,

. .
:

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2014
1

 571.54
87+86
69
:
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69

: . -: - , 2014.
364 .
ISBN 978-5-7925-0409-7

, ,
.
,
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.

Urbanaeva I. S.
Formation of Tibetan and Chinese Mahayana: in the Context of Authentic
Buddhism Problem. Ulan-Ude: Buryat Science Center SD RAS Publishing, 2014.
364 p.
The author examines the most important aspects of Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism
formation in a comparative format depending on their objective and subjective factors and
on characteristics of Tibetan and Chinese civilizations taking into account differences in
mental patterns and strategies of Buddhism perception in Tibet and China. Comparative
analysis of two Mahayana Buddhism traditions from their origins and in relation to Indian
Buddhism, and also peculiarities of canons formation, etc. is carried out in the context of
the authentic Buddhism problem. The book might be useful for specialists in the field of
Buddhist studies, philosophy, cultural history, religion studies, and also for a wide circle of
readers interested in Buddhism and in its history.
571.54
87+86

.. , 2014
, 2014
- , 2014

ISBN 978-5-7925-0409-7
2

..7
10
.10
1. ..28
1.1.
?.......................................................................................................................................28
1.2. ?................................32
1.3.
47
1.4. , 66
1.4.1. : /c
/ ..66
1.4.2. : 81
1.4.3.
94
1.4.3.1. 94
1.4.3.2. .101
1.4.3.3. . ..106
1.4.3.4. ?.................................................................................................................................................112
1.5. ..131
1.5.1.
: , ...131
1.5.2. : 142
1.5.3. : 158
1.6. 171
2.
..189
2.1. ..189
2.2. ?........................201
2.3. ..221
2.3.1.
...221
2.3.2. 236
2.3.3.
, ..244
3

2.3.4.
/259
2.3.5. ..266
2.3.6. - .275
2.3.7. - .286
2.3.7.1. ()
(): ..286
2.3.7.2. -
..302
2.3.7.3. - ......316
.332
335
340

CONTENTS

PREFACE7
INTRODUCTION TO AUTHENTIC BUDDHISM AS A PROBLEM OF MODERN
BUDDHISM AND BUDDHIST STUDIES10
CH. 1. DIFFERENCES IN HISTORICAL SPREAD OF BUDDHISM IN TIBET AND
IN CHINA IN THE LIGHT OF AUTHENTIC BUDDHISM PROBLEM 28
1.1. WHY THE COMPARATIVE ANALISYS OF TIBETAN AND CHINESE TRADITIONS OF BUDDHISM IS CURRENT?.......................................................................................28
1.2. HOW AND WHY DID TIBET BECOME A CENTRAL COUNTRY OF THE
BUDDHAS TEACHINGS?...........................................................................................................32
1.3. THE DEBATE AT SAMYE AS A SYMBOLIC LANDMARK OF ESTABLISHING AUTHENTIC BUDDHISM IN TIBET..47
1.4. CHINESE BUDDHISM OR WHAT HAPPENED TO BUDDHISM IN
CHINA66
1.4.1. PARADIGMS THAT EXPLAIN THE TRANSFORMATION OF BUDDHISM IN
CHINA: THE SIMILARITIES/SYNTHESIS AND CONFRONTATION/ADAPTATION OF
BUDDHISM AND CHINESE SPIRITUALITY66
1.4.2. ADAPTATION OF BUDDHISM IN TERMS OF CULTURAL CONFRONTATION: A SPECIFICITY OF CHINESE MENTALITY AS A KEY FACTOR IN PERCEPTION
OF BUDDHISM IN CHINA ..81
1.4.3. SINIZATION OF BUDDHISM IN CHINA AND REASONS FOR DOUBTING
THE AUTHENTICITY OF CHINESE MAHAYANA TRADITION ..94
1.4.3.1. FACTORS OF BUDDHIST DIVERSIFICATION IN CHINA AND SPECIFIC
MOMENTS OF SELF-IDENTIFICATION OF CHINESE BUDDHISM AS A DIVISION OF
MAHAYANA 94
1.4.3.2. LINGUISTIC RELATIVISM AS A FACTOR OF SINIZATION OF BUDDHIST
PHILOSOPHY AND THE PROBLEM OF THE AUTHENTITY OF CHINESE TRANSLATIONS OF BUDDHIST TEXTS...101
1.4.3.3. W. LIBENTHAL ON THE DISTORTION OF BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY IN
CHINESE BUDDHISM106
1.4.3.4. WAS THE PHILOSOPHY OF CHINESE MADHYAMIKA SCHOOL AUTHENTIC TO NAGARJUNA TEACHING?..........................................................................................112
1.5. FORMATION OF BUDDHIST CANON IN TIBET AND CHINA..131
1.5.1. CRITERIA OF AUTHENTICITY OF BUDDHIST TEACHINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF BUDDHA WORDS CANON FORMATION IN INDIA: THE FOUR AUTHORITIES, THE FOUR RELIANCES, THE FOUR FACTORS.131
1.5.2. TIBETAN BUDDHIST CANON: ASPIRATION TO THE AUTHENTICITY AS A
CRUCIAL STRATEGY OF FORMING .142
1.5.3. CHINESE BUDDHIST CANON: SPECIFICITY OF FORMATION..158
1.6. PROBLEM OF AUTHENCITY OF THE FAR EASTERN BUDDHISM TRADITION .171
CH. 2. SCHOLARLY TRADITION OF NALANDA AND RATIONALIST FOUNDATION OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM189
2.1. GREAT MONASTIC UNIVERSITY OF NALANDA.189
2.2. FOR WHOM AND WHY THE ORIGIN OF MAHAYANA IS A PROBLEM?.........201
5

2.3. THE ROLE OF NALANDA SCHOLARS IN THE STATEMENT OF MAHAYNA AS

THE AUTHENTIC DOCTRINE OF THE BUDDHA.221
2.3.1. MEANING OF ARYA NAGARJUNAS SPIRITUAL BIOGRAPHY FOR UNDERSTANDING THE FORMATION OF MAHAYANA DEEP LINEAGE 221
2.3.2. ARYA ASANGAS SPIRITUAL BIOGRAPHY AS A FACTOR FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGIN OF MAHAYANAS LINEAGE OF EXTENSIVE PRACTICE....236
2.3.3. MEANING OF NAGARJUNAS VERIFICATION OF MAHAYANA AUTHENTICITY AND CLASSICAL CRITERIA OF AUTHENTICITY IN TIBETAN TRADITION.244
2.3.4. VERIFICATION OF AUTHENTICITY OF MAHAYANA AND ITS MERITS IN
THE ORNAMENT OF THE MAHAYANA SUTRAS BY ASANGA/MAITREYA..259
2.3.5. SHANTIDEVAS ROLE IN VERIFICATION OF MAHAYANA AS THE AUTHENTIC DOCTRINE OF THE BUDDHA AND THE MAHAYANA SYSTEM OF PHILOSOPHY AND MEDITATION...266
2.3.6. CRITERIA FOR DISTINGUISHING MAHAYANA AND HINAYANA, AND SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MAHAYANA IN THE INDO-TIBETAN TRADITION..275
2.3.7. SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE INDO-TIBETAN TRADITION OF MAHAYANA
PRESENTATION.286
2.3.7.1. UNITY OF THE DEEP LINEAGE BY NAGARJUNA AND THE EXTENSIVE
LINEAGE BY ASANGA: ON THE BASIS OF ORAL TIBETAN COMMENTARIES TO THE
HEART SUTRA..286
2.3.7.2. LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL RATIONALISM IN THE FOUNDATIONS OF
THE INDO-TIBETAN TRADITION OF GRADUAL PATH TO ENLIGHTENMENT302
2.3.7.4. LAMRIM AS THE INDO-TIBETAN SYSTEM OF BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY
AND MEDITATION316
CONCLUSION302
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.335
BIBLIOGRAPHY340


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32
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39

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41

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40

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42

1931 . -,
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-. 1960 .,
.
41

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byang chub lam gyi sgron ma), . - , , ,
43. ,
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, , .
, ,
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[Gelek 2002, p. 106].
, , , .


.

.
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(tshogs zhing) , , , .
, [.:
2008, . 116, 120], , , ,
. , ,
. . ,
.

43

-
, 25 (25 2013 . 3
2014 .).
42

 . : , . , ,
, [.: 1989].
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44

(ngag-rim ) .
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.
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:
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, Prajpramit,
[. :
Adamek, 2007, p. 309].



. 47,
[ ]. ( , -
.), , ,
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. (17041788)
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95 , 192, 17.

46

(Pod) c . , (Pod-rgyal), (Pod). Lungrnam-byed, ,

. , - . ,
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. 36].
47
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45


- ,
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, . 17
.
(dbu
can) (dbu med). , . ,
,
, (sum bcu pa, rtag
jug pa .) [Geshe Lhundup
Sopa 1983, . 112, 127]48. , ,
, ( VII .) ,
, () [ 1998], ,

. , , ,
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-


.
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48

, -, -. , , , -- [, . 40].
46

1.3.

, 50- . XX . , , ,
- XIV, , .
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.) , , ,
.

,
.
, VIII . . . 49.
, , [.: , . 253256; 1997, 1958; Goodman and Davidson
1992, p. 154163; Imaeda 1975]. - . , ,
,
()50
[Tucci 1958, p. 285287].
, (Zhi-ba-tsho, .
705765), , (Khri Srong lde b(r)tsan, 755794/9) (pad-ma byunggnas, VIII .) .

49

, ( bSam yas), 1765

1780 . . .
50
bKha-thang sde-lnga, , , (), , , . , , . , , - 713 .,
()
[ 1997, . 46].
47

 VIII . , , , , (mkhen po),

,
c. ,
, : ,
, (), ( ), (), [ 2001]. ,
12 c, - : .
(. 700750 713794), , -.
-, , .
,
[; 1958; Stein 1961]
(Bhvankrama; bsgom pai rim pa)51. . , , ,
, [ 1999, . 256]. , [ 1997, . 44] .
, , , [Demieville
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. , ,
,
[Ruegg 2010, p. 255], , -
.
.

[Ruegg 2010, p. 253]. , , ,

51

, .
-, -
- [ 1997; Tucci 1958].
48

.
Lam rim
Lam rim, .
, , (rtsen min pa).
. . , rtsen-min-pa ston-mun-pa,
, tun
chien, .
,
, rim gyis jug pa [g]cig c[h]ar gyis jug pa [Ruegg 2010,
p. 259]. . , rtsen-min-pa , ston-mun-pa , , , [1997].
,
(Lam rim chen
mo), (Lam rim bring po) (Lam rim bsdus
don52) .
-, , 53.
,
.
, , ,
, 54 . , , , ,
, ,
.

52

Lam rim nyams mgur ( ).

53
, , , [ 2003].
54
.
49

 , , , ,
.
, .
, , . , , -, -, -, -
, . , , [.: ,
. 200208, 212213]. ,
, ,
.
,
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,
.
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,
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,
,
, -. [.: van Schaik
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,
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[ ]. , . , ,
,
55.

55

, , ,
50

 (chos-byung
zin-bris nor-bu phreng-ba)
. , . , , , . ,
, ,
[Indian Buddhist Pandits
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[Ibid., p. 7378]. ,
,
[ 2008a, . 48].
- , , .
, (ston mun pa), . ,

, ,
. : , , . :

[, . 256]. ,

, . ,
, - XIV ,
, . - (Indo-Tibetica),
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() ,

, .
51

. Kumbum
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,
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,
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56. -, 1970- .
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56

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 , ,
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[Ibid.].

. , , 58, (
), ,
( ),
,
. ,
,
,
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, , 794 . ,
[.: Roccasalvo 1980, p. 506]. 1975 ., 1983 ., 1970 .,
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[.: Lai and Lancaster 1983; Ruegg 2010, p. 254].
.
, Sba bzhed hos byung Me tog snying po,
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(. rtsod pa),

58

, .
(CUTS) , : ,
dbu-ma-pa,
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59
,
Byang chub gling .
53

 , 60. ,
,
974 . , ,
[Demieville 1952, p. 42; Roccasalvo 1980, p. 506]. ,
bKha-thang sde-lnga, , , , (bTsad po),
, ,
-,
() [1997, . 4647]. ,
, , . , , ,
, , . .

, .
. , Le Concile de Lhasa

[Tucci 1958, p. 5], , , . , [Ueyama 1983] ,
,
[.: Ruegg 2010, p. 255]. .
[Demieville 1952,
p. 183], , ,
. , - . , , : - -
. , ,

. , ,
[Ibid., p. 182].

[.: Roccasalvo 1980; 1999]. , . , ,
. ,
60

,
, .: [ 1999, . 254256; Ruegg 2010, p. 254255].
54

 , , 61. , ,
, ,
, , Bhavanakrama62 [,
1999, . 163]. , , , . ? (gsar ma pas), , ,
, [.: Ruegg 2010, p. 259].
, [.: van Schaik 2011, p. 3839].
- Bhavanakrama
(bsGom-pai rim-pa), [The Dalai Lama 2001],
- XIV II Bhavanakrama
[Ibid.], [ 1997; Tucci 1958], Bhavanakrama,
. [ 2011], ,
[ 1999], . ()
[Gmez 1983],
, , ,
[Roccasalvo 1980],
[van Schaik 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011],
. [Adam 2006], [Hoffmann 1961, p. 76], . . . [Tanaka and Robertson 1992], [Ruegg 2010, p. 261
263] . , , , , , , .
-
, ,
,
. , -

61

, , ,
, : , , .
[1997, . 41].
62
(bsGom pai rim pa) , , (dbu-ma).
.
55

 , . ,
, , , , , , ,
.
.
, ,
. , , , ,
. . ,
, , , , X .
[.: Ueyama
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,
[van Schaik 2007]. (), ,
(byang chub klu dbang). ,
bSam gtan gi yi ge.
The Chan Document. ,
, , ,
(lha
btsan-po khri-sron lde-btsan-gi mgur-gi phyag-rgya og-nas byung-ba) [Ibid.].
,
. , , , , , , ,
. , , The Chan
Document .
, , , : , . ,
[Ibid.]. , , , - [van Schaik and Dalton 2004,
2006]. , .
, 56

 , [Eastman 1983].
, ,

. ,
,
(bSam gtan), bSam gtan-gi yi-ge , , , .
, , , , .
, , bSam gtan yi-ge ,
[van Schaik 2007].
, , [Ibid.]. ,
, , bSam gtan-gi yi-ge, , . ,
.
, XIV . bKa-thang sde-lnga /. . ,
,
: , , [Tucci 1958, p. 64]. ,
. . . . , , , 12, 13
14 bLon-po bKa-thang sde-lnga. bLon-po
, , . 14 ,
,
, () [Ibid., p. 101].
: () : / , , / [] . / . / sTon -mun-pa, , . , , : ,
, , , , , ... , , . , ,
57

 [Tucci 1958, p. 65]. , , , ,

. , , bSam-gtan
(gnubs-chen Sangs-rgyas ye-shes, 772892), ,
, . , bSam-gtan , bLon-po, , [Tanaka and Robertson, p. 72]. bLonpo, , 12 13
bLon-po bSam-gtan, bLon-po bSam-gtan. ,
bSam-gtan bKa-thang sde-lnga. ,
bSam-gtan bLon-po [Ibid., p. 73].
bLon-po, bSam-gtan:
, , , . bSam gtan, , 13 bLon-po, .
, ,
bLon po - bKa-thang sde-lnga
, ,
, . : ,
bLon-po bSam gtan
( ),
,
bSam gtan [Ibid.]. , ,
. .
The Great Perfection, , bLon-po
bSam gtan,
, [Karmay 1988, p. 9099].
. .
. , ,
, . , ,
, . ,
, 58

 [ 1999]. , ,
, ,
, .
.
. . , . , , ,
. , , ,
[Ruegg 2010, p. 257]. ,
, . ,
, , , ,
. , ,
[Ibid., p. 258]. ,
,
, [Tanaka and Robertson 1992; Goodman 1992, p. 161].
,

, , ,
, . , . ,
,
. ()
, , ,
, [Ruegg 2010, p. 259].
, ,
, , ,

, , , , , .
, , , . ,

59

 63.

, 64.
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, . , , [
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, .
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(-) ()
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63

, -
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64
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65
,
, . [Gomez 1983].
60

 ,
,
. ,
.
, - , , . .
.
.
, .
, ,
bLon-po bKa-thang sde-lnga,
[.: Tanaka and Robertson 1992, p. 73],
, .
, ,
,
,
. , , ,
,
.
, (rdzogs-pa chen-po)
, . , (phyag-rgya chen-po),
, .
, ,
,
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, ,
. , .. :
. ,
, , , , [ ]. , . . . . , , ,
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 , -

,
, .
,

, .
. , , (Bka gyur) , , .
(Bstan gyur) , (Wnchuk),
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, -
(Deb ther sngon po),
. ,
, (, ), , , .
:
, !
[ 2001].
, ,
, , , [van Schaik 2011, p. 37]. , . ,
. .
[Ibid.].
.
,
. .
,
(),
. ,
,
- ,
.
62

 , ,
[van Schaik 2011, p. 37]. .
.
.
,
.
, ,
. , , ,
.
, .
,
, . ,

.

, . [McRae 1986, p. 11]. ,
, . [Adamek 2007,
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, , , , Lidao fabao ji. Record of the Dharma Jewel Through the Genarations( , ) [Ibid.].
, , 1900 . (). . , , Lidao fabao ji, . , , , ,
.
, (9801053) (1357
1419), .
63


, -,
. -,
, . Lam rim
, .
, , (gzi gnas) (lhag mthong).
,
,
. -
,
, [.: 2013; 2011; Adam 2006; The Dalai Lama 2001 .]. ( ) ,
. , ,
. , . ,
, , , , , . , ,
, .
, , ,
( ), , , .
.

, .

, . , , ,
Lam rim ( Ngags-rim),
. , [ 2010, . 134].
, (
) 64

 . , . . , , , . , ,
,
. , , (11811251) sDom gsum rab dbye [Ruegg
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. , bSam gtan ,
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(rgya nag lugs kyis rdzog chen) (da ltai phyag chen)66,
. ,
,
, .

, ,
. , .
.
. ,
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. (od
gsal) (sgyu-lus)
. 12 , .
, , -,

66

(10791153), , .
65

 67.
, . , , , .
,
, ,
, . . [1999, . 112]. , 826 .,

(bGom-ldan-das-kyi dun-sa),
. [ ]. , , , , , , , Lam rim
. ,
, , , .
1.4. ,

1.4.1. :
/c /

, , 68, , , , [

67

, .
68
, .: [Pachow 1980; Tan 2008]. . : http://ccbs.ntu.
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2009, . 5]. ,
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. . , ,

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- ,
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. , ,
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, .
,
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[ 1994]. - [Zrcher 2010].
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, , ,
, , .
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Zongli zhongjin mulu ( ),
. 90 %
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,
, , . ,
, VIIIIX .,
,
. , , .
, . , .
. . , - , ,
. , . , . . , . ,
. , . , . , . , . , . , . . , . , . , . . , . . , .. ,
. . , . . , . . . ,
69

. - . , . .
70
,
.
71
,
.
68

 , ,
, .
, ,
,
- , . , , , . [ 1977; 1983; 1989; Gombrich 1996, 2006; McRae 1999,
2010, 2012; Heirman 2007; Robinson 1967; Zrcher 1959, 2012 .].
. . ,

,

, ? [Zrcher 2012, p. 1].
,
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
, , -, .
, , .
,
.

[Chan 1958, 1964; Holt 1995; Weirong 2007; McRae 1999,
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(. . , . . , . . , . . , . . ,
. . , . . , . . .),

72

: [Tan 2008].
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, . /. , , .
, ,
,
, ,
. , . . ,
( ) [2000, . 169]. . .
, [1982, . 5].
, , , . ,
-, ,
; -,

, . , , ,
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, ,
.
. ()
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, . ,

. , . . ,
, , ,
, , [2007, . 75]. , ,
.
70

 , , ,
, ,
. ,
(sinification)

. , , ,

, .
, -
, , - [Sharf 2002, p. 18, 21].
, , .
, ,
. - . / / .
, , , , . , . , . . . ,
, . [Mather
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/, , , ,
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, . / , , . . . ,
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. 73.
, , ,
. , (638713)74 , [ 2002, . 49].
. . . . .

. . /,
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[ 2000]. , . . , ,
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[ ].
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[Zurcher 2007, p. xiii]. . , [Huntington 1993, 1996], ,
-,
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.

73

. (. ), -,
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74
() , .
72

, ,
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[2007, . 69].
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- ,
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 , .
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[Zrcher 2007, p. xi]. , IV .? , ? , ,
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,
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. . . - , . , [2002, . 124].
, ,
[ ]. .
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[ , . 125].
74

 .
.
,
, , (, , ) . ,
, , , , . , , , , . , ,
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,
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[ 2002, . 125]. , , /.
. . , ,
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[.: 2004; 1994, 2003; 2002].
, , ,

, . , [ 1994, c. 77; 2003]. ,
( 528 .),
/ . - (637713), , /,
, ,
. , , , . , ,
/ [ 2002, c. 127].
, , ,
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,
[ , . 124]. ,
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.
75

 , , , ,
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, .
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,
.
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75

, ,
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[ 1993]. , , , .
, , , , [
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76

 ,
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.
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76

www.savetibet.ru . - . , 26 2008 , , , :
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 .
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78.
, ,

(18911962), , .
, , ,
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, , [ 1994, . 8].
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77

.
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78

78

 .
, (lung; dbang). (byin
rlabs), ,
, , , , , .
, ,
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- XIV, :
, , , ,
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,
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. . :
; , ,
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, , , . , .
, ,
[McMahan 1998, p. 254].

. , , ,
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 ,
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. . , . . ,
,
[Mcmahan, p. 255].
.
. , , .
,
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--
, .
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, ,
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.
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[.: 1982, 1995, 2007; , 2010].
, - (, 522597), ,
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 ,
. - ,
! [.: Brown 1985]. .
,
.
1.4.2. :

. Buddhist Conquest of China ,

,
.

.
, , ,
[Nakamura 1971; Lai 1983; Buswell 1990; Holt 1995; Adamek 2007; Tan 2008; Lancaster 2012; 1993; 2007 .].
, . , ,
, :
. ,
[Holt 1995]. ,
.
. ,
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(206 . . . 220 . . .). , , , ,
.
: , , ,
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, , , . ,
81

 . , . .
,
[ 1994, . 74]. ,
, , , ,
,
[ , . 88].
, , , - 79 [ 2009], , , [.:
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. ,
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.
,
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-. -,
- . . ,
.
[] [2007, . 40].
,
[ ].
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IVV . [Zurcher 2007, p. 254285], . ,

79

. . , -, (VIIV . . . VIV .
. . ) .
[2009].
82

 [Zrcher 2007, p. 288320; 1993].

.
, , , , , , , , , . . . . , -

[Haierman and Bumbacher 2007, p. 1].
, ,
.

, ,
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,
. 80, , , .
,
,
, , ,
[Zrcher 2007, p. 255256].
, , .
,
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[Kapstein 2000]
, :
[Ibid., p. 82].
,
[.: 1989], , ,
80

. , , ,
. -: .
83

 , .

, ,
(): ( ),
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( ).
II . . .

:

: , [Zrcher 2007, p. 265]. ,
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. (127200)

: , . , , ,

.
, , . ,
( ) [Ibid.].
.
.
, .
- , , , , , , , IV . . .
, ,
[Ibid., p. 288].
- , IV . II . . . ,
, , -
81 ().

81

, - ( ) , , , , , , [.:
1956, 19721975; 1993; Zrcher 2007].
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III .
,
, [ 1993]. , .
. . ,
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- (126145 .). . ,
, . ,
, - .
, . , , [ 1993].
.
, , , , ,
.
, ,
[Zrcher 2007, p. 290].
, -
[ 2009, . 36].
. . . ,
-, , [Zrcher 2007, p. 290].
. ,
. , ,
, -
,
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, ( -), ,
. ,
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,
(Pelliot 4502 Pelliot 3404). . , - ,
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[Zrcher 2007, p. 302]. ,
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 82, , , ,
, - [Zrcher 2007,
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,
. , , ,
,
.

, -= , , .
, -, , -, , , , -, .
, , ,

.

, IV .
.

(Han Wei liang-Jin nanbeichao fojiao shi),
1938 . .
, , .

, , , [Ibid., p. 305].
, .

82

.
, - ,
, . , .
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86

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. : [Walser 2005, p.107112; Harrison 2004; Williams 2008, p. 12].

135

 : 1) ,
; 2) (artha), , ; 3)
(ntrtha), , (neyrtha);
4) (jna),
(vijna) [- 1996, . 40; Hopkins 1996, p. 425; Williams 2008, p.1314].
,
, , (VIII .). , , , , , , :
, , . ? 1) , , -; 2) , -; 3) , ; 4)
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122

. (Cecil Bendall) Bibliotheca Buddhica (., 1897). ,

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138

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140

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( bkagyur ) VII .
(snga dar), 200 .
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, Ldan karma (812 .),
, 50300 (97,4 % ) , 312 (83,4 % ),
374 [Stanley 2009, p. 535].
44 %
(bstan-gyur). 79 , 842 .
, 100 80
[Khyentse 2009, p. 33].

,

.

. X ., (phyi dar 9581717 .) 700 , ,
[Raine]. (Rin
chen bkra shis, 1494 1577)
: 1)
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p. 218]. (bca bcad)
142

 ,
[Schaeffer 2004, p. 272].
, -
130,
VIIXIV . [ 1989, . 8]. . .
: ,
; ; [ 1989].
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bKa-gyur.
bstan-gyur.
131
.
132
, . . [ 1995, . 108].
143

 133,
(gsung bum). . , , - -,
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[Schastri 2007, p. 23]. 20
, , , , , , .
[Schaeffer 2009,
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12 .
1410 . .
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. ,
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133

, , () [ ]. ,
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134
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[Ibid., p. 3839].
135
11 , 13
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11 . 100 , 101, 105, 108 . , . , 109 .
144

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136

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[ 1999, . 14]. 1364 . -
(Zhwa-lu), , ,
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-, [Scheaffer 2004,
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145

 . (-),
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146

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147

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139

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140
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, .
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, , [.:
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141
VIII . , , , , ,
148

 ,
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, , , . , ,
, - , [ 2005].
10 , 283 [Ishihama & Fukuda 1989].
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- XIII . (Dag yig mkhas-pai
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,
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. . ,
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142
,
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- ), , [Simonsson 1957,
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143
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149

 - [ 1995,
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. -, (sGra sbyor bam po gnyis pa bye brag tu rtogs byed 'bring po) , ,
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. 152].
(IX .) ,
.
(, 9821054)
(9581055). . , , ,
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-, ,
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, , , , .
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125 , .

(XIII .). ( .)
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1320 . . .
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144

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150

 ), : -, -, , . .
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), , .
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mkhan rnams la gdams pa).
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13181388), ,
(kya mchog ldan, 14281507). , . : , [. : Schaeffer 2004, p. 266]. 1485 .
, [Ibid.].
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(; dge bshes)
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. , [Ibid., p. 268]. ,
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151

 , . , [ 2008, . 56].
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156
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157
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219

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88); 5) (; Theg-pa chen-po rgyud bla-mai bstan bcos. P. 5525, vol. 108).
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P. 5224, vol. 95.
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, [MSL 2000,

p. 5].
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[MSL 2000, p. 5].
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292

. : [Dalai Lama 1996, S. 178].

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. 44].
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XIII, XV XVI, , . , . ,
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[Ratnayaka 1985]. , , ,
[Anlayo 2010]. ,

312

(dBu ma la bstod pa), . 472 , 27
(Toh. 1120; Dg. T. Beijing 1, p. 197) [Jamgn 2007, p. 345].
313
Jig rten las das pa, , , . ,
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277

 , [Anlayo 2010, p. 10].

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314

, (sLob dpon dpa bo), (rTa dbyangs) , .

278

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315

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279

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316.

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.
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4. :
317.
5. :
(;
kun nyong), , , 318. , . ,
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316

475, 20, 5960, toh. 4020, . 35a34; Dg. T. Beijing 70:881.

, . , XIX [MSL 2000, p. 484484]. , , ,
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317
(-; bskal-pa grangs med-pa) , 1059.
318
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280

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2014 .) - XIV , .
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6. ,
, 319.
( ; de bzhin gshegspai stobs bcu), [ 1998], -, , ? [.: 1998; TEDBT 1997] :
1) , , (gnas dang gnas min
mkhyen-pai stobs);
2) (las-kyi rnam-par smin-pa
mkhyen-pai stobs);
3) / (mos-pa sna-tshogs mkhyen-pai
stobs);
4) / (khams sna tshogs
mkhyen-pai stobs);
5) (dbang-po snatshogs mkhyen-pai stobs);
6) (thams-cad-du gro-bai lam
mkhyen-pai stobs);
7) (kun nas nyon
mongs pa dang rnam-par byang-ba mkhyen-pai stobs);

319

.: [Berzin 1982].
281

8) (sngon-gyi gnas rjes-su dran-pa mkhyen-pai

stobs);
9) , ( chi pho-ba dang skyeba mkhyen-pai stobs);
10) (zag-pa zad-pa mkhyen-pai stobs).
(mi jigs-pa bzhi) 320:
1.
.
2.
.
3. .
4. , , .
(sangs-rgyas-kyi chos-ma-dres-pa
bco-brgyad) [.: 1998; TEDBT 1997] :
. , (sphyod-pas bsdus-pa
drug):
1. (skui spyod-pa khrul-ba mi
mnga-ba).
2. (gsung ca co mi mnga-ba).
3. (dran-pa nyams-pa mi mnga-ba).
4. (thugs mnyams-par ma
bzhag-pa mi mnga-ba).
5. , (blan-dor ngo-bo nyid-kyis grub-paii tha-dad-pa nyid-kyi du-shes mi ngaba).
6. (so-sor mabrtag-pai btang snyoms mi mnga-ba).
. , / (rtogs-pas
bsdus-pa drug):
7. (dun-pa nyams-pa mi mngaba).
8. (brtson grus nyams-pa mi mnga-ba).
9. (sems-can dul-bai thabs dran-ba nyams-pa mi mnga-ba).
10. (ting-ngedzin nayms-pa mi mnga-ba).
11. (shes-rab nyams-pa mi mnga-ba).
12. , (rnam-par grol-ba mnyams-pa mi mnga ba).

320

,
. : [ 1998; TEDBT 1997].
282

. , (mdzad-pas
bsdus-pa gsum):
13. (skui phrin-las).
14. (gsung-gi phrin-las).
15. (thugs-kyi phrin-las).
. , (dus-kyis bsdus-pa gsum):
16. ( das-pai
dus mkhyen-pa la ma thogs ma chags-pai ye-shes).
17. (ma ongspai dus mkhyen-pa la ma thogs ma chags-pai ye-shes).
18. (da lta-bai
dus mkhyen-pa la ma thogs ma chags-pai ye-shes).
, ,
, ,
. , 321,
, , ,
, .
,
( ; dran-pa nye-bar bzhag-pa gsum) (; snying-rje chen-po) [TEDBT, p. 282].
, , . ,
,
, ,
, , (sangs rgyas-kyi thung-mong ma-yin-pai rnam-pa sodgu). ; ;
; 322; (de-bzhin nyid-kyi rnam-pa); (rang byung-gi rnam-pa);
(sangs rgyas-nyid-kyi rnam-pa) [TEDBT 1997,
p. 282].
-323, :

321

.
(so-so yang-dag rig-pa bzhi): 1) , (chos-so-so yang-dag rig-pa); 2) ,
(don so-so yang-dag rig-pa); 3) , (nges-tshig so-so yang0dag rig-pa); 4) , (spobs-pa so-so yang-dag rig-pa).
323
-; Shes-rab-kyi pha-rol-tu phyi-ba sdud-pa.
Phags-ps mdo sdud-pa (Toh. 13).
322

283

 ,
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,

(. : Jamgn, p. 164).

324 :
; ; [] ;
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, [ ].

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, ,
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:
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324

-; Theg-pa chen-po bsdus-pa. Toh. 4048, f. 2b67; Dg. T. Beijing

76:5. .
284

 :
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(. : [Jamgn 2007, p. 166]).

, . :
,
325,
.
,
(, V, 84) (. : [ 2000, . 244]).

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( . .). (bras-bui theg-pa), , 326, . :
. , , , .

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.
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[] (mchog gnis). [] (rgyan
drug) ,
. (rgyan drug)
(Phags-pa-lha), (dByig-gnyen), (Phyogs-glang),

325

. ; . yon-tan bsam-yas ,
.
326
: ; --; [ 2011; - 1996; TEDBT 1997].
285

(Chos-grags), (Yon-tan-od), (Shakya-od).

( ) .
,
.
.
( -), ,
[Siderits 2007, p. 208, 209],
[Dreyfus 1997]. ,
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, , . , ,
(thun mong) . , , ,
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.
2.3.7. -

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():

: , , () , [:]
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286

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[Taranatha 1970, p. 187].
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, : ,
327. , , . , , ,
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[ 2008].
,
XIV,
327

, , .: [ 2008].
287

, (zab-mo) (rgya che-ba) [Byang chub 2012, p. 1117; 2008, . 177 187]. ,
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289

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330 (-; Shes-rab snying-po)331 332

329

. , , ,
[Thurman 1995, p. 2].
330
, , .: [ 2006, . 811].
331
-; bCom-ldan das-ma shes-rabkyi pha-rol-tu phyin-pai snying-bo.
332
, .
(19041975),
, IVI . . .
290

 . , ,
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334
, [bLa-mai rnal-byor
2003, p. 446450].
, : [ 2006, p. 811], .
291

, , , ,
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335

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292

 ,
byang-chub sem-dpa, . ,
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, chub
. , sem-dpa , sem
. , -, ,

[Dalai Lama 2005].
, . ,
, , ,
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336, .
, (tshogs lam), ,

. , (sbyor lam),
,

[C 2006, . 131]. (mthong lam) ,
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(sgom lam). , ,
--- (mi-slob lam) .
, , (gzhan stong), (rang stong). , ,

, . .
336
.
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293

 , 337. (rang stong)

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[Dalai Lama 2005, p. 116117].
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337

.: [ 2006,
. 127131; Dalai Lama 2005, p. 116117].
294

 , .

,
(tshogs lam) (sbyor lam).
( )
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[ 2006, . 97]. , ,
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295

 , , , , .
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[MMK 1995, p. 68].

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296

 . , , (), , ,
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(zab-mo snang-ba). - ,
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[MMK 1995, p. 2].

, ,
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298

: 1) , ; 2) ,
; 3) , .
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:
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[
2006, . 170]. , ,
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(skye-mched bcu gnyis). , , , .
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, (299

), . ,
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338

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300

 , (-).
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[Dalai Lama 2005,
p. 127]. ,
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. 181].

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.

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---, , .

, . (1429
1503) ,
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, [Jamyang Gawai Lodro 2002, p. 162].
301

 (mi gnas-pai mya ngan las das-pa)

, ,
, , [Dalai Lama 2005, p. 171].
- ,
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mthong). ,
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, , . , . ,
, [Dalai Lama 2005, p.132
133; 2006, . 181182].
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.
2.3.7.2.
-

, (Phyogs glang,
302

480540 .) (Chos grags, 600660 .), .

:
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,
. . . ,
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[ 1995, . 211].

, . ,
,
, ,
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, . ,
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().
, . ,
(-;
Tshad-ma rnam grel),
339 (-; tshad-ma kun btus)340

339

. . [20082009].
303

 rtags-rig ( ) blo-rigs (. ),
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, .
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340

Tshad-ma kun-las btus-pa zhes-bya-bai

rab-tu byed-pa.
341

, , . . [2008, 2011].
342
.: [ 2008].
304

 , , , .

, , [Siderits 2007, p. 209] .
, . ,
. , empty logic ,
,
[Cheng 1991]. -
.
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[ 1956]. ,
305

 .
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 , [Loizzo 2006, p. 13].

, , , - , ,
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.

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, 344
, .
, , (tshad-ma), .
tshad-ma rig-pa
gtan tshigs-rig-pa, .
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, , .
--

344

- .: [ 2011, . 4154]
308

345 , -.
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(, ) [ 2011, . 85]. (, ) [ , . 88].
(, ) [ , . 93].
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 346. (rtog-pa), , ,
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. : [Dalai Lama 1996, p. 15]. . : [], . , [ 2001, . 72].

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.
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