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Exploring macOS
A Journey Through the
Mac Ecosystem
Sagar Rastogi
Jasdeep Singh
Exploring macOS: A Journey Through the Mac Ecosystem
Sagar Rastogi Jasdeep Singh
Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India Delhi, India
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-9881-7 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-9882-4

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9882-4
Copyright © 2023 by Sagar Rastogi and Jasdeep Singh

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Table of Contents
About the Authors�� xiii
Introduction��xv
Chapter 1: macOS Management Settings and Reinstallation Process�� 1

Mac Architecture Transitions�� 2
Apple Silicon and Intel Processor Lineup�� 4
Apple Silicon vs. Intel Processors�� 5
Distinctions Between the Windows and macOS Operating Systems�� 6
Windows�� 6
macOS�� 6
Quick Differentiation�� 6
Supported File Systems�� 7
Supported Architectures�� 7
Performance�� 7
Applications/Utilities of Windows and Mac with Common Goals�� 7
Command-Line Application�� 8
File Manager/Explorer�� 8
Encryption�� 8
System Settings�� 9
Media Player�� 9
Web Browser�� 10
Deleting Files�� 10
System Logs Viewer�� 10
Checking the Use of Resources�� 11
Switching from Windows to macOS�� 11
iii
Table of Contents
Right-Click�� 11
Swipe, Scroll, and Click�� 11
Close, Minimize, and Resize Window�� 11
Change Volume�� 12
Change Mac Settings�� 12
Open Apps�� 12
Find files�� 12
Browse for Files�� 12
Delete Files�� 12
Rename Files�� 12
Preview Files�� 13
Back Up Files�� 13
Apple ID�� 13
Create an Apple ID on a Mac Device�� 13
Sidebar Options for Setting Up Apple ID Preferences on a Mac�� 15
iCloud�� 16
iCloud Preferences on a Mac�� 16
Information About Important iCloud Icons and Usability�� 18
Mac Desktop�� 20
Menu Bar�� 21
Apple Menu�� 22
App Menus�� 24
Status Menu�� 24
Spotlight�� 25
Control Center�� 28
Siri�� 29
Notification Center�� 31
Details About the Symbols/Icons in the Menu�� 32
Mac Desktop Overview�� 32
Desktop Image�� 33
iv
Table of Contents
Desktop Appearance�� 34
Organizing Files and Folders�� 34
Turning on Stacks�� 35
Finding an Active Window�� 36
Using Several Desktop Spaces�� 36
Steps for Creating Desktop Spaces�� 37
Using Dock�� 38
Organizing Files and Folders in Finder�� 39
System Preferences�� 40
Accessing System Preferences/Settings on Mac�� 41
Customizing a Mac via System Preferences�� 41
Exploring System Preferences/Settings�� 41
Options in System Preferences/Settings�� 42
Customizing System Preferences/Settings�� 43
Hiding a Particular Preference/Setting�� 43
Showing a Hidden Preference/Setting�� 44
Reorganizing Preferences/Settings�� 44
Important Note�� 44
Rosetta on Apple Silicon-Based Macs�� 44
Installing Rosetta/Rosetta2�� 45
softwareupdate --install-rosetta�� 46
Using Rosetta/Rosetta2�� 46
Which Applications Need Rosetta/Rosetta2?�� 47
Minor Updates of macOS�� 48
Checking macOS Updates Manually�� 49
Checking for Software Updates Automatically�� 49
Recommendations�� 50
Major Upgrade of a macOS�� 51
Recovery of a macOS�� 53
v
Table of Contents
Apple Silicon�� 53
Intel Processor�� 54
Recovery Mode�� 54
Reinstallation of macOS�� 56
Importance of Key Combinations�� 56
During the Installation Process, Please Adhere to the Following Guidelines�� 57
Erasing and Reinstalling a macOS�� 57
Mac Setup�� 59
Summary�� 64
Glossary�� 65
Chapter 2: Applications and Utilities Introduction�� 67

User Accounts Overview�� 68
Types of User Accounts�� 69
Administrator Account�� 69
Standard Account�� 71
Sharing Only Account�� 72
Guest Account�� 73
Groups�� 75
Sudo User Account�� 76
Active Directory Mobile Account�� 77
Supported File Systems on the Application Level�� 77
.pkg�� 78
.dmg�� 80
.app�� 83
Overview of Built-In (Preinstalled) macOS Applications and Utilities�� 85
macOS File Format Systems�� 93
APFS�� 94
Mac OS Extended (HFS+)�� 95
ExFAT�� 96
MS-DOS (FAT)�� 96
View/Hide Hidden Files and Folders With Keyboard Shortcuts�� 97
vi
Table of Contents
Overview of Important Built-In Utilities�� 102

Disk Utility�� 103
Encrypt and Secure Storage Devices with a Password�� 107
Activity Monitor�� 107
Performing System Diagnostics in Activity Monitor on a Mac�� 117
Console�� 119
Keychain Access�� 121
Summary�� 124
Chapter 3: Configurations and Troubleshooting�� 125

Network Settings�� 126
Network Locations on a Mac�� 131
Creating Network Locations on a Mac�� 131
Switching to a Different Network Location�� 135
Connecting a Mac to the Internet via Ethernet�� 138
Sharing a Wi-Fi Password on a Mac�� 144
Terminal Commands for Networks�� 144
Check Network Connectivity�� 145
View Network Information�� 146
Display Routing Table�� 146
Flush DNS Cache�� 146
Renew DHCP Lease�� 146
Enable/Disable Network Interfaces�� 146
Change Network Configuration�� 146
Manage Wi-Fi Connections�� 147
Network Setup�� 147
Printers and Scanners�� 147
AirPrint�� 150
USB Printer Configuration�� 151
Wi-Fi or Network Printer Configuration�� 152
Network Printer Configuration by IP Address�� 154
Bluetooth Printer Configuration�� 157
vii
Table of Contents
Wi-Fi/Mobile Printer Configuration via a Configuration Profile�� 158

Libraries in a Mac�� 159
Library Folders on Macs�� 160
Hidden Library Folder�� 161
Accessing Library Folders�� 161
Using Finder�� 161
Using the Go to Folder Option�� 162
Using Terminal�� 162
What Files or Folders Can Be Removed from a Library?�� 162
Is It Safe to Remove Caches From the Library Folder?�� 163
Time Machine�� 163
Useful Details About Time Machine�� 168
Restoring Files via Time Machine�� 169
Restoring a Mac from a Time Machine Backup�� 172
Restoring All Files via a Time Machine Backup�� 175
Creating a Bootable Installer for a Mac�� 177
Prerequisites�� 178
Step 1: Downloading macOS�� 178
Obtaining the Appropriate Installer�� 179
Recommended and Authentic Download Weblinks from Apple�� 179
Step 2: Formatting an External Drive (USB Flash Drive/External HDD)�� 181
Step 3: Executing Commands via Terminal to Create Install Media�� 184
Using a Bootable Installer�� 186
Apple Silicon-based Mac�� 186
Intel Processor-Based Mac�� 187
Using the Start-up Security Utility�� 187
What If My Mac Doesn’t Boot Using a USB Drive?�� 188
Troubleshooting App Installation�� 189
Safe Mode in a Mac�� 191
Apple Silicon�� 191
Intel Processor�� 192
viii
Table of Contents
Viewing System Logs in a Mac�� 192

Reading Logs in Console�� 193
Reading Logs in Folders via Finder�� 194
Summary�� 195
Chapter 4: Troubleshooting in macOS and Ventura OS Overview�� 197

Recommendations for Resolving Various Mac Issues�� 197
Troubleshooting Specific Mac Issues�� 198
First Aid Using Disk Utility�� 198
Problems with Third-Party Hardware or Software�� 199
Reboot Network Devices�� 199
Verify Your Wi-Fi Connection�� 199
Examine Connections to the Printer�� 200
Check the Compatibility of the Printer�� 200
Software Update�� 200
Add a Printer Manually�� 200
Restart the Printer�� 201
Examine the Print Queue and Start Printing Again�� 201
Add the Printer Again After Removing It�� 201
Get in Touch with the Printer’s Manufacturer�� 201
macOS Ventura Overview�� 202
Important Features and Improvements�� 233
Summary�� 237
Chapter 5: Introduction to Jamf and Apple Enterprise Management�� 239

Apple Enterprise Management�� 240
Overview of Jamf and Its Capabilities�� 240
What Advantages Does Jamf Pro Offer to Its Customers?�� 241
Data Gathering by Jamf Pro�� 241
Product Portfolio and Features Offered by Jamf�� 242
License Pricing for Enterprise and Education�� 246
Overview of Jamf Cloud and Jamf On-Premises�� 246
ix
Table of Contents
Architecture of Jamf Cloud and Jamf On-Premises�� 248

Benefits of Using Jamf Cloud�� 250
What is the Functionality of Jamf Cloud MDM?�� 250
Computer Enrollment Methods by Jamf Pro�� 251
Important Components of Jamf Pro�� 253
Security Compliance and its Frameworks�� 254
Jamf Integrations and its Marketplace�� 255
Overview of Jamf Pro Dashboard�� 255
Global Management Settings�� 257
Jamf Apps�� 262
Self Service�� 263
Server�� 264
Network�� 264
Computer Management�� 266
Device Management�� 268
User Management�� 269
Information�� 270
Useful Resource URLs�� 270
Summary�� 271
Chapter 6: Automation�� 273

Using the Command Line on macOS�� 273
Prerequisites to Using the CLI on macOS�� 274
Reasons to Use the Command-Line Interface�� 274
Construction of a Command-Line Sequence�� 274
Differences Between Mac Terminal and Windows Command Line�� 275
The Power of the sudo Command�� 276
Useful Terminal Commands�� 277
Supported Programming Languages on macOS�� 298
AppleScript Definition and Overview�� 298
Shell Scripting and Its Usage�� 306
x
Table of Contents
Differences Between bash vs. zsh�� 306

Modifying the Default Shell on macOS�� 306
Basic Building Components for Writing a Simple Bash Script�� 312
Creating and Executing a Shell Script on macOS�� 323
Third-Party Text Editors for Mac�� 333
Advance Shell Scripting and Its Components�� 333
Building Elements That Create a Function�� 334
Arrays and Lists�� 335
Best Way to Debug and Troubleshoot Bash Scripts�� 340
Summary�� 341
Glossary�� 342
Index�� 343
xi
About the Authors
Sagar Rastogi has been a technology evangelist with strong
skills centered around Apple macOS, iOS, and Microsoft
products since 2012. He is a passionate geek with big ideas
to sell. Sagar is an Enterprise Apple Desktop Architect, Jamf
Mobile Device Management Subject Matter Expert, and
Office 365 Mobility Architect. He is a Jamf Certified Expert,
Jamf Certified Admin, and Jamf Certified Endpoint Security
Admin. He is certified in Cybersecurity (ISC2) and has also
earned certifications in AWS Cloud, Office 365, and ITIL
Service Transition. He’s also an Android Enterprise Certified
Associate.
He has a history of sharing his expertise via white papers and blogs, some of which
have been published by Jamf. His easy-going personality and ability to control a room
make him an excellent presenter and teacher. He enjoys helping others and sharing his
knowledge with them.
He has created unique workflows using Apple devices, specifically macOS, in a
variety of industries from manufacturing to retail and healthcare. He builds solutions
that emphasize the end user’s experience. In addition, he provides in-person and
remote device and application support for Windows and mobile end points within his
organization.
xiii
About the Authors
Jasdeep Singh has been working on and providing training

for the Apple ecosystem since 2007. He’s a Principal
Architect, senior consultant, course developer, trainer,
and Apple Enterprise Management Architect in the Digital
Workplace Services domain. Jasdeep provides coaching
and mentoring for people who use Apple devices (macOS/
iOS/iPadOS/tvOS) in complicated environments. He has
provided architectural support to multiple organizations
across the globe in Enterprise Mobility Management
in complex environments, inclusive of Apple devices
management via leading Enterprise Mobility suites
like Jamf, Microsoft Intune (MEM), Kandji, and Addigy, while acting as a quality
transformations, migration, and modernization consultant for Apple devices. He has
extensive experience in enterprise architectural activities, digital workplace services,
transition and transformation frameworks, and more. He possesses knowledge around
solution designing, scripting, security hardening on Apple devices, and automation. He
has written handful of technical blogs, architectural documents, and technical SOPs,
and he has provided technical expertise in various type of businesses including fintech,
healthcare, and commercial.
xiv
Introduction
Welcome to Exploring macOS. We will take you through the Mac ecosystem. We’ll
start with macOS fundamentals and, as we progress through subsequent chapters,
we’ll demonstrate advanced techniques, including how to use scripts to automate
tasks. Further, we will cover essential applications and utilities for common goals and
guide you through transitioning from Windows to macOS. We will highlight ground-
breaking information about Apple hardware architecture with Apple Silicon Chip’s
impact. Additionally, we will cover the significance of Apple ID and iCloud in the
Apple ecosystem. You will learn how to maximize your Mac experience. This book
sets the stage for an enriching exploration of Mac devices and their profound impact
on organizational workflows. Automation plays a vital role in enterprises, so you will
also learn about scripting and its significance to make use of Macs to the best of their
capability. Join us on this exciting journey as we unlock the mysteries of Mac devices and
uncover the potential of the Mac ecosystem. Let’s embark on this adventure together!
xv
CHAPTER 1
macOS Management
Settings and
Reinstallation Process
In this chapter, we delve into the various aspects of macOS functionality, with a special
focus on customizing the operating system to suit individual user preferences. We
begin by exploring how users can tailor macOS settings at the operating system level to
optimize their overall experience.
Furthermore, we shed light on the essential process of updating Mac devices with the
latest security patches and combo updates. By understanding the significance of these
updates, users can ensure their systems remain secure and up to date.
Another crucial topic we address is the major operating system upgrades. We guide
users through the seamless transition from one macOS version to another, such as
upgrading from the familiar macOS Big Sur to the newer and exciting macOS Monterey.
Moreover, we discuss how the Mac recovery system can prove invaluable for
troubleshooting purposes. Understanding how to use this system efficiently empowers
users to resolve various issues that may arise during their macOS journey.
Finally, we conclude the chapter by focusing on the post reinstallation setup of a
Mac. With a fresh operating system in place, we explain the essential steps users must
take to configure their systems to their liking, ensuring a personalized and efficient
workspace.
Join us on this comprehensive exploration of macOS, where we uncover the inner
workings of the operating system and empower users to optimize their Mac experience
to the fullest.
1
© Sagar Rastogi and Jasdeep Singh 2023
S. Rastogi and J. Singh, Exploring macOS, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9882-4_1
Chapter 1 macOS Management Settings and Reinstallation Process
Note A significant portion of the information below is quite basic and might
already be familiar to many users, even those who have never used a Mac. This
is because iOS/iPadOS and macOS now share quite a similar look, feel, and
functionality, and since iPhones/iPads are widespread, users may already be
acquainted with these similarities. Further, Apple is aligning its product line and OS.
Mac Architecture Transitions

Apple had three principal hardware architecture transitions for Macs. Apple’s first
computer systems ran on Motorola processors. However, in 1994, Apple transitioned to
the latest architecture named PowerPC. While the transition delivered advantages, later
the PowerPC processors did not deliver as per the expectations of Apple.
In 2005, Apple decided to transition from PowerPC to Intel. Intel processors
were more efficient and quicker compared to PowerPC ones, which empowered the
expansion of Mac devices. Apple announced that this transition would start in June of
2006 and be completed in the last quarter of 2007. However, the process went ahead
rapidly and as a result it was completed in August of 2006. The transition to the Intel
architecture happened when the PowerMac platform was substituted with Mac Pro
consisting of the Intel platform.
After successful years with Intel, Apple again decided to add influential and
proficient processors to Macs as Apple’s iPhones and iPads were already functioning
on self-developed chipsets. In June of 2020, Apple announced that the hardware
architecture of the Macs would be transitioned to their proprietary ARM-based chipsets
from Intel, which would be known as Apple Silicon.
In November of 2020, the first set of Apple Silicon-based Macs inclusive of the first
M1 chipset were announced. Apple said this transition was to be completed by the end
of 2022.
In October of 2021, Apple presented two new chipsets named M1 Pro and M1 Max
as successors of M1, with the capacity to deliver more robust performance. The M1 Pro
chip comes with an impressive hardware (10 core CPUs, 16 core GPUs, with an option
to be customized with up to 32 GB of RAM). The M1 Max chip consists of 32 core GPUs,
with an option to be customized with up to 64 GB of RAM.
2
In March 2022, Apple unveiled the M1 Ultra as a successor to previous M1 chips,

which is more powerful with 48- or 64-core GPU with an option to be customized with
64GB or 128GB of RAM. See Figure 1-1.
Figure 1-1. First set of Apple Silicon chipsets architectures designed by Apple, the
M1 lineup
During the Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 6, 2022, Apple

unveiled its highly anticipated M2 chip, which powers the latest models of the MacBook
Air and the 13-inch MacBook Pro. The M2 chip is manufactured using TSMC’s Enhanced
5-nanometer technology N5P process and incorporates an impressive 20 billion
transistors, representing a 25% increase from its predecessor, the M1 chip. Apple claims
that the M2 offers substantial CPU improvements of up to 18% and GPU improvements
of up to 35% compared to the M1. See Figure 1-2.
3
Figure 1-2. Successor of M1 Apple Silicon chipsets architectures, the M2 lineup
Following the M2’s announcement, Apple introduced two more chips, the M2
Pro and M2 Max, in January 2023, targeted at professional users. The M2 Max boasts
additional GPU cores and memory bandwidth, along with a larger die size, making
it a more powerful version of the M2 Pro. In June 2023, Apple launched the M2 Ultra,
which combines two M2 Max chips within a single package, delivering unparalleled
performance for advanced computing needs.
Apple Silicon and Intel Processor Lineup

Table 1-1 shows the entire lineup of processors designed by Apple and Intel, along with
the year in which the respective processor was released. Each year Apple announces the
successor of previous products, followed by its release. Likewise, Intel keeps working on
its product lineup and launches them once they are ready for public release.
4
Table 1-1. Apple Silicon and Intel Processors Lineup

Apple Year Intel Year
M2 Ultra 2023 11th Generation - Tiger Lake 2020

M2 Max 2023 10th Generation - Ice Lake 2019
M2 Pro 2023 9th Generation – Coffee Lake Refresh 2018
M2 2022 8th Generation – Coffee Lake 2018
M1 Ultra 2022 7th Generation – Kaby Lake 2017
M1 Max 2021 6th Generation – Skylake 2015
M1 Pro 2021 5th Generation – Broadwell 2015
M1 2020 4th Generation – Haswell 2013
3rd Generation – Ivy Bridge 2012
2nd Generation – Sandy Bridge 2011
1st Generation – Nehalem 2011
Apple Silicon vs. Intel Processors

The Intel processors that Apple embedded in Mac devices are x86 chips. Apple’s
proprietary processors are based on ARM (Advanced RISC Machine), inclusive of
various technologies designed by Apple.
Apple silicon chipsets are SoC (system-on-a-chip) and self-designed by Apple for
Mac devices. Apple is transitioning from Intel to its own chipset on Macs like iPhones
and iPads.
Apple claims that the ARM-based M1 chip provides superior performance in
comparison to Intel. Further, Apple considers the M1 chip as the fastest in the industry.
The M1 chip is an octa-core processor with 4 performance and 4 efficiency cores. In
addition, it comes with 8-core graphics and 16-core Neutral Engine, which is designed to
deliver up to 15 times quicker performance.
Because of the 8-core GPU, M1-based Macs excel in graphics performance, beating
the onboard quad-core Intel chips that were available on older Mac devices.
5
istinctions Between the Windows and macOS

D
Operating Systems
As someone who has explored both Windows and Mac machines, you’re undoubtedly
familiar with the similarities and noteworthy disparities between these operating
systems. Let’s delve into the primary divergences that set apart the Windows operating
system from macOS.
Windows
Microsoft Inc. designed, developed, and created Windows. The preliminary version of
Windows was released on November 20, 1985. At present, Windows 11 is the newest
version. Windows 365, which supports cloud PC, was released on July 16, 2021 and
Windows 11 was released on October 5, 2021.
macOS
Mac is designed, developed, and created by Apple Inc. It’s an operating system based
on Unix called Macintosh. The Mac operating system is written in C, C++, C-objective,
and Swift assembly. It’s presently offered in 39 different languages. Formerly, macOS was
named Mac OSX.
The preliminary version of macOS was released on March 24, 2001, and the latest
release of macOS was on October 25, 2022 (which is macOS 13, known as Ventura).
Quick Differentiation
Windows OS is offered in more languages as compared to macOS.
As compared to Windows OS, the scope of troubleshooting on macOS is easier.
Windows is more widely used globally, with macOS being the second most-used
operating system.
For software updates consisting of critical operating system updates, macOS uses
Software Update and Windows uses Windows Update.
6
Supported File Systems

Macs: APFS, HFS, HFS+, UFS, AFP, UDF, NFS, FAT, SMBFS, NTFS, FTP, WebDAV, and ZFS
Windows: NTFS, APFS, UDF, HFS+, FATX, and HFS
Supported Architectures
Macs: Intel-based processors and Apple Silicon chipsets
Windows: Intel- and AMD-based processors
Performance
Macs: Apple has complete control of the hardware and software because both are
developed by Apple. As a result, Mac devices provide superior functioning as compared
to expensive Windows-based computers.
Windows: It’s easier to customize a Windows-based computer as per the different
hardware requirements for extreme performance. However, if multiple OEM hardware
is embedded in one PC, issues may result related to compatibility and availability of
drivers required for each module to function appropriately. This can unfavorably affect
functionality and performance of the device.
pplications/Utilities of Windows and Mac

A
with Common Goals
In the ever-evolving landscape of computing, the Windows and Mac operating systems
have become integral to our digital lives. Despite their unique features, they share
common goals when it comes to providing essential applications and utilities. From
enhancing productivity to ensuring system security, these common objectives unite the
two platforms in their pursuit of delivering a seamless user experience.
In this exploration, we will delve into the applications and utilities of Windows and
Mac that have common goals, revealing how they align in their commitment to meeting
the needs of modern users.
7
Command-Line Application
In the realm of computer programming and system administration, the command-line
application stands as a venerable and indispensable tool. Providing users with direct
access to a computer’s operating system, this powerful interface allows for precise
control and execution of various tasks through text-based commands. Command-
line applications have a rich history and continue to play a crucial role in modern
computing, catering to developers, power users, and administrators alike.
Both applications end up with the common functionality of executing the
commands to achieve the certain results.
In Windows, it’s called the CMD (Command Prompt).
In Macs, it’s known as Terminal.
For instance, consider following commands to continuously ping any website via the
command line:
Windows: ping google.com -t
macOS: ping google.com
File Manager/Explorer
The File Manager/Explorer emerges as a fundamental tool. It provides users with an
intuitive and efficient way to navigate, organize, and interact with their computer’s files
and directories. As a cornerstone of modern operating systems, this essential application
offers a graphical interface that simplifies file manipulation, enabling users to effortlessly
create, move, copy, and delete files and folders. It can be used to quickly find and access
files and folders.
The Windows-based application is called File Explorer.
The application in a Mac is called Finder.
Encryption
Encryption in Mac and Windows systems serves as a crucial line of defense, safeguarding
sensitive data from unauthorized access and potential security breaches. Both platforms
offer robust built-in encryption features that allow users to protect their files, folders, and
communications. Each have a technology to encrypt the hard drive for data security and
to prevent any unauthorized access into the device.
8
In Windows, the encryption technology is known as BitLocker.

In macOS, the equivalent is called FileVault.
System Settings
System settings in both the Mac and Windows operating systems serves as a vital control
center, enabling users to personalize and configure their devices according to their
preferences and requirements. These settings provide an intuitive interface to manage
various aspects, including display settings, sound preferences, network configurations,
user accounts, security options, and more. Whether it’s adjusting screen resolution,
customizing notifications, or managing power-saving modes, system settings empower
users to fine-tune their devices to optimize performance, enhance usability, and ensure
a seamless computing experience. It can be used to view and change entire system
settings, such as network, printer, mouse, and keyboard.
To change system settings in Windows OS, you need to access the Control Panel.
In Macs, system settings can be modified or managed via System Preferences.
Note In the new version of macOS 13 (Ventura), System Preferences is

rebranded as System Settings by Apple.
Media Player
In the Mac and Windows operating systems, media players play a central role in
providing users with a seamless multimedia experience. These versatile applications
allow users to enjoy various types of media content, including music, videos, and
images, all within a user-friendly interface. Whether it’s organizing music libraries,
creating playlists, or streaming videos, media players offer a range of features to enhance
the entertainment experience.
In Windows, the media player application is called Windows Media Player.
In Macs, the media player application is known as QuickTime Player.
9
Web Browser
Browsers play a crucial role in both the Mac and Windows operating systems, serving as
gateways to the vast world of the Internet. These powerful applications enable users to
access websites, search for information, stream videos, and interact with online content
seamlessly. With user-friendly interfaces and a multitude of features, browsers offer a
personalized and immersive web browsing experience.
Whether it is Safari on Macs or Microsoft Edge on Windows, these browsers cater to
user’s needs, providing fast, secure, and efficient access to the Internet.
Deleting Files
An ability to delete files is a fundamental feature in the Mac and Windows operating
systems, allowing users to manage their digital data efficiently. Whether it’s removing
unnecessary files to free up storage space or eliminating sensitive information securely,
the process of deleting files is simple and intuitive. Any deleted files get stored in specific
applications as per their respective operating systems. Later you can restore the files or
permanently delete them.
When you delete any file or folder in Windows, they get stored within the Recycle Bin.
Executing a similar action within macOS moves this data to an application
called Bin.
System Logs Viewer

The System Logs Viewer is a powerful utility available in both Mac and Windows
operating systems, providing users with a comprehensive view of critical system events
and activities. By accessing detailed log files, users can monitor system performance,
troubleshoot issues, and track important system events. Whether it’s reviewing error
messages, diagnosing software conflicts, or identifying security breaches, the System
Logs Viewer serves as a valuable tool for system administrators and advanced users.
There’s a dedicated utility or application available in both operating systems that is used
to view system wide logs for troubleshooting or detailed information.
In the Windows operating system, you can use an application named Event Viewer.
In a Mac, it’s known as Console.
10
Checking the Use of Resources

Checking the use of resources is an essential task in both Mac and Windows operating
systems, empowering users to monitor their device’s performance and optimize
efficiency. Resource monitoring tools provide real-time insights into CPU, memory, disk,
and network usage, enabling users to identify resource-intensive processes and potential
bottlenecks. By understanding how system resources are used, users can make informed
decisions to improve overall system performance and ensure a smooth computing
experience. There’s a dedicated utility or application available in both operating systems,
which is used to get information about the services or applications utilizing maximum
resources of a machine, like CPU or RAM usage.
The application with this dedicated task in Windows is called Task Manager.
In macOS it is called Activity Monitor.
Switching from Windows to macOS

Switching from a Windows OS to a macOS can be an exciting transition, offering a new
and user-friendly computing experience. Here are a few tips Windows users can follow
while switching to Mac.
Right-Click
Right-click on Apple’s (magic) mouse and two-finger click on Apple’s trackpad. These
settings can be changed in System Preferences > Mouse preferences and Trackpad
preferences.
Swipe, Scroll, and Click

Preferences for scroll directions, swipe gestures, or button assignments are available in
Mouse and Trackpad preferences.
Close, Minimize, and Resize Window

Options (like radio buttons) to close, minimize, or maximize any window are available
on the top left corner.
11
Change Volume
Volume controls on the Menu bar or the Volume keys on Apple’s keyboard can be used
to change volume.
Change Mac Settings

You use the Control Panel in Windows to change any settings; System Preferences can be
used in Macs.
Open Apps
Launchpad and Dock can be used to open apps (programs).
Find files
Spotlight is used to swiftly search and open applications, docs, and more.
Browse for Files

As with Windows File Explorer in Windows devices, Finder can be used in Macs.
Delete Files
As with the Recycle Bin in Windows, Trash/Bin can be used in Macs.
Rename Files
Click any file/folder to highlight and press the Return key to rename a file. After entering
the name, press the Return key again.
12
Preview Files
The Quick Look feature is used to preview files swiftly. To use this feature, highlight the
file and press the Space key on the keyboard.
Back Up Files
Time Machine is used to back up the files present in Mac. It creates a snapshot of the
entire Mac operating system including customized settings and files.
Apple ID
Apple ID is an essential part of the Apple ecosystem. It helps keep the device secure and
it manages the data effectively within Apple devices connected to the same Apple ID.
An Apple ID allows access to the iTunes (Music) Store, App Store, Apple Books,
iCloud, FaceTime, and other Apple services.
An Apple ID can be created using an email account like Gmail or Yahoo or iCloud
(for instance, abc@icloud.com). It is recommended to use one Apple ID in all of your
Apple devices and Apple services for seamless user experience.
To create an Apple ID, you can use devices like Macs, iPhones, or iPads, or you can
create one at https://appleid.apple.com/.
Note In a few countries and regions, a phone number is allowed for creating an
Apple ID instead of an email address.
Create an Apple ID on a Mac Device

On a Mac device, click the Apple menu at the top left corner, open System Preferences,
and then click Sign In at the top right corner. See Figure 1-3.
13
Figure 1-3. Apple ID Sign In
Click the Create Apple ID option and follow the on-screen directions to complete the
process. See Figure 1-4.
Figure 1-4. Create an Apple ID
14
Once successfully signed in with an Apple ID, you can set up your preferences. Apple
ID allows access to all of the Apple services, inclusive of iTunes (Music) Store, Books,
App Store for applications or games, your iCloud account, and other essential Apple
Services. After a successful sign in, Apple ID preferences are used to edit the account
name, photo, contact details, password and security preferences, payment, shipping
details, and more. See Figure 1-5.
Figure 1-5. Successful sign in with Apple ID
idebar Options for Setting Up Apple ID Preferences

S
on a Mac
Overview: These options can be used for reviewing an Apple ID, privacy policies, and to
log out from an Apple ID.
15
Name, Phone, Email: These options allow you to set up a name, phone number,
email info, and other contact details linked with the user’s Apple ID.
Password & Security: These options allow you to change password and security
information linked with the user’s Apple ID.
Payment & Shipping: These options allow you to set up payment and shipping
details linked with the user’s Apple ID.
iCloud: These options allow you to choose the iCloud features and to manage iCloud
storage.
Media & Purchases: These options allow you to edit or set up media and purchase
preferences linked with the user’s Apple ID.
Trusted devices: This section displays the list of trusted devices linked with the same
Apple ID and to change these trusted devices’ options.
iCloud
iCloud is the service provided by Apple for saving a user’s data on cloud storage, such
as pictures, videos, documents, music, and apps. Further, it allows sharing the same
updated data on Apple devices to be linked with the user’s same Apple ID. By using
an iCloud account, users can easily share data like pictures and calendars with others
(family members or friends).
As a security feature, iCloud also helps in finding a lost Apple device. By default,
Apple provides 5GB of free iCloud storage, and users can buy more storage as per the
requirements and plans available.
iCloud Preferences on a Mac

After a successful sign in using an Apple ID, System Preferences enables the option for
managing iCloud preferences. On a Mac device, click the Apple logo at the top left side
corner and then open System Preferences. Click the Apple ID followed by the iCloud
option. See Figure 1-6.
16
Figure 1-6. iCloud preferences access
17
Further, check or uncheck the options to use in iCloud. See Figure 1-7.
Figure 1-7. iCloud preferences management
Information About Important iCloud Icons and Usability

Usability is a crucial aspect of iCloud, as it simplifies data management and ensures
seamless access to your information across devices. Through the use of these icons
and intuitive interfaces, iCloud offers a user-friendly experience, empowering you to
effortlessly sync, access, and share your data, photos, notes, and more across your entire
Apple ecosystem. Table 1-2 provides information about available iCloud options with
icons and usability.
18
Table 1-2. iCloud Icons and Usability

iCloud options Details
Pictures and videos are always available.
Photos
Share your desktop and documents on all Apple devices linked with
the same account.
iCloud Drive
Share music, books, apps, and subscriptions with family members.
Family Sharing
Find My Mac is used to trace an active Mac device on the map.
Further, remote commands can be pushed on the lost Mac device,
Find My Mac like playing a sound, screen locking, or erasing entire data.
Keep mail, calendars, notes, contacts, reminders, messages, news,
and stocks updated, including HomeKit accessories preferences, by
using applications on Macs, iPhones or iPads, and iCloud.
Calendars, Contacts,
Reminders and more
iCloud Tabs, bookmarks, and reading details in Safari
Safari
It helps keep passwords, payment information, and more securely
saved, and allows for the automatic filling of these fields on Apple
iCloud Keychain devices linked with the same iCloud account.
iCloud Storage Apple provides 5GB of free iCloud storage, and users can buy more
storage any time as per requirements and plans available.
19
Mac Desktop
When you log into your Mac, you will find yourself on the Mac Desktop—a familiar and
essential starting point for all your computing endeavors. In this chapter, we delve into
the various components that make up the Mac Desktop, each serving a unique purpose
to enhance your overall user experience.
The Mac Desktop is an organized space that encompasses several key elements
designed to provide quick access and easy navigation. Among these elements, the Menu
bar takes a prominent position, offering an array of options and features that cater to
your computing needs.
Beyond the Menu bar, we will explore Spotlight, a powerful tool that allows you to
swiftly search and find applications, documents, and more with just a few keystrokes.
As you progress, you will encounter the Control Center, where you can access essential
system settings and preferences effortlessly.
Siri, Apple’s intelligent virtual assistant, is also present on the Mac Desktop, ready
to lend a hand with tasks, answer questions, and facilitate smooth interactions between
you and your device. Furthermore, the Notification Center ensures you stay informed
about essential updates, messages, and notifications, all neatly organized for your
convenience.
Of course, the heart of the Mac Desktop lies in the Desktop itself—a customizable
canvas where you can organize files, folders, and shortcuts to frequently used
applications. And, not to be overlooked, the Dock remains a steadfast companion at the
bottom of your screen, providing quick access to your most frequently used apps and
documents.
Last but not least, we acquaint you with the Finder—an essential file management
tool that empowers you to navigate your Mac, access files, and effortlessly manage your
digital world. See Figure 1-8.
Join us on this journey of discovery as we unravel the intricacies of the Mac Desktop.
By understanding each element and its functionality, you’ll be equipped to make the
most of your Mac experience, creating an efficient and personalized workspace tailored
to your needs.
20
Figure 1-8. Default screen of a Mac’s Desktop
Menu Bar
The Menu Bar is placed at the top of the desktop window. You can use the menu along
with the icons in the Menu Bar to select certain commands, execute the jobs, get
required information, and check the status of mentioned features. See Figure 1-9.
Figure 1-9. The menu bar segregated into different menus and items
21
The Menu Bar is an integral part of your Mac’s graphical user interface, offering a
range of essential options and controls accessible from the top of your screen. Within
this chapter, you will embark on a detailed exploration of the various items that compose
the Menu Bar, each serving a unique purpose to enhance your overall Mac experience.
First and foremost is the Apple menu, a symbol of the iconic Apple brand, which
provides a gateway to essential system-wide functions and preferences. This menu
allows you to access critical actions such as system updates, software installations,
and more.
Next, you will delve into the App menu, which dynamically changes to reflect the
currently active application. You will uncover the wealth of options it provides, specific
to each app, enabling you to manipulate files, adjust settings, and make the most of your
software.
Additionally, you will encounter status menus, which are small icons situated on the
right side of the Menu Bar, each representing various system status indicators. You will
learn how these unobtrusive icons convey crucial information about your Mac’s network
connectivity, battery life, and other important metrics at a glance.
Intriguingly, you will encounter shortcut icons for Siri, Spotlight, Control Center, and
other noteworthy items nestled within the Menu Bar. You will unravel the potential of
these quick-access icons, empowering you to harness the full capabilities of your Mac
with a single click.
Further, you will examine each Menu Bar item in great detail, exploring their
functionalities along with tips and tricks to optimize your Mac navigation and
productivity. By the end of this exploration, you will possess a comprehensive
understanding of the Menu Bar’s significance and how to make it work in tandem with
your workflow efficiently.
Prepare to unlock a wealth of options and possibilities as we embark on this journey
through the Menu Bar’s offerings. Whether you are a seasoned Mac user or a newcomer
to the world of macOS, this chapter promises to enrich your understanding and elevate
your Mac proficiency to new heights.
Apple Menu
The Apple Menu is located on the upper left of the screen’s edge and it includes
commands for various tasks to perform in regular intervals, such as updating
applications, opening System Preferences, and performing shutdown, restarting, or
locking a Mac.
22
Table 1-3 offers details about each item available within the Apple menu. Every
Apple menu item has its own significance for usability. It provides an overview
about macOS.
Table 1-3. Details About Apple Menu Items

Apple Menu Items Description
About This Mac To see details of the Mac, including macOS info with version number,
processor, memory (RAM), and optimization of storage
Also, access to the manual of the Mac and to obtain service or repair
details
System Preferences System Preferences is used to customize settings on the Mac and to
update/upgrade the macOS.
App Store App Store is used to update and install applications.
Recent Items When you use apps, files, and network computers, their names are
automatically included in a list for easy access in the future. To control
the number of items displayed in the list, you can adjust the settings
in the General preferences. To access these settings, select the Apple
menu, click System Preferences, and navigate to General.
Force Quit It is used when any application is frozen and not responding.
Important: If you force quit any application, there could be a loss of any
unsaved data.
Sleep To decrease power consumption and lower the screen’s brightness
without completely powering off the Mac
Restart Reboot the device.
Shut Down Completely turn off the Mac.
Lock Screen Lock the machine and reach the user log-in window.
Log Out Log out from the current logged in user without turning off the Mac. This
is useful if multiple users are provisioned in a single machine.
23
App Menus
App menus are a fundamental aspect of macOS. They are adjacent to the iconic Apple
menu/logo. App menus play a vital role in every application you use, providing a rich
set of options and commands to streamline your tasks and workflows. As you explore
your Mac’s interface, you’ll notice that the active application’s name is displayed in bold,
followed by a series of other menus, commonly bearing typical labels such as File, Edit,
Format, Window, and Help.
Within each application, you’ll find the indispensable Help menu, a valuable
resource for obtaining detailed information about the application’s functionalities and
other useful insights. Whether you are a newcomer to an application or a seasoned user
looking to delve deeper into its capabilities, the Help menu is an invaluable companion.
Each of these menus boasts a collection of commands tailored to the specific
application’s functionality, offering you a consistent experience across various apps.
While certain commands may vary depending on the application’s purpose, many
commands are available in most apps, facilitating seamless navigation and enhancing
your overall efficiency.
Throughout this chapter, we unravel the intricacies of app menus, providing you with
comprehensive insights into their organization, options, and usage. By understanding
how to leverage these menus effectively, you’ll gain mastery over your favorite
applications and discover new ways to maximize productivity.
Join us as we unlock the potential of App-menus and dive into the world of
commands and possibilities they present. From discovering hidden shortcuts to
uncovering advanced features, this chapter promises to empower you with the
knowledge to navigate macOS with finesse and confidence. Whether you’re a creative
professional, a business user, or an enthusiast, the principles explored here will prove
indispensable on your journey to becoming a Mac power user.
Status Menu
At the right end of the Menu Bar lies a cluster of icons representing a diverse collection of
status menu items. These unobtrusive yet powerful icons let you monitor various aspects
of your Mac’s status and swiftly adjust essential features to suit your preferences. In this
chapter, you embark on a journey to understand the significance of these status menus
and how they empower you to stay in control of your Mac experience.
24
Each status menu icon provides valuable information at a glance. From monitoring
battery charge levels to adjusting keyboard brightness, these icons offer quick insights
into your Mac’s vital statistics. However, their true potential lies in the wealth of options
and functionality they provide when clicked upon.
Clicking a status menu icon opens up a world of possibilities. For instance, a simple
click of the Wi-Fi icon grants you access to a list of available networks, allowing you to
seamlessly connect to the Internet. Similarly, clicking the Display icon unveils options to
enable or disable Dark Mode or Night Shift, catering to your visual preferences.
The versatility of status menus extends beyond mere monitoring, as you can
customize their arrangement to suit your needs. By holding down the Command key and
dragging an icon to a new location, you can rearrange these status menus to optimize
your Mac’s status monitoring and control.
For those moments when you no longer require a particular status menu, removing
it from the Menu Bar is just as straightforward. By pressing and holding the Command
key and simultaneously dragging the icon away from the Menu Bar, you can promptly
bid farewell to the status menu, decluttering your workspace.
You will explore the hidden potential of status menus and learn to harness their
power for a more seamless and personalized Mac experience. Whether you seek to
streamline your system monitoring or fine-tune your device’s settings, this chapter
equips you with the knowledge to navigate the world of status menus with ease and
efficiency. Embrace the possibilities as you take charge of your Mac, making it truly
your own.
Spotlight
The Spotlight icon, , is generally visible in the menu bar. Click this icon to access
Spotlight and search various objects/items/directories on Mac and on the Internet.
Nestled within the Menu Bar, the Spotlight icon stands ready to serve as your portal
to a world of seamless searching and discovery on your Mac and the vast expanse of the
Internet. In this chapter, you embark on a journey to unravel the capabilities of Spotlight,
empowering you with the tools to swiftly find files, applications, directories, and much
more with ease.
25
With a simple click on the Spotlight icon, you open the door to a versatile search
interface where you can input your queries and uncover a wealth of relevant results.
Whether you’re seeking a specific document buried in the depths of your Mac’s storage
or exploring new information online, Spotlight is your trusted companion.
The power of Spotlight extends beyond its presence in the Menu Bar. By utilizing a
keyboard shortcut, you can summon Spotlight instantly with the press of Command–
Space bar. This effortless combination opens or closes the Spotlight search, offering a
seamless and quick way to access the search functionality whenever you need it. See
Figure 1-10.
Figure 1-10. Spotlight search
Throughout this section, you will delve into the nuances of Spotlight, providing
practical tips to refine your searches and make the most of this remarkable tool. From
mastering search operators to customizing Spotlight preferences, you’ll discover how to
tailor Spotlight to suit your unique needs and streamline your productivity.
As shown in Figure 1-11, you can search for anything within the Spotlight and you
will get the search results on different places, such as search result of your macOS or the
Internet.
26
Figure 1-11. Spotlight search details with an example
Further, Spotlight can perform quick tasks, as shown in Figure 1-12, such as a quick
calculation or converting different types of measurements.
27
Figure 1-12. Spotlight can make a quick conversion of yards to metres and more
Control Center
The Control Center icon, , is available in the menu bar. To open Control Center, click
the icon. With Control Center you can access the features that are frequently in use, such
as AirDrop, Wi-Fi, Do Not Disturb, Bluetooth, display brightness, sound, and more.
Control Center is a very helpful feature for accessing required information. It can
also help the HelpDesk team to get information quickly from the Mac with the help of
the end user. Further, it’s very easy for end users to provide the relevant information
quickly to the HelpDesk team.
28
Figure 1-13 shows Control Center.
Figure 1-13. Default Control Center in Mac with multiple options
Siri
Siri is virtual voice assistant software that is included in every Mac’s operating system.
It is designed to respond to voice commands and perform various tasks on the user’s
behalf, such as launching applications, setting reminders, sending messages, searching
the web, providing information, and more.
29
The Siri icon, , is usually available in the menu bar. To open Siri, click the icon. To
use Siri for tasks such as opening files or apps or for searching for things on the Mac or
the Internet, simply click the Siri icon in the menu bar if it is displayed.
Siri can assist you with various day-to-day tasks such as providing prompt answers
to inquiries, playing music, and more. Siri can accomplish almost anything you request,
whether it be setting up a meeting at a particular date and time or providing answers to
your questions.
In certain applications, Siri is capable of presenting suggestions even before you ask
for them. For instance, if you receive an invitation in Mail or book a flight in Safari, Siri
may recommend adding the event to your calendar. Similarly, while you are browsing
web pages, Siri can suggest relevant web pages to explore.
As shown in Figure 1-14, you can ask Siri how many centimeters are in an inch by
accessing it via the menu bar and then it will provide the results.
Figure 1-14. Asking Siri a question
30
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CHAPTER XXIX
Music Appears in National Costumes
We cannot tell you very much about the history of music in Russia
because until the 19th century, the Russians had little but their folk
songs and church music. For many centuries the Christian priests
disliked to have them sing their legends and folk songs because they
were not of Christian origin and so music had a very difficult road to
go.
Another thing which kept music as an art from growing, was the
edict in the Church against the use of instruments. But as there is
always a silver lining to every cloud the unaccompanied singing
became very lovely.
For ages, then, there was the most strikingly beautiful natural
music in the folk tunes of this gigantic country, three times as large
as the United States. Its cold bleak steppes or plains and its nearness
to the East gave them fascinating and fantastic legends, and a music
sad, wild and colorful with strange harmonies—their inheritance
from the Slavs and Tartars. All these date back to days before the
Christian era, so you can understand even though they are of
surpassing beauty, the Church was afraid of the wild, tragic, pagan
melodies and rhythms.
In the early 18th century, at the time of and after Peter the Great,
there were many Europeans who came to Russia and brought along
their music or their own national ideas of music, so that Russia had
foreign opera and foreign teachers. When Catharine the Great was
Queen she appreciated the wonderful store of folk legends and was
very good to composers both Italian and Russian, of whom there
were very few.
Very soon, a man from Venice, Catterino Cavos, went over and was
clever enough to write Italian opera using the Russian folk songs and
legends. This was a fine idea, because it gave suggestions to Russians
as to what could be done with their folk songs. The next thing that
happened was the terrible defeat of Napoleon, in 1812, by the
Russians and the burning of Moscow. When important political
things happen and when a favorite city is nearly destroyed, people’s
imaginations are stirred and it makes them think about the things of
their own land. The Russians were no different from other folks.
After the way was prepared by Vertowsky, Dargomyzhsky, and
Seroff, Michael Glinka (1804–1857) wrote his opera, A Life For the
Tsar, for the time was ripe for serious Russian national music. He
was tired of the music of the Italians, introduced into Russia in 1737,
and the French music introduced by Boieldieu and others a little
after 1800. He made a close study of Russian folk song and of
composition, and became the father of the new Russian music. He
studied in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) with Charles Mayer and John
Field, the Irish composer of nocturnes who found his way into Russia
with Clementi. Glinka became an invalid and his travels for his
health brought him to Paris where he was very much interested in
the works of Berlioz. When he wrote his first opera, he said he
wanted the Russians “to feel at home,” and so we see in it the magic
background of Russia with the flavor and interest of the Orient.
Another opera of his was Ruslan and Ludmilla which also pictures
their national life. Besides this, Glinka, in some Spanish caprices,
brought Spanish folk songs before the eyes of the musical art world.
Rubinstein and Tchaikovsky
An important group followed in the footsteps of Glinka, called

“The Five.” The members wanted national music and sincere opera
in any form they desired. The Russian Ballet, which tells a story and
is not a mere exhibition of fancy steps, was an outcome of this
freedom.
There were two schools about this time in Russia, constantly at
odds with each other. The “Russian Five” was one school and the
leaders of the other were Anton and Nikolai Rubinstein and Peter
Ilytch Tchaikovsky (1840–1893) whose fame is probably greater than
any other Russian. Tchaikovsky became very interested in the
European composers, and studied composition with the founder of
the Petrograd Conservatory, Anton Rubinstein. He was made
professor of harmony at the Moscow Conservatory in 1866. While
there he wrote many operas and articles for Moscow papers. He
married unhappily and had a nervous breakdown in 1877 and lived
very quietly, a sensitive nervous man all his life. He visited the
United States in 1891, and conducted his Sixth Symphony, The
Pathetique, at the opening of Carnegie Hall in New York City.
Visiting England and then returning to Russia, he died in 1893 of
cholera. Besides the symphonic poems about which we told you, he
wrote several overtures, six symphonies, four suites, three ballets,
eleven operas, two of which, La Pique Dame and Eugen Onegin have
been given outside of Russia.
His work is very emotional and often tragic with captivating
melodies often based on folk songs with rich orchestral color. But
withal, his work was based more on the German tendencies and
forms of music than the works of the younger Russians, therefore,
Tchaikovsky and Rubinstein were pitched in musical battle for some
years against this other school.
“The Five”
Alexander Borodin (1834–1887), a scientist and physician and a

friend of Liszt, wrote crashing and flashy music with what they called
“Modern harmonies.” It seemed full of discords for the people of his
time but to us is fascinating and piquant! His Prince Igor, a story of
adventure and war not unlike Le Chanson de Roland, is a beautiful
opera with striking melody and dances.
Modeste Moussorgsky (1839–1881) probably had more natural
genius than any of the rest of “The Five,” even though his work had
to be edited by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908).
Moussorgsky’s music had the real spirit of Russia, sad, colorful, full
of wild dances based as is most of this Russian music, on the folk
songs of his native land. Besides this, it is very human and touches
the soul of people as they listen. His songs are real treasures. His
music is truly a portrait of the Russian people.
He wrote a very beautiful opera called Boris Godounov richly
laden with the Oriental color, and pathos and tragedy of Russia’s
past. A very interesting thing to know is that Rimsky, because of his
wider knowledge of harmony and orchestration, corrected
Moussorgsky’s works and very often changed things that seemed to
him quite wrong. Recently we have examined a score of Moussorgsky
and compared it to the corrected version of Rimsky and we now find
that Moussorgsky’s score was even more vivid and modern to our
ears than Rimsky’s. Several composers have arranged for orchestra
Moussorgsky’s piano pieces, Pictures from an Exposition, and have
brought out beauties in color, humor and scenic painting in the
music.
The next man, Mily Balakirev (1837–1910), a country boy steeped
in folk songs, became the founder and leader of this Group of Five.
He founded a free music school in Petrograd and later became the
conductor of the Royal Musical Society, of the Imperial Musical
Society, and Imperial Chapel. His works are chiefly in symphony
form, brilliantly and effectively orchestrated. Some of his piano
pieces and songs are very beautiful, but his greatest gift to music was
his careful study of Russian national story and song, and he
furthered the revival of the Oriental in Russian musical art.
César Cui (1835–1918), born at Vilna, Poland, was the son of a
French officer, and became a great authority on military science. He
wrote eight operas which were more lyric than dramatic and, as
Balakirev’s friend and first disciple among “The Five,” he helped this
younger Russian School with his musical compositions and writings
for the press.
Last but not the least of this “Five” is Nikolai Rimsky Korsakov
(1844–1908), who was born in Novgorod, and while a student at the
Petrograd Naval College, became an advocate of the theories of
Balakirev to keep Russian music, Russian. While on a three-year
cruise, he wrote his first symphony, and on another, as a young naval
officer, he came to America.
Very soon he left the navy and became a teacher and conductor in
Petrograd. He is best known in this country for his orchestral suite,
Shéhérazade, which gives a glamorous picture of some of the stories
from “The Arabian Nights” as told by the Persian Queen,
Shéhérazade. Another famous thing of his, is his second symphony
Antar. Probably no other person among the Russians could give you
the effect and colorfulness of the Orient as Rimsky. He takes most of
his stories from Russian legends and his operas are entrancing. The
best of these are The Snow Maiden, Sadko, and the humorous,
fantastic and tuneful Coq d’Or (“The Golden Cockerel”). He has
written works for the piano, and some of the songs out of his operas,
such as The Song of India and Shepherd Lehl are probably familiar
to you.
These five men and the group including Anton and Nikolai
Rubinstein, Sergei Tanieiev (1856–1915) and Tchaikovsky, were very
antagonistic, as we said before, until finally some of the Five went on
the staff of the various conservatories in Russia and the breach
seemed to be healed; and now new men have appeared, out-
distancing even the Five in modern harmony, Alexander Scriabin
(1872–1919) and Igor Stravinsky (1882).
Coming after these celebrated Russians were Anton Arensky
(1861–1906), Alexander Glazounov (1865), both writers of
symphonies, piano pieces and chamber music, Anatole Liadov
(1855–1914), Serge Liapounov (1859), Nikolai Medtner (1879),
Catoire, Reinhold Glière (1875), Ippolitov Ivanov (1859), Alexander
Gretchaninov (1864), Serge Vassilenko (1872), Theodor Akimenko
and Sergei Rachmaninov (1873), who has spent many years in
America where he is known as a brilliant composer and gifted
pianist. (Page 409.)
Bohemia—Czecho-Slovakia
Another country rich in national characteristics, donning national

costume in art music as well as in folk music, is Bohemia—or Czecho-
Slovakia. It is the land of harp players, street musicians and the
gypsy, where nearly everybody seems to be musical. The Esterhazy
family, nobles who were patrons of Haydn and other composers,
were Bohemians.
In Prague, their principal city, Gluck, Mozart, Weber and many
other foreigners were appreciated when their own countries turned
deaf ears to them, but it is not until the middle of the 19th century,
that Bohemia gave the world its own composers. Among these were
Frederick Smetana (1824–1884), a pupil of Liszt and a fine pianist.
He became the opera conductor at Prague and like Beethoven,
became afflicted with deafness, but it unbalanced his mind and he
died in an insane asylum at sixty. He wrote a number of pieces for
chamber combinations, symphonic poems, symphonies and operas
of which the best known is the Bartered Bride, a picture of
Bohemian life.
The greatest Bohemian and one of the ablest musicians of the 19th
century, is Antonin Dvorak (pronounced Dvorjak) (1843–1904), a
peasant and son of an innkeeper and butcher at Mühlhausen.
Coming from the people, he was familiar with the folk songs, and
although his father wanted him to be an innkeeper and butcher,
Antonin used to follow the strolling players and showed a decided
talent for music. He learned to sing, to play the violin and the organ,
and studied harmony. Later he went to Prague to continue his work.
He was very poor but Smetana befriended him, and five years after
he entered school, he wrote his first string quartet. Thirteen years
afterwards, he became organist at $60.00 a year at St. Adalbert’s
Church. He is another man whom Liszt helped by performing his
works and finding publishers for them. He became famous through
his fascinating Slavonic Dances and was soon invited to London
after his Stabat Mater had been performed there. He wrote The
Spectre’s Bride for the Birmingham Festival of 1885, and his oratorio
for the Leeds Festival, St. Ludmilla, in the following year. The
University of Cambridge made him Doctor of Music and before that,
he had been Professor of Music at the Prague Conservatory. Soon he
came to New York and received a salary of $15,000 a year as director
of the New York Conservatory of Music. Homesickness overcame
him and he went back to Bohemia where his opera, Armide, was
given before he died.
Dvorak was a sound musician. He had studied Mozart, Beethoven
and Schubert but was devoted to his own folk-lore and the
harmonies which appealed to his nation. He was particularly
interested in national types of music and when in America the negro
music appealed to him tremendously. While here, he taught H. C.
Burleigh, the negro composer and singer, with whom he had an
interesting and fruitful friendship. When he went back to Bohemia,
he wrote the New World Symphony, built on negro folk ideas, and a
string quartet in which he has used negro themes. Isn’t it curious
that it often takes an outsider to show us the beauties at our own
door step?
He wrote many songs, symphonic poems and five symphonies and
many other forms of music. Although he was very strict in the use of
form, his work was free, full of melody and imagination. It is
distinguished by warm color, beautiful rhythms and flowing melody,
daring modulations and withal a sense of naturalness. Some people
consider him one of the greatest masters of orchestration of the 19th
century. Probably you have heard Fritz Kreisler and many others
play the famous Humoresque, and you may also know his
incomparable Songs My Mother Taught Me.
Roumania
Georges Enesco (1881) a most gifted violinist, conductor and

composer, born in Cordaremi, is the principal representative of
Roumania. His first work is Poème Roumain, in which, as well as in
many others, he shows his Roumanian birth. He wrote symphonies
and other orchestral works, chamber music and songs.
The Land of the Polonaise
Poland first springs into prominence as an art center in music with

Frédéric Chopin, but it has produced many other pianists and
pianist-composers,—among them, Carl Tausig.
If you like brilliant salon and over-decorated pieces, you will enjoy
the works of Moritz Moszkowski (1854–1924), who was born of
Polish descent in Breslau. He was a fine pianist and had a long list of
pupils including the brilliant American, Fannie Bloomfield-Zeisler.
Poland has given us Ignace Jan Paderewski (1860), whose Minuet
you probably know, and whose amazing piano skill is familiar to you.
While he has written many piano pieces, a fairly successful gypsy
opera, Manru, an interesting piano concerto and a symphony, it is as
pianist that he will be remembered. He has been the idol of every
nation in which he has played.
His pupil, Sigismund Stojowski (1870), has lived in America since
1906 and has written orchestral works, a piano concerto and many
piano pieces.
The Land of the Fiords and Skalds—Norway and
Sweden
Here is another country with a rich folk-lore, half pagan and half
Christian.
Ole Bull, the violinist, also did much for Norwegian music in the
19th century. One of the first composers was Halfdan Kjerulf (1815–
1868) who was born in Christiania (Oslo) and studied in Leipsic. He
gave up his life to composition. Henrietta Sontag as well as Jenny
Lind introduced his songs to the public; like his delightful piano
pieces they are national in flavor. If you have the chance, hear his
Lullaby and Last Night.
Norway! The land of the Vikings, of Odin and Thor, of the eddas
and sagas, of skalds and harpists, of sprites and trolls, fiords,
mountain kings and the mischievous Peer Gynt—all brought to life
by the magic wand of Edvard Hagerup Grieg (1843–1907).
Surely one of the greatest poet-composers of recent times, he
brought out the beauties of the Norwegian folk song and dance, and
dressed up serious music in national costume. Ole Bull assisted Grieg
by recognizing his ability when he was a very young man. Grieg was
sent to the Leipsic Conservatory but he overworked and became ill,
and went to Copenhagen, where he met Niels Gade, under whose
guidance some of his earlier works were written. He returned to
Norway and was again stimulated by Ole Bull; he met a young
composer, Rikard Nordraak, and together they did a good deal of
work toward establishing a national school. Again Liszt acts as an
international aid society to young musicians, for he now befriends
Grieg in Rome. The government of Norway granted a life pension to
Grieg so that he might give all his time to composition, after which
he wrote incidental music to the celebrated Peer Gynt of Ibsen. He
lived in the country and in 1885 built his villa “Troldhaugen” near
Bergen. His wife, who is still living in “Troldhaugen,” sang many of
his songs.
His short pieces are like portraits of Norway and he is able to catch
with marvelous ease and simplicity, the peculiar harmonies,
mingling minor and major keys together in a most charming way.
Although a lyric writer, he has written a piano sonata, three sonatas
for violin and piano, and a most effective piano concerto, all of which
show brilliancy and keen dramatic sense. His Holberg Suite for
piano and the Elegiac melodies and the Norwegian theme for strings
are full of rich, romantic feeling. As a song writer, too, Grieg ranks
very high.
Some of the other Norwegians are: Johan Severan Svendsen
(1840–1911), Wagnerian in feeling yet writing his compositions with
strong Norwegian color. Christian Sinding (1856), whose Rustling of
Spring you will remember, puts on the national costume of his native
Norway in his writings, although educated in Germany. Among
others are Johan Selmer, Gerhard Schjelderup and Madam Agathe
Backer-Gröndahl, pianist-composer of decided charm.
Jenny Lind, the “Swedish Nightingale” (1820–1887) and Christine
Nilsson (1843–1921), did much to bring Norse folk songs to the
attention of the world. These melodies were very much admired
because they reflected the coolness and the sadness of the land of the
fiords.
Denmark
We now go to the land of Buxtehude, the celebrated organist of

Lübeck. Although J. Hartmann, director of the Conservatory of
Copenhagen, has been called “The Father of Danish Music,” the first
great composer was Niels Wilhelm Gade (1817–1890). He started as
a maker of instruments, became a member of the Royal Orchestra at
Copenhagen and won a prize with his first work, an orchestral
overture, Echoes from Ossian. Mendelssohn played this in Leipsic
and from this time on they were great friends. Gade succeeded him
as conductor of the Gewandhaus Concerts in Leipsic; in 1848, he
returned to Copenhagen and held many positions, among which was
court chapel master. Gade’s works were a mixture of the Romantic
and the Classic Schools to which he added Danish qualities. He wrote
well in symphonic style and in choruses, songs and piano pieces.
Among others were Asger Hamerik (1843), a pupil of Von Bülow
and Berlioz, Otto Malling (1848–1915); Ludwig Theodor Schytte
(1850–1909), a student of Gade and Liszt, who lived for a long time
in Germany, where he died. His short piano pieces are classics for all
young piano students. Edward Lassen, Victor Emanuel Bendix and
August Enna are other well known Danes.
Sweden
The first of the romantic writers in Sweden is Anders Hallen

(1846). His music was massive and Wagnerian in effect, showing the
somberness of the influence of his native province Bohuslän. He had
a great sense of melody and his marches and dances in his native
style are happy and delightful. Emil Sjögren (1853–1918) was called
“The Schumann of the North,” for he wrote mostly piano pieces, a
beautiful violin sonata and vocal solos and showed a great deal of
charm and warmth of feeling. We might add to this list Wilhelm
Stenhammar, who wrote operas and choral works, and Hugo Alfven.
Music in the Country of Lakes—Finland
Finland, “the land of a thousand lakes,” and of virgin forests and

meadows, has always been a country of great beauty and sadness.
Of all her composers, Jan Sibelius is the greatest (1865). He was
educated as a lawyer but being a violinist, he decided to pursue a
musical career. He is remarkable as a writer of symphonic poems,
and sings with compelling beauty the legends of his country taken
from The Kalevala, the epic poem which ranks with the greatest
legendary poems of all times. Besides The Kalevala are the short
lyrics or Kanteletar, sung to the lute of steel strings, which is called
The Kantele. These legends and songs are always a source of great
joy to the Finns and were first arranged by Elias Lönnrot in the early
part of the 19th century. The symphonic poems of Sibelius are
Karelia, The Swan of Tuonela and Lemminkäinen from The
Kalevala. He wrote other compositions, of course, including cantatas
and ballads and string quartets and choruses. His Finlandia is a true
picture of the Finnish people and country, and his Fourth Symphony
is one of the 20th century’s monumental works.
It is interesting to note in his Finnish songs a peculiar five-four
rhythm which is haunting and fascinating. He was recognized as a
great musician, for he is the only one of this time who drew a
government pension. In 1914, Sibelius was in America for the
Norfolk Festival for which he had written a special work, a
symphonic poem, Aalottaret (Daughter of the Ocean). At the same
time Yale University conferred a degree upon him. He lives far north
in Finland away from cities, surrounded for many months of the year
by great snow fields.
Selim Palmgren is a writer of charming piano pieces who, in 1924,
was teacher at the Eastman Conservatory in Rochester, New York.
Other composers in Finland were Bernard Crusell (1775–1838),
and Frederick Pacius (who was born in Hamburg in 1809 and died in
Helsingfors in 1891), the Father of Finnish Music and the author of
the National Hymn Wartland and Suomis Song (Suomi means
Finland). He was a violinist, a follower of Spohr and composed a
great many musical works.
Among others is Armas Järnefelt (1864), an orchestral conductor
and composer living in Stockholm.
Spain—The Land of the Fandango
One of the most adventurous and likeable people that we have met
in the history of music is Isaac Albeniz (1860–1909). He was born in
Spain and started his travels when he was a few days old. He ran
away from home when he was nine years old and toured about,
making money by playing the piano. He loved travel and his life as a
young man is a series of runnings-away-and-being-brought-back. He
became a very great pianist and Alphonso XII was so pleased with
his playing and so delighted with his personality, that at fifteen he
was granted a pension and being free from money worry, he realized
the dream of his life and went to see Franz Liszt.
He became a player approaching Von Bülow and Rubinstein in
skill.
He kept composing attractive and popular Spanish tunes using the
rich, rhythmic Spanish folk songs in rather new and modern
harmony. He finally decided to give up his life as a popular composer
and brilliant pianist, and settled down to serious composition. The
next thirty pieces took him longer to write than his four hundred
popular songs!
In 1893 he went to Paris in a most wonderful period, and met
Debussy, Fauré, Duparc and d’Indy.
His most important composition is Iberia, a collection of twelve
Spanish piano pieces. Among his other things are Serenade,
Orientale and Aragonaise, all in Spanish dress.
He was a very rare personality with a rich nature, exuberant,
happy and merry, even until his death.
He was the real center of Spanish music and influenced all who
came after him. He was to Spain what Grieg was to Norway, Chopin
to Poland, Moussorgsky to Russia, and Dvorak to Bohemia or
Czecho-Slovakia.
Enrique Granados
Following Albeniz, was another great Spaniard, Enrique Granados

(1867–1916), who was born in Lérida, Spain, and met a tragic death
on a transport in the English Channel during the World War. Unlike
Albeniz, he did not write in a modern vein, but rather in the
accustomed harmonies. He was more Spanish for this reason than
Albeniz, less original and without the great charm of the other
master.
The only opera in Spanish that has ever been sung at the
Metropolitan Opera House was his Goyescas in 1916. The principal
rôle was sung by Anna Fitziu. First he wrote this as an opera in 1899.
Later he made a piano version of it, very much like a suite, which was
played with great success by Ernest Schelling. He also wrote
symphonic poems among which was Dante with a vocal part, sung by
Sophie Braslau, in 1915, with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.
He is one of Spain’s great sons and the rich and sincere national
spirit which he put into his music makes him beloved of his
compatriots.
CHAPTER XXX
America Enters
Not long ago we visited the medieval castle of Amboise in Touraine,

France, for the 400th celebration of the birth of the French poet,
Ronsard. (Chapter XI.) A program of madrigals by Jannequin,
Costeley, Lassus and others who had used Ronsard’s poems as texts,
was given in the room where the poet himself had entertained his
friends. We were impressed by the beauty of the old castle and the
aged towers and ramparts. It was here that we realized the meaning
of TRADITION!
The peasant children passing under the watch tower in the village
below the castle are reminded daily of a past replete with history and
romance! They know without having been taught that here their poet
Pierre de Ronsard and the Italian painter, Leonardo da Vinci, lived,
worked and died. This watch tower was old when Columbus
discovered America!
The lack of tradition, this unconscious knowing of the past, that
Europe has in abundance is often held up to us in America as a
serious loss in our art life. The question came to us: Is there nothing
in our country to make up for the absence of this historical and
romantic background?
As in a motion picture, there passed before our minds the Grand
Canyon of Arizona, the Rocky Mountains, the snow-capped peaks of
the Pacific slope, the Columbia River, the Mississippi and the
Hudson, Golden Gate of California, Niagara Falls, and the Plains,
lonesome stretches of sand and sage-brush vast as the sea! Surely
such wondrous beauty should inspire artists to create great works.
But this is a day of cities, aeroplanes, automobiles, speed and
unrest, when the mind rules instead of the heart! And we must
“watch our step” or we will become the slaves of this Age of Invention
instead of being the masters. All this is reflected in our art life and we
must guard our creative talent if we would rank with European
nations in the making of music.
We already rank with them in performing it, and in organizations,
such as our orchestras, opera houses, chamber music organizations,
music schools, music settlements, music club activities, community
singing, glee clubs, oratorio societies, and amateur orchestras.
America needs music and loves it as never before. Perhaps out of all
this music study and concert-giving in addition to what might be
done with the radio and mechanical instruments, which are now
making records of the world’s finest compositions, there will come a
race of real music lovers and creators. They will study our national
traits and will unite them with the earnest work of American
composers of today and yesterday; they will open their minds to the
natural beauties of nature; they will try to raise the standard of the
general public, and they will make music in America grow. May every
American reader take this to heart!
In our chapter on “National Portraits in Folk Music” we told you
that we have no definite traits in our music that could be called
national because this country was settled by people of many different
nationalities and races. All these peoples brought to the “Promised
Land” their customs and traditions, their song and story world. We
can still see traces in the present generation of the early settlers: New
England and the South are Anglo-Saxon; Louisiana and the northern
border, French; California, Spanish; New York and Pennsylvania,
Dutch; Minnesota, Scandinavian; Missouri and Wisconsin, German.
Besides, the Italians, Irish, Russians and Germans have settled in all
parts of this huge “melting pot”!
There is however an Americanism that is hard to define, but is the
result of the intermingling of all nationalities. It is the spirit of the
pioneer that sent our forefathers, foreigners many, across the plains
in the “covered wagon”; the spirit of youth and enthusiasm of a
country still new; the spirit that works out gigantic commercial
problems and miraculous inventions with the same fervor with
which an artist creates; it is the spirit of an inspired sculptor before
the unfinished block of marble. All of which must combine in our
music before we can create a national idiom.
But we must go back and travel with you the rocky road,—“Music
in America.”

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ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-9881-7 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-9882-4

Copyright © 2023 by Sagar Rastogi and Jasdeep Singh

Chapter 1: macOS Management Settings and Reinstallation Process��������������������� 1

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During the Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 6, 2022, Apple

Figure 1-2. Successor of M1 Apple Silicon chipsets architectures, the M2 lineup

Apple Silicon and Intel Processor Lineup

Table 1-1. Apple Silicon and Intel Processors Lineup

M2 Ultra 2023 11th Generation - Tiger Lake 2020

Apple Silicon vs. Intel Processors

 istinctions Between the Windows and macOS

Supported File Systems

 pplications/Utilities of Windows and Mac

In Windows, the encryption technology is known as BitLocker.

Note In the new version of macOS 13 (Ventura), System Preferences is

System Logs Viewer

Checking the Use of Resources

Switching from Windows to macOS

Swipe, Scroll, and Click

Close, Minimize, and Resize Window

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Browse for Files

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Figure 1-3. Apple ID Sign In

Figure 1-4. Create an Apple ID

Figure 1-5. Successful sign in with Apple ID

 idebar Options for Setting Up Apple ID Preferences

iCloud Preferences on a Mac

Figure 1-6. iCloud preferences access

Figure 1-7. iCloud preferences management

Information About Important iCloud Icons and Usability

Table 1-2. iCloud Icons and Usability

Pictures and videos are always available.

Figure 1-8. Default screen of a Mac’s Desktop

Table 1-3. Details About Apple Menu Items

Figure 1-10. Spotlight search

Figure 1-11. Spotlight search details with an example

Figure 1-13 shows Control Center.

Figure 1-13. Default Control Center in Mac with multiple options

Figure 1-14. Asking Siri a question

An important group followed in the footsteps of Glinka, called

Alexander Borodin (1834–1887), a scientist and physician and a

Another country rich in national characteristics, donning national

Georges Enesco (1881) a most gifted violinist, conductor and

Poland first springs into prominence as an art center in music with

We now go to the land of Buxtehude, the celebrated organist of

The first of the romantic writers in Sweden is Anders Hallen

Finland, “the land of a thousand lakes,” and of virgin forests and

Following Albeniz, was another great Spaniard, Enrique Granados

Not long ago we visited the medieval castle of Amboise in Touraine,

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