.. .

.
.: , 1988. 270 .
,
, -
, , ,
, . [Cannon, 1939, . 21].

.
,
.
:
, .
, , ,
, ,
,
[, 1953, . 204].
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
, .


, ..

,

( .. . .: ., 1951. . 3, .
1/2) [.: , 1951].
,
, , , -,
.
,
, ,

 (Mace C.A.
Homeostasis, needs and values // Brit. J. Psychol. 1953. Vol. 44. P. 200-210) [, 1953],
,
.
, , ,

, (
) .
,

,

( ),
,
.

.
,
,


.
,
(. . )
:

,

(, ) (.5).


,
.
-
,
,
. ,
,
, ,
.


. ,
[, 1964; , 1973,
1980; , 1974, .]. ..
. .: ., 1964; .. .
, 1973; .. . //
. . 1974. 5. . 3-15. , ,

, , , ,
, ,
(.
6).


,
, ( , ), ( ), (
)
( ). ,


.

() ,

,
, [,
1971]. ..
. // . ., 1971. . 1. . 137165.
,
,
,
(
, ),
.
, ,
, ,

 -
,
( , ),
[Mason, 1971, 1975]. Mason J.W. A reevaluation of the concept of
non-specificity in stress theory // J. Psychiat. Res., 1971. 8. P. 323-333; Mason J.W.
Emotion as reflected in patterns of endocrine integration // Emotions: Their parameters and
measurements. New York, 1975. P. 143-181.
, ,
,
, ;

[Selye, 1977]. . , 1976
// : . . ., 1977. . 27-51.
() ,

,
, , ,
,
[, 1984]. ..
. ., 1984.
() ,
[, 1983]. .. .
, 1983.

: ;
; ,
; ;
;
, [Cofer,
Appley, 1972]. Cofer Ch. N., Appley M.H. Motiwacja: Teoria i badania. Warzawa, 1972.

,

.

, , ,
,
.

 [Lazarus, 1970],
. (Lazarus R.S.) .
. : . .
., 1970. . 178-208.
,
( , ,
)
,
[Chan, 1977]
. Chan K.B. Individual differences in reactions to stress and their
personality and situational determinants: Some implications for community mental health //
Soc. Sci. Med. 1977. 11p. 89-103.
,
,

.
( )
[Tache, Selye,
1978]. Tache I., Selye H. On stress and coping mechanism // Stress and anxiety. Washington,
D.C., 1978. Vol. 5. ,

,
,
,
[Masserman, 1961; Appley, Trumbull, 1967; Lazarus, 1970;
, 1971; Averill et al., 1971: Mason, 1975: ., 1976 .].
Masserman J.H. Principles of dynamic psychiatry. Philadelphia: London, 1961; Appley M.H.,
Trumbull R. On the concept of psychological stress // Psychological stress. New York, 1967.
P. 1-13; .. 1971; Averill
J.R., Optan E.M., Lazarus R.S. Cress-cultural studies of psychophysiological response during
stress and emotion // Symp. Society, stress and disease. Oxford, 1971. P. 110;
.., .., .. .
. ., 1976. , ,
;
,
[Cofer, Appley, 1972].

,
,
.

, (, . .)
,
. , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, , . .
, , ,

, [Basowitz et al., 1955].
, ,
, .

,
,
, .

,
[Holmes, Rahe, 1967; Lau, Vessel,
1982]. Holmes T.H., Rahe R.H. The social readjustment rating scale // J. Psychosom. Res.
1967. 11. P. 213-218.; Lau L., Vessel G. Theoretical and methodological issues in
achievement-related stress and anxiety research // Achievement, stress and anxiety.
Washington etc., 1982 p. 3-18.
(

)

, .
, , ,
[Lundberg et al., 1975]
[, , 1983]. Lundberg V., Theorell T., Lind E. Life
changes and myocardial infarction: Individual differences in life change scaling // J.
Psychosom. Res. 1975. 19. P. 27-32.; .., ..

(
) // : . . . . 1983. . 194-195.

 ,
( ),
[Fraisse, 1957]. (Fraisse P.) .
// : . . .. 1957. . 5. . 111-195.

,

- ,

. : -,
;
( );
; -
, [, 1983]. ..
-

// -
: . . .
., 1983. . 1. . 17-20. (,
, ) [Kobasa,
Pucetti, 1983]. Kobasa S.C., Pucetti M.P. Personality and social resources in stress
resistance // J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1983. Vol. 45(4). P. 839-850.


, , ,

,

.
,
;
,
;
.
,
,

,
, .
,
, ,

 ,
.
:

(

) ( ,
,
).



,
, ,
, ,
, . ,
, ()
[, 1967],
[Poldinger, 1970], [Kepinski,
1977],
( ) . ..

// .
., 1967 . 2. . 61-70.; Pldinger W. Aspects of anxiety // Anxiety and tension new
therapeutic aspects. Basel, 1970. P. 7-21.; Kepinski A. Lek. Warzawa, 1977.

[, 1981], , , ,
, .
, ,
[James, 1969; Kepinski, 1977]. James B. In defense of
anxiety // Austral. N. Z. J. Psychiat. 1969. Vol.3. p. 241-247.
,
;

,
.

,

[Brown, 1961; Gofer, Appley, 1972]. Brown J.S. The motivation of behavior. New York,
1961. ,
,
,
.
, .
, ,
,
, ( )
, ,

. , (
) ,
.
,
. [Jaspers, 1948],
- ( ),
.
,
[Schneider, 1959; Schulte, 1961; Pldinger,
1970, .] (,
[, 1971]).
, ,
, [Pldinger, 1970]. Jaspers K. Allgemeine
Psychopathologie. 5th ed. Berlin, 1948.; Schneider K. Klinische Psychopayhologie. 5th ed.
Stuttgart, 1959.; Schulte W. Angstsyndrome // Mkurse rztl. Fortbild. 1961. 11. S. 586.;
.. . 2- . ., 1971.;
(
,
[Noyes, Kolb, 1966]),
. Noyes A.P., Kolb L.C. Modern clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia; London, 1966.

- [Izard, 1980]. (Izard
C.E.) . : . . ., 1980. ,
[Symonds, 1946]. Symonds P.M.
The dynamics of human adjustment. New York, 1946.

, ,


,
.

,
.
. -:
,
-
[, 1971. ..
(, ,
): - . . ., 1971.] ,
(
- )

),
, --
.
,


, .
, ,
,
. -,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
,
.

,

[Hess, 1957; Gellhorn, 1967; , 1969],
. ,
, . Hess W.R. The functional
organization of the diencephalon. New York, 1957; Gellhorn E. Principles of autonomic-

somatic integrations. Minneapolis, 1967.; ..

. ., 1969. ,
,
,
,
[, 1981],
, . .. . ., 1981.
,
, ,

,
[, 1981].

:

-
.
,
,
,
.
.


,
,
.
.
, ,
[Pldinger 1970]
.
,

[Mason, 1971, 1975; Frankenhaeuser, 1980]. Frankenhaeuser M.
Psychoneuroendocrine approaches to the study of stressful person environment transactions //
Selyes guide to stress research. New York, 1980.


, 17-

 .
,
[,
, 1970],
, . .. ..
--
// . ., 1970. . 3. . 18-20.
, , , ,
, .
, ,
,
.
- ,
.
,
.

.
- ,
, .
,
,
,
( ).

, ,
.

,
.


.
(
) (
).
,

.


,
( ), "
. , , ,
( );
, . .
( );

(
,
, , , );
,
[, 1967]. .. .
., 1967. ,
- ;
,
, ;
,
[, 1978].
[Personality, 1969]
, , :
;
;

( ) ;
,
; , ,
, , , ,
. Personality: Dynamics, development and assessment. New York, 1969.
, ..
, ,
. ,
, -
. (
, ); ;
; ,
,
.
,
,
( );

 , -
(,
); , , ,
,
. ,
,
.
: ,
,

[ ., 1976]. .., .., ..
. ., 1976.

[, 1981]. ..
. ., 1981.
:
, , (,
);
( ); (
);

().

,
.
, ,
,
,
.

, ,
, (
) .


, ,
. ,
,
.

 ,
-
; -,
,
, .
,
, (
-). , , , ,
,
.
.

.
,
( )
.
, ,
.
,

.
( )
.
, ,
,

.
,
.


, ,
,

. (
) , ,

, ,

,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
. ,

,
( ,
) , , . .
.
, ,
[Hall,
1961], . ,
[Britt, Janus, 1940], ,
, , , ,
,
. Hall Y. F. Psychology of motivation. Philadelphia,
1961.; Britt S.H., Janus S.Q. Criteria of frustration // Psychol. Rev. 1940. Vol. 47. P. 451-470.

, ,
,
[Brown, Farber, 1951; Lawson, 1965],
, [, 1967;
Hilgard, Atkinson, 1967],
[, 1984]. Brown J.S., Farber J.F.
Emotions conceptualized as intervening variables-with suggestions toward a theory of
frustration // Psychol. Bull. 1951. Vol. 48. P. 465-495.; Lawson R. Frustration: The
development of scientific concept. New York, 1965.; ..
// . . 1967. 6. . 118-129. Hilgard E.,
Atkinson R.C. Introduction to psychology. New York; Chicago, 1967.
[ ., 1976; , 1978].

,
(
), ,

, , ,
.
,
:
, .

. ,
( ).


,
. ( )

, [Maslow, 1954;
, 1972; Cofer, Appley, 1972; , 1976; , 1981]. Maslow
A.H. Motivation and personality. New York, 1954; .
. ., 1972; .. //
. . 1976. 9. .30; ..
// . . 1977. 2. .111;
, . . [1981],
, ;
, , ,

, , , ,
.
,
( )
.
, ,
()
[, 1983].
.. :
// . . . ., 1983. .
12. . 71-150.
( ),
. [Leonhard, 1961]
, , . . ,
, ,
. Leonhard K. Biologische
Psychologie. Leipzig, 1961. ,

 , ,
.
,

.
()

,
.
(
),
, (
)
. ,

.

,
. ,
, , , ,
, (. . , .
), ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
, . [Maslow, 1954],

, , ,
,
, .
,
,
,
,
.

,

 ,

, .
,
, .
,
, -, ,
,
. ,
( ,
),
( ),
, , . .
.
,
,
(
)

. ,
, ,
,
,
,
.

.

, ,
- ,
. ,
,

,
,
.
,
, , ,
. ,


.


. .
, ,

.
,
,

,
, , ,
,
, .
( 1).

,
.

, .


,

,
,
.
,

,
.
.

[, 1960]

. ..
. ., 1960.
,

 ,
- ,
[, 1981],

.
[, 1980],

. .. . .,
1980.**************



.
,

, ,


. ,
- ,
,
.


, .
(, ) .
,

[Lazarus, 1975; Mason, 1975].
( [Festinger, 1957]
, .
, ,
,

. ,
, ,
, ,
,
.


.
[Lewin, 1931; Miller,
1944].
1. ()
,
.
. ,
,
.
2.

()

.
,
.
3. ()
- ,
,
[Cofer, Appley, 1972], . .
.
,
, ,
( , )
.
.
-
,
. ,

.
,
,
( ) .
,
.
- ,
.
;
,
.
,

 , ,
, , .
,
( )
.
4. :
. ,

[Miller, 1944].
,
, ,

, .
(
),
(
).


.

( )
,

.
,
( push and pull [Kosinski,
Prothero, 1975]), ,
, .

.

. ,


.

 ,
,
, ,


.


. ,
, , ,

.

, ,
, ,
.

.

.
, ,
,
,
(, ) . ,

,
.

, ,
, , [Cattell,
1977],
, , .
, ,
, ,
.

,
, .
.

 ,
,
. . . [1960]
,
(. 66),
.

.
,

.

,
.

,
.

, ( )
.

, ,
,
.
,
,
.
, .

, :
,
, (
, ), , ,
, (
).

 .
,

, :
,
.
, ,
(), ().
,
(, ),
,
,
.
( )

( ) [Shibutani, 1969].
, ,

, .


.
,

.
,
, .
,
, ,
, 27 % ,
4.8 %.
,
, 46.7 % ,
.

. .. [1981],
, .

.

 . [ ., 1966]. ,
,

.
,
.
:


, . , ,
,

,2
.
,
.

,
, ,
,
. (
),
, .

.
.
,
, .



,
.

 ,
.

,
.
.

,
,
: , ,

.



,

.
, . . -
.
,
- [McClelland, Liberman, 1949; Atkinson, 1953; McClelland,
1955],
,
,
,

[Atkinson, Litwin, I960; Heckhausen, 1963, 1977;
, 1973, 1975; ., 19766; ., 1980, .].


[Kuhl, Blankenship, 1979]
[Raynor, 1974].
, -
.
,
,
.


,
, -,
,
,

, ,
.


, . . ,
,
[, , 1981].
, , . .
.. [1984],
, ( )
,
[, , 1976].
,
,
,
.
.

,
- ()
( ). ,
.
, ,
[Dweck, Wortman, 1982]
.

,
.

.
,

(
). ,

 ( ),
.

(. .
) .
,
, ,
. ,
.

, ,

.
,
.
,
,


, .
,
,
,

.
,

, ,
,
.
,
- .

,
,
,
,

 .
, -
(
, ).

,

( , ,

).
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
, .

-

[, 19836],
-
(, 1983).
, ,
,

. ,
, . .
-,
.

, -

[, , 1977; , 1979; , , 1981].

,
,
,
.
,

 ,
, - .


[, 1981].

,
, .
,
[Paukel et al.,
1969; Wiler et al., 1971; Holmes, 1979].
,
[Rahe, 1975].

, ,
:
, ,
. ,
, .
,
,
, [Prior, 1977].

[, , 1981]
.

, .

(push and pull [Kosinski, Prothero, 1975]) .
,
.

, . ,
, ,
.


,
,

,
.
,
.
.

,
(
),
(-)
().
, ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
(
) ( ),
( , ),
,
[Kahn, 1974; Chischolm et al., 1983; James,
White, 1983; Shaw, Riskind, 1983; Keenan, Newton, 1984].
,
, ,

, ,
.
. ,
,
, ,
[Das, 1982; Karasek et al., 1982; Seers et
al., 1983].

[, 1979; , 1980; , 1981]. ,


,
.
,
,
.

,
,

,

, .
( ,
)
- ( )

,

. ,

, , , ,

.

,
,
,
.
,

[Lazarus, 1975; Mason, 1975].
,
(

), . [Festinger, 1957],
,
, ,
,

 .

.



,

.

. ,

,
,
- ,
[ ., 1975; Frankenhaeuser,
1980; Lundberg, 1982, .].

,
,
.
,
, .

,
, (.. : [ ., 1976]),

[Lundberg, 1982].
:
(,
-),
,
[Szentagothai et al., 1965; Levi,
1967; , , 1981]. ,

,

.
,


[, 1973; , , 1974; , 1975; , 1977;
, , 1981]. , , 11-

, 10
[, 1977], . . .
,
,
.

.
[LeBlanc, 1970].
( -)
.
, ,
.

-
(
); ,
[Gellhorn, Loofborrow,
1966; , 1975; , 1981, .],

- .

,
: - (
); (
);
; -
; (. 25).

,
,

[, 1983].
,
.

 ,
,

,
,
, ,
.

.
.
***
,
,
,
,
.
,
.

,
.


.

,
,
,
,
. ,
,
.
.

 (
).

,
.
,

, ,
.
,
, ,
. ,

, .
, ,
( ) .

,
, .
,
,

, ,
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
, , :
,
,
;
( );
,
.

;

 ,
. , . , ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
.

,
.
,
.
,
,
, .

.
. ,
( ,
), .
- ,
,

, . ,
,
,
.

,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
.


() ,
.

,
(
) ( ),

( ), . ,
,
.

. ,
.
,

.
,
( )
, (
) ,
( , ,
),
, ,

. ,
.




, .
, (
, . . ) ,
.
.

, ,

 .
, , .


.

, .
,
,
, , ,

.
-
(coping
behavior), . . ,
.
,
[McCra. R.R., 1984], [Goodstein,
Lanyon, 1975]. , ,

,
( ,
( )
[Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus, Launior, 1978], , ,
- .
,
.


, .

.
( ,
),
( ,
).
-

,
. (
) , ,
. ,
,
,
.


.
,

,
( - )
.
--
,
.
, ,


.

,
,
, ,
,
. (
- - )
[Hess, 1957; Gellhorn, 1967; ,
1969; , 1981; , 1981].

,
- , . , (
),
, , , .
, ,

 ,
, .
,
,
.

,

, , ,
.

,
, . ,
,

.

.

( , ),
,
.


.


,
.
,
.
,
[, 1981, . 9].

,
[Kobasa, Pucetti, 1983].

 ,

.
,
,
.

,
( )
,
.
,
[Holmes, Rahe, 1967 ].

,
, ,
- .
,

- .

,

[, I960]. ,

: ( ,
)
.
,
:
, - .
,
,
, ,
( )
(. . 25, ).

.


, -
,

.
,

,
( - )
.

, (. . 25, ).

,
( 4).
,
, , , ,
-
, .
( , )
,
, .

, ,
(,
, ).


, .
-
,
( - )
,
.
- ,
,
.
, ,
,

 ,
, .

(
) ,

.

, , . . ,

,
.

, ,
,
( ),

-.
(. .
)
, .
,
,
, .

.
, , ,
, ,
(. . ,
,
, )

,
.

( ),

, .
,
, .

 ,
,
,
, , ,
, ,
. ,

( , ),

. , ,
,
,

.
,
,
(, , ),
.

.