Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
О. Н. Категова, Т. Л. Колотыгина,
Е. А. Прудченко, В. П. Овчинников
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
ПО НЕФТЕГАЗОВОМУ ДЕЛУ
Часть 1
Тюмень
ТюмГНГУ
2009
УДК [622.243.23]
ББК 81.2(Англ)я73
К 29
Рецензенты:
доцент, кандидат филологических наук С. Д. Погорелова
доцент, кандидат технических наук Н. А. Аксенова
Категова, О. Н.
К 29 Английский язык : учебное пособие по нефтегазовому делу
[Текст] / О. Н. Категова, Т. Л. Колотыгина, Е. А. Прудченко,
В. П. Овчинников; под ред. А. Д. Гордеева. – Тюмень : ТюмГНГУ,
2009. – 144 с.
ISBN 978-5-9961-0149-8
УДК [622.243.23]
ББК 81.2(Англ)я73
2
Предисловие
Авторы
3
Unit 1
Exercise 1. Choose the correct form of the verb to be and translate the
sentences into Russian.
Fig. 1
6
The Laws of Nature
Volcanoes have been objects of fear and marvel since ancient times.
During a volcanic eruption, red-hot lava, or molten rock, flows freely. Volcanic
ash enhances agriculture by adding minerals to the soil.
Key Terms:
geology, core, mantle, magma, crust, continents, relief, plateau, plain,
volcanism, lava, fault, plate tectonics, continental drift theory, fossils, rift valley,
convection.
The earth is not a quiet planet. Earthquakes topple buildings and open up
great cracks in the ground. Volcanoes erupt with red-hot lava and dangerous
gases. While these are some of the most spectacular ways in which the earth is
changing, they are not the only ways. Many processes - some slow, some
dramatic - are always at work shaping the earth on which we live.
Fig. 2
Diagram Skill
This diagram shows what geologists think is the internal structure of the
earth. What is the outermost layer called [11]?
Words to remember:
earthquake, n – землетрясение
topple, v – валиться, опрокидываться; валить
сrack, n – треск, трещина; v – производить треск
erupt, v – извергаться (о вулкане)
spectacular, a – эффективный, захватывающий
deal with, v – иметь дело
occur, v – иметь место, случаться
pliable, a – гибкий
putty, n – замазка, шпаклевка; v – замазывать, шпаклевать
rocky, a – скалистый
layer, n – слой, пласт
feature, n – особенность; (характерная) черта
8
4. Can you describe the center of the earth?
5. What does the mantle contain?
6. What can you say about the earth’s crust?
9
Exercise 6. Find synonyms among the given words.
to seem to appear
bed to discover
to find layer
due to join together
combine substance
matter because of
heavy thin
thick unequal
equal recent
ancient imperfect
high light
perfect near
far low
Exercise 10. Divide the text into logically complete parts and give each a
subtitle. Retell the text in English.
Text 1B
Read the text and try to understand the main idea (time for reading is 4
minutes).
11
Unit 2
Exercise 1. Use the correct form of the verb (Active or Passive). Translate
the sentences into Russian.
1. Geology (is concerned, concerns) with the physical forces which act on
the Earth.
2. The Earth (is thought, thinks) to have formed about 4.6 billion years ago.
3. About 1.5 billion years after the Earth (was formed, formed) simple
living things appeared in the ocean.
4. To get maximum production from a reservoir, the water (should not be
produced, should not produce) with the oil.
Exercise 2. Use the verbs in Passive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Landforms (to classify) according to differences in relief.
2. More than 70 percent of the earth’s surface (to cover) by water, mainly
the salt water of oceans and seas.
3. The earth (to compose) of a number of large, moving slabs of rock.
4. A fluid (to define) as a substance that will flow.
Text 2A
Developing Vocabulary
1. Define: a. geology b. core c. mantle d. magma e. crust f. continents g.
relief h. plateau i. plain j. volcanism k. lava I. fault m. plate tectonics n.
continental drift theory o. fossils p. rift valley q. convection r. subduction zone.
Internal Forces That Shape Landforms
One basic question for geologists and geographers is: What forces shaped
the rock to make these mountains or that plain? Major landforms are shaped first
by internal forces - processes that start in the earth’s interior. One of these
processes is volcanic activity, or volcanism, which involves the flow of magma,
or molten rock. The other major internal force consists of different movements
that fold, lift, bend, and break the rock of the earth’s crust.
Volcanoes. The ancient Romans believed in a god named Vulcan, a skillful
craftsman who worked with hot iron or gold at his forge. Not surprisingly, their
myths placed the forge below the smoking, fiery mountain on the island of
Volcano off the coast of Italy. Both the island and the mountain are named after
Vulcan.
A volcano forms when molten rock, or magma, breaks through the surface
of the earth as lava. Lava and ash eventually build up in successive layers to
form a distinctive cone-shaped mountain. One of the most famous is Mt. Fuji in
Japan. Lava may also flow out slowly, forming a shield volcano or a thick
plateau.
13
Fig. 3
Diagram Skill
Many of the earth’s most common landforms are shown in this diagram.
How does a plateau differ from a plain?
Words to remember:
1. ash, n – зола, пепел
2. bend, n – изгиб, v – сгибаться, гнуться
3. crust, n – земная кора, v – покрываться корой
4. fault, n – сброс, сдвиг (породы)
5. fold, n – складка, сгиб; v – складывать, сгибать
6. forge, n – кузница, v – ковать
7. internal, a – внутренний
8. shield, v – заслонять, защищать
9. slip, n – скольжение, v – скользить
10. molten, a – расплавленный, литой
Exercise 3. Pick out from the text the sentences with Modal Verbs and
Passive Constructions and translate them into Russian.
Text 2B
Read the text and try to understand the main idea (time for reading is 3
minutes).
Fig. 4
16
The Earth's Geologic History
Most changes in the earth’s surface take place so slowly that they are not
immediately noticeable to humans. Nonetheless, geologists have reconstructed
much of the earth's history from the record they read in the rocks. For many
years scientists assumed that the basic arrangement of oceans and continents
was stable and permanent. Today, however, most accept the idea that the earth’s
landmasses have broken apart, rejoined, and moved to other parts of the globe.
This concept forms part of the plate tectonic theory. While scientists are still
working to prove some parts of it, this theory answers many puzzling questions
about the earth.
Plate Tectonics According to the theory of plate tectonics, the earth’s
outer shell is not one solid piece of rock. Instead it is composed of a number of
large, moving slabs of rock, called plates. These plates are not anchored, but
slide very slowly over a pliable layer of the mantle.
The earth’s oceans and continents ride a top the plates as they move in
different directions. The map shows the boundaries of the different plates. It also
shows the direction in which the plates are moving. The African Plate and the
South American Plate, for example, are moving apart. The Nazca Plate and the
South American Plate, however, are moving toward each other. It is along the
boundaries where plates meet the most earthquakes, volcanoes, and other
geologic events occur.
The plate tectonic theory began to be widely accepted in the 1960s. It was
based on earlier ideas and research, however, and includes two important,
separate theories [11].
Exercise 1. Read the text again and answer the questions.
1. How have geologists reconstructed much of the earth’s history?
2. What idea of the earth’s landmasses is accepted today?
3. How does the theory of plate tectonics consider the earth’s outer shell?
18
1. It is on the crust that natural forces have changed the earth’s original
rock.
2. It is the gravitation that makes the satellites move round the Earth.
3. It was in 1869 that Mendeleyev published this Periodic Table.
Числительные
Числа 23 – twenty-three
247 – two hundred and forty-seven
3200 – three thousand two hundred
2045328 – two million forty-five thousand three hundred and
twenty-eight
Даты In 1972 – in nineteen seventy two
May 9, 1945 – May the ninth, nineteen forty-five
In 1905 – in nineteen o [оu] five
Дроби ½ kilometer – half a kilometer
1/3 ton – one third of a ton
0.5 – point five
3.152 – three point one five two
Exercise 3.
Read in English:
А). 8; 15; 30; 51; 74; 112; 201; 946; 10575; 576276; 7000000; 1,022; 0,85;
5,3; ½; ¼; 2/3; 1 ½; 2 5/6;
B). 1005 books; 506 students; 4790 specialists; 6,75 miles; 1,431
kilometers; on page 733; by bus 9; in room 218; on the 12th day;
C). on the 1st of May; on January 18th; 1967; on November 7th, 1945; at the
end of 1789; October 25, 1917; at the beginning of 1980;
D). 5.4 tons; 2/3 of a kilometer; 0.2 mile; 2.75 tons.
Text 3A
Read and translate the text.
Sea-Floor Spreading
The other theory supporting plate tectonics was developed from World War
II technology. Sonar, which was invented to locate enemy submarines
underwater, sends out sounds that bounce back when they strike an object.
Following the war, scientists began to use sonar to map the floor of the Atlantic
Ocean. They also began to investigate the age of the rocks on the sea floor as
well as other features of the ocean landscape.
One unique ocean feature is the underwater ridge system. One of the many
ridges in this system, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is part of the mid-oceanic ridge, a
mountain system that extends around the world. The Pacific Rim is another
19
example of an underwater ridge system. In a few places, the mountaintops of the
ridge emerge as islands, for example, Iceland, the Azores, and Easter Island.
A common feature of all underwater ridge systems is the rift valley, a large
split along the crest of the mountains. Small earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
occur here frequently.
When scientists measured the age of the rocks they had taken from the sea
floor, they were surprised to find that these rocks were much younger than those
of the continents. The youngest rocks of all were those nearest the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge.
The explanation suggested in the 1960s by geologists is the theory of sea-
floor spreading. According to this theory, molten rock from the mantle rises
under the mid-oceanic ridge and breaks through the rift. The rock then spreads
out in both directions from the ridge as if it were on two huge conveyor belts. As
the sea floor moves away from the ridge, it carries older rocks away. This idea,
along with Wegener’s older theory of continental drift, became part of the
theory of plate tectonics [11].
Words to remember:
bounce, v – отскакивать island, n – остров
strike, v – ударять, наносить удар split, n – щель, трещина
investigate, v – исследовать crest, n – гребень (горы)
as well as – так же как frequently, adv – часто
ridge, n – гребень горы surprise, v – удивлять, поражать
extend, v – 1. вытягивать (ся); suggest, v – предлагать
2. расширять direction, n – направление
emerge, v – 1. неожиданно belt, n – пояс
появляться; 2. всплывать
20
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.
1. What did the other theory supporting plate tectonics develop from?
2. What was invented to locate enemy submarine?
3. When did scientists begin to use the sonar to map the floor of the
Atlantic Ocean?
4. What can you say about one unique ocean feature?
5. What is the Pacific Rim?
6. What is a common feature of all underwater ridge system?
7. Where do small earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur?
8. What did scientists measure and what were they surprised to find?
9. What explanation did geologists suggest in the 60s?
10. Can you describe the theory of sea – floor spreading?
11. What carries older rocks away?
Exercise 4. Compare:
a) Present Simple b) Present Continuous
1. Scientists investigate features 1. Scientists are investigating the
of the ocean landscape. age of the rocks on the sea floor.
2. Usually plates move in 2. The African Plate and the South
different directions. American Plate are moving apart.
21
3. Interesting and important 3. An interesting research in the
researches are done all over the field of geology is being done by our
world. young scientists.
a) Past Simple b) Past Continuous
1. Scientists measured the age of 1. Scientists were measuring the
the rocks. age of the rocks during their
expedition.
2. Weather conditions in the North 2. The information about these
were studied by meteorologists daily. conditions was being studied by
meteorologists for a week.
a) Future Simple b) Future Continuous
1. During their practical lessons 1. They will be putting down them
students will put down the results of from 11 to 12 a.m.
their experiments.
Text 3B
Plate Movement
What force was powerful enough to send gigantic plates sliding around the
globe?
1. One reason that people in the 1920s doubted the continental drift theory
was Wegener’s explanation of just how the continents moved.
Today, most scientists believe this force is a process called convection.
Convection is a circular movement caused when a material is heated,
expands and rises, then cools and falls. This process is thought to be occurring in
the mantle rock under the plates. The heat energy that drives convection
probably comes from the slow decay of radioactive materials under the earth’s
crust.
Plate Boundaries.
Where do plates form a diverging plate boundary or spreading zone?
2. As mentioned earlier, the places where plates meet are some of the most
restless parts of the earth. Plates meet at their boundaries and react in one of
three different ways. They pull away from each other, crash head-on, or slide
past each other.
Where plates pull away from one another, they form a diverging plate
boundary, or spreading zone. As the Mid- Atlantic Ridge shows, such areas are
likely to have a rift valley, earthquakes, and volcanic action.
23
Different kinds of converging zones occur where the plates of the same
type collide. When both are oceanic plates, one moves, or is subducted, under
the other. Often an island group forms at this boundary.
The collision of two continental plates is more dramatic. In all of the
earth’s history, perhaps the most stunning collision was that of India and Asia.
As the map on page 15 shows, India today is clearly part of Asia. But it is not
part of the Eurasian Plate. It is the northern tip of the Indo-Australian Plate,
which crashed into the Eurasian Plate millions of years ago. Earth’s highest
mountain range, the Himalayas, was formed by the collision of these two plates.
Even today, the Indo-Australian Plate continues to push against the Eurasian
Plate at a rate of about 2 inches (5 cm) a year.
In some places the earth’s tectonic plates do not crash against each other.
Rather they slip or grind past each other along faults. The Saint Andres Fault in
California is an example of this type of plate boundary [11].
Fig. 5
Diagram Skill
In a subduction zone, one plate slides or dives under another. In a
spreading zone, two plates move apart from each other creating a rift, or crack,
in the earth’s crust. In a collision or convergence zone, two plates collide and
push slowly against each other. At a transform fault, plates grind or slide past
each other rather than colliding. Which type of plate boundary occurs along the
west coast of South America [11]?
24
Unit 4
Грамматика:
1. Времена группы Perfect Active and Passive.
2. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное
местоимение no и их производные.
Основной текст А: The Continental Drift Theory.
Active Passive
To have + Participle II To have + been + Participle II
Present He has received a good result. The good result has been received.
Past He had received a good result by The good result had been received
the evening yesterday. by the evening yesterday.
Future He will have received a good The good result will have been
result by the evening tomorrow. received by the evening tomorrow.
1. Scientists have developed an idea of what the interior of the earth is like.
2. The ancient Romans believed in a god named Vulcan, a skillful
craftsman who worked with hot iron or gold at his forge.
3. Geologists have reconstructed much of the earth’s history from the
record they read in the rocks.
4. The plate tectonic theory helps to explain so many events and processes
that have changed the earth.
5. The plate tectonic theory began to be widely accepted in the 1960s.
6. The duration of the years, periods, and epochs have been estimated from
studies of radioactive minerals.
7. In the early 1900s Alfred Wegener, a German explorer and scientist,
suggested the continental drift theory.
8. The experiment had been completed by the end of last month.
9. Blown across the ocean by the wind, the grey clay has been deposited on
the islands by centuries of rainstorms.
25
Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into Russian and pay attention to the
Pronouns.
1. In some places the earth’s tectonic plates do not crash against each other.
2. Without erosion, the earth’s surface would be barren rock, with no soil
where plants can grow.
3. The rocks and soil carried away by water are eventually deposited
somewhere else.
4. He could think of nothing really interesting.
5. Something important took place there.
6. Without life (organic matter) there could be no formation of oil.
7. Can anybody show me the way to the station?
8. I wasn’t shown any interesting photographs.
9. The old man didn’t get any education.
10. Some of the more common structural traps are anticlinal and dome plug
traps.
Text 4A
As early as the 1600s, people looking at maps noticed how the eastern
coast of South America closely matched the western coast of Africa. Other
continental coasts also seemed to fit together like jigsaw puzzle pieces. Could
they once have been joined as one landmass?
In the early 1900s Alfred Wegener, a German explorer and scientist,
suggested the continental drift theory. Wegener proposed that there was once a
single "supercontinent" on the earth. He called it Pangaea, from the Greek words
pan, meaning "all," and gaia, personifying the earth. Wegener theorized that
about 200 million years ago, Pangaea began to break up into separate continents.
Today the earth's continents continue to move as the plates move.
Wegener gathered evidence to support his theory. He showed that fossils-
the preserved remains or traces of ancient animals and plants from South
America, Africa, India, and Australia were almost identical. The rocks where the
fossils were found were also much alike. Despite his evidence, many scientists
were skeptical.
26
Fig. 6
Place. Alfred Wegener was one of several theorists who thought that the
earth was once composed of a single "supercontinent" called Pangaea. Between
which years did South America break away from Africa? What two giant
landmasses existed 135 million years ago [11]?
Words to remember:
27
Exercise 1. Pronounce the following words:
eastern ['i:stən] continue [kən'tinјu:]
coast [koust] evidence ['evidens]
other ['٨ðə] preserve [pri'zə:v]
also ['o:lsou] trace [treis]
puzzle [p٨zl] ancient ['ein∫ent]
piece [pi:s] plant [pla:nt]
explorer [iks'plo:rə] almost ['o:lmoust]
suggest [sə' dзest] identical [ai'dentikəl]
personify [pə:'sonifai] giant [' dзaiənt]
theorize ['θiəraiz] exist [ig'zist]
ago [ə'gou]
Exercise 6. Word-building.
a) Form nouns from the following verbs: to produce, to propose, to exist,
to mix, to suggest, to converge, to support.
b) Form adverbs from the following words. Translate them:
Main, correct, close, easy, frequent, hard, near, perfect
28
Exercise 7. Give attributes to the following nouns and use them in the
sentences of your own:
Text 4B
Explanations
The plate tectonic theory helps to explain so many events and processes
that have changed the earth. For example, scientists have long observed the
"Ring of Fire," a circle of volcanic mountains around the rim of the Pacific
Ocean. The "Ring" includes the Cascades in North America, the islands of Japan
and Indonesia, and the Andes in western South America. These areas are all
located along plate boundaries.
Developing Vocabulary
Place Location
29
Unit 5
Exercise 1.
a) Form the Participle I (Simple Active) from the following verbs and
translate them into Russian.
To wonder, to happen, to come, to provide, to grow, to process, to take, to
tell, to change, to obtain, to build, to affect, to depend, to expand.
b) Form Participle II from the following verbs and translate them into
Russian.
Text 5A
Read and translate the text.
Section Review
Key Ideas
• Mechanical and chemical weathering are forces that change landforms.
• Erosion is another external force that alters the surface of the earth.
Key Terms
weathering, mechanical weathering, frost wedging, chemical weathering,
acid rain, erosion, sediment, floodplain, delta, mouth, loess, glacier, moraine
In the soil of the Hawaiian Islands, there is crumbly gray clay that is older
than the volcanic rock of the islands themselves. For years, scientists wondered
how this had happened. Now they think that the clay comes from a desert in far-
off China. Blown across the ocean by the wind, it has been deposited on the
islands by centuries of rainstorms. By providing a mineral needed for plant
growth, the clay enriches Hawaii’s land. This process is still going on. As one
conservationist explained:
31
• So much soil from the Asian mainland blows over the Pacific Ocean that
scientists taking air samples at the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii can now
tell when spring plowing starts in North China.
Wind is the only one of several external forces that change the earth’s
surface, build and destroy landforms, and affect the soil in which plants grow.
The actions of all these forces are usually grouped into two categories:
weathering and erosion.
Weathering
Changes in the earth’s surface usually take place very slowly, over
thousands or millions of years. The process of weathering, for example, breaks
down rock at or near the earth’s surface into smaller and smaller pieces. While it
may take millions of years, weathering can reduce a mountain to gravel.
Depending on the forces involved, weathering is either mechanical or chemical.
Mechanical Weathering
Words to remember:
32
Exercise 1. Pronounce the following words:
mechanical [mi׳kænikəl] rainstorm [׳reinsto:m]
chemical [׳kemikəl] sample [׳sæmpl]
erosion [i׳rouзn] plow [plau]
external [iks׳tə:nəl] action [׳æk∫n]
alter [׳o:ltə] usually [′јu:зuəli ]
wedging [׳wedзiή] while [wail]
acid [׳æsid] reduce [ri′dјu:s]
floodplain [׳fl٨dplein] physically [′fizikəli]
loess [lə:s] term [tə:m]
glacier [׳glæsjə] eventually [i′vent∫uəli]
moraine [mo׳rein] process [′prəusəs]
island [׳ailənd] huge [hјu:dз]
crumbly [׳kr٨mbli] fracture [′frækt∫ə]
desert [׳dezət]
33
8. Most rocks when exposed at the earth’s surface soon show the effects of
attack by the agents of the weathering.
Exercise 9. Give Russian equivalents for the following word groups; use
them in the sentences of your own:
34
Text 5B
Read the text and try to understand the main idea (time for reading is
3 minutes).
Erosion
In the Middle Ages the word erosion was used to describe the way acid cut
through metal. The term is derived from the Latin rodere, which means "to
gnaw." The word rodent has the same Latin origin.
Chemical Weathering
While mechanical weathering can destroy rock, it changes only the physical
structure, not the original crystals or minerals that make up the rock. It leaves
the rock’s chemical structure unchanged. Chemical weathering alters the rock’s
chemical make-up by changing the minerals that form the rock or combining
them with new chemical elements. Both kinds of weathering cause the
breakdown of rock, but chemical weathering can also change one kind of rock
into another.
The most important forces in chemical weathering are water and carbon
dioxide. Commonly, carbon dioxide from the air or soil combines with water to
make carbonic acid. When the acidic water seeps into cracks in certain types of
rock, such as limestone, it can completely dissolve away the rock. Many caves
were formed in this way.
Moisture is an important element in chemical weathering. In a dry region
where water is scarce, there is little chemical weathering. But in a damp or wet
area, chemical weathering occurs quickly and is widespread. Another type of
chemical weathering is acid rain. Chemicals in the polluted air combine with
water vapor and eventually fall back to earth as acid rain. Acid rain not only
destroys forests, pollutes water, and kills wildlife, it also eats away the surfaces
of stone buildings, statues, and natural rock formations. Industrial pollution,
acid-producing agents from the ocean, and volcanic activity are among the
known causes of acid rain. But continuing study of the problem periodically
reveals new information [11].
35
Text 5C
Observing Weathering
36
Unit 6
Герундий (Gerund)
Образование: основа глагола + -ing – reading
37
Конверсия
Text 6A
Erosion
While weathering changes the rock on the earth’s surface, erosion is the
movement of weathered materials including gravel, soil, and sand. The three
most common agents of erosion are water, wind, and glaciers.
Erosion is an important part of the cycle that has made and kept the earth a
place where living things can survive. Without this process, the earth’s surface
would be barren rock, with no soil where plants can grow. Erosion is actually a
significant agent in mechanical weathering, described above. The erosive forces,
or "wearing away," that created Niagara Falls and the Grand Canyon, for
example, are all parts of mechanical weathering [11].
38
Water
The largest canyons and the deepest valleys on the earth were made by
running water. Moving water - rain, rivers, streams, and oceans - is the greatest
agent of erosion. Over time, it can cut into even the hardest rock and wear it
away.
It is not water alone that carves out valleys and canyons. Water moving
swiftly down a streambed carries sediment-small particles of soil, sand, and
gravel. Like sandpaper, the sediment helps grind away rocks along the stream’s
path.
The rocks and soil carried away by water are eventually deposited
somewhere else. When the stream or river slows down, sediment settles on the
banks or streambed as alluvium. New kinds of landforms are built up by
alluvium. A broad floodplain, or alluvial plain, for example, may form on either
side of the river, or a delta may form. A delta is a flat, low-lying plain that is
sometimes formed at the mouth of a river-the place where the river enters a
lake, a larger river, or the ocean.
The Mississippi River, for example, carries an estimated 500 million tons
(454 million metric tons) of sediment a year. The river deposits some of this rich
sand, silt, gravel, and clay along its floodplain, which is as much as 80 miles
(130 km) wide in some places. The rest builds up the delta where the river
empties into the Gulf of Mexico.
Rivers and streams play the largest role in water erosion. But crashing
ocean surf or the gentler waves along a lakeshore can also erode beach cliffs,
carve steep bluffs, and pile up sand dunes. As bluffs are undercut by the force of
the water, rocks tumble into the water. Continuing erosion wears rocks into
sandy beaches, then carries the sand farther down the shoreline [11].
Words to remember:
Exercise 8. Word-building.
41
Text 6B
Read the text and try to understand the main idea (time for reading is 1,5
minute).
Wind
42
Unit 7
Функции инфинитива:
1. Подлежащее:
To read English books is useful.
Читать английские книги полезно.
2. Дополнение:
I like to read English books in the original.
Я люблю читать английские книги в подлиннике.
3. Часть составного сказуемого:
Our aim is to master the English language.
Наша цель – овладеть английским языком.
4. Определение:
Here is the book to be read as soon as possible.
Вот книга, которую нужно прочитать как можно быстрее.
5. Обстоятельство цели:
He worked hard to master the English language.
Он усердно занимался для того, чтобы овладеть английским.
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Although glaciers are sometimes described as "rivers of ice," they do not
move like water but slide forward because of their great weight. Large valley
glaciers in Europe may move nearly 600 feet (180 m) in a year. Glacial
landscapes are distinctly different from landscapes formed by water. For
example, while rivers cut sharp-sided V-shaped valleys, glaciers carve out
valleys that are U-shaped [11].
Fig. 7
Words to remember:
1. boulder, n – валун
2. debris, n – осколки, обломки породы
3. estimate, n – оценка, v – оценивать
4. fairly, adv – вполне, достаточно
5. melt, v – плавиться, таять
6. pile, n – куча, груда, v – нагромождать
45
7. recede, v – отступать, удаляться
8. ridgelike, a – похожий на гребень
9. scoop, n – ковш, совок, v – вычерпывать
10. thaw, n – оттепель, v – таять
1. What is glacier?
2. How do they form?
3. What have you learned about Ice Ages from the text?
4. How can we observe the effect of Ice Age glaciers?
5. Where do ice sheets exist today?
6. Where are valley or alpine glaciers found?
7. Why are glaciers sometimes described as “rivers of ice”?
8. What is the difference between landscapes formed by water and by
glaciers?
Exercise 2. Read the sentences with the Infinitive and translate them.
1. Geologists try to learn what those changes were and to understand why
they occurred.
2. Hills tend to be more rounded and not as steep.
3. Today the earth’s continents continue to move as the plates move.
4. While scientists are still working to prove some parts of it, this theory
answers many puzzling questions about the earth.
5. Frost wedging over time can even cause huge parts of a mountainside to
break and fall away.
6. The earth is thought to have formed about 4.6 billion years ago out of a
cloud of cosmic dust.
7. Petroleum is believed to have originated from organic matter deposited
along with rock particles during the formation of sedimentary rock.
8. These results in the Carbon atom being able to accommodate 4
Hydrogen atoms.
9. To be a productive reservoir the rock body must be of an area large
enough and porous enough to contain an appreciable volume.
10. It must be permeable enough to ensure the contained fluids flow at a
satisfactory rate when the reservoir is penetrated.
11. This is free water and supplies energy to help to drive Hydrocarbons to
surface.
12. To get maximum production from a reservoir, the water should not be
produced with the oil.
46
Exercise 3. Pronounce the following words:
47
Exercise 8. Form the nouns from the verbs:
Exercise 9. Identify the meaning of the words: since, as, one, only, for,
while.
immense glaciers, over thousands of years, at least, the effect of ice age glaciers,
over time huge glaciers, flat glaciers exist, on the other hand, throughout the
world, in high mountain valleys, the climate is not warm enough.
Text 7B
Read the text and answer the questions.
Everybody talks about the weather. No matter where you live or what
language you speak, you probably know some folk beliefs for predicting
weather. In India, people sometimes say, "When the frog croaks in the meadow,
there will be rain in three hours' time." In Britain and America, the advice is
different: "Rain before seven, sun by eleven." Weather seems so important
because it affects everyday life - planting, harvests, and sometimes survival.
But what is "weather"? Weather is the condition of the bottom layer of the
earth’s atmosphere in one place over a short period of time.
What is atmosphere?
What is climate?
If weather includes all those factors, then what is climate? Climate is the
term for the weather patterns that an area or region typically experiences over a
long period of time. The climate of a place depends on a number of factors,
including its elevation, latitude, and location in relation to nearby landforms and
bodies of water [1].
48
Unit 8
50
Text 8A
Fig. 8
1. World Resources
Section Review
Key Ideas
- Natural resources, derived from the environment, are either renewable or
nonrenewable.
- Natural resources are unevenly distributed throughout the world. Modern
civilizations depend on reliable sources of energy.
Key Terms
natural resource, renewable resource, nonrenewable resource, fossil fuels,
nuclear energy, geothermal energy, solar energy
Even the earliest people happened to use resources they found in their
environment. They breathed the air, drank the clear water, and caught fish to eat.
51
They gained knowledge and skills and made tools to shape the earth’s materials
into useful goods. They hammered copper into weapons and ornaments and
hollowed out trees to make canoes. People today are just as dependent on
materials from the earth. The ways that people use the earth’s resources, where
the resources are located, how resources are distributed among people, and how
the use of resources affects the earth are all subjects that geographers study.
Natural Resources
Words to remember:
hammer, n – ударник, молоток
copper, n – медь
hollow, n – углубление; впадина; полость; полый
distribute, v – распределять; раздавать
environment, n – окружение; окружающая среда
survive, v – выжить; пережить кого-либо, что-либо
satisfy, v – удовлетворять
renewable resource – возобновленный источник
nonrenewable resource – невозобновленный источник
bay, n – залив, бухта, ущелье
fossil fuels – природные ископаемые
include, v – включать
1. How did the earliest people use resources they found in their
environment?
2. What are capital resources and human resources?
3. What are renewable resources?
4. How is soil created?
52
Exercise 2. Pronounce the following words:
53
Exercise 4. Answer the questions.
1. How did the earliest people use resources they found in their
environment?
2. What are capital resources and human resources?
3. What are renewable resources?
4. How is soil created?
Text 8B
Read the text and try to understand the main idea (time for reading is 2,5
minutes).
Medieval fields were encircled with trenches called fosses, from the Latin
“to dig”. Fossil fuels are found underground and hence are obtained by digging.
54
Nonrenewable Resources.
As their name points out, nonrenewable resources are resources that cannot
be replaced when they are used. Nonrenewable resources are minerals formed in
the earth's crust by geologic forces over millions of years. The earth has only a
limited supply of them, and they would take millions of years to be replaced.
Among the most important nonrenewable mineral resources, and the ones
that people are using up most quickly, are the fossil fuels. These fuels are coal,
oil, and natural gas, which formed from the remains of ancient plants and
animals. But the fossil fuels aren't the only mineral resources that are important
to people today. Other minerals include iron, copper, aluminum, uranium, and
gold.
Supplies of nonrenewable resources vary greatly. Some minerals, such as
salt, are in great supply and may last almost forever. On the other hand, the
known supply of copper will be used up in less than fifty years. New technology
may help people find and use new supplies of minerals from the oceans. But,
recycling and using resources wisely is important [11].
1. The earth has only a limited supply of them, and they would take
millions of years to be replaced.
2. These fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas, which formed from the remains
of ancient plants and animals.
3. Nonrenewable resources are minerals formed in the earth’s crust by
geologic forces over millions of years.
4. New technology may help people find and use new supplies of minerals
from the oceans.
55
Unit 9
Energy Sources
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Many countries now supply part of their energy needs through electricity
that is created by nuclear power. Nuclear energy today is produced by fission -
the splitting of uranium atoms in a nuclear reactor, releasing their stored energy.
Many questions and concerns surround the use of nuclear power. Safety
problems include the danger of leaks or explosions, as well as the disposal of
long-lasting radioactive waste and contaminated water. Nuclear power plants are
very expensive to build. In addition, nuclear fission uses uranium, which is a
limited nonrenewable resource. Scientists hope to find a way to generate energy
through fusion, a type of nuclear reaction for which the fuel plentiful.
56
Other Energy Sources
Many experts think that people must develop other sources of renewable
energy and become less dependent on fossil fuels. All these sources are in use
today somewhere in the world.
One ancient source of energy, water power, uses the energy of falling water
to move machinery or generate electricity. Although new dams must be built
from time to time, water power is a renewable energy source. Ocean tides are
another source of power.
In areas with volcanic activity, a potential energy source is geothermal
energy-energy that comes from the earth's internal heat. The intense heat of
magma within the earth heats underground water, producing steam that can be
used to heat homes or make electricity. Iceland, Italy, Japan, and New Zealand
all make use of geothermal energy.
More research and technology are still needed to make solar energy
practical on a large scale. Solar energy is energy produced by the sun. Systems
to collect and store the sun's energy have been used for years to heat water
homes. Generating electricity from solar energy has been more difficult.
Nevertheless, solar radiation is potentially the greatest renewable energy source
available [11].
Fig. 9
Harnessing Nature
57
SECTION 1 REVIEW
Developing Vocabulary
4. Why are alternative energy sources important for the future [11]?
Words to remember:
1. spread, n – растекание; расширение; v - распространять
2. drawback, n – недостаток; отрицательная сторона
3. create, v – творить; создавать; производить
4. acid rain – кислотный дождь
5. air pollution – загрязнение воздуха
6. fission, n – расщепление
7. splitting, n – раскол
8. explosion, n – взрыв
9. radioactive waste – радиоактивные отходы
10. contaminated water – загрязнение воды
11. plentiful, a – обильный; богатый чем-либо; плодородный
12. tide, n – прилив и отлив; общее направление или тенденция
Plan.
59
Exercise 5. Translate into English.
Exercise 7. Using the information below speak about oil and gas geology
60
Tests
3. Complete each sentence with one word or phrase from the list. Use
each word or phrase once only (1 балл).
1. … some of these landmasses are not separated by ocean waters but are
joined, geographers define seven separate continents.
2. Plains are landforms, too. … much less dramatic than mountains.
3. Geology is a relatively new science. It deals,… with very ancient history
- that of the earth itself.
4. … one side of a plateau rises steeply above the surrounding land.
5. … , geologists have reconstructed much of the earth’s history from the
record they read in the rocks.
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6. Because continental crust is lighter than oceanic crust, continental plates
“float” higher. … when an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, it
slides under the lighter plate and down into the mantle.
7. Wegener gathered evidence to support his continental drift theory. … his
evidence, many scientists were skeptical.
8. The most important forces in chemical weathering are water and carbon
dioxide. …, carbon dioxide from the air or soil combines with water to
make carbonic acid.
9. Because the south side of the mountain receives more sunlight, water in
the cracks of rocks thaws and freezes more often than on the cold north
side. … , rocks on the southern slope are more likely to split and fall
away, making the mountainside uneven and rugged.
10. Some minerals, such as salt, are in great supply and may last almost
forever. …, the known supply of copper will be used out in less than fifty
years.
4. Use the words in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that
fits in the space in the same line (2 балла).
1. The center of the earth is a dense _________ of very hot metal, mainly
iron mixed with some nickel.
2. The large landmasses in the oceans are the _________
3. According to the theory of _________ the earth’s outer shell is not one
solid piece of rock.
4. When rock is actually broken or weakened physically, the process is
termed _________ .
5. _________ alters the rock’s chemical makeup by changing the minerals
that form the rock or combining them with new chemical elements
62
6. While weathering changes the rock on the earth’s surface, _________ is
the movement of weathered materials, including gravel, soil and sand.
7. Water moving swiftly down a streambed carriers _________ - small
particles of soil, sand and gravel.
8. The three most common agents of erosion are _________, _________,
_________.
9. Huge, slowly moving sheets or rivers of ice are called _________ .
10. _________ is the conditions of the bottom layer of the earth’s
atmosphere in one place over a short period of time.
11. A multilayered band of gases, water vapor, and dust above the earth is
_________.
12. In areas with volcanic activity, a potential energy source is _________
energy, - energy that comes from the earth’s internal heat.
13. _________ energy is energy produced by the sun.
14. _________ is the term for the weather patterns that an area or region
typically over a long period of time.
15. The preserved remains or traces of ancient animals and plants are
__________.
Части речи
(Parts of Speech)
Местоимения
Личные Притяжательные
Именительный падеж Объектный падеж Отвечают на вопрос
(соответствует русским чей?
косвенным падежам) Употребляются перед
существительным
I–я me – мне, меня my – мой, моя
you – ты, Вы you – тебя, тебе, Вас, your – твой, твое, Ваш,
Вам Ваша
he – он him – ему, его his – его
she – она her – ей, её her – её
it – он, она, оно it – его, её, ему, ей its – его, её
we – мы us – нас, нам our – наш, наша
you – вы you – вас, вам your – ваш, ваша
they – они them – их, им their – их
I II III
Infinitive Past Simple (Indefinite) Past Participle
go went gone
break broke broken
ask asked asked
work worked worked
Члены предложения
(Parts of Sentence)
66
Слова, входящие в состав предложения и отвечающие на какой-
нибудь вопрос, называются членами предложения. Члены предложения
делятся на главные и второстепенные.
Главные члены предложения: подлежащее и сказуемое;
второстепенные члены предложения: дополнение, определение и
обстоятельства.
Подлежащим называется член предложения, обозначающий
предмет или лицо, о котором что-либо говорится в предложении. Оно
отвечает на вопрос кто? или что?
Способы выражения подлежащего
Существительное Earthquakes topple buildings.
Личное местоимение He is responsible for maintenance and repair
of the engines.
Указательное местоимение This trend should be taken into
consideration.
These factors largely determine the
situation.
Инфинитив To become a petroleum engineer was his
childhood dream.
Герундий Exploring the country’s natural resources is
the work of geologists.
Неопределенно-личное One should always remember these dates.
местоимение
Безличное it It is necessary to provide regular
maintenance of the engine.
Субъектный инфинитивный The trend of population increase is
оборот expected to continue.
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Составное именное сказуемое
Часть речи, которой
выражается именная часть Примеры
сказуемого
1. Существительное 1. His father is an engineer.
2. Существительное с 2. The room has been in disorder.
предлогом
3. Местоимение 3. That book is not mine.
4. Прилагательное 4. I think the weather will be fine.
5. Герундий 5. His hobby was collecting stamps.
6. Инфинитив 6. Her duty was to look through the morning
mail.
69
КОММЕНТАРИИ К ОСНОВНОМУ КУРСУ
(COMMENTS ON THE UNITS)
Lesson 1
§ 1. ГЛАГОЛ ТО BE
We We We shall be (будем)
You are You were (были) You will be
They They (будете)
They (будут)
70
8. Coal and limestone are examples of organic sedimentary rocks.
9. The rock-forming minerals are the ones which make our land on
which we live.
10. Geology is the science that deals with the history and structure of
the Earth.
11. The new film is long.
12. Fossils are the remains or evidences of life buried in the rock.
I did not have much work to do Вчера у меня было немного работы.
yesterday.
Упражнение 1.
А. Проанализируйте формы глагола to have, приведенные в таблице.
Б. Отнесите события, о которых идет речь ниже, сначала к
будущему, затем к прошлому, используя Past и Future Simple глагола to
have.
72
1. Russia has the world’s greatest reserves of natural gas.
2. Pure water has no color.
3. Aluminium has a bluish-white surface.
4. Some rock-forming minerals have attractive crystal forms.
5. The rock-forming minerals have great importance in the overall history
of the Earth.
6. Some minerals have electrical radioactive properties.
7. Limestone has many origins.
8. All minerals have a definite hardness.
9. Most minerals also have a distinct crystal form.
10. Petroleum engineers have a future full of challenges and opportunities.
§ 3. ОБОРОТ THERE + TO BE
Ответ:
Не stood near the She came nearer to They stood nearest to the
table. the table. table.
Она подошла ближе Они стояли ближе всех к
Он стоял около стола. к столу. столу.
Например:
to ask (спрашивать) asked (спросил)
to translate (переводить) translated (перевел)
78
Таблица времен группы Simple Active
Время
Present Simple Past Simple Future Simple
Форма
Утвердительная
79
2. В вопросах, относящихся к подлежащему или его определению,
вопросительное слово является подлежащим или определением
подлежащего, поэтому полностью сохраняется порядок слов
утвердительного предложения.
§ 7. ОТВЕТЫ НА ВОПРОСЫ
Unit 2
80
Страдательный залог – Passive Voice – показывает, что предмет или
лицо, являющееся подлежащим, подвергается действию:
2) прямое дополнение:
82
3) предложное дополнение:
We sent for the doctor. The doctor was sent for. За доктором посылали.
A)
1. The oil is displaced by water.
2. The salt water is normally found below the oil.
3. The oil is contained within the small spaces or pores which separate the
individual rock grains.
4. Oil reservoirs are formed in porous rocks, such as sandstones and
limestone.
B)
1. At first petroleum was produced by primitive methods.
2. This process was known as weathering.
3. The features of the land were divided into plains, plateau and mountains.
4. Different kinds of resources were used to meet people’s needs.
5. The first attempt to measure the velocity of light was made by Galileo.
6. The first tools used by man were made of stone.
C)
1. New coal mines will be worked in the Arctic.
2. The operation of the conveyor will not be influenced by outer factors.
3. The engineers will be asked to make an experimental model of the
device.
4. The same result will be reached by different process.
D)
1. Petroleum is not formed in large concentrations.
2. The plant was not reconstructed three years ago.
3. Is geology concerned with the physical forces of the Earth?
4. Why are many of the mountains composed of earlier sediments?
5. Are sediments derived from the mountains, continents, oceans and
existing sediments?
6. Will the new machine-tools be sent to our shop?
1. Most of the hard, naturally formed substances of the earth’s crust are
referred to as rock.
2. This process is referred to as deposition.
3. The new model of the device will be worked at in the plant laboratory.
4. The huge automatic unit in the shop is looked after by only a few men.
5. Lectures are always followed by practical work.
6. Cellulose is much worked at and experimented upon in the laboratories
of the research institutes.
7. Iron is looked upon as the most useful of metals.
1. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language. 2. Atoms must
serve mankind. 3. Petroleum engineers must develop and apply new technology
to recover hydrocarbons from oil shale.
Выражение долженствования
87
9. The structure of the Earth’s interior can be determined in greater detail
by several methods.
10. Petroleum engineers had to devise new techniques to recover oil left in
the ground.
11. Rock strata are allowed to contain more than one deposit of petroleum
and gas within their structure.
12. May lake waters be warmed either by the sun’s heat, or by contact with
the air?
13. You should try to find out all the essential facts connected with his
work in the Antarctic.
14. Petroleum and gas can be found escaping from rocks in many places all
over the world.
15. He was not allowed to enter the concert hall after the third bell.
16. What units do astronomers have to use to measure distances?
17. We should be prepared for scientific study of life in other planets.
18. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy of this machine tool.
19. Are you able to walk a long distance?
20. You ought to be more attentive at the lessons.
21. Not all precursors of earthquakes can be detected only by instruments.
Salt.
Salt is one of the most common minerals used in everyday life. Primitive
people that lived mainly upon raw meat did not need salt. Meat itself retained
natural salts. When people passed on to the agricultural stage and began to raise
crops, salt became a necessity.
The fact that salt could preserve food made it the symbol of lasting quality.
To offer salt to somebody at one’s table was a sign of friendship.
Salt can be dissolved in water and obtained again unchanged by
evaporating the water. It forms the greater part of the dissolved material in sea
water and in certain lakes.
Salt can be obtained either by mining rock-salt or by evaporating sea water
in the salt wells situated near salt deposits.
Sometimes the sea salt is frozen out of the solution. But usually the solution
is evaporated under reduced pressure.
When salt is to be used for industrial purposes it is generally taken as
mined.
88
Unit 3
Active Passive
to be в настоящем времени (am, is, to be в настоящем времени (am, is,
are) are)
+Participle I смыслового глагола + being + Participle II смыслового
глагола
Примечание.
89
Эти формы образуются следующим образом:
Active Passive
We were working in the lab from 5 The article was being translated when
till 7 o’clock. (Active) I came. (Passive)
90
Таблица времен группы Continuous Active
Форма Present Past Future
Continuous Continuous Continuous
Утверди- They are having They were having an They will be having
тельная an English class. English class when I an English class
He is still writing came to see them. tomorrow at 9
an exercise. He was writing an o’clock.
exercise from 6 till 8 He will be writing an
o’clock exercise from 6 till 8
o’clock tomorrow.
Вопроси- Are they having Were they having an Will they be having
тельная an English class? English class when I an English class
Is he still writing came to see them? tomorrow at 9
an exercise Was he writing an o’clock?
exercise from 6 till 8 Will he be writing
o’clock? an exercise from 6
till 8 o’clock
tomorrow?
Отрица- They aren’t They weren’t having an They will not be
тельная having an English English class when I having an English
class, they are came to see them, they class tomorrow at 9
having a Russian were having a Russian o’clock, they will be
class. class. having a Russian
He isn’t writing an He wasn’t writing an class.
exercise, he’s exercise from 6 till 8 He won’t be
reading a book. o’clock, he was reading a writing an exercise
book. from 6 till 8 o’clock
tomorrow, he’ll be
reading a book.
Упражнение 1.
А. Найдите сказуемые в следующих парах предложений.
В. Определите его время, сравните образование и употребление
времен и переведите предложения.
1. Our plant produces equipment for 1. Our shop is producing some new
chemical laboratories. chemical apparatus.
2. Petroleum engineers drill oil and gas 2. Oil and gas wells are being drilled
wells in almost every country in the in almost every country in the world,
world, on land, in marshes and offshore. on land, in marshes and offshore.
3. The researchers looked for ways to drill 3. The researchers were looking for
faster and deeper. ways to drill faster and deeper during
their experiment.
4. The man was looking at the new tools. 4. The man was looked at.
5. The workers mounted the new machine- 5. They were mounting them from 5
tools yesterday. to 7 o’clock.
6. The technicians of our plant will 6. They will be increasing it little by
increase the productivity of this little.
experimental machine-tool.
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Упражнение 2. Напишите данные предложения в утвердительной
форме.
1) Are the students looking at your work? 2) Were you speaking with them
when the teacher came up to you? 3) I am not reading now. 4) Will you be
working here tomorrow at this time? 5) Are you making an experiment? 6) We
shall not be reading the new text during the next lesson. 7) My friends were not
working here at 9 o’clock.
The forces of nature are always at work. Some of these forces build up the
surface of the earth and are called constructive or tectonic forces. They tend to
raise the surface forming mountains. They are opposed by the forces of erosion
or destructive forces that wear down the surface of the earth.
All land surfaces are being worn away by the processes of weathering
which are taking place all the time. One of them is a mechanical breakdown or
disintegration. There is also a chemical weathering or decomposition.
Количественные Порядковые
1-one the first
2-two the second
3-three the third
4-four the fourth
5-five the fifth
6-six the sixth
7-seven the seventh
8-eight the eighth
9-nine the ninth
10-ten the tenth
11-eleven the eleventh
12-twelve the twelfth
13-thirteen the thirteenth
20-twenty the twentieth
21-twenty-one the twenty-first
100-one (a) hundred the hundredth
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101-one hundred and one (books)
1001-one thousand and one (books)
1200-one thousand two hundred (books)=twelve hundred (books)
2,045,328 books- two million forty-five thousand three hundred and
twenty-eight books
Хронологические даты
94
Упражнение 1. Ознакомьтесь со способом обозначения чисел и дат.
Числительные
Числа 23 – twenty-three
247 – two hundred and forty-seven
3,200 – three thousand two hundred
2,045,328 – two million forty-five thousand three hundred and twenty-
eight
Даты in 1972 – in nineteen seventy-two
May 9, 1945 – May the ninth, nineteen forty-five
in 1905 – in nineteen o [ou] five
in 2000 – in two thousand
Дроби Ѕ kilometer – half of a kilometer
1/3 ton – third of a ton
0,5 – point five
3,152 – three point one five two
2) Назовите по-английски.
а) 5;15; 3; 13; 30; 51; 18; 11; 12; 20; 74; 112; 201; 946; 694; 10,575;
576,276; 7,000,000; 1.022; 0.85; 5.3; 1/2; 1/4; 2/3; 1 Ѕ; 2 5/5
b) 1,005 magazines; 506 students; 4,790 specialists; 5,400,00 books; 675
miles; 1,431 kilometers; 627 rubles; on page 733; by bus 9; by tram 27;
in room 218; on the 12th day
c) on the 1st of May; on January 18th, 1967; on November 7th, 1947; at the
end of 1789; 1903; at the beginning of 1999
d) 5,4 tons; 2/3 of a kilometer; 0,2 mile; 2,75 tons
3; 11; 7; 17; 19; 90; 87; 73; 12; 41; 70; 100; 1000; 99; 77; 20; 21; 107;
119; 9.9; 2/5; 5.5; 50; 15; 55; 5; 0.5; 2/3; 23; 3/8; 38; 88; 1,356; 2,785;
10,418; 30,480; 1,007; 1021; 112; 33; 13; 48; 84; 0.005
95
Unit 4
Past Simple
Yesterday I wrote some letters. ... писал, написал...
Future Simple
In the evening I shall write some letters. ... напишу, буду писать...
96
Все три формы Perfect (Present Perfect, Past Perfect и Future Perfect)
являются аналитическими. Они образуются при помощи вспомогательного
глагола to have и Participle II (третьей основной формы) смыслового
глагола.
Вспомогательный глагол to have является личной формой; он
изменяется в зависимости от лица и числа подлежащего и от времени
действия, выраженного сказуемым, смысловой же глагол, как всякая
неличная форма, остается без изменения.
Утвердительная форма
Например:
Сравните:
This year the productivity of our mills Производительность наших заводов
has greatly increased. сильно увеличилась в этом году.
Last year the productivity of our В прошлом году производительность
mills increased greatly. наших заводов сильно увеличилась.
Сравните:
The teacher has come. Учитель пришел.
The teacher has always come first. Учитель всегда приходил первым.
1 have bought a book. Я купил книгу.
I have often bought books. Я часто покупал книги.
98
В некоторых случаях глагол в Present Perfect выражает действие или
состояние, начавшееся в прошлом и продолжающееся в настоящем. В
таких случаях глагол в Present Perfect переводится настоящим или
прошедшим временем несовершенного вида.
Например:
Present Perfect
Old methods of production have Старые методы производства
been changed. изменились.
Past Perfect
Navigation and astronomy had Мореходство и астрономия были уже
been known before Columbus известны до того, как Колумб двинулся
started to the West. на запад.
Future Perfect
Our work will have been finished К 2 часам наша работа будет уже
by two o’clock выполнена.
100
Вопросительная форма
have I been asked? had I been asked? shall I have been asked?
и т. д. и т. д. и т. д.
Отрицательная форма
I have not been asked I had not been asked и т. д. I shall not have been asked
и т. д. и т. д.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
1. He wrote about all he (to see) during those five long years.
2. He (to spend) some years on his experiment, so the result obtained may
be trusted.
3. The technician (to record) the data before you come.
4. In the series of experiments carried out during ten days in the autumn of
1831, Faraday established the foundation upon which our electrical age
(to build).
5. In 1816 Davy wrote: “I (to make) very simple and economic lanterns,
which may be useful to the miner.”
6. The problem how electricity could be produced (to face) the scientist
Volta, and the device with which he solved it is named after him.
102
4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая
внимание на время, в котором стоит сказуемое.
1. Petroleum has been known to man long before our era.
2. We learn that petroleum has been used for illumination in the countries to
the Caspian and Mediterranean Seas as far as several centuries B.C.
3. Russian geologists have established nearly 30 areas where solid gas
could exist.
4. The early rotary procedure has hardly changed over the years.
5. Over time, the Earth’s crust has grown thicker and more stable.
6. Ice or glaciers have not been important for most of the sediments in
which oil and gas are found.
7. For several thousands of years hydrocarbons have been used for
illumination.
8. Petroleum and natural gas belong to the mineral that have been used for
illumination.
9. Accumulations of petroleum have also been found only in certain
individual sections of a limestone block.
10. Sedimentary rocks are often classified according to the way they had
been formed and to the size of the particles in them.
Unit 5
PARTICIPLES (ПРИЧАСТИЯ)
103
Participle I, помимо глагольных свойств, имеет свойства двух других
частей речи: прилагательного и наречия. Подобно прилагательному,
Participle I указывает на признак предмета; таким признаком является
действие, которое этот предмет совершает, или состояние, в котором он
находится.
Например:
Freezing water loses its properties of a Замерзающая вода теряет свойства
liquid. жидкости.
A swimming man must breathe Плывущий человек должен
regularly. равномерно дышать.
Например:
104
Например:
Например:
Например:
105
Participle I в положении после определяемого существительного
обычно переводится на русский язык причастным оборотом или
придаточным определительным предложением.
Например:
The stream of electrons moving along the conductor is called an electric
current. Поток электронов, движущихся в проводнике (которые движутся в
проводнике), называется электрическим током.
Participle I в функции обстоятельства может предшествовать
подлежащему или стоять после сказуемого.
На русский язык Participle I в функции обстоятельства переводится
деепричастием несовершенного вида на -а или -я (или деепричастием
совершенного вида).
Например:
Working with machines, sharp tools, Работая с машинами, острыми
motors, electricity one must always be инструментами, моторами,
careful. электричеством, нужно быть всегда
внимательным.
Сравните:
We saw a group of children playing in Мы увидели группу детей,
the garden. играющих в саду (а не «играя в
саду») (причастный оборот
соотносится со словом children).
Playing in the garden, we saw a group Играя в саду, мы увидели группу
of children. детей (причастный оборот
соотносится со cловом we).
107
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
alter, crack, expand, reduce reveal, wedge, fit, join, suggest, support, slide,
converge, slip, push, propose.
108
Сравните:
Первое причастие Глагольная основа Второе причастие
(Participle I) (Participle II)
finishing finish finished
doing do done
making make made
building build built
Вторые причастия переходных и непереходных глаголов отличаются
друг от друга по грамматическому значению.
Participle II непереходных глаголов служит главным образом для
образования аналитических форм глагола, т. е. употребляется только в
сочетании со вспомогательным глаголом.
Participle II переходных глаголов служит не только для
формообразования; оно может выступать в предложении также в других
функциях: 1) именной части сказуемого; 2) определения; 3)
обстоятельства.
Во всех этих функциях оно имеет страдательное значение и
соответствует русскому причастию страдательного залога.
Например:
(write – wrote) – written написанный, написан
(take – took) – taken взятый, взят
В роли именной части составного сказуемого Participle II следует за
глаголом-связкой и переводится на русский язык причастием
страдательного залога с кратким окончанием.
Например:
The glass was broken. Стекло было разбито.
Water is heated. Вода нагрета.
The sky is covered with clouds. Небо покрыто тучами.
109
Признаком того, что предлог относится к причастию, является тот
факт, что за предлогом следует либо глагол, либо другой предлог. Перевод
такого причастного определения на русский язык возможен только при
помощи определительного придаточного предложения, начинающегося с
предлога.
Статья, на которую делается ссылка, дает все необходимые
сведения.
Факты, о которых говорилось на последнем собрании, представляли
интерес для всех.
Если перед Participle II стоят союзы when, while, if, as или although, то
их сочетание с причастием образует союзный оборот, который выполняет
функцию обстоятельства и переводится обстоятельственным придаточным
предложением.
Например:
Сравните:
a written exercise an exercise written in English
a broken glass a glass broken with a stone.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
1. Образуйте Participle II следующих глаголов:
to call, to be, to leave, to make, to do, to know, to write, to see, to give,
to show, to build, to find
2. Определите, чем являются выделенные слова: причастием или
личной формой глагола. Переведите предложения на русский
язык.
1. The first voyage around the earth, begun at Seville by Magellan in 1510
and completed at Seville by del Cano in 1522, established that the earth
is a globe.
2. The first object observed by Galileo through the telescope was the
Moon.
3. The experiments made by our students and described in the journal
illustrated the properties of metals.
4. Invented in France and accepted universally in science but not in
engineering or commerce, the Metric System has the following
fundamental units: the meter, the kilogramm and the second.
111
3. Переведите на английский язык следующие сочетания слов:
написанная книга; эксперимент, проделанный студентами; дома,
построенные в нашем городе; рабочие, строящие дом; данная
статья; найденные результаты; работа, сделанная вовремя; ученик,
делающий зарядку; работая, он нашел; путешествуя, он увидел
много интересного.
112
причастием, и связь между ним и причастием аналогична связи,
существующей между подлежащим и сказуемым. Независимый
причастный оборот логически связан с предложением и выполняет в нем
функцию обстоятельства.
Основными формальными признаками независимого причастного
оборота являются:
1) существительное в общем падеже (или местоимение в
именительном падеже), стоящее перед причастием;
2) наличие запятой, которая всегда отделяет независимый
причастный оборот:
All the preparations having been Так как (когда) все приготов-
made, the expedition was ready to ления были сделаны, экспеди-
start. ция была готова к отъезду.
All the preparations made, the
expedition was ready to start.
а) времени:
б) причины:
113
в) условия:
When a magnet is broken in two, two Если разломать магнит на две части,
complete magnets result, two new получаются два полных магнита,
poles appearing at the fracture. причем в месте излома
появляются два новых полюса.
All drills for mines are of flame-proof Все бурильные машины для шахт
construction, the motor, the starting изготовлены во взрывобезопасном
switch and the cable entry gland исполнении. Двигатель, пусковой
having separate flame-proof включатель и кабельный ввод
enclosures. имеют отдельные
взрывобезопасные корпуса.
With the experiments having been После того как опыты были
carried out, we started new закончены, мы начали новые
investigations. исследования.
114
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
1. The temperature of the melted ice rising, the movement of its molecules
is speeded up.
2. The time of the beam’s travel and its velocity being known, the
scientists were able to calculate the distance to different parts of the Moon’s
surface with great precision.
3. Plastics having been applied for interior decoration, we found them to
be more practicable than some other materials.
4. The traveled distance having been given in meters and the time in
seconds, speed was measured in m. p. s., that is, in meter per second.
5. Automation appeared only at the time when the proper state of science
was achieved, its roots spanning many centuries and many lands.
6. Computers and calculating machines can be conveniently subdivided
into two classes, analogue and digital, the basic distinction being the way in
which numbers are represented inside the machine for purposes of
calculating.
7. The speed being higher, the degree of ionization along the track
increases.
8. Charged particles like electromagnetic waves are also affected by
magnetic fields, the magnetic field of the Earth having a marked influence on
a stream approaching it.
9. The proper conditions created, we could study the particles possessing
tremendous energy.
Unit 6
115
Герундий происходит от древнеанглийского отглагольного
существительного и совмещает свойства глагола с предметными
свойствами, т.е. свойствами существительного: building строительство
reading чтение.
Подлежащее
A book is a great help in study. Книга является большой помощью в
учебе.
Reading is a great help in study. Чтение является большой помощью в
учебе.
Именная часть сказуемого
My best friends are books Мои лучшие друзья – это книги.
My favorite occupation is Мое любимое занятие – чтение.
reading.
116
Определение
There is much grammar material in В этой книге много материала по
this book. грамматике.
There is much reading material in В этой книге много материала для
this book. чтения.
Прямое дополнение
I like books. Я люблю книги.
I like reading. Я люблю чтение.
Предложное дополнение
We learn about many facts from Мы узнаем о многих фактах из книг.
books.
We learn about many facts from Мы узнаем о многих фактах из чтения.
reading.
Обстоятельство
We shall write a dictation after Мы будем писать диктант после
grammar exercises. упражнений по грамматике.
We shall write a dictation after Мы будем писать диктант после
reading. чтения.
Например:
117
Несмотря на то, что герундий выполняет функцию существительного,
он не может употребляться с артиклем, так как представляет собой
глагольную форму, а артикль является признаком существительного как
части речи.
Например:
The readings of this device are quite correct. Показания этого прибора
совершенно правильны.
118
Сочетание герундия с предлогом переводится различными способами
в зависимости от того, какой предлог предшествует герундию.
Предлоги of, to, with и by в сочетании с герундием, так же как и в
сочетании с существительным, обычно не переводятся на русский язык,
так как обозначают отношения, выражаемые в русском языке
беспредложными падежными формами существительного.
Например:
to improve methods of teaching улучшать методы преподавания
to pay much attention to building уделять много внимания
строительству
to be pleased with somebody’s быть довольным чьим-либо чтением
reading
to achieve good results by получать важные результаты путем
experimenting экспериментирования
120
Вследствие совпадения по форме герундия с первым причастием
(Participle I) их обороты в ряде случаев трудно отличить друг от друга.
Сравните:
A tool cutting metal must be sharp.
Cutting metal the tool gets hot.
Cutting metal is a simple operation.
121
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Unit 7
1) подлежащим:
То skate is pleasant. Кататься на коньках приятно.
2) именной частью сказуемого:
Your duty was to inform me of Вашей обязанностью было
it immediately. сообщить мне об этом немедленно.
3) дополнением:
He teaches her to sing. Он учит ее петь.
123
3) инфинитив может иметь формы залога и времени:
Tense Voice Active Passive
Simple to ask to be asked
Continuous to be asking —
Perfect to have asked to have been asked
Perfect Continuous to have been asking —
Model: Rigs require more than one engine for the needed power to be
furnished.
Rigs require more than one engine to furnish the needed power.
1. When the reservoirs energy is too low for the well to flow, artificial lift is
necessary to be installed.
125
2. Liquid level tests are often used for the pumping conditions to be
determined.
3. These items are required for design methods to be described.
4. The electric circuitry of the pump drive makes it possible the motor
speed to be stepped down by 50% rating.
5. The electrically bit feed controller РПДЭ-3 permits the drilling process to
be carried out under the automatic mode in accordance with the present
program.
1. The river was reported (to overflow) the banks and (to advance) to
wards the suburbs of the city.
2. You seem (to look) for trouble.
3. It seems (to rain) ever since we came here.
4. I hate (to bother) you but the man is still waiting (to give) a definite
answer.
5. The idea was too complicated (to express) in just one paragraph. It
seemed it would take not less than a page (to put) it into words.
6. Is there anything else (to tell) him?
I believe he deserves (to know) how the matter stands and (to tell) all about
it.
basis type; mud system; oil-base and water-base systems; water-base mud;
temperature stability; contamination resistance; tubular goods protection;
formation evaluation program; metal surface; information supply; penetration
rate; formation damage; surface pressure; drilling fluid circulation; rotary
system; petroleum-bearing beds; petroleum production technique.
126
Unit 8
127
Оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» употребляется не только
после глагола в личной форме, но и после глагола в форме инфинитива,
причастия или герундия:
You can’t expect them to come Вы не можете ожидать,
so soon. что они придут так скоро.
Wanting him to finish the work Желая, чтобы он закончил работу
in time, I decided to help him. вовремя, я решил помочь ему.
128
§ 36. Оборот “Complex Subject”
(субъектный инфинитивный оборот)
129
Упражнение 1. В следующих предложениях замените придаточное
предложение объектным инфинитивным оборотом по образцу:
We knew that they would come soon. We knew them to come soon.
1. We knew that they had already arrived.
2. I did not expect that she would take part in a conference.
3. She thought that we had influenced their decision.
4. We know that weathering is a very slow process.
5. We know that the drilling rig is protected with rubberized fabric shelters
supported by detachable framework.
6. I thought that it was the signal to start.
7. They expect that these rivers would be soon connected by means of
canals.
8. He expects that great sums of money will be spent on housing
construction in this district.
9. We suppose that the Moscow underground is the best in the world.
10. We suppose that the underground is the most convenient means of
transport.
131
Словарь-минимум:
Условные сокращения:
А-adjective- прилагательное
Adv-adverb- наречие
Conj-conjunction- союз
n-noun- существительное
num-numeral- числительное
pl-plural- множественное число
pron-pronoun- местоимение
prep-preposition- предлог
v-verb- глагол
133
F
135
R
137
Ключи к тестовым заданиям
Задание 1.
1. glacier
2. –
3. sediment
4. fracture
5. distribute
6. include
7. support
8. jigsaw
9. collision
10. ridgeline
11. element
12. resource
13. drawback
14. radioactive
15. contaminated
Задание 2.
Задание 3.
1. although
2. though
3. however
4. at least
5. nonetheless
6. therefore
7. despite
8. commonly
9. as result
10. on the other hand
Задание 4.
1. slowly
2. noticeable
3. reconstructed
4. record
138
5. scientist
6. arrangement
7. accept
8. joined
9. forms
10. puzzling
Задание 5.
1. core
2. continents
3. plate tectonics
4. mechanical weathering
5. chemical weathering
6. corrosion
7. sediments
8. water, wind and glaciers
9. glaciers
10. weather
11. atmosphere
12. geothermal
13. sonar
14. climate
15. fossils
Задание 6.
1. depending
2. carried
3. transporting
4. making
5. to have formed
6. to accommodate
7. to have originated
8. is said
9. to be made
10. are thought
139
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
140
Содержание
Unit 1……………………………………………………………………………… 4
Грамматика: 1. Глагол to be………………………………………………… 4
2. Глагол to have………………………………………………. 4
3. Оборот there + be…………………………………………… 5
4. Степени сравнения прилагательных………………………. 5
5. Времена группы Indefinite Active………………………….. 6
Text 1A. The Changing Earth…………………………………………………. 6
Text 1B. The Earth's Land and Water……………………………………….. 10
Unit 2……………………………………………………………………….. 12
Грамматика: 1. Времена группы Indefinite Passive………………………… 12
2. Модальные глаголы can, may, must и их эквиваленты……. 12
Text 2A. Internal Forces That Shape Landforms………………………………. 13
Text 2B. The Earth's Geologic History……………………………………… 16
Unit 3……………………………………………………………………….. 18
Грамматика: 1. Времена группы Continuous Active and Passive…………… 18
2. Усилительная конструкция It is (was).. .(who, that, when)… 18
3. Числительные………………………………………………. 19
Text 3А. Sea-Floor Spreading…………………………………………………. 19
Text 3B. Plate Movement…………………………………………………… 23
Unit 4……………………………………………………………………….. 25
Грамматика: 1. Времена группы Perfect Active and Passive………………… 25
2. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное
местоимение по и их производные ………………………… 25
Text 4A. The Continental Drift Theory……………………………………….. 26
Text 4B. Explanations…………………………………………………………. 29
Unit 5……………………………………………………………………….. 30
Грамматика: 1. Причастие I и II (Participle I, II)…………………………… 30
2. Независимый причастный оборот…………………………. 31
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Text 5A. Weathering………………………………………………………. 31
Text 5B. Chemical Weathering………………………………………………… 35
Text 5C. Observing Weathering……………………………………………... 36
Unit 6……………………………………………………………………….. 37
Грамматика: 1. Герундий (Gerund)………………………………………... 37
2. Конверсия…………………………………………………... 38
Text 6A. Erosion………………………………………………………………. 38
Text 6B. Wind………………………………………………………………….. 42
Unit 7……………………………………………………………………….. 43
Грамматика: 1. Инфинитив (Infinitive). Формы и функции………………… 43
2. Цепочка определений………………………………………. 44
Text 7A. Glaciers……………………………………………………………… 44
Text 7В. Weather and Climate…………………………………………………. 48
Unit 8……………………………………………………………………….. 49
Грамматика: 1. Объектный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object)…….. 49
2. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Subject)…… 49
3. Функции и перевод слов one (ones), that (those)…………… 50
Text 8A. World Resources…………………………………………………….. 51
Text 8B. Nonrenewable Resources…………………………………………….. 54
Unit 9……………………………………………………………………….. 56
Text. Other Energy Sources…………………………………………………. 57
Обзорное упражнение………………………………………………………… 58
Тестовые задания……………………………………………………………... 61
Основные грамматические понятия………………………………………….. 64
Части речи…………………………………………………………………….. 64
Члены предложения………………………………………………………….. 66
Комментарии к основному курсу…………………………………………….. 70
Глагол to be……………………………………………………………………. 70
Глагол to have………………………………………………………………… 71
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Оборот there + to be…………………………………………………………… 73
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий……………………………… 75
Времена группы Simple Active……………………………………………….. 77
Конструкция специальных вопросов………………………………………… 80
Времена группы Simple Passive………………………………………………. 81
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты………………………………………. 84
Времена группы Continuous Active и Passive…………………………………. 89
Усилительная конструкция…………………………………………………… 92
Числительное…………………………………………………………………. 93
Глагольные формы группы Perfect…………………………………………… 96
Глагольные формы группы Perfect (Active)…………………………………... 97
Употребление и перевод Present Perfect……………………………………… 97
Употребление и перевод Past Perfect…………………………………………. 99
Употребление и перевод Future Perfect……………………………………….. 99
Пассивные формы Perfect…………………………………………………….. 100
Причастие…………………………………………………………………….. 103
Общие сведения о герундии………………………………………………….. 115
Общие сведения об инфинитиве (The infinitive)……………………………… 123
Объектный инфинитивный оборот…………………………………………... 127
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот…………………………………………. 129
Словарь- минимум……………………………………………………………. 132
Ключи к тестовым заданиям…………………………………………………. 138
Список литературы…………………………………………………………….. 140
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Редактор Г. Б. Мальцева
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