 37 69.

( )
,
1 . 16 ,
4 . . 4.15 .
4 , 4 16
32- . .
32- ,
.
224
II. OSPF
131.108.0.0
131.108.16.0
131.108.32.0
131.108.48.0
131.108.1.0
131.108.16.0
131.108.32.0
131.108.48.0
131.108.2.0-131.108.15.0
131.108.17.0-131.108.31.0
131.108.33.0-131.108.47.0
131.108.49.0-131.108.63.0
,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
. 4.15. ,
OSPF
VLSM
(VLSM) 1;
VLSM , .
,
, . VLSM OSPF . 4.16.
, .
, , , .
,
OSPF VLSM!
64
131.108.27.0:
131.108.0.0
131.108.16.0
131.108.27.4
131.108.1.0
131.108.16.0
131.108.27.8
131.108.2.0131.108.15.0
131.108.17.0131.108.31.0
131.108.27.12131.108.27.252
. 4.16. VLSM OSPF

, , . OSPF, , .
4.
225
: OSPF ( 0)
, , , . 4.17.
OSPF

192.117.49.0
255.255.255.0

:
131.108.16.0
16.0-31.0
255.255.240.0
:
131.108.48.0
48.0-63.0
255.255.240.0
1 2
. 4.17. OSPF
OSPF ,
. ,
.

, , . ,
, . 4.11.
- |
. , ,
- , - :
, .
4:
4 ,
, . , .

,
. -
226
II. OSPF
, , CSU/DSU (Channel
Service Unit/Data Service Unit / ) .
,
4 ,
, .
.

.
5:
IOS Cisco
5 , OSPF Cisco IOS,
. , , , .
,
5 , , ,
.
OSPF IOS Cisco,
.
OSPF
OSPF, , .
, : , ,
, , ..
, , - . , .
4.
227
, Internet
, "www" , .
, SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol )
SNMP, . , ,
Internet . ,
OSPF, .
OSPF . OSPF MD5. OSPF . , OSPF .
, , .
, , , .
OSPF 8.
Cisco IOS
.

(). ,
. 6 7.
, , OSPF,
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol ), . 4.18.
i i
EiGRP
131.108.0.0 1
OSPF
(
. 4.18.

147.59.0.0
. 4.18 ,
(),
. . -
228
II. OSPF
, . 4.18, EIGRP, OSPF.
, . .
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS,
, .
(Quality Of Service QoS).
6: ,

.
, 8.

.

.

( ,
, ).
,
6 , , ,
OSPF IOS Cisco. , , .
4.
229
OSPF
OSPF
IP. ,
OSPF, ( , ). .
, OSPF ,
. , , , .. . ,
IP- .
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(, , ABR), LSDB
.
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-
.
OSPF, LSA ,
. ,
LSA, , , .
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).
, , , -
230
II. OSPF
.<
. , , , ,
, . .
,
.
OSPF
OSPF . OSPF
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,
.
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(DR).
LSDB OSPF.

, OSPF,
. , ,
,
( ).
OSPF SPF, .
4.
231
, 40 50 OSPF.
, . , 40 50 . , , 12000 , , ,
2500.
(Link-State
Packet LSP), , , log . , , ,
OSPF, .
, 100.
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?
,
.
,
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LSDB). ,

OSPF. , OSPF ,
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100".
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.
.
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.
, .
,

. .
, ,
.
.
232
II. OSPF
. 4.1
OSPF, Cisco OSPF. ,
. , , . 4.1, "IETF OSPF Standard Report".
,
,
. , , , ,

, .
4.1.
:|
. ' ; . ' . , . . : - . ' . '
'
''/;.1^""';1
1
1
1
1
500
1000
100
350
25
75
50
100
, OSPF .

ABR
ABR ,
. , ,
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( ),
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, ABR , , 0 (. . 4.19, ), ,
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,
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.
,
, .
ABR , -
4.
233
,
,
- .
ABR
)
- ABR
)
. 4.19. , ,
ABR

SPF
, ,
234
II. OSPF
. ABR , ,
( ).
.
. 4.1.

OSPF .
, . , ,
60100 .
2. .
, 60 100, , . DR BDR, .
, , DR BDR. . 4.20, ,
DR BDR. ( NBMA.) , DR .

DR

, DR BDR
. 4.20. , ,
DR BDR
, . DR , ,
4.
235
OSPF; . , , DR .
OSPF DR ( IP- ),
DR , .
. 4.20, , DR , .
, .
,
, .
.
, - DR
"".
, DR
.

, OSPF
DR BDR. DR
BDR , , .
ip ospf priority priority, DR BDR .
, Cisco,
.
Cisco 1;
(RID). , ,
DR BDR
priority.

DR, .
,
RID. DR, .
, 0,
DR BDR.
(SOHO Small
Office/Home Office), 0 -
236
II. OSPF
. ,
OSPF , OSPF,
DR , , ASIC (Applications Specific Integrated Circuit
).

(Ethernet, Frame Relay, ATM ..), .. , . DR, OSPF
neighbor OSPF.
,
DR .
,
.
NBMA, .
,
DR OSPF. , show
process cpu show memory.

OSPF, NBMA, Frame Relay .25,
.
LSA.
,
, . . 4.21
.

,
,
LSA DR.
,

LSDB
. LSDB OSPF .
4.
237
LSDB , .

( )

()
. 4.21.
, , LSDB.
SPF j
LSDB.
LSA ,
(.. ). , LSA 14 7
238
II. OSPF
, LSA 5
OSPF, NSSA.
3.
,
LSDB. LSA.
.
.
( IP ASBR).
( , ).
LSA, .
, ,
OSPF, LSDB.
OSPF OSPF.
.

OSPF ,
. ,
3, , , OSPF.
OSPF .
LSDB , .
. , , .
, OSPF. ,
, . , OSPF . .
OSPF 40
Internet.
OSPF 4 33000 , OSPF.
,
, , . ABR
, .
4.
239
, OSPF,
, ( show ip route summary), ,
LSDB. ,
.
200 280
44 .
LSA 100 ,
LSA, 60 100 . ( , .)
, Cisco IOS.
500 216 ; , 500 , 1664 . ,

512 , Internet .
Cisco IOS
.
, OSPF,
show memory, , OSPF. , , , OSPF.
show memory
. , .

OSPF
. , Cisco IOS - , .
OSPF , OSPF.
240
II. OSPF
OSPF LSA
.
. , LSA OSPF ,
, .
OSPF
,
.
, OSPF.
OSPF .
, OSPF.
OSPF
. OSPF , OSPF , LSA,
. OSPF LSA. ,
.
OSPF . OSPF .
. (.. ).
OSPF ,
, ,
OSPF . ,
OSPF, 8.
, ,
.
( ), , .
4.
241
OSPF

OSPF. , , . , OSPF . ,
, .
, , ,
OSPF , ,
. OSPF .
, ( 0).
OSPF
. , , OSPF.
, , ,
, (. 4.22).

. 4.22. ,

242
II. OSPF
, ,
. , , . , ,
. , .

7.
, ,
(ABR).
ABR. ,
ABR ,
, ,
ABR.
, , , , . OSPF
, ,
.

,

. ,
, , LSA .
(SPF)
, LSA.
,
.
.

OSPF (. 4.23) ,
. ,
. ,
( Ethernet).

.
4.
243
. 4.23. OSPF
OSPF
OSPF , ,
.
. , ,
,
. , .
Cisco ,
. ,
, IP,
, , IP
.
OSPF.
244
ip ospf hello-interval {default = 10 seconds}.

10 . ,
- . - ,
II. OSPF
, .
. , - , 15 :
interface ethernet I
ip ospf hello-interval 15
ip ospf dead interval {default = hello interval * 4}. , -

; 40 . , , , .
.
, - OSPF, 60 :
interface ethernet I
ip ospf dead-interval 60
ip ospf retransmission-interval {default = 5 seconds}. 5 . ,

LSA. LSA
, -
-. , - ,
. , - , 8 :
interface ethernet 2
ip ospf retransmit-interval 8
ip ospf transmit-delay {default = 1 second}. ; ,

? , , LSA .
.
,
, seconds, . ,
. , LSA
, 1 . , ,
.
, , 3 :
4.
245
ip ospf transmit-delay 3
ip ospf cost.
. ,
, LSA ( 1).
,
, .
, ,
. ip
ospf cost, bandwidth.
, :
108/
, .
,
.
56 / 1785.
64 / 1562.
1 ( 1,544 /)
65.
1 ( 2,048 /)
48.
Token Ring 4 / 25.
Ethernet 10 / 10.
Fast Ethernet 100 / 1.
Token Ring 16 / 6.
, ,
65:
interface ethernet
ip ospf cost 65
ip ospf mtu-ignore

, , . OSPF (Area ID AID)
. OSPF AID 32- ,
, IP-, . Cisco , , , , .
246
II. OSPF
AID 0.0.0.1 AID 1 .
AID 192.168.5.0 AID 3232236800

.
AID 1,
AID 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 ,
, . 32-
:
11000000101010000000010100000000

, , OSPF ,
, ,
. OSPF
. , . .
, ,
OSPF, - , RIP. (ASBR).
,
. ,
.

" OSPF" .
OSPF 0
OSPF. ,
.
( 0) OSPF. .
OSPF, , OSPF , .
ABR;
, ABR
.
.
4.
247
BGP
(Border Gateway Protocol ) OSPF.

OSPF ( 0) . OSPF ,
0.
0, . ,
OSPF OSPF,
, .

(. 4.24). , ,
.
OSPF,
.
, .
. 4.24.

,
OSPF ( 0).
, 0 .
, .
248
II. OSPF
, OSPF .
.
, .
' ,
OSPF .
, 0.
0 ().
. , . , OSPF
. . 4.25 OSPF.

( )
. 4.25. OSPF,
. 4.25,
.
.
. ,

.
,
, .
4.
249
, otto
.
, (.. ,
). OSPF . . (
, ). , , ,
, LSA.

. OSPF , .
, , , ,
. , .
, 0 OSPF 10000 . , . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 0 ,
. LSA OSPF.
,
LSDB . , , . , , , .
, , .
.
(Totally Stubby Area TSA).
He (Not-So-Stubby Area NSSA).
250
II. OSPF
,
. ,
, . ,
.
, , ABR, ABR, .
ASBR.

( , , , OSPF ).

, .
, .

area area-id stub
, ; , .
, . , LSA 14 , LSA 57 .
.
,
.
area area-id stub
:
area area-id default-cost cost
area area-id default-cost

cost, ABR 1. . 4.26, 4.34.6
, , . 4.26.
4.
251
15.2 RTE
. 4.26. OSPF
, 2
. 4.1
RTE 2 ,
4.3
2 .
4.1.
RTC#
interface Ethernet 0
ip address 203.250.14.1 255.255.255.0
interface Seriall
ip address 203.250.15.1 255.255.255.252
router ospf 10
network 203.250.15.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
network 203.250.14.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
RTE#show ip route
i - IS-IS, LI - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate
default
203.250.15.0 255.255.255.252 is subnetted, 1 subnets
203.250.15.0 is directly connected, SerialO
IA 203.250.14.0 [110/74] via 203.250.15.1, 00:06:31, SerialO
128.213.0.0 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
2 128.213.64.0 255.255.192.0
[110/10] via 203.250.15.1, 00:00:29, SerialO
IA 128.213.63.0 255.255.255.252
[110/84] via 203.250.15.1, 00:03:57, SerialO
0 131.108.79.208 [110/74] via 203.250.15.1, 00:00:10, SerialO
RTE ( IA)
203.250.14.0 128.213.63.0, () 131.108.79.208
( 2) 128.213.64.0.
2 , RTC RTE, 4.2.
252
II. OSPF
! 4.2.
RTC#
ip address 203.250.14.1 255.255.255.0
interface Seriall
ip address 203.250.15.1 255.255.255.252
router ospf 10
network 203.250.15.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
network 203.250.14.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
area 2 stub
RTE#
interface Ethernet0
ip address 203.250.14.2 255.255.255.0
interface Ethernet1
ip address 131.108.79.209 255.255.255.240
interface Seriall
ip address 203.250.15.1 255.255.255.252
router ospf 10
network 203.250.15.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
network 203.250.14.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 131.108.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 2
area 2 stub
stub RTE,
RTE
RTC. ,
RTC RTE 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
1.
4.3.
2
RTE#show ip route
i - IS-IS, LI - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
0 IA 203.250.14.0 [110/74] via 203.250.15.1, 00:26:58, SerialO
0 IA 128.213.63.0 [110/84] via 203.250.15.1, 00:26:59, SerialO
0 131.108.79.208 [110/74] via 203.250.15.1, 00:26:59, SerialO
0*IA 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [110/65] via 203.250.15.1, 00:26:59, SerialO
, , 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . ,
4.
253
65 (64 + 1, 64 1, 1 I
RTC). 4.4, - j
2 ]
0 . 0 . 0 . 0 10.
j
-
'
-- ~-
4.4. 2

RTCt
ip address 203.250.14.1 255.255.255.0
interface Seriall
ip address 203.250.15.1 255.255.255.252
router ospf 10
network 203.250.15.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
network 203.250.14.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
area 2 stub no-summary
RTE#show ip route
203.250.15.0 255.255.255.252 is subletted, 1 subnets
0 131.108.79.208 [110/74] via 203.250.15.1, 00:31:27, SerialO
0*IA 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [110/74] via 203.250.15.1, 00:00:00, SerialO
, ,
() 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . . 74
(64 + 10, 64 Tl, a 10 RTC).
- RTE. , no-summary,
stub, .

(Totally Stubby Area TSA)
Cisco OSPF. , ABR,
TSA, Cisco,
TSA .

no-summary,
. , () ABR
. OSPF .
254
II. OSPF
TSA ,
.
,
( TSA).
, OSPF,
, , .
, default-cost,
, TSA. .
router ospf I
area 1 default-cost 10000
He
2, NSSA RFC
OSPF. LSA ( 7), . NSSA
OSPF, , NSSA
LSA 5,
NSSA, , NSSA ; .
LSA NSSA
OSPF. , NSSA ,
LSA 7,
NSSA.
NSSA Cisco IOS 11.2

.
NSSA , , OSPF, .

, RIP. , . , NSSA
OSPF, , NSSA.
NSSA OSPF . 4.27.
4.
255
ASBR NSSA
RIP,
LSA 7
ABR NSSA
LSA 7 L.SA 5

. 4.27. NSSA OSPF
NSSA . , , ASBR , RIP. ,
NSSA. , RIP,
LSA OSPF 7 NSSA.
ABR NSSA ,
. ABR
LSA 7 LSA 5.
Internet
OSPF ,
, RIP EIGRP, NSSA . NSSA ABR RIP EIGRP. ,
. NSSA OSPF, ,
NSSA
(. 4.28). OSPF,
LSA 5 , .
NSSA1

OSPF-
172.19.89.0/24
19,2 /
'

. 4.28. NSSA OSPF
256
II. OSPF
NSSA
, , LSDB
OSPF, NSSA , .
,
RIP,
. , LSDB,
. , ,
, .
NSSA 7 .
ABR NSSA LSA 7 LSA 5, .
.
LSA 7 , . , NSSA ,
ASBR ABR, ASBR , ,
ABR 0 OSPF.
RFC 1587 , NSSA. RFC

NSSA.
NSSA
NSSA, .
7,
.

7, NSSA ABR .
, ,
, ,
NSSA; .
ABR NSSA,
4.
257
, .
OSPF NSSA .
area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
ABR
LSA 7
LSA 5 :
summary address prefix mask [not advertise]
[tag tag]

OSPF
OSPF . OSPF ( 0).
,
, . , .
, , . :
0;
, , 0.
, .

OSPF 0. , . , ,
.
, .
,
0.

, LSA
OSPF , OSPF ,
.
258
II. OSPF
, OSPF ,
, OSPF . ,
OSPF 0.
,
. ,
ABR, 0 (. 4.29).

()
. 4.29. 0
. 4.29, 0 .
, , 3, . , , .
, .
( 0) ABR,
, . 4.30. .

, , . -
4.
259
ABR, (. . 4.30). 4 0, ( 1) 0 .

. 4.30.
,
.

ABR.
OSPF , ,
, .
IP-
. ,
. , . ,
,
IP- ,
, .
260
II. OSPF
OSPF
. , . , .
, . , , . 4.31. ,
, ,

,
.
100-51.0.20.1/24
tol- 51.0.21.1/24
2-51.0.22.1/24
-51.0.23.1/24
(04-51.0.241/24
5-51.0.25.1/24
-51.0.26.1/24
k>7-S1.0.27.1/24
- 51.0.28.1/24
19- 51.0.29.1/24
)-100.0.20.1/24
-100.0.21.1/24
k>2-1000.22.1/24
to3-100.0.23,1/24
-100.0.24.1/24
5-100.0.25.1/24
6-100.0.26.1/24
107-100.0.27.1/24
tol-100.0.28.1/24
109-100.0.29.1/24
Puc. 4.31.
, OSPF RID
Morpheus Neo ( ...)
100. 4.5, Cypher .
4.
261
f 4.5. , ;
:> 'Vv" ; - ,3,- ^ft'
Cypherttshow ip route
U - per-user static route, - ODR
51.0.18.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:14, , SerialO. 1

51.0.19.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15i, SerialO. 1
51.0.16.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15i, SerialO. 1
51.0.17.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15i, SerialO. 1
51.0.22.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15i, SerialO. 1
51.0.23.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15i, SerialO. 1
51.0.20.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15', SerialO. 1
51.0.21.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15i, SerialO. 1
51.0.26.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15i, SerialO. 1
51.0.27.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15., SerialO. 1
51.0.24.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15i, SerialO. 1
51.0.25.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15i, SerialO. 1
51.0.28.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:15i, SerialO. 1
51.0.29.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:16 , SerialO. 1
51.0.0.3 [110/128] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:16, SerialO. 1
51.0.0.1 [110/64] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:16, SerialO. 1
51.0.0.4 [110/128] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:16, SerialO. 1
51.0.10.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:16 , Serial 0.1
51.0.11.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:16 , SerialO. 1
51.0.14.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:16 , SerialO. 1
51.0.15.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:16 , SerialO. 1
51.0.12.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:17 , SerialO. 1
51.0.13.1 [110/129] via 172.16.16.2, 00:37:17 , SerialO. 1
201.0.0.0 [110/75] via 172.16.16.2, 00:00:38, SerialO. 1
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA

172.16.16.0 is directly connected, SerialO. 1
10.0.0.0 is directly connected, EthernetO
11.1.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernetl
,
,
. ABR Neo Morpheus.
area area-id virtual-link router-id
area-id OSPF, , 0 .
0, , , . ( .)
262
II. OSPF
4.6
Neo.
[ 4.6. &'
Neo(config)#router 100
Neo(config-router)#area 201 virtual-link 100.0.29.1
Morpheus(config-router)#area 201 virtual-link 201.0.0.2

router-id RID
OSPF,
show ip ospf, 4.7.
4.7. RID OSPF ,,,
Morpheus*ihow ip opf
Supports opaque LSA
Area BACKBONE(0)
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 43. Checksum Sum Oxl441C8
Flood list length 0
Area 100
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 29. Checksum Sum OxF019F
Flood list length 0
Area 201
4.
263
Area ranges are

Number of LSA 76. Checksum Sum Ox287C6F
Flood list length 0
Morpheus*

OSPF .

. , - , .
.
, OSPF,
.
ABR. RID ,
.
,
. . 4.32
, Morpheus
Neo ( Trinity). ,
IP- OSPF TTL (Time-To-Live ),
SA (Source Address ) DA (Destination Address ). , RID Morpheus,
, Morpheus , 0 ( ).
264
II. OSPF
DIG Header
Frame 1 arrived at 16:06:05,8186; frane size is 78 (004E hex) bytes.
Destination Station 000<DD81FCA1
Source
- Station 0004DD81FE01
Ethertype
- 0800 (IP)
IP Header
4, header length = 20 bytes
ervice *" CO
* internetvork control
0 . . . . * normal delay
, 0, , * ! throughput
e
,0.. normal reliability
. ..0. * bit - transport protocol will ignore the CE bit
. . . .0e CE bit - no congestion
- 64 bytes
- 64
- OX
1
may fragment
E
lest fragment
Q bytes
1
254 sacondsXhops
\ IP: {Protocol
afl(QSPFIGP)
I IP; Header checksum
28feO (correct)
Source address
[201,0,1,2]
Destination address
[201.P.O.23
|IP: Ho options
IP:
OSPF :
OSPF:
OSPF.
OSPFOSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
O6PF:
OSPF
OSPF :
OSPF.
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF..
OSPF ,
OSPF:
OSPF;
OSPF'
OSPF,
Version = 2 .
Type = ] ((Hslla),
length - 44
Ec-uter ID
- [100 0 29.1]
Area ID
- [00. 0.0]
Hseder checksum * 5A9E (correct )
Authentication: Type = 0 (No Authentication).
lletvork mask
Hsllo interval
Optional capabilities
.0
.
. .1. . . .
. . ,0
.... 0. . .
0,.
1.
0
Router priority
Router dead interval
Designated routKr
Backup designated roxitK
Value - 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
[0.0 0.0]
= 10 (seconds)
- 22
* Opaque-LSAs not forvarded
= Denand Circuit bit
* External Attributes bit
* no KSSA capability
- no multicast capability
" external routing capability
- no Type of Service routing capability
1
40 (seconds)
" [0.0.0.0]
- [0.0.13,0]
. 4.32. ,
,
(DataBase
Descriptor DBD). . 4.33
. ,
, Morpheus .
4.
265
DIG Header
Frame 3 arrived at 16-06:06 4098; frame size is 326 (0146 hex) byte
Destination - Station 0004DD81FCA1
Source
Station 0004DD81FE01
Ethertype
0800 (IP)
IP Header
Version 4, header length

20 bytes
Type of service CO
B
110
internetwork control
.. 0
normal delay
.. . 0. . . * normal throughput
0.. normal reliability
D, K bit - transport protocol ill ignore the CE bit
0 CE bit - no congestion
Total length
312 bytes
Identification - 68
Flags
OX
.0
may fragment
. .0.
" last fragment
Fragment otfset " 0 bytes
* 254 seconds^hops
Time to live
Protocol
- 89 (OSPFIGP)
Header checksum " 2764 (correct)
Source address
- [201.0.1.2]
Destination address - [201,0.0.2]
UD options
OSPF:
OSPF: Version * 2. 2 (Database Description),
Length 292
OSPF; Router ID
- [100. 0.29.1]
OSPF; Area ID
[0,0. O.D]
OSPF: Header checksu 235 (correct )
OSPF: Authentication: Type 0 (No Authentication). Value 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
OSPF:
OSPF: Reserved
0
62
- OSPF: Optional capabilities
, 1 . . .... . Opaque-LSAs forvorded
- OSPF :
- OSPF:
. ,1. ... . * Demand Circuit bit
. . .0 . . . . = External Attributes bit
-B OSPF :
--BOSPF:
0 . . . no HSSA capability
a. , e" no multicast capability
-BdSPF:
r-j|OSPF:
1 . external routing capability
D * no Type of Service routing capability
-BOSPF;
- OSPF: Flags 02
-1 | OSPF :.... 0. , Hot init
-JioSPF: .... . . 1 . " More
-- OSPF:
0 Blawe
JBoSPF: Sequence number - 9330
-, SOSPF:
-MOSPF: Link State Advert isament Header $ 1.
* 0 ( seconds )
-S OSPF: Link state age
-j lOSPF: Optional capabilities 22
.0
Opaque-LSAs not forwarded
- OSPF :
. .1
" Demand Circuit bit
--, I OSPF :
... 0 . . . External Attributes bit
-1 \ OSPF :
-, SOSPF.
0 ... no KSSA capability
0 . . . no multicast capability
-j lOSPF:
1. - external routing capability
-1 lOSPF:
OSPF:
0 no Type of Service routing capability
* 1 (Router links)
-BOSPF: Link state type
[100 .0.29.1]
-BOSPF: Link state ID
-1 SOSPF; Advertising Router
[100 .0.29.1]
2147483649.
Checksum E359
- OSPF: Sequence number
Puc. 4.33. ()
266
II. OSPF
, 24
SOSPF- length
SOSPF:
80SPF: Link State Advertitsement Header *' 2,
- 0 (seconds)
OSPF; Link state age
OSPF: Opt ionai capahil i t ies
22
!
Opaque-LSAs not forwarded
.0
OSPF:
OSPF:
. .1 . .... Demand Circuit bit
. . .0 . . . * External Attributes bit
OSPF
OSPF:
.... 0 .... no HSSA capability
OSPF:
.0
" no multicast capability
OSPF:
1. extern! routing capability
, ,0 .
OSPF:
no of Sesrvios routing ca pabi. l.i ty
OSPF: Link state type
3 (Summary link (IF network))
OSPF: Link state ID

- [100.0.20,1]
[100.0.29.1]
OSPF: Advertising Router
OSPF: Sequence number
- 2147483649.
Checksum - 3AOS
OSPF: Length
29
OSPF
OSPF: Link State Advertisement Header *' 3,
OSPF: Link state age
0 (jMBCOnds)
OSPF: Optional capabilities 22
.0
OSPF:
Opaquo-LSAs not forvarded
. 1.
OSPF:
- Demand Ci rcu i. t, bi t
- External Attributes bit
OSPF:
. , .0
OSPF;
0 ....
no HSSA capability
0. , *
OSPF:
- no multicast capability
1. .
OSPF:
external routing capability
OSPF:
. ,. ., ,0 no Type of Service routing ca pability
OSPF: Link stat type
3 ( link (IP natvork)}
OSPF: Link state ID
* [100.0.21.1]
OSPF'
flOO 0 2S 11
2147463649,
OSPF: Setûence nunber
Checksu - 2F1D
28
OSPF Length
OSPF:
-JBOSPF: Link State Advertisement Header * 4,
... OSPF; Link state age
* 0 (seconds)
- JOSPFr Optional capabilities
22
=7
OSPF:
.0
Opaque-I.SAs not orvardd
JjOSrF:
. ,1. . . . . Demand Circuit bit
.... OSPF:
. . .0 . , ,. External Attributes bit
.... OSPF;
no HSSU capability
0 ....
*
0. . OSPF:
no multicast capability
..
.
1.
OEPF:
external routing capability
a
OSPF:
,
,
0
no
of Service routing capability
~
,, OSPF: Link state type
* 3 (Giifcmajy link (IP netrcrkj)
... OSPF. Link state ID
flOO 0,22 1]
UOO.O.Z9.1]
OSPF: Advertising Router
... OSPF: Sequence number
74364..
Checksum - 241A
SS
OSW : 'Length
...
OSPF:
...
OSPF; Link State Advertiaamsnt Hsader t S.
Q (seconds)
link
state
age
OSPF:
-
OSPF: Optional capabilities .
OSPF:
.0
Opaque- LSAs net forvarded
- OSPF:
. .1. ... - Demand Circuit bit
OSPF.
. . Q . . . . External Attributes bit
no HSSA capability
OSPF:
.... 0 .
....
OSPF:
0. . - no multicast capability
. , < . . . - extern! routing capability
~, OSPF:
OSFF
0
OSPF: Link state types
* 3 (Summery link (IP network) )
...
*
OSPF: Link state ID
[100.0.21.1]
""
OSPF: Advesrtisiiny Router
2147463649. Checksu 1924
OSPF: Sequence number
,., OSPF: Length
.28
OSPF;
OSPF ; Link State Advertisement Header * 6,
OSPF: Link state age

CJ (seconds)
...
OSPF: Optional capabilities
Opaque-LSA not forwarded
.0,
OSPF:
..
* Demand Circuit bit
. .1
OSPF:
OSPF;
. Q . . . . .External Attributes bit
0 . , . no N5SA capability
OSPF;
i[..,
_
u
i
..
[j.oo ..
Puc. 4.33. ()
4.
267
-J |OSPF:
:
N IOSFF
IOSPF:
H
IOSPF;
H
1-41 JOSPF:
loSPF;
... .0. . - no multicast capability

.... . . 1 . external routing capability
link state type
3 ( link (IF network))
link state 10
[100.0.24.1]
u
Advertising Router
[100.0.29.1]
Sequence number
= 2147483649.
Checksum - OE2E
length
= 28
i-J I OSPF :
-J 1 OSPF :
j OSPF:
1 OSPF : link State Advertisement Header * 7,
J OSPF ; link state age
0 (seconds)
hi JOSPF: Optional capabilities = 22
i OSPF :
.0
Opaque ISAs not forwarded
N
;-.| i OSPF :
. .1
= Demand Circuit bit
| OSPF ;
. . .0
\ OSPF:
0 . no NSSA capability
0. , no multicast capability
) OSPF :
iOSPF:
1 . = external routing capability
JOSPF:
JOSPF: link state type
3 (Summary link (IP network))
JOSPF: link state ID
[100. Q 25 1]
M JOSFF: Advertising Router

[100,0.29.1]
iOSPF: Sequence number
= 2147483649. Checksum 0338
JOSPF; length
28
-!
-1
"i
-1
j OSPF :
j OSPF : link State Advertisement Header # 8.
link state age

= 0 ( seconds )
-I j OSPF: Optional
capabilities = 22
-1
Opaque ISAs not forwarded
i OSPF :
i OSPF :
i OSPF :
.0
. .1
Demand Circuit bit
. . . 0 .... External Attributes bit
0 . .. . - no HSSA capabi 1 i ty
. . . 0. . no multicast capability
.... . .1, - external routing capability
\ OSPF : link state type
= 3 (Summary link (IP network))
j OSPF : link state ID
[100.0.26.1]
j OSPF : Advertising Router
= [100,0.29.1]
i OSPF : Sequence numbar
= 21474B3649.
Checksum - F742
j OSPF : length
28
\ OSPF .
JOSPF: link State Advertisement Header if 9,
) OSPF : link state age
= 0 (seconds)
\ OSPF : Optional capabilities 22
) OSPF :
.0
= Opaque- ISAs not forwarded
j OSPF :
. ,1
Demand Circuit bit
\ OSPF :
. . .0
I OSPF :
.... 0 ... no MSSA capability
JOSFF:
0 , . - no multicast capability
1 3 external routing capability
) OSPF :
JOSPF:
no Type of Service routing capability
0 JOSFF: link state type
= 3 (Su.mary link (IP network))
j OSPF : link state ID
[100,0.27.1]
JQSFF: Advertising Router
= [100.0.29.1]
e
I OSPF : Sequence number
2147483649.
Checksum - EC4C
- 28
- il j OSPF : leng t h
| OSPF :
) OSPF : link State Advertisement Header #10,
- & I 05FF : link state aga
Q (seconds)
) OSPF . Optional capabilities 22
i OSPF :
.0
- Opaque-lSAs not forwarded
"1
i OSPF :
JOSPF:
j OSPF :
I OSFF :
j OSPF :
-i
-1
,..|
"I
-l
-i"i1
-I--ii
ii
-*-i
11
"1
Puc. 4.33. ()
,
Morpheus Neo, Morpheus.
268
II. OSPF
. 4.34. ,
, Neo.
B-V DLC;
DIG Header-
1 !-Q DIC:
\ i- D1C: Fraae S arrived at 16:06:06.5715; frame size is 454 (01C6 hex) bytes,
[ J-.QDLC: Destination - Station 0004DD81FCA1
| U-Q DIC: Source
Station Q004DDB1FE01
i I-QDIC: Ethertype
- 080D (IP)
B-T :
IP Header
Version e 4. header length
20 bytes
Type o service = CO
110
- internetwork control
. ..Q . . e normal delay
.... 0, . . = noziiial throughput
- . . , ,D.. = ! reliability
.... . 0, ffi bit transport protocol will ignore the CE bit
..,
0 a CE bit - no congestion
Total length
" 44D bytes
Identification = 70
Flags
- OX
.0, , . . , = aay Iragaent
. .0
" last fragment
Fragaent offset * 0 bytes
Time tc live
* 254 secands-^hops
FrotoccI
= S3 (OSPFIGP;
Header checksuib - 2.E2 (correct)
Source address
* [201.0.2]
Desstiaetion eddi-wss
[201.0.0.23
Ho options
Version - 2,
Type 3 (Link State Request),
Router ID
- [100.0.29.1]
Ares ID
-[0,0,0.0!
Heeder checksum DF6B (correct)
Authentication: Type = 0 (No Authentication),
length 420
Value 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 OO
Link State Advertisement t 1

Link State type
1 (Router links)
link State ID
- [201.0.1,1]
Advertising Router - [201.0.1,1]
Link State type
1. (Router links!
Link State ID
- [201.0.0.2]
B
Advertising Router [201.0 Q.2]
Lank State Advertisement S 3
Link State type
- 1 (Router links)
Link State ID
- [172 .IS ,16 .1]
Advertising Router [172. lb. 16.1]
Link State Advertisewent S 4
Link State type
= 1 (Router links)
Link Slate ID
[51.0.0.1]
Advertising Router [Sl.O.O.lj
link State Advertisement * 5
Link State type
2 (Hetcork links)
Link State ID
[10.0.0.3]
Advertising Router * [201.0.0.2]
Link State Advert isi ent # &
Link State typo
3 (Simmary link (IP network
Link State ID
[201.0.1.0]
Advertising Router
[ 201 .0,1.1]
Link State Advert isensnt I 7
B
Link State type
3 (Summary link (IP network) )
Link State ID
[201.0.1.0]
Advertising Eouter s [201.0.0,2]
Puc. 4.34.
4.
269
Link State? ArivErtisement t

e
Link State type
Link State ID
[201.0.0,0]
Advertising Scuter [201.0,1.1]
Link Stata Advertisement t 9
Link State type
Link State ID
" [201,0,0,0]
Advertising Router [201.0,0.2]
Link State Advertisement Jt 10
Link State type
Link State ID
- [51.0.29.1]
Advertising Router [51 0 Q,l]
Link State Advertisement * 1,1.
Link State type
- 3 (Summery link (IP network))
Link State ID
[51.0,28.1]
Advertising Router [51.D.C.I]
.....
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
i OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF;
OSPF:
OSPF'
OSPF:
OSPF;
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPFOSPF:
OSPF :
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF;
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
O3PF:
OSPF.
OSPF:
OSPF:
QSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:

Link State type
3 (Sunutary link (IP network))
Link State ID
[51 0.27.1]
Advertising Router [51.0.0.1]
Link State Advertisement * 13
Link State type
Link Slate ID
[51.0.26.1]
Advertising Router " [51.0.0.1]
Link States Advertisement $ 14
Link State type
3 (Summery link (IP network))
Link State ID
[S1.0.!5,l]
Advertising Router - [51.O.Q.I]
Link State type
3 (Summary link (IP network!)
Link State ID
- [El.0.24.1]
Link State Advertisement Jf 16
Link State type
"* 3 (Summary link (IP network))
Link State ID
[51.0 23.1)
Advertising Router " [51.Q.O.I]
Link State Advertisement # 17
Link State type
* 3 (Summary link (IP network))
Link Stats ID
- [SI.0.22.1]
Advertising Router " [51.0 0 1]
Link State type
- 3 (Summary link (IP network))
Link State ID
" [51,0.21.1]
Advertising Router [51,0,0.1]
Link State type
Link Stats ID
[SI 0,20 1]
Link States Advertisement $ 20
Link State type
Link Stats ID
* [SI.D.19,1]
Advertising Router = [51.0 0.1]
Link State Advertisement # 21
a
Link State type
Link State ID
- [51.0 18,1]
Advertising Router [51,0.0.1]
Puc. 4.34. ()
270
II. OSPF
I OSPF:
\ OSPF; Link State Advertisement # 22
I OSPF; Link State type
= 3 (Sumaary link (IP network))
I OSPF: Link State ID
[51.0,17.1]
I OSPF: Advertising Router - [51.0.0.1]
I OSPF:
| OSPF: link State type
3 (Sunmary link (IP network))
| OSPF: Link State ID
" [SI.0.16.1]
I OSPF: Advertising Router = [SI.0.0.1]
IOSPF:
I OSPF: Link State Advertisement * 24
I OSPF: Link State type
- [51.0.15.1]
I OSPF; Advertising Router [51,0,0,1]
I OSPF:
I OSPF: Link State Advertisement f 25
IOSPF: Link State type
IOSPF: Link State ID
[51.0,14.1]
IOSPF: Advertising Router - [51.0.0.1]
|OSPF:
IOSPF: Link State Advertisement t 26
IQ5PF: Link State type
jOSPF; Link State ID
[51.0.13.1]
jOSPF: Advertising Router [51.0.0.1]
\ OSPF:
I OSPF; Link State Advertisement t 27
3 (Suaunary link (IP network))
- [51.0.12.1]
IOSPF: Advertising Router [51.0.0,1]
IOSPF:
IOSPF: Link State Advertisement * 28

- [51.0.11.1]
IOSPF: Advertising Router - [51.0.0.1]
I OSPF:
| OSPF;
Link State Advertisement #29
| OSPF;
Link State ID
- [51.0,10.1]
| OSPF:
Advertising Router - [51.0.0.1]
| OSPF:
| OSPF:
[51.0.0.4]
IOSPF: Advertising Router - [51.0,0.1]
|OSPF:
IOSPF: Link State Advertisement jf 31
|OSPF: Link State type
[51.0.0.3]
IOSPF: Advertising Router - [51.0,0.1]
IOSPF:
| OSPF: Link State Advertisement * 32
IOSPF; Link State type
3 (Suamary link (IP network))
I03PF: Link State ID
- [51 .0,0,1]
IOSPF: Advertising Router [51.0.0.1]
IOSPF:
IOSPF: Link States Advertisement 33
- 3 (Sumnary link (IP network))
- [11.1.1.0]
Puc. 4.34. ()

. , -
4.
271
. 4.8, Cypher , Morpheus.

: 4.8. , ,
Cypher
.
,
*;
:,
Cypher*show ip route
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
272

51.0.18.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.19.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.16.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.17.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.22.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.23.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.20.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.21.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO "
51.0.26.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.27.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.24.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.25.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.28.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:11, EthernetO
51.0.29.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 03:35:13, EthernetO
51.0.0.3 [110/74] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:13, EthernetO
51.0.0.1 [110/10] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:13, EthernetO
51.0.0.4 [110/74] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:13, EthernetO
51.0.10.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:13, EthernetO
51.0.11.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:13, EthernetO
51.0.14.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:13, EthernetO
51.0.15.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:13, EthernetO
51.0.12.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:13, EthernetO
51.0.13.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 03:35:13, EthernetO
100.0.21:1 [110/76] via 10.0.0.3, ,03:35:13, EthernetO
100.0.20.1 [110/761 via 10.0,0.3, 03:35:13, EthernetO
100.0.23.1 [110/76] Via 10.0.0.3, 03:35:13, EtheimetO
11)0.0.22.1 [110/76] via 10.0,0.3,"03:35:13, EthernetO
100.0.29.1 [110/76] via .0.0.3,- 03:35:13, EthernetO
-100.0.28.1 1110/76), via 10.0.0.3, 03:35:13, EthernetO
100.0.25.1 [110/76} via 10.0.0.3, 03:35:13-, EthernetO
.100.0.24.1 [110/76] via 10.0.0.3,-03:35:13, EthernetO
100.0.27. (110/76]. via 10 .0.0 .'3,. 03:35:13 ,, EthernetO
, EthernetQ
100.0.26.1 [110/76]via1 10:0.0.3, 03:35:13,
201.0.1.0 [110/75] via 10.0.0.3, 03:35:13, EthernetO
201.0.0.0 [110/11] via 10.0.0.3, 03:35:15, EthernetO
172.16.16.0 is directly connected, SerialO .1
II. OSPF


Cypher*
Cypher , , . 4.9 Neo.

' 4.9. , , j
Neo
. !
;
Neo#show ip ospf virtual-links
Virtual Link OSPF_VL1 to router 100.0.29.1 is up
Run as demand circuit
DoNotAge LSA allowed.
Transit area 201, via interface FastEthernetO/1, Cost of using 65
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Adjacency State FULL (Hello suppressed)
First 0x0(01/0x0(0) "Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Neo#

OSPF

, OSPF.
. , ( ) , , .
, ,
, .
. ,
neighbor;
.
neighbor
. .
4.
273

, OSPF
. neighbor , . , . ,
.

( IP, ATM), .
neighbor .
( ) Cisco IOS
, .
ip ospf cost. ,
. , ,
. .
OSPF, , neighbor ( ):
neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number]
, , , ,
ip ospf cost.
.
NBMA.

, ,
. 4.2, .
4.2.

- ip ospf network

point-to-multipoint
274
II. OSPF
. 4.2
OSPF - router ospf

process-id

neighbor ip-address
cost number

. , , ip ospf cost.

, , , , . 4.3, .
4.3.

- ip ospf network
- point-to-multipoint
. . 4.2
non-broadcast
OSPF - router ospf

process-id

neighbor ip-address
cost number

. , , ip ospf cost.

Web-:
www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/iosl20/12cgcr/cbkixol.htm
OSPF
OSPF ,
SPF. ,
- SPF.
4.
275
:
timers
spf
spf-delay spf-holdtime
OSPF

Ethernet , OSPF . ,
, OSPF . , OSPF ( ) . , .
OSPF Ethernet :
passive-interface type number
OSPF . OSPF ,
. , .
OSPF . OSPF .
, , .
.

,
.
, ,
.
276
II. OSPF
, ^ (split horizon) NBMA ( Frame

Relay .25), , - ( IPX
(Internetwork Packet Exchange ), RIP/SAP AppleTalk).
, ,
, . ,
(Permanent Virtual Circuit PVC) Frame
Relay Frame
Relay. , Frame Relay , ,
,
, .

, , .
TCP/IP Cisco ,
Frame Relay, .
,
IPX AppleTalk. ,
.

Frame Relay . .
. , , .

Cisco , . .
, , . ,
,
. ,
,
1

, .
4.
277
Frame Relay ,
.

.
,
.
OSPF ,
- -
. - (. 4.4).
4.4. - ;
- ': : 4

10
40
30
120
10
40
10
40

ospf network type, debug ip ospf events
, 4.10.
, R Received (), Configured ( ). ; .
; 4.10. debug ip ospf eventaf
Apoc . t . V " :> : " . !_,-," ''.- : - -.- , , ,. '-',,,-"luiy,
Apoctdebug ip OSPF events
*Mar 1 01:38:54.259: OSPF: Rev hello from 172.16.16.1 area 2
from SerialO 172.16.16.1
*Mar 1 01:.38:54.263: OSPF: Mismatched hello parameters from 172.16.16.1
*Mar 1 01:.38:54.263: Dead R 40 120, Hello R 10 30 Mask R 255.255.255.252
255 .255.255.252
from Seriall.l 51.0.0.3
*Mar 1 01:,39:01.991: OSPF: End of hello processing
*Mar 1 01:39:04.187: OSPF: Mismatched hello parameters from 172.16.16.1
*Mar 1 01:39:04.191: Dead R 40 120, Hello R 10 30 Mask R 255.255.255.252
255 .255.255.252
from ,Seriall.l 51.0.0.4
*Mar 1 01:39:05.331: OSPF: End of hello processing
Mar 1 01:39:14.199: OSPF: Rev hello from 172.16.16.1 area 2
278
II. OSPF'

*Mar
*Mar
1 01:39:14.203: OSPF: Mismatched hello parameters from 172.16.16.1

1 01:39:14.207: Dead R 40 120, Hello R 10 30 Mask R 255.255.255.252
255.255.255.252
1 01:39:24.199: OSPF: Rev hello from 172.16.16.1 area 2
Mar 1 01:39:24.203: OSPF: Mismatched hello parameters from 172.16.16.1
*Mar 1 01:39:24.207: Dead R 40 120, Hello R 10 30 Mask R 255.255.255.252
255.255.255.252
Apoc#u all
All possible debugging has been turned off
Apoc#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Apoc(config)tint sO
Apoc(config-if)#ip ospf network ?
broadcast
non-broadcast
point-to-multipoint Specify OSPF point-to-multipoint network
point-to-point
Apoc(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point
Apoc(config-if)#AZ
Apoc*
*Mar 1 01:43:46.831: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Apoctdebug ip ospf events
OSPF events debugging is on
Mar 1 01:44:05.291: OSPF: End of hello processing
*Mar
from OSPF_VLO 172.16.16.1
*Mar 1 01:44:10.387: OSPF: Interface OSPF_VLO going Up

:

, OSPF .
,
Frame Relay ATM .
(Frame Relay), ,
. OSPF -
4.
279
neighbor . - I
IP- , ,
!
, .
OSPF
OSPF . , neighbor,
. , .
, ( ) Cisco IOS
, .
, ,
OSPF
.

(DLCI),
. ,
, DLCI . .
DLCI.
1000 DLCI, ,
10- . DLCI
( ), 1000.
(Local Management
Interface LMI). LMI (
ANSI, Annex D ITU-T) ,
.
DLCI 800,
(Maximum Transmission Unit MTU).
LMI Cisco ( LMI " " Gang of Four, ), .
NBMA ,
.
- ,
.
OSPF . , , , .
280
II. OSPF
, ,
. 4.35.
Spoke_Router2
Hub Router!
. 4.35.
. 4.35, Hub_Routerl Spoke_Router2, Spoke_Router3 Spoke_Router4, .

, .
.
1.
ip ospf network point-to-multipoint.
2. OSPF
router ospf process-id.
3. neighbor ip-address cost

number.
4. 3 ,
.
,
ip ospf cost.
4.
281
4.11 , . 4.35. Cisco IOS 11.3.

Cisco IOS.
frame-relay map ip address dlci
broadcast.
4.11. : *
, . 4.35
. , ,
interface Serial
ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0
frame-relay local-dlci 100
router ospf 1
network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
neighbor 10.0.1.2 10
Spoke_!Rduter2f
interface Serial 0
ip address 10.0.1.2 255.255.255.0
frame-relay local dlci 101
j
I
j
router ospf 1
network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 10.2.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 2
Spoke_Router3f
interface Serial 0
ip address 10.0.1.3 255 .255.255.0
i
router ospf 1
network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 10.3.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 3
i1
j
|
i
j
Spoke_Router4#
interface Serial 0
ip address 10.0.1.4 255.255.255.0
"
j
1
!
282
j
|
'
II. OSPF
router ospf 1
network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 10.4.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 4
static frame-relay map,

DLCI IP- ARP (Inverse ARP IARP).
Frame Relay IP-,
() Frame Relay ,
Ethernet, (HDLC) Frame
Relay, , "/" - IP-
,
IP- ( Inverse ARP).
(frame-relay map) IP- ( IP-
),
DLCI, - IP-.
4.12 show ip ospf interface
Hub_Routerl . . ,
, OSPF.
I
4.12. , OSPF,

Hub_Routerl#show ip ospf interface serial 0

Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DOWN,
4.13 show ip ospf interface

Hub_Routerl OSPF .
j 4.13. , OSPF,
OSPF
j
I
Hub_Routerl#show ip ospf interface serial 0

4.
283

Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT,
4.14 show
neighbor .
ip
ospf
1 4.14. OSPF
Hub_Routerl#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID
Pri
State
1
10.0.1.2
FULL/ 10.0.1.3
1
FULL/ 10.0.1.4
1
FULL/ -
Dead Time
00:01:30
00:01:30
00:01:30
Address
10.0.1.1
10.0.1.1
10.0.1.1
Interface
SerialO
SerialO
SerialO
,
. DR BDR,
NBMA.
, , ,
LSA .
show ip ospf neighbor, 4.15.
4.15. OSPF '*J
Spoke_Router2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID
Pri
State
10.0.1.1
1
FULL/ -
Dead Time
00:01:52
Address
10.0.1.2
Interface
SerialO

Neighbor ID
Pri
State
10.0.1.1
1
FULL/ -
Dead Time
00:01:52
Address
10.0.1.3
Interface
SerialO

Neighbor ID
Pri
State
Dead Time
10.0.1.1
1
FULL/ 00:01:52
Address
10.0.1.4
Interface
SerialO

, OSPF. ,
. show debug , ,
284
II. OSPF |
OSPF. show debug,

,
OSPF.
show ip ospf neighbor.
show ip ospf interface.
show ip ospf virtual.
debug ip ospf packet.
debug ip ospf events.
show frame-relay map.
show frame-relay PVC.
, , , , OSPF Frame Relay NBMA .
:
OSPF
,
, , .
,
. ,
,

.
.
Terrapin Pharmaceuticals 25 ,
. Terrapin Pharmaceuticals (Research Triangle Park) , ,
Cisco Systems. ,

Terrapin Pharmaceuticals.

IBM SNA
(Systems Network Architecture )
56 /.
IBM 3174
56 / SDLC (Synchronous Data Link
Control ).
4.
285
Novell NetWare 4.0, ,

Ethernet.
Ethernet
3270 ( ) IBM. Ethernet SNA, Terrapin, .
, Terrapin , .
Terrapin Pharmaceuticals . 4.36.
Terrapin Pharmaceuticals
- 30 Cisco
- IP/IGRP IPX/RIP
- TN3270
- SNA SDLC 3174
JeBGP
Internet
-/
Internet
25
50-150

,
Etherne
IBM 3174
Novell IPX

Ethernet
mm

- SNA
Ethernet
/
Novell IPX
TCP/IPL
Ethernet
( SNA)
IBM 3725
(FEP)
. 4.36. Terrapin Pharmaceuticals
286
II. OSPF

Terrapin
3174,
Frame Relay.
. .

Ethernet 10 /, 30 Cisco .
IPX/RIP
TCP/IP, IGRP.
OSPF, TCP/IP .
-, OSPF, TCP/IP
, Frame Relay.
OSPF, ,
, .
, .

Frame Relay
Terrapin , , , . , Frame Relay "/".
. 4.37.
( ) 56 /, (Point-ofPresence POP) Frame Relay (Permanent
Virtual Circuit PVC), (Committed Information Rate CIR) 32 /, 1. 1 , , , , .
CIR 1 384 /.

, TCP/IP,
IPX Novell,
. (Information
4.
287
Services IS) , SNA, IBM 3174 Frame Relay .

TCP/IP TN3270 (Telnet), .
Terrapin Pharmaceuticals
- 30 Cisco
- IP/IGRP IPX/RIP
- TN3270
- SNA SDLC 3174

Frame Relay
itiiiUtt^tfittM
IP/IPX
Novell IPX
Internet
-/
Internet

Ethernet
/
|
Novell IPX L
TCP/IP
Ethernet
|
IP/IPX

__^_
- ,
"-N
- ciFrâ /
( SNA)
56 /

,
CIR = 32 /
. 4.37. , , "/ "

IS ,
Frame Relay .
288
II. OSPF
Novell.
- - .

Frame Relay 25
10% (3 ) 3 ( ). 30 Cisco, 50
TCP/IP IPX Ethernet.
IP
Terrapin Pharmaceuticals IP- , RFC 1918. 172.17.0.0 24- ( /24
255.255.255.0). IP 172.17.1.0172.17.55.0. 50150 IP ,
.
Internet
Terrapin Pharmaceuticals Internet . IGRP ", "

IGRP, IGRP.
(Demilitarized Zone DMZ) Internet. , Internet Cisco Terrapin, Internet, - (Network Address Translation NAT).

IS , IGRP OSPF
Cisco. Frame Relay OSPF OSPF . OSPF,
IGRP
.

OSPF IGRP OSPF.
4.
289
, ,
OSPF, .
. 4.38 OSPF,
Terrapin.
172.17.64.0/24
172.17.65.0/24
172.17.66.0/24
172.17.67.0/24

. 4.38. Frame Relay Terrapin Pharmaceuticals,
OSPF

,
,
. , OSPF,
, , IP.
IP
, IP-,
32 ( /24
255.255.255.0). 172.17.64.0/19
, OSPF. , Frame
Relay (172.17.64.0/19)
OSPF (. 4.39).

,
50-150 , -
290
II. OSPF
/24 ( ) , /24
172.17.64.0/19 25 .
254 . , .
, IGRP, . , .

,
1
30
IGRP

Ethernet

^

-
,
IGRP
2
64 OSPF

OSPF
Frame Relay

30

""
- 64 OSPF
. 4.39. IP
172.17.65.0172 .17.90.255.
Ethernet
. IP- , 172.17.64.0/19. Ethernet IP- 172.17.10.240/24.

IP- , , Frame Relay Cisco
. ,
Frame Relay -
4.
291
,
(
).
IPX
, . IPX RIP - . , ,
, .
IPX , IPX .

, IP IPX.
TCP/IP, /30. IP-

/24 (172.17.95.0). , 4.16.
| 4.16.
RTP_HQ#
interface serial 0
encapsulation frame-relay ietf
no ip address
interface serial 0.1 point-to-point
description PVC to Cumberland router
ip address 172.17.95.1 255.255.255.252
ipx network 179500
frame-relay interface-dlci 401 broadcast
description FVC to west LA router
ip address 172.17.95.5 255.255.255.252
ipx network 179504
OSPF
( 50 ), OSPF.
"" OSPF, OSPF
IGRP OSPF.
OSPF ,
.

OSPF. OSPF
64, /19, -
292
II. OSPF
,]
CIDR,
. , BGP , 5775,
OSPF , :
Router(config)* router ospf 5775
Terrapin,
, ,
ASBR ,
OSPF IGRP
.
Frame Relay 64, ( 0) , ,

ABR . . 4.40 OSPF, Terrapin.
OSPF IGRP1
( )
DMZ
Internet
-/
Internet
,
IGRP
(0.0.0.0)

EthernetO

OSPF
1
IGRP
OSPF
64 OSPF
30

64
Frame Relay

OSPFABR/ASBR
Frame Relay
172.17.0.0/16
( 172.17.65.0-172.17.90.254,

)
. 4.40. OSPF
OSPF
OSPF, Frame Relay . DR/BDR ,
4.
293
. .

,
OSPF.
64 OSPF
WhatlsTheMatrix. OSPF, Frame Relay,
OSPF . OSPF
, 4.17.
) 4.17. OSPF
ip address 172.17.95.1 255.255.255.252
ip ospf authentication-key WhatlsTheMatrix
ipx network 179500
I
router ospf 5775
area 64 authentication
OSPF, Cisco
service password-encryption.

, OSPF
, - .
, .. , .
- OSPF
Cisco ,
, . -, 10, 40 120, Cisco,
( 4.18).
294
II. OSPF
4.18.
Terrapin
RTP_HQ#
description LAN connection to campus backbone
ip address 172.17.10.240 255.255.255.0
I
ip address 172.17.95.1 255.255.255.252
ipx network 179500
I
description PVC to west LA router
ip address 172.17.95.5 255.255.255.252
ipx network 179504
!
router ospf 5775
network 172.17.95.0 0.0.0.255 area 64
area 64 authentication

OSPF IGRP Frame Relay (ASBR),
, .
,
OSPF IGRP.
,
.

Frame Relay
, Frame Relay. ,
.
OSPF IGRP.
IGRP.
OSPF IGRP.
OSPF IGRP.
OSPF IGRP ,
IGRP
/24, OSPF. IGRP
4.
295
.
6.

Cisco internal, IGRP OSPF.
OSPF/IGRP. ( Frame
Relay OSPF,
.)

IGRP ,
IP /30. IGRP , /30. IP,
IP- Frame Relay.

IGRP.
IGRP.
OSPF IGRP.
IGRP /30
24-
, IGRP /24, . 172.17.95.0
255.255.255.0, NullO (..
). IGRP , IGRP . , 172.17.95.0/24,
, . ,
, ,
IGRP. , 4.19, , .
RTP_HQ#
router igrp 10
network 172.17.0.0
passive-interface serial0.1:0.30
default-metric 10000 100 255 1 1500

redistribute ospf 5774 match internal
redistribute static
distribute-list 3 out static
ip route 172.17.95.0 255.255.255.0 nullO
access-list 3 permit 172.17.95.0
passive-interface
IGRP .
default-metric IGRP ,
( ), IGRP.
IGRP
, , ,
, MTU. Ethernet 10 1000010025511500.
, , OSPF IGRP. , ,
OSPF
IGRP .
OSPF ABR
ASBR, OSPF
. , Ethernet 0 OSPF.
(RTP_HQ) ABR /24
(172.17.95.0/24). 24-
,
IGRP , IGRP, 4.20.
| 4.20. ; V: '
OSPF
. .
;
. , . - ' - ' ' ^'.'"'5L;~'.'.
RTP_HQ#
router igrp 10
network 172.17.0.0
passive-interface seria!0.1:0.30
default-metric 10000 100 255 1 1500
router ospf 5775
4.
297
network
network
area 64
area 64
172.17.64.0 0.0.0.255 area 64

172.17.10.240 0.0.0.0 area 0
range 172.17.64.0 255.255.255.0
authentication
OSPF IGRP

IGRP , OSPF IGRP . ,
IGRP () ASBR
.

,
IGRP,
, . .
IGRP OSPF.
OSPF.
IGRP
OSPF , 4.21.
| 4.21. IGRP
! OSPF
RTP_HQ#
router ospf 5775
redistribute igrp 10 metric 100 metric-type 1 subnets
metric 100 , IGRP,

OSPF.
metric-type 1 IGRP
1. OSPF
OSPF.
subnets , OSPF 172.17.0.0 .
, OSPF, , ( )
, ,
. ( 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 )
,
ASBR. ,
298
II. OSPF
,
,
.
4.22.
4.22.
RTP_HQ#
router ospf 5775
default information originate metric 100 metric-type 1
. 4.40 , . , OSPF (
IP OSPF), Terrapin,
OSPF IGRP
. OSPF ,
,
;
.
4.
299
...
^5^ OSPjff''
^ OJ|PF
jj
^%
: ^^..
% OSJ^P**
^^: ^^R)*SPF
|^^1: ceTb^SPF |
|1^ ^
388
'% Jr
,<; ; ,
OSPF.
,
:
.
.
",
'",.
'. .
- '
'*
'':',
,
>
;
OSPF. ,
, OSPF. ,

-, OSPF: ,
OSPF.
OSPF.
. , .
: , . OSPF.

OSPF
OSPF ,
(LSDB)
. ,
SPF ,
(
': , LSDB, .
,
,

:, [ -
, Fast
Ethernet 1.
OSPF ,
, .
/,
"" .
, , OSPF. . OSPF
:
= /
(
8
RFC) 100 000 000, 10 ,
.
, ( ), OSPF. , Ethernet 10 / 108/107 = ,
1 108/1 544 000 = 64. OSPF
:
= 100 000 000 / (/)
. 5.1 OSPF ,
.
~*"~
~;
"
* '
"
"
,-,..,
[ 5.1. OSPF ,
|

( 10)
56000
DSO
64000
1
1 544 000
1
2 048 000
Token Ring
4 000 000
Ethernet
10000000
1785
1562
65
48
25
10
16000000
T3
44 736 000
100000000
3
1
1 000 000 000
OC-3
155520000
OC-12
622 080 000
5. ...
OSPF
Token Ring
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
..-,
303
, OSPF 1. , ,
Gigabit Ethernet, -3 ,
1. , , OSPF , .
, . OSPF.
, , , OSPF ,
. , . 5.1, Headquarters 192.213.11.0
Manufacturing 20 (10+10). ,
Headquarters 222.211.10.0 Sales
15 (10+5) Manufacturing 15 (10+5).
, OSPF .
ip cost
Cisco IOS 10.2 OSPF Cisco, , . , Cisco
IOS 64 / 1 OSPF, ,
, . ,
. Cisco IOS 64 /, 1 , . , , .
, ,
ip ospf cost value,
.
,
ip ospf cost value. ,
OSPF, , , .
T r i n i t y ( c o n f i g ) # int fastethernetO/0
T r i n i t y ( c o n f i g - i f ) # ip ospf cost ?
<l-65535> Cost
T r i n i t y ( c o n f i g - i f ) t i p ospf cost 10
OSPF
.
304
II. OSPF
'
:
;
!
}
j
',
)
Headquarters
( - )
128.213.0.0/24
: 10
Manufacturing
Sales
: 5
192.213.11.0/24
Marketing
: 10
222.211.10.0/24
)
Headquarters
( - )
: 10\
,\
/ : 10

Headquarters :
128.2)3.0.0/24
192.213.11.0/24
222.211.10.0/24
10 (
(
Manufacturing)
15 (10+5) (
Manufacturing,
Marketing}
. 5.1. , Headquarters

OSPF
Cisco IOS , OSPF .
OSPF
5. ...
305
auto-cost reference-bandwidth ref-bw. 100, /,

100 100 000 000 /. .
.
OSPF OSPF.
,
.
, referencebandwidth OSPF . . 5.2 .

! 5.2. OSPF, |
I
, \

(
10)
OSPF
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
10000000
100000000
10
1 000 000 000
1
1
, , OSPF.
Trinity(config)# router ospf 100
Trinity(config-router)#auto-cost reference-bandwidth 7
<l-4294967> The reference bandwidth in terms of Mbits per second
. 5.3, , 100 000 000 000, OSPF.

5.3. OSPF, i

i

(
1010)
OSPF
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
10000000
100000000
10000
1000
1 000 000 000
100
Cisco IOS 12.0

auto-cost reference-bandwidth, , Cisco
306
II. OSPF
IOS ospf , .
ospf auto-cost reference-bandwidth ref-w
show ip ospf interface, 5.1.

5.1.
Trinity*show ip ospf interface

Process ID 100, Router ID 201.0.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost; 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State UP, Priority 1
No designated router on this network
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State UP, Priority 1
No designated router on this network
SerialO/1.1 is up, line protocol is up
Process ID 100, Router ID 201.0.1.1, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State UP,
Trinity*

OSPF
OSPF .
, .
OSPF .
( ).
OSPF, , . - - OSPF , .
5. ...
307
, OSPF . , ,
. , OSPF
.
:
, LMI, Frame Relay;
,
( 10 ).
Token Ring FDDI .

Ethernet .
- OSPF
, . ,
-
, OSPF,
, - .
-
3, OSPF

OSPF ( keepalive). 10
(Ethernet) 30 (Frame Relay).
,
OSPF.
, , .
Trinity(conf ig) # int fastethemetO/0
T r i n i t y ( c o n f i g - i f ) # i p ospf hello-interval 7
<l-65535> Seconds
- , , .

.
-
- , . -
308
II. OSPF
-
ip ospf dead-interval; .
Trinity(config)# int faO/0
Trinity(config-if)# ip ospf dead-interval ?
<l-65535>
Seconds
-
- . , -
40
120 .
-
- . -
.
- SPF
OSPF -
OSPF ,
SPF. , ,
SPF. timers spf , . , OSPF ,
, , LSA,
.
- ,
, LSA , .
, , , .

( SPF). ,
LSDB, . ,
. , , ,
.
Cisco IOS SPF.
OSPF . , -,
OSPF ( LSA) , SPF,
. OSPF 5
. :
5. ...
309
Trinity(config)# router ospf 100

Trinity(config-router)ttimers spf ?
<0-4294967295> Delay between receiving a change to SPF calculation
Trinity(config-router)#timers spf 5 ?
<0-4294967295> Hold time between consecutive SPF calculations
- -
. - ,
- ( ), ,
, SPF ( 10 ).
, , 7
, , , 3 , 10 SPF.
,
OSPF , .
OSPF , , , . , OSPF

, .
, OSPF Cisco. OSPF Cisco OSPF, . ,
, .

. . 5.4 , .
i 5.4. OSPF
OSPF
ip ospf cost cost

ip ospf hello-interval
seconds
310
OSPF

,
Cisco IOS OSPF (-
)
II. OSPF
. 5.4
OSPF
ip ospf dead-interval
seconds
, OSPF,
(- )
timers spf seconds seconds
SPF
ip ospf priority number
,
OSPF (. 2)
ip ospf retransmit-interval ,
seconds

LSA , OSPF (- ;
. 3)
ip ospf transmit-delay
seconds
, OSPF (- ; . 3)

2
(RID) OSPF .

RID - . , Cisco IOS 12.0(1)
. routerid, .
Trinity(config)ttrouter ospf 100
Trinity(config-router)#router-id 7
A.B.C.D OSPF router-id in IP address format
Trinity(config-router)#router-id
, RID . RID ,
OSPF, OSPF . clear ip ospf process reload.
Trinitytclear ip ospf ?
<l-4294967295> Process ID number
counters
OSPF counters
process
Reset OSPF process
redistribution Clear OSPF route redistribution
Trinityttclear ip ospf process
Reset ALL OSPF processes? [no]: yes
5. ...
311

OSPF , no router ospf ,
router ospf .., .

OSPF RID
IP-, .
, IP-, , OSPF
RID
.
IP- IP-
, .
IP- , OSPF IP-,
, IP-.
,
RID
OSPF.
OSPF , IP- RID. , IP- , RID. IP- .

, OSPF IP- RID.
, RID OSPF
Cisco ,
, IP-, . , RID
. . , Ethernet, .
interface loopback 0 . 5.2.
312
II. OSPF
j 5.2.
Trinity* config terminal
Trinity(config)# interface loopback 0
Trinity(config-if)# ip address 10.251.11.1 255.255.255.255
Trinity(config-if)# description Configured to be OSPF Router ID

OSPF . RFC 2328
( 129, )
/32. , , . ,
5.3, , /32 , .
5.3. ,
/32
j
'
HAL9000#show ip route
0 IA
51.0.16.1 [110/77] via 192.168.254.71, 00:00:09, EthernetO
0 IA
51.0.17.1 [110/77] via 192.168.254.71, 00:00:09, EthernetO
0 IA
51.0.18.1 [110/77] via 192.168.254.71, 00:00:09, EthernetO
0 IA
51.0.19.1 [110/77] via 192.168.254.71, 00:00:09, EthernetO
0 IA
51.0.20.1 [110/77] via 192.168.254.71, 00:00:09, EthernetO
' , -1.0'.0.0/32 is subnetted," 1 subnets
0
1.1.1.1 [110/11] via 192.168.254.71 00:00:10, EthernetO
100.0'.0.0/32 is'subnetted, 5 subnets
0
100.0.20.1 [110/75] via 192.168.254 .71, 00:00:10, EthernetO
0
100.0.21.1 [110/75] via 192.168.254 .71, 00:00:10, EthernetO
0
100.0.22.1 [110/75] via 192.168.254 .71, 00:00:10, EthernetO
0
100.0.23.1 [110/75] via 192.168.254 .71, 00:00:10, EthernetO
0
100.0.24.1 [110/75] via 192.168.254 .71, 00:00:10, EthernetO
5. ...
313
4, , (DR), (BDR), . ,
DR, ( ) DR. ,
(
1), DR ( RID). , 0, DR.
ip ospf priority 4

2, OSPF , . ,
, OSPF.
OSPF .
. , , .
. , , .
1. , OSPF.
, :
= +
.
2. , OSPF. , .
. ,
2 OSPF.
, ,
, ,
IP.
, 5.4. , .
314
II. OSPF
5.4. ,
:
HAL9000#show ip route
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, Q OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

"; N1 - OSPF'NSSA external type,.!, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type "2.
;:, El - OSPF external type 1, E2 -itQSPE external type "2, E - EGP
, ( OSPF)
OSPF .
: 1 (1) 2 (2). IP 1 2.
.
. , .
. 5.2 , .
( 2)
N1=x+A+B
( 1)
RTC

N1 = + ( 1)
N2 = ( 2)
,

12(12)
.

N1 1
N2 2
. 5.2.
OSPF
, .
5. ...
315
1. .
2. .
3. 1.
4. 2.
1
OSPF ; ,
1 , OSPF,
. OSPF
, ,
OSPF .
, .
2
OSPF; ,
, 2 OSPF . , , 1.
2 , , , . , OSPF. . 5.2 .
1 2
, ,
OSPF . , , , ,
, , .
,
. ,
.
1
OSPF 1, 1, , .
, OSPF ,
, .
, 1,
, OSPF. ,
316
II. OSPF
OSPF ,
1
. 1
;
.
OSPF
(, Internet). 1
.
, ,
.
1 .
2
, 2.
, ABR, , 2 , ,
.
1
().
2 1
( 6).
,
OSPF.

ABR (.. ), ABR
, . ABR, ,
, .
ABR, .
ABR, .
.
ABR , ABR, .
, ,
. -
5. ...
317
, .
, ABR, (.. ),
ABR , .
( ,
, , ). , ,
. , ; , , , . 5.3.

. 5.3.
, , (, ),
. IP . , ,
.
IP IA.
OSPF
OSPF Cisco .
, OSPF,
OSPF OSPF .
OSPF , ABR (
, ) ASBR. , ,
OSPF,
,
318
II. OSPF
. , .
OSPF ,
. OSPF . , .
OSPF
, OSPF Cisco,
.
1. , OSPF . OSPF,
. OSPF 165535.
2. , OSPF. , , .
, OSPF, .
,
.
1. OSPF, . :
HAL9000(config)#router ospf ?
<1-65535> Process ID
2. network ( ),
OSPF, .
:
HAL9000(config)#router ospf 100
HAL9000(config-router)#network ?
A.B.C.D Network number
HAL9000(config-router)network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
network 24- ,
10.
network . OSPF ,
OSPF . OSPF , .
5. ...
319
network
network OSPF .
;
. , , 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 (/24),
network 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 ,
OSPF.

( ).

, .
network 10.10.10.1 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 area
, 0 10.10.10.1. , 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
. ,
, .

, ,
, .
, OSPF . , OSPF . 10.10.31.0-10.10.95.0, OSPF
.
:
HAL9000(config)router ospf 100
HAL9000(config-router)#network 10.10.0.0 0.0.31.255 area 0

, , ,
, ,
.
10.10. 0.
0. 0. 31.255
10.10. 64.
0. 0. 31.255
10.10. 31.255
10.10. 95.255
OSPF ,
, .
,
,
, -
.. , OSPF ,
. , ; -
320
II. OSPF
. Windows
, router ospf. no router ospf 1, OSPF,
. Windows .
, , shut/no shut,
, ,
, OSPF.
OSPF
OSPF network.
OSPF
. . OSPF
OSPF, .
1. , OSPF
.
, (
, , ).
2. , OSPF , DR
BDR, priority ,
.
DR .
3. , .
4. OSPF router
ospf process-id, .
5. network OSPF, , ,
.
router ospf 109
network 130.10.8.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 1 7 2 . 2 5 . 6 4 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 1
ABR
ABR OSPF , , ,
, ,
OSPF . .
5. ...
321
1. , ABR
. , area
area-id stub, OSPF .
2. area area-id default-cost,
.
.
3. area range ,
, ,
.
router ospf 109
network 130.10.8.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 172.25.64.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
area 1 range 130.10.8.0 255.255.255.0
4. , OSPF.
- , , OSPF.
,
.
area area-id authentication
area area-id authentication message-digest
ip ospf authentication-key
ip ospf hello-interval
ip ospf dead-interval
timers spf spf-delay spf-holdtime
show ip ospf border-routers ABR .

8.
ASBR
ASBR OSPF
ABR. .
1. OSPF, , , OSPF, .
2. OSPF, " OSPF".
3. network
OSPF, , , .
router ospf 109
network 130.10.8.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 172.25.64.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
4. area range, , .
322
II. OSPF
, ASBR
ABR.
summary-address, ASBR.
router ospf 109
network 130.10.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 130.10.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 130.10.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 172.25.64.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
area 1 range 130.10.1.0 255.255.252.0
area range , ,
, . (
OSPF .)
5.
OSPF ,
ASBR , .
router ospf 109
redistribute rip subnets metric-type 1 metric 12
network 130.10.8.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 172.25.64.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
area 1 range 130.10.8.0 255.255.255.0
router rip
network 128.130.0.0
passive interface s 0
default-metric 5
,
, show ip ospf border-routers. 8.

OSPF
OSPF ABR.
.
1. OSPF, , , OSPF, .
2. OSPF, " OSPF".
3. network
OSPF, , , .
router ospf 109
network 130.10.8.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 172.25.64.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
4. area range, ABR, , .
5. ...
323
router ospf 109

network 130.10.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 130.10.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 130.10.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 172.25.64.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
area 1 range 130.10.1.0 255.255.252.0
OSPF

OSPF
.

OSPF. OSPF . OSPF , . ,
OSPF .
Cisco IOS ,
. 5.5.
-, - -
.
5.5. , OSPF
Cisco IOS

Frame Relay
NBMA
Ethernet , DR/BDR
,
OSPF . , .
(Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI).
(SMDS (Switched
Multimegabit Data Service ), Frame Relay, X.25, ATM).
(ATM Frame Relay).
(HDLC, ).
324
II. OSPF

OSPF . ,
(NBMA). OSPF
,
.
OSPF ,
. , ,
, ip ospf network:
HAL9000(config-if)tip ospf network ?
broadcast
non-broadcast
point-to-multipoint Specify OSPF point-to-multipoint network
point-to-point
OSPF
,
OSPF .
NBMA, , , ,
. , NBMA ,
. .

, , . ,
, .
.
, , OSPF, , OSPF.
,
OSPF .
,
.
, ( ).
frame-relay map, , ip ospf network point-to-point. OSPF NBMA
,
.
5. ...
325
Frame Relay interface dlci. OSPF , , ,

.
, , ,
OSPF,
, , OSPF,
. ip ospf network type
OSPF , .

, , . , ,
. OSPF DR/BDR DR
BDR, OSPF . OSPF Ethernet . , . 5.4.

DR
128
LoO: 192. 168.1.1
123
LoO: 192.168.2.1
100:192.168.3.1
123
LoO: 192.168.4.I
DR ( ) BDR ( D)
. 5.4.
326
II. OSPF
, , ,
.

,
OSPF ,
. OSPF,
OSPF.
OSPF.
OSPF , OSPF, .
Frame Relay . ,
OSPF .
OSPF.
, .
.
, .
2.
2 Frame Relay
(Inverse Address Resolution Protocol IARP)
frame-relay map. Cisco IOS, Frame Relay,
. , . 5.5.
, , ,
.

OSPF
; OSPF.
OSPF
( ). OSPF
, . ,
.
5. ...
327
DR
128
LoO: 192.168.1.1
BDR
D
D
' 123
LoO: 192.168.4.1
123
LoO: 192.168.3.1
;
DR BDR ( D)
. 5.5.
OSPF
.
,
neighbor.
IP
.
, .
OSPF ,
,
,
,
( ).
328
II. OSPF
,
,
, OSPF, OSPF, .
LSDB
LSA,
, DR. , . 5.6.

-

,
. DR BDR
. 5.6.
, , ,
.

, OSPF
, . 5.7.
DR BDR .
OSPF
OSPF.
5. ...
329
j S1 -
202 NJP- 10.0.0.2
. 5.7.
, . 5.7, , .
BigDaddy DLCI 201
Ken, DLCI 202 Kelley,
a DLCI 203 .
Ken DLCI 101 BigDaddy, a DLCI 102 .
DLCI 401 Ken, a DLCI 402 BigDaddy.
Kelley DLCI 301
BigDaddy.
,
Frame Relay broadcast. 5.5 BigDaddy, Ken,
Kelley, .
I 5.5.
!
! BigDaddy
hostname BigDaddy
j
interface serial 1
ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
ip ospf network point-to-multipoint
frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.1 201 broadcast
router ospf 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
330
II. OSPF
! Ken
hostname Ken
;
interface serial 0
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
i
router ospf 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
hostname
i
interface serial 3
ip address 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.0
clockrate 1000000
i
router ospf 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
! Kelley
hostname Kelley
;
interface serial 2
ip address 10.0.0.3 255.0.0.0
clockrate 2000000

t
router ospf 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

OSPF , , ,
OSPF.
,
. , . 5.8.
, , .
, D. , ,

, ,
.
5. ...
331
Trinity
Neo
Trinity
Morpheus
Trinity
Zion
Neo
Trinity
Neo
Neo
Morpheus
Morpheus
Morpheus
Trinity
Zion
Trinity
Morpheus
Neo
Zion
Neo
Morpheus
Zion
Zion
Morpheus
,
, DR/BDR
. 5.8.
LSDB LSA, , DR.

. 5.6 5.7 , OSPF
. (Trinity Morpheus), serial 0/1 . ,
OSPF .
.
OSPF .
OSPF . , network OSPF.

> 5.6. Trinity

OSPF
interface SerialO/1
description CONNECTION TO MORPHEUS
interface SerialO/1
description CONNECTION TO MORPHEUS (sO/1)
ip address 201.0.1.1 255.255.255.252
(sO/1)
no ip address
ip ospf network point-to-point
clockrate 64000
clockrate 64000
frame-relay intf-type dee
broadcast
interface SerialO/1.1 point-toframe-relay intf-type dee
point
ip address 201.0.1.1
router ospf 100
255.255.255.252
332
II. OSPF
. 5.6

OSPF

!
router ospf 100
network 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 2 5 4 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5
area 201
network 2 0 1 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 2 7 area 201

network 201.0.1.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 area 201
!
network 2 0 1 . 0 . 0 . 0 0.0.0.127 area

201
network 201.0.1.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 area 201
5.7. ,";;-V;;
Morpheus

interface SerialO/1
description CONNECTION TO TRINITY
no ip address
!
interface
SerialO/1.1
point-topoint
ip
address
201.0.1.2
255.255.255.252
!
router ospf 100
network 100.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area
201
network 201.0.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 201
,.'
' ' _"; '; '^V|,.\""-.j
OSPF
interface SerialO/1
description CONNECTION TO TRINITY
ip address 201.0.1.2
255.255.255.252
broadcast
!
router ospf 100
network 100.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area
201
network 201.0.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 201
!

, OSPF. OSPF OSPF.
"
OSPF" 2 " " 4.
, OSPF network (
).

OSPF
network OSPF. 5.6
5. ...
333
, OSPF
109 OSPF: 10.9.50.0, 2, 3 0.
10.9.50.0 2 ,
; 3 OSPF ,
0 OSPF (
, ).
5.6.
interface ethernet
ip address 131.108.20.1 255.255.255.
ip address 131.108.30.1 255.255.255.0
ip address 222.209.20.1 255.255.255.0
***
***
router ospf 109
network 131.108.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 10.9.50.0
network 131.108.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 2
network 222.209.20.1 0.0.0.0 area 3
network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0
LSA OSPF , LSA . . 5.8 ,

LSA .
. .
,~.* . _.~,
. ,, ., , v ~ ~_...,,- ,,. . -,,,.~~.*,..
.~.,*~~,~.
~,
~.
.~ - ~*-j
! 5.8. LSA,
LSA

,
)
(
DR)
ABR ( ABR)
ASBR ( ASBR)
(
ASBR)
(
NSSA ABR)
LSA . 5.9.
OSPF
IP-, . , ,
, , -
334
II. OSPF
.
. 5.10. .
,
.
,
, .
TwibiLSA
1 -
2 -
3- ABR
4 - ASBR
5 -
7 - N5SA
. 5.9. LSA

OSPF
( 0)
56.0.0.0/8
. 5.10. OSPF
5. ...
335
.
1. ( ).
2. , ,
. 5.10.
, IP. ,

, , IPv6.
,
ABR.
, 3 ,
, "
, 150.98, 3".
Cisco :
area 3 range 150.98.0.0 255.255.0.0
area range ,
. ,
(. 5.11).
. 5.11.
336
II. OSPF
, LSA, . 2 3, LSA
. 201, . 5.11, Neo ABR, , 5.7, .
I 5.7. Neo
:
>
'
'"'^'
Neo# show ip route

0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA

100.0.21.1 [110/66] via 201.0.0.1, 00:23:23, FastEthemetO/1
100.0.27.1 [110/66] via 201.0.0.1 00:23:24, FastEthernetO/1
5. ...
337

[110/65] via 10.0.0.1, 00:22:04, FastEthernetO/0

IA
0
Neo#

OSPF ,
,
OSPF. , , .
LSA , .
. 5.9 LSA, .
5.9. LSA,
LSA
(
,
)
(
DR)
ABR ( ABR)
ASBR ( ASBR)
(
ASBR)
(
NSSA ABR)
. 5.12 , LSA . , ABR

.
, area stub, 5.8,
,
.
338
II. OSPF
_.
.1
2\ IV
1
2-
3 - ABR
4 - ASBR
5 -
7 - NSSA
. 5.12. LSA,
\ 5.8.
!
j
router ospf 100
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 201
network 201.0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 201
network 201.0.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 201
!
Trinityttconf t
Trinity(config)trouter ospf 100
Trinity(config-router)Sarea. 201 stub
End with CNTL/Z.
!
i
router ospf 100
area 201 stub
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 201
network 201.0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 201
network 201.0.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 201
,
, .
, LSA ,
, Neo, Trinity Morpheus
5. ...
339
, 201 OSPF .
, , 201
(. 5.13).
11.1.1.0/24'
14
Frame Relay
DLCI100
172.16.16.0/30
I SO. I
" 172.16.16.1/30
--'ftameRetey
1510.0.2/29(512!
"**.
1
H
I
""*
'
^
172.16.16.2/30
51
51000/16
eO
10.0.0.2/2S

I 10.0.0.0/16
faO/O
10.0.0.3,
Ia0/1
201.0.0.2/S5
201
201.0.0.0/16
loO-100,0.20.1/24
lol. 100.0.21.1/24
2-100.0.22.1/24
-100.0.23.1/24
104-100.0.24.1/24
loS-100.0.25.1/24
106-100.0.26.1/24
1o7-100.0.27.1/24
108-100.0.28.1/24
109-100.0.29.1/24
Puc. 5.13. 201
Trinity
201
, 5.9, , LSA 5, RIP,
Trinity 201,
OSPF 2 ( ).

! 5.9. Trinity
| 201
Trinitytshow ip route
Codes: - connected, S - static, 1 - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, - BGP
340
II. OSPF

51.0.14.1 [110/67] via 201.0.0.2, 00:02:56 FastEthernetO/1
0
100.0.21.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:
00:02:56,
:02 :56, SerialO/1 .1
0
100.0.20.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00
00:02:56,
:02 :56, SerialO/1 .1
0
100.0.23.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00::02 :56, SerialO/1 .1
0
100.0.22.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00::02 :56, SerialO/1 .1
0
100.0.29.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00 :02 :56, SerialO/1 .1
0
100.0.28.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00::02 :56, SerialO/1 .1
0
100.0.25.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00::02 :56, SerialO/1 .1
0
100.0.24.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00::02 :56, SerialO/1 .1
0
100.0.27.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00::02 :57, SerialO/1 .1
0
100.0.26.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00::02 :57, SerialO/1 .1
201.0.1.0 is directly connected, SerialO/1.1


0 IA
0 IA
0 E2
11.1.1.0 [110/20] via 10.0-0.1,'.' 00:00:07, FastEthernetO/0
Trinity*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
Trinity
201
, 5.10,
201 .
, . Neo ( ABR 201) . , show ip ospf database , 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .
5. ...
341

5.10. 0.0. .
Trinity#show ip route
0
100.0.21.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:16:50, SerialO/1.1
0
100.0.20.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:16:50, SerialO/1.1
100.0.23.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:16:50, SerialO/1.1
100.0.22.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:16:50, SerialO/1.1

0
100.0.29.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:16:50, SerialO/1.1
100.0.28.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:16:50, SerialO/1.1

0
100.0.25.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:16:50, SerialO/1.1
100.0.24.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:16:50, SerialO/1.1

0
100.0.27.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:16:51, SerialO/1.1
0
100.0.26.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00:16:51, SerialO/1.1


0 IA
0 IA

0*IA 0,0.0.0/0 fUO/2) via .201.0.0,2, 00:16:52, FastEthernetO/1
Trinity*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
342
II. OSPF

, , ABR
no-summary, ( LSA 3) .
ABR, .
LSA ,
. . 5.10 LSA, .
" " "
~~"
...
5.10. LSA,
:
LSA
1
2
3
4
5
7
(
,
)
(
DR)
ABR ( ABR)
ASBR ( ASBR)
(
ASBR)
(
NSSA ABR)
. 5.14 , LSA . , ABR

.
5. ...
343
>
ISA
1 -
2-
3 - ABR
4 - ASBR
5 -
7 - NSSA
. 5.14. LSA,
OSPF ABR area stub no-summary, 5.11.
5.11. OSPF
( ,
)
!
i
router ospf 100
area 201 stub
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 0
network 201.0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 201
!
Neoftconf t
Neo(config)trouter ospf 100
Neo(config-router)#area 201 stub no-summary
Neo(config-router)#*Z
Neo#
End with CNTL/Z.
!
router ospf 100
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 0
network 201.0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 201
344
II. OSPF
, nosummary ABR. ABR ,

- LSA. ,
, 201 (. 5.15).
. 5.15. 201
ABR
, , 5.12. , Trinity ,
201, . ,
, : "
, ABR, ". , , ,
OSPF, , OSPF ( 0).
5. ...
345
: 5.12.
100 .0 .21..1 [110/65]
00 :05 :32, SerialO/1 .1
100 .0 .20..1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00 :05 :32, SerialO/1 .1
100 .0 .23..1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00 :05 :32, SerialO/1 .1
100 .0 .22..1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00 :05 :32, SerialO/1 .1
100 .0 .29,.1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00 :05 :32, SerialO/1 .1
100 .0..28..1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00 :05 :32, SerialO/1 .1
100 .0 .25..1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00 :05 :32, SerialO/1 .1
100 .0..24..1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00 :05 :33, SerialO/1 .1
100 .0..27..1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00 :05 :33, SerialO/1 .1
100 .0..26..1 [110/65] via 201.0.1.2, 00 :05 :33, SerialO/1 .1


0*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/2] via 201.0.0.2, 00:05:50, FastEthernetO/1
Trinity*

(NSSA)

.
NSSA OSPF
OSPF . , NSSA
,
OSPF. , OSPF ,
, , ,
.
OSPF
ASBR; NSSA. NSSA
ASBR
. ASBR
.
NSSA , ,
RFC, , Cisco IOS.
346
II. OSPF
NSSA , . NSSA ,
. , , LSA 5, ,
, LSA 5
. RFC NSSA
LSA ( 7), OSPF.
NSSA , , . ,
(
RIP, ).
NSSA
NSSA :
( , RFC)
NSSA. NSSA ,
LSA .
NSSA . , NSSA
, NSSA
, .
NSSA
. 5.11 , LSA NSSA
| 5.11. LSA, NSSA j
LSA
2
3
4
5
7
( , )
(
DR)
ABR ( ABR)
ASBR ( ASBR)
(
ASBR)
(
NSSA ABR)
5. ...
347
. 5.16 , LSA .
|_5
1 -
2 -
3 ABR
4 * ASBR
5 -
7 - NSSA
. 5.16. LSA, NSSA
NSSA
NSSA. 5.13 , 201
NSSA.
5.13.
NSSA

router ospf 100
area 201 stub
network 192.168.254, 0.0.0.255 area 201
network 201.0.0.0 0, 0.127 area 201
network 201.0.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 201
!
Trinitytconf t
End with CNTL/Z.
Trinity(config)#router ospf 100
Trinity(config-router)#no network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 201
Trinitylconfig-router)tfexit
348
II. OSPF
Trinity(config)#router rip
Trinity(config-router)network 192.168.254.0
Trinitylconfig-router)trouter ospf 100
Trinity(config-router)#no area 201 stub
Trinityfcpnfig-router)tarea 201 nssa
Trinity(config-router)tredistribute rip subnets
Trinity(config-router)#*Z
Trinity*
!
I
router ospf 100
'-area 201 nssa
redistribute rip subnets
network 201,0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 201
network 201.0.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 201
i
router rip
network 192.168.254.0
. 5.17 , 201
NSSA. ,
Trinity RIP.
, 201 NSSA, ,
, RIP (N2), RIP . 5.14.
_,.
.-_ ^.
,t
--
_, ,
,_,_...
..
_,
.^-.
--. -
~ (- *
5.14. NSSA
Neo#show ip route
El - OSPF external type 1, E2 - QSPF external type,2, E - EGP
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
51.0. 0.0/32 is subnetted, 18 subnets

51 .0..18. 1 [110/66] via 10 .0.0 .2 , 00:23:48 , FastEthernetO/0
51 .0 .19. 1 [110/66] via 10 .0.0 .2 , 00:23:48 , FastEthernetO/0
51 .0,.22. 1 [110/66] via 10 .0.0 .2 , 00:23:48 , FastEthernetO/0
51 .0,.21. 1 [110/66] via 10 .0.0 .2 , 00:23:49 , FastEthernetO/0
51 .0,.0.3 [110/65] via 10. 0.0.2, 00:23:49, FastEthernetO/0
51 .0..0.1 [110/1] via 10.0 .0.2 , 00:23:49, FastEthernetO/0
51 .0..0.4 [110/65] via 10. 0.0. 2, 00:23:49, FastEthernetO/0
5. ...
349
IA
0 IA
0 IA

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
[110/65] via 10.0.0.1, 00:23:51, FastEthernetO/0

2
0 N2 192.168.254,0/24 110/201, via ,201-0.0,, 00:23:53, .FastEthemetQ/1
Neo#
toO-100.0.20.1/24
tol 1.0.21.1/24
k)2-100.0.22.1/24
103-100.0.23.1/24
-100.024.1/24
k>5-100.0.25.1/24
M-100.0.26.1/24
107-100.0.27.1/24
-100.0.21.1/24
109-100.0.29.1/24
Puc. 5.17.
350
II. OSPF
, , NSSA,
. ,
ABR NSSA.
Neolconfig-router)ttarea 201 nssa
default-information-originate
no-redistribution
no-summary
<cr>
7
Originate Type 7 default into NSSA area
No redistribution into this NSSA area
Do not send summary LSA into NSSA

NSSA
. 5.12 ,
LSA. , ABR
.
5.12. LSA,
NSSA
. * .
LSA
(
, )
(
DR)
ABR (
ABR)
ASBR ( ASBR)
(
ASBR)
( NSSA
ABR)
2
3
4
5
7
;
j
NSSA,
, area number nssa nosummary. NSSA
no-summary,
ABR. Morpheus. 5.15, ABR ( Neo)
, (192.168.254.0), Trinity, LSA 7;
, N2.
5.15. , NSSA,

'
'
Horpheus#show ip route
5. ...
351

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, "-, OSPF NSSA -external type 2
i - IS-IS, LI - is-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
100.0.20.0 is directly connected, LoopbackO
100.0.21.0 is directly connected, Loopbackl
100.0.22.0 is directly connected, Loopback2
100.0.28.0 is directly connected, LoopbackS

0
201.0.0.0 [110/65] via 201.0.1.1, 00:09:03, SerialO/1.1
0 N2- 192.168.254.0/24 [110/20] via 201.0.1.1, 00:09:03, SerialO/1.1
0*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/66] via 201.0.1.1, 00:09:03, SerialO/1.1
Morpheus*
NSSA
ABR
NSSA ( Neo)
( ), NSSA ( 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 0 ) .
.

ABSR NSSA, ,
. , , ,
NSSA.
ABR NSSA
, .
N2. , 5.16.
i
; 5.16. NSSA
W.
. W , A. .._^,rf*
.A,.,,'.,. *.'.v.
:**~
fV_,m....,
-,lv~.
.,,.
;'
-.
.1,, , -
. . , _ , , , J,,.,.
1
,
,,.".
t^WJ
*** ***
201.0.0.0 [110/65] via 201.0.1.1, 00:04:16, SerialO/1.1

0 IA
172.16.16.0 [110/130] via 201.0.1.1, 00:04:16, SerialO/1.1
352
II. OSPF
0 IA
10.0.0.0 [110/66] via 201.0.1.1, 00:04:17, SerialO/1.1
0 N2 192.168.254.0/24 [110/20] via 201.0.1.1, 00:04:17, SerialO/1.1
0*N2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 201.0.1.1, 00:04:17, -SerialO/1.1.
no-redistribution
NSSA
ABR ASBR. . , , , , , , ABR. ,
,
. , ABR
. , , . , , . 5.18.
Trinity ABR,
0,
201,
ASBR,
. 5. IS. NSSA,
, Trinity LSA. 0 ( 5) 201 (
5. ...
353
7). , , , ,
OSPF Cisco ,
ABR/ASBR
( Trinity). ABR/ASBR NSSA
LSA 7 NSSA .
LSA 7 ,
NSSA,
.
router ospf 100
area 201 nssa no-redistribution
5.17 , Morpheus
7.

5.17. *'
no-redistribution
Morpheustfshow ip route
0 N2
5.5.5.0 [110/20] via 201.0.1.1, 00:07:25, SerialO/1.1
0 IA
201.0.0.0 [110/65] via 201.0.1.1, 00:42:38, SerialO/1.1
0 IA
10.0.0.0 [110/66] via 201.0.1.1, 00:42:38, SerialO/1.1
192.168.254.0/24 is directly connected, EthernetO/0

Trinity no-redistribution, 5.18.
5.18. NSSA "|

no-redistribution
Trinitylconfig)trouter ospf 100
Trinity(config-router)#area 201 nssa ?
default-information-originate Originate Type 7 default into NSSA area
no-redistribution
No redistribution into this NSSA area
no-summary
Do not send summary LSA into NSSA
354
II. OSPF
<cr>
Trinity(config-router)#area 201 nssa no-redistribution

BGP, N2. ,
5.19.
!
5.19.
no-redistribution
. , -
...
. * . . . . . .
....---
-,
. . . - . .
i
;
~-1
.
.
.
Morpheustshow ip route
0 IA
201.0.0.0 [110/65] via 201.0.1.1, 00:00:30, SerialO/1.1
0 IA
10.0.0.0 [110/66] via 201.0.1.1, 00:00:30, SerialO/1.1
192.168.254.0/24 is directly connected, EthernetO/0

S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 201.0.1.1
Morpheus*
LSA 7 NSSA
,
192.168.254.0/24
OSPF. OSPF . , . , LSA 7 NSSA. LSA
ASBR NSSA ABR NSSA:
router ospf 100
summary-address 192.168.254.0 255.255.255.0 not-advertise
LSA 7,
LSA 5 ABR NSSA.
area default-cost
, , ,
ABR .
5. ...
355
'
ABR. , ABR ,
.
, , ABR. , . ,
ABR , , . , , , . , ,
, area
default-cost
.
. 5.19 , Oracle, ABR 201.
B2-si.o.a.i/a
I03-51.0.2S.I/H
-51.0..1/
. 5.19. , ,

, Neo, Oracle.
5.20 Trinity .
356
II. OSPF
i
:
5.20. ,

*** ***
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, I subnets
IA
10.0.0.0/25
192.168.254.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthemetO/0

0*IA 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 0 [110/2] via 201.0.0.4, 00:00:32, FastEthernetO/1
[110/2] via 201.0.0.2, 00:00:32, FastEthernetO/1.
, Oracle
0 Ethernet. , Neo Fast Ethernet,
, Oracle, . 5.215.23 , .

5.21. OSPF: , ;
!
' '. .'
-'/ '_ _ - ' .-. ' ;\_''.. -. ,-;/< .'^'>* ','''. ]
router ospf 100
network 10.0.0.4 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 201.0.0.4 0.0.0.0 area 201
area 201 stub

| 5.22. OSPF:
[
Oracle#conf t
Oracle(config)#router ospf 100
Oracle(config-router)#area 201 default-cost 7
<0-16777215> Stub's advertised external route metric
Oracle(config-router)#area 201 default-cost 55

5.23. OSPF:

|
]
router ospf 100

network 10.0.0.4 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 201.0.0.4 0.0.0.0 area 201
area 201 stub
area 201 default-cost 55
5. ...
357
show ip route Trinity, 5.24, ,

, Neo.
;"" ""''
..,-....,......
~ ..,,.
,,-_ - . . ~ . ~ . , . . , . . . . , , ~ . . , * _ ,
wT
" ' :\"-;j
; 5.24. area '

i default-cost
i
,,
!,, ,^,
,.
,_.,,,
,, __,__., ,,
, ,
,_ ..
, ., ,
,.
-1.*, ^- ,
*** ***
172.16.0.0/30 is subnetted, I subnets
IA
IA

5.25, LSDB Trinity ,

.
!
5.25. LSDB , .
; area default-cost
Trinitytshow ip ospf database

OSPF Router with ID (201.0.1.1)
(Process ID 100)
*** ***
Link ID
0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
10.0.0.0
10.0.0.0
ADV Router
201 .0. 0,.2
201 .0. 0..4
201 .0. 0..2
201 .0. 0,.4
Age
372
246
314
320
Seq#
0x80000001
0x80000004
0x80000008
0x80000007
Checksum
Ox8DE4
Ox999D
OxFFEO
0x5086
Neo ,
Trinity LSDB ,
, Oracle.
Trinity
, Oracle. ,
56,
5.26.
5.26. 1
| ,
1
I default auto-cost
j
*** ***
IA
IA

358
II. OSPF

OSPF
. OSPF ABR. OSPF
(VLSM),
. OSPF . ,
ABR.

, . 5.13. , .
5.13. , OSPF

NSSA
, . 5.13 OSPF, , .
. IP
, , .
. , , .
.
, OSPF,
.
. , , , . .
, , , , , .
,
, 51, IP-
"" 51 . ,
, ,
5. ...
359
51.0.0.0/16. , 201. 5.27

show ip route Cypher; , 5 1 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 1 6 2 0 1 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 1 6 .
5.27. '!
:
:
area-range ,,, ' - : ,./:'<. ;* ''^ '-'-; ,-'-. ' /';'>':_ '.'.
Cypher#show ip route
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
IA
0 IA
IA
0 IA
360

51.0.18.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.19.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.16.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.17.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 , 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.22.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 , 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.23.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 . 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.20.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.21.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.24.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.0.3 [110/74] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.0.1 [110/10] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.0.4 [110/74] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.10.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 00:00:05, EthernetO
51.0.11.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 00:00:07, EthernetO
51.0.14.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 00:00:07, EthernetO
51.0.15.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2 00:00:07, EthernetO
51.0.12.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 0.0:00:07, EthernetO
51.0.13.1 [110/75] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:07, EthernetO
100.0.21.1 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4, 00:39:46 EthernetO
100.0.20.1 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4 00:39:46 EthernetO
100.0.23.1 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4 00:39:46 EthernetO
100.0.22.1 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4 00:39:46 EthernetO
100.0.29.1 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4 00:39:46 EthernetO
100.0.28.1 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4, 00:39:46, EthernetO
100.0.25.1 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4, 00:39:46, EthernetO
100.0.24.1 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4, 00:39:46, EthernetO
100.0.27.1 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4, 00:39:46, EthernetO
100.0.26.1 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4, 00:39:46, EthernetO
201.0.1.0 [110/84] via 10.0.0.4, 00:39:46, EthernetO
201.0.0.0 [110/20] via 10.0.0.4, 00:39:46, EthernetO
172.16.16.0 is directly connected, SerialO .1
II. OSPF

0 IA 192.168.254.0/24 [110/21] via 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 4 , 0 0 : 3 9 : 4 8 , EthernetO
Cypher*
OSPF ABR , , () .
.
ABR
. , .
, , , , ABR
, ,
, ,
.
5.285.30 Cypher
0,
51 201. , , ,
area-range. ,
, ABR , .

I 5.28. area-range |
(
,
;
i
router ospf 100
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
network 51.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 51
network 172.16.16.0 0.0.0.3 area 0

5.29. area-range

.
;
;
Apoctconf t
Apoc(config)ttrouter ospf 100
End with CNTL/Z.
Apoc (config-router)#area 51 range 51.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 ?

advertise
Advertise this range (default)
not-advertise DoNotAdvertise this range
<cr>
Apoc (config-router)#area 51 range 51.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 advertise
5. ...
361
Apoc(config-router)#*Z
Apoct

j 5.30. area-range
|
"
i
router ospf 100
area 51 range 51.0.0.0 255.255.0.0
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
network 51.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 51
network 172.16.16.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
, area-range not-advertise.
, area-range,
. ,
area-range
51.0.0.0/16 . 5.31 , ,
. , .
5.31. Cypher
i
Cypher*show ip route
i - IS-IS, LI - is-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
51.0.0.0 [110/10] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:03,, EthernetO
0 IA
100.0.0.0 [110/85] via 10.0.0.4, 00:00:33, EthernetO
172.16.16.0 is directly connected, SerialO.l



0 IA 192.168.254.0/24 [110/21] via 10.0.0.4, 00:45:45, EthernetO
0 IA 201.0.0.0/16 [110/20] via 10.0.0.4, 00:00:28, EthernetO
Cypher*
0 IA
362
II. OSPF
OSPF

OSPF, , OSPF.
OSPF
(.. ) , .
0 255. , , .
, 255, , , . . 5.14.
! 5.14.
[
/
, 1

EIGRP
5
BGP
20
EIGRP
90
IGRP
100
OSPF
110
IS-IS
115
RIP-1 MRIP-2
120
EGP
140
EIGRP
170
BGP
200

255
, OSPF :
, . , , , , , , . OSPF
110.
OSPF, , -
5. ...
363
,
distance ospf. , , ,
, 200.
OSPF :
distance ospf {[intra-area distl]
[inter-area dist2]
[external dist3]}
, ,
.
, , .

,
, , .
OSPF .
,
OSPF .

, . ,
, , .
.
. , . , Cisco OSPF .
, OSPF
(Equal-Cost Multiple Path )
.
Cisco
.
( ), .

, , no ip route-cache.

OSPF
,
364
II. OSPF
,
. maximum-paths, OSPF, .
, OSPF.
5.32 ,
192.168.1. 1 2. OSPF
. maximum-paths OSPF
.
5.32. ,
,, ... ,
' ; ,
:
R2ttehow ip route
default
172.16. 0. 0/24
172. 16 .8 .0
172. 16 .4 .0
172. 16 .5 .0
172. 16 .6 .0
172. 16 .7 .0
172. 16 .1 .0
172. 16 .2 .0
172. 16 .3 .0
0 IA 192.168 .1 .0/24
R2*
is subnetted, 8 subnets
is directly connected, SerialO.8
is directly connected, SerialO. 4
[110/65] via 172.16.8. 1, 00:02 34,
[110/65] via 172.16.7. 1, 00:02 34,
[110/65] via 172.16.6. 1, 00:02 :34,
[110/65] via 172.16.5.1, 00:02 34,
[110/65] via 172.16.4. 1, 00:02 34,
[110/65] via 172.16.3. 1, 00:02 34,
192.168 .2 .0/24 is directly connected, LoopbackO
SerialO. 8
SerialO. 7
SerialO.6
SerialO. 5
SerialO. 4
SerialO. 3
5.33 2,
.
5.33. 2
R2#ehow ruiming-config
Building configuration. . .
!
hostname R2
logging buffered 32768 debugging

enable password Cisco
5. ...
365
interface LoopbackO
ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
interface SerialO
no ip address
!
ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0
i
ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
I
ip address 172.16.3.2 255.255.255.0
;
ip address 172.16.4.2 255.255.255.0
i
ip address 172.16.5.2 255.255.255.0
.ip ospf network point-to-point
!
ip address 172.16.6.2 255.255.255.0
i
ip address 172.16.7.2 255.255.255.0
i
interface SerialO,.8 point-to-point
ip address 172.16.8.2 255.255.255.0
j
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
maximum-paths 6
i
ip classless
i
line con 0
password cisco
366
II. OSPF
5.34 1,
, ,
.
i~
| 5.34. 1
. _
^ ,
>
,,,.,
. ,
. ,-
.,
~
..
----- - ....
".,.,,-,,. -< ,
, ,,. - ..
-.. ,.'
Rlttshow running-config
hostname Rl
I
enable password cisco
i
interface LoopbackO
ip address 192.168.1.1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
i
interface SerialO
no ip address
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
i
ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0
ip address 172.16.5.1 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 172.16.6.1 255.255.255.0
i
ip address 172.16.7.1 255.255.255.0
j
ip address 172.16.8.1 255.255.255.0
5. ...
367

i
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
maximum-paths 6
;
ip classless
i
line con 0
password Cisco

.
. ,
() OSPF, ASBR.
OSPF redistribute
ASBR. ASBR OSPF . ASBR , OSPF (. 5.20).
ASBR

0.0.0.0/0
. 5.20. ASBR
ASBR ,
:
368
II. OSPF
default-information originate [always]

type-value] [route-map map-name]
[metric metricvalue]
[metric-type
OSPF default-information-originate OSPF , ,

.
, defaultinformation-originate.
always,
.
always OSPF ,
. .
always " ", , .
default-information-originate . , , , ,
default-information-originate always.
. 5.21 , , .
203.250.15.0255.255.255.192
RIP
203.250.15.0255.255.255.192
. 5.21,
, , . 5.21, RIP 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 , , 203.250.15.2 , , , , .

, .
5. ...
369
, ,
default-information-originate.
0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .
, 5.35, ,
,
,
default-information-originate.
i 5.35. , ,
!
i ^ _f ^
__
1-|
,..,,,,,,..,,.._,.
..
Router Ctshow ip route

default
203.250.15.0 is directly connected, Seriall
R 203.250.15.128 [120/1] via 203 .250 .15 . 2, 00:00:17, Seriall
0 203.250.15.192 [110/20] via 203.250.15.68, 2d23, EthernetO
R* 0,0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [120/1] via 203.250.15.2, 00:00:17, Seriall
[120/1] via 203.250.15.68, 00:00:32, EthernetO
interface EthernetO
ip address 203.250.15.67 255.255.255.192
interface Seriall
ip address 203.250.15.1 255.255.255.192
router ospf 10
redistribute rip metric 10 subnets
network 203.250.15.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
default-information originate metric 10
router rip
redistribute ospf 10 metric 2
passive-interface EthernetO
network 203.250.15.0
, , ,
.
5.36,
.
0 . 0 . 0 . 0 10. , ,
, 203.250.15.67. , .
370
. , , ^ ,._ 1
II. OSPF
, 5.36. ,
,
]
;
Router A#show ip route

default
0 203.250.15.0 [110/74] via 203.250.15.67, 2d23, EthernetO
2 203.250.15.128 [110/10] via 203.250.15.67, 2d23, EthernetO
0*E2 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [110/10] via 203.250.15.67, 00:00:17,"EthernetO'

, , ,
, .
passive-inter face, OSPF, 5.37.
: ,
.
5.37. :
] ,
!
!
router ospf 100

area 201 stub
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 201
network 201.0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 201
network 201.0.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 201
!
Trinity* conf t
Trinityfconfig)#router ospf 100
Trinity(config-router)^passive-interface ?
BR1
ISDN Basic Rate Interface
FastEthernet FastEthernet IEEE 802.3
Null
Null interface
Serial
Serial
default
Suppress routing updates on all interfaces
<cr>
Trinity(config-router)tpassive-interface fastEthernet 0/0
!
I
router ospf 100
5. ...
371
area 201 stub

passive-interface FastEthernetO/0
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 201
network 201.0.0.0 0.0.0.127 area 201
network 201.0.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 201
OSPF. OSPF .
,
OSPF , , OSPF, , , ISDN, X.25, (Switched Virtual Circuit SVC) .
Cisco ( Cisco IOS) , RFC 1793, Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits.
, OSPF .
RFC , , , LSA
OSPF, LSA
. .
OSPF , LSA.
:
, , . ,
ISDN , .
,
OSPF .
OSPF OSPF ,
. , LSA
, , .
OSPF . 5.22.
372
II. OSPF
100 OSPF
LSA

200.0.0.63.0/24
18.0.3.0/30
LSA

200.0.0.62.0/24
18.0.3.0/30
. 5.22. OSPF
, OSPF, LSA,
,
. ,
,
SPF
. , .
OSPF
,
:
ip ospf demand-circuit
5.38 , .
5.38. OSPF ,
.
L-
OSPF_Router(config)#router ospf 100

OSPF_Router(config-router)#network 18.0.3.0 0.0.0.3 area 100
OSPF_Router(config-router)tnetwork 200.0.62 0 0.0.0.255 area 100
OSPF_Router(config-router)^network 200.0.63 0 0.0.0.255 area 100
OSPF_Router(config-router)#interface briO
OSPF_Router(config-if)tip ospf demand-circuit
, ,
.
Cisco IOS, .
,
5. ...
373
, . no neighbor peer, OSPF,

BRI (Basic Rate Interface ).
,

Cisco, OSPF,
.

LSA, , NSSA OSPF, .
, ,
, .

NSSA, IOS
. ,
, , , . , LSA 5 .
OSPF , , ,
OSPF ( LSA); , .
,

OSPF . , , OSPF.
,
.
1: (
0)
,
, . 5.23.
1 2 .
374
II. OSPF
. 5.23. , ( 0)
. 5.23,
OSPF, 0. ,
OSPF
( ,
ABR 1), ,
OSPF.
2: (
0)
( )
ABR . ,
, 0 . ,
(. 5.24).
. 5.24. , (
0)
5. ...
375
3:
, ( . 5.25)
. ,
,
.
, .
. 5.25. ,
5.39 , .
I 5.39. OSPF
| , (
)
!
L
'
---.~'
'
' '
''
'
'
'
"
"'
'
'_**!-!
!
interface ethernet
ip address 132.32.12.193 255.255.255.224
interface serial 0
ip address 132.32.12.254 255.255.255.252
backup interface serial 1
backup delay 0 5
interface serial 1
ip address 132.32.12.250 255.255.255.252
router ospf 1
network 132.32.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 1
! ,
interface ge 0
ip address 132.32.1.1 255.255.255.248
interface serial 0
ip address 132.32.12.253 255.255.255.252
router ospf 1
network 132.32.12.0 0 . 0 . 3 . 2 5 5 area 1
376
II. OSPF
area 1 range 132.32.12.0 255.255.252.0

network 132.32.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
! ''
interface ge 0
ip address 132.32.1.2 255.255.255.248
interface serial 0
ip address 132.32.12.249 255.255.255.252
router ospf 1
network 132.32.12.0 0.0.3.255 area 1
network 132.32.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
4:
OSPF (. 5.26).
. ,
, OSPF . , ; ,
.
. 5.26. ,
5.40 , .
.WrlWHI,*
"~^">4
.,.
".-,.
^..-...!.
-V
*.
,,
.,^H.
~,
,<..
--.,,
^-^.^^^^.^,,^^^^.-^^.!,^-,
,* .-
.,
5.40. OSPF ;', :

I
, ( ;
I )
!'
interface ethernet
5. ...
377
ip address 132.132.132.193 255.255.255.224

interface serial 0
ip address 132.132.132.254 255.255.255.252
backup interface serial 1
backup delay 0 5
interface serial 1
ip address 132.132.132.250 255.255.255.252
router ospf 1
network 132.132.132.192 0.0.0.31 area 1
network 132.132.132.252 0.0.0.3 area 1
router eigrp 1
network 132.132.0.0 distance 200 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 255.255.255.255
! .'
interface fddi 0
ip address 132.132.1.1 255.255.255.248
interface serial 0
ip address 132.132.132.253 255.255.255.252
router ospf 1
network 132.132.132.0 0.0.3.255 area 1
area 1 range 132.132.132.0 255.255.252.0
network 132.132.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
'.
interface fddi 0
ip address 132.132.1.2 255.255.255.248
interface serial 0
ip address 132.132.132.249 255.255.255.252
router ospf 1
network 132.132.1.0 0.0.0.7 area 0
redistribute eigrp 1 subnets metric 32000
router eigrp 1
network 132.132.0.0
passive-interface fddi 0
distance 200 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
,
, , .
,
. , , . (
- , .) .
,

, ,
. ,
.
,
.
378
II. OSPF

OSPF . ,
,
, OSPF.
, ,
OSPF , OSPF.

OSPF.
, ,
, ,
6.
:

OSPF
OSPF
IP-, . ,
, , , . . 5.27.
IP-.
,
.
, .
, ,
.
, .
1. ( ).
2. , ,
. 5.27.
, ABR. , 3
5. ...
379
, ,
" , 150.98, 3". Cisco :
area 3 range 150.98.0.0 255.255.0.0
OSPF
( 0)
56.0.0.0/8
. 5.27.
OSPF
,
IP.
, 0, , .
0: 56.0.0.0/8.
1: 10.1.0.0/16.
2: 10.2.0.0/16.
3: 10.3.0.0/16.
, , IP-
,
, .
: OSPF

, , OSPF, .
OSPF,
OSPF (. 5.28).
IP ,
380
II. OSPF
. , . ,
4 . 0 . 0 . /24.
. 5.28. OSPF
OSPF , RID
. OSPF
, OSPF .
, Neo Morpheus, Trinity,
5.41.
5.41. Trinity
Trinity#con t
End with CNTL/Z.
Trinity(config-router)#network 51.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 51

Trinity(config-router)#*Z
Trinity
, debug ip ospf
events Neo ( 5.42), OSPF Neo Trinity.
5. ...
381
I 5.42. IP OSPF
Neo#debug ip ospf events
from FastEthernetO/1 21.0.0.1
*Mar 1 01:36:27.479: OSPF: Rev DBD from 4.0.0.2 on FastEthernetO/1 seq Ox232D
opt 0x42 flag 0x7 len 32 mtu 1500 state INIT
*Mar 1 01:36:27.479: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 4.0.0.2 on FastEthernetO/1,
state 2WAY
! ,
! 4, .,
! ,- . BDR,
!
* 1 01:36:27.479: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface FastEthernetO/1
*Mar 1 01:36:27.479: OSPF: DR/BDR election on FastEthernetO/1
*Mar 1 01:36:27.479: OSPF: Elect BDR 4.0.0.2
*Mar 1 01:36:27.479: OSPF: Elect DR 4.0.0.1
*Mar 1 01:36:27.483:
DR: 4.0.0.1 (Id)
BDR: 4.0.0.2 (Id)
! ' DR
! RID, 4.0.0.1, ,',-
! ( * .; Trinity
! ' RID, ",
! Neo ''
! . OSPF, -- -
! DR 201.0.,0.0/24 Ethernet,
! " ."
! ,
! '-' '
!
* 1 01:36:27.483: OSPF: Send DBD to 4.0.0.2 on FastEthernetO/1 seq Ox7A3
opt 0x42 flag 0x7 len 32?
*Mar 1 01:36:27.483: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the SLAVE
*Mar 1 01:36:27.483: OSPF: Send DBD to 4.0.0.2 on FastEthernetO/1 seq Ox232D
opt 0x42 flag 0x2 len 72
*Mar 1 01:36:27.487: OSPF: Rev DBD from 4.0.0.2 on FastEthernetO/1 seq Ox232E
opt 0x42 flag 0x3 len 72 mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Mar 1 01:36:27.487: OSPF: Send DBD to 4.0.0.2 on FastEthernetO/1 seq Ox232E
*Mar 1 01:36:27.491: OSPF: Database request to 4.0.0.2
*Mar 1 01:36:27.491: OSPF: sent LS REQ packet to 21.0.0.1, length 24
*Mar 1 01:36:27.491: OSPF: Rev DBD from 4.0.0.2 on FastEthernetO/1 seq Ox232F
opt 0x42 flag Oxl len 32 mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Mar 1 01:36:27.495: OSPF: Exchange Done with 4.0.0.2 on FastEthernetO/1
*Mar 1 01:36:27.495: OSPF: Send DBD to 4.0.0.2 on FastEthernetO/1 seq Ox232F
Mar 1 01:36:27.495: OSPF: Synchronized with 4.0.0.2 on FastEthernetO/1,
state FULL
! , , '
! ' ."
! ', 10
! ',-'
!" , '" , ',
* 1 01:36:38.583: OSPF: Rev hello from 4.0.0.2 area 0
from FastEthernetO/1
21.0.0.1
21.0.0.1
382
II. OSPF
1 01:36:58.583: OSPF: Rev hello from 4.0.0.2 area 0

21.0.0.1
*Mar
OSPF show ip ospf neighbor. 5.43 Trinity.

; 5.43.
1
OSPF
Trinitytshow ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID
4.0.0.1
4.0.0.3
Trinity*
Pri
1
1
State
FULL/DR
FULL/ -
Dead Time
00:00:34
00:00:37
Address
21.0.0.2
201.0.1.2
Interface
FastEthernetO/1
SerialO/1.1
, Trinity Neo (4.0.0.1) Morpheus

( 4 . 0 . 0 . 3 ) ,
-. , , Neo, DR, , Morpheus, . , detail, 5.44.
; 5.44.
, OSPF
Trinity*show ip ospf neighbor detail
Neighbor 4.0.0.1, interface address 21.0.0.2
DR is 21.0.0.2 BDR is 21.0.0.1
Options is 0x42
First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(01/0x0(0)
In the area 201 via interface Serial0/1.1
DR is 0.0.0.0 BDR is 0.0.0.0
Options is 0x2
First 0x0(01/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Trinity*
5. ...
383
, OSPF -.
0 Ethernet, BROADCAST ().
show ip ospf interface, 5.45.
OSPF
, POINT_TO_POINT ().
DR/BDR ( ). ,
, ,
, , DR/BDR.
i 5.45. OSPF
Trinity*show ip ospf interface
Next 0x0(01/0x0(0)
Process ID 100, Router ID 4.0.0.2, Network Type.BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
(Designated Router)
SerialO/1.1 is up, line protocol is up
Process ID 100, Router ID 4.0.0.2, Network Type ,POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 64
Next OxO(0)/OxO(0)
Neighbor Count is i, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
384
II. OSPF
, , OSPF . show ip route ( 5.46). Morpheus;

, . IA, OSPF. , Morpheus ,
OSPF, , Morpheus, , .
1 5.46.
;
[
.
I
I
"
;
Morpheus#show ip route
0 IA , 51.1.1.0 U10/65J via 20i:*0.1.i; 01:0'4:41/,SerialO/l.l

0 IA
21.X).0,0 (110/65] via 201.0.1.1, -01:12:06,. SerialO/1.1

0 IA
10.0.0.0 1110/66] via 201.0,1.1, 01:11:56, SerialO/1.1
Morpheust
: OSPF

, , Morpheus .
, 201
OSPF. , , . , .
,
Morpheus Trinity, 201 ( 5.47).
5. ...
385
; 5.47. OSPF '<,

j ( , )'"-.;f
!
i
router ospf 100
network 201.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 201
;
!
Morpheus#conf t
Morpheus(config)trouter ospf 100
End with CNTL/Z.
Morpheus(config-router)#area 201 stub

Morpheus(config-router)#*Z
Morpheus*
!
router ospf 100
area 201 stub
network 201.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 201
, 201 . , 5.48,
, .
5.48. /< '$
201
L ,.*-.-*,.
Ski." *<
^LLjLJ.
1 (Jot '&\%!if~L" '
Morpheus*show ip route
51.1.1.0 [110/65] via 201.0.1.1, 00:04:01, SerialO/1.1

0 IA
21.0.0.0 [110/65]- via 201.0.1.1, 00:04:01, SerialO/1.1

0 IA
10.0.0.0 [110/66] via 201.0.1.1, 00:04:01, SerialO/1.1
0*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/65] via 201.0.1.1, 00:04:01,"SerialO/1.,1
Morpheus*
0 IA
, , , -
386
. OSPF
, , . , , 201 . no-summary area stub,

5.49.
.
5.49.
?;::' J
i
router ospf 100
.area 201 stub no-summary
network 201.0.0.0 0.0.255.255
area 201

0*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/65] via 201.0.1.1, 00:00:10, SerialO/1.1
Morpheus#
:
, Morpheus ,
, 201,
Trinity. 5.50 ,
OSPF.
1! 5.50.
' ^-^"?7}:' \-r~p
MorpheusSping 10.0.0.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.0.0.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
1 1|ji
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/32/40 ms
Morpheus#ping 51.1.1.1
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 51.1.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!! ! ! !
Success rate is 100 percent ( 5 / 5 ) , round-trip min/avg/max = 28/28/32 ms
Morpheus*
5. ...
387
...
>''
->' ^f.^
OSPF
390
456
V"
*!
4%.
; , IP &
,3$
" '.' ^
, OSPF, ,
IGRP, .
( )
, ,
^ , ,
^. ,
,| IP, , , .
( ',
( IP, IP),
.
, . , ,
,
' .
, ,
^ . , fp-', , 7.
>
, ,
, .
<<" , ,
. , , RIP OSPF, -
, ,
OSPF, RIP. .
,
.
.

. , , Internet, . ,
. ,
10.20.30.0/24 10.20.30.0/22. , 256 .
, 1024 .

. ,
, .
,
. ,
.
. , , , () OSPF
OSPF .

OSPF

,
.
, , , .
.
, , OSPF,
390
. OSPF
.
, OSPF. , OSPF, .
. , , , , ,
.
.
.
. , , OSPF
. RIP OSPF.

. ,

. , "
RIP OSPF" , RIP OSPF. ,
OSPF
RIP.

. , . , RIP OSPF
:
router ospf 200
network x . x . x . x
redistribute rip metric 100
default-metric 100
, ,
.
router ospf I
RIP,
RIP,
100 OSPF
6.
391
, , ,
OSPF Cisco . :
.
, OSPF, .
, .
, .
, Cisco
,
, . ,

, . ,
.
, , , , ,
. . 6.1 , Cisco
.
I 6.1. ,
:
, :
^ * '

EIGRP
BGP
EIGRP
IGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
RIP
1
5
20
90
100
110
115
120
392
II. OSPF
. 6.1

EGP
EIGRP

140
170
200
255

, ,
(.. ) .
, .

, , ,
. .
1.
.
. -,
RIP OSPF , -, OSPF
. . ,
OSPF .
,
.
: BGP, OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP, IGRP RIP.
2. .
, ,
.
3. . , -
6.
393

. , ,
.
.
4. ,
.
, ,
. ,
.
5. . ,
. ,
,
.
6. . Cisco
IOS redistribute . ( );
, ,
.
OSPF.
IGRP EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

)
, Cisco IOS .
, Cisco IOS.
.
, Cisco. ,
redistribute ,
OSPF.
394
II. OSPF
, OSPF ,
OSPF.
, , 5.
,
OSPF.
OSPF redistribute,
.
redistribute routing-process [process-id] [metric ospf-metric-value}
[metric-type ospf-metric-type-value} [route-map map-tag-value] [subnets]
redistribution,
, .

,
.
, , routingprocess.
.
routing-process. ,
OSPF.
BGP, Connected, EGP, EIGRP, IGRP, ISIS, ISO-IGRP,
Mobile, ODR, OSPF, RIP Static.
process-id. ( ). , EIGRP
OSPF,
, .
ospf-metric-value. ,
OSPF. , BGP 1,
20. 016 777 214. , . , , Ethernet 10 /,

, Frame Relay.
ospf-metric-type-value. OSPF OSPF 1 2. 2;

,
. ,
.
map-tag-value. , . (route tag) -
6.
395
OSPF.

, . ,

, route-tag.
0.
0-4 294 967 295 (32 ).
subnets. ,
OSPF ,
. OSPF subnets OSPF .
subnets, OSPF
, .
(route map) , . , , .
route-map map-tag [[permit | deny] | [sequence-number]]

, .
:
redistribute protocol [process-id] {level-1 | level-1-2 | level-2)
[as-number] [metric metric-value] [metric-type type-value] [match
{internal | external 1 | external 2}] [tag tag-value] [route-map
map-tag] [weight number-value] [subnets]
. 6.2
redistribution.
6.2. redistribution, ; :',';*:>.
>.v, ".:".,''%' >." , ,-\- *-: '^;^^^^;^'','
protocol
, .
: bgp, connected, egp, igrp, isis, mobile, ospf , static
[ip] rip.
static [ip]
IP. ip IS-IS.
connected ,
IP . , OSPF IS-IS,
396
II. OSPF
. 6.2
process-id
(.) bgp, egp

igrp , .
ospf OSPF,

level-1
, 1 IS-IS
IP

level-1-2
, 1 2 IS-IS
IP
level-2
, 2 IS-IS
IP

as-number
metric metricvalue
(.) , .
, default-metric,
, 0. ,
metric-type
type-value
(.) OSPF , , OSPF.

1 2.
metric-type , Cisco IOS 2.
IS-IS
.
internal. IS-IS, 63.
external. IS-IS,
64-128.
internal
match {internal
| external 1 |
external 2}
(.) , OSPF .
.
internal. , .
external 1. , , OSPF
1.
external 2. , , OSPF
2
6.
397
. 6.2
tag tag-value
(.) 32- ,
. OSPF
. ASBR. , , BGP (Border Gateway Protocol
) EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol
),
;
route-map
(.) ,
. ,
. ,
,
map-tag
(.) ,
weight numbervalue
(.) , BGP. 0 65 535
subnets
(.)
OSPF

OSPF 1 2;
,
(), . , 2 ,
, 1 , . .
OSPF
2.
,
, metric-type redistribute, .
Trinity(config)#router OSFF 100
Trinity(config-router)#redistribute rip metric-type 1
1 Set OSPF External Type 1 metrics
2 Set OSPF External Type 2 metrics
Trinitylconfig-router)#
398
II. OSPF

OSPF .

. 4 OSPF. , OSPF.
:
0 . 0 . 0 . 0 ,
ASBR ;
0 . 0 . 0 . 0 , , ASBR .
, always
;
. always .
( 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 ) OSPF,

, - , . .
;
:
(,
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 next hop ip_address);
(, ip
default-network ip_address).
OSPF, ,
. default-information
originate always.
. , , . default-information originate
OSPF .
default-information originate
4 , OSPF
.
OSPF, :
default-information originate [always] [metric metric-value]
[metric-type type-value] [route-map map-name]
399
2 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . , , ASBR
,
, OSPF. . 6.1 ,
Trinity RIP.
sO/
'
"
4.246202.6/30

12.213.100.100/24
128.213.101.100/24
128.213.102.100/24
128.213.103.100/24
0.0.0.00.0.0.0
. 6.1.
Trinity , .
, Trinity . defaultinformation originate Trinity, ASBR OSPF, .

Trinity. , 6.1, Neo .

, OSPF Trinity, default-information originate,
6.2.
400
II. OSPF
6.1. Ned
I , ? ,
| Trinity
;
V '''">: '';-\; '/""'';' : ' : '""'' ' ' ' "
'
Neoshow ip route
2

0

Neo>
2
2
| 6.2. Trinity ,

. ;|
i
|
Trinitytconfig terminal
Trinitylconfig)#router ospf 100
Trinity(config-router)#default-information originate ?
always
Always advertise default route
metric
OSPF default metric
metric-type OSPF metric type for default routes
route-map
Route-map reference
<cr>
Trinity(config-router)default-information originate
Trinity(config-router)#

6.3, Trinity Neo.
, , 6.3, 2, ,
, . , 1.
Cisco.
6.
401
! 6.3. Neo j.
Trinity
Neoshow ip route
2
128.213.100.0 [110/200] via 10 .10 .10.1, 00:12:51, FastEthernetO/0

0

0*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 10.10.10.1, 00:01:34, FastEthernetO/0
Neo>
2
2
Cisco, OSPF 10. , .

OSPF Trinity
default-metric. , Cisco IOS, 11.2(18) 12.0(7),
.
, : "
(.. )
?"
metric default-information originate OSPF. , 2 1.

6.4, Trinity
OSPF, 50 (, , 10!).
, 6.5, Neo
, , 1.
402
II. OSPF
i 6.4. Trinity :
,
<";/;? -*'f
router ospf 100
log-adjacency-changes
summary-address 128.213.100.0 255.255.252.0
redistribute rip metric 200 subnets tag 200
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
network 10.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
default-information originate
default-metric 50
6.5. Neo, !
;
j
Neo>show ip route
2

0

0*E2 ,0.0.0.0/0. [110/1]' via 10,1"'(, 00:13:59,' JFas,tEthernetO/0
Neo>
2
2

6.6 ,
Trinity, ASBR, ,
OSPF.
i 6.6.
| Trinity
/ _,. ,^ ',;'.'', ''"' ' ' . . - . ' ''"'.',''' .',
Trinitytconf t
6.
End with CNTL/Z.
403

Trinity(config-router)#default-information originate metric 50 metric-type 1
Trinity(config-router)#A2
Trinity*

Trinity
Neo, , ( 6.7).
6.7. Neo

Neoshow ip route
2

0

O*E1 0.0.0.0/0 [110/51] via 10.10.10.1, 00:01:08, FastEthernetO/0
Neo>
2
2
, . 1, 51,
50, . , Cisco IOS, , , , .
. , , ,
, . . , OSPF, ,
default-information originate. Trinity
always, . 6.8.
404
II. OSPF
;
'
[ 6.8. Trinity, j
i
, * , "; ; J ; |
Trinitytconfig terminal
End with CNTL/Z.
Trinitytconfig)#router ospf 100

Trinity(config-router)#default-inormation originate metric 50'metric-type 1
always
Trinity(config-router)#exit
Trinity*
always.
, always
, ,
.
- .
RIP, ,
RIP Neo,
always.
6.9 , .
/ 6.9. Neo
always
> / ' : , , *-v
.--? X
Neoshow ip route
0*E1

0.0.0.0/0 [110/51]'via 10.10.10.1, 00.-11:49,^FasfcEtherttetO/O '
, RIP ,
; , . ,
.
, , OSPF -
6.
405
. , !
,
.

, OSPF.
redistribution ,
OSPF. Cisco,
OSPF, , OSPF , 20.
. , Cisco
, .
redistribute

, OSPF, . , ,
OSPF EIGRP
EIGRP.

, , 6.10.
| 6.10.
!
Tanktconfig terminal
Tankfconfig)#router ospf 100
Tank(config-router)redistributeEIGRP 100 metric ?
<0-4294967295> " -Default metric
Tank(config-router)#redistribute EIGRP 100 metric 110
, EIGRP OSPF .
406
II. OSPF
default-metric

redistribute, default-metric value
OSPF.
, OSPF, .
redistribute,
default-metric value , .
, 6.11,
, , 1-4 294 967 295,
!
1 6.11. , default-metric I
Trinity (config-router)#default-metric ?
<l-4294967295> Default metric
Trinity (config-router)
default-metric OSPF. , , .
1:

. 6.2, Trinity 2 1 2 . 5 4 . 1 9 0 . 0 / 2 4 10.1.1.4/30 EIGRP Neo.
EIGRP OSPF
, 20.
OSPF, , Morpheus Trinity OSPF.
show ip ospf neighbor, , 6.12.
6.12. OSPF
j^ _
_ .
.. .
..... ...
. .
*~ .
...
* ~_ '
._..
..*-,.... ;.,.~. *. **. ..". ^.. _i
Morpheus#show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID
2.2.2.2
Pri
1
State
SULL/BDR
6.
Dead Time
00:00:30
Address
130.10.62.1
Interface
EthernetO/0
407
Trinity#show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID
1.1.1.1
Pri
1
State
FULL/DR
Dead Time
00:00:38
Address
130.10.62.3
Interface
EthernetO
EIGRP OSPF.
20

1.1.1.1/32
212.54.190.0/24
1, 30
2, 20

2.2.2.2/32
/0 130.10.62.1/24

212.54.190.2/24
jTrmity:
130.10.62.3/24
faO,
Ethernet
OSPF-10
0 OSPF
. 6.2.
, OSPF , EIGRP Trinity Neo, 6.13.
6.13. EIGRP
Trinityttshow ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 100
H
Address
Interface
Hold Uptime
(sec)
10.1.1.6
Sel
Neo#show ip eigrp neighbors

IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 100
H
Address
Interface
10.1.1.5
SeO
10 00:13:27
SRTT
RTO
(ms)
399
2394
Hold Uptime
SRTT
RTO
(sec)
(ms)
11 00:13:53
28
Seq
Cnt Mum
0
Seq
Cnt Num
2280
, , , Trinity
212 . 5 4 . 1 9 0 . 0 / 2 4 Neo, 6.14.
6.14. EIGRP
408
II. OSPF


1.1.1.1 [110/11) via 172.16.1.1, 00:13:37, FastEthernetO/0
212.54.190.0 190/40640000] via 10.1.1,6, 00:13:38, Seriall
130.10.62.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets'
10.1.1.4 is directly connected, Seriall
6.15
Morpheus, , , .
6.15.
[
0
2.2.2.2 [110/11] via 130.10.62.3, 00:27:10, EthernetO/0
6 2
212.54.190.0 [110/20] via 130.10.62.3, 00:01:58, EthernetO/0
130.10.62.0 is directly connected, EthernetO/0

p,,E2
10.1.1.4 [110/203 via 130.10.62.3, 00:01:58, ,EthernetO/0
, EIGRP
( ), 20.
OSPF 2, Ethernet. 100, .
Trinity , , E1GRP, , 100, 6.16.
, 6.17, ,
EIGRP 100 , 6.16.
6.
409
6.16.

*
,:
,
: :
^^
_ ^_^ ,
^ ^
;,__ _ .
*__;'___^; ;
Li '~~~*.-/
,L^ ..î^l.^li^L
Trinity*
router ospf 100
redistribute eigrp 100 subnets
network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 130.10.62.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
default-metric' 100
6.17.
Morpheus#show ip route
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, 0.,.-' OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
0
2.2.2.2 [110/11] via 130.10.62.3, 00:27:10, EthernetO/0
2
212.54.190.0 tHO/100] via 130.10.62.3, 00:01:58, EthernetO/0
1 3 0 . 1 0 . 6 2 . 0 / 2 4 is subnetted, 1 subnets
130.10.62.0 is directly connected, EthernetO/0

1 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 3 0 is subnetted, 1 subnets
2
10.1.1.4 [110/1001 via 130.10.62.3, 00:01:58, EthemetO/0
, 100. 6.18 ,
.
, , , ^ . *,,^.. ,,^-~ .,,,., , _~~. ~~,_ 1 *~~_ _. ,... ,., _, ~~ ^,
6.18.
Morpheus*
interface LoopbackO
ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
;
interface EthernetO/0
ip address 130.10.62.0 255.255.255.0
I
router ospf 1
network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Trinity*
interface LoopbackO
ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
410
II. OSPF
ip address 130.10.62.0 255.255.255.0
i
interface Seriall
bandwidth 64
ip address 10.1.1.5 255.255.255.252
clockrate 64000
router eigrp 100
network 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
router ospf 100
redistribute eigrp 100 subnets
network 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 area 0
network 172.16.1.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
default-metric" 100
Neo#
interface LoopbackO
description Simulate the network 3.3.3.0/24
ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.0
j
interface SerialO
bandwidth 64
ip address 10.1.1.6 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 2
router eigrp 100
network 212.54.190.0
network 10.0.0.0
no auto-summary
,
.
, .

. , ,
.
( , ,
), .
,
, , , OSPF.
,
, . , .
, IP.
6.
411
, . 6.3, ,
, OSPF, , .
,
, .

OSPF

RIP
EIGRP
IGRP
,
,

,

,

OSPF

15
25
35
,
OSPF
. 6.3. ,
BGP.
. 6.3,
, ,
OSPF.
. . 6.4
( ), .
AS 2 ,
AS 1
, AS 1 AS 4. AS 2 , AS 3,
AS 4 . , , ( ).
, ,
AS 2 AS 3, ,
, AS 3
. AS 3 AS 2 . -
412
II. OSPF
AS 2. , AS 4, , " AS 4
, ". .
, .
AS 1,
AS 2

AS 4
. 6.4.

, ,
, OSPF, .
, . ,

. , , , ( : " , ").
, .
1.
.
2. ,
, -
6.
413
, ,
.
OSPF ,
- ,
, ,
. ,
, !
3. .
4. OSPF ,
, OSPF.

,
OSPF. , ASBR
OSPF , . .
.
, .
,
.
distribute-list out.
OSPF, ASBR , , .
distribute-list in.
.
, .
,
, OSPF.
. 6.5 ,
(Neo, Trinity Oracle), RIP. , , , Trinity Neo, ,
414
II. OSPF
OSPF. ( , ; .) , Trinity Neo,

RIP OSPF.
RIP
. 6.5. OSPF
, OSPF ( 0) RIP, Oracle,

Trinity RIP.
RIP 0 OSPF. OSPF RIP, Neo.
6.19 , 6.20 .
6.19. ,
Oracle
interface EthernetO
ip address 130.10.15.130 255.255.255.192
interface SerialO
ip address 130.10.15.2 255.255.255.192
router rip
network 130.10.15.0
Trinity*
interface EthernetO
ip address 130.10.15.67 255.255.255.192
interface Seriall
ip address 130.10.15.1 255.255.255.192
router ospf 10
network 130.10.15.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
router rip
6.
415
passive-interface EthernetO
network 130.10.15.0
Neo#
interface EthernetO
ip address 130.10.15.68 255.255.255.192
router ospf 10
network 130.10.15.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
router rip
network 130.10.15.0
, , 6.20, Trinity 130.10.15.128:

Ethernet 1 Ethernet 0 (, ).
! 6.20.
Trinitytahow ip route
R 130.10.15.128 1120/1] via 130.10.15.68, 00:01:08, EthernetO
" 120/13 via 130:10.15.2, 00:00:11, Ethernetl
0 130.10.15.192 [110/20] via 130.10.15.68, 00:21:41, EthernetO
- , Trinity Neo OSPF,

Neo RIP,
RIP.
, - .
, . ,
, ,

.
RIP Ethernet 0 Neo,
RIP. , Ethernet, OSPF, , RIP. Trinity RIP
Ethernet 0; , Neo
. ( -
416
II. OSPF
NBMA,
.)
,
( ). ,
Neo , ( RIP) Ethernet , OSPF ( 6.21).
6.21. ,
-
. ' ,
:,
;|;[
Neo#
interface Ethernet!)
ip address 130.10.15.68 255.255.255.192
router ospf 10
network 130.10.15.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
router rip
network 130.10.15.0
;
distribute-list 1 out ospf 10/
, ASBR. 6.22
Trinity.
6.22. , ,
i
-
"
' ' '
--" '
Trinitytshow ip route
R 130.10.15.128 U20/1J via 130..10.15.?,-.00:00.:19, Ethernet!'
0 130.10.15.192 [110/20] via 130.10.15.68, 00:21:41, EthernetO

, , . , , 2 3 0 . 2 5 0 . 1 5 . 0 RIP (. 6.6).
, RIP,
, OSPF
, 230.250.15.0. .
6.
417

OSPF
230.250.15.0
. 6.6.
6.23.
6.23.
Router A (config)#
router ospf 10
network 230.250.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
,
, . , 6.24,
.
6.24.
Router (config)*
router ospf 10
network 230.250.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
distribute-list 1 out rip
access-list 1 deny 230.250.0.0
access-list 1 permit any
distribute-list , access-list 1.
, . ,
distribute-list 1 OSPF access-list 1 , OSPF
RIP. , RIP. , , ( ) 2 3 0 . 2 5 0 . 0 . 0
OSPF. , .

,
, . , router.
418
II. OSPF
,
redistribute.
(route map) ,
. .
route-map map-tag [[permit | deny] | [sequence-number] ]
,
. , , , ,
route-map, . ,
. ,
permit, .
subnets,
OSPF , .
2:
RIP OSPF
, RIP OSPF.
. .
RIP OSPF. OSPF RIP ,
OSPF, ,
.
Cisco RIP OSPF,

RIP OSPF . , OSPF RIP:
RIP;
OSPF RIP;
OSPF;
RIP
. 6.7 RIP.
. RIP 8- . . -,
6.
419
, , OSPF!
. 6.3 RIP 2,
, .
130.10.0.0, . , 0 IP-
130.10.63.3 255.255.255.0.
6.3. RIP

130.10.0.0
: 8-15
255.255.255.0
130.10.0.0
: 16-23
255.255.255.0
130.10.0.0
: 24-31
255.255.255.0
130.10.0.0
: 62-64
255.255.255.0
130.10.16.2/24
130.10.8.1/24
130.10.17.2/24
130.10.24.3/24

. 6.7. RIP

6.25
Morpheus, IP- RIP .
6.25.
Morpheus
interface serial
ip address 130.10.62.1 255.255.255.0
420
II. OSPF
interface serial 1
ip address 130.10.63.1 255.255.255.0
ip address 130.10.8.1 255.255.255.0
interface tokenring 0
ip address 130.10.9.1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
router rip
network 130.10.0.0
6.26 Neo,
IP- RIP .
[ 6.26. Neo
interface serial 0
ip address 130.10.62.2 255.255.255.0
interface serial 1
ip address 130.10.64.2 255.255.255.0
ip address 130.10.17.2 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
ip address 130.10.16.2 255.255.255.0
router rip
network 1 3 0 . 1 0 . 0 . 0
6.27 Trinity,
IP- RIP .
[ 6.27. Trinity j
interface serial 0
ip address 130.10.63.3 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
interface serial 1
ip address 130.10.64.3 255.255.255.0
ip address 130.10.24.3 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
router rip
network 130.10.0.0
OSPF RIP
, RIP OSPF
R1P, OSPF,
6.
421
RIP.
ASBR OSPF ( RIP
OSPF).
ASBR
OSPF RIP. . 6.8,
Morpheus, Neo Trinity ASBR RIP OSPF.
130.10.17.2/24
130.10.63.3/24
130.10.64.3/24
*--.._ > tt / ...--'
130.10.24.3/24
. 6.8. RIP, OSPF
RIP
,
:
router rip
passive-interface serial 0
RIP OSPF
:
router ospf 109
network 130.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 area 0
subnets OSPF ,
. subnets
OSPF , . OSPF 2.
Cisco IOS Software Command Reference.
422
II. OSPF
RIP RIP OSPF , OSPF RIP:

router rip
redistribute ospf 109 match internal external 1 external 2
default-metric 10
redistribute ospf, ,
RIP OSPF. internal
OSPF; external I 1, external 2 2. , , ,
show
running-conf ig. , , OSPF, 2
RIP, .

,
, RIP. , .
. 6.8, , RIP. , , ( ""),
. ,
, .
, , 11 Morpheus OSPF RIP 130.10.8.0130.10.15.0.
router ospf 109
redistribute rip subnet
access-list 11 permit 1 3 0 . 1 0 . 8 . 0 0 . 0 . 7 . 2 5 5
access-list 11 deny 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 255.255.255.255
Morpheus
RIP OSPF, .

, 6.25-6.27, 6.286.30.
6.28. Morpheus
interface serial 0
ip address 130.10.62.1 255.255.255.0
6.
423
interface serial 1
ip address 130.10.63.1 255.255.255.0
ip address 130.10.8.1 255.255.255.0
ip address 130.10.9.1 255.255.255.0
I
router rip
default-metric 10
network 130.10.0.0
redistribute ospf 109 match internal external 1 external
router ospf 109
network 130.10.62.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 130.10.63.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
i
access-list 11 permit 130.10.8.0 0.0.7.255
access-list 11 deny 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
j 6.29. Neo
interface serial 0
ip address 130.10.62.2 255.255.255.0
interface serial 1
ip address 130.10.64.2 255.255.255.0
ip address 130.10.17.2 255.255.255.0
ip address 130.10.16.2 255.255.255.0
j
router rip
default-metric 10
network 130.10.0.0
i
router ospf 109
network 130.10.62.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 130.10.64.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
access-list 11 deny 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
i 6.30. Trinity
interface serial 0
ip address 130.10.63.3 255.255.255.0
interface serial 1
ip address 130.10.64.3 255.255.255.0
424
II. OSPF
ip address 130.10.24.3 255.255.255.0

!
router rip
default-metric 10
r
network 130.10.0.0
!
router ospf 109
network 130.10.63.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 130.10.64.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
access-list 11 permit 130.10.24.0 0 . 0 . 7 . 2 5 5
access-list 11 deny 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 255.255.255.255
OSPF
. 6.9 , RIP OSPF. ABR, OSPF OSPF. ABR
.
. 6.9 VLSM.
VLSM
.
, .
. 6.4 ,
, .
130.10.0.0.
6.4. OSPF

130.10.0.0
0:62-64
255.255.255.248
130.10.0.0
1:8-15
255.255.255.0
130.10.0.0
2: 16-23
255.255.255.0
130.10.0.0
3:24-31
255.255.255.0
0 255.255.255.248.
, ABR range
area , :
router ospf 109
network 130.10.8.0 0.0.7.255 area 1
area 1 range 130.10.8.0 255.255.248.0
6.
425
3 OSPF
! OSPF
0 OSPF
130.10.8.1/24
130.10.62.1
255.255.255.248
130.10.62.2
X
130.10.17.2/24
255.255.255.248
130.10.63.1
130.10.64.2
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.248
SO
/ S1
130.10.24.3/24
ABR
2 OSPF
. 6.9. , OSPF
Morpheus
(130.10.8.0 255.255.248.0), 1,
0 0. range area Morpheus , , 130.10.8.0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 ,
130.10.9.0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 ..
, Morpheus (
) RIP,
router rip.

6.316.33 ,
, , OSPF.
1
6.31. Morpheus
interface serial 0
ip address 130.10.62.1 255.255.255.248
interface serial 1
ip address 130.10.63.1 255.255.255.248
426
II. OSPF
ip address 130.10.8.1 255.255.255.0
ip irdp
ip address 130.10.9.1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
ip irdp
router ospf 109
network 130.10.62.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 130.10.63.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 130.10.8.0 0 . 0 . 7 . 2 5 5 area 1
area 1 range 130.10.8.0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 4 8 . 0
I 6.32. Neo
interface serial 0
ip address 130.10.62.2 255.255.255.248
interface serial 1
ip address 130.10.64.2 255.255.255.248
ip address 130.10.17.2 255.255.255.0
ip irdp
ip address 130.10.16.2 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
ip irdp
router ospf 109
network 130.10.62.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0

network 130.10.64.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 130.10.16.0 0 . 0 . 7 . 2 5 5 area 2
area 2 range 130.10.16.0 255.255.248.0
1 6.33. Trinity
interface serial 0
ip address 130.10.63.2 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 4 8
interface serial 1
ip address 130.10.64.2 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 4 8
ip address 1 3 0 . 1 0 . 2 4 . 3 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
ip irdp
router ospf 109
network 130.10.63.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 130.10.64.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 130.10.24.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 3
area 3 range 130.10.24.0 255.255.248.0
6.
427
,
RIP OSPF, . .
. 6.10 ,
OSPF, RIP.
RIP
OSPF
. 6.10. OSPF
, OSPF
RIP.
RIP. , RIP,
, .
! ,
! ,
router rip
default-metric 10
network 130.10.0.0
redistribute ospf 109
,
. 6.34
distribute-list out, RIP
, OSPF, RIP.
| 6.34. ,
- _,..._./. - : -..;.. ^ / .
''. .
\ . ' - - ' \ ..'
'\ ' -,
.-.:
router rip
distribute-list 10 out ospf 109
!
access-list 10 deny 130.10.8.0 0.0.7.255

! " Morpheus;
interface serial 0
ip add 130.10.62.1 255.255.255.0
i
interface serial 1
ip add 130.10.63.1 255.255.255.0
428
II. OSPF
ip add 130.10.8.1 255.255.255.0
t
ip add 130.10.9.1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
i
router rip
default-metric 10
network 130.10.0.0
redistribute ospf 109
distribute-list 10 out ospf 109
i
router ospf 109
network 130.10.62.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 130.10.63.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
10
10
11
11
deny 130.10.8.0 0.0.7.255

permit 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
permit 130.10.8.0 0.0.7.255
deny 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
, OSPF RIP ,
,
. ASBR, RIP, OSPF,
RIP OSPF .
OSPF ABR, .
VLSM.
3:

OSPF, .
, OSPF, OSPF
network,
OSPF .
Neo ,
192.168.253.0/24. . 6.11 ,
, .
6.
429

ASBR
64246.202.2/30
Frame Relay
128.213.96.100/24
128.213.97.100/24
128.213.98.100/24
128.213.99.100/24
64.246.202.
KK
(AS 100|
128.213.100.100/24
128.213.101.100/24
128.213.102.100/24
128.213.103,100/24
Puc. 6.11. ,

6.35 ,
, OSPF .
6.35. ,

j
,
Neo(config)#int lol
Neo(config-if)#ip address 192.168.253.1 255.255.255.0
Neolconfig-if)trouter ospf 100
Neo (conf ig-router) ((redistribute connected
, 192.168.253.0/24 . 6.36
Tank. ( ,
). , , .
, , . ,
OSPF 2, .
430
II. OSPF
6.36.
Tanktshow ip route
10.0.0.0/24 is subletted, 2 subnets

D
128.213.97.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:02:35, SerialO
D
128.213.96.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:02:35, SerialO
D
128.213.99.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:02:35, SerialO
D
128.213.98.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:02:35, SerialO
0 IA 192.168.252.0/24 [110/11] via 10.10.10.2, 00:00:06, EthernetO
2 192.168.253.0/24 [110/20] via 10.10.10.2, 00:00:07, EthernetO
0 IA 192.168.254.0/24 [110/11] via 10.10.10.2, 00:00:07, EthernetO
OSPF.
,
.
OSPF network , , 6.37.
. 6.37.
!
Neo(config)ttrouter oapf 100

Neolconfig-router)#no redistribute connected
Neofconfig-router)fnetwork 192.168.253.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Neo(config-router)#
OSPF
( IA) Tank, 10
( 6.38).
6.38. OSPF
Tank#show ip route
6.
431


D
128.213.97.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:04:02, SerialO
D
128.213.96.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 0 1 : 0 4 : 0 2 , SerialO
D
128.213.99.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:04:02, SerialO
D
128.213.98.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:04:02, SerialO
0 IA 192.168.252.0/24 [110/11] via 10.10.10.2, 0 0 : 0 0 : 3 0 , EthernetO
192.168.253.0/32 is subnetted/ I subnets
0 IA
192.168.253.1 [110/ilJ via 10.10.10.2, '00:00-.'li'v EthernetO
0 IA 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 2 5 4 . 0 / 2 4 [110/11] via 10.10.10.2, 0 0 : 0 0 : 3 0 , EthernetO
,
, /32. .
,
(.. /24).
OSPF network type , OSPF
( 6.39).
L'
6.39. OSPF
Neo(config-router)tint
Neolconfig-if)#ip ospf
broadcast
non-broadcast
point-to-multipoint
point-to-point
lol
network
Specify
Specify
Specify
Specify
?
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
broadcast multi-access network

NBMA network
point-to-multipoint network
point-to-point network
Neofconfig-if)tip ospf network point-to-point

Neo(config-if)#
Tank, 6.40.
6.40.
OSPF
Tank#show ip route
432
. OSPF


D
128.213.97.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:05:38, SerialO
D
128.213.96.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:05:38, SerialO
D
128.213.99.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:05:38, SerialO
D
128.213.98.0 [90/2297856] via 64.246.202.2, 01:05:38, SerialO
0 IA 192.168.252.0/24 [110/11] via 10.10.10.2, 00:02:06, EthernetO
0 IA 192.168.253.0/24 [110/11] via 10.10.10.2, 00:01:03, EthernetO
0 IA 192.168.254.0/24 [110/11] via 10.10.10.2, 00:02:07, EthernetO
Tank#
, . OSPF /24.
6.41 Neo.
{. 6.41. OSPF
I
interface Loopbackl
ip address 192.168.253.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to<-poiht
j
router ospf 100
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
network 192.168.252.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.253.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
'network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

EIGRP OSPF.
4:
OSPF EIGRP
EIGRP , , ( , , Cisco). ,
8
. ,
, ,
.
Cisco EIGRP
, , . EIGRP , , EIGRP OSPF , , OSPF
. . 6.12 , .
6.
433

EIGRP :
Ivan Pepelnjak. EIGRP Network Design Solutions, Cisco Press.

^
ASBR
128.21396.100/24
l2UI3.97.100/24
128213.98.100/24
128.J13.99.100/24
6426..1
EIGBP
(AS 100)
Puc. 6.12. OSPF EIGRP
Tank OSPF 10
100, EIGRP. OSPF.
64.246.202.0/30
128.213.96.0/24
128.213.97.0/24
128.213.98.0/24
128.213.99.0/24
I
]
j
j
\
1
j
1
Tank }
EIGRP. , - |
OSPF, , ,
.

, , OSPF
( 6.42).
434
II. OSPF
6.42. , , OSPF
, EIGRP
Apooshow ip route
10.10.10.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.254.2, 00:23:12,
10.10.20.0/24 [110/12] via 192.168.254.2, 00:23:12,
0 IA
10.10.20.1/32 [110/12] via 192.168.254.2, 00:23:12,
192.168.252.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.254.2, 01:11:52,
0
0
192.168.253.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.254.2, 01:11:52,
192.168.254.0/24 is directly connected, EthernetO

0 IA
0 IA
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
ApOO

EIGRP OSPF
Tank, ,
OSPF EIGRP. 6.43.
6.43. OSPF
: EIGRP
router eigrp 100
network 6 4 . 0 . 0 . 0
no auto-summary
j
router ospf 100
redistribute eigrp 100
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
network 10.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 10

.

redistribute. , subnets,
,
. 6.44
.

Tank
,
LSA 10 OSPF, -
6.
435
0 . , 6.45.
, 6.44. ,, ;<
',. /.'VCr':';-'-' > ' . ' .
';
.
'.'''''
; subnets
Tanktconf t
Tank(config)tfrouter ospf 100
Tank(config-router)tredistribute eigrp 100 metric 100 ?
metric
Metric for redistributed routes
metric-type OSPF/IS-IS exterior metric type for redistributed routes
route-map
Route map reference
subnets
Consider subnets for redistribution into OSPF
tag
Set tag for routes redistributed into OSPF
<cr>
Tank(config-router)#re<Sistribute eigrp 100 metric 100 subnets
Tank(config-router)#
6.45. EIGRP,
; OSPF
Apooshow ip route
10. 0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
0 IA
0 IA
IA
10.10.10.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.254.2, 00:01:39,

10.10.20.0/24 [110/12] via 192.168.254.2, 00:01:39,
10.10.20.1/32 [110/12] via 192.168.254.2, 00:01:39,
2
64.246.202.0 [110/100] via 192.168.254.2, 00:01:39,
128 .213 .0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets
2
128.213. 97.0 [110/100] 'via 192 .168. 254.2, ' 00:01:
:39,
2
128. 213. 96.0 [110/100] via: 192 .168.254.2, 00:01::39,
0 2
128. 213.59.0 [110/100] via 192 .168. 254,2, 00:01::39,
0 2
128.213.98.0 [110/100] via 192 .168. 254.2, 00:01::40,
0
192.168 .252 .0/24 [110/11] via 192 .168. 254.2, 01:40::59,
0
192.168 .253 .0/24 [110/11] via 192 .168. 254.2, 01:40::59,
192 .168 .254 .0/24 is directly connected, EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO

OSPF EIGRP
6.46, ,
. 6.12, Cypher ,
- OSPF Tank.
436
II. OSPF

6.46. j

,
';
"\ v i
64. 0.0. 0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
64.246. 202. 0 is directly connected,
128 .213 .0. 0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets
128. 213 .97. 0 is directly connected,

Cypher*
SerialO
Loopbackl
LoopbackO
LoopbackS
Loopback2

6.47 , Tank.
.
6.47.
Tank(config)#router eigrp 100

Tank(config-router) ((redistribute ospf 100 metric 7
<l-4294967295> Bandwidth metric in Kbits per second
Tank(config-router)Sredistribute ospf 100 metric 1500 t
<0-4294967295> IGRP delay metric, in 10 microsecond units
Tank(config-router)tfredistribute ospf 100 metric 1500 10 7
<0-255> IGRP reliability metric where 255 is 100% reliable
Tank(config-router)redistribute ospf 100 metric 1500 10 255 7
<l-255> IGRP Effective bandwidth metric (Loading) where 255 is 100% loaded
Tank(config-router)#redistribute ospf 100 metric 1500 10 255 1 7
<l-4294967295> IGRP MTU of the path
Tank(config-router)#redistribute ospf 100 metric 1500 10 255 1 1500
Tank(config-router)#
6.
437
OSPF, ,
,
, Cypher OSPF.

, EIGRP ( 6.48).
!
'
'
"
i 6.48. ,
']
10.10.10.0 [170/2221056] via 64.246.202.1, 00:00:10, SerialO
10.10.20.0 [170/2221056] via 64.246.202.1, 00:00:11, SerialO

128.213.97.0 is directly connected, Loopbackl

D EX 192.168.252.0/24 [170/2221056] via 64.246.202.1, 00:00:11, SerialO
D EX 192.168.253.0/24 [170/2221056] via 64.246.202.1, 00:00:11, SerialO
D EX 192.168.254.0/24 [170/2221056] via 64.246.202.1, 00:00:11, SerialO
Cypher*
D EX
D EX
, ,
.
. .

,
.

, 6.49.
.
438
II. OSPF
6.49.
router eigrp 100

redistribute ospf 100 metric 1500 10 255 1 1500
network 64.0.0.0
no auto-summary
j
router ospf 100
redistribute eigrp 100 metric 100 subnets
network 10.10.10.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 10
network 10.10.20.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 10

.
1. ,
.
2. .
3.
.
6.50 access-list 66, 1,
, OSPF
EIGRP.
I 6.50.
' , OSPF
j EIGRP
Tank(config)access-list
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
;
:
128.213.100.0 0.0.3.255
64.246.202.4 0.0.0.3
10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255
10.10.20.0 0.0.0.255
192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255
192.168.252.0 0.0.0.255
192.168.253.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 97, 6.51, , EIGRP OSPF.

, deny all.
2 ( ) , ,
, 6.52.
6.
439
; 6.51.
; , EIGRP
| OSPF
' - : ' "
;,.,_,
'
'
" ;:
-., .,yl ;.;'
Tank(config)#access-list 97 permit 128.213.96.0 0.0.3.255

Tank(config)#access-list 97 permit 64.246.202.0 0.0.0.3
6.52.
,,
.'.':
\ j > V , ' ^"
'..',-,;>
Tank(config)#route-map OSPF-to-EIGRP permit 10

Tank(config-route-map)#match ip address 66
Tank(config)#route-map EIGRP-to-OSPF permit 10
Tank(config-route-map)tmatch ip address 97
( ), 6.53,

.
," " ' " " " "
"
"""""
"
""
'
"
"~
: 6.53.
! redistribution
;
Tank(config)tfrouter ospf 100
Tank(config-router)tredistribute eigrp 100 route-map EIGRP-to-OSPF
Tank(config-router)trouter eigrp 100
Tank(config-router)#redistribute ospf,'100 route-map OSPF-to-EIGRP

6.54 ,
.
, , .
: 6.54.
&
,. , ,
,. ..,.,. . . , , . .. ..*,. ,.,. .
:, ,, ^ , . _,wi, . ... _4; ,_ Jii,j
I
router eigrp 100

redistribute ospf 100 metric 1500 10 255 1 1500 route-map OSPF-to-EIGRP
network 64.0.0.0
no auto-summary
i
router ospf 100
redistribute eigrp 100 metric 100 subnets route-map EIGRP-to-OSPF
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
network 10.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
i
no ip classless
440
II. OSPF

route-map OSPF-to-EIGRP permit 10
match ip address 66
I
route-map OSPF-to-EIGRP deny 65535
route-map EIGRP-to-OSPF permit 10
match ip address 97
route-map EIGRP-to-OSPF deny 65535
,

OSPF. , .

, .

, . , 6.55, .
I 6.55.
I
router eigrp 100
redistribute ospf 100 metric 1500 10 255 1 1500
network 6 4 . 0 . 0 . 0
no auto-summary
i
router ospf 100
redistribute eigrp 100 metric 100 subnets
network 10.10.10.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 10
network 10.10.20.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 10

, .
EIGRP, OSPF. ,
6.
441
, .
OSPF;
, .
redistribution,
, " ,
3", , .
OSPF. ,
(, 4), , EIGRP. 6.56 ,
.
1
6.56.

Tank(config)#route-map DEN3-PERM4 deny 10

Tanklconfig-route-map)match tag 3
Tanklconfig-route-map)#route-map DEN3-PERM4 permit 20
Tanklconfig-route-map)#set tag 4
Tank (conf ig-route-map) ft route-map DEN4-PERM3 den 10
Tanklconfig-route-map)#match tag 4
Tanklconfig-route-map)#route-map DEN4-PERM3 perm 20
Tanklconfig-route-map)tset tag 3
, permit/deny, , redistribution OSPF

EIGRP, 6.57.
: 6.57. ,

....
.
. , . , , ,
>
*
Tanklconfig-route-map)#router ospf 100

Tanklconfig-router)ttredistribute eigrp 100 route-map DEN3-PERM4
Tanklconfig-router)trouter eigrp 100
Tanklconfig-router)tredi
Tank(config-router) ((redistribute ospf 100 rout
Tanklconfig-router)redistribute ospf 100 route-map DEN4-PERM3
6.58 , .
,
, ,
.
,
.
442
II. OSPF

; 6.58. ,
j
router eigrp 100
redistribute ospf 100 metric 1500 10 255 1 1500 route-map DEN4-PERM3
network 64.0.0.0
no auto-summary
i
router ospf 100
redistribute eigrp 100 metric 100 subnets route-map DEN3-PERM4
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
network 10.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
no ip classless
i
route-map DEN3-PERM4 deny 10
match tag 3
j
route-map DEN3-PERM4 permit 20
set tag 4
I
match tag 4
i
set tag 3
5:
OSPF RIP

, , . 6.12, Trinity
10 OSPF, RIP. OSPF :
64.246.202.4/30
128.213.100.0/24
128.213.101.0/24
128.213.102.0/24
128.213.103.0/24
RIP,
Trinity. ,
OSPF, , OSPF
6.
443
,
.

, -
RIP, Trinity; , 6.59.
6.59.
i RIP

Apooshow ip route
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
E2
0 E2
0 E2
0 E2
0 E2
0
Apoo

10.10.10 .0/24 [110/11] via 192.168. 254 .2, 00:01 :39,
10.10.20 .0/24 [110/12] via 192.168.254 .2, 00:01 :39,
10.10.20 .1/32 [110/12] via 192.168. 254 .2, 00:01 :39,
64.246.202.0 [110/100] via 192.168. 254 .2, 00:01 :39,
128.213. 97.0 [110/100] via 192.168. 254 .2, 00:01 :39,
128.213. 96.0 [110/100] via 192.168. 254 .2, 00:01 :39,
128.213. 99.0 [110/100] via 192.168. 254 .2, 00:01 :39,
128.213. 98.0 [110/100] via 192.168. 254 .2, 00:01 :40,
192.168.252 .0/24 [110/11] via 192.168. 254 -2, 01:40 :59,
192.168.253 .0/24 [110/11] via 192.168. 254 -2, 01:40 :59,
192.168.254 .0/24 is directly connected, EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO
EthernetO

6.60 , RIP 200, , RIP, , EIGRP.
6.60. RIP
Trinity(config-router)#redistribute rip metric 200 subnets
Trinity(config)#

RIP OSPF ,
444
II. OSPF
6.61. , , RIP, 200 ( , 6.60).

| 6.61.
Apooshow ip route
10.10.10.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:27, EthernetO
10.10.20.0/24 [110/12] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:27, EthernetO
10.10.20.1/32 [110/12] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:27, EthernetO
0 E2 > 64.246.202.4/30" [110?200,J via 192.168,254,2, 00:*00:27, EthernetO
2
64.246.202.6/32 'I110/20Q)- Via 192,:i68;254.2,, 00:'00:27, EthernetO
2
64.246.202.0/30 [110/100] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:27, EthernetO
2 , 128.213.101.0 ,[110/200-1 via 192.168.254.2, 00: 00:27, ' EthernetO
2 , 128.213.100. 1200], via' 192.168.254^2, 00:00:28, ' EthernetO
2 ' 128.213.103;.OjllO/200],',via-'195.168.254.2, 00:00:28,* EthernetO
2 - 128.213.102:0 /200]'Via ,192.168.254.2, 00:00:28, EthernetO1
2
128.213.97.0 [110/100] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:28, EthernetO
2
128.213.96.0 [110/100] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:29, EthernetO
2
128.213.99.0 [110/100] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:29, EthernetO
2
128.213.98.0 [110/100] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:30, EthernetO
0
192.168.252.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.254.2, 02:08:41, EthernetO
0
192.168.253.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.254.2, 02:08:41, EthernetO

Apoo
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
, .
( OSPF RIP)
.
OSPF RIP
, OSPF RIP, 6.62.
6.62. RIP,

router rip
version 2
network 64.0.0.0
6.
445
Morpheus,
6.63, , 5.
.
6.63. . J
64.246.202.4/30 is directly connected, SerialO/0
64.246.202.0/30 [120/5] -via 64.246.202.5, 00:00:07, SerialO/0
128.213.103.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback3

R
128.213.0.0/16 [120/5] via 64.246.202..5, 00:00:07, SerialO/0
R
10.0.0.0/8 [120/5] via 64.246.202.5,; ,00:00:07, SerialO/0
R
192.168.254.0/24 [120/5] via 64.246.202.5, 00:00:07, SerialO/0
R
192.168.253.0/24 [120/5] via 64.246.202.5, 00:00:07, SerialO/0
R
192.168.252.0/24 [120/5] via 64.246.202.5, 00:00:07, SerialO/0
Morpheus*
OSPF
; .
. . ,
, RIP, , .
.

Trinity . . , , 6.64.
~ ,
*., -W..4W..
~-
~ ., ,-~,*..
.,
.,,..,
,,.-
.1
,^
6.64. OSPF j
;
router ospf 100

log-adj acency-changes
446
II. OSPF
network 10.10.10.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 10

network 10.10.20.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 10
OSPF OSPF. 0 ( ), RIP ( 6.65). ,

.
6.65. , ,
OSPF
Apoc#show ip ospf database
(Process ID 100)

Link ID
192.168.252.2
192.168.254.1
ADV Router
192.168.252.2
192.168.254.1
Age
735
345
Seq#
Checksum Link count
0x80000011 OxD7B4
3
OxSOOOOOOA Ox87F2
1

Link ID
192.168.254.2
ADV Router
192.168.252.2
Age
1226
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000006 Ox8C04

Link ID
10.10.10.0
10.10.20.0
10.10.20.1
ADV Router
192.168.252.2
192.168.252.2
192.168.252.2
Age
479
479
479
Seq#
OxSOOOOOOB
0x80000009
0x80000009
Checksum
0x1398
OxB2EF
OxA8F8

Link ID
10.10.20.1
10.10.20.2
ADV Router
192.168.252.2
192.168.252.2
Age
983
1228
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000003
0x80000002 0x9413
Type-5 AS External Link States

Link ID
64. 246. 202. 0
64.246. 202.4
64.246. 202. 6
128 .213 .96. 0
128 .213 .97. 0
128 .213 .98. 0
128 .213 .99. 0
128 .213 .100 .0
128 .213 .101 .0
128 .213 .102 .0
128 .213 .103 .0
Apoc#
ADV Router
10. 10. 20 .1
10. 10.20 .2
10.10.20 .2
10.10.20 .1
10.10.20 .1
10. 10. 20 .1
10. 10.20 .1
10.10.20 .2
10.10.20 .2
10.10.20 .2
10. 10.20 .2
6.
Age
1242
1201
1201
1242
1242
1242
1242
1201
1201
1201
1201
Seq#
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
Checksum
Ox2AFB
Ox6ED
Ox4EA
0x1955
OxESF
0x369
OxF773
OxF04B
OxE555
OxDASF
OxCF69
Tag
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
447

tag 200,
200
, OSPF RIP, 6.66.
6.66.

Trinity(config-router)#redistribute rip metric 200 subnets ?
metric
metric-type OSPF/IS-IS exterior metric type for redistributed routes
route-map
Route map reference
subnets
Consider subnets for redistribution into OSPF
tag
Set tag for routes redistributed into OSPF
<cr>
Trinity(config-router)#redistribute rip metric 200 subnets tag 7
<0-4294967295> 32-bit tag value
Trinity(config-router)#redistribute rip metric 200 subnets tag 200
Trinity(config-router)#

6.67 OSPF,
, RIP 200,
.
6.67.
OSPF
Apoc#show ip ospf database
*** ***
-5 AS External Link States
Link ID
64.246. 202. 0
64.246.202. 4
64.246.202. 6
128.213 .96. 0
128.213 .97. 0
128.213 .98. 0
128.213 .99. 0
128.213 .100 0
128.213 .101 .
0
128.213 .102 .
0
128.213 .103 .0
Apoc#
448
ADV Router
Age
10 .10 .20 .1
10 .10 .20 .2
10 .10 .20 .2
10 .10 .20 .1
10 .10 .20 .1
10 .10 .20 .1
10 .10 .20 .1
10 .10 .20 .2
10 .10 .20 .2
10 .10 .20 .2
10 .10 .20 .2
1242
1201
: 1201 1242
1242
1242
1242
1201
1201
1201
1201
'
Seq#
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000003
Checksum
Ox2AFB
Ox6ED
Ox4EA
0x1955
OxESF
0x369
OxF773
OxF04B
OxE555
OXDA5F '
OxCF69
Tag
0
200
200
0
0
0
0
200
200
200
200
II. OSPF
OSPF ,
. show
ip route network number, 6.68.
6.68.
Apoc#show ip route 64.246.202.4
Routing entry for 64.246.202.4/30

Known via "ospf 100", distance 110, metric 200
Tag 200, type extern 2, forward metric 11
Redistributing via ospf 100
Last update from 192.168.254.2 on EthernetO, 00:07:53 ago
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
* 192.168.254.2, from 10.10.20.2, 00:07:53 ago, via EthernetO
Route metric is 200, traffic share count is 1
Apoc#
, , 200, RIP.
OSPF.
6:

, ,
. , . , , OSPF. .

, OSPF ()
() . , OSPF,
, , OSPF
. , .
Router(config-if) ip ospf cost 1-65355. OSPF OSPF. OSPF. ,

.
6.
449
Router(config-if) bandwidth 1-10000000. .

, , . , , ,
, . ,
.
auto reference bandwidth. .
, ()
OSPF , OSPF.

5, OSPF , . , OSPF , OSPF, distance. OSPF
passive-interface
LSA .
,
.
Router(config-router)distance ospf 1-255. OSPF 110
. ,
, .
Router(config-router)distance ospf {[intra-area [1-255] [inter-area

[1-255] [external [1-255]}. OSPF . OSPF : , .
, , ,
, , , , ,
. .
distance ospf ,
.
450
Router(config-router)default-metric cost 1-4294967295.

, OSPF. OSPF
II. OSPF
. ,
, .
Router(config-router)passive-interface interface_name.

LSA OSPF .
, , '
.

OSPF :
. ,
.
Router(config-router)redistribute protocol-name route-map routemap-name. , . OSPF
, , , , .
Router(config-router)distribute-list [1-99] [in] [interface].
, . in
. , in

. , OSPF
, LSA, LSDB.
.

OSPF.
OSPF
,
, , Cisco
, OSPF.
,
,
. ,
, . OSPF.
, , , , :
" , Neo
128.213.102.0/24,
".
6.
451
,
, . Trinity,
. 6.13.

ASBR
128.213.100.100/24
128.213.101.100/24
128.213.102.100/24
128.213.103.100/24
. 6.13.
, ,
128.213.102.0/24 Neo. 6.69
OSPF, .

j
router ospf 100
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
network 192.168.252.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.253.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
6.70,
Neo .
452
II. OSPF
6.70. Neo,
,
:, '
Neo#show ip route
i - IS-IS, LI - is-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
64.246.202.0/30 [110/100] via 10.10.10 . 3 , 00:00:57, FastEthernetO/0
2
128.213.101.0 [110/200] via 10.10.10 .1, 00:00:57, FastEthernetO/0
2
128.213.100.0 [110/200] via 10 .10.10.1, 00:00:57, FastEthernetO/0
2
2
2
2
128.213.96.0 [110/100] via 10 .10.10.3, 00:00:57, FastEthernetO/0
2
2
10.10.20.0/24 [110/2] via 10.10.10.1 00:00:59, FastEthernetO/0
2
2
2
0
0
Neo>

, deny ( permit) . OSPF,
. 6.71
.
6.71.
router ospf 100
network 10.10.10.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 10
network 192.168.252.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 192.168.253.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 192.168.254.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
distribute-list 50 in FastEthernetO/0
i
ip classless
6.
453
no ip http server
I
access-list 50 deny
128.213.102.0 0.0.0.255
, permit any, . ,
, , Telnet. , : (permit) (deny) .

, , Neo, , 128.213.102.0/24. ,
6.72, .
6.72. , ,

Neo#show ip route
64.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets 2 masks
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

0
0

Neo#
2
2
2
454
II. OSPF
,
, , 128.213.102.0/24
OSPF ( 6.73). .
Neo#show ip ospf database

! ,
-5 AS External Link States
Link ID
64. 246. 202. 0
64. 246. 202. 4
64. 246. 202. 6
128 .213 .96. 0
128 .213 .97. 0
128 .213 .98. 0
128 .213 .99. 0
128 .213 .100 .0
128 .213 .101 .0
128 .213 .102 .0
128 .213 .103 .0
Neo#
ADV Router
10,.10 .20 .1
10..10 .20 .2
10..10 .20 .2
10..10 .20 .1
10..10 .20 .1
10.,10 .20 .1
10.,10 .20 .1
10.,10 .20 .2
10.,10 .20 .2
10..10 .20 .2
10..10 .20 .2
Age
1329
1515
1515
1329
1329
1329
1329
1515
1515
1516
1516
Seq#
OxSOOOOOOC
OxSOOOOOOB
OxSOOOOOOB
OxSOOOOOOC
OxSOOOOOOC
OxSOOOOOOC
OxSOOOOOOC
OxSOOOOOOB
OxSOOOOOOB
OxSOOOOOOB
OxSOOOOOOB
Checksum
0x1805
OxF5F5
OxF3F2
Ox75E
OxFB68
OxF072
OxE57C
OxE053
OxD55D
OXCA67
OxBF71
Tag
0
200
200
0
0
0
0
200
200
200
200
, 6.74, ,
. , , .
1
6.74.
Apoc#clear ip route *
Apoc#show ip route
10.10.10.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:03,, EthernetO
10.10.20.0/24 [110/12] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:03,, EthernetO
10.10.20.1/32 [110/12] via 192.168.254.2, 00:00:03,, EthernetO
0 E2
64 .246..202..4/30 [110/200] via 192 .168.,254.2, 00:00 :03, EthernetO
0 E2
64 .246..202..6/32 [110/200] via 192 .168.,254.2, 00:00::03, EthernetO
0 E2
64 .246,.202..0/30 [110/100] via 192 .168.,254.2, 00:00::03, EthernetO
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
6.
455
, , ,

, .
, , , ,
. , , .
,
IP- .

OSPF. , , . . ,
OSPF.
, .
, . ,
OSPF
, ( ). . 7 .
456
II. OSPF
...
OSPF
460
487
487

OSPF
, .
.
1. , , .
2.
,
.
. ,
, , ,
OSPF. , 6.

, ,
, , , . ,
RIP OSPF, , , OSPF, RIP. . ,
.
( )
. . ,
, -
Internet,
.
(.. , ..).
, .
10.20.30.0/24 10.20.30.0/22.
, 256 .
, 1024 .
;
, 6.

OSPF
, OSPF,
IP- . OSPF ,
.
, . , , .

OSPF. ,

.
. 7.1 ,
. ,
,
.
OSPF
. , IP . .
,
, (
). , .
.
-, -.
,
- -. , - ( ), .
460
II. OSPF
-, -, , -, . .
10.20.32.0
10.20.36.0
10.20.40.0

Neo
Neo
Neo
10.20.30.0/20

Neo
.
10.20.30.0/20
10.20.32.0,10.20.36.0 10.20.40.0.
. 7.1. , IP-

, 10.20.30.40.
10.20.30.0/22
( -), - 10.20.30.40 ( -).
,
1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 0 / 2 4 .
10.20.30.0/20, ,
.

: .
-, , , -,
, .
, , , , , .. ,
(
), . , () . , , ,
.
, , . , IP-
7. OSPF
461
10.20.30.40, (10)
. , (20) .. ,
. ,
, , .
, , , , , . . , , ,
, , . ,
, , OSPF.
() ,
; , . , . , OSPF , .
. , , / .
Internet, , ,
Internet; , Internet . ,
, .
, Internet. ,
Internet . .

.
, . ,
.
.
.
; ,
462
II. OSPF
. ,
,
, /24.
.

,
SPF. , , .
. ,
, /22, , ,
, /24, . , ,
.
,
.
.
,
, , .
, ,
. , , ,
.
. . ,
(, , ), (, ), , ,
.
, , , ,
. , , , . ,
, . ,
7. OSPF
463
, . , , ,
, , .
.
,
OSPF, .
, .
, . ,
. , , .
, .

, IP . IP . .
.
IP. ,
.
IP ,
, OSPF, .

.
,
OSPF.
IP- ,
.
, .
,
,
. , -
464
II. OSPF
,
RIP IGRP,
, .
, , . ,
/20, , .
, ..
, .
, , , 2 (2, 4, 8, 16 ..).
, 2.
. .
1. , IP- ,
summary address, .
2. , .
, (ASBR) (ABR) OSPF.
3. , OSPF . ,
, OSPF
,
OSPF , . show ip ospf neighbor.
,
OSPF OSPF,
2 3. , OSPF .
7. OSPF
465
OSPF
OSPF, . ,
.
,
.

. OSPF, ABR ASBR. , , . OSPF
, . OSPF .
. ,
OSPF, OSPF . , , SPF.
OSPF
LSA 5.
.
,
, , OSPF.
,
. OSPF
LSA 4. LSA
4 LSA 5 7.
LSA
0 ( ). LSA OSPF. ,
, .

, OSPF.
. , (. . 5.1).
466
II. OSPF
,
. , IP-.
. , . , , ,
, OSPF . .
ABR
,
OSPF, , OSPF.
, OSPF .
1:
,
,
( ) . . 7.2.
ABR,

1
128.213.96.0-128.213.99.0,
/24
1
128.213.96.0 255.255.252.0
ABR,

2
128.213.100.0-128.213.103.0,
/24
2
128.213.100.0 255.255.252.0
. 7.2. OSPF
. 7.2, Trinity, ABR 1, ,

128.213.96.0/22-128.213.99.0/22
128.213.96.0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 2 . 0
OSPF. , 1 :
128.213.96.0 255.255.252.0
7. OSPF
467
, ABR 2 (
Morpheus) ,
128.213.100.0/22128.213.103.0/22 2
OSPF. 2 :
128.213.100.0 255.255.252.0
, ,
:
..96.x ..99.x 1;
.. 100.x.. 103 . 2.
, , , ,
. Trinity
.
( Morpheus , .)
area range,
:
Trinity(config-router)#area area-id range ip-address mask
[advertise
not-advertise]
, , . , , IP- .
not-advertise.
, , ABR

; , . 7.1-7.3 Trinity , IP- 1
.

router ospf 100

network 128.213.96.0 0.0.3.255 area 1
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!

,
1 2 . ,
, . -
468
II. OSPF
Trinity,
Morpheus.

OSPF
.
, OSPF ASBR.
,
. , , ,
.
OSPF ,
, . OSPF,
, ,
, , ,
.
2:

, . -
7. OSPF
469
, (.. ).
OSPF , , .
OSPF:
summary-address summary-ip-address subnet-mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
ASBR, OSPF.

not-advertise, , . tag , ; , , ,
.
OSPF, cisco.com, Cisco IOS. , Cisco , OSPF

prefix mask,
.
. 7.3 ,
, 01 02
. 01 128.213.96.0128.213.99.0, 02
128.213 .100.0-128.213 .103.0. OSPF Tank Trinity ( ASBR)
OSPF.
summary-address,
OSPF.
summary-address
, , Tank 128.213.96.0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 2 . 0 , Trinity
128.213.100.0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 2 . 0 . ,
summary-address Neo , Neo
OSPF, ASBR.

, ,
7.4-7.6. Neo, 7.4, .
470
II. OSPF
. 7.3.
7. OSPF
471

summary-address Tank Trinity, 7.5.

, . , . 7.6,
Neo
.
472
II. OSPF

- ,
, ,
7.7.

6 , . ,
. . 7.4
, .
Trinity Tank , , , ,
. , Trinity ( 7.8).
7. OSPF
473
. 7.4. ,
474
II. OSPF
0 IA 192.168.253.0/24 [110/2] via 10.10.10.2, 01:03:10, FastEthernetO/0

0 IA 192.168.252.0/24 [110/2] via 10.10.10.2, 01:03:10, FastEthernetO/0
Trinity
, NullO. , ( )
. , Trinity. ,
Tank , :
128.213.96.0/22 is a summary, 00:02:30, NullO

. , , , 128.216.101.0/24 . OSPF ,
. ,
,
, , .
10, Neo.
null
Cisco IOS 12.1(6) .
.

1 2 8 . 2 1 6 . 1 0 1 . 0 / 2 4 .
Neo, , Trinity (
ASBR, ). Trinity , , Neo, Trinity.
.
OSPF NullO, ,
/ , . Neo ,
128.216.101.0/24, NullO (.. ), Neo,
.
.
7. OSPF
475
3:

, , .
, OSPF . , , . ,
, .
(VLSM) ,
.
,
.
OSPF.
OSPF .
OSPF .
OSPF .

(, ) OSPF, .

VLSM, , ;
. , , .
150.100.0.0/16.
VLSM. , .
OSPF.
, . , ,
. , .
.
; ,
. , 500 . , OSPF, 500 , ,
,
.
476
II. OSPF
" "
. , , . , 500 .
N
2 -2 = , N , , . ,
2 9 -2 = 510 500 ,
; , ,
. . 7.5 , 9 , ,
.
. 7.5. ,
, ,
, .
100 50 100
2 ( ) . , ,
, . ,
, .
, (, ), .
7. OSPF
477

. ,
7
. 9
,
, ,

. ,
. 7.4, , , . 7.6.
. 7.6. ,
,
( 255.255.255.252)
, .
VLSM , .
, - ( 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 4 0 )
.
. ,
. ,
,
.
478
II. OSPF
20-30 () OSPF.
2030 OSPF.
, .

IP 500 ,
. ,
IP-.
18 OSPF, .
:
1 5 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 . 0 / 1 6 ;
1 9 8 . 2 2 . 3 3 . 0 / 2 4 1 9 8 . 2 2 . 3 4 . 0 / 2 4 .

, , 16 ;
,
16 . 150.100.0.0/16
, . , z :
150.100.xxxxyyyy.yzzzzzzz
|
16 ;
32 ;
z 126 (128 - 2)
.
, VLSM, . ,
,
area range.
OSPF .
, 150.100.2. (
),
:
area 8 range 1 5 0 . 1 0 0 . 2 . 0 255.255.255.128
7. OSPF
479
, , 150.100.2.0,
8.
, ,
, 150.100.2.1,
:
area 17 range 150.100.2.128 255.255.255.128
,
. , , ,
32 , . (VLSM) . ,
.

,
, Internet,
. , .
,
. ,
.
, .
OSPF, .
, , , IP-, Internet (DMZ).
(, ) , DMZ,
IP-. , ,
Internet .
. 7.7 , DMZ Internet, IP-;
Internet.
DMZ Internet, DMZ
. ,
Internet, Internet DMZ.
480
II. OSPF

.
, , Cisco, , , Cisco FIX Firewall Checkpoints Fire wall-1.
VLSM
.
4: VLSM

IP , . ,
, , , . OSPF
(VLSM), .
7. OSPF
481
VLSM
, ,
, VLSM, ,
.
. , IP-, VLSM, , .
VLSM , . ,
, VLSM , ,
. , .
VLSM, , , IP. , VLSM
. , , ,
,
. , .
IP- .
.
VLSM
VLSM .
, .
, .
VLSM, . 131.108.0.0 .
. 7.1 , ,
VLSM.
482
II. OSPF

255.255.255.252
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.0

2
6
14
30
62
126
254
, ,
. ,
. , 126 . , . , . 7.2.
131.108.13.248
131.108.13.128
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.128
249-254
129-254
,
. IP- . ,
IP- 131.108.13.250;
2 131.108.13.248. IP- 131.108.13.250; 122 131.108.13.128.
.
, , IP-. ,
, . , . 7.3 .
131.108.13.248
131.108.13.0
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.128
249-254
1-127
,
0. 11.3
7. OSPF
483
Cisco IOS .
Cisco IOS. OSPF ,
0 , .
, , 0.
, 192.111.108.0 255.255.255.0 254
(192.111.108.1192. Ill. 108.254). 192.111.108.0
255.255.255.240 (16 14 ).
14 0,
. (, 1724). , VLSM.
.
0.
, 1, . ip subnet zero .
VLSM
VLSM ,

VLSM . , , Cisco,
131.108.0.0 255.255.255.0.
,
:

255.255.255.0;
131.108.0.0,
131.108.254.0, 255.255.255.252.
VLSM 6 64 . .
131.108.254.1 131.108.254.2;
131.108.254.5 131.108.254.6;
131.108.254.9 131.108.254.10;
..
, , 0 1,
. 64 .
,
, .
484
II. OSPF
VLSM
, ,
. , ,
Ethernet Frame Relay, ,
.
, IGRP VLSM, OSPF IGRP
RIP 1 (RIP-1) . ,
VLSM IGRP. OSPF .
VLSM
. VLSM
, , . ,
, ,
.
: ,
, .
, ,
192.214.11.0 100
50 .
, 0 255, 254
(192.214.11.1192.214.11.254). VLSM. VLSM . 7.8.
. 7.8. VLSM
.
, 1, , 0. ,
VLSM.
255.255.255.252 ( nil 1100)

64.
255.255.255.248 ( 1111 1000)

32.
7. OSPF
485
255.255.255.240 ( 1111 0000)

16.
255.255.255.224 ( 1110 0000)

8.
255.255.255.192 ( 1100 0000)
4.
255.255.255.128 ( 1000 0000)
2.
VLSM
255.255.255.128 2 128 , 255.255.255.192
4 64 ..
.
( VLSM),
128,
192. . 7.9.
. 7.9.
VLSM
IP-, , . , IP- , . ,
2 192.214.11.10 255.255.255.128, ,
, ,
192.214.11.0192.214.11.127. , 2 192.214.11.160 255.255.255.128, ,
, ,
192.214.11.128-192.214.11.255.
7.9 ,
.
RTA#
ip subnet-zero
interface Ethernets
ip address 192.214.11.10 255.255.255.128
interface Ethernets
ip address 192.214.11.160 255.255.255.192
486
II. OSPF
interface Ethernet4
ip address 192.214.11.226 255.255.255.192
RTA# show ip route connected
192.214.11.0 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
192.214.11.0 255.255.255.128 is directly connected, Ethernet2
192.214.11.128 255.255.255.192 is directly connected, Ethernets
192.214.11.192 255.255.255.192 is directly connected, Ethernet4
, OSPF. ,
VLSM . , .

( 7.107.15), 6. .
i
interface LoopbackO
ip address 128.213.96.100 255.255.255.0
interface Loopbackl
ip address 128.213.97.100 255.255.255.0
I
interface Loopback2
ip address 128.213.98.100 255.255.255.0
j
interface LoopbackS
ip address 128.213.99.100 255.255.255.0
i
interface EthernetO
no ip address
shutdown
!
interface Ethernetl
no ip address
shutdown
j
interface SerialO
ip address 6 4 . 2 4 6 . 2 0 2 . 2 255.255.255.252
7. OSPF
487
no ip split-horizon eigrp 100
interface Seriall
no ip address
shutdown
!
router eigrp 100
redistribute connected
network 64.0.0.0
network 128.213.0.0
no auto-summary
hostname Tank
enable password 7 00021215104904131B245E
!
no ip domain-lookup
!
interface LoopbackO
description USED FOR OSPF RID
ip address 10.10.20.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface EthernetO
description OSPF AREA 10
ip address 10.10.10.3 255.255.255.0
!
interface Ethernetl
no ip address
shutdown
!
interface SerialO
ip address 64.246.202.1 255.255.255.252
no ip split-horizon eigrp 100
!
interface Seriall
no ip address
shutdown
router eigrp 100

redistribute ospf 100 metric 1500 10 255 1 1500 route-map DEN4-PERM3
network 64.0.0.0
no auto-summary
!
router ospf 100

summary-address 128.213.96.0 255.255.252.0
redistribute eigrp 100 metric 100 subnets route-map DEN3-PERM4
.network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
488
II. OSPF
network 10.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 10

i
no ip classless
route-map OSPF-to-EIGRP permit 10
match ip address 66
!
route-map OSPF-to-EIGRP deny 65535
i
route-map EIGRP-to-OSPF permit 10
match ip address 97
;
route-map EIGRP-to-OSPF deny 65535

I

match tag 3
;

set tag 4

match tag 4
i

set tag 3
7.12.
interface EthernetO
description OSPF AREA ZERO
ip address 192.168.254.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface SerialO
no ip address
shutdown
j
interface Serial1
no ip address
shutdown
I
router ospf 100
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.252.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
interface LoopbackO
7. OSPF
489

ip address 192.168.252.2 255.255.255.0
;
interface Loopbackl
ip address 192.168.253.1 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface FastEthemetO/1
ip address 192.168.254.2 255.255.255.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
router ospf 100
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
network 192.168.252.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.253.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
ip classless
I
access-list 50 deny
128.213.102.0 0.0.0.255
interface LoopbackO
ip address 128.213.100.100
i
interface Loopbackl
ip address 128.213.101.100
.'
interface Loopback2
ip address 128.213.102.100
i
interface Loopback3
ip address 128.213.103.100
i
interface EthernetO/0
no ip address
490
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
II. OSPF
interface SerialO/0
ip address 6 4 . 2 4 6 . 2 0 2 . 6 255.255.255.252
encapsulation ppp
no ip mroute-cache
!
interface SerialO/1
no ip address
shutdown
t
interface SerialO/2
no ip address
shutdown
i
router rip
version 2
redistribute connected
network 64.0.0.0
no auto-summary
!
ip classless
i
interface LoopbackO
ip address 10.10.20.2 255.255.255.0
j
ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0

duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface SerialO/0
ip address 64.246.202.5 255.255.255.252
encapsulation ppp
no fair-queue
clock rate 64000
t
no ip address
shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface SerialO/1
ip address 51.51.51.1 255.255.255.252
encapsulation ppp
!
router ospf 100
summary-address 128.213.100.0 255.255.252.0
7. OSPF
491
redistribute rip metric 200 subnets tag 200

network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
network 10.10.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 10
default-information originate always metric 50 metric-type 1
default-metric 50
!
router rip
version 2
network 64.0.0.0
!
ip classless
no ip http server
!
492
II. OSPF

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499
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:
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III. , ...
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, ..).
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monitors port
CATEGORY; 'interface'',-*INDEX Card:'

Polling Frequency (sees): I
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8. OSPF
501
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, .
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, ,

.
,
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.
, ,
.
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. ,
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Configuration Snap-In Manager.
502
III. , ...
.
,
.
show.
ConfigMaker Cisco
ConfigMaker Cisco , Microsoft Windows, , Cisco.
Windows 98, Me, NT4 2000,
(Command-Line Interface CLI) Cisco.
ConfigMaker Cisco ( ), , , Web- Cisco.
ConfigMaker Web-:
www.cisco.com/cgi-bin/tablebuild.pl/configmaker
ConfigMaker ,
(Cisco Connection Online
Web- Cisco).
SNMP
TCP/IP ARPA (Advanced Research
Projects Agency )
(Department of Defense DoD) 1960--
1970- USDoD. ARPA, (ARPAnet),
,
TCP/IP. Internet.
Internet
, .
Internet
,
Internet. SGMP (Simple
Gateway Monitoring Protocol ).
SGMP IAB1 (Internet Activities
Board Internet) , Internet.
IAB IETF,
, Internet. RFC:
1065, 1066 1067, SNMP 1.
1
1992 Internet Architecture Board ( Internet).
8. OSPF
503

SNMP ,
(Network Management Framework NMF),
RFC. NMF SNMP 1 RFC 1155, 1157, 1212, 1902 1908. NMF SNMP
2 RFC 14411452. ,
SNMP 1 , SNMP 2 , 2 .
SNMP ,
. RFC
Internet ,
.
. ( ) , , , , , , .
. SNMP,
. , , , SNMP.
.
, , ( )
.
, , ,
( , ) ( , ).
MIB. (MIB) , . MIB.

, , .
.
, MIB , .

. Internet
1 (Abstract Syntax
Notation 1 ASN.1) OSI, ISO,
, , . ,
MIB.
SMI, .
504
III. , ...
(Structure of Management Information

SMI). SMI .
ASN.1.
NMS. NMS (Network Management Station

), , ,
. NMS
, , .
, ,
NMS. , , , NMS .
. (party), SNMP 2, SNMP 2,

, . SNMP 2 ,
,
,
. SNMP 2
. SNMP 2 ,
. , / , .
. NMS. SNMP .
RFC Web-:
www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfcxxxx.txt
RFC. RFC ,
Web-:
www.rfc-editor.org/cgi-bin/rfcsearch.pl
. 8.3 Internet.
, ,
, SNMP.
1
SNMP 1, 2 SNMP 2, 3
8. OSPF
505
SNMP 3,
SNMP. , .
. 8.3.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol ), SNMP IP. SNMP ,
. , SNMP (
),
, , .
SNMP
1990- ,
, SNMP , .
, -
506
III. , ...
, , . , .
, SNMP.
SNMP: 1, 2 3.
, 2,
SNMP. SNMP.
SNMP ,
3 SNMP 1 2 ,
SNMP 3.
SNMP MIB. Ml , , . MIB
,
.
MIB, ,
, , ,
. , , Cisco, HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol
Cisco), Cisco MIB, NMS .
MIB BGP, Cisco, .
MIB
. MIB ,
.
SNMP .
SNMP , , , Frame Relay (Frame Relay Access Device FRAD),
DSU/CSU (Data Service Unit/Channel Service Unit
/ ) . , SNMP
GETREQUEST
, 5 30 . , ,
, - .
, ;
8. OSPF
507
.
, ,
(.. ), . NMS, .

(NMS), , , ( NMS). ,
.

. .
TCP/IP. , SNMP TCP/IP. SNMP
, IPX ( NetWare Novell) . , ,
TCP/IP. NMS .
NMS , .
,
. NMS.
. GETREQUEST,
GETNEXTREQUEST SETREQUEST. , , , , SNMP, NMS
, (polling).
SNMP TCP/IP, SNMP IP- -.
NMS , ,
GETREQUEST SNMP .
: MIB
MIB.
GETNEXTREQUEST GETREQUEST. MIB ,
508
III. , ...
. , GETNEXTREQUEST
, MIB . , MIB, ,

,
GETNEXTREQUEST.
, ,
SETREQUEST. ,
.
SETREQUEST ,
( , )
, . SETREQUEST , .
, ,

.
,
.
, SNMP, MIB
NMS.
, ,
. , SNMP, . , .
, SNMP,
.
, SNMP, -, SNMP , SNMP.
SNMP , GETRESPONSE TRAP, , .

GETRESPONSE. NMS , . , .
8. OSPF
509
TRAP. ( )
, . , , .
,
.

, SNMP . ,
NMS SNMP.
, ,
, , , - . . 8.4 ,
NMS SNMP.
. 8.4.
MIB
MIB ,
, , . .
, , .
MIB. . ,
,
.
510
III. , ...
MIB
MIB . .
MIB (Object Identifier OID). OID
; , .
OID MIB SNMP .
CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone

).
ISO.
ISO/CCITT.
MIB , ISO. OID 1.3.6.1 Internet.

MIB, Internet (MIB-II), RFC 1213 171 . , TCP, IP, UDP (User Datagram Protocol ), SNMP ., , system
() interfaces ().
MIB .
. ,
. 8.5, MIB Cisco
1 . 3 . 6 . 1 . 4 . 1 . 9 . OID MIB . ,
1, ISO, , .
SNMP
, , ,
SNMP .
SNMP, . SNMP
- . , UDP,
, .
,
SNMP.
8. OSPF
511
. 8.5. Ml
SNMP
SNMP.
GET.
SNMP (. 8.6).
512
III. , ...
. 8.6.
GETNEXT.
,
. SNMP 1 ,
NMS ,
GET, GETNEXT.
GETBULK. SNMP 2
MIB-II. GETBULK

GETNEXT.
GETBULK GETNEXT.
SET. , , .
INFORM ( Trap ()). . INFORM SNMP 2

Trap SNMP 1.
. 8.6, , .

-, . 8.7, ,
NMS
SNMP. , . ,
.
, NMS.
1. , , -
8. OSPF
513
NMS.
,
MIB, IP-.
,

. 8.7. ,

2. NMS MIB OID, .
3. NMS (.. ) PDU (Protocol Data
Unit ), .
514
III. , ...
4. NMS PDU OID

MIB SNMP (..
).
5. PDU
1 (ASN.1)
(Basic Encoding Rule BER). PDU
UDP/IP .
(. );
, . SNMP, .
.
NMS
-, . 8.8,
SNMP, SNMP . , .
. ,
.
, NMS.
1. .
ASN.1 BER PDU,
.
2. PDU MIB SNMP.
SNMP
(.. ).
SNMP , 3,
SNMP ,
. NMS. ,

.
3. MIB, PDU,
PDU MIB OID.
4. MIB OID, , OID.
5. , , NMS (..
). , NMS, SNMP.
6. . PDU UDP/IP
NMS.
8. OSPF
515
. 8.8. - NMS
MIB Cisco
MIB Cisco,
,
. MIB
Cisco DECnet (
DECnet), XNS, AppleTalk, Banyan VINES, Novell NetWare, , , . ,
Cisco MIB .
SNMP Cisco , . . 8.9
MIB Cisco. , . 8.5.
516
III. , ...
. 8.9. Ml Cisco
, Cisco MIB,
. ,

. , , , , .
MIB . ,
, Cisco,
8. OSPF
517
. MIB Cisco (. 8.10).
. 8.10. MIB Cisco
518
III. , ...
SNMP
SNMP SNMP ,
. ,
NMS; , . , Cisco.
,
( , ),
SNMP,
, . ,
, ,
NMS .
SNMP 1 Cisco (community

string) ,
. SNMP , ,
SNMP.
,
. ,
Cisco , .
MIB OSPF
OSPF MIB, . . 8.11
OSPF MIB , .
RFC, MIB OSPF
, ,
.
RFC 1248.
RFC 1252.
RFC 1253.
RFC 1850.
8. OSPF
519
. 8.11. OSPF Ml
RFC 1850, MIB OSPF .
12 .
65
OSPF.
45 .
: " OSPF ( )?" , , MIB,

. OSPF . . 8.12.
,
OSPF, RFC 1850.
520
III. , ... ]
. 8.12. MIB OSPF
8. OSPF
521
. 8.12. MIB OSPF ()

, -, .
522
III. , ...
. ? , , , , ,
.
(Computer Security Institute)
Computer Crime and Security Survey.
, 2002 90%
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. ,
,
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!
, -
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.
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Web-, , Cisco,
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Product Security Incident Response Team):
www.cisco.com/warp/public/707/advisory.html
, ,
. .
8. OSPF
523
-, , . ,
, , (, - ..) . .
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. . , , 25%
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III. , ...
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, .

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Web- , , . ( News, 19 2002 ),
news.bbc..uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_2052000/205232O.stm
, ,

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(CNetNews.com, 25 2002 ).
news.com.com/2100-1023-939333.html?tag=fd_top

,
,
, , ,
, . -
8. OSPF
525
, -,
. (/USA Today, 26
2002 ).
www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/2002/06/26/college-computers.htm
,
, ,
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.

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.
, . , . , , , , ,
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, .
, ; , .
, , Web-:
www.sans.org/newlook/resources/policies/policies.htm
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, ,
, , , ! , , .
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526
III. , ...
, , . , . , .
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,
.

.
. , . ,

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. , ,
!

. ,
, , , , , -
8. OSPF
527
. . , . , , . .
, , .
(Kevin Mitnick) , -!
Sprint
,

, - ,
, .
online.securityfocus.com/news/497
,
. ,
, , , . ,
, , , , .
; ,
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, . ,
, SSH PGP SNMP. ,
, .
,
, .
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, . ,
.

, . , -
528
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.
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, .

.
8. OSPF
529

,
.
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III. , ...
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, , , Web- :
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, ,
, .
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.
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,
. ,
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: ,
,
, ,
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.
OSPF, , , ,
. ,
.
DMZ OSPF ?
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8. OSPF
531
, ,
, , . , , , , .
" " .
.
, .
,
. 5
OSPF.
, , ,
. , !
Cisco IOS
, Cisco, ( ) Cisco.
,
enable secret. , MD5
Triple DES (3DES). Triple DES, DES, .
service encryption, enable
56- .
Cisco,
, , Cisco, ,
. ,
Cisco, .
:
(vty enable)
( enable secret)
Cisco IOS ,
.
Cisco , ,
, Cisco
IOS Internet . -
532
III. , ...
( Cisco) 1995 . , .
, Cisco IOS
, ;
" ". ,

. . Cisco service
password-encryption "" .
Cisco
, ,
, , ,
.
enable secret
, enable secret,
(.. ) MD5. Cisco, enable secret , ,
, ,
. , , ,
MD5, , , .
,
enable secret, ,
enable password.
. enable secret, .

Cisco IOS , ,
. , , ,
. 7, . 5, MD5. ,
, , enable secret,
MD5:
enable secret 5 $l$iUjJ$cDZ03KKGh7rnHfX2RSbDqP
8. OSPF
533
,

(. 8.13):
username Cisco password 7 0822455DOA16
. 8.13.

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol
), , ,
, .
,
. , , . ,
,
.

exec- motd banner -
534
III. , ...
, . ,
:
### #
# ####
##### ###
# # #
# #
##
# #
# # # # #
##
#
# * # # ###### # #### #
# #
# # #
#
#
##
# # ## #
#
#
##
### #
# #
# ##### ###
Authorized Access Only!
This system is owned and operated by the
International Network Resource Group Inc.
Unauthorized use will be prosecuted, you
are advised to disconnect IMMEDIATELY if
you are not an authorized user! Access to
this device and any attempts are logged
for misuse and reporting. For assistance
contact: noc@inrgi.net
, , "
" (Message-Of-The-Day MOTD),
, .
,
.
SNMP
, SNMP
, , .
, SNMP. , .
IP- 10.1.3.5 10.5.2.53
SNMP; . , srimp-server community.
access-list 1 permit 1 0 . 5 . 2 . 5 3
simp-server -community cisco 1
Cisco ,
, ,
deny all.
SNMP
SNMP ,
.
8. OSPF
535
.
OSPF! SNMP
GETREQUEST GETNEXTREQUEST
SETREQUEST.
SNMP . , ,
( SNMP). SNMP
,
. , , .
SNMP
,
.
:
snmp-server community <string> [RO | RW] [access-list]
, SNMP
ASCII.
, . SNMP.
no snmp-server trap-authentication,
( SNMP)
.
Internet, ,
SNMP 2,
RFC 1446. SNMP 2
SNMP MD5. SNMP
, , , MD5. , SNMP 2
DES (Data Encryption Standard
). SNMP 2
, .

, , Cisco Cisco IOS
. ,
OSPF
.
IP.
IP , , . IP, , -
536
III. , ...
. , IP (TCP
UDP) , , TCP UDP, .
IP ,
.
/.
, IP
( ). () .
IP ,
. ,
( , Internet) , () .
IP -
. .
, , .
, ,
.

. ,
,
. . IP, ( ).
, , .
, . , , , .
IP Cisco : DSS (Digital
Signature Standard ),
- (Diffie-Hellman DH) DES. DSS , DH DES

, .
8. OSPF
537
OSPF
OSPF .
. , , , . OSPF ,
. , . OSPF ,
, OSPF. , OSPF, (LSA),
, .
OSPF .
- , , ,
OSPF , (.. , LSA).
OSPF. OSPF
, . , OSPF.
OSPF .
, .
OSPF
, ,
. , .
OSPF.
OSPF
. ,
() OSPF OSPF. .
, , , , , .
. , .
538
III. , ...

OSPF

OSPF OSPF, . , (.. OSPF).
OSPF,

. ( ) ,

. ; ,
gateD , , .
, , .
. OSPF .

OSPF

OSPF , .
,
.
,
OSPF, ,
OSPF!
8. OSPF
539
OSPF
OSPF
. ( ),
-, -. OSPF:
, MD5 (Message
Digest Algorithm Version 5 5).
,
, MD5
.
, ,
. ,
.
. ,
. MD5 . , : ( )
() . ,
, MD5. , ,
- , .
, ,
,
. , . , SNMP
, SNMP.

, , . .
OSPF . , , OSPF, . ,
, -
540
III. , ...
, ,
, . 8.14.

OSPF

OSPF

OSPF

. 8.14. OSPF
.
1. ,
LSA (.. ).
2. - ( )
, .
3. , -
, ,
.
MD5
MD5 , ,
. MD5
( ).
.
, .
MD5 ,
( ).
MD5 . ( , -
8. OSPF
541
),
( ),
. ,

, .
OSPF

,
OSPF. ,
, .
, . , -
, ,
. MD5. - ,
.
, , . , MD5! ,
" " . ,
. 8.15,
Dozer Oracle,

MD5 OSPF.
, .
, "", , MD5, . , OSPF,
osPF-rocks (OSPF )! , , .

8.1 ,
MD5 10 OSPF Dozer
Oracle, , OSPF
.
542
III. , ...
/. (. 75. OSPF
8.1.
05 10 OSPF
Dozer Oracle
L.
description VLAN 10 TO ORACLE
ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.0
router ospf 100

network 10.10.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 10
OSPF , OSPF
, . Dozer
OSPF
Oracle. 8.2 IP Dozer.
I 8.2. IP Dozer
Dozerttshow ip route
8. OSPF
543

- traffic engineered route
0 IA
10.69.74.0/24 [110/12] via 10.10.10.1, FastEthernetO/0
0 IA
IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA

0 IA

0 IA

0 IA
10.10.15.0/24 is directly connected, LoopbackS

0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
2 192.168.254.0/24 [110/20] via 10.10.10.1, FastEthernetO/0
Dozer#
Dozer*show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID
10.1.1.1
Dozer*
Pri
1
State
FULL/BDR
Dead Time
00:00:31
Address
10.10.10.1
Interface
FastEthernetO/0

OSPF . -,
OSPF, -, , 8.3.
8.3. OSPF: ,
Dozer
" .. \,.,, -*;,'%i. ;>/" '. '
Dozer#con t
Dozer(config)#router ospf 100
End with CNTL/Z.
Dozer(config-router)#area 10 authentication message-digest

Dozer(config-router)#exit
Dozer(config)#
Dozer(config)tint faO/0
544
III. , ...
Dozer(config-if )#ip ospf message-digest-key ?

<l-255> Key ID
Dozer (config-if) tip ospf message-digest-key 1 ?
md5 Use KD5 algorithm
Dozer (config-if) tip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 OSPF-rocks
Dozer(config-if)#*Z
Dozer*

.
Oracle,
, , Dozer
. Dozer
Oracle OSPF MD5, Oracle
, MD5, .
debug,
, . 8.4, ;
debug.
( 8.4. OSPF
Dozer#show ip ospf neighbor
Dozer*show ip route
- traffic engineered route

Dozerffdebug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
Dozer*
Mar 1 08t41.-25.883 GMT:-. OSPF: 'Rev pkt from 10-.1, FastEthernetO/0 :
Mismatch Authentication type. Input packet specified type 0, we use type 2

Dozer*
*Mar
Mar
1 08:41:27.447 GMT: OSPF: Send with youngest Key 1

1 08:41:27.459 GMT: OSPF: Send with youngest Key 0
8. OSPF
545
Dozer*
*Mar 1 08:41:35.887 GMT: OSPF: Rev pkt from 10.10.10.1, FastEthernetO/0 :
Dozer*
, ,
. 8.5 , .
| 8.5. , ;
I OSPF , .'_'"- ' ''''"?* ',' "*' ':'':' *-;,';;*'- ''"",' ^)*;/ '" ]
* 1 08:55:05.895 GMT: OSPF: Rev hello from 10.1.1.1 area 10
*Mar 1 08:55:05.899 GMT: OSPF: End of hello processing
Dozer*
*Mar 1 08:55:07.447 GMT: OSPF: Send with youngest Key 1
*Mar 1 08:55:07.447 GMT: OSPF: Rev DBD from 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernetO/0
seq OxlD2A opt 0x42 flag 0x7 len 32 state INIT
*Mar 1 08:55:07.447 GMT: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 10.1.1.1
on FastEthernetO/0, state 2WAY
*Mar 1 08:55:07.451 GMT: OSPF: Neighbor change Event
on interface FastEthernetO/0
*Mar 1 08:55:07.451 GMT: OSPF: DR/BDR election on FastEthernetO/0
*Mar 1 08:55:07.451 GMT: OSPF: Elect BDR 0.0.0.0
*Mar 1 08:55': 07.451 GMT: OSPF: Elect DR 10.1.5.5
*Mar 1 08:55:07.451 GMT:
DR: 10.1.5.5 (Id)
BDR: none
*Mar 1 08:55:07.451 GMT: OSPF: Send DBD to 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernetO/0
seq OxlD68 opt 0x2 flag 0x7 len 32
*Mar 1 08:55:07.451 GMT: OSPF: First DBD and we are not SLAVE
seq OxlD68 opt 0x42 flag 0x2 len 552 state EXSTART
*Mar 1 08:55:07.455 GMT: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the MASTER
seq OxlD69 opt 0x2 flag 0x3 len 532
*Mar 1 08:55:07.463 GMT: OSPF: Database request to 10.1.1.1
*Mar 1 08:55:07.463 GMT: OSPF: sent LS REQ packet to 10.10.10.1, length 144
seq OxlD69 opt 0x42 flag 0x0 len 32 state EXCHANGE
seq OxlD6A opt 0x2 flag Oxl len 32
Mar 1 08:55:07.471 GMT: OSPF: Build network LSA for FastEthernetO/0,
router ID 10.1.5.5
*Mar 1 08:55:07.471 GMT: OSPF: No full nbrs to build Net Lsa for
Mar 1 08:55:07.475 GMT: OSPF: Rev DBD from 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernetO/0
seq OxlD6A opt 0x42 flag 0x0 len 32 state EXCHANGE
*Mar 1 08:55:07.475 GMT: OSPF: Exchange Done with 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernetO/0
*Mar 1 08:55:07.475 GMT: OSPF: Synchronized with 10.1.1.1 on FastEthernetO/0,
state FULL
546
III. , ...
*Mar 1 08:55:07.951 GMT:

router ID 10.1.5.5,
seq OxSOOOOOOE
*Mar 1 08:55:07.983 GMT:
Dozer*
Mar 1 08:55:12.327 GMT:
*Mar 1 08:55:12.743 GMT:
OSPF: Build router LSA for area 10,

OSPF: Send with youngest Key 1
Mar 1 08:55:12.859 GMT: OSPF: Build network LSA for FastEthernetO/0,

router ID 10.1.5.5

Dozer*
Mar 1 08:55:15.895 GMT: OSPF: Rev hello from 10.1.1.1 area 10
*Mar 1 08:55:15.899 GMT: OSPF: Neighbor change Event
on interface FastEthernetO/0
*Mar 1 08:55:15.899 GMT: OSPF: DR/BDR election on FastEthernetO/0
Mar 1 08:55:15.899 GMT: OSPF: Elect BDR 10.1.1.1
Mar 1 08:55:15.899 GMT: OSPF: Elect DR 10.1.5.5
Mar 1 08:55:15.899 GMT:
DR: 10.1.5.5 (Id)
BDR: 10.1.1.1 (Id)
Mar 1 08:55:15.899 GMT: OSPF: End of hello processing
Dozer 8.6.
, ,
.
8.6.
MD5 OSPF:
| Dozer
description VLAN 10 TO ORACLE
ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.0
ip ospf message-digest-key'l jndS 7 013C35347D461400224750
router ospf 100

network 10.10.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 10
flurea; liftauthen ticat ion;: messisge-diges t
OSPF

0,
. OSPF
0. ,
0 ,
OSPF
.
8. OSPF
547
OSPF , Neo
( 8.7).
; 8.7. IP Neo,
";;
j , j
.
" '.
' '
" . " ' '.",;
Neoshow iy route

IA
0 IA
0 IA
IA
0 IA
0 2 192.168.254.0/24 [110/20] via 10.51.51.1, 00:01:09, SerialO/0
Neo
1 - -;, , -
! 10 59
Cypher,
OSPF. 8.8, debug, .
; 8.8. debug
i Cypher,
|
Cypher#debug ip ospf adj

OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
000047: *Mar 1 06:30:59.215 GMT: OSPF: Rev pkt from 10.51.51.2, SerialO/0 :
Cypher*
000048: *Mar 1 06:31:01.099 GMT: OSPF: Send with youngest Key 1
Cyphertu all
All possible debugging has been turned off
Cypher*
548
III. , ...
8.9 , Cypher Neo.

, ,
(up).
, Neo, 10.1.6.6, ^ 4.
.
8.9.
Cypher Neo
,: ,
; , ,
Cypherlshow ip ospf virtual-links
Virtual Link OSPF_VLQ to router 10.1.6.6 is up
Transit area 51, via interface SerialO/0, Cost of using 48
Hello due in 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 9
. Message digest authentication enabled
No key configured, using default key id 0
Cypher*
, OSPF , . ,
OSPF Cisco. OSPF
0 ,
.

, . 8.108.12
OSPF ,
.

8.10. OSPF
B :
router ospf 100

area 0 authentication message-digest
area 51 virtual-link 10,1.6.6
network 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 10.51.0.0 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 area 51
8. OSPF
549
i 8.11. OSPF
i :
î<jiiij.as
Cypherttconf t
Cypher (config) ftrouter ospf 100
Cypher(config-router)#no area 51 virtual-link 10.1.6.6
Cypher(config-router)tarea 51 virtual-link 10.1.6.6 authentication-key 0 7
LINE Authentication key (8 chars)
Cypher(config-router)#area 51 virtual-link 10.1.6.6 authentication-key 0 cisco
, Cisco IOS , 8 . ! , .
8.12.
.:
router ospf 100
area 51 virtual-link 10.1.6.6 authentication-key,7-14141B180FOB
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

network 10.51.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 51
Neotshow ip route
0
0
0
0
0
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
550

10.69.74.0/24 [110/76] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:09, SerialO/0
10.69.73.0/24 [110/76] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:09, SerialO/0
10.69.72.0/24 [110/76] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:09, SerialO/0
10.69.71.0/24 [110/76] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:09, SerialO/0
10.69.70.0/24 [110/76] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:09, SerialO/0
10.69.69.0/24 [110/75] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:09, SerialO/0
10.10.10.0/24 [110/75] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:09, SerialO/0
10.0.0.0/24 [110/65] via 10.51.51.1, 00:29:29, SerialO/0
10.10.11.0/24 [110/76] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:09, SerialO/0
10.10.12.0/24 [110/76] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:09, SerialO/0
III. , ...
0 IA
0 IA
0 IA
10.10.13.0/24 [110/76] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:10, SerialO/0

10.10.14.0/24 [110/76] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:10, SerialO/0
10.10.15.0/24 [110/76] via 10.51.51.1, 00:10:10, SerialO/0
Neo#

.

,
,
,
, . ,
,
(null authentication). 8.13.
8.13.

Cypher#conf t
Cypher(config)trouter ospf 100
Cypher (conf ig-router) #no area
Cypher (config-router)#area 51
LINE Authentication key (8
Cypher (conf ig-router) #area 51
]
!
End with CNTL/Z.
51 virtual-link 10.1.6.6
virtual-link 10.1.6.6 authentication-key 0 ?
chars)
virtual-link 10.1.6.6 authentication-key null
, , , .
MD5 ,
.

OSPF,
, .
1. OSPF
show ip ospf neighbor.
debug ip OSPF adjacency.
2. ,
().
3. IP- .
4. OSPF .
8. OSPF
551

OSPF
. .
,
. , , ,
. MD5, .
OSPF Cisco IOS , .
, .
,
.
,
MD5.

.
, ,
, OSPF
. ,
.

.
,
, .
, -,
.
,
Cisco Cisco. , .
Telnet ( ).
TACACS (Terminal Access Controller

Access Control System ).
SNMP.
552
III. , ...
, .

Cisco IOS.
( )
.
, ( , ).
( , ).
Telnet
.
, .

, enable .
.
SNMP
SNMP ,
. ,
, SNMP GETREQUEST
GETNEXTREQUEST. , . , , SNMP set-request
.

( ), .
, . . .
(.. ) , , , ,
.
- ,
, ,
.
Telnet:
Telnet .
(virtual terminal vty)
8. OSPF
553
, Telnet . 0 4. Telnet , .
( vty) . , . ospf 4U:
line vty 0 4
login
password ospf4U

, .
User Access Verification
Password:
ospf 4U. :
Trinity>
' >' .
, .
, (
), ,
,
, , . , . ,
ospf 4U.
Telnet: (enable)
( enable exec-) .
HiredGuns:
enable-password HiredGuns
:
Trinity> enable
Password:
HiredGuns, . :
Trinity*
' # ' .
( enable)
.
554
III. , ...
- Telnet
enable . - Telnet ( 10 ). , ,

. - timeout mm ss, mm , a ss . , 8.14, , , , -, 60 0 .
8.14. - : ,

,' !
.
! :
line vty 0 4
password 7 01070916490081
logging synchronous
login
!
j
end
!
Zionftconf t
Zion(config) #line vty 0 4
Zion(config-line)#xec
Zionlconfig-line)#execZiontconfig-line)#exec-t
Zionlconf ig-line) #exec-tinseout 7
<0-35791> Timeout in minutes
End with CNTL/Z.
Zionlconf ig-line) #exec-timeout 60 ?

<0-2147483> Timeout in seconds
<cr>
Zion(conf ig-line) #*xc-timeout 60 0
Zionlconfig-line)#*Z
Zion#
ffijQtavt &-
line vty 0 4
exec-timeout 60 0
password 7 01070916490E081B
login
t
!
end
exec-timeout ,
. , Telnet ,
, - -
8. OSPF
555
. Telnet , vty ( 5);

, , , .
.
(, vty aux)
exec-timeout, 60 0 ( 8.14) -
.

( )
,
Cisco IOS
. .

write terminal show run.
. , .
service password-encryption ,
write terminal show configuration
. , , ,
.
, , , . .
.
service password-encryption . ,
, ,
vty, OSPF BGP.
service password-encryption , ,
.
Telnet IP-
Telnet IP-
access-class. access-class nn in ,
vty . , Telnet -
556
III. , ...
192 . 8 5 . 5 5 . 0 / 2 4 , .
access-list 12 permit 192.85.55.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5
line vty 0 4
access-class 12 in
access-class out , , Telnet.
TACACS
(vty) (enable)
,
, Telnet.
TACACS (Terminal Access Controller Access
Control System ), .
TACACS ,
RFC 1492.
,
vty enable.
TACACS,
. TACACS ,
. TACACS UNIX. TACACS,
, ftp ftp.cisco.com /pub. ,
/pub/README.
TACACS CiscoWorks 3.
, TACACS
, ,
,
TACACS. .
tacacs-server host ,
UNIX TACACS, , . tacacs-server host, TACACS, .
.
, .

, ,
. -
8. OSPF
557
, , ( succeed)
( password):
tacacs-server last-resort [password | succeed]
, TACACS
(succeed), .
tacacs-server host 129.140.1.1
tacacs-server last-resort succeed
, Telnet, TACACS,
:
line vty 0 4
login tacacs

enable use-tacacs.
, .

enable last-resort [succeed | password], ,
( succeed)
enable ( password). succeed ,
enable use-tacacs tacacs-server
authenticate enable.
tacacs-server extended Cisco
TACACS. UNIX
TACACS,
ftp ftp.cisco.com. xtacacsd.shar. UNIX
, , .
username user password [0 | 7] password Cisco,
TACACS. 0,
, 7,
. , TACACS,
,
:
username rose password 7 rose-pass
username rebekah password 7 rebekah-pass
558
III. , ...
, , Rose Rebekah, ,
. ,
, , ( , / ).

Cisco Cisco
IOS 10.3 16 .
1 ()
15 ().
; .
,
.
enable.
exec- .
,
. , exec, .
configuration
controller
exec
hub
interface
ipx-router
line
map-class
map-list
route-map
router

, , .
Trinity(config)flprivilege exec level 6 ping
Trinity(config)#privilege exec level 6 clear
vty (
, Telnet)
, ,
vty -
clear ( clear counters, clear interface, clear router ..).
enable , :
8. OSPF
559
Trinity<config)# enable password level level # password
,
:
Trinity(config)# line vty 0 4
Trinity(config-line)# privilege level level #
( )
SNMP snmp-server community RO.
, ,
GETREQUEST GETNEXTREQUEST,
SNMP public,
snmp-server community public RO 1
, IP- , , access-list snmpserver community. SNMP
1 . 1 . 1 . 1 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 : .
access-list I permit l . l . l . l
access-list 1 permit 2 . 2 . 2 . 2
sninp-server community public RO 1
()

SNMP snmp-server community RW.
, ,
SETREQUEST,
SNMP private,
snmp-server community private RW 1
, IP- , , access-list snmpserver community. SNMP 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 :
access-list I permit 5.5.5.5
snmp-server community private RW 1
, ( ) OSPF.
, ,
, , ,
6 7. ,
.
.
( ) , -
560
III. , ...
. .
, , , ,
. , OSPF
.
,
. . , , , ,
Internet. , ,
. ,
. , ,
OSPF Telnet.
, .
, .
(
), . . , ,
,
. :
(
).
,
. , . , ,
IP.

. , .
8. OSPF
561
, .
, .

, .
,
, . 8.1.
8.1. , ' ":-^:f
-;
'"-"
"''J
IP
1-99
VINES
IP
100-199
1-100
VINES
Ethernet
( )
101-200
200-299
200-299
( )
200-299
VINES
DECnet DECnet
201-300
XNS
XNS
300-399
400-499
500-599
AppleTalk
600-699
Ethernet
700-799
( )
( )
700-799
700-799
IPX
800-899
IPX
IPX SAP
900-999
1000-1099
1100-1199
, .
.
.
.
Cisco 1OS , , . -
562
III. , ...
, , (. . 8.1).

, ,
, .
1. .
2. .
,
.

,
, . , ,
, .
, , , , .
, .

. ,
, . , ,
, .

. , ,
. , , , ,
. .
.
, , Cisco IOS ,
, ,
. .
, , ,
. , -
8. OSPF
563
, , deny all, . , .
.
TFTP, . ,
,
. .
, " ". , , .

( )
. , .
,
Cisco IOS
. , . , .
,
. , . , . Cisco IOS , ,
ICMP.
, , , . ,
- , , ,
, .
.
.
,
, , ,
, Cisco IOS (
www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/iosswrel/index.html).
564
III. , ...
, TACACS+. TACACS+, . .
Trinity(config)# login tacacs
username. , . ,
,
, .
.
Trinity(config)# username name password password
Trinity(config-line)# login local
password login. , ,
. , ,
.
.
Trinity (conf ig-line) # password password!
Trinity(config-line)# login local
, , , , show access-lists .
. . " SNMP"
SNMP , , .
, , SNMP, NMS,
SNMP. ,
SNMP, .
, , , , . , . , -
8. OSPF
565
, .
" OSPF" ,
. ,
OSPF, , OSPF.
,
. , , SNMP .
:
Secure IOS
OSPF
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
Secure IOS , (Rob Thomas). , , INRGI (www.inrgi.net/security).
, .
, , . , , 8.15, , . 8.16.

Syslog
SNMP
FTP
. 8.16. ,
566
III. , .,
I 8.15. Secure 10S,

I http://www.cymru.oo/, : ; '
(John' Nagle)/ RFC 896.
, ' TCP.,
-
, ,,
.-.>.
!' , TCP
!
service nagle
service tcp-keepalives-in
service tcp-keepalives-out
!
! ,
! ! 'service password-encryption'
! , , ,
! RADIUS . ,
! IOS.
! ,
! . '
service timestarnps debug datetime msec show-timezone localtime
service timestamps log datetime msec show-timezone localtime
service password-encryption
! Cisco ,
DHCP.
, ..
, , -
"" TCP ,
! , "chargen" -
,
, . "echo"
, ''-. ,
"chargen", "echo",- ,

,
' .
(Denial of
Service-- DoS); . '
,- , -' ..>-
"no tcp-small-servers", echo, chargen,
discard daytime ;:;- "no udp~smallrservers" echo,
! chargen discard
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers
no service dhcp
! - .-
!. , - ','
', . ,
!
! , - . .!
! Cisco , ~
service sequence-numbers
!
hostname OSPF-Rocks
! ,
! ! , . TO,
! ,
8. OSPF
567
! .
! , - ,
! , ',.
! '!
logging 7.7.7.5
logging rate-limit ?
!
!
!
!
' *
. ,
/-: -' '
,
no logging console
! , enable secret,
! ,
! , Num83r2,
! '
enable secret <PASSWORD>

no enable password
! TACACS+
! (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting - ,
! ). ,
I' ;
new-model
authentication login default group tacacs+ local-case
aaa authentication enable default group tacacs+ enable
aaa authorization commands 15 default group tacacs+ local
aaa accounting exec default stop-only group tacacs+
aaa accounting commands 15 default stop-only group tacacs+
aaa accounting network default stop-only group tacacs+
tacacs-server key OSPF-rOck2
! TACACS+
! , - ,
! * .'
! , .
! . /' , ,
!'
username <USERNAME> password <PASSWORD>
! ,, -" ,
1 1 Web-, "
! Cisco Webi ,
! ',,
! Web
no ip http server
! ", " *' ''-,-%:

! -., - " ,
ip subnet-zero
ip classless
! ,
! IOS, , ,
!
no
no
no
no
no

service pad
ip source-route
ip finger
ip bootp server
ip domain-lookup
! - '.-
! SYN,
568
III. , .
! TCP,
! TCP,*
! TCP
! (SYN),
! . , ,, -
! -,
!
ip tcp intercept list 120
I IOS TCP~
I 2!4 , ,
! '.
i , . ,
!
ip tcp intercept connection-timeout 60
! .,-, ( .
) 10 '/" " 30, -"
!
ip tcp intercept watch-timeout 10
! ,'
! TCP .
! 1500 .6000.
! , 900 1100,
ip tcp intercept one-minute low 1500
ip tcp intercept one-minute high 6000
!
! ; "
! ", , .,
! , ,, . ,
! .
! /
! FTP -. ,
!
ip ftp username rooter
ip ftp password <PASSWORD>
exception core-file secure-routerOl-core

exception protocol ftp
exception dump 7.7.7.5
! CEF - 3,
! . , .','
! Cisco
! . ip ;command
! , ,. -
! , -
ip cef
! . ' , , '
!
! , '
clock timezone GMT 0
! .
! NTP ( ).
! SECRETKEY ,,- , .
! NTP. ,
! NTP ,,
! Cisco, !
ntp authentication-key 6767 md5 <SECRETKEY>
ntp authenticate
ntp update-calendar
ntp server 7.7.7.5
! , loopbackO
! ., ,
8. OSPF
569
! ',
! , .. '
! . IP-,
! . .
! ,
! IP-
!
int loopbackO
ip address 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.255
no ip redirects
no ip unreachables
no ip proxy-arp
! nullO
! , .
! " ,
,! ": ,
interface nullO
no ip unreachables
i
interface Ethernet2/0
description Unprotected interface, facing towards Internet
ip address 5.5.5.254 255.255.255.0
! CEF?
! , .
! , ' .
! ip verify unicast reverse-path'
I ,
! ' . . ,
! . . -IP-
! CEF , ^
! , ,' -
!
ip verify unicast reverse-path
! , ,
!
! ,
!
ip access-group 2010 in
! ' : ,
! , .
! .- .
! ,
'
! . 1
! 2 /
rate-limit input access-group 150 2010000 250000 250000 conform-action
transmit exceed-action drop
! ICMP ' - 500. '/
!
! '
! 5 /
! redirect
! () ICMP ,
! , !
no ip redirects
! unreachable
! ( ) host \inreachable ( )
570
III. , .,
! ICMP, ,
! - ICMP
no ip unreachables
! IP ,
! '.
(" IP
! ' ,.
1. .(denial-o,f-service)
"!, -' - ,,
! / .
I " !
no ip source-route
1 , ,
i :-*>
no ip proxy-arp
"1 1,! -Cisco ,
!,-' *' !
no ip mask-reply
!' ' IP,
! -IP, .
! '. '
'J , > !
ip accounting access-violations
! " iis''-"
! '5 - MBONE,
!
! . .
!
ip multicast boundary 30
! .
! cflowd
ip route-cache flow
interface Ethernets/1
description Protected interface, facing towards DMZ
ip address 6 . 6 . 6 . 2 5 4 255.255.255.0
! 1' ?
^"", .
!' , .
.'^, .
!
ip verify unicast reverse-path
! ,
-
! - .
! -
no ip redirects
no ip unreachables
no ip proxy-arp
ip accounting access-violations
ip multicast boundary 30
no ip mask-reply
ip route-cache flow
! -- ,
! .
! !
8. OSPF
571
no ip source-route
1
!' Internet ( ; ^, !
! , )
ip route O.O.O.O 0.0.0.0 5.5.5.1
! , , -,.. ,-
ip route 7.7.7.0 255.255.255.0 6.6.'.1
! '. - - _<" ",
! ,
! Internet. , , ,
! "-,TCP,.'- *,-,
! -, : - "
! - -TCP.-'
! - SYN _ ,
,! SYN . , \', ( -).'
! TCP ,
! " ", ; .! ,-- > "." ", .
I , " 1-, , *
! ' ;,,,
! ;
! ,SYN , - ' ,
! ^, SYN',( , ;,
J ".i ,,'
! , -
! , , , ,'
! TCP, 1 . . . -
! , , ,-' ,
! -- .. -:^ Internet
! ^ .
^, , . .
! ,
ip route l.O.O.O 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 2.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 5.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 7.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 23.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 27.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 31.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 36.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 37.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 39.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 41.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 42.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 49.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 58.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 59.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 70.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 71.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 72.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 73.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 74.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 75.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 76.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 77.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 78.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 79.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 82.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
572
III. , .
ip route 8 3 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 8 4 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 mil10
ip route 8 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 8 6 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 8 7 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 8 8 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 8 9 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 9 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 9 1 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 9 2 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 9 3 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 9 4 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 9 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 9 6 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 9 7 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 9 8 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 9 9 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 1 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 101.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 102.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 103.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 1 0 4 . 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 105.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 106.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 107.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 108.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 109.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 110.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 mil10
ip route 111.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 112.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 113.0.0.0 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 nullO
ip route 1 1 4 . 0 . 0 . 0 255 .0.0. 0 mil 10
ip route 115.0.0.0 255.0.0. 0 nullO
ip route 116.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 117.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 118.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 119.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 120.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 121.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 122.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 123.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 124.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 125.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 126.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 mil10
ip route 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 169.254.0.0 255.255.0.0 nullO
ip route 172.16.0.0 255.240.0.0 mil10
ip route 192.0.2.0 255.255.255.0 nullO
ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 nullO
ip route 197.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 201.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 222.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
ip route 223.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nullO
! NetFlow NetFlow, 7.7.7.5.* *

,1 /
'!
J . , .
|. , -, \
!
ip flow-export source loopbackO
8. OSPF
573
ip flow-export destination 7.7.7.5 2055

ip flow-export version 5 origin-as
1 , ,
1 . , '
! , .
!
1 '_ ',-
logging trap debugging
logging source-interface loopbackO
logging 7.7.7.5
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
, .
.
drop all
( ) drop all,
.
(, 2011),
.
, ,
.
access-list
2010, log-input
access-list 2011. , ,,
access-list 2010 , Internet,
access-list 2011, ;

SNMP,
, (7.7.7.5),
/
, , , ,
SNMP
access-list 20 remark SNMP ACL

access-list 20 deny any log
J - ' ,
! .
I .
!, access-list 30
Link local
access-list 30 deny 224.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 log
Locally scoped
access-list 30 deny 239.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 log
sgi-dogfight
access-list 30
rwhod
access-list 30
ms-srvloc
access-list 30
ms-ds
access-list 30
ms-servloc-da
access-list 30
hp-device-disc
access-list 30
deny host 224.0.1.2 log

! '
access-list 30 permit 224.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 log
!
!
!
!
1
' ,-'
(7:7.7.5) . (6;6.,1), ,
SSH ( 22)
Telnet ( 23), ,
. ,
574
III. , .,
! . ,
! .
! /
!
access-list 100 remark VTY Access ACL
access-list 100 permit tcp host 7.7.7.5 host 0.0.0.0 range 22 23 log-input
access-list 100 deny ip any any log-input
! (VTY)
! / . 7.7.7.8 *
! .
J , ,
! !
access-list 105 remark VTY Access ACL
! ,
! . , .
! ,
! - .
! ,
,! .Internet 7.7.7.0/24.
! 7.7.7.0/24 - ,
!
access-list 115 remark Anti-spoofing ACL
! Internet
access-list 115 permit ip 7.7.7.0 0.0.0.255 any
! Internet .
! .
access-list 115 permit ip host 6.6.6.1 any
!
! -
.! / TCP.
1 (* Web-)
! SYN
access-list 120 remark TCP Intercept ACL
access-list 120 permit tcp any 7.7.7.0 0.0.0.255
! ), ICMP ,
(
^.. '- CAR)
access-list 150 remark CAR-UDP ACL
access-list 150 permit udp any any
access-list 160 remark CAR-ICMP ACL
access-list 160 permit icmp any any
access-list 170 remark CAR-Multicast ACL
access-list 170 permit ip any 224.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
, , - ,'
{'.. , RFC- 1918,
) IANA, -
! , -, .,
I,", . ^ .. ,-
.'/
!, IP-
access-list 2010 remark Anti-bogon ACL
! - ,
! , ,
! . ( , Internet).
!, ,
I .
8. OSPF
575
! URPFJ .' - . ";

! -, . ,
! ;-,.<; ,! uRPF
! access-list 2010 deny'ip 6.6.6:0 0.0.0.255 any log-input
i accessfHst-,'2010 deny; ip 7.7.7-.Q 0.0.0.25S-ariyMog-input
access-list 2010 deny ip 1.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any log-input
access-list 2010 deny ip 92.0 .0.0 0.255.255.255 any log-input
576
III. , ..

! ICMP
access-list 2010 deny icmp any any fragments log-input
! IP ( ,
! , , )
! , ,
! .
!
! access-list 30
! .
! ( ),.
!, deny all
! He 'CDP "(Cisco
! Discovery Protocol - Cisco),
! ; ,
!, CDP
! , ,
! , IP- ..
! CDP .
! CDP ,-
! cdp run disable cdp <a cdp enable)
[ , Internet. , CDP
! ( , . ,
! !
no cdp run
!
J
!
I
SNMP, ,
MRTG (Multi
Router Traffic Grapher -
)
8. OSPF
577
! ' . SNMP
! , COMMUNITY
!
!
!
!
!
, ,
, - ,
, .
. ,
SNMP /
snmp-server community <COMMUNITY> RO 20
! , ,
! , ,,
! ,
! . ' ,
! , ,
!
!
!
!
!
, .
(Message of The
Day - MOTD), *
aux, , , ,
exec-
banner motd %
Warning!!! This system is solely for the use of authorized users and only
for official purposes. Users must have express written permission to
access this system. You have no expectation of privacy in its use and
to ensure that the system is functioning properly, individuals using
this system are subject to having their activities monitored and
recorded at all times. Use of this system evidences an express consent
to such monitoring and agreement that if such monitoring reveals
evidence of possible abuse or criminal activity the results of such
monitoring will be supplied to the appropriate officials to be
prosecuted to the fullest extent of both civil and criminal law.
%
!
! . ,
! , ,
! . transport input none
! Telnet
!
line con
exec-timeout 15
transport input none
1 ine aux 0
exec-timeout 15 0
transport input none
! ,
! ,
! .
line vty 3
access-class 100 in
exec-timeout 15
!
!
!
!
SSH. ,
Telnet. , IOS,
SSH,
crypto key generate rsa
transport input telnet ssh

line vty 4
access-class 105 in
exec-timeout 15 0
transport input telnet ssh
578
III. , .,
:

, Cisco PIX . - ,
(, Internet),
( ).
Internet , . ,
(. 8.17).
. 8.17.
, Internet (
), . , ( ), .
, . ,
. ,
Internet .

.
, , . , ,
.
8. OSPF
579
,

, UDP TCP, ,
, . Cisco :
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers

, -
, , . 8.18. , ,
.
125.50.13.1

125.50.13.2
SO
125.50.14.1
125.50.13.3
125.50.1.0
. 8.18. -
-
. ,

. , - , .
FTP (File Transfer
Protocol ) ,
" ", -
580
III. , ...
. ,
Telnet , ,
TACACS ,
" ", .
, , , ( ), ,
,
. ,
TACACS , - . TACACS (.. ).

-, 8.16, 125.50.13 . 1 2 5 . 5 0 , 0 . ,
125.50.14.0 Internet
.
8.16. -
interface ethernet
ip address 125.50.13.1 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0
interface serial 0
ip address 125.50.14.1 255.255.255.0
router ospf 500
network 125.50.0.0
,
, , . - , .
, OSPF.

, ,

. .
, ,
, .
8. OSPF
581
, ,
.
-,
, ,
, .
, FTP, Telnet
rlogin . IP ( 100199) TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol ) UDP (User
Datagram Protocol ). , Telnet, FTP .., ,
. , , ,
.
, , .
, ,
( Notepad).
, access-list,
" " .
, . :
no access-list 101
access-list,
, . established ,
TCP (ACKnowledgment) RST (ReSeT), .
access-list 101 permit tcp 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 255.255.255.255 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
255.255.255.255 established
- ,
,
.
,
- (125.50.14.2), ,
, access-list:
access-list 101 permit ip 125.50.14.2 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 255.255.255.255
, , , ,
:
access-list 101 deny ip 125.50.0.0 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 255.255.255.255
582
III. , ...

, TCP/IP. . 8.2.
8,2.

(
)
TCP UDP
1-4
TCP UDP
TCP UDP
(Remote Job Entry)
RJE
TCP UDP
ECHO
TCP UDP
DISCARD
11
TCP UDP
USERS
13
TCP UDP
DAYTIME
15
TCP UDP
NETSTAT
17
TCP UDP
QUOTE
19
TCP UDP
CHARGEN
20
TCP UDP
(
)
FTP-DATA
21
TCP UDP
( )
FTP
23
TCP UDP
Telnet
TELNET
25
TCP UDP
SMTP
SMTP
37
TCP UDP
Time
TIME
39
TCP UDP
(Resource Location
Protocol)
RLP
42
TCP UDP
NAMESERVER
43
TCP UDP
NICNAME
49
TCP UDP
TACACS
TACACS
53
TCP UDP
DOMAIN
67
TCP UDP
BOOTPS
68
TCP UDP
BOOTPC
69
TCP UDP
(Trivial
File Transfer Protocol)
TFTP
70
TCP UDP
Gopher
GOPHER
75
TCP UDP
77
TCP UDP
RJE
79
TCP UDP
Finger
FINGER
80
TCP UDP
(Hypertext
Transfer Protocol HTTP)
WWW
8. OSPF
583
. 8.2

(
)
87
TCP
88
TCP UDP
Kerberos
KERBEROS
89
TCP UDP
SPF (Open SPF)
OSPF
95
TCP
SUPDUP
SUPDUP
101
TCP
NIC
HOSTNAME
102
TCP
ISO-TSAP
ISO-TSAP
103
TCP
400
X400
104
TCP
X400-SND
X400-SND
107
TCP UDP
Telnet
RTELNET
109
TCP
2 (Post Office
Protocol v2)
POP2
110
TCP
3 (Post Office
Protocol v3)
POP3
111
TCP UDP

(RPC) Sun
SUNRPC
113
TCP UDP
AUTH
117
TCP UDP
UUCP Path
UUCP-PATH
119
TCP UDP
(Network
News Transfer Protocol) USENET
NNTP
123
TCP UDP
(Network
Time Protocol NTP)
133
TCP UDP
136
He
-
137
UDP
NETBIOS
137
TCP
He
NETBIOS-NS
-
138
UDP
NETBIOS
138
TCP
NETBIOS-DGM
-
139
UDP
NETBIOS
NETBIOS-SSN
144
TCP
NeWS
161
TCP UDP
/ SNMP
162
TCP UDP
SNMP
SNMP-TRAP
177
UDP
X
(X Display Manager Control Protocol)
xdmcp
179
TCP UDP
(Border Gateway
Protocol BGP)
194
TCP UDP

(Internet Relay Chat)
IRC
584
III. , ...
. 8.2

(
)
195
UDP
DNSIX
Dnsix
389
TCP UDP

(Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
LDAP
434
UDP
IP
Mobile-ip
512
TCP
UNIX rexec ()
513
TCP UDP
UNIX rlogin
rlogin
514
TCP UDP
UNIX rsh ,
rsh
514
TCP
(System Logging)
Syslog
515
TCP
UNIX
printer
517
TCP UDP
talk
518
TCP UDP
ntalk
520
UDP
RIP
525
UDP
timed
540
TCP
UNIX-
uucpd
klogin
543
TCP
Kerberos
544
TCP
Kerberos
1993
TCP
SNMP TCP
2000
TCP UDP
Open Windows
2001
(Auxiliary AUX)
2049
UDP
(Network File
System NFS)
(AUX)
4001
6000
TCP UDP
11 (X Windows)
kshell
111
(RPC). , ,
. RPC . , , . , , Cisco , , UDP, DNS.
, Cisco finger
TCP 79,
,
.
8. OSPF
585
access-list, DNS (Domain Name System )

53 NTP (Network Time Protocol )
123 TCP/IP.
access-list 101 permit udp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255 eq 53
255.255.255.255 eq 123
NFS (Network File System ) UDP (User Datagram Protocol ) 2049:

access-list 101 deny udp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
eq 2049
OpenWindows 2001
2002 XII 6001 6002. . -
, .
access-list
eq 6001
access-list
eq 6002
access-list
eq 2001
access-list
eq 2002
101 deny tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

101 deny tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
101 deny tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
101 deny tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
Telnet
(125.50.13 . 2 ) :
access-list 101 permit tcp 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 255.255.255.255 125.50.13.2 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 eq 23
FTP 125.50.13 .100 125.50.13 .0.

access-list 101 permit tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.13.100 0.0.0.0 eq 21
125.50.1.0 ,
. 8.18.
access-list TCP
UDP , 1023,
. ,
.
access-list
gt 1023
access-list
access-list
access-list
gt 1023
access-list
gt 1023
access-list
gt 1023
101 permit tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.13.100 0.0.0.0

101 permit tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.1.100 0.0.0.0 gt 1023
101 permit tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.1.101 0.0.0.0 gt 1023
101 permit udp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.13.100 0.0.0.0
101 permit udp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.1.100 0.0.0.0
101 permit udp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.1.101 0.0.0.0
FTP
1023,
1023 .
586
III. , ...
access-list DNS () DNS, (Network

Information Center NIC):

SMTP :
, NNTP
(Network News Transfer Protocol )
NNTP
, .
ICMP (Internet Control

Messages Protocol Internet) :
access-list 101 permit icmp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
deny all,
, ,
( , ,
). 8.17 ,
.
8.17. !
255.255.255.255 eq 123
access-list 101 deny udp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
eq 2049
access-list 101 deny tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
eq 6001
eq 6002
eq 2001
eq 2002
access-list 101 permit tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.13.2 0.0.0.0
eq 23
eq 21
eq 20
gt 1023
gt 1023
gt 1023
access-list 101 permit udp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.13.100 0.0.0.0
8. OSPF
587
gt 1023
access-list 101 permit
gt 1023
gt 1023
eq 53
eq 53
eq 25
eq 25
eq 119
255.255.255.255
udp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.1.100 0.0.0.0

udp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.1.101 0.0.0.0
tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.13.100 0.0.0.0
tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.1.100 0.0.0.0
tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.13.100 0.0.0.0
tcp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 125.50.1.100 0.0.0.0
tcp 56.1.0.18 0.0.0.1 125.50.1.100 0.0.0.0 eq 119
tcp 182.12.18.32 0.0.0.0 125.50.1.100 0.0.0.0
icmp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0

,
8.17, .
,
serial 0 - (
101), 125.50.13.0 ( Ethernet 0).
access-group, , Ethernet 0, .
interface ethernet
Internet
serial 0 -.
125.50.13.0 , Telnet FTP.

2 ( 8.18).
8.18.
interface EthernetO
ip address 125.50.13.2 255.255.255.0
j
access-list 10 deny 125.50.14.0 0.0.0.255
;
access-list 11 deny 125.50.13.2 0.0.0.0

i
line 2
login tacacs
location FireWallCS#2
588
III. , ...
access-class 10 in
access-class 11 out
i
modem answer-timeout 60
modem InOut
telnet transparent
terminal-type dialup
flowcontrol hardware
stopbits 1
rxspeed 38400
txspeed 38400
j
tacacs-server extended
;
line vty 0 15
login tacacs

, IP ( 199). , .
access-list 10 deny 125.50.14.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5
access-list 10 permit 125.50.0.0 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5
, . .
access-list 11 deny 125.50.13.2 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
access-list 11 permit 1 2 5 . 5 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5

access-class. ,
10, 2. , 11, 2
:
access-class 10 in
access-class 11 out

Cisco IOS 9.21 Cisco . ,
.
. ,
8. OSPF
589

IP- , .
. 8.19 ,
( , , ).
, , ,
125.50.13.0. IP-, , ,
, 125.50.13.0. ,
125.50.13.0, .
125.50.14.0
,

125.50.13.0
125.50.13.0
. 8.19.
, , .
, , (13.0 14.0).
-
,
, . , , , .
- , -.
no ip source-route.
,
, .
590
III. , ...

TCP, ,
. , , , FTP, PORT , , . ,
,
( 1023).
, FTP,
. , FTP. PASV,
, , .
FTP ,
PASV. FTP.
,
.
FTP,
,
FTP ftp.cisco.com. /pub/passiveftp, tar.z. BSD 4.3 FTP
PASV. , .
FTP
. FTP , .
FTP- . , FTP
.
FTP .
8. OSPF
591
,<
...
^ / OSPF
, 0SPF
1',* ''V
^
!'
. .." J601
,*#
>
*.-,* *>?.< "*
^
,;|\1
%&
BceraQSPF
'
'
'
V,
6
>
,
** i ,
debug OSP
,: ,;
' OSPF
'
'*' '-
676
: OSPF ^,694
#
fr^
|*
f
It
4? 1?
l
j*"'
-.
^fo
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(.'
/^
^
*'- ; -
\
%
**&
Y,(
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1
5'
LM. ?>'-(
(
^"tV
^.
Vu
^*^-
W*;v
'.,'*.
*'-
|^%5
,-**
^"

OSPF
^ OSPF
^' . ^ , OSPF' , ,
. , * , :* .
1 ,
^ OSPF,
. | , ^
, ^ OSPF.
.
, ,^
, jâifeaff- , OSJPF .
1
& OSPF
.^|^ , -] .
,
. , & , , s?bryr 1 . ,
^' , .
, OSPF ,
,
,
.
cisco.com, OSPF.
, ,
.
OSPF; .

, .
, ,
.
, , , , . "
". , ,
, . , . , , .
? ,
, , IP-, , , , ?
-,
, , . ,
, .
? , , , ?
.
.
, ?
, IP-, (RID),
DLCI, , , ..,
?
594
III. , ...
, ?
? ,
.
, . ,
,
, .
, , .
, ,
? -
? ?
, Internet? , ? ?
OSPF?
,
,
? .
, .
SYSLOG, ? .
, SYSLOG
, , 8.
,
, NTP (Network
Time Protocol )
.
, .

. , .. OSPF.

, , , , ,
9. OSPF
595
,
.

, ,
. , .
, , . , OSPF.
, .
. (
)
( ). , .
, , .
, OSPF,
. , , , .
,
OSPF, .
, , ,
( ) , .

. ,
OSPF.
. 9.1 .
1:
.
. , , ()
.
596
III. , ...
(
...)
(
- ...)

;

. 9.1.
, , ",
, , ".
.
, 1.
, .
, , , ().
, (
), , .
2:
,
,
.
, .
? ?
. - ?
?
9. OSPF
597
.
, ? ?
, . ? ,
, .
, ,
, .
, , , .
, . , .
. NMS? NMS ,
?
NMS, , .
. ? , ?
(, (Link-State Advertisement LSA), .)
, , , .
. ? , , ?
Cisco IOS. Cisco IOS?

Cisco IOS.
Cisco. He , ? , , , ?
(Remote MONitoring RMON).

, ,
?
. ?
, , ?
598
III. , ...
.
,
, .

.
3:
. .
, , .
, ,
,
. , .
,
.
.
.

, 4. : "
, , , ".
4:

. , ,
. ,
.
, OSPF Internet. , , ASBR , Internet .
, . .
,
.
, , , .
5:

, . , . .
9. OSPF
599
,
, .
, .
,
, .
,
, . , .
Telnet . . , .
6:
( ), , . , , 2.
, , . . , 7.
7:
,
, , . 4
, .
"", .
, .
, . -, . . , ,
, . , , .
600
III. , ...
-, .
.
, .
, , - ,
,
. . ,
, ,
.
, OSPF

OSPF, OSPF,
, , OSPF .
, OSPF , , . , OSPF . : OSPF
, . , .
OSPF ?
, OSPF?
OSPF
, OSPF. , OSPF, ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, " ", , " ". , , ,
OSPF.
OSPF

, OSPF.
9. OSPF
601

.
,
.
.
show.
SYSLOG .
SNMP MIB.
. show, OSPF, , SYSLOG , OSPF. SNMP MIB OSPF 8,

OSPF.
, . 9.2.
, , , DNS
IP- .
DNS
OSPF ,
(Domain Naming
System DNS) show
OSPF. ,
,
. ip ospf name-lookup ,
, OSPF, , (. 1).
, 9.1
( ), show OSPF DNS.
9.1. DNSnp
show OSPF"'!
Zion#config terminal
Zionfconfig)tip ospf ?
name-lookup Display OSPF router ids as DNS names
Zion(config)tip ospf name-lookup
602
III. , ...
Puc. 9.2. OSPF
, , OSPF . DNS , . , ,
DNS, .
Zion(config)#ip name-server ?
A . B . C . D Domain server IP address (maximum of 6)

(System Logging SYS LOG)

, , .
. ,
, , . SYSLOG ,
,
. -
9. OSPF
603
SYSLOG
SYSLOG. SYSLOG
,
. , , , .

, , ,
.
, ,
. ,
OSPF .
SYSLOG

.

, .

, 9.2.
! 9.2. !
j
:?
Oracle(config)flogging
Hostname or A.B.C.D
buffered
console
exception
facility
history
monitor
on
rate-limit
source-interface
trap
?
IP address of the logging host
Set buffered logging parameters
Set console logging level
Limit size of exception flush output
Facility parameter for SYSLOG messages
Configure SYSLOG history table
Set terminal line (monitor) logging level
Enable logging to all supported destinations
Set messages per second limit
Specify interface for source address in logging
transactions
Set SYSLOG server logging level
. 9.1.
9.1. ,

SYSLOG
emergencies
alerts
LOG_EMERG
LOG_ALERT
604
III. , ...
. 9. 1

SYSLOG
critical
LOG_CRIT
errors
LOG_ERR
warnings
LOG_WARNING
notifications
LOG.NOTICE
informational
LOGJNFO
debugging
LOG_DEBUG
log ip access-list
() logging console.
log ,
6 7 ( ). () , 6, ip access-list () log, - .
, ,
help, , . 9.1, ,
, . .
, 9.3.
! 9.3.
Oracle (config) (flogging console ?
<0-7>
Logging severity level
alerts
Immediate action needed
critical
Critical conditions
debugging
Debugging messages
emergencies
System is unusable
errors
Error conditions
guaranteed
Guarantee console messages
informational Informational messages
notifications Normal but significant conditions
warnings
Warning conditions
<cr>
( sever ity=l)
(severity=2)
(severity=7)
(severity=0)
(severity=3)
(severity=6)
(severity=5)
(severity=4)
Oracle (config) #
exec- show logging , ,

, . 9.4
,
.
9. OSPF
605
9.4.
,
Oracletfshow log
SYSLOG logging: enabled (0 messages dropped, 2 messages rate-limited,
0 flushes,
0 overruns)
Console logging: level debugging, 36 messages logged
Monitor logging: level debugging, 0 messages logged
Buffer logging: level debugging, 38 messages logged
Logging Exception size (4096 bytes)
Trap logging: level informational, 42 message lines logged
Logging to 10.69.69.69, 42 message lines logged
Log Buffer (4,096 bytes):
! , ,
! .
! ,
! ,
! SYSLOG, -
!
000033: * 1 05:00:55.387 GMT: %SYS-5-RESTART: System restarted -Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tin) 3600 Software (C3640-J03S56I-M) , Version 12.K51T9,
RELEASE SOFTWARE (fcl)
TAC Support: http://www.cisco.com/tac
Copyright 1986-2001 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Sun 24-Jun-Ol 11:26 by cmong
000034: *Mar 1 05:01:42.063 GMT: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 100, Nbr 10.1.3.3 on
FastEthernet2/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
000035: *Mar 1 05:01:43.779 GMT: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG : Process 100,
Nbr 10.10.15.1 on
Ethernet3/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
000036: *Mar 1 05:01:43.871 GMT: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 100,
Nbr 10.69.74.1 on
EthernetS/l from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
000038: *Mar 1 06:10:55.539 GMT: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I : Configured from console
by console
Oracle*

Cisco , . ,
Cisco IOS. 8
, , .
:
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface SerialO, changed state to down
, .
, .
? , ?
? ? -
606
III. , ..]
, ? ,
? , SYSLOG, . , . , , Cisco.
, ,
.
, ,
, , - , , DOS.

, , , SYSLOG. , SYSLOG , , , ,
( ), ,
. , ,
SYSLOG
SYSLOG.
OSPF_Router(config)#service timestamps log datetime localtime show-timezone
,
SYSLOG, . ,
,

.
,
NTP (Network Time Protocol ) .
,
Cisco.

logging buffered . , .
( ),
.

, :
9. OSPF
607
logging buffered [size]

no logging buffered
size () 4096
4 294 967 295 . 4096 (4 ).
, , exec show logging.

.
, ,
.
show memory,
Cisco IOS
. .
, .
SYSLOG
SYSLOG ( )
, , .
SYSLOG logging
.
SYSLOG, .
SYSLOG
SYSLOG . logging, .
logging host ip address
no logging host ip address
, ,
. SYSLOG , . SYSLOG Kiwi Enterprises
(www.kiwiSYSLOG.com) ,
SYSLOG,
. , UNIX,
SYSLOG.
logging
SYSLOG, . 9.5
.
608
III. , ...
! 9.5. SYSLOG,
'
_
__
.,_
_
logging buffered 8191

logging console critical
logging 175.82.45.6
logging 175.82.56.10
logging 175.82.77.35

, 8191 ,
SYSLOG. , ,
SYSLOG. SYSLOG . SYSLOG,
, .
OSPF
OSPF , OSPF / , ,
. Cisco IOS OSPF.
OSPF debug ip ospf adjacency,
, OSPF. log-adj -changes
, debug,
.
9.6, " ", ( ), SYSLOG, OSPF.
" " " " .
9.6.
I
SYSLOG 1
OSPF ( , '
)
\
'
\
router ospf 100
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
network 10.10.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 10
network 10.69.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 69
!
Oracletconfig terminal
9. OSPF
609

Oracle(config)router ospf 100
Oracle(config-router)ttlog-adjacency-changes 7
" detail Log all state changes

!
!
!
!
!
!
, detail,
,
; ,
, ,
. OSPF
detail,
<>
Oracle(config-router)log-adjacency-changes detail
Oracle(config-router)#
!
router ospf 100
log-adjacency-changes detail
area 10
network
network
network
authentication message-digest
10.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
10.10.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 10
10.69.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 69
,
.
f 2 / 0 Oracle, Cypher .
000042: * 1 05:47:09.467 GMT: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 100,
Nbr 10.1.2.2 on FastEthernet2/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down:
Dead timer expired
-
,
log-adjacency-changes detail.
,
. , 9.7, .
Oracle#ehow log
000043: *Mar 1 05:48:57.539 GMT: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 100, Nbr
on FastEthernet2/0 from DOWN to INIT, Received Hello
on FastEthernet2/0 from INIT to 2WAY, 2-Way Received
on FastEthernet2/0 from 2WAY to EXSTART, AdjOK?
on FastEthernet2/0 from EXSTART to EXCHANGE, Negotiation Done
on FastEthernet2/0 from EXCHANGE to LOADING, Exchange Done
on FastEthernet2/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
Oracle*
610
10.1.2.2
10.1.2.2
10.1.2.2
10.1.2.2
10.1.2.2
10.1.2.2
III. , ...
, , log neighbor changes.
,
OSPF
, OSPF, 6. show, OSPF,
, ,
OSPF. , .
, OSPF
.
show,
Cisco. , ,
OSPF , (. 9.3).

- 10
, LSA
SPF
. 9.3, OSPF
show ip ospf
show ip ospf ? ,
show OSPF
Cisco. , Cisco IOS. , 9.8.

, .
, OSPF , .
i 9.8. ahow ip ospf

Oracletehow ip ospf ?
<l-4294967295>
Process ID number
border-routers
Border and Boundary Router Information
9. OSPF
61 1
database
flood-list
interface
mpls
neighbor
request-list
retransmission-list
summary-address
virtual-links
I
<cr>
Database summary
Link state flood list
Interface information
MPLS related information
Neighbor list
Link state request list
Link state retransmission list
Summary-address redistribution Information
Virtual link information
Output modifiers
show ip ospf ,
OSPF.
.

OSPF exec- show ip ospf [process-id]. OSPF, Cisco OSPF, 5. OSPF,
. , . 9.4.
0!|/1<05ft.KU.0
'"','>;,
'
' i&ibtm
< ' , .' '
:'
'
MtWlliO
'
CPMCI-MTOHH- i
KKKIilO,.
Vw,4ap*ew.
. 9.4. OSPF
612
III. , ...
9.9 show ip ospf Oracle. ,

.
; 9.9. show ip ospf
! Oracle,
Oracle*show ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 100" with ID 10.1.1.1 and Domain ID 0.0,0.100
! ,
! OSPF , ,
!
!
Supports opaque LSA
! , ,
! , ,
!
! . ,
! , 69
Area BACKBONE(0)
,"" i Number of .interface's in this area "is 1
1
, Area has message digest-authentication
! OSPF,
! , SPF.
!
! ,
! LSDB,
! .
! SPF ,
! LSA ,
! LSA;
! SPF.
! SPF. ,
! , ,
!
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 20. Checksum Sum OxA441E
Flood list length 0
-Area 10
Number of interfaces in this area is 1.

Area has message digest authentication
- SPF algorithm executed 4 times
Area ranges are
9. OSPF
613
Number of LSA 17. Checksum Sum Ox9D46A

Flood list length 0
69
f
Nuntoerôf^nCerf aces ?in "Otis' area- "is X

' ,">x r-& Area' fees rio authentication
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 16. Checksum Sum Ox7D42B

Flood list length 0
Oracle
show ip ospf process-id

. 9.2 , show ip ospf process-id, 9.9.
9.2.
show ip ospf process-id , .' > / "',, ',;- "/'-; , , --,- -..
Routing Process "ospf 100"

with a router ID of 10.1.1.1
OSPF OSPF
Type of Service
( 0)
Type of OSPF Router
OSPF;
, ,
Summary Link Update Interval
LSA
:: , .
, ()
OSPF
External Link Update Interval
LSA
:: , .
, ()
OSPF
Redistributing External Routes
. , ()
OSPF
Number of Areas
, , ..
614
III. , ...
. 9.2
SPF Algorithm
SPF. , LSA , LSA,

SPF
Link State Update Interval
, ,
Link State Age Interval
,
, ,
::

. , 9.10, , , . ,
OSPF, exec- show ip ospf interface.
, . 9.10 ,
Fast Ethernet 0.
show ip ospf interface ,

OSPF. , .
9.10. ' show ip ospf interface, ]
Fast Ethernet 2/0
,
. .
. ,, I
Oracle#show ip oapf interface a2/0
FastEthernet2/0 is up, line protocol is up
Process IB 100, Router ID 10.1.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec. State BDR, Priority 1
! ,
! , ,
! OSPF:
! DR BDR,
!
-; Timer intervals configured, . 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5,
! , show ip ospf interface
! -, -
9. OSPF
615
! . OSPF ,
!
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Neighbor, Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count as 2
.4, Adjacent with neighbor 40,1.2.2
Adjacent with neighbor 10.1.3.3 (Designated Router)
:
Message digest authentication enabled
Youngest key id is 1
! , (. 3),
! OSPF
! ,
!
Oracle*
. 9.3 , .
; 9.3.
i show ip ospf int
.
j
Internet Address
IP- ,
Process ID
OSPF, , (
)
Transmit Delay
, (
DR BDR)
, DR BDR
State DROTHER
,
DR BDR.
,
Priority 1
,
DR/BDR. 1
Designated Router
DR IP
Backup Designated router
BDR IP
Timer intervals configured
-
OSPF. ,

Hello
616
III. , ...
. 9.3
Wait
,
DR

Retransmit

LSA, ,
,
LSA
Neighbor Count
Adjacent neighbors
, .

9.11, OSPF ABR ASBR
exec- show ip ospf border-routers.
"' ' ~
"
' """" "
"~ ' '
"
"
-. -~;."
-. ..-~~.-.~- -,,-
^-^..^,..^.- -* ~~~,
' 9.11.
| show ip ospf border-routers
-. ~^~~._j
Oracle*show ip ospf border-routers

OSPF Process 100 internal Routing Table
Codes: i - Intra-area route, I - Inter-area route
i 10.69.74.1 [10] via 10.69.69.2, Ethernets/I, ASBR, Area 69, SPF 4
i 10.1.6.6 [49] via 10.0.0.2, FastEthernet2/0, ABR, Area 0, SPF 6,
! : Oracle
! , ,
! OSPF
! RID 10.1.6.6 ( Neo) ,-
I 10.0.0.2 ( Cypher),
! Fast Ethernet 2/0 Cypher.
! , ,
! ABR 0,
! SPF 6
i 10.1.2.2 [1] via 10.0.0.2, FastEthernet2/0, ABR, Area 0, SPF 6
Oracle
. 9.4 , .

, .
9. OSPF
617
RID OSPF.
RID, IP-, , ,
RID , .
9.4.
Route Type
; (inter-area)
(intra-area)
Destination
-
Cost
( )
Next Hop

-; ABR ASBR,
Area Number ,
SPF ID No

SPF,
, OSPF. ,
exec- show ip ospf database, ,
( 9.12).
[9.12. show ip ospf database

Oracle*how ip ospf
adv-router
asbr-summary
database-summary
external
network
nssa-external
opaque-area
opaque-as
opaque-link
router
self-originate
summary
database ?
Advertising Router link states
ASBR summary link states
Summary of database
External link states
Network link states
NSSA External link states
Opaque Area link states
Opaque AS link states
Opaque Link-Local link states
Router link states
Self-originated link states
Network summary link states
Output modifiers
Oraclett
, .
show ip ospf database . OSPF
OSPF. -
618
III. , ...
OSPF , LSA, , . ,
LSA, . ,
. LSA ( 1) LSA ( 2), 0 1 .. . 9.5 LSA
OSPF, 3.
LSA
1
2
3
4
5
7
L8A
LSA
LSA
LSA
LSA ASBR
LSA (Autonomous System AS)
LSA (Not-So-Stubby Area NSSA)
9.13, exec- show ip ospf database ,

OSPF .
|W"'^'J'aSf>.',fc-'^
9.13. ehow ip o*pf - database

*
'
Oracle* how ip oipf database
OSPF Router with ID (10.1.1.1) (process ID 100)

'
!
!
!
!
Router Link" States (Area 0)
RID
OSPF OSPF.
OSPF, ,
,
Link ID
'
ADV- Router '" , Age ' '
Seq# ,
Checksum1 Link ,:
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
1388
0x80000003 OxB845
1
10.1.2.2
10.1.2.2
1396
0x80000006 Ox72B9
2
10.1.3.3
10.1.3.3
416
0x80000005 OxC206
2
10.1.6.6
10.1.6.6
6
(DNA) 0x80000003 OxD6A3
7
10.1.7.7
'
10.1.7.7
66
(DNA) 0x80000002 Ox7A93
2
! Link ID ( ) ,
! OSPF.
! , Link ID Advertising
! Router ( ) .
! , ,
! , . Age
! LSA. 10.1.6.6 10.1.7.7,
! DNA (Do Not Age - ) .
! DNA - LS Age.
! , LSA
! , , .
! , Seq#, LSA.
9. OSPF
619
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
OSPF
LSA.
, Link count, ,
.
, ,
show ip ospf database router <RID>,

Net Link States {Area 0)
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum
10.0.0.3
10.1.3.3
1350
0x80000003 0x8365
10.0.1.1
10.1.6.6
65
(DNA) 0x80000001 Ox49C7
! LSA ( 2). ,
! ABR ,
! . 0 ABR:
! Mouse 10.1.3.3,
! 0 10.0.0.3,
! Neo 10.1.6.6,
! 0 10.0.1.1. ,
! Neo DNA,
! ,
Summary, Net, Link States (Area 0)
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum
10.1.4.0
10.1.1.1
1722
0x80000001 OxCD48
10.1.5.0
10.1.1.1
1272
0x80000001 OxC252
10.10.9.0
10.1.1.1
1272
0x80000001 Ox2ADD
10.10.10.0
10.1.1.1
1279
0x80000005 OxDF6
10.10.11.0
10.1.1.1
1275
0x80000001 Oxl4Fl
10.10.12.0
10.1.1.1
1275
0x80000001 Ox9FB
10.10.13.0
10.1.1.1
1275
0x80000001 OxFD06
10.10.14.0
10.1.1.1
1275
0x80000001 OxF210
10.51.51.0
, 10.1.2.2 ,',''-- 1399
' 0x80,000003 Ox3FOF
10.51.51.0 '
10.1.6.6
," 5,i.
(DNA) 0x80000001 Ox2D4B
10.69.69.0
10.1.1.1
1730
0x80000003 OxBEDO
10.69.70.0
10.1.1.1
1725
0x80000001 OxClCD
10.69.72.0
10.1.1.1
1725
0x80000001 OxABEl
10.69.73.0
10.1.1.1
1725
0x80000001 OxAOEB
10.69.74.0
10.1.1.1
1725
0x80000001 Ox95F5
10.69.75.0
10.1.1.1
1725
0x80000001 OxSAFF
10.221.0.0 , , 10.221.6.1 ',' 70 ' (DNA) , 0x80000001 OxESE
! LSA ( )
! (Area Border Router - ABR)
! . , ,
! ,
! ; ,
! .
! , ,
! LSA ,
! , , -,
! LSA 1 2 , -, Oracle,
! ABR 10,
! 69. ,
! ABR, 10.51.51.0
!
Link ID
620
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
Checksum
III. , .
10.69.75.1
10.1.1.1
1725
0x80000001 0x6821

Link ID
10.1.1.1
10.10.14.1
ADV Router
10.1.1.1
10.10.14.1
Age
1291
1291
Seq#
Checksum Link count
0x80000005 OxF2D8
1
0x80000002 OxCDC7
7

Link ID
10.10.10.2
ADV Router
10.10.14.1
Age
1292
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000002 OxC104

Link ID
10.0.0.0
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
10.1.3.0
10.1.4.0
10.1.6.0
10.1.7.0
10.51.51.0
10.69.69.0
10.69.70.0
10.69.72.0
10.69.73.0
10.69.74.0
10.69.75.0
10.221.0.0
ADV Router
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
Age
1392
1392
1392
1392
1392
1393
1098
1727
1393
1393
1393
1732
1727
1727
1727
1727
1727
1393
Seq#
0x80000004
0x80000002
0x80000002
0x80000002
0x80000002
0x80000002
0x80000001
0x80000001
0x80000002
0x80000002
0x80000003
0x80000003
0x80000001
0x80000001
0x80000001
0x80000001
0x80000001
0x80000002
Checksum
Ox9B86
0x8071
Ox757B
Ox6A85
Ox5F8F
0x5499
Ox7EAl
OxCD48
Ox56F8
OxBEDO
OxClCD
OxABEl
OxAOEB
Ox95F5
OxSAFF
OxCOF

Link ID
10.1.3.3
10.69.75.1
ADV Router
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
Age
415
1728
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000001 Ox48D4
0x80000001 0x6821

Link ID
10.1.1.1
10.69.75.1
ADV Router
10.1.1.1
10.69.75.1
Age
1743
1743
Seq#
Checksum Link count
0x80000004
1
0x80000002 OxEF6C
7

Link ID
10.69.69.2
ADV Router
10.69.75.1
Age
1744
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000001 OxEB73

Link ID
10.0.0.0
10.0.1.0
10.0.2.0
10.0.3.0
10.0.4.0
10.0.5.0
10.1.3.0
ADV Router
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
Age
1394
1394
1394
1394
1394
1395
1101
Seq#
0x80000004
0x80000002
0x80000002
0x80000002
0x80000002
0x80000002
0x80000001
Checksum
Ox9B86
0x8071
Ox757B
Ox6A85
Ox5F8F
0x5499
Ox7EAl
9. OSPF
621
10.1.5.0
10.1.6.0
10.1.7.0
10.10.9.0
10.10.10.0
10.10.11.0
10.10.12.0
10.10.13.0
10.10.14.0
10.51.51.0
10.221.0.0
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
1280
1395
1395
1280
1284
1280
1280
1280
1280
1395
1395
0x80000001
0x80000002
0x80000002
0x80000001
0x80000005
0x80000001
0x80000001
0x80000001
0x80000001
0x80000003
0x80000002
252
Ox2ADD
OxDF6
Oxl4Fl
Ox9FB
OxFD06
OxF210
Ox56F8
OxCOF

Link ID
10.1.3.3
ADV Router
10.1.1.1
Age
417
Seq#
Checksum
0x80000001 Ox48D4

Link ID
0.0.0.0
Oracle*
ADV Router
10.1.3.3
Age
396
Seq#
Checksum Tag
0x80000001 OxAESF
100
. 9.6 .
I 9.6. show ip ospf database
(.,,,
. ,
. ,
, , , , . ' . _
,_ ,.
..a,,.
_ L. ,
,,.
j
.. :
.'
^'*f
Link ID
ADV Router
Age
Seq#
( LSA)
Checksum
Link count
show ip ospf database asbr-summary

, OSPF ( LSA 4) ASBR. 9.14 .
9.14. show ip ospf database asbr-summary ,

Oracle>show ip ospf database asbr-summary ?
A.B.C.D
Link state ID (as an IP address)
adv-router
internal
Internal LSA information
self-originate Self-originated link states
|
Output modifiers
<cr>
Oracle>
622
III. , ...
9.15 show ip ospf database

asbr-summary, - .
I 9.15. show ip ospf database

j,asbr-svunmary p , ,; ' "' V ^ ,V;- "'*^\'*&-/1&>&*'< . ''
L;:iL_l.ai._Jii,^_..__ ; ,_ ;.ll ., J,.,,.:;_,.<^':v^V.._i.,.^.i^^VJ_^
Oracle>show ip ospf database asbr-summary
-.. *-.
(Process ID 100)
LS age: 659
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC, Upward)
LS Type: Summary Links(AS Boundary Router)
Link State ID: 10.1.4.4 (AS Boundary Router address)
Advertising Router: 10.1.1.1
LS Seq Number: 80000001
Checksum: Ox8D84
Length: 28
Network Mask: /0
TOS: 0 Metric: 10
LS age: 1758
Checksum: 0x3ADB
Length: 28
Network Mask: /0
TOS: 0 Metric: 1
LS age: 712
Checksum: Ox8D84
Length: 28
Network Mask: /0
TOS: 0 Metric: 10
LS age: 1820
Checksum: 0x3ADB
Length: 28
Network Mask: /0
TOS: 0 Metric: 1
Oracle>
9. OSPF
623
. 9.7 show ip ospf database

asbr-summary, .
T'l
; 9.7.
' . , . , ,
,
'. ,;/,. .'.
Router ID
Process ID
OSPF
LSage
Options
( 0)
LS Type
Link State ID
(ASBR)
Advertising Router
LS Seq Number
(
LSA)
Checksum
Length
Network Mask
. LSA 4 0.0.0.0
TOS
Metric
show ip ospf database database-summary

, LSA OSPF LSDB, show ip ospf database database-summary,
, - Maxage LSA ; . 9.16.
9.16. show ip ospf database

database-summary
j
I
Oracle>show ip ospf database database-summary

Area 0 database
LSA Type
Router
Network
Summary Net
Summary ASBR
Type~7 Ext
Opaque Link
Opaque Area
Subtotal
624
summary
Count
5
2
17
1
0
0
0
25
Delete
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Maxage
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
III. , ...
Area 10 database summary

LSA Type
Count
Delete
Router
2
0
Network
1
Summary Net
18
Summary ASBR 2
Type-7 Ext
0
Opaque Link
0
Opaque Area
0
Subtotal
23
Maxage
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Area 69 database summary

LSA Type
Count
Delete
Router
2
1
Network
Summary Net
18
Summary ASBR 1
Type-7 Ext
0
Opaque Link
0
Opaque Area
0
Subtotal
22
Maxage
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Process 100 database summary

LSA Type
Count
Delete
Maxage
Router
9
0
0
Network
4
0
0
Summary Net
0
0
53
Summary ASBR 4
0
0
Type-7 Ext
0
0
0
Opaque Link
0
0
0
Opaque Area
0
0
0
1
Type-5 Ext
0
0
Opaque AS
0
0
0
Total
71
0
0
!
! LSA,
Oracle>
show ip ospf database external

show ip ospf database external LSA OSPF. ; ,
OSPF ,
OSPF. 9.17
.
9.17. show ip ospf database external

Oracle>show ip ospf database external ?
A.B.C.D
adv-router
internal
Output modifiers
I
<cr>
Oracle>
9. OSPF
625
, . 9.4,
, LSA OSPF. 9.18 show ip ospf
database external, , - .
9.18. show ip pspf dat
i external
',
,-,-
v -
',.
A - v-Hs-^xl
Oracle>show ip ospf database external

(Process ID 100)

!
!
!
!
!
!
Routing Bit Set on this LSA

.
,
. Oracle
Mouse LSA.
, ,
, Mouse
LS age: 1974
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS Type: AS External Link
Link State ID: 0.0.0.0 (External Network Number)
Checksum:
Length: 36
! ,
! , Length,
! LSA
Network Mask: /
Metric Type: 2 (Larger than any link state path)
TOS: 0
Metric: 1
Forward Address: O.O.O.'O
External Route Tag: 100
! .
! (/).
! , 0 .
! .
! , ,
! LSA 1 2, ,
! . Forward
! Address ( ) ,
! .
! 0.0.0.0,
! ,
! . External Route Tag ( )
! 32 .
! OSPF
Oracle>
626
III. , ...
9.19
Mouse, , .
:
i external, Mouse ^- :>.. ; ;
: < ; ., ;> i
Mouse>show ip ospf database external
(Process ID 100)
LS age: 710

LS Type: AS External Link
Link State ID: 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 (External Network Number)
Checksum: Ox9E97
Length: 36
Network Mask: /0
Metric Type: 2 (Larger than any link state path)
TOS: 0
Metric: 1
Forward Address: 0.0.0.0
External Route Tag: 100
Mouse>
, OSPF
. , ? Oracle, 9.20.
9.20. Oracle,

'
'
Oracle>ehow ip route
0
0
0
0
0

10.69.75.0/24 [110/11] via 10.69.69.2, 00:19:56, EthernetS/l
10.69.74.0/24 [110/11] via 10.69.69.2, 00:19:56, EthernetS/l
10.69.73.0/24 [110/11] via 10.69.69.2, 00:19:56, Ethernet3/l
10.69.72.0/24 [110/11] via 10.69.69.2, 00:19:56, EthernetS/l
10.1.3.0/24 [110/2] via 10.0.0.3, 03:03:41, FastEthernet2/0
9. OSPF
627

*** ***

IA
0*2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 10.0.0.3, 00:19:58, FastEthernet2/0

Oracle>
, , , 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 / 0 , , , 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 . Ethernet Mouse.
Mouse OSPF , Internet.
show ip ospf database network

show ip ospf database network
, LSA ,
OSPF. , OSPF , OSPF. 9.21 show ip ospf
database network, .
9.21. show ip ospf database I
network
, w ,_,
^ [ .1, , . . \
Oracle>show ip ospf database network ?
A.B.C.D
adv-router
internal
Output modifiers
<cr>
Oracle>
OSPF ,
. 9.22 show ip ospf
database network, - ( , , . 9.4). ,
, , Oracle
ABR .
network
Oracle>show ip ospf database network

628
III. , ...

LS age: 1486
LS Type: Network Links
Link State ID: 10.0.0.3 (address of Designated Router)
LS Seq Number: 8000000C
Checksum: Ox716E
Length: 36
Network Mask: /24
' Attached Router: 10.1.3.3
Attached Router: 10.1.1.1
LS age: 2 (DoNotAge)
Checksum: Ox4E97
Length: 32
-Network Mask: /24
>'
Attached "Router: 10.1.7.7
, '' :" ' ' , , --Net Link States (Area 10)
LS age: 1521
LS Seq Number: 8000000B
Checksum: OxAFOD
Length: 32
, Network Mask: /24
,: ,, Attached Router: 10.1.1.1

LS age: 2037
Checksum: OxBOCS
Length: 32
Network Mask: /24
Oracle>
RID , .
9. OSPF
629
show ip ospf database router

show ip ospf database router
LSA OSPF. 9.23
show ip ospf database router,
- . . 9.8
.
9.23. shoftr ip oepf database rout
'
'
' '
'
'
'
- "
'
'
'
" -
Trinity>how ip ospf database router

(Process ID 100)

LS age: 1596
LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 10.1.1.1
LS Seq Nuinber: 80000010
Checksum: Ox8A4A
Length: 36
Area Border Router
Number of Links: 1
Link connected to: a Transit Network
(Link ID) Designated Router address: 10.69.69.1
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 10.69.69.1
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 10
LS age: 1768
Checksum: Ox85E6
Length: 108
AS Boundary Router
Number of Links: 7
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 10.69.75.0
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.0
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
630
III. , ...

TOS 0 Metrics: 1
TOS 0 Metrics: 1

TOS 0 Metrics: 1
Link connected to: a Transit Network
(Link ID) Designated Router address: 10.69.69.1
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 10.69.69.2
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
Trinity>
. 9.8 , ,
9.23, .
9.8.
jhow i p oepf database router, . . . , . , ' ' . " , '
OSPF Router with ID

Process ID
LSage
Options
LS Type
Link State ID
Advertising Router
LS Seq Number

OSPF

( 0)

( LSA)
,

Checksum
Length
AS Boundary Router
Number of Links
9. OSPF
631
. 9.8
Link ID
Link Data
TOS
( 0)
show ip ospf database summary

9.24 show ip ospf database
summary, - .
. , LSA.
, LSA,
OSPF.
summary ()
,
, , , LSA . , , LSA 3.
. .
summary
,'>'
Oracle>show ip ospf database summary
LS age: 1662
LS Type: Summary Links(Network)
Link State ID: 10.1.4.0 (summary Network Number)
Adverti sing Router: 10.1.1.1
Checksum: OxC94A
Length: 28
Network Mask: /24
TOS: 0 Metric: 11
LS age: 1156
Checksum: OxAESC
Length: 28
Network Mask: /24
TOS: 0 Metric: 11
632
III. , ...
LS age: 1157
Checksum: Oxl6E7
Length: 28
Network Mask: /24
TOS: 0
Metric: 11
. 9.9 , 9.24, .
, 9.9.
show ip ospf database summary
OSPF Router with ID

Process ID
OSPF
LS age
Options
( 0)
LS Type
.
"Summary Links (network)" (
LSA )
Link State ID
( )
Advertising Router
LS Seq Number
(
LSA)
Checksum
Length
Network Mask
TOS
Metric
show ip ospf delete ()

show ip ospf delete OSPF.
OSPF, Cisco,
Cisco IOS,
. Cisco Systems,
. , ,
9.25, , .
9. OSPF
633
,,
9.25. show ip ospf delete:s||:

Oraclettehow ip opf delate
(Process ID 100)
Area BACKBONE(0)
ROUTER and NETWORK LSDB delete list
Dest: 10.1.7.0, Type: 0, Metric: 51, ADV RTR: 10.1.7.7
Path:
gateway 10.0.0.2, interface FastEthernet2/0
Path:
gateway 10.0.0.2, interface FastEtheraet2/0
Path:
Path:
Path:
Path:
Path:
Path:
Path:
Path:
Path:
Path:
SUMMARY NET and ASBR LSDB delete list
634
III. , ...

Path:
Path:

Path:
TYPE-7 EXTERNAL LSDB delete list
Area 10
Path:
gateway 10.10.10.2, interface Ethernet3/0
Path:
Path:
gateway 10.10.10.2, interface Ethernets/0
Path:
gateway 10.10.10.2, interface Ethernets/0
Path:
Path:
Path:
Area 69
Path:
gateway 10.69.69.2, interface EthernetS/l
9. OSPF
635
Path:
Path:
Path:
gateway 10.69.69.2, interface EthernetB/l
Path:
Path:
Path:
Path:
gateway 10.69.69.1, interface Ethernet3/l
EXTERNAL LSDB delete list
Path:
Oracle*
show ip ospf events ()

show ip ospf events OSPF.
OSPF, Cisco, Cisco IOS, .
Cisco Systems, .
, , 9.26, , .
9.26. show ip ospf events

Ziontshow ip ospf events
862704 Generic: ospf_build_rtr_lsa 0x0
1612952 Timer Exp: if_ack_delayed Ox81CE9168
1731560 Timer Exp:
if_ack_delayed Ox81CE9168
636
III. , ...

9790016 Timer Exp:
322919664 Generic: ospf_build_rtr__lsa 0x0
323830556 Timer Exp:
427869868 Timer Exp:
41919428 Timer Exp:
if__ack_delayed Ox81CE9168
9. OSPF
637

51024368 Generic:
ospf_build_rtr_lsa 0x0
54030708 Timer Exp:
59041264 Generic:
62153688 Timer Exp:
76984816 Generic:
638
III. , ...

100164216 Timer Exp: i_ack_delayed Ox81CE9168
*** ***
Zionf

(LSA)
OSPF, , exec- show
ip ospf flood-list.
OSPF, 3.
, LSA,
, LSA
.
, .
show ip ospf flood-list 9.27.
9.27. show ip ospf flood-list

Router* show ip oapf flood-list interface ethernet 1
Interface Ethernetl, Queue length 6
! Queue length ( ) LSA,

! ,
!
Link state flooding due in 12 msec
! , ,
! ,
9. OSPF
639
! LSA,
Type
5
5
5
5
5
5

LS ID
ADV RTR
9 .2 .195..0
200 .0 .0 .163
9,.1..192..0
200..0 .0 .163
9..2..194,.0
200..0 .0 .163
9..1..193..0
200..0 .0 .163
9,.2,.193..0
200,.0 .0 .163
9,.1..194,.0
200..0 .0 .163
Seq NO
0x800.00009
0x80000009
0x80000009
0x80000009
0x80000009
0x80000009
Age
0
0
0
0
0
0
Checksum
OxFB61
0x2938
0x757
OxlE42
Oxl24D
Oxl34C
OSPF , 3, , . , , LSA
, , OSPF;
- .
show ip ospf maxage-iist ()

show ip ospf maxage-list OSPF.
OSPF, Cisco,
Cisco IOS,
. Cisco Systems, .
, , 9.28,
, .
9.28. show ip ospf maxage-list

Oracletshow ip ospf maxage-list
AS System 100
Maxage delete timer due in NEVER
Oracle*
show ip ospf neighbor

OSPF
exec- show ip ospf neighbor. 9.29 .
9.29. show ip ospf neighbor

Oracle>show ip ospf neighbor ?
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
FastEthernet
FastEthernet IEEE 802.3
Hostname or A.B.C.D Neighbor ID
Loopback
Loopback interface
Null
Null interface
Serial
Serial
detail
detail of all neighbors
|
Output modifiers
<cr>
Oracle>
640
III. , ...
OSPF. OSPF , .
9.30 OSPF
, . ,
Oracle,
,
Oracle,
Oracle.
9.30.
Oracle OSPF
Oracle>show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID
10.1.2.2
10.1.3.3
10.10.14.1
10.1.4.4
Oracle>
Pri
1
1
1
1
State
FULL /BDR
FULL/DR
FULL/DR
FULL /BDR
Dead Time
00:00:37
00:00:38
00:00:38
00:00:36
Address
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
10.10.10.2
10.69.69.2
Interface
FastEthernet2/0
FastEthernet2/0
Ethernets /0
Ethernets /1
, Neighbor ID, RID OSPF .

, (DR) (BDR) .
Mouse (RID 10.1.3.3) DR, Cypher (RID 10.1.2.2) BDR 0. Dead Time , , Cisco
IOS , .
show ip ospf neighbor ip address

show ip ospf neighbor ip address OSPF, IP- ( 9.31).
9.31. show ip ospf neighbor ip address
Oracle>show ip ospf neighbor 10.1.2.2
In the area 0 via interface FastEthernet2/0
DR is 10.0.0.3 BDR is 10.0.0.2.
!!!
DR BDR ,
IP-, RID, .
, ,
. ,
Cisco. , , RFC 2328
: DR
9. OSPF
641
! ,
!
! , DR
Options is 0x42
! ( ;
! - 0 2; 2 , - ; 0 ,
! - )
' Dead timer due in 00:00:34
- Neighbor is up for 06:33:06
! - ( Dead timer) ,
! Cisco IOS
! . Neighbor is up ,
! ,
! ;
! ,
First OxO(0)/OxO(0) Next OxO(0)/OxO(0)
! , LSA
! LSDB
Oracle>
show ip ospf neighbor int ip-address

show ip ospf neighbor int (
interface), ,
. , show ip ospf neighbor ip-address, ,

.
show ip ospf neighbor detail

show ip ospf neighbor detail , show ip ospf neighbor ip-address,
IP-, detail, , . 9.32 show
ip ospf neighbor detail, Oracle.
-
"
| 9.32.
| Oracle OSPF
-._ ,
.,,,,
Oracle>show ip ospf neighbor detail

Neighbor 10.1.2.2, interface address 10,0.0.2
DR is 10.0.0.3 BDR is 10.0.0.2
Options is 0x42
Neighbor is up for 06:35:14
642
III. , ...
'
:
First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(01/0x0(0)

DR is 10.0.0.3 BDR is 10.0.0.2
Options is 0x2
First 0x0(01/0x0(0) Next 0x0(01/0x0(0)
In the area 10 via interface Ethernet3/0
DR is 10.10.10.2 BDR is 10.10.10.1
Options is 0x2
First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(01/0x0(0)
/Neighbor 10.1.4.4, interface address 10.69.69,2
In the area 69 via interface EthernetS/l
DR is 10.69.69.1 BDR is 10.69.69.2
Options is 0x42
First 0x0(01/0x0(0) Next OxO(0)/OxO(0)
Oracle>
, , , show ip ospf neighbor.
show ip ospf virtual-links

OSPF exec- show ip ospf virtual-links.
OSPF. , show ip ospf virtual-links,
OSPF. 9.33
, , .
9.33. show ip ospf virtual-links
',. .
...
'
.. j
Neoshow ip ospf virtual-links

Virtual Link OSPF_VLO to router 10.1.2.2 is up
! RID OSPF,
! ,
9. OSPF
643
!
! ,
! .
! DNA (Do Not Age - )
Transit area 51, via interface SerialO/0, Cost of using 64
! ,
! , , ,
! OSPF
!
Adjacency State FULL (Hello suppressed)
! ;
! ,
!
First 0x0(0)70x0(0) Next 0x0(0)70x0(0)
Message digest authentication enabled
No key configured, using default key id 0
Neo>
show ip ospf stat ()

show ip ospf stat OSPF.
OSPF, Cisco, Cisco IOS, .
Cisco Systems, .
, , 9.34, , .
""""
' "
"" "
"
! 9.34. show ip ospf stat
~" ""
' ~~~
Oracle#show ip ospf stat

Area 0: SPF algorithm executed 5 times
SPF calculation time
Delta
00:05:19
00:05:09
00:04:27
00:04:17
00:04:00
00:03:50
Intra
O
0
08
00
0
D-Intra Summ
O
O
0
0
0
4
0
D-Summ
O
O
4
0
Ext
O
0
0
D-Ext
O
0
0
Total
R
4
8
Reason
R, N, SN, SA, X
,
R, N, SN, X
R, X
R ,N ,
R, SN,
Avg. and Accumulated time of the last 250 process_ase()

Avg.
644
Accumulated
III. , .
ASBR-lookup
0,
Forw-Addr-lookup
compare metric
add_ex-route
route_delete
Avg. and Accumulated time of the last 250 add_ex_route
ex_delete_route_list
Avg.
,
Accumulated
network_update
ex_insert_route_list
Avg. and Accumulated time of the last 250 summary LSA process
ABR-lookup
Avg. Accumulated
,
destination-lookup
add summary route
route_delete & build_inter_route_all
Oracle*
show ip ospf summary-address

show ip ospf summary-address , OSPF. 9.35
.
i 9.35. show ip ospf summary-address
Mouse*show ip ospf summary-address

OSPF Process 100, Summary-address
25.25.0.0/255.255.0.0 Metric 20, Type 2, Tag 0
Mouse*
clear ip ospf
, OSPF.
9. OSPF
645
Cisco IOS ,
OSPF! 9.36 clear ip ospf, .
9.36. clear ip ospf
Oracle#clear ip ospf ?
<l-4294967295> Process ID number
counters
OSPF counters
process
Reset OSPF process
redistribution Clear OSPF route redistribution
clear ip ospf counters

, clear ip ospf counters,
Cisco IOS, , clear interface counters.
, , . 9.37 show ip ospf neighbor Oracle .
9.37. OSPF
Oracle#show ip ospf neighbor 10.1.2.2

Neighbor 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 2 , interface address 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 2
DR is 10.0.0.3 BDR is 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 2
Options is 0x42
Dead timer due in 0 0 : 0 0 : 3 8
Index 2 / 4 , retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 1
First 0 x 0 ( 0 ) 7 0 x 0 ( 0 ) Next 0 x 0 ( 0 ) 7 0 x 0 ( 0 )
Oracle
,
( , ..)
.
, , , . clear ip ospf counters,
, 9.38, .
- - -
. - . . - , . . . , ,
; 9.38. clear ip ospf counters

i OSPF
1
!
Oracle#clear ip ospf counters

Oracle#show ip ospf neighbor 10.1.2.2
646
III. , ...

DR is 10.0.0.3 BDR is 10.0.0.2
Options is 0x42
First 0x0(0)70x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Oracle*
clear ip ospf process

OSPF.
clear ip ospf process. ,
OSPF.
pid, OSPF. 9.39 ,
Oracle OSPF. , .
1
9.39. OSPF
, ,
Oracle#clear ip ospf process

Reset ALL OSPF processes? [no]: yes
Oracle*
FastEthernet2/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
FastEthernet2/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
Nbr 10.10.14.1 on Ethernet3/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface
down or detached
Ethernets/1 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
Ethernets/1 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
Nbr 10.10.14.1 on Ethernet3/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
, , , OSPF , . , Telnet
, !
9. OSPF
647
clear ip ospf redistribution

clear ip ospf redistribution
, . , . , OSPF ( 9.40).
9.40. clear ip ospf redistribution
Oracle#clear ip ospf redistribution ?

<cr>
Oracle*
debug
OSPF.
debug OSPF
exec- debug , ( ) OSPF.

, , , , , , ( ).
debug .
( ).
debug no debug ( no debug all, ).
debug
debug
; . debug ,
.
debug , , ,
. debug.
debug .
648
III. , ...
debug
, .
debug ,
.
debug , .
debug. , , show , . ,
. , debug ospf hello .
debug
, ,
debug, .
, debug, , .
1.
no logging console.
.
2. Telnet
exec- enable.
3. Telnet undebug all, <Enter>.
. ,
<Enter> .
debug. u, all
.
4. terminal monitor,
debug
. debug , .
5. debug, .
debug Debug Command Reference
Cisco. , , -
9. OSPF
649
Telnet, . Telnet Windows , .

debug
,
.
SYSLOG, , debug. :
service timestamps debug datetime msec localtime show-timezone
debug,
OSPF
debug, OSPF.
debug Debug Command
Reference Cisco. ( "Debug Command Reference"
cisco.com , Cisco IOS.)
debug . , , .
, .
.

, . 9.5.
9.41 debug .
I 9.41. debug, OSPF
Oracle#debuff ip ospf ?
adj
OSPF adjacency events
database-timer
events
flood
hello
Isa-generation
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
packet
retransmission
spf
OSPF packets
OSPF retransmission events
OSPF spf
mpls
650
database timer
events
flooding
hello events
Isa generation
OSPF MPLS
III. , ...
tree
OSPF database tree
Oracle
/". 9.5. OSPF
debug ip ospf adjacency

debug ip ospf adjacency ,

OSPF. , 9.43 , , OSPF, .
.
, Oracle , ( 9.42).
i 9.42. Oracle
,
Oracletfshow ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID
10.1.2.2
Pri
1
State
Dead Time
FULL/BDR
00:00:33
Address
10.0.0.2
9. OSPF
Interface
FastEthernet2/0
651
10.1.3.3
10.10.14.1
10.1.4.4
Oracle*
1
1
1
FULL/DR
FULL/DR
FULL/DR
00:00:10
00:00:30
00:00:33
10.0.0.3
10.10.10.2
10.69.69.2
FastEthernet2/0
Ethernets /0
Ethernets /1
Oracle OSPF ,
, 0 Mouse. , ,
OSPF, ,
( ), .
000095: Jul 21 16:19:02.434 EST: OSPF: Send with youngest Key 1
000096: Jul 21 16:19:02.434 EST: OSPF: Send with youngest Key 1
Oracle*
OSPF Mouse . OSPF, ,

9.43 ( ).
, Oracle Mouse ,
Oracle ,
Ethernet . OSPF -, - , Mouse.
9.43. OSPF
000099: Jul 21 16:19:11.353 EST: OSPF: 10.1.3.3 address 10.0.0.3 on
FastEthernet2/0 is dead
! , ,
! OSPF RID 10.1.3.3 (Mouse),
! IP- 10.0.0.3 (Mouse /0),
! Fast Ethernet 2/0 ,
!
000100: Jul 21 16:19:11.353 EST: OSPF: 10.1.3.3 address 10.0.0.3
on FastEthernet2/0 is dead, state DOWN
! ,
!
000101: Jul 21 16:19: 11.353 EST: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 100, Nbr 10.1.3.3 on
FastEthernet2/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Dead timer expired
! ? OSPF
! , - ?
! ?
! , -
! ,
.' .
! IOS ;
! - ,
! .
! !
! , IOS
! . ,
!
000102: Jul 21 16:19:12.550 EST: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on
interface FastEthernet2/0
652
III. , ...
! Oracle , DR (Mouse)
! , DR
!
000103: Jul 21 16:19:12.550 EST: OSPF: DR/BDR election on FastEthernet2/0
000104: Jul 21 16:19:12.550 EST: OSPF: Elect BDR 10.1.2.2
000105: Jul 21 16:19:12.550 EST: OSPF: Elect DR 10.1.2.2
000106: Jul 21 16:19:12.550 EST:
DR: 10.1.2.2 (Id)
BDR: 10.1.2.2 (Id)
! , BDR,
I DR, ,
! DR BDR BDR
000112: Jul 21 16:19:15.666 EST: OSPF: DR/BDR election on FastEthernet2/0
000117: Jul 21 16:19:15.666 EST:
DR: 10.1.2.2 (Id)
BDR: 10.1.1.1 (Id)
! BDR , Oracle
.' (RID 10.1.1.1)
9.44 , Mouse OSPF .

: 9.44. OSPF:
1
DR
Oracle*
000132: Jul 21 16:20:17.434 EST: OSPF: Rev DBD from 10.1.3.3 on FastEthernet2/0
seq OxFBD opt 0x2 flag 0x7 len 32 mtu 1500 state INIT
000133: Jul 21 16:20:17.434 EST: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 10.1.3.3 on
FastEthernet2/0, state 2WAY
000139: Jul 21 16:20:17.438 EST: OSPF: Send DBD to 10.1.3.3 on
FastEthernet2/0 seq 0x485 opt 0x42 flag 0x7 len 32
000141: Jul 21 16:20:17.438 EST: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the SLAVE
! , Mouse
! , ,
! ,
! Mouse Oracle .
! DD (Database Descriptor -
! ) OSPF (
! Oracle)
000142: Jul 21 16:20:17.438 EST: OSPF: Send DBD to 10.1.3.3 on FastEthernet2/0
seq OxFBD opt 0x42 flag 0x2 len 572
seq OxFBE opt 0x2 flag 0x3 len 572 mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
seq OxFBE opt 0x42 flag 0x0 len 32
000148: Jul 21 16:20:17.450 EST: OSPF: Rev DBD from 10.1.3.3 on
FastEthernet2/0 seq OxFBF opt 0x2 flag Oxl len 32 mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
000149: Jul 21 16:20:17.450 EST: OSPF: Exchange Done with 10.1.3.3 on
FastEthernet2/0
! DBD Mouse Oracle
! . ,
! Mouse Cypher,
! Oracle,
9. OSPF
653
!
000150: Jul 21 16:20:17.450 EST: OSPF: Synchronized with 10.1.3.3 on
FastEthernet2/0, state FULL
000151: Jul 21 16:20:17.450 EST: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 100, Nbr 10.1.3.3 on
! ,
! OSPF.
!
Oracle*

OSPF,
debug ip ospf adjacency. ,
, . , , Mouse , 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 69, 0.
debug :
000284: Jul 21 17:13:46.861 EST: OSPF: Rev pkt from 10.0.0.3, FastEthernet2/0,
area 0.0.0.0 mismatch area 0.0.0.69 in the header
, ,
( , 9.43).
debug ip ospf events

,
OSPF, exec- debug ip ospf.
.
SPF.
, - , OSPF.
IP .
- OSPF
, .
,
debug ip ospf adjacency. debug ip ospf events
. , debug ip ospf adjacency. ,
Mouse
Oracle,

( 9.45).
654
III. , ...
9.45. debug ip ospf events I

Oracle* debug ip ospf events
000436: Jul 21 17:18:17.280 EST: OSPF: Rev hello from 10.1.3.3 area 0 from
FastEthernet2/0 10.0.0.3
000437: Jul 21 17:18:17.280 EST: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 10.1.3.3 on
FastEthernet2/0, state 2WAY
seq Oxl7D opt 0x42 flag 0x7 len 32
seq Ox79B opt 0x2 flag 0x7 len 32 mtu 1500 state EXSTART
000447: Jul 21 17:18:17.420 EST: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the SLAVE
seq Ox79B opt 0x42 flag 0x2 len 552
seq Ox79C opt 0x2 flag 0x3 len 552 mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
seq Ox79C opt 0x42 flag 0x0 len 32
seq Ox79D opt 0x2 flag Oxl len 32 mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
000455: Jul 21 17:18:17.432 EST: OSPF: Exchange Done with 10.1.3.3 on
FastEthernet2/0
000456: Jul 21 17:18:17.432 EST: OSPF: Synchronized with 10.1.3.3 on
FastEthernet2/0, state FULL
, .
,
, ; . debug ip
ospf events , OSPF, , ( 9.46).
' 9.46.
\ OSPF, ,
j
i .
, ,
Ethernet3/0 10.10.10.2
000486: Jul 21 17:18:43.292 EST: OSPF: End of hello processing
EthernetS/l 10.69.69.2
, OSPF
, . -
9. OSPF
655
, .
, - ( 9.47).
, 9.47. debug ip ospf events, j
;
j
Oracle#debug ip ospf events
Oracle*
6w4d: OSPF: Rev hello from 10.1.5.5 area 10 from Ethernet3/0 10.1.1.18
6w4d: OSPF: Mismatched hello parameters from 10.1.1.18
6w4d: OSPF: Dead R 40 123, Hello R 10 10
- ,
- ,
. , OSPF, OSPF , .
, IP, -
OSPF - OSPF.
,
.
debug ip ospf flood

debug ip ospf flood
, OSPF.
. debug,
. 9.48, .
: 9.48. debug ip ospf flood
Cypher#debug ip ospf flood ?

<l-99>
Access list
<1300-1999> Access list (expanded range)
<cr>
debug ;
.
OSPF database-filter all

out , . -
656
III. , ...

(N8MA)
,
(DBD).

LSA. LSA, . , , LSA,
LSA ,
LSA.
, 9.49
LSA 64.246.203.0/24.
9.49.

Oracle#config terminal
End with CNTL/2.
Oracle(config)access-list 1 permit 64.246.203.0 0.0.0.255

A
Oracle (config)# Z
Oracle*
001355: Jul 21 17:45:53.569 EST: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured
from console by console
Oracle ((debug ip ospf flood 1
OSPF flooding debugging is on for access list 1
Oracle*
, 64.246.203.109 (.. Internet) Mouse. , LSA . 9.50 ,
.
9.50. debug ip ospf flood

Oracle*
001472: Jul 21 17:50:32.488 EST: Inc retrans unit nbr count index 2
(0/2) to 1/1
001473: Jul 21 17:50:32.488 EST: Set Nbr 10.1.2.2 2 first flood info from 0 (0)
to 62ADB6EC (8)
001474: Jul 21 17:50:32.488 EST: Init Nbr 10.1.2.2 2 next flood info
to 62ADB6EC
001475: Jul 21 17:50:32.488 EST: OSPF: Start FastEthernet2/0 10.1.2.2 retrans
timer
001476: Jul 21 17:50:32.488 EST: Set idb next flood info from 0 (0) to
62ADB6EC (8)
001477: Jul 21 17:50:32.488 EST: OSPF: Start FastEthernet2/0 pacing timer
001478: Jul 21 17:50:32.488 EST: Inc retrans unit nbr count index 1
(0/1) to 2/2
001479: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST: Set Nbr 10.10.14.1 1 first flood info
from 0 (0) to 62ADB6EC (8)
001480: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST: Init Nbr 10.10.14.1 1 next flood info
to 62ADB6EC
9. OSPF
657
001481: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST : OSPF: Start Ethernet3/0 10.10.14.1

retrans timer
001482: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST : Set idb next flood info from 0 (0) to
62ADB6EC (8)
001483: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST : OSPF: Start Ethernets/0 pacing timer
001484: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST : Inc retrans unit nbr count index 3
(0/3) to 3/3
001485: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST:: Set Nbr 10.1.4.4 3 first flood info
from 0 (0) to 62ADB6EC (8)
001486: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST:: Init Nbr 10.1.4.4 3 next flood info
to 62ADB6EC
001487: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST:: OSPF: Start Ethernets/1 10.1.4.4 retrans timer
001488: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST:: Set idb next flood info from 0 (0) to
62ADB6EC (8)
001489: Jul 21 17:50:32.492 EST:: OSPF: Start Ethernets/1 pacing timer
001490: Jul 21 17:50:32.520 EST:: Create retrans unit
Ox62AD9F34/Ox62AD8EF4 2 (0/2) 3
001491: Jul 21 17:50:32.520 EST:: OSPF: Set nbr 2 (0/2) retrans to
4888 count to 1
001492: Jul 21 17:50:32.520 EST:: Set idb next flood info from
62ADB6EC (8) to 0 (0)
001493: Jul 21 17:50:32.520 EST:: OSPF: Stop FastEthernet2/0 flood timer
001494: Jul 21 17:50:32.524 EST:: OSPF: Set nbr 1 (0/1) retrans to 4812
count to 1
62ADB6EC (8) to 0 (0)
001496: Jul 21 17:50:32.524 EST:: OSPF: Stop Ethernet3/0 flood timer
001497: Jul 21 17:50:32.524 EST:: OSPF: Set nbr 3 (0/3) retrans to 4984
count to 1
62ADB6EC (8) to 0 (0)
001499: Jul 21 17:50:32.524 EST:: OSPF: Stop Ethernet3/l flood timer
001500: Jul 21 17:50:32.524 EST: Dec retrans unit nbr count index 2
(0/2) to 2/2
001501: Jul 21 17:50:32.524 EST: Set Nbr 10.1.2.2 2 first flood info from
62ADB6EC (8) to 0 (0)
001502: Jul 21 17:50:32.524 EST: Adjust Nbr 10.1.2.2 2 next flood info to 0
001503: Jul 21 17:50:32.528 EST: OSPF: Stop nbr 10.1.2.2 retransmission timer
(0/1) to 1/1
62ADB6EC (8) to 0 (0)
(0/3) to 0/0
001509: Jul 21 17:50:35.024 EST: Free nbr retrans unit
Ox62AD9F34/Ox62AD8EF4 0 total 0. Also Free nbr retrans block
62ADB6EC (8) to 0 (0)
Oracle
, OSPF ,
LSA! debug ip ospf flood
,
. ,
658
III. , ...
, , . .
debug ip ospf hello

debug ip ospf hello , OSPF OSPF. 9.51
.
....
,.
,
.
...
,.
^
:
{ 9.51. debug ip ospf hello

Oracle*
001843: Jul 21 18:02:15.661 EST:
001844: Jul 21 18:02:15.661 EST:
001845: Jul 21 18:02:15.737 EST:
from Ethernet3/1 10.69.69.2
001846: Jul 21 18:02:15.737 EST:
Oracle
OSPF: Rev hello from 10.1.2.2 area 0 from

OSPF: End of hello processing
OSPF: Rev hello from 10.1.4.4 area 69
OSPF: End of hello processing
debug ip ospf Isa-generation

debug ip ospf Isa-generation
, OSPF.
. .
[no] debug ip ospf Isa-generation ?
debug
, 9.52.
! 9.52. debug ip ospf Isa-generation
Cypher#debug ip ospf Isa-generation ?

<1-199>
<1300-2699>
<cr>
Access list
Access list (expanded range)
Cypher
9.53, OSPF

LSA. Mouse IGRP
25.25.25.0, OSPF, 2 5 . 2 5 . 0 . 0 / 1 6 . debug
LSA 9.53.
9.53. debug ip ospf Isa-generation

Mouse#debug ip ospf Isa-generation
OSPF summary Isa generation debugging is on
9. OSPF
659
Mouse*
00:31:46: OSPF: Start redist-scarming
00:31:46: OSPF: Scan for redistribution
00:31:46: OSPF: net 25.25.25.0 up, new metric decreases: old 16777215, new 20
00:31:46: OSPF: Generate external LSA 25.25.0.0, mask 255.255.0.0,
type 5, age 0, metric 20, seq 0x80000001
00:31:46: OSPF: generate external LSA for summary 25.25.0.0 255.255.0.0,
metric 20
! Mouse ,
! , LSA,
! summary-address,
! OSPF
00:31:46: OSPF: Generate external LSA 0.0.0.0, mask 0.0.0.0, type 5, age 0,
metric 1, seq 0x80000001
00:31:46: OSPF: End scanning, Elapsed time 20ms
00:31:51: OSPF: Generate external LSA 0.0.0.0, mask 0.0.0.0, type 5, age 0,
metric 1, seq 0x80000006
! , Mouse
! !
Mouse*
debug ip ospf monitor ()

debug ip ospf monitor OSPF. OSPF', Cisco,
Cisco IOS,
. Cisco Systems, .
, , 9.54, , .
9.54. debug ip ospf monitor

Oracletdebug ip ospf monitor
OSPF spf monitoring debugging is on
Oracle*
000038: *Feb 28 20:18:06.612 EST: OSPF: Schedule SPF in area 0
Change in LS ID 10.1.2.2, LSA type R,
000039: *Feb 28 20:18:06.612 EST: OSPF: schedule SPF: spf_time 00:18:06.616
wait_interval 5s
Change in LS ID 10.0.0.3, LSA type N,
Oracle*
000041: *Feb 28 20:18:11.612 EST: OSPF: Begin SPF at OxlOA820ms,
process time 92ms
000042: *Feb 28 20:18:11.612 EST:
spf_time 00:18:06.616, wait_interval 5s
Change in LS ID 10.1.7.7, LSA type SN,
000046: *Feb 28 20:18:11.616 EST: OSPF: End SPF at OxlOA824ms,
Total elapsed time 4ms
000047: *Feb 28 20:18:11.616 EST:
Intra: Oms, Inter: Oms, External: Oms
660
III. , ...
Oracle*
000048: *Feb 28 20:18:15.512 EST: %OSPF~5-ADJCHG: Process 100, Nbr 10.1.2.2 on
Oracle#
Change in LS ID 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 , LSA type N,
Oracle*
Oracle*
000052: *Feb 28 20:18:21.616 EST: OSPF: Begin SPF at OxlOCF34ms,
process time 120ms
000053: *Feb 28 20:18:21.616 EST:
spf_time 00:18:11.620, wait_interval 10s
000056: *Feb 28 20:18:21.616 EST: OSPF: End SPF at OxlOCF34ms,
Total elapsed time Oms
000057: *Feb 28 20:18:21.620 EST:
Intra: Oms, Inter: Oms, External: Oms
Oracle*
000058: *Feb 28 20:18:22 .852 EST: OSPF: Schedule SPF in area 0
Change in LS ID 10.1.6 .6, LSA type R,
Oracle
Change in LS ID 10.1.2 .2, LSA type R,
Oracle*
000060: *Feb 28 20:18:31 .616 EST: OSPF: Begin SPF at OxlOF644ms,
process time 132ms
000061: *Feb 28 20:18:31 .616 EST: spf_time 00:18:21.620, wait_interval 10s
Change in LS ID 10.1.6 .6, LSA type SN,
Oracle*
000066: *Feb 28 20:18:31 .624 EST: OSPF: End SPF at OxlOF64Cms,
Total elapsed time 8ms
000067: *Feb 28 20:18:31 .624 EST:
Intra: Oms, Inter: 4ms, External: Oms
Oracle*
debug ip ospf packet

( )
OSPF exec- debug ip ospf
packet. debug ip ospf packet .
, . debug ip ospf packet.
9. OSPF
661
v. OSPF.
t. OSPF. .
.
.
.
.
.
1. OSPF .
rid. OSPF.
aid. OSPF.
chk. OSPF.
aut. OSPF.
.
0. .
1. .
2. MD5.
auk. OSPF.
keyid. MD5.
seq. .
from. , .
9.55 debug ip ospf packet MD5.
9.55. debug ip ospf packet

001924: Jul 21 19:01:40.598 EST: OSPF: rev. v:2 t:4 1:64 rid:10.1.3.3
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:! seq:OxlCO from FastEthernet2/0
! ,
! /
001925: Jul 21 19:01:40.698 EST: OSPF: rev. V:2 t:4 1:64 rid:10.1.22
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:! seq:Ox5F3 from FastEthernet2/0
! , ,
! : OSPF
! 2 (v: 2), - (t: 4),
! 64 (1: 64), Cypher
! (rid: 10.1.2.2)
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:! seq:Oxld from FastEthernet2/0
! , ,
! : ,
! 0 (aid: 0.0.0.0).
! , OSPF - MD5
! (aut: 2) - 1 (keyid: 1).
! (seq: OxlCl)
! Fast Ethernet 2/0
662
III. , ...
aid:0.0.0.10 chk:0 aut: 2 keyid:! seq:OxAOA from Ethernet3/0
aid:0.0.0.69 chk:EBBO aut:0 auk: from EthernetS/l
!
debug ip ospf retransmission

debug ip ospf retransmission LSA, , OSPF. LSA , .
, , LSA.
debug ip ospf spf

debug ip ospf spf
, SPF OSPF.
SPF OSPF .
1. SPF ,
.
2. LSA
.
3. LSA .
debug ip ospf spf, . , OSPF ,
LSA . debug
, SPF . 9.56 , debug.
i 9.56. debug ip ospf spf
Oracletdebug ip ospf
external OSPF spf
inter
OSPF spf
intra
OSPF spf
<cr>
spf ?
external-route
inter-route
inter-route
Oracle*

. ,
SPF LSA,
debug ip ospf spf
inter debug ip ospf spf external SPF.
9. OSPF
663
debug ip ospf spf

SPF, .
debug ip ospf spf external
debug ip ospf spf external SPF, ,
debug.
, LSA LSA. 9.57 ,
debug ip ospf spf external.
9.57. debug ip ospf spf external

Oracle#debug ip ospf spf external 1
<1~99>
Access list
<1300-1999>
Access list (expanded range)
<cr>
Oracle*
, 9.58, OSPF Mouse.

, , , SPF. , ,
Mouse Oracle SPF.
9.58. debug ip ospf spf

external
,
j
.]
Oracle*
002410 Jul 21 20: 13 57 400 EST : OSPF Started Building Type 5 External Routes
002411 Jul 21 20: 13 57 400 EST : OSPF Start processing Type 5
Extei-rial LSA 0.0 .0 0, mask 0 . 0.0.0, adv 10.1.3.3, age 942, seq OxSOOOOOOC,
metr. 1, metric -type 2
002412 Jul 21 20: 13 57 404 EST : OSPF Did not find route to ASBR 10.1.3.3
002413 Jul 21 20:13 57 404 EST : OSPF ex_delete_old_routes
002414 Jul 21 20: 13 57 404 EST : OSPF ex-Deleting old route 0.0.0.0
002415 Jul 21 20: 13 57 404 EST : OSPF Remove 0.0.0.0 0.0.0. 0 10.0.0.3 10.1.3.3
Fasti:thernet2/0 18 80000001
002416 Jul 21 20: 13 57 404 EST : OSPF delete Isa id 0.0.0.0 , type 5,
adv j-tr 10 .1 3.3 from delete list
002418 Jul 21 20: 13 57 408 EST : OSPF ex_delete_old_routes
002420 Jul 21 20:13 57 408 EST : OSPF ex_de let e_o 1 d_r ou t e s
002421 Jul 21 20:13 57 408 EST : OSPF Started Building Type 7 External Routes
002422 Jul 21 20: 13 57 408 EST : OSPF ex_delete_old_routes
664
III. , ...
( 9.59) ,
SPF, Mouse Internet.
| 9.59. debug ip ospf spf

external
Oracle*
002423: Jul 21 20:14:00.092 EST: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 100, Nbr 10.1.3.3 on

! ,
! ,
! !
002424: Jul 21 20:14:07.408 EST: OSPF: Started Building Type 5 External Routes
002425: Jul 21 20:14:07.408 EST: OSPF: Start processing Type 5
External LSA 0.0.0.0, mask 0.0.0.0, adv 10.1.3.3, age 9, seq OxSOOOOOOD,
metric 1, metric-type 2
002426: Jul 21 20:14:07.412 EST:
Add better path to LSA ID 0.0.0.0,
gateway 10.0.0.3, dist 1
002427: Jul 21 20:14:07.412 EST
Add path: next-hop 10.0.0.3,
002428: Jul 21 20:14:07.412 EST
Add External Route to 0.0.0.0. Metric: 1,
Next Hop: 10.0.0.3
002429: Jul 21 20:14:07.412 EST OSPF: insert route list LS ID 0.0.0.0, type 5,
adv rtr 10.1.3 .3
002430: Jul 21 20:14:07.412 EST OSPF: ex_delete_old_routes
002432: Jul 21 20:14:07.416 EST: OSPF: ex_delete_old_routes
Oracle*
debug ip ospf spf inter

debug ip ospf spf inter , SPF
, debug.
, LSA LSA. 9.60 ,
.
,
.
9.60. debug ip ospf spf inter

Oracletfdebug ip ospf spf inter 7
<l-99>
Access list
9. OSPF
665
<cr>
Oracle*
9.61 , , Cypher f a 2 / 0 ,
OSPF .
Cypher ( LSA),
debug Cypher, Oracle. Oracle, , SPF LSA; 9.61.
,~
,*_.
....J
; 9.61. debug ip ospf spf inter

&
..
.,
v _
. ~.
._
._...,,,.,
J
.
...
* '
Oracle#debug ip ospf spf inter

OSPF spf inter events debugging is on
Oracle*
002494: Jul 21 20:19:58.575 EST: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 100, Nbr 10.1.2,2 on
002495: Jul 21 20:19:59.059 EST: OSPF: No change for sum from
intra-area route 10.1.3.3, mask 0.0.0.0, type 4, age 351, metric 1,
seq 0x80000001 to area 10
intra- route 10.0.0.0, mask 255.255.255.0, type 3, age 1403, metric 1,
002503: Jul 21 20:19:59.059 EST: OSPF: sum_delete_old_routes area 10
002505: Jul 21 20:19:59.063 EST: OSPF: running spf for summaries area 0
002506: Jul 21 20:19:59.063 EST: OSPF: Start processing
Summary LSA 10.51.51.0, mask 255.255.255.252, adv 10.1.2.2, age 1224,
seq 0x80000002 (Area 0)
002507: Jul 21 20:19:59.063 EST: OSPF: ABR not reachable 10.1.2.2
seq 0x80000008 (Area 0)
666
III. , ...
seq 0x80000008 (Area 0)

Oracle
002513: Jul 21 20:20:09.063 EST:
Exist path: next-hop 10.0.0.3,
intra-area route 10.1.3.3, mask 0.0.0.0 type 4, age 361, metric 1,
002516: Jul 21 20:20:09.063 EST: OSPF: No ndb for STUB NET old route 10.0.0.0,
mask /24, next hop 10.0.0.1
002517: Jul 21 20:20:09.063 EST: OSPF: Generate sum from
intra-area route 10.0.0.0, mask 255.255.255.0, type 3, age 3600,
metric 16777215, seq 0x80000014 to area 10
intra-area route 10.0.0.0, mask 255.255.255.0, type 3, age 3600,
metric 16777215, seq 0x80000011 to area 69
intra-area route 10.1.7.0 mask 255.255.255.0, type 3, age 0, metric 51,
intra-area route 10.0.5.0 , mask 255.255.255.0, type 3, age 0, metric 50,
intra-area route 10.0.4.0 mask 255.255.255.0 type 3, age 0, metric 50,
9. OSPF
667

002537: Jul 21 20:20:09.075 EST: OSPF: running spf for summaries area 0
seq 0x80000002 (Area 0)
002539: Jul 21 20:20:09.079 EST:
002540: Jul 21 20:20:09.079 EST:
002541: Jul 21 20:20:09.079 EST:
Add Summary Route to 10.51.51.0.
Metric: 113, Next Hop: 10.0.0.2
002542: Jul 21 20:20:09.079 EST: OSPF: insert route list LS ID 10.51.51.0,
type 3, adv rtr 10.1.2.2
seq 0x80000008 (Area 0)
002544: Jul 21 20:20:09.079 EST:
002545: Jul 21 20:20:09.079 EST:
002546: Jul 21 20:20:09.079 EST:
002548: Jul 21 20:20:09.079 EST: OSPF: Start processing Summary LSA 10.221.0.0,
mask 255.255.248.0, adv 10.1.7.7, age 1498, seq 0x80000008 (Area 0)
002549: Jul 21 20:20:09.079 EST:
002550: Jul 21 20:20:09.079 EST:
002551: Jul 21 20:20:09.083 EST:
inter-area route 10.221.0.0, mask 255.255.248.0, type 3, age 0, metric 51,
Oracle*
668
III. , ..
debug ip ospf spf intra

SPF , , debug.
,
, LSA LSA.
9.62 , .
, .
| 9.62. debug ip ospf spf intra

Oracle#debug ip ospf spf intra ?
<l-99>
Access list
<cr>
, 9.61, ,
,
OSPF Cypher. Cypher ( LSA),
, debug; Oracle , Cypher. Oracle, , SPF LSA; 9.63.
9.63. debug ip ospf spf intra,

Oracle
L'

OSPF spf intra events debugging is on
Oracle*
002564: Jul 21 20:31:40.084 EST: %OSPF~5-ADJCHG: Process 100, Nbr 10.1.2.2 on
002565: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST: OSPF: running SPF for area 0
002566: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST: OSPF: Initializing to run spf
002567: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST: OSPF: No new path to 10.1.1.1
002568: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST: It is a router LSA 10.1.1.1. Link Count 1
002569: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST:
Processing link 0, id 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 ,
link data 10.0.0.1, type 2
002570: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST:
Add better path to LSA ID 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 ,
002571: Jul 21 2 0 : 3 1 : 4 0 . 1 3 2 EST:
002573: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST: It is a network LSA 1 0 . 0 . 0 . 3 . Router Count 2
002574: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST:
Processing router id 10.1.3.3
9. OSPF
669
002575: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST:

002576: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST:
002577: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST:
002578: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST:
New newdist 1 olddist 0
002579: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST: OSPF: delete Isa id 10.1.3.3, type 1,
adv rtr 10.1 3.3 from delete list
002580: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST: OSPF: Add Router Route to 10.1.3.3
via 10.0.0.3. Metric: 1
002582: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST: It is a router LSA 10.1.3 ,3. Link Count 1
002583: Jul 21 20:31:40.132 EST:
Processing link 0, id 10 0.0.3,
link data 10 0.0.3 type 2
002584: Jul 21 20:31 40.136 EST:
Ignore newdist 11 olddist 1
002585: Jul 21 20:31 40.136 EST: OSPF: Adding Stub nets
002586: Jul 21 20:31 :40 136 EST: OSPF: Entered old delete routine
002587: Jul 21 20:31:40 136 EST: OSPF: Deleting STUB NET old route 10.1.7.0,
002588 Jul 21 20:31:40.136 EST OSPF: Deleting STUB NET old route 10.1.6 0,
002589 Jul 21 20:31:40.136 EST: OSPF Deleting STUB NET old route 10.0.5 0,
002590 Jul 21 20:31:40.136 EST: OSPF: Deleting STUB NET old route 10.0.4.0,
002591: Jul 21 20:31:40.136 EST: OSPF: Deleting STUB NET old route 10.0.3.0,
mask /24, next hop 10.0.0 .2
002592: Jul 21 20:31:40.136 EST: OSPF: Deleting STUB NET old route 10.0.2.0,
mask /24, next hop 10.0.0 .2
002593: Jul 21 20:31:40.136 EST: OSPF: Delete path to router 10.1.7.7 via
10.0.0.2 spf 73
002594: Jul 21 20:31:40 .136 EST: OSPF: Deleting NET old route 10.0.1.0,
mask /24, next hop 10 .0.0. 2
002595: Jul 21 20:31:40 .136 EST: OSPF: Delete path to router 10.1.6.6 via
10.0.0.2 spf 73
002596: Jul 21 20:31:40 140 EST: OSPF: Delete path to router 10.1.2.2 via
10.0.0.2 spf 73
002597: Jul 21 20:31:40.140 EST: OSPF: No ndb for NET old route 10.0.0.0,
adv rtr 10.1.7.7 from delete list
adv rtr 10.1..7.7 from delete list
670
III. , .

002609: Jul 21 20:31:41.580 EST: OSPF: Detect change in LSA type 2,
LSID 10.0.0.3, from 10.1.3.3 area 0
002610 Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST: OSPF: running SPF for area 0
002611 Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST: OSPF: Initializing to run spf
002612 Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST: OSPF: No new path to 10.1.1.1
002613 Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST: It is a router LSA 10.1.1.1. Link Count
002614 Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
Processing link 0, id 10.0.0.3,
002615: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
002616: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
002617: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST: OSPF: delete Isa id 10.0.0.3 type 2,
002619: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST: It is a network LSA 10.0.0.3. Router Count 3
002620: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
002621: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
002622: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
002623: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
002624: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
002625: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
002626: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
002627: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST:
002628: Jul 21 20:31:50.148 EST: OSPF: Add Router Route to 10.1.2.2
via 10.0.0.2. Metric: 1
002631: Jul 21 20:31:50.152 EST:
002632: Jul 21 20:31:50.152 EST:
002634: Jul 21 20:31:50.152 EST: OSPF: Add Router Route to 10.1.3.3 via
10.0.0.3. Metric: 1
002636: Jul 21 20:31:50.152 EST: It is a router LSA 10.1.3.3. Link Count
002637: Jul 21 20:31:50.152 EST:
002638: Jul 21 20:31:50.152 EST: Ignore newdist 11 olddist 1
002639: Jul 21 20:31:50.152 EST: OSPF: Adding Stub nets
002640: Jul 21 20:31:50.152 EST: OSPF: Entered old delete routine
LSID 10.1.6.6, from 10.1.6.6 area 0
LSID 10.1.2.2, from 10.1.2.2 area 0
LSID 10.1.6.6, from 10.1.6.6 area 0
002644: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST: OSPF: running SPF for area 0
002645: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST: OSPF: Initializing to run spf
002646: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST: OSPF: No new path to 10.1.1.1
9. OSPF
671

002648: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
002649: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
002650: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
002654: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
002655: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
002656: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
002657: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
002658: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
Add better path to LSA ID 10.1 2.2,
002659: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
002660: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
002661: Jul 21 20:32:00.156 EST:
10.0.0.2. Metric: 1
002666: Jul 21 20:32:00.160 EST:
link data 10..0.0.2, type 2
002667: Jul 21 20:32:00.160 EST:
002668: Jul 21 20:32:00.160 EST:
002669: Jul 21 20:32:00.160 EST:
gateway 0..0.0.0, dist 49
002670: Jul 21 20:32:00.160 EST:
002672: Jul 21 20:32:00,160 EST: OSPF: Add Router Route to 10.1.3.3 via
10.0.0.3. Metric: 1
002675: Jul 21 20:32:00.160 EST:
002676: Jul 21 20:32:00.160 EST:
002677: Jul 21 20:32:00.160 EST: OSPF: Add Router Route to 10.1. 6.6 vi a
10.0.0.2. Metric: 49
002680: Jul 21 20:32:00.160 EST:
link data 255.255.255.0, type
002681: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002682: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
672
III. , ..
002683: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
link data 255.255.255.0, type :!
002684: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002685: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002686: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
link data 255.255.255.0, type :!
002687: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002688: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002689: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
link data 255.255.255.0, type :!
002690: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002691: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002692: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
link data 255.255.255.0, type :l
002693: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002694: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002695: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002696: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002697: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002698: Jul 21 20:32:00.164 EST:
002699: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST:
002700: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST: OSPF: Add Network Route to 10.0.1.0 Mask /24.
002703: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST:
002704: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST:
002705: Jul 21 20:32:00,.168 EST:
002706: Jul 21 20:32:00..168 EST:
002707: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST:
10.0.0.2. Metric: 50
002711: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST:
link data 255.255.255.0, type j
002712: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST:
002713: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST:
002714: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST:
002715: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST:
9. OSPF
673
002716: Jul 21 20:32:00.168 EST: OSPF:

002717: Jul 21 20:32:00.172 EST: OSPF:
002718: Jul 21 20:32:00.172 EST: OSPF;
002719: Jul 21 20:32:00.172 EST: OSPF:
002720: Jul 21 20:32:00.172 EST: OSPF:
002721: Jul 21 20:32:00.172 EST: OSPF:
002722: Jul 21 20:32:00.172 EST: OSPF:
002723: Jul 21 20:32:00.172 EST: OSPF:
002724: Jul 21 20:32:00.172 EST: OSPF:
002725: Jul 21 20:32:00.172 EST: OSPF:
002726: Jul 21 20:32:00.172 EST: OSPF:
002727: Jul 21 20:32:00.176 EST: OSPF:
002728: Jul 21 20:32:00.176 EST: OSPF:
002729: Jul 21 20:32:00.176 EST: OSPF:
Oracle
Adding Stub nets

Add Network Route to 10.0.2.0 Mask /24.
insert route list LS ID 10.0.2.255,
Entered old delete routine
debug ip routing
, , exec- debug ip routing.

, OSPF. 9.64 , .
9.64. debug ip routing
>
(*_.,, V-*', ~ ft* ~ . A **.
Oracle*
002377: Jul 21 19:59:15 .092 EST:
ospf metric [110/49]
002378: Jul 21 19:59:15 .092 EST:
002379: Jul 21 19:59:15 .092 EST:
002380 : Jul 21 19:59:20 .092 EST:
002381 : Jul 21 19:59:20 .092 EST:
002382 : Jul 21 19:59:20 .092 EST:
002383 : Jul 21 19:59:20 .092 EST:
002384 : Jul 21 19:59:20 .092 EST:
002385 : Jul 21 19:59:20 .092 EST:
002386 : Jul 21 19:59:20 .092 EST:
002387 : Jul 21 19:59:20 .092 EST:
002388 : Jul 21 19:59:20 .092 EST:
11
674
krfrt.
A*S,b.*.
RT: del 10. 51.51.0/30 via 10.0.0.2,

RT:
RT:
delete subnet route to 10.51.51.0/30

add 10.51.51.0/30 via 10.0.0.2,
RT:
del 10. 1.7.0/24
via 10. 0.0. 2,
RT: delete subnet route to 10.1 .7 .0/24

RT: del 10.1.6.0/24 via 10.0.0. 2,
RT:
RT:
delete subnet route to 10.1 .6 .0/24

del 10.0.5.0/24 via 10. 0.0. 2,
RT:
RT:
delete subnet route to 10.0 .5 .0/24

del 10. 0.4.0/24 via 10. 0.0.2,
RT:
RT:
delete subnet route to 10.0 .4,.0/24

del 10. 0.3.0/24 via 10. 0.0.2,
III. , ...
ospf metric (110/50]

002389: Jul 21 19:59:20.092 EST: RT: delete subnet route to 10.0.3.0/24
002390: Jul 21 19:59:20.096 EST: RT: del 10.0.2.0/24 via 10.0.0.2,

002392: Jul 21 19:59:20.096 EST: RT: del 10.0.1.0/24 via 10.0.0.2,
002394: Jul 21 19:59:20.100 EST: RT: del 10.51.51.0/30 via 10.0.0.2,
002396: Jul 21 19:59:20.100 EST: RT: del 10.221.0.0/21 via 10.0.0.2,
002398: Jul 21 19:59:20.100 EST: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 100,
Nbr 10.1.2.2 on FastEthernet2/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
002399: Jul 21 19:59:30.100 EST: RT: network 10.0.0.0 is now variably masked
002400: Jul 21 19:59:30.100 EST: RT: add 10.51.51.0/30 via 10.0.0.2,
002401: Jul 21 19:59:35.232 EST: RT: metric change to 10.51.51.0 via 10.0.0.2,
ospf metric [110/49] new metric [110/113]
002402: Jul 21 19:59:59.295 EST: RT: add 10.0.1.0/24 via 10.0.0.2,
002403: Jul 21 19:59:59.295 EST: RT: add 10.0.2.0/24 via 10.0.0.2,
002404: Jul 21 19:59:59.295 EST: RT: add 10.0.3.0/24 via 10.0.0.2,
002405: Jul 21 19:59:59.295 EST: RT: add 10.0.4.0/24 via 10.0.0.2,
002406: Jul 21 19:59:59.295 EST: RT: add 10.0.5.0/24 via 10.0.0.2,
002407: Jul 21 19:59:59.299 EST: RT: add 10.1.6.0/24 via 10.0.0.2,
002408: Jul 21 19:59:59.299 EST: RT: add 10.1.7.0/24 via 10.0.0.2,
002409: Jul 21 19:59:59.303 EST: RT: add 10.221.0.0/21 via 10.0.0.2,

Oracle
, OSPF. Cisco Systems .

,
, , OSPF. ,
. ,
OSPF.
, , OSPF.
show, OSPF, , OSPF.
9. OSPF
675
show, debug OSPF, .

show debug OSPF.
:
OSPF
,
, .
, .
,
.
OSPF , , 50 , 75 , 3000 .
.
, ,
. , ,
OSPF Cisco.
1
. , ,
, , , , ( ) , .

.
,
.
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
676
III. , ...
5. .
6. .
7. ,
46.
, NOC (Network Operations Center )
. ,
.
, .
1:
. ,
, , ,
, . : .
, .

. ( , "
") , ,
. ,
,
. , .
( 30-40% )
(. . 9.5). ,
-
, 800 .

100150 .
Frame Relay
100%- .
Frame Relay ,
Frame Relay.
,
, ,
.
,
, .
9. OSPF
677
2:
, . ,
.

, . . 9.6 , .
-
0 OSPF

IP: 177.36.252.6
,
CIR768 /,

2.1.0.0 OSPF
Frame
Switch
IP: 177.36.252.25
. 9.6. ,

. , Cisco, show
Cisco.
, .
, . 9.6, ,
Ethernet - . Ethernet , . OSPF
. 9.65
SYSLOG .
678
III. , ...
";,/ *?3
[ 9.65. SYSLOG
1 00:08:17 UTC: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol
changed state to down
Mar 1 00:08:29 UTC: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol
EthernetO, changed state to up
EthernetO, changed state to down
changed state to up
on Interface EthernetO,
on Interface
on Interface
on Interface EthernetO,
SYSLOG, Ethernet
. , , , , .
OSPF
, D D
OSPF. , , . ,
Frame Relay CIR, 0 /. ,
(Discard Eligible DE) Frame Relay
Frame Relay. ( ,
,
.) , Cisco show ip ospf neighbors show frame pvc. 9.66 show frame pvc. , DE .
1 9.66. show frame
"
**
>
-s
'*
LA-^L*1
ROUTER_C#how frame pvc

PVC Statistics for interface SerialO/0:0.2 (Frame Relay DTE)
DLCI = 700, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = SerialO/0:0.2
input pkts 31341659
output pkts 12061107
in bytes 757769644
out bytes 2564616415
dropped pkts 0
in FECN pkts 17
in BECN pkts 0
out FECN pkts 0
out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 31341659
out DE pkts 0
out beast pkts 2690375
out beast bytes 250333218
pvc create time 15w5d, last time pvc status changed 4w2d

OSPF
( 0 / CIR
Frame Relay) .
,
.
, , . -
9. OSPF
679
,
, ,
, . ,
.
, Cisco show interface serial interface number.
, .

OSPF
( 0 / CIR
Frame Relay) .
,
.
, .
, .
, , , , . , Cisco
show interface serial
interface number. 9.67 .
9.67. show interface serial j

. .
, ,,, ,
ROUTER_B#show int sO/0:0
SerialO/0:0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is DSX1
Description: Frame Relay Circuit to Downtown
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1536 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 6/255
Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY IETF, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
LMI enq sent 11212, LMI stat recvd 11212, LMI upd recvd 0, DTE LMI up
LMI enq recvd 0, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0
LMI DLCI 0 LMI type is ANSI Annex D frame relay DTE
Broadcast queue 0/64, broadcasts sent/dropped 983815/57443,
interface broadcasts 1035677
Last input 00:00:00, output 00:00:00, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters Id22h
,
Input queue: 0/75/421238 (size/max/drop); Total output drops: 3233'3
Queueing strategy: weighted fair
, Output queue: 0/64/32333 .(sise/threshold/drops)
Conversations 0/51 (active/max active)
Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)
5 minute input rate 50000 bits/sec, 19 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 42000 bits/sec, 8 packets/sec
1493015 packets input, 320768751 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 0 broadcasts, 2 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
680
III. , ...
48 input errors, 35 CRC, 13 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 2 abort

2335606 packets output, 845399484 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets

, . Telnet , ,
. . . ,
D ,
, line up
( ) line protocol up ( ). 9.68 .
9.68.
ROUTER_A# show running-config
!
interface Seriall
description Frame Relay PVCs Downtown to Router
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay IETF

bandwidth 56
no fair-queue
i
interface Seriall.1 point-to-point
description 768K CIR PVC to router
ip address 177.36.252.6 255.255.255.252
;
interface Serial2
description Frame Relay PVCs Downtown to Router D
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay IETF

bandwidth 56
no fair-queue
i
interface Serial2.1 point-to-point
description 768K PVC to Router D
ip address 177.36.252.26 255.255.255.252
;
router ospf 204
network 177.36.253.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 177.36.252.2 0.0.0.0 area 2.1.0.0
network 177.36.252.24 0.0.0.0 area 2.1.0.0
area 2.1.0.0 authentication
area 2.1.0.0 stub
9. OSPF
681
3:
, , , .
, .
.
OSPF. ,
- .
, ,
,
.
. -, .

. ,
. ,
, .
4:

" ".
: .

, . ,
(
, ), , .
5:
, OSPF, show ip ospf neighbors.
OSPF
OSPF. , OSPF
.
9.69 9.70, .
9.69. show ip oepf neighbors,

ROUTER_A# how ip oepf neighbors
177.36.253.6
1
FULL/DR
00:00:32
177.4.255.32
Ethernetl
, (. 9.70). , 682
III. , ...

( 0 / CIR).
CIR, 0 /, ,
, . , .
19.70.
'
ROUTER_B# show ip opf neighbor*

177.36.253.1
1
FULL/BDR177.36.252.5
1
FULL/ -
00:00:32
00:00:32
177.4.255.31
177.65.252.45
Ethernetl
Serial2.1
, ,
9.71.
^
1 9.71. how ip oepf nei

I. a_;_., -, ....1
t...
- . ....... >..^-...* .âi,i<.Mbuitb.a&TnT..vJL:jt.... .-!&.......... .^.
ROUTER_A# show ip ospf neighbors

177.36.252..1
1
2WAY/DROTHER
177.36.252..5
1
FULL/ ***FULL Tl (768K CIR) Link to ROUTER
177.65.252.25
1
FULL/ ***FULL Tl (768K CIR) Link to ROUTER D
00:00:32
00:00:34
177.4.255.32
177.65.252.1
Ethernetl
Seriall.l
00:00:32
177.65.252.29
Serial2.1
6:
, .
, , , ,
OSPF . show ip
ospf interfaces , OSPF
. , OSPF D.
, EthernetO .
show ip ospf interfaces 9.72.
9.72. show ip ospf ^^
:
'' 1
..
ROUTER_A# flhow ip ospf interface

Internet Address 1 7 7 . 2 . 2 5 5 . 1 / 2 4 , Area 0
Process ID 202, Router ID 177.36.252.1 Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1
9. OSPF
683

Adjacent with neighbor 177.36.253.6 (Designated Router)
SerialO.1 is up, line protocol is up
OSPF not enabled on this.interface
Seriall is up, line protocol is up
OSPF not enabled on this Interface
Seriall.2 is up, line protocol is up
OSPF not enabled on this

interface , OSPF !
7: ,
4-7
, . : " OSPF
s O . l si.2 ?" , .
1. , sO.l si.2.
show ip int sO.l show ip int
sO.2 Cisco.
IP- , .
2. 1 ()
OSPF, .
3. , OSPF .
, ,
. 4.
4:
,
. , , .
, ASCII , . . , .

OSPF
.
684
III. , ...
5:
, OSPF,
, , 9.73.
[ 9.73.
lhi*Aw<,'.Lic.
.^
*iw'
".^'-ii.
w.^,
'"
i,
, '
.,..,.
,,
'
ROUTER_A#COnf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z

ROUTER_A(config)#router ospf 202
ROUTER_A(config-router)network 177.36.252.0 0.0.0.255 area 2.1.0.0
ROUTER_A(config-router)# area 2.1.0.0 authentication
sO.l si.2
OSPF .
OSPF 9.74.
9.74. OSPF
router ospf 202
network 177.2.254.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 0
network 177.36.252.0 0 . 0 . 0 . 2 5 5 area 2 . 1 . 0 . 0
area 2 . 1 . 0 . 0 authentication
6:
show ip ospf interface , OSPF.
, OSPF,
. , , 9.75.
show interface
(up) . show ip
ospf interface.
9.75. show ip ospf interface
. ...
. : ..
. . i
ROUTER_A#show ip ospf interface

SerialO.2 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 177.36.252.6/30, Area 2 . 1 . 0 . 0

Process ID 202, RouterlD 177.36.252.26, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Costrl
Transmit Delay is 1 sec. State POINT_TO_POINT,


9. OSPF
685
Adjacent with neighbor 177.3

Seriall.2 is up, line protocol is down
Internet Address 177.36.252.26/30, Area 2.1.0.0
Process ID 202, RouterlD 177.36.252.26, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost:l
Transmit Delay is 1 sec. State POINT_TO_POINT,
OSPF , ,
.
7: 4-6
show ip ospf neighbors
, ( 9.76).
| 9.76. show ip ospf neighbors
ROUTER_A#how ip ospf neighbors
Neighbor ID
Pri
State
Dead Time
177.32.252.6
1
FULL/DR
00:00:37
177.36.254.5
1
INIT/ 00:00:34
177.36.254.25
1
INIT/ 00:00:35
Address
Interface
177.2.254.5
EthernetO
177.36.252.5
SerialO.2
177.36.252.25 Seriall.2
,
OSPF (INIT).
, , ,
. , - .
, , OSPF. debug ip ospf
events, enable . OSPF , OSPF, ,
( 9.77).
9.77, debug ip ospf events

ROUTER_A# debug ip ospf events
ROUTER_Af ter mon
ter mon
terminal monitor. Cisco IOS, -
686
III. , ..
. ter mon
ter no mon.
, debug ip ospf events.
,
:
OSPF: Rev pkt from 177.36.252.5, SerialO.2: Mismatch Authentication
Key-Clear Text
OSPF: Rev pkt from 177.36.252.25, Seriall.2: Mismatch Authentication
Key-Clear Text

OSPF
SerialO.2 Seriall.2 . OSPF
(FULL). 9.78 OSPF.
[.
9.78.
[.
ROUTER_A#COnf
>-

ROUTER_A(config)#int sO.2
ROUTER_A(conf ig-subif ) #ip ospf authentication-key eecretkey

ROUTER_A(config-subif ) #
OSPF: Receive dbd from 177.36.253.6 seq 0x2503

OSPF: 2 Way Communication to neighbor 177.36.254.5
OSPF: send DBD packet to 177.36.252.5 seq Ox22C3
OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done We are the SLAVE
OSPF: send DBD packet to 177.36.252.5 seq 0x2503
OSPF: Database request to 177.36.254.5
OSPF: sent LS REQ packet to 177.36.252.5, length 864
OSPF: Database request to 177.36.254.5
OSPF: sent LS REQ packet to 177.36.252.5, length 1080
OSPF: Exchange Done with neighbor 177.36.254.5
OSPF: Syftchronljjecj with neighbor 177.36.254.5, stateiPULI*
OSPF_ROUTER_A(conf ig-subif )#
OSPF: Neighbor 177.36.254.25 is dead
OSPF: neighbor 177.36.254.25 is dead, state DOWN
OSPF: Tried to build Router LSA within MinLSInterval
OSPF: Rev pkt from 177.36.252.25, Seriall.2 : Mismatch Authentication Key
- Clear Textint si. 2
OSPF_ROUTER_A(conf ig-subif )#ip ospf authentication-key eecretkey
OSPF: Rev pkt from 177.36.252.25, Seriall.2 : Mismatch Authentication Key
- Clear Text
OSPF_ROUTER_A(config-subif ) #
OSPF: 2 Way Communication to neighbor 177.36.254.25

OSPF: send DBD packet to 177.36.252.25 seq OxCCS
9. OSPF
687
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
OSPF:
NBR Negotiation Done We are the SLAVE

send DBD packet to 177.36.252.25 seq 0x794
Receive dbd from 177.36.254.25 seq 0x795
Exchange Done with neighbor 177.36.254.25
Synchronized with neighbor 177.36,254.25, stateiFUli
6:
, OSPF ,
FULL. , OSPF
, ,
, 9.79.
9.79. , ;.' |
OSPF
ROUTER_A#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID
177.32..253 .6
177.36,.254..5
177.36..254..25
Pri
1
State
Dead Time
Interface
Address
FULL/DR
177..2.254.5
EthernetO
00;:00:31
FULL/ - '" 00:: 00:39 ', 177..36.252..5
SerialO .2
FULL/ 00::00:30' ,' -, ,177..36.252..25 Serial 1 .2
,
( Frame Relay 768 /) , .. . 9.80
OSPF .
| 9.80. OSPF
j
router ospf 202
network 177.2.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 177.36.252.0 0.0.0.255 area 2.1.0.0
area 2.1.0.0 authentication
area 2.1.0.0 stub
, , , .
2:
3 , . (
). 1
.
.
688
III. , ...
1:
,
.
, .
.
2:
,
D . 9.81 , .
9.81. show interface

j
j
ROUTER_C#show int sO/0:0

SerialO/0:0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is DSX1
Description: Frame Relay Circuit to Headquarters
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1536 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 6/255
Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY IETF, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
LMI enq sent 16732, LMI stat recvd 16732, LMI upd recvd 0, DTE LMI up
LMI enq recvd 0, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0
LMI DLCI 0 LMI type is ANSI Annex D frame relay DTE
Broadcast queue 0/64, broadcasts sent/dropped 983815/57443, interface
broadcasts 1035677
Last input 00:00:00, output 00:00:00, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters Id22h
Input queue: 0/75/48 (size/max/drops); Total output drops,: 1500632
Queueing strategy: weighted fair
Output queue: 0/64/19 (size/threshold/drops)
Conversations 0/51 (active/max active)
Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)
5 minute input rate 50000 bits/sec, 19 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 42000 bits/sec, 8 packets/sec
1493015 packets input, 320768751 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 0 broadcasts, 2 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
48 input errors, 35 CRC, 13 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 2 abort
2335606 packets output, 845399484 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets
, , . , ,
. , ,
. , ,
.
, . , , .
9. OSPF
689
4:
, , . ,

. .
,
. Cisco, ,
,
WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing ) no fair-queue.
WFQ , Cisco .
. WFQ
2 /, :
www.niall.demon.co.uk/Cisco/Queuing/Weighted_Fair_Queuing/weighted_f
air_queuing.html.
WFQ :
www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/iosl!3ed/113ed_cr/
fun_c/fcprt4/fcperfrm.htm#37357.
5:

D
300. ,
. 9.82 , .
9.82.
ROUTER_C#conf t
ROUTER_C(config-if)hold-queue 300 out
ROUTER_C(config-if)#no fair-queue

, -
690
III. , ...
. , , .
, - .
, IP-
, .
IP

- ,
IP , - ,
. , ,
, ,
. 9.83 , .
9.83. IP
ROUTER_C# conf t

ROUTER_C(config)#int s O / O i O . l
ROUTER_C(config-if)#ip accounting
, (
30%) , . ,
( 177.2.4.255). , WINS Microsoft Windows. ,
. , (
255.255.255.255) . 9.84 show ip accounting.
. 9.84. show ip accounting

ROUTER_C# show ip accounting
Source
177.1.1.7
Destination
177.2.4.255
Packets
100322
Bytes
53732122
ip accounting ,
( ,
9. OSPF
691
). , , .
6:
, Ethernet,
, ( ,
IP, ). . 9.7.
>
:
177.1.1.1255.255.255.0

'7.1.1.4
255.25 5.255.0
;v,w--,i5
2
D:
177.1.1.2255.255.255.0

177.1.7.7 255.255.255.0
.
: D
OSPR
1
. 9.7.
, IP
D
OSPF,
, ,
( ), .

D .
,
CIR, 0 /.
D , .
692
III. , ...

IP- , , . ,
254 ,
300500 .
IP- .
9.85 , IP- D.
" 9.85. IP-
ROUTER_C#config terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z

ROUTER_C#int eO
ROUTER_C#ip address 177.1.7.1
255.255.255.0 secondary
D

. show ip
accounting Cisco , , D IP- , .
, , ,
.
,
, ,
.

. .
, ,
Cisco IOS OSPF
:
show ip ospf neighbors.
show ip interfaces.
9. OSPF
693
debug ip ospf events.
ip accounting show ip accounting.
, OSPF
, , , .
, ,
OSPF. , . Cisco
, ,
WFQ.
: , ,
,
" ".
:
OSPF

OSPF, .
,
, .
, ,
.
OSPF. , , , !
Cisco -, , OSPF;
, .
-, OSPF. . 9.8 -,
OSPF, ,
TAG (Technical Assistance Center ) Cisco.
OSPF

OSPF , . , . .
694
III. , ...

?

'ospf-4-badlsa-
OSPF 2 .
MOSPF 6,
;
Ignore Isa mospt.
,
TAG

"can (allocate router-Id"
"cantallocati
OSPF
OSPF ,
IP-
/ .
OSPF,
OSPF ,

"
%OSPF-4-ERRRCV"
"ospf-4-errrcv"
OSPF
( )
-
"subnets" redistribute.
,
,

" " 5

"ospt unknown protocol"
OSPF
OSPF

Cisco 800?
" ,
Cisco 800
OSPF"

OSPF
.
(.
.)

OSPF
"
OSPF
"
" OSPF
"
. 9.8. OSPF
%OSPF-4-ERRRCV
%QSPF-4-ERRRCV , OSPF
OSPF.
. .
9. OSPF
695
OSPF .
, , %OSPF-4~ERRRCV; :
www.cisco.com/warp/public/104/19.html.
Adv router not-reachable

(LSA) Adv
router not-reachable, , ,
LSA, OSPF. ; .
:
www.cisco.com/warp/customer/104/26.html (
).
www.cisco.com/warp/public/104/26.html (
).
OSPF

OSPF .

. OSPF ,
,
OSPF . ,
OSPF , .
OSPF ( ) .
- , (
), , .

OSPF.
696
III. , ...
OSPF.
- .
2.
OSPF.
/ .
( MD5).
, NSSA.
NBMA (Frame Relay, X.25, SMDS ..).
frame-relay dialer-map, ,
broadcast.
,
, OSPF. OSPF , . 9.9.
OSPF
OSPF , , ,
,
. , ,
. Cisco,
( ),
RID .
,
,
.
, ,
OSPF .
( NAT) OSPF.
2.
9. OSPF
697
I I
\^
OSPF
^/

OSPF

show ip ospf neighbor?
. . 9.10
US!? >-
. . 9.12
. . 9.13
. . 9.14
. 9.9. OSPF
dialer map frame-relay map

broadcast.
, NBMA, .
NBMA .
, -
( 2).
, -, . 9.10.
OSPF
/
OSPF, ,
698
III. , ...
(DBD). ,
. ,
DBD, MTU DBD .
,
OSPF .
,

OSPF?
(
show Ip ospl Interface.)
.

, .
,

. 9.10. - , OSPF

, OSPF
/ , .
Bay
Networks, MTU ,
. OSPF MTU . MTU,
OSPF .
:
www. Cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/tk365/technologies_tech_note09186a0080093f
Od.shtml#4.
RID .
9. OSPF
699
VC/DLCI
Frame Relay/ATM , ;
MTU , ;
; OSPF
, ;
NAT.
(PRI/BRI/)
.
, -, . 9.11.
OSPF
(LOADING) . , ,
(LSA), LSA, . ,
, , LSA. %O3PF-4-BADLSA.
.
,
; :
show ip ospf request-list neighbor RID

interface, LSA;
show log OSPF-4BADLSATYPE.
,
.
MTU. IOS (RFC 1583).
700
III. , ...
/^

\
^/ ^
,
MTU 2

MTU?
(
showip interface.)

- IP- 4^

-?
MTU

2.
.
.
,

!
PR)
,

PRI

?
(
show ipospf interface.)

OSPF.
"
05 2
. 9.11. OSPF /
, -, . 9.12.
OSPF

-, . 9.13.
9. OSPF
701
f J

"OSPF-4-BADLSA"?

,
TAG
( OSPR
I
\
. 9.12. - , OSPF
[
\^ ^/

,
Ethernet Token Ring?
(
show ip ospf
Interface.)

DR BDR? (
show ip ospf neighbor.)

0 OSPF?
(
show ip ospf interface.)
OSPF
?
(
show ipospl interface.)
.
" OSPF
*
0
OR BOR. 1.
?
. 9.13. OSPF
702
III. , .
OSPF
OSPF ,
, , . OSPF
, .
, (LSA) "Adv Router is not-reachable" (, ,
LSA, OSPF). 9.86 , .
1 9.86. show ip ospf database

Router* show ip ospf database
Adv Router is not-reachable
LS age: 418

Checksum: OxFA63
Length: 60
Number of Links: 3
, . OSPF .
,
. , OSPF
.
.
, .
,
OSPF .
OSPF .
OSPF ( ).
ABR , OSPF.
Frame Relay
.
9. OSPF
703
OSPF ,
OSPF , IP. , . .
, .
IP-.
/ ( El, 2) . , .
IP-.
distribute-list in.
OSPF , .
. 9.149.20 -, ,
.
,

, /
?
(
show ip interface.)

/
. ,
no shut
.
-
f
I OSPF
. . 9.16
. 9.14. OSPF
704
III. , ...

- J

-
IP-
?

'
(
show Ip interface.)
.

-
?
OSPF?
(
show to ospf neighbor.)
. 9.15. OSPF
V QSPf
,
OSPF
OSPF
?
(
OSPF

OSPF?
(
show Ip ospf interface.)
OSPF

. . 9.17
. 9.16. OSPF
9. OSPF
705
( J
OSPF

OSPF

?
(

TAG

?
(
. . 9.18
. 9.17. OSPF

, 8

'
(

, NSSA?
(

NBMA
-
/
. . 9.19
. . 9.20
. 9.18, OSPF
706
III. , .
' ^
NBMA
J

NBMA, *
( Frame Relay
)?

broadcast?
*"'
-
. 9.19. OSPF
-
/

- "
- ?
(
show ipospf
interface.)
debug ip ospf adj

. 9.20. OSPF
OSPF
OSPF,
OSPF.
, Cisco 1600
OSPF
OSPF Cisco 1600
Cisco IOS
(PLUS). Cisco,
1600.
Release Notes for Cisco IOS Release
11.2(11) Software Feature Packs for Cisco 1600 Series Routers :
www. Cisco, com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/iosi12/fpi12rn/4821_02.htm.
9. OSPF
707
, Cisco 800
OSPF
Cisco 800 OSPF,
. ,
Cisco 1600 , Cisco 800 Series Router Applications Overview :
www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/pd/rt/800/prodlit/800sr_ov.htm.
,
ip ospf interface-retry 0
OSPF
,
OSPF.
, , ,
, OSPF
, .
, ,
OSPF. OSPF 0 10.
OSPF
Cisco IOS 12.0(8)5, , ip ospf interfaceretry 0. , .
10. ,
.
ip ospf interface-retry 0 ,
OSPF , .
ip ospf interface-retry 10 , . 10 ,
, .
OSPF

, , -
OSPF.
.
708
III. , ...
,

10 , .
.
OSPF
. 9.219.25
OSPF. -, , , .
,
, .
f OSPF J
OSPF

?
OSPF?
?
(,
.)
?
(,
.)
NSSA
. . 9.22

LSA
. . 9.24
0 ,
.
,

. 9.21. -
OSPF:
, .
, OSPF . ,
OSPF .
LSA - , , .
9. OSPF
709
1
/

OSPF
( ) DR,
?
(
show ipospf neighbor.)

\ OSPF/

Frame Relay
. . 9.23
,

,
" OSPF
".

. 9.22. - OSPF:
,
OSPF
(
Frame Relay
OSPF .
. "
OSPF
".
,

. 9.23. -
Frame Relay
OSPF:
, OSPF.
710
III. , ...
LSA
LSA
OSPF ,

?
OSPF
LSA?
(
show ip ospf database ext x.x.x.x.)
0.0.0.0?
OSPF?
(
show ip route X.X.X.X.)
. 9.24. - OSPF:
LSA

>
,
,

,

,

,
subnets
. 9.25. - OSPF:
,
9. OSPF
711
...
.:,."'''''.,.'"'''. ;>'-'' -'; ; '- .,

:
;.'' ;'/',;. - --
713
BGP
, >''
BGP OSPF
719
>
724
: BGP
MPLS OSPF
740
743
764
10
( BGP
MPLS OSPF
! ' OSPF BGP.

BGP , OSPF?
? , .
, [ OSPF, , (MPLS).
/%
'/:-.

I
TCP/IP ,*' . ,
, . , ,
IP, 255.0.0.0,
3 , , . , HCXOJBIT , .
, ,
^
^ . ,
" "
. .
,
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: ,
,,' , .
,
. , ,
. ,
- , - (
), , , .
, - ,
, . ,
. , ,
200 . , .
( ,
, OSPF ) : (Autonomous System AS)
. OSPF .
Internet,
. ,
(Exterior Gateway Protocol EGP). ,
OSPF . .
(Interior Gateway Protocol IGP). , ,

( )
. IGP OSPF, EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP
), IS-IS RIP.
(Exterior Gateway Protocol EGP). , ,

( ),
Internet.
, , .
, .
, EGP
IGP. EGP BGP (Border Gateway Protocol ). BGP
714
III. , ...
, . , EGP.
IGP EGP

,
.
IGP, OSPF, ,
, OSPF
. ,

, . ,
, , ,
OSPF ,
, Internet. IGP,
OSPF, , , OSPF.
, OSPF
0, . Internet 0, ,
, - !
. 10.1 IGP.
, IGP OSPF.
. 10.]. IGP
10. BGP MPLS OSPF 715
, . Internet ,
. .
,
Internet . .
,
, OSPF (..
). (
IGP) . , .
, EGP, ,
OSPF, ,
.
(, OSPF) :
, .
EGP (, ) :
( , , ).

AS-Path AS-Set. ,
. EGP , ,
, EGP ,
.
, EGP .
EGP, , ,
, ,
, . , , . ,
.
716
III. , ...
, Internet ,
, .
, :
;
;
,
; , ,
, . Internet
. ,
,
, , .
,
110 000 .
.
(
).

.
.
, ,
. , .
Internet , , , Web-,
, FTP-, , .
, BGP,
, . 10.2, ,
.
, Internet. Internet,
,
. , , , . Internet. , . 10.3.

Internet
,
, .
" ". , - |
, IGP, OSPF,
BGP.
EGP ( )
AS-100
BGP EGP

. 10.2. BGP ,
. 10.3. Internet
BGP
. ,
, Internet,
112 000, , , IGP .
718
III. , ...
, Internet, IGP EG .
: " , BGP?" , . , BGP OSPF.
BGP
BGP , ,
OSPF.
IP, ,
IGP. , BGP OSPF OSPF .
BGP, , ,
, OSPF. , BGP ,
. John Stewart.
BGP4 Inter-Domain Routing in the Internet.
BGP
BGP ,
BGP-1, 1989 ,
BGP-4, 1993 .
EGP, OSPF 1C .
, IGP , , a BGP
,
. , IGP ,
EGP, BGP, .
BGP ,
IGP, OSPF. BGP TCP. , , ,
TCP BGP.
BGP , .
,
BGP4 CIDR.
.
.
.
,
.
.
, , , ,
.
. TCP,
, .
Internet , , . Internet
,
, ;
,
.
, , .
, ,
. , Internet .
, ( ) .
. 10.4, , Internet.
. 10.4. Internet
, Internet . Internet, . ,
.
720
III. , ...
.
, BGP.
, Internet.
, Internet, (,
).
, .
BGP
BGP TCP,
.
BGP ,
, - . 179 TCP. ,
, TCP , .
, .
TCP
.
,
. ,
, . , , OSPF.
BGP , . , , . , , . , , .
BGP
BGP, .
,
. Cisco
, 13 , .
, Cisco IOS,
. BGP Best Path Selection Algorithm Cisco. com.

, , .
, ,
.
BGP ( ), ,
( ),
.
BGP
.
(policybased routing).
(path vector) , . IANA (Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority Internet),
6451265535. ASjath , . AS_path , ,
. ,
, . . 10.5
, AS_path ,
.
192.168.254.0
AS 4, AS 7, AS 5
. 10.5. AS_path

, . , . , . , ,
. , , . -
722
III. , ...
. . 10.6 , .
AS4.AS3,AS1,AS7, AS5
192.168.254 0
AS3,AS1,AS7,AS5
. 10.6.

BGP
. , BGP, EGP IGP.
(Internal Border Gateway Protocol iBGP)
(External Border Gateway Protocol eBGP).
, BGP ,
IGP. , iBGP eBGP ,
-. , ,
, ,
.
. 10.7, , , ; iBGP.
, eBGP.

.
, IGP BGP ( redistribute).
, BGP ( network).
BGP ,

,

. 10.7. iBGP
, BGP, .
BGP
IGP, , ,
BGP. , ,
, . ,
BGP
nullO, .
BGP OSPF
BGP OSPF , OSPF
(.. ), . BGP
. OSPF

; BGP OSPF
.
, , OSPF BGP, Internet , .
. 10.8.
, ,
, OSPF.
724
III. , ...
(Cypher Oracle) iBGP

Trinity, OSPF, BGP Trinity. , Cypher Oracle Internet eBGP.
BGP OSPF
0 OSPF
AS 65500
,

BGPnOSPF
. 10.8. OSPF BGP
, Internet
.
"Tiger Woods" , Internet
( ). OSPF , Internet. ( 5, .)
, . 10.7,
. ,
BGP .
, OSPF BGP . BGP BGP Case
Studies Section 5, www.cisco.com/warp/

public/459/bgp-toc.html Cisco.com.
, ,
, ,
() , , BGP

. ,
, .
,
, Internet.
,
Web- , . , Web- , , , Web-, . ,
, Internet.
.
, , . ,
, , ,
, .
, , . IP , , OSPF LSDB.
,
. . 10.9, .
. , .
, ( ) , iBGP, ,
( OSPF).
Cisco -
726
III. , ...
. RFC,
(, Juniper) .

AS
i
OSPF
OSPF
BGP
!
BGP

AS
BGP ,
,
,
OSPF
. 10.9. OSPF BGP
BGP IGP ( OSPF) , BGP IGP

. , BGP , , IGP (OSPF). BGP
, " " (.. ). ,
OSPF, BGP , .
1. BGP , ,
, .
BGP ,
, ,
.
2. BGP IGP, , .
BGP ,
eBGP.
.
Cisco IOS .
Cisco
,
( Internet), Internet,
, . Cisco , , .
,
.

, Cisco Internet , , .
.
Internet, ; . ,
BGP,
.
Internet , Internet. OSPF ,
, Internet.
,
, .
, IGP (
, OSPF) ,
.
, .
, ,
. Internet
, , , ,
,
.
IGP, , .
, Internet, , .
, ,

.

,
. ,
Cisco , , , ,
. , Internet (
). , . 10.8,
, (. 10.10).
728
III. , ...
0 OSPF
BGP AS 65500
,

BGPnOSPF
Internet
Cypher
10.10.10.0/24 eBGP
. 10.10. ,
,
.
1. eBGP Cypher , .
2. Cypher iBGP
Oracle. ,
Trinity OSPF, BGP.
3. Oracle ,
, 10.10.10.0/24,
Oracle.
4. Oracle ,
(10.10.10.0/24). Oracle BGP ,
. Oracle Trinity,
, Cypher.
5. Trinity ,
10.10.10.0/24. OSPF
, .
, IGP BGP . OSPF - 10.10.10.0/24.
, OSPF
. ,
, .
BGP Internet.
Internet 000 .
OSPF ,
BGP, .
OSPF IGP
, Internet.
, IGP
BGP ,
BGP. , BGP IGP.
Internet
1BGP. , BGP Trinity
iBGP Oracle Cypher.
Oracle Trinity
, ,
10.10.10.0/24 ( Cypher).
:
, , BGP ( ), .
, OSPF
BGP , .
,

IGP BGP, IGP

, BGP, .

730
III. , ...
. .
eBGP JBGP BGP , .
, eBGP, iBGP.
Frame Relay ATM , .

.
(Virtual
Circuit VC), .
. 10.11 ,
BGP.
BGP .
IGP, .

192.168.164.0/24
1.1.1.1

192.168.164.0/24
1.1.1.1
192.168.165.0/24
2.2.2.2
'
. 10.11. BGP
. 10.11, AS 4
AS 3
192.168.164.0/24, 1.1.1.1
( ). , , ,
, 1BGP .
Oracle
AS 3 192.168.164.0 iBGP ( Cypher) , 1.1.1.1. , Cypher,
, 192.168.164.0/24,
1.1.1.1, 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . ,
Cypher 1.1.1.1
(OSPF). Cypher , 192.168.164.0, .
BGP next-hop-self,
BGP
, , .
next-hop-self
Cypher Oracle. , Oracle 192.168.164.0/24 Cypher 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 (IP- Oracle). OSPF ,
2 . 2 . 2 . 2 Trinity, .
next-hop-self
, /30 .
, .
, OSPF ( 6), , OSPF .
OSPF
BGP
, OSPF .
,
OSPF, , Internet.
732
III. , ...
, ,
OSPF , , RFC 1403 . , Internet ;
.
, IGP , .
RFC 1403 ,
OSPF .
; ASBR, , ASBR,
, OSPF. RFC
, OSPF .

BGP OSPF. ,
, , .
RFC 1403
, OSPF. , , , ASBR,
,
OSPF.
OSPF
route-map.
- OSPF .
, , , router bgp
100 redistribute, redistribute ospf 100.
, internal, external
nssa-external. OSPF , .
OSPF ( ) .
OSPF ( 1 2) .
, .

OSPF .
,
. 10.12.
"
OSPF
\
'10.10.10.0/8
200.1.1.0/24
200.2.2.0/24
2
. 10.12. OSPF BGP
, OurNet
OSPF , EGP BGP (AS 100).
AnyISP (AS200), Oracle
OSPF BGP. AnyISP , ISP_A, , 10.1.
10.1. Internet,
1 OurNet
'
ISP_A#show ip route
10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, SerialO
, Oracle
; 10.2.
, , AnyISP.
734
III. , ...
10.2. IP Oracle:
I
)
|
Oracleflshow ip route
0
0
0
2 200.2.2.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.254.2, 00:25:53, EthernetO

El 100.1.1.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.254.2, 00:25:53, EthernetO
IA 131.108.1.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.254.2, 00:25:53, EthernetO
100.1.1.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.254.1, 00:25:53, EthernetO
10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Seriall
Oracle , ,
Oracle, 10.3, , .
[ 10.3. Oracle
hostname Oracle
!
interface EthernetO
ip address 192.168.254.1 255.0.0.0
interface Seriall
ip address 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0
router ospf 1
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
;
router bgp 100
redistribute ospf 1
neighbor 10.10.10.2 remote-as 200
i
end
,
. , 10.3 , Cisco IOS
,
.
, .
,
OSPF , , .
OSPF
( ) BGP
. 10.12 RIP IGRP, , OurNet. ,
.
BGP
OSPF. ,
0 () 1 ().
,
Oracle, , , .
.
OSPF redistribute internal,
router bgp. 10.4 Oracle, BGP (100.1.1.0/24) (192.168.254.0/24).
[ 10.4.
! BGP
':
hostname Oracle
interface EthernetO
ip address 192.168.254.1 255.0.0.0
j
interface Seriall
ip address 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0
I
router ospf 1
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
i
router bgp 100
end

OSPF BGP,
10.5.
^.^, -. .*.. ,--,^,.,,.,,_v
,_.,
,,
-,
, .
,-
-,-,
, - - , , . , , .
,,,
,,
, v ~ - 4^.,.,,,.,.^,.,...,,... . ,,.^^.. ,
-- . _ ~*,.4~
^.-.--.
.,,., .|
10.5.
,
Internet, , BGP
, >
ISP_A#show ip route
736
III. , ...

100.1.1.0.0/24 [20/20] via 10.10.10.1, 00:01:23

B-.,' 192.168.254.0/24 [20/0] via 10.10.10.1, 00:01:23
OSPF ( 1 2)
BGP
, OSPF
,
, . , ,
Internet ,
. , .
. 10.6 , ,
BGP Oracle.

j 10.6.
j BGP
',
Oracle (config-router)#redistribute ospf 100 match external ?

1
Redistribute external type 1 routes
2
external
Redistribute OSPF external routes
internal
Redistribute OSPF internal routes
match
Redistribution of OSPF routes
metric
nssa-external
Redistribute OSPF NSSA external routes
route-map
Route map reference
<cr>
Oracle (config-router)#redistribute ospf 100 match external
Oracle (config-router)#
match external ,
.
1 2,
external .
10.7.

10.7. 1 2
BGP
hostname Oracle
i
interface EthernetO
ip address 192.168.254.1 255.0.0.0
i
interface Seriall
ip address 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0
I
router ospf 1
network 192.168.254.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
I
router bgp 100
redistribute ospf 1 match external 1 .external 2
end
Oracle redistribute OSPF 1

match external 1 external 2, redistribute ospf I match external.
, match external OSPF "external I external 2". 1,
2 OSPF;
BGP, , ,
, .
ISP_A
OSPF
BGP, 10.8.
10.8.
; Internet, 1 2,
| BGP
)
:;
|
ISP_A#show ip route
i - IS-IS, LI - IS-IS level-1, L2 - is-IS level-2, * - candidate default
> 200.1.1.0.0/24 [20/20) via'10.10.10.i, 00i01:33
200..2.2.0.0/24 [20/0] via 10.;i,Q.10.1,VOO:01:5,3,
738
III. , ...

BGP
, OSPF BGP
( 1 2) . ;
,
:
Oracle (config-router)ttredistribute ospf 100 match internal external

OSPF BGP
, BGP
(Not-So-Stubby Area NSSA).
, OSPF ( 1
2). , BGP NSSA, . 10.9 OSPF.

10.9. OSPF
Oracle (conf ig-router ) tredistribute ospf 100 natch external ?
1
2
external
Redistribute OSPF external routes
internal
Redistribute OSPF internal routes
match
Redistribution of OSPF routes
metric
;,;'nssa-external Redistribute OSPF NSSA external routes
route-map
Route map reference
<cr>
(corifig- router )# redistribute ospf 100 match external nssa-external
Oracle (config-router) #
, NSSA , 1 2.
, ,
.

BGP
, OSPF BGP. BGP .
, ,
, , .
OSPF ,
Internet.
:
BGP
, BGP
IGP, .
I-NAP Ltd. (www.i-nap.co.uk), Internet , . .
I-NAP , BGP
, , .

traceroute ,
Internet 3; ,
traceroute, 10.10.
10.10. traceroute,
i ,
UKl#traceroute www.linx.net
Tracing the route to www.linx.net (195.66.232.34)
1 fel-0-0.gate-L3.london.ix-nap.net (195.50.116.25) [AS 9057] 0 msec 0
msec 0 msec
2 gigabitethernetl-0.corel.Londonl.Level3.net (212.187.131.13) [AS
9057] 0 msec 0 msec 4 msec
3 pos2-0.metrol-londencyhOO.Londonl.Level3.net (212.113.0.113) [AS
4 collector.linx.net (195.66.225.254) [AS 702] 0 msec 4 msec 0 msec
5 www.linx.net (195.66.232.34) [AS 5459] 4 msec * 0 msec
UK1#
, w w w . l i n x . n e t Linx (212.54.190.254), show ip bgp

1 9 5 . 6 6 . 2 3 2 . 3 4 IP-, Web- Linx ( 10.11).
, UK1 BGP ,
, , Linx.
Linx , , , , , UK1 Web-,
.
740
III. , ...
, 10.11. show ip bgp,

UKl#snow ip bgp 1 9 5 . 6 6 . 2 3 2 . 3 4
BGP routing table entry for 1 9 5 . 6 6 . 2 2 4 . 0 / 1 9 , version 736399
Paths: (3 available, best #2)
Not advertised to any peer
9057 5459
195.50.116.25 from 195.50.116.25 ( 2 1 2 . 1 1 3 . 2 . 2 3 4 )
Origin IGP, metric 100000, localpref 100, valid, external, ref 2
5459
195.66.225.254 from 212.54.190.254 (212.54.190.254)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 200, weight 200, valid, internal,
best, ref 2
6461 2529 5459
213.161.64.169 from 213.161.64.169 (208.185.157.253)
Origin IGP, metric 97, localpref 100, valid, external, ref 2
UK1#
, ,
, Linx (212 . 54 . 1 9 0 . 2 5 4 ) ,
, BGP
.

BGP, ,
. 10.12.
1
"
, 10.12. traceroute
UKlttraceroute www.linx.net
Tracing the route to www.linx.net (195.66.232.34)
1 fel-0-0.gate-L3.london.ix-nap.net (195.50.116.25) [AS 9057] 0 msec 4
msec 0 msec
2 gigabitethernetl-0.corel.Londonl.Level3.net (212.187.131.13) [AS
9057) 0 msec 4 msec 0 msec
3 pos2-0.metrol-londencyhOO.Londonl.Level3.net (212.113.0.113) [AS
4 collector.linx.net (195.66.225.254) [AS 702] 0 msec 0 msec 0 msec
5 www.linx.net (195.66.232.34) [AS 5459] 0 msec * 0 msec
Linx , , 10.13 .
10.13. show BGP
Linx_Rtr>show ip bgp 195.66.232.34
BGP routing table entry for 1 9 5 . 6 6 . 2 2 4 . 0 / 1 9 , version 14874
Paths: (8 available, best #3)
Advertised to non peer-group peers:
212.54.190.1 212.54.190.2
4589 5459
195.66.225.43 from 195.66.225.43 (195.66.225.43)
Origin IGP, metric 1, localpref 200, weight 200, valid, external, ref 2
Community: 367460362-367460366 367461052 743243777 743243786 743243796
4589 5459
195.66.224.43 from 195.66.224.43 (195.40.0.93)
Community: 367460362 367460366 367461052 743243777 743243786 743243796
5459
195.66.225.254 from 195. 66.225 .254 , (195,. 66.232.254).
Origin IGP, metric 0, ,localpref" 200, weight '200, .valid, external,-,
best, ref 2
5378 5459
195.66.224.20 from 195.66.224.20 (213.38.244.241)
Community: 352467986 352469274
2914 5413 5413 5459
195.66.224.139 from 195.66.224.139 (129.250.0.38)
Origin EGP, metric 263, localpref 200, weight 200, valid, external, ref 2
2914 5413 5413 5459
195.66.224.138 from 195.66.224.138 (129.250.0.9)
Origin EGP, metric 264, localpref 200, weight 200, valid, external, ref 2
5378 5459
195.66.225.20 from 195.66.225.20 (213.38.244.240)
Community: 352467986 352469274
2529 5459
195.66.224.13 from 195.66.224.13 (195.66.224.13)
Origin IGP, localpref 200, weight 200, valid, external, ref 2
Linx_Rtr>
, BGP , , , , . ,
BGP , - .

I-NAP ( , , OSPF) , . , Linx ,
0 1 9 5 . . . IP,
Linx .
IP UK1
( 10.14), Linx (212.54.190.254).
1 10.14. show ip route
j __
*,
_.
'
j
___
UKl#show ip route 195.66.232.34

Routing entry for 195.66.224.0/19, supernet
Known via "bgp 16334", distance 200, metric 0
Tag 5459, type internal
Last update from 195.66.225.254 00:48:59 ago
742
III. , ...
, - * 495.66.225.254, from 212.54.190.254, 00:48:59

Route metric is 0, t r a f f i c share count is 1
AS Hops 1
UK1#
BGP ,
(, );
Linx next -hop self.
,
Linx, .

iBGP.
Linx IP- , next-hop-self.
next-hop self Linx

traceroute , , 10.15.
10.15. , next-hop-self
.
gjVsn"*- ", . -
;
:
UKlftraceroute www.linx.net
Tracing the route to london.linx.net ( 1 9 5 . 6 6 . 2 3 2 . 3 4 )
1 linx ( 2 1 2 . 5 4 . 1 6 0 . 2 4 7 ) 0 msec 4 msec 0 msec
2 collector.linx.net ( 1 9 5 . 6 6 . 2 2 5 . 2 5 4 ) [AS 5459] 0 msec 0 msec 0 msec
3 london.linx.net ( 1 9 5 . 6 6 . 2 3 2 . 3 4 ) [AS 5459] 4 msec * 0 msec
UK1#

195... Linx network.
,
,
.
MPLS OSPF
,
OSPF MPLS ,
. ,
, , MPLS
.
MPLS
1990- Internet 1, ,
. , Internet,
.
.
,
. , , , , , , .

.
1990- Internet . , Internet .
,
dot.com, Internet,
Cisco Systems.
, . ,
,
,
, .

. , Internet
, ,
, , . , ,
, ,
. .
, , , (
).
, .
MPLS. MPLS
, .
, MPLS , ATM. , MPLS , 3 OSI. ,
Internet!
Internet , MPLS . , . , MPLS . (
744
III. , ...
" ".)
MPLS,
, .
MPLS ,
.
,
.
, MPLS .
, , MPLS ATM,
, IP.

ASIC (Applications Specific Integrated Circuit ), ,
VPI/VCI (Virtual Path Identifier/Virtual Circuit
Identifier / ) MPLS ATM. , GSR
MPLS, IP , , .
, -
, , Internet,
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, ,
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! , ,
, , ,
, .
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.
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.
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10. MPLS OSPF 745
.
Internet. MPLS , , MPLS.
,
, ,
(Quality Of Service QoS),
IP .
MPLS
.
,

, . Internet
,
. ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, .
Internet . , ,
.
Internet,
,
Internet, MPLS .
MPLS
, MPLS,
, , , . MPLS.
.
MPLS, 2 3.
. ( ),
.
2. MPLS ,
2 ATM, Frame Relay Ethernet; , , , .
746
III. , ...
QoS.
, ,
MPLS.
.
, .
IP. IP
, , , MPLS .
, .
IP ATM
, . , MPLS .
. ,
-48 (2,488 /) ,
(Segmentation And Reassembly
SAR), ATM .
, MPLS SONET (Packet over SONET).

IP ATM
, MPLS
, , IP ATM.
IP , .
, .
.
, , .
,
.
ATM ,
, .
IP.
ATM.
( ).
, ATM (
, ATM).
, SAR.
(
ATM ).
MPLS ,
(..
) (.. ).
, MPLS,
. MPLS .
,
MPLS, . MPLS
, . , MPLS
, ,
MPLS , .
, ,
MPLS , . , MPLS.

,
MPLS,
, , . , MPLS , IGP OSPF.
748
III. , ...
(LSA) IGP.
LSA
.
, OSPF,
. 10.13. , , OSPF
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. ,
, ( ), , .
. 10.13. ,

, OSPF, (
OSPF). ,
. 10.13, :
=> <=> => D
, , ,
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,
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, ,
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(. 10.14).
10. MPLS OSPF 749
. 10.14.
, D,
, , , , .
, , , OSPF .
, .
, . , , (.. , ) ,
.
MPLS
Internet
, .
, ,
. IP, , .
IP- -
750
III. , ...
. , ,
, .
, MPLS,
, , ,

.
MPLS . . ,
, .
MPLS .
1. (Label Switch Router LSR) ,
LSR
(Label Switch Path LSP).
2. LSP
(Label Edge Router LER), , ,
MPLS . LSP
/ MPLS.
MPLS
(Forwarding Equivalency Class
FEC). ,
( ), , ToS DSCP (Differentiated Service
(DiffServ) Code Point ). ,
FEC, LSP.
MPLS ,
"", , . MPLS
( FEC).
LER MPLS
MPLS ( 2) ( 3).
, FEC, MPLS
.
,
; , 3 .
LSR , MPLS, ,
. MPLS
( FEC), IP.
10. MPLS OSPF 751
. 10.1 ,
MPLS.
i 10.1. MPLS
MPLS
MPLS
, MPLS
(Forwarding
Equivalency Class FEC)
"", . , FEC, MPLS
,
,
FEC

(Label Information Base LIB)
,
, .
(Label Forwarding Information Base LFIB),
,

(Label Switch
Path - LSP)
MPLS.
LSP : ,
, ,

(Label Switch Router LSR)
LSR . , MPLS, ,
MPLS. LSR MPLS

(Label Edge Router LER)
LER
MPLS IP. MPLS MPLS, , MPLS,
, .
LER ,
MPLS: LER (ingress LER) LER
(egress LER)
MPLS .

MPLS .
, MPLS Internet Draft.
752
III. , ...

, FEC. ,
, , .
. 10.15 MPLS.
1
4
5
*
' {206}
4-CoS
. S
TTL . '
MPLS
. 10.15. MPLS
MPLS.
(20 ) MPLS. MPLS , MPLS.
, CoS (3 ),
, , .
(S) 1 ,
.
1, 0.
TTL (Time-To-Live ) 8 , TTL

IP.
MPLS,
, .

, MPLS 2
OSI. , MPLS
IP 3. , MPLS
2. ,
2. . 10.16 , MPLS; ,
2.
, MPLS 2
3, , MPLS
2h.
10. MPLS OSPF 753
SONET/SDH I
Ethernet
', Bhernef,
'
Frame Relay [. Frame Rehii'j
I -" ' 3 ' I. /
f-V- < ',,">* "',;*,
| ^ ' J^lf.^
I ^'
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( )
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. ,_ " ,.VCI,
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:,*:,"
. 10.16. MPLS

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MPLS , . ,
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,
, . , ( , ) , , , .
. 10.17 , . , ,
(-12) ,
, (-3). ?
, , . ,
, ,
, , . ,
,
.
. 10.17 , , , .
754
III. , ...
, ,
.
. 10.17. ,
, ; ,
. , , .
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, . 10.17.
,
IP MPLS.
, OSPF, MPLS , LSP. IP (
MPLS LER)
,
, , ..
. 10.18 OSPF, MPLS. , , MPLS .
IP , , , .
, ,
.
MPLS
FEC , .
. , , . , .
MPLS OSPF
Ii
s i s
e s
s
^^^^^^^
-SSP

LSPMPLS
(LER)
LS
"
(LSP)
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/ \
*
(LER)
\
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.
, IP.
3, .
FEC,
, LSR
, ,
. ,
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, , , .
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,
, , .
, . , - , , ,
. . .
, FEC,
, -
756
III. , ...
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, , .
IP , MPLS .
, ,
.. ,
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.
L3 Global Crossing.
. 10.19 MPLS ,
.
, ,
LSP
.
( ) , MPLS IP- , , .
, OSPF.
MPLS.
LER
:
10.1
10.1.1.2
MPLS
OSPF
OSPF
''.'./24
LER

,

, 10.19. MPLS
OSPF MPLS
MPLS, , , MPLS, LSR. LSR LSR,
. ,
.
MPLS OSPF,

. MPLS .
IGP LSR. MPLS

,
OSPF. OSPF
, MPLS .
(Label Distribution Protocol LDP)

.
(Label Switch Path LSP). . 10.19,
LER 10.
. ( /
), LDP,
, OSPF,
(Label Forwarding Information Base LFIB)
LSR . , LFIB
LIB (Label Information Base ).
MPLS, , Cisco Systems
MPLS, , MPLS . LSR .
1. LSR , Cisco (Cisco Express Forwarding CEF),
.
LSR.
1. LSR LFIB
(), .

MPLS , .
3. , LSR ( ), . -
758
III. , ...
, , LSR.
, , LSR, (, , ) MPLS, LSR.

. 10.20 .
MPLS
, ,
Cisco 3600 Cisco
IOS 12.0(11)8 12.1(). .
1.
OSPF, . ,
MPLS IP, .
2. OSPF . 10.16.
3. ip cef ( ip cef
distributed) (
, 10.16).
4. mpls ip (
, 10.16).
LSR,
MPLS,

MPLS OSPF
"*
^^^"^N
/
SR (
LSR
LSR

LS R
^
] LSR
'
. 10.20. MPLS, Cisco,

OSPF

LSR ( )
32- ,
IP.
10.16 OSPF MPLS (. 10.21).
. 10.21. OSPF MPLS
.10.16. MPLS OSPF

Cypher
!
version 12.0
i
hostname Cypher
!
ip cef
interface LoopbackO
ip address 10.10.10.3 255.255.255.255
i
interface SerialO/1
760
III. , .
interface SerialO/1.1 point-to-point

ip address 10.1.1.6 255.255.255.252
mpls ip
I
ip address 10.1.1.9 255.255.255.252
mpls ip
I
ip address 10.1.1.21 255.255.255.252
mpls ip
router ospf
network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 9
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 9
i
ip classless
i
end
Neo
i
version 12.1
i
hostname Neo
ip cef
interface LoopbackO
ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.255
interface SerialO/1
i
ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.252
mpls ip
ip address 10.1.1.10 255.255.255.252
/mpls ip
ip classless
router ospf
network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 9
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 9
end
Oracle
Current configuration : 2366 bytes
version 12.1
hostname Oracle
i
ip cef
t
interface LoopbackO
ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.255
!
interface SerialO/0
i
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.252
mpls ip

bandwidth 512
ip address 10.1.1.5 255.255.255.252
mpls ip
!
ip address 10.1.1.13 255.255.255.252
!
ip address 10.1.1.17 255.255.255.252
. mpls ip
router ospf
network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 9
network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 9
ip classless
i
end
OSPF MPLS
OSPF, MPLS OSPF . , , 10.10.10.4
( Mouse) LSR
Cypher. IP IP, 10.17.
1 10.17. OSPF
Cypher*show ip route 10.10.10.4
Routing entry for- 10.10.10.4/32
Known via "ospf 9", distance 110, metric 391, type intra area
Redistributing via ospf 9
762
III. , ...
Last update from 10.1.1.5 on SerialO/1.1, 00:05:34 ago

* 10.1.1.5, from 10.10.10.1, 0 0 : 0 5 : 3 4 ago, via SerialO/1.1
Route metric is 391, t r a f f i c share count is 1
Cypher ,
Mouse OSPF. , ,
, 10.18.
10.18.
-I
Cypher#how ip cef 10.10.10.4 detail

10.10.10.4/32, version 154, cached adjacency to SerialO/1.1
0 packets, 0 bytes
tag information set
fe,i;local tags 20
fe'v fast tag rewrite with SeO/1.1, point2point, .'tags imposed ,{22}
via 10.1.1.5, SerialO/1.1, 0 dependencies
next hop 10.1.1.5, SerialO/1.1
valid cached adjacency
&' tag rewrite with SeO/1.1, point2point, tags imposed {22}
, MPLS ,
. MPLS
IP IP. , .
show mpls forwarding-table, 10.19.
10.19.
' MPLS
Cypher* show mpls forwarding-table
Local Outgoing
Prefix
tag
tag or VC
or Tunnel Id
6.6.6.7/32
16
Untagged
17
10.1.1.12/30
Pop tag
10.10.10.1/32
18
Pop tag
10.10.10.6/32
19
Pop tag
20/1*" ' 22 ' :;
10.10.10.4/32
21
21
10.10.10.5/32
22
10.1.1.16/30
Pop tag
Bytes tag
switched
0
0
0
782
48
182
0
Outgoing
interface
SeO/1.3
SeO/1.1
SeO/1.1
SeO/1.3
SeO/1.1
SeO/1.1
SeO/1.1
;
;
Next Hop
point2point
point2point
point2point
point2point
point2point
point2point
point2point
10.20 ,
MPLS.
10.20.
||PLS:
,
Cyphertchow mpls forwarding-table 10.10.10.4 32
Local Outgoing
Prefix
Bytes tag
tag
tag or VC or Tunnel Id
switched
20 -V.22
10.10.10.4/32
48
detail
Outgoing
interface
SeO/1.1
Next Hop
point2point
MAC/Encaps=4/8, MTU=1520, Tag Stack{22}

48D18847 00016000
No output feature configured
Per-packet load-sharing, slots: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(label) MPLS (tag).

, Cisco MPLS Tag Switching,
Cisco IOS label, . , , ^ 10.21 (
Cisco IOS ).
| 10.21. :
| MPLS
Cypher*show mpls Idp bindings 10.10.10.4 32
10.10.10.4/32, rev 77
local binding: ' l a b e l : 20
remote binding: Isr: 10.10.10.1:0, label: 22
remote binding: Isr: 10.10.10.6:0, label: 24
Cypher*show tag-switching tdp bindings 10.10.10.4 32
tib entry: 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 4 / 3 2 , rev 77
local binding: tag: 20
remote binding: tsr: 10.10.10.'1:0, tag: 22
remote binding: tsr: 10.10.10.6:0, tag: 24
LSR, () . , 10.10.10.4/32, 10.10.10.1 ( 22)

10.10.10.6 ( 24). LSR ,
.
IP (
OSPF).
, , MPLS OSPF. OSPF, MPLS.
, OSPF, IGP, .
BGP,
Internet. , , MPLS,
764
III. , ...
IP.
BGP MPLS OSPF,
OSPF .
IV
1
...
. RFC,
OSPF
769
...
'
'
'
>
'-"'
RFC, OSPF
769
788
788
**?
RFC,
^ OSPF
>' OSPF, RFC, OSPF. OSPF ,

.
:, .
,, , (!# .
OSPF.
OSPF.
.
JJ?
, .
UNIX.
OSPF,
,
RFC. ( ) RFC, .
RFC,
OSPF
,
OSPF,
;; , ,!, IETF.
RFC, OSPF,
IETF. RFC
. , ,
RFC, ,
, . ,
. . . 1 OSPF; , OSPF,

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol ).
SPF

ARMAC
OSPF
IGP,
BGP
OSPFv!
(1131)
1956
1959 1962
Internet
2,5 .
BGP/OSPF.
NSSA OSPF.
OSPF
Frame Relay.
MOSPF.
OSPFv2
OSPF.
(2178)
OSPFv2(1583)
1982
1989 1991
1992
1993
1994
OSPF.
BGP/OSPF
Internet
OSPF.
OSPFv2(1247).
Ba3biMIBOSPFv2
1995 1997 1998
OSPFv2
(2328)
OSPF.
OSPF
,
.
MIB OSPF
. . 1. OSPF
RFC 1131. OSPF 1 [I].

RFC 1245. OSPF [2].
RFC 1246. OSPF[3].
RFC 1247. OSPF 2 ( RFC 1131) [4].
RFC 1248. OSPF 2 [5].
RFC 1252.
( RFC 1248) [6].
OSPF 2
RFC 1253. OSPF 2 (

RFC 1252) [7].
RFC 1364. OSPF ( RFC 1247 1267) [8].
RFC 1370. OSPF [9].
RFC 1371.
IP [10].
RFC 1403. BGP OSPF ( RFC 1364) [11].
770
IV. ...
RFC 1583. OSPF 2 ( RFC 1247) [12].
RFC 1584. OSPF [ 1 3 ] .
RFC 1585. MOSPF: [14].
RFC 1586. OSPF Frame Relay [15].
RFC 1587. OSPF, NSSA [16].
RFC 1745. BGP4/IDRP IP-: OSPF[VJ].
RFC 1765. OSPF [18].
RFC 1793. OSPF , [19].
RFC 1850. OSPF 2 (

RFC 1253) [20].
RFC 2178. OSPF 2 ( RFC 1583) [21].
RFC 2328. OSPF 2 ( RFC 2178) [22].
RFC 2370. OSPF, LSA [23].
RFC 2676.
OSPF [24].
RFC 2740. IPv6 OSPF [25].

RFC 2844. OSPF
Proxy-PAR [26].
RFC
, , .
, OSPF. , , RFC, ,
, .
RFC,
Web-, RFC:
www.ietf.org.
www.internic.net.
www. cisco.com/warp/public/459/index.shtml.
www.RFC-editor.org.
www.ccprep.com/resources/RFCs/index.asp.

RFC. , -
. BGP MPLS...
771
, , ,
, .
RFC 1131 OSPF

RFC 1131, 1989 ,
RFC, OSPF . ,
. OSPF, ,
10 .
RFC 1245 OSPF

OSPF 1 1 1989
RFC I131.
RFC 1991 OSPF 2,
. 1 (Internet Architecture Board
Internet) IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group
IETF) ,
OSPF 2
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OSPF 2. IAB IESG,
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(Management Information Base MIB). 1 , ,
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,
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). (Exterior
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773
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, , , " V". OSPF
, , . ,
.
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. , MOSPF.
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RFC 1364 BGP

OSPF
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ASBR,
, EGP BGP,
OSPF. RFC
OSPF BGP.

OSPF . ,
, , .

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ASBR, ASBR, , EGP BGP,
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775
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, IP
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. OSPF ,
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, RFC , , : TOS; ; , ; , .
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, OSPF
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100 , , . ,
RFC MOSPF.
SPF (Multicast Open Shortest Path First MOSPF)
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. OSPF ;
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, , MOSPF
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1584, , 100 ,
. BGP MPLS...
777
, OSPF . RFC 1585

, Internet IETF (IETF Internet Routing Protocol
Standardization Criteria), RFC 1264.
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,
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, MOSPF
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. , , Cisco
. , MOSPF , PIM (Protocol Independent
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, . -, IETF
, ,
.
, PIM.
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OSPF FR (Non-Broadcast Multiple Access NBMA),
, . NBMA FR OSPF,

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OSPF,
NSSA
RFC 1587 OSPF
NSSA (Not-So-Stubby Area). , OSPF , .
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. , OSPF
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. RFC.

( NSFNET) - . -
IP.
780
IV. ...
, - , . , , "" . , BARRNet ,
(130.57.0.0) (192.31.114.0). BARRNet , . .2.
192.31.114
130.57.4
131.119.13
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-) BR10
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, BR10. , BR10 BR18 BR18 .
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.
, -.

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. BGP MPLS...
781
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. ,
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BR10.
RFC 1745 BGP4/IDRP

IP-:
OSPF
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, OSPF
.
RFC , ASBR,
EGP BGP4 (Border
Gateway Protocol version 4 4) IDRP (InterDomain Routing Protocol ) IP,
IGP OSPF. , , OSPF .
BGP4 RFC 1654.
RFC 1765 OSPF

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, ,
. RFC
; , , , .
, , , NSSA OSPF.
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. RFC .
, RFC -
782
IV. ...
, .
RFC 1793 OSPF

,

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, , . RFC 1793.
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;
, /. , , ISDN, .25 .
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.
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OSPF 2
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. BGP MPLS...
783
1 12 RFC,
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20 .
, , RFC 1850, .
MIB
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) LSA NSSA.
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, ,
OSPF
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, .
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, OSPF. RFC 2328 . 244
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.
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OSPF. , .
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2. .
OSPF.
.
3. .
,
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. .
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, , , .
, LSA
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. LSA 10
.
786
IV. ...
11 .
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.
.

.
LSA 5, LSA 11 , , LSA .
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QoS
OSPF
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, QoS. ,
, ,
OSPF, , .
RFC 2740 IPv6

OSPF
RFC , OSPF , IPv6.
OSPF, ,
OSPF, , IPv6 (, , ).
LSA
.
RFC 2844 OSPF

ATM Proxy-PAR
RFC .
OSPF; ,
ATM Proxy-PAR, -
. BGP MPLS...
787
, . , ,
- ,
. , ,
,
, OSPF
,
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OSPF,
RFC.
RFC, OSPF; , , . RFC,
OSPF, RFC 2328.
1. RFC 1131. OSPF Specification Version 1 (J. Moy, Oct. 1989).

2. RFC 1245. OSPF Protocol Analysis (J. Moy, July 1991).
3. RFC 1246. Experience with the OSPF Protocol (J. Moy, July 1991).
4. RFC 1247. OSPF Version 2 [obsoletes 1131] (J. Moy, July 1991).
5. RFC 1248. OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base (F. Baker & R. Coltun, July 1991).
6. RFC 1252. OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base [obsoletes 1248] (F. Baker & R.
Coltun, July 1991).
Coltun, Aug. 1991).
8. RFC 1364. BGP OSPF Interaction [obsoletes 1247 and 1267] (K. Varadhan, Sept. 1992;
IAB; L. Chapin, Oct. 1992).
9. RFC 1370. Applicability Statement for OSPF (IAB; L. Chapin, Oct. 1992).
10. RFC 1371. Choosing a "Common IGP"for the IP Internet (\ESG; P. Gross, Oct. 1992).
11. RFC 1403. BGP OSPF Interaction [obsoletes 1364] (K. Varadhan, Jan. 1993).
12. RFC 1583. OSPF Version 2 [obsoletes RFC1247] (J. Moy, March 1994).
13. RFC 1584. Multicast Extensions to OSPF (L Moy, March 1994).
14. RFC 1585. MOSPF: Analysis and Experience (J. Moy, March 1994).
15. RFC 1586. Guidelines For Running OSPF Over Frame Relay Networks (O. deSouza and
M. Rodriguez, March 1994).
16. RFC 1587. The OSPF NSSA Option (V. Fuller & R. Coltun, March 1994).
17. RFC 1745. BGP4/IDRP for IP-OSPF Interaction (K. Varadhan, S. Hares, Y. Rekhter,
Dec. 94).
18. RFC 1765. OSPF Database Overflow (L Moy, March 1995).
19. RFC 1793. Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits (J. Moy, April 1995).
Coltun, Nov. 1995).
788
IV. ...
21.
22.
' r23.
24.
T
RFC 2178. OSPF Version 2 [obsoletes 1583](L Moy, July 1997).

RFC 2328. OSPF Version 2 [obsoletes 2178] (J. Moy, April 1998).
RFC 2370. The OSPF Opaque ISA Option (R. Coltun, July 1998).
RFC 2676. QoS Routing Mechanisms and OSPF Extensions (G. Apostolopoulos,
D. Williams, S. Kamat, R. Guerin, A. Orda, T. Przygienda, August 1999).
25. RFC 2740. OSPF for IPv6 (R. Coltun, D. Ferguson, J. Moy, December 1999).
26. RFC 2844. OSPF over ATM and Proxy PAR (T. Przygienda, P. Droz, R Haas, May 2000).
. BGP MPLS...
789

Ospf

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OSPF

10. BGP MPLS OSPF

10. BGP MPLS OSPF

RFC 2370 OSPF,

CSS1 (Cisco Security Specialist 1 Cisco 1 ).

3, " OSPF". , OSPF

6, "", 7, " OSPF".

OSI Open System Interconnection (

Network Associates Guide to Communications Protocols no www.sniffer.com/dm/

. 1.1 1.2 , OSI 7 1 .

. 1.4. OSI, OSI

ICMP (Internet Control Messages Protocol Internet).

Fast Ethernet. Ethernet, , .

Gigabit Ethernet. Ethernet, 1 /. Gigabit Ethernet, - , , .

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface - ). -

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ).

ISDN (Integrated Systems Digital Network

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line ).

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ).

SONET. - , Bellcore 1980- .

DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing

1344 DS-1 1008 1

5376 DS- 4032 1

STS-1 = OC1 = 51,84 / ( );

STS-3 = = STM-1 = 155 /;

STS-12 = = STM-4 = 622 /;

STS-18 = OC18 = STM-6 18- ( );

STS-24 = 24 = STM-8 24- ( );

STS-36 36 = STM-12 36- ( );

STS-48 = 48 = STM-16 = 2,5 /;

STM ( ITU-T) (Synchronous Transport

STS ( ANSI) (Synchronous Transfer Signal);

; 1.8. / IP- "-

RFC 1812, 5.3.5.3,

, , , VLSM, , VLSM ( OSPF 1),

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol ).

RFC 791, Internet Protocol.

RFC 950, Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure.

RFC 1219, On the Assignment of Subnet Numbers.

RFC 1700, Assigned Numbers.

RFC 1918, Address Allocation for Private Internets.

IPv6 12.2 Cisco IOS.

3 Internetwork Design Guide Cisco.

, RIP IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing

IP- , IP- . IP- ,

198.32.1.0255.255.255.0 <> 198.32.1.0/24

> I <- ->.

1.10. > CIDR ,

foooooTi"6ooi 01 o6.boooob DO.OOOOOOOO

/24, 11.254.0.0/16 , /19. ,

OSI. TCP/IP, Internet.

" SPF (Open Shortest

RFC. RFC, Web-:

, , - (Interior Gateway Protocol IGP); , OSPF BGP (Border Gateway Protocol

ES-IS (End System-to-Intermediate System

IDRP (InterDomain Routing Protocol ).

ISO 10589. Standards definition for IS-IS.

RFC 1195. Intermediate IS-IS.

5 Jeff Doyle. Routing TCP/IP, Volume I, RIP.

(RIP) cisco. com:

RFC 2453, RIP Version 2, 1998 .

IP, ISO, CL.NP

. (RIP, OSPF IS-IS) . ,