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64

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(certitudo moralis). XVII .

, , , , , 65.
,
66.
,

, ,

: . . .
. / /
. .: , 1983. . 66-95.
.. (
XVII .). .: , 1976. 291 . . .
. .: , 1980. 566 . .
. .: , 1985. 286 .
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- . ., 1982. . 67.
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55

Zilsel E. The sociological roots of science / / Amer. j . of sociology. Chicago,

1942. Vol. 47, # 4 . - p. 544-562.
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. : Necdham J. Artisans ct alchimistes en Chine ct dans lc Monde
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. . / /
- . ., 1982. .57.
11
, , ,
; ,
, .
, ,
,
...
, ,
. ...
[ . . . . . .
.: , 1924. . 1. .
120-121].
12

., . . ., 1956. . 28.
. . . .: . . .
, 1918. 367 .

. : . : ( ). .,
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. . . . 51.
16
. . ., . 100.
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Spicgleberg F. Alchemy as a way of salvation. Stanford, 1945.
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. . . .:
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. / / . , 1880. . 323.
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. / / .
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, ,
, : ,
,
... ,
,
...
, [.
. ., . 627].
22
. . .: , 1985. . 94.
23
.
2/1
: . . 13

3 - 2541

66

. .

: ( ) / /
. ., 1987. . 113-150.
25
. . / /
. - ., 1983. . 193.
26
.: . . . .
1983; . . . - .: ,
1987. - 192 .
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.: . . . - ., 1982; . X.
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28
. : . .
/ / . ., 1983. . 5-49.
29
. . . ., 1982.
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. . 87.
36
. . . .: , 1980. 566 .
37
, .
.
,
,
, / /
(XV ). .: - ,
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38
. .: . .
. ., 1931. ..
/ /
. ., 1993. . 58-111.
. .
/ / . ., 1983.
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XVII . .: - . ., 1977. 927 .
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41
Fludd R. Utriusque cosmi scilicet et minoris metaphisica, physica atqve technica historia. Oppenheim, 1617-1621. Vol.1-2. . : Westman R.
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. : Blaney I. The age of Luther. - N.Y., 1957. - p. 357.
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Wendel F. Calvin. P., 1955. - p. 142.


44

57

. . . ., 1971. . 7.
. . 8.
4(5
.. - / /
- . . 73-74.
47
. // . 4- . ., 1978. . 2. .
307-312.
i8
. . , B.C. , .. . .
49
., . . ., 1986. . 84-85.
50
B.C. / / .
. - 1986. - N 4. - . 53.
51
, .
: ! ... .
. , //
. . . . 114.
52
., . . 2- . . 23. . 371.
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.: .. .
. / / . . 1987. N 3. .
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XVII . ., 1977. . 140.
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Hall A. R. The scholar and the craftsman in the scientific revolution. / / Cri
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. .
. - ., 1976. - . 18.
57

,

[ . 3- . ., 1979. . 2. . 8].
, , ,
,
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141]. [ .
. . 3. . 207].
j8
, , , .
, ... ,
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, [ .
, . . 22].
9
^ . , ,

[Weber M. Die protestantische Ethik. Munchen; Hamburg, 1965.
Bd. 2.]. .

[ . . - ., 1968. - . 2. - . 248-250].
45

68
60

..

.. / . /
. . 1983. . 142.
61
. - . 150.
62
- :
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, [ . . .
63].
63
. . ., 1964. . 1. . 211.
64
. .
XVII / / - 1986.
., 1986. - . 85.
65

XVII . .
: . .
XVII . / /
. ., 1987. . 26-100.
66
. . .
XVII . / / . 1978. 8. . 110-119.

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70

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74

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76

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78

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80

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86

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90

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96

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, 1 [ ].
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, . .
,
,
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: ..
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.. [41], .. .. [29], B.C.
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5
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,
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2

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40
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[14, . 22].
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.
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, ,
.
, ,
[126, . 68-74].
XVII .
.
;
, .
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,
.

175

, XVII .
,
.
,
.
,
.
, , ,
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). ,

.
, , ,
, .
, , ,
- episteme, scientia, XVII .,
, ,
,
, .
, .

[17, . 540-541].
.
, ,
, , . [79].
,
, , ,
, - ,
;
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,
, ,
. ,
,
[16, . 384]. , ,
, - ,
,
[16, . 340341]. , , ( -

176

..

episteme) ,
, ,
[16, . 389] 13 .

.

(, , )
(-,
, , ).
, ,
,

. ,
ofpo , ,
( ).

. ?
:
,
;
,
[24, . 421 ].
XVII . ?
(. certitudo moralis, .
moral certainty, . certitude morale)
XVII . .
(. ).
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XVII ., .
, ,
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.
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, .

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[24, . 421].
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[23, . 477].
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;
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[22, . 488].

()
.

. [22,
. 467-468].
,
;
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, ).

,
XVII .,
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178

..

,
, ,
. ,
,
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.
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).
.

.


, . . .
:
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,
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, ,
[21, . 139].
,
, ,

.
,
, . ,
, cogito
ergo sum ,
[17, . 283].
,

, cogito ergo
sum
. , : ...
, -
[17, . 274] ,
[17, . 329],
,
, .

179

, , ,
. ,
[85, 90, 111, 112, 97].

(similitudino) ,
. [. 69, . 12].

( , ,
), ,
, ;
,
,
,
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[17
. 510].
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(episteme):
.

?
, ,
,
[ 17, . 541 ]. ,
: ...
.
, . . ,
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, , [17, .
541 ]. ,
, :
, ,
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. -, ,
,
, , , ,

180

..

, ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
[17, . 542].
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.
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[17, . 542].

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[17, . 542],
.
?
, , , ,
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. ;
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, . . [17, . 542-543].
,
.

episteme
. ,

181

,
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.
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[17, . 541].
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[. : 8, . 103].
, ,

14.

, 15,
.
, , , -

182

..

,
(probable) [. 111, .
28]. ,
, . ,
, , ,
(certain) ,
; ,
,
[. : 111, . 29].
3.
XVII .
( ;
,
)
. [75], . [85], .
[21]. . [89], . [112], .
[116] ,
XVII .,
- .
, ,
(
, ),
,
( )


. , ,
. , 1667
. :
(theory of nature), , , , ,
, .
, ,
16.
,
,
.

, .

183

,
. , - XVII .

() , ,
.

, ,
,
[116, . 16].

-

( ,
). , ,
,
[1676],
;
,
, ,
, , , -
, [70, .
44] 17 . , ,
, ,
18 [70, ,44-45].

, . : ,
,
, ,
[89, . 28]. , ,

(1644).
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, ,
, . ,
, ,


,
, , ,
. , , -

184

..

, .
,
. , ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
; ,
. ,
, , ,
, .
,
, ,
.

, ,
.,
. . [75], . [85], . [111]. . , ,
,
,
[89, . 41-42].
. .
[89, . 45-48],

. ,

. ,
,
[89, . 47].
. . 19 .
,
.
,
, ,
.
:
20. ,
(1661) [109]
: -

185

(industry)...
,
... ,

21 .
(
22, )
( , .).
,
.

( )
, .
, (
)
,
,
. . ,

,
[111,
. 30].
,
. (atrick), , , , , (Ray),
(. Burnet), (R. Burthogge) , ,
.

, ,
(fact, matter of fact),

. , ,
. .
.
, ?

:
,
? fact (matter of fact),
XVII ., -

186

..

, -.
. XVII ., .
, matter of fact, experiense,
, .
, ,
,
[116, . 20].
,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
23.
, , XVII
. ,
XVII .
: ,
, ,
, , - -
, , - - .

,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
24.
.
25 , . 26. .
,
,
27. . , ,
,
, ,
, [116, .
274]. . ,
, :

.

187

,
, , .
, , ,
, ,
.
,
- ,
, [116, . 21].
,

, ,
.
,

,
, .
, , , , ,
,
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,
, , (
cogito ergo sum), , ,

. ,
,
,
(probabilitas). ,
(1675) [59]

,
: ,
28 (. : 116, . 31).
: ...
29 (.
: 116, . 32). , ,
,
,
, . -

188

..

(
, , )
.
.
,
...
30 [. . 116, . 34].
, ,
, , , ,

, 31
[. 116, . 41 ]. .
, ,
; , ,
, .

[72, . 143; . 116, . 41].

, - ,
32 .

(direct proofs) ,
,
(confirmation).
,
...
, ,
( ),
, 33.

, . 34, .
. ,
.

[54] ,
,
,
.
, ,
:

189

. :
, , ,
. ,
, .
, ,
[54, . 64; . :
20, . 37].
, ,
,
, ,
, ;
,
[54, 53]. ,
, ,
, ,
[54, . 54]. ,
, ,
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, ,
,
[54, . 56].
,
[54, . 65, 68, 70, 71].
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. .
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
[54, . 74]. ,
[54, . 74].

, ,

.
( ),
, ( )

[122, 123]. -

190

..

, ,
,
,
.
, (, , ),

. ,
, ,
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, . ,
, ,

[116, . 36]. , , ,

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, :
,
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[32, . 661].
:
,
,
. - .
, ,
, ;
,
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. ,
, , ,

191

,
35 .

( )
, 1713
.
,
. . ,
, :
,
.
36.
, , (1668),
,
, 37. :
, (
) ,
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,
, .
, ,
,

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,
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; ,
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) , ,
(. : 113, . 229).
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XVII . ,
,
.

. ,
. ,
, ( , -

192

..

)
.
, . ,

, ,
,
. (
)
IV
,
, [88, . 207].
, ,
,
: ,
(episteme), ,
,
[88, . 221].
,
,
,

, , ,

,
, ,
, .
, [33, . 314].
IV
,
[. : 122, 123]
.


. (
. )
, ,
, ,
.
, -

193

,
. , ,
.
, .

.
, . ,
,
, , .

.
( ) ,
. , ,
... ,
,
[116, . 36].
,
.

. , , ,

. ,
().
,
, , ,

. ,
, ,

.
.
, , , ,
,*
, ...

, .
, ,

[27, . 542].
7 2541

194

..

, ,
, .
, .'..
( )
,
[27, . 542].
.


: 1) 38,
, ,
; 2)
, ,
,
... [27, . 562-563].
,
, ;

. ,

.
, ,
, ,
: ... ,
,
- (1steme, scientia),
XVII . ,
, ,
,
, ,
. ... ,
.
,
, . .
,
,
. ,
.
,

195

[27, . 625].
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, .
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2)
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, ,
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; 4) ,
; 5)
; 6) [27, . 635].
() ,
.
,
[27, . 640].

[27, . 642].
, ,
, ,

39. , ,
,
,
...

... ,
,
, ,
. ,
[27, . 543].
[111, 113, 116]
-
,

.
7*

196

..

.

(
). ( . [86, 100, 113]. ,
, , ,
, .
,
,
[, . 233]. ,
.
, , ,
,
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,
, ,

.
[33, . 31 3-314].
(
,
) (
)

.
, , ,
,

. ,
.
. ,
. .
[113, . 233].


,
(, , ,
, , , ),
(
, -

197

, ,
XVII .)
, , ,
.
, .
,

.
(, ) ,
,
, ,
, XVII .,
( , ),
, ,
,
. ,
,
XVII . - ,
,
40.
,

( ,
)
,
, .
,
XVI-XVII . ,
;
, ,
;
XVI-XVII .

, , ,
,
.
,
41 (
. 19, 21). ,

198

..

( -
) ,
, .
, , -
, ; ,
,

.
,
. . ,

.
,

, , .
- ,
, [2, . 308].

XVI-XVH .
.
. . , -
...
[30, . 32].
, ,
, XVII . (
, , , , ),
.
,
,
,
,
,
XVII . .
,
. . ,
(
).
,
,
-

199

, .
,

.
:
, (
),
(

) [28, . 259-260].
,
.
, , ,

(
). XVII . ,
- , ,
,
. ,

, (
) ?

:
.
,
,
. ,
. . [28, . 257] (
. ),
:
, , , ,
-
, ,

.
, -
,
. .
XVII . -

200

..

pax, .
,
,
, , , ,
XVII .42 [116]. ,
. . , ( )
,
, ,
.

[29, . 59].

.
, ,
, ,
, , ,
.
4.

, . .
, . . . . [7, 51].
: (
XVI-XVII . ( XIX .),
( XIX . XX .) (
, ).

.

( )
;
.
, ,
. ,
,
, [51,
. 16], ,
, . -

201

.
, . . ,
per se,
, .
,
.
[51, . 17].
, , .
,
.
. . , . . . .
. ,
, ,

. , , ,
, . .
,
. ,

43.
,
, ,
(episteme,
ecientia) ,
(

).
, (
, , ).
,
,
:
, . . , [37, . 161].
,
( XVII
.) ,
, .
, , , , . . XIX-XX ., ,

202

..

XVII .,
(, , , , ). ,
. . : ,
, ,
, (
). , ,
,
.

. ,
, [51, .
17]. , (
,
),
XVII .
,
, . . ,
. . . . ,
:
XVII .;
XVII ., XX .
. ,
( XVII . XVIII .) ,
,
,
, :
( )

.
. .
[34], . . [49, 50] .
,
, XVII .

, ,

, . ,

,
.

203

,
(, ),
(, ) 44 . -
, ,
,
, . . ,
[50, . 46].
,
XVII .,
-
(episteme, ecientia),
(doxa). , ,
, ,
, . , .
. , ,
,

, [26, . 306].

, ,
. , . .
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
[43, . 198].
,
[43, . 199].
5.
XVII

(
)
.

( ,

)

204

..

.
(
) ,
: ,
.
,
; ,
,

, , , .
XVII . -

, ,

. ,

. ?
,
, ,
(
), (,
,
. .).

45.
, (
- ,
) , ,
,
.
,
,
,
,
, , ,
[1, . 28].

(, .).

205

, ,
,
. (
, . )
.,
.
,
,
, ,
, , .
, ,
- :

, ,
[33, . 314].
, , , ,

[82, . 329].
(
, , ), ,
, .

, (,
) , ,
? ,
(
, )

,

. ,


, ,
, .

, ,
,
.

206

..

.
, , , ,
B . C . ,
;
, -
[50, . 45-46].

, . . .
,
,
[43, . 97],
, , .
[43, . 204].

, , [43, . 207].
,
,
-
. , .
. ,
, ,
.
?

,
,

. ,
[43, . 207].
,
,
.
XVII . - .

-
,

episteme.
XVI-XVII . (-

207

,
, ) .
,
,
,
. ,
,

,
:
, ,
- , -
.
,

. ,
,
.
(
) ,
-,

.
; ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
XVII . )
)
(, ).
.
) ( )

, ( ) ,
( ,
, ,
,
)
( ,
, ). -

208

..

,
, ,
,

.
,
,
,
, ,
, .
,

(
), , ,
,

.
,
,
, , ,
.
, , . .
, (, ,
, com-sciense).

,
,
. ,

, ,
,
.
)
,
(. . ) .
, . .
( )
, ,
,
.

209

(
, ),
.
,
. , ,

, ,
, ,
, [ 17, .
543]. ,
, , [17, . 542],
.
,
.
, , ... ,
,
, , , ?...
,
, , , ,
,
[: 8, . ] 46 .

, , ?
,

,
.
, , , , ,
, .
.
,

( )
,
XVII .
.
(
),

( episteme -

210

..

XVII .).

.
,

, ,
(
, ).

( ),
, (
).
.
, XVII .,
,


. () ,
(
, ), ,
. XVII . (, , ,
, ) . ,
,
,
,
episteme.

, , -,
(

), , - ( ,
, ),


, ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, -

211

,
,
self-made man. , ,
, .
, ; ,
, .
(
).
(
, , , , )

.
(self-made man)
XVII .
XVII . : ,
(. : 69,
. 12). ,
, ,
( cogito ergo sum,
, ),
.
, ,

XVII .
,
XVII .
, ,
,
XVII-XVIII . , ,


.
, ,
XVIII . [55]. ,


,
: ,
, , ,

212

..

, .
,
, . ,
, .

, . .
, , ,
. .
, -.
XVII-XVIII .
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
, XVIII .,
,

,
, ,
[77, . 75].
, ,
. ,
,
, .
.
, , . . ,
[46, . 41], .
. .


, ,
,
, [50, . 50],
B.C. .
,
XVII .
(
, , ,
). XVII .
-

213

,
:

47 (
, ).

XVII . , , ,
, , .
-
, ,
.

,
.
,
, XVII .,
, : ) (. .
, , , ,
) ) (. .
,
).

.

.
[18]. ,
,
,
, ,
XVII . ,
,
. , , , . ,
,
, :
, , rexvn
eniornun [18, . 125].
, ,
. eniornun (episteme)
, , ,

214

..

,
.
, ,

(. .
)
XVII . , . .
- episteme,

(
). , .
,
.
, , , , ,
, , .
. , ,
,
, XVII .
,
,
, ,
. . ,
. ,

,
, ,
,

: , ,
[18, . 118].
,
, .
,
, ,
(,
,
,
) -

215

,
( ).

,
, ,
, , -,

, , -,
:

,
XVII .
( ).
,
,
( , , episteme)

. (Improvement ,
; Advancement of
learninig ,
;
). ,

.
, . Plus ultra,
[71].
, XVII ., ,

: )
,
()48, 6)
, , . .,
, .
XVII .

, ,
episteme,
, , ,
.

216

..

, ,
: mathematics ()
science ( , -
).
, science

,
.

XVII . ,

, ,
, .

,
.
, .
. . ,
,
...
, ,
,

[34, . 15].
,
, ,
XVII .

, ,

. -
-
,
, .

217

,
.
.
XVII ,
: )
(episteme) ) (doxa),
, , . XVIXVII .
.

,
.
,
,
[43, . 196].

49,

, (
)
50.

-.
,
-.
.

. . , . . ,
. . , . . , . . , . .
, . . , . . , . . .
,
- -, . . ,
:

,
;
-
,
[50, . 46].

218

..

,

,
XVII . (,
), (, ).
XVII . (,
), ,
, ( )
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, . , ,
, ,
, ,
() ,
. ,

,
.
XVII .
,

(
, ).


,
XVI XVII .

,
,
:

51. ,

52.
,

, . .,
, -

219

, , . .,
, ,
.
, ,


, .

, ,
episteme.

.

XVII . , , ,
.

XVII .,
,
via media,
(.
, , 96, . 216 237).
( , )
(
, ,
) 53 .

,
. -


[50, . 44].
XVII .,
,
, .
( -
) XVII .
,
, ,
() -

220

..

, ( )
.


,
:
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
, , .
,

,
, ,
. ,
XVII .,
,

.
, ,

,
.
,
, , , ,
, XVII .
- ,
,
. , .
. , ,
, ,
, ,
.

,

[25, . 5].

221

.

.

...
,
. . [26, . 307].
,
, .

1. .
/ / ., . . ,
1956. - . 17-98.
2. ..
/ / ., . . 2- , . 22. . 294320.
3. . / / ., . . 2-
. - . 20: - . 343-626.
4. . : 4- . .: , 1975. . 1. 550 .
5. . : 4- . .: , 1978. . 2. 687 .
6. . : 4- . .: , 1981. . 3. 613 .
7. .., .. .
.: , 1973. - 270 .
8. .. / / . . .
. . . - ., 1982. - #6, - . 99-108.
9. .. -
/ / . ., 1985. . 150-168.
10. B.N. / /
. ., 1981, . 19-29.
11. . / / . : 2-
. - ., 1971. - . 1, - . 57.
12. . / / : 2- . .,1972,
. 2. - . 5-222.
13. . / /
. : 2- . - ., 1972, - . 2. - . 347-486.
14. . / /
. ., 1978. . 43-110.
15. . . . .: , 1980. 566 .
16. . / / -

222

..

. : 2- . - ., 1968. - , 2. - . 5-396,
17. . . .: , 1950. 710 .
18. . / /
. . ., 1985. . 109-128.
19. .. : (
): (.-. ). - .: , 1985. - 80 .
20. . , / /
XVII-XVIII . - ., 1974. . 31-43.
21. ..
/ / . , 1983.
. 112-158,
22. . : 4- . - .: , 1982. - . 1. - 636 .
23. . : 4- . .: , 1983. . 2. 686 .
24. . : 4- . - .: , 1984. - . 3. - 734 .
25. . .
/ / . , 1983.
. 5-7.
26. . . . . . .: , 1980. 360 .
27. . : 2- . .: -
. . ., 1960, . 71. 734 .
28. .. / / ,
. .: ,. 1980. . 283-273.
29. ..
/ / . . . . . . ., 1982.
#6. - . 82-61.
30. . -
/ / . ..
1974. - . 20-34.
31. .. . .: , 1981, 176 .
32. . . / /
., . - .; , 1936. . 7, - 696 .
33. . . .; .: , 1927. 373 .
34. ..
/ / . 1983.
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