Герберт Шилдт - Полный справочник по С#

#
""
-
2004
32.973.26-018.2.75
57
681.3.07
""
. ..
..
"" :
info@williamspublishing.com, http://www.williamspublishing.com
, .
57
#. : . . . :
"", 2004. 752 . : . . . .
ISBN 5-8459-0563- (.)

# , .NET,
: , , , , ,
, , , . #.
C++, Java #
, , . , #.
32.973.26-018.2.75

.

, , ,
Osborne Publishing.
Authorized translation from the English language edition published by McGraw-Hill Companies,
Copyright 2003
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage
retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher.
Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with
R&I Enterprises International, Copyright 2004
ISBN 5-8459-0563- (.)

ISBN 0-07-213485-2 (.)
"", 2004
by The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003
18
I. #
21
1. #
22
2. #
30
3. ,
53
4.
80
5.
6. ,
102
126
7.
154
8.
179
9.
224
10.
256
11.
277
12. ,
319
13.
349
14. -
375
15.
409
16. ,
431
17. ,
449
18. ,
484
II. #
501
19. System
502
20.
541
21.
575
22.
610
23. Internet
645
III. #
669
24.
670
25. Windows-
689
26.
707
IV.
731
. XML
732
. #

737
"
740
17
18
I. #
21
1. #
22
#
,
C++
Internet Java
#
# .NET Framework
.NET Framework
CLR

2. #
-

csc.exe

Visual Studio IDE
" ", " "

if
for

#
23
23
24
25
26
27
27
28
28
29
30
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
34
35
35
38
40
41
42
44
45
45
47
48
50
50
51
51
52
3. ,
53

#

decimal
54
54
55
57
58
60
bool

4.

, ,

?

61
62
65
65
66
66
68
68
69
70
72
73
74
76
78
80
81
82
84
87
89
89
90
90
96
99
99
101
101
5.
102
if
if-
if-else-if
switch
switch
for
for

for
while
do-while
foreach
break
continue
return
goto
6. ,

103
104
105
106
110
110
112
112
114
115
116
116
117
117
119
120
120
122
123
123
126
127
Building

Building

Building
new
new
""
this
7.

" "

Length
Length
\
foreach
.

switch-
t
8.
*

#
public private
:

ref- out-
ref
out
ref out

127
128
132
133
134
134
137
138
140
142
144
144
146
146
147
148
149
149
151
154
155
155
157
158
159
159
160
161
162
164
165
167
168
172
172
173
175
177
178
179
180
180
182
182
187
189
191
191
193
195
197
199

this
Main()
Main()
Main()
static

9.
224

#-

true false
"

,

10.
225
226
228
232
236
237
240
~240
242
246
250
251
256
257
257
260
263
264
266
271
271
11.
277

base

sealed
object

object
202
203
208
212
213
213
213
215
218
223
'
278
281
283
285
286
290
291
293
296
297
301
305
305
309
313
313
315
317
12. ,
319

.NET Framework
:

13.
System. Exception

try- catch-

catch-

try-

finally
4
" '

checked unchecked
14. -
#- -

Stream

-

FileStream -
320
321
325
327
328
330
331
331
332
333
334
334
335
340
343
345
347
347
347
349
350
350
351
351
353
354
356
357
358
358
360
360
362
363
365
367
370
372
375
376
376
376
377
377
378
378
380
380
380
382
383
10

FileStream

FileStream
-
StreamWriter
StreamReader

BinaryWriter
BinaryReader
-

MemoryStream
StringReader StringWriter

383
385
386
387
389
389
391
392
394
394
395
396
400
402
404
405
15.

System.Delegate

.NET Framework
EventHandler
:
409
16. ,

using
using

#define
#if #endif
#else #elif
#undef
#error
#warning
#line
#region #endregion
internal
internal
17. ,
410
413
415
416
416
418
419
421
425
426
428
429
431
432
432
434
436
437
438
440
441
441
442
442
444
445
446
446
446
447
447
447
449
450
11
is
as
typeof
: System.Type

GetMethods()

AttributeUsage
Conditional
Obsolete
18. ,

"*" "&"
unsafe
fixed

sizeof
lock
readonly
stackalloc
using
const volatile
II. #
19. System
System
Math

12
450
451
453
454
454
455
455
458
459
462
466
471
474
474
474
475
475
477
480
480
481
482
484
485
486
486
487
487
488
489
489
491
492
492
494
494
495
496
496
496
496
497
498
499
501
502
503
504
509
510
511
Decimal
Char
Boolean
Array

BitConverter
Random
GC
Object
IComparable
IConvertible
ICloneable
IFormatProvider IFormattable
20.
#
String
String
, String
String
String

,
""
Substring()

String. Format() ToString()
String. Format()
ToString()

-

21.

Thread

,
IsBackground

514
518
523
523
524
526
527
532
534
536
537
537
538
538
540
541
542
542
543
543
544
544
544
547
549
552
555
556
557
558
558
559
560
561
562
564
565
565
569
571
573
575
576
577
577
580
581
583
585
586
588
13

Monitor lock
Wait(), Pulse() PulseAll()
Wait() PulseQ
MethodlmplAttribute
,
Abort()
Abort()

22.

ICollection
IList
I Dictionary
IEnumerable, I Enumerator I Dictionary Enumerator
IComparer
IHashCodeProvider
Dictionary Entry

Array List
Array List-

Hashtable
SortedList
Stack
Queue
BitArray

I Dictionary Enumerator
,
IComparable
IComparer
23. Internet
System.Net

Internet-
WebRequest
WebResponse
HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse

, Create()
, GetReponse()
14
592
593
594
594
595
598
599
601
603
604
606
606
608
608
610
611
612
612
613
614
615
615
616
616
616
617
621
622
623
625
629
631
633
636
636
637
638
639
641
642
644
645
646
647
647
648
650
650
650
653
653
654
, GetResponseStream()

UR1
HTTP-

cookie-
LastModified
: MiniCrawler
WebClient
III. #
654
654
656
657
658
659
660
661
665
"
24.

#-

#- -
IComponent
Component

CipherLib
, CipherComp
Dispose()
Dispose(bool)

using

25. Windows-
Windows-
Windows-,
Windows
Windows-
Form
Windows-,
Windows-

(IDE)

26.
669
670
671
671
672
672
672
673
673
674
675
676
677
678
683
684
685
686
688
689
690
691
691
692
692
692
694
694
695
695
696
696
696
697
699
700
702
706
707
708
709
15

IV.
. XML
XML
XML-
XML-
. #

16
710
711
713
719
720
728
728
731
732
733
734
734
737
740

(Herbert Schildt) , , C++, Java #. 3 . . , , C++, C++: A Beginner's Guide, C++from the Ground Up, Java 2: A Beginner's Guide
Windows 2000 Programming from the Ground Up.
( . ). : (217) 586-4683.

, - :
, . , , , . , - . .
, .
, (, , ) . , : .
#.
Microsoft .NET Framework, #
. (Anders Hejlsberg).
# - : C++.
, . , C++. , #
: Java. ,
, # Java " ". ,
,
.
, , # , . , # , (), , .
, ;
, COM (Component Object Model
Microsoft , , ).
. Java # , . ,
Java, C# . , #
C++ Java, (type checking)
(template class). , # , ( ).

,
. # . ,
# . , .

# . # , # .
, .
I, #.
II, #.
III, #.
I #.
, , ,
, - ,
.
II #. .NET Framework.
. .NET Framework , II , System. #. , , .
, #.
III #. 24 , 25 Windows Windows Forms. 26
(recursive descent parser).

.
C++ Java, # ,
# . , #,
, .

, Visual Studio .Net 7 ( ),
.NET Framework.
- Web-
, , Web-
: www.osborne.com.
19

# "" , . ,
.
#
#: A Beginner's Guide.
, C++, :
C++: Beginner's Guide
C++
Teach Yourself C++
C++from the Ground Up
STL Programming from the Ground Up
The C/C++ Programming Annotated Archives
, Java,
:
Java 2: Beginner's Guide
Java
Java 2: Programmer's Reference
, ,

Teach Yourself
ILJ
, , . , ,
.
,
. , Web-
. ,
, , ,
.
, ,
. . :
E-mail
info@williamspublishing.com
WWW
http://www.williamspublishing.com
115419, , / 783
1
03150, , / 152
20
#
I #. ,
. ,
# (,
-
), #.
# . , .
, , #
.
# ( Microsoft .NET Framework) . # ,
Windows, Internet, .
# "" .
# , ,
. # .NET Framework.
#
. , .
" "
, , .
.
#.
# "" . ( C++)
Java.
#. #
.
,
.
(Dennis Ritchie) 1970- PDP11 DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), UNIX. , Pascal,
, .
1960- .
,
"-" (spaghetti code) goto.
.
, . .
1. #
23
, , , , .
, (
), . ,
, , ,
, . 1980-
.
.
. , . " " , ,
,
5 000.
C++
1970- , " ". ,
. - (). ,
, . , , , . C++.
C++ (Bjarne Stroustrup)
Bell Laboratories ( , -), 1979-.
" ", 1983
C++. C++ . , , C++. , , - . , C++ . "" C++ , "" . , - , .
1980- C++ 1990-
. ,
. C++ -
.
, C++ .
. ( ) , .
24
I. #
Internet Java

Java, Oak ( . "").
1991 Sun Microsystems.
Java (James Gosling).
(Patrick Naughton), (Chris Warth), (Ed
Frank) (Mike Sheridan).
Java - , "" C++. Java
( ), . Internet ,
. , ,
, ,
. Internet,
,
. , Java.
, , Java (
) ( ) , Java Internet, a
,
. 1993 , , ,
Internet.
Internet , "" . ,
,
.. Internet.
Java
, - (bytecode), .. , Java-. - Java (Java Virtual Machine JVM) -
. , Java- , JVM. JVM ,
.
Java- - - ++, .
. , /++- ,
, . , /++-,
, ()
. . ,
Java- . #.
1. #
25
, Java C++. , C++.

Java- C++ , ,
, C/C++- Java. ,
Java ( ), .
" "
C++, Java . , Java ,
C++ "" "" .
#
Java , Internet, .
(cross-language interoperability)
, (mixed-language programming). , ,
. (),
, ,
.
, Java Windows.
Java- Windows ( Java), Java Windows . Windows ,
Windows Java.
, Microsoft #. # 1990- .NET- Microsoft.
- 2000 . #
(Anders Hejlsberg) , . ,
1980- Turbo Pascal, .
# , C++ Java. .
. ,
C++,
Java. # , ,
"" ""
.
"", .
# . 1.1. "" # .
# , .
, # , C++.
C++, # .
# Java . , Java
C++.
. Java C# .
# Java. # Java , ,
26
I. #
"". Java, #. , Java, , #,

Java.
C++
Java
. 1.1. #
# , .
.
# - . , #
, : ,
. -
.
# .NET Framework
# ,
.NET Framework. . -,
# Microsoft ,
.NET Framework. -, , #. # .NET Framework,
, .NET Framework , #.
.NET Framework
.NET Framework
, .
" "
, Windows. , .NET Framework no
Windows, .. ,
, , Windows.
.NET Framework #
. , Common Language Runtime (CLR), ,
. CLR
.NET Framework, ,
.
1. #
27
, .NET-,
. , , , - , .NET- . ,
. , : , .
, .NET-
, (.. ), .NET. # .NET- , # .NET-.
- J CLR
CLR .NET-. . , , , Microsoft
(Microsoft Intermediate Language MSIL). MSIL , . , MSIL . MSIL - Java,
.
CLR-
. , , MSIL-,
, CLR-.
.NET Framework
.
, Microsoft,
-. "" . "yust-/n-rime",
( ). .
.NET- CLR- -,
MSIL- "" ,
. , "" , , MSIL-. ,
,
"" , ""
MSIL-.
MSIL- (metadata). , ,
. ,
MSIL-.
I
, (managed code). CLR. ,
. , 28
I. #
, , MSIL-, CLR-, , -,
.NET Framework. ,
, , .
? Windows- .NET Framework , CLR-. ,
#- .

,
CLR-, ,
,
(Common Language
Specification CLS). , . CLS- ,
, . CLS-
(Common Type System
CTS). CTS- . , #
CLS-, CTS-.
1. #
29
, , ,
.
, , "". # . . #, ,
. , .
I.
-
# - (). - #, # - . ,
,
.
"", .
, , . ,
(
) . ,
. ,
, . (,
FORTRAN COBOL), . , .

, .
, ,
, - , . " " - . , ,
. ,
- .
- .
.
, :
(.. , , ), (..
, ). . , .
2. #
31
- -. , : . - ,
. , ,
.
-
-, #, : , .
, () , , . -
,
. . . , ,
.
,
.
. ,
,
. , ( ,
) .
,
.
# .
. , , .
# . .
, , , .
, , . , , (instance variable), , , - (member method),
. "" , # . C++, , , ,
, #- , /++- .
# C++, "" , #-.
( polymorphism, " ")

, . .
() , . , : ,
. ,
. , , , ,
, , .
32
I. #
. , , (stack), .. , "
". , ,
. , , . , . "" , . #
"" ,
. , , ,
.
: "
". ,
.
, . (
) () . . .
,
.
. ()
. , ,
, . , (, .), . , (, .), . ,
( , .).
, .
, .
, , () . , .

.
/*
.
Example.cs.
*/
2. #
33
using System;
class Example {
// Main()
public static void Main() {
Console.WriteLine(" .");
# Visual Studio .NET. , , : c s c . e x e (Integrated Development Environment IDE). . (

, , .)
esc.
, , Visual Studio, # , . #- .
1. , .
2. .
3. .

, , Web-
Osborne : www.osborne.com. . - , Notepad. ,
, , , #-. ,
Example. cs.

, #-, c s c . e x e ,
.
C:\>csc Example.cs
esc Example.exe,
MSIL- . MSIL- , -. Example.exe
Common Language Runtime -.
: Example. ( -, MSIL-) , .NET
Framework, CLR.
34
I. #
csc.exe , , vcvars32 .bat, //Program

Files/Microsoft
visual studio .NET/Vc7/Bin. .
# Microsoft Visual Studio
.NET&Visual Studio .NET Command Prompt ^Visual Studio .NET Tools
^, .

.
I :\>Example
:
I .
Visual Studio IDE

7 Visual Studio .NET, Visual Studio
IDE . ,
Visual
Studio ( 7), . (
Visual Studio, , .)
1. () #-, File^New^Project
( <=> => ).
2. ( Project Types ( )) Visual C# Projects ( Visual C#), ( . 2.1) Templates () Empty Project
( ).
New Project
Templates:
Project Types:
wJ Visual Basic Projects
il* Visual C# Projects
' (LJ Visual C++ Projects
; d Setup and Deployment Projects
E&J Other Projects
ASP.NET
Web Ap...
ASP.NET Web Control;:

WebS...
Library
I P
Console
Application
Windows
Service
' Visual Studio Solutions
;An empty projectforcreating a local application

jProjectl
J D:\Work\Nina\Visual Studio Projects
location:
Project will be created at D:\WorkVSIina\Visual Studio Projects\projectl.
OK
Cancel
Browse..
Help
Puc. 2.1. New Project ( )
2. #
35
3. ,
S o l u t i o n Explorer ( ) ,
, Add^Add New Item (^
) , 2 2
4. Add New Item ( ) Categories () Local Project Items ( ), Templates Code File (
) , 2 3
I] >
Sou
l to
i n Projectl (1 project)
li
+ a Bud
Rebud
li
c r HA<&Newtlem
A$j
f\
Add Existing Item
Add Reference
tJ New Fod
l er
Add Web Reference
Add Wn
idows Form
Set as Startup Project
.3 Add Inherited Form
Debug
>i
Save Projectl
Add User Control
3 Add Inherited Confrol
X Remove
ij Add Component
Rename
Add Ca
lss
Properties
2 2
Add&Add New Item
User Control Data Form

Wizard
XML File
Name
Data Set
XML
Schema
IcodeFilelcs
Open
Cancel
Help
2 3 Add New Item

36
I. #
5. Example.cs. (, , , Web Osborne : www.osborne.com.)

, . 2.4.
f Exampte.cs*
1 I F
#-.
Example.cs.
using System;
*"j class Example
iL
. 2.4. Example, cs
6. Build^Build Solution (1^ ).

7. Debug^Start Without Debugging
( ).
, . 2.5.
!^D:\Work\Nta\V^
-.
Press any key to continue,
;*!
. 2.5. Add New Item
\\\'d
,
, . #-.
. .
2. #
37
, ( ) , , , , .
" ",
" 9'
, Example.cs , .
, .
(, Java),
, #-
.
Example, cs, , , Sample, cs, T e s t . c s X.cs.
.cs,
. , .
( , , ) Example.cs.
, . ,
.
.
/*
#-.
Example.cs.
*/
. # , .
, , , .

Example.cs. ,
.
# . , , . /* , (*/).
, , . , , .
.
I u s i n g System;
, System. #
(namespace) . , , . , , ,
, .
System, , .NET Framework, #.
38
I. #
using , .
.
1 c l a s s Example {
c l a s s , . , # . Example .
({) (}) . ,
, , . , ,
# . ,
-.
.
I // Main().
, #.
/ / .
,
, ()
.
.
I p u b l i c s t a t i c void Main() {
Main(). ,
# (method). , . #-
Main (). ( : /++-
main().)
, #.
,
.
p u b l i c (access specifier).
, . p u b l i c ,
, ,
, . (
p u b l i c p r i v a t e , , () .) Main () public-, ( ) (
).
1
#
, Main () public-. , Visual Studio .NET. -.
Main () public.
,
Main ().
s t a t i c Main() . ,
2. #
39
Main () . void
, Main () .
, .
Main () , . , Main () ( ) , .
({), Main().
,
.
. ,
Main ().
I Console.WriteLine(" #-.");
" #-. "
. WriteLine (). ,
. .
, WriteLine () . Console
, -
. Console WriteLine (),
, WriteLine () Console. , # ,
- .
, ,
WriteLine (), ,
u s i n g System. # .
, , , .
(}) Main (),
Example.
. # .
. ,
Main main WriteLine w r i t e l i n e , . , # , Main (),
. , Main
(main), . , , Example.exe .

, (
). . ,

(). #- - , "".
, "" ,
. , 40
I. #
( ) , IDE "" , 2 6 (
esc)
Description
__
, expected
Type or namespace definition or end of file expected
File
_ _
_ trie
D \Work\Nma\Visual \Projectl\fxampte cs
13
D \Work\Nna\Visual \Projectl\|Example cs
17
i
2 6
, ,
,
, , " "
, , , "" , , "" "
"

I u s i n g System;
, , , #
, ,
I Console.WriteLine(" #-.");

I System.Console.WriteLine(" #-.");
,
// u s i n g System.
class Example {
// #- ( ) .
// Console.WriteLine .
System. Console. WriteLine ( " . ") ;
2. #
41
System ,
, #-
u s i n g System ( ,
). , , , .

, .
, . . ,
, .
.
// .
u s i n g System;
c l a s s Example2 {
p u b l i c s t a t i c void Main() {
i n t x; // .
i n t ; // .
= 100; // 100.
Console.WriteLine("
" + ) ;
' - / 2;
Console.Write(" / 2: " ) ;
Console.WriteLine();
:
100
/ 2: 50
? ,
I i n t x; // .
. # . , . .
, .. . #
i n t . , i n t x; i n t .
.
I i n t ; // .
, ,
. .
, , :
42
(. #
_;
, _ . i n t , C#
.
100.
I = 100; // 100.
# (=).
, ,
, .
,
" ".
1 Console.WriteLine(" " + ) ;
"" , . , " + " , WriteLine ()
.
, 2.
| - / 2;
2,
. ,
50. . , #
, :
+
:
Console.Write(" / 2: " ) ;
. -, "
/ 2: " WriteLine (),
Write (). . ,
. , Write ()
WriteLine (), , . -, ,
WriteLine () , .. . , WriteLine (),
Write () #-.
,
. . ,
:
I i n t , ; // .
2. #
43

i n t . i n t . , . , int-
18, 18,3. , i n t
, #.
# , f l o a t double,
, . (
double " ".)
double , :
I double r e s u l t ;
r e s u l t double. r e s u l t
double, , 122,23, 0,034 19,0.
i n t double,
:
/*

int double.
*/
using System;
class 1 {
int ivar;
// int.
double dvar; // double.
ivar = 1 0 0 ;
// ivar
// 100.
dvar = 100.0; // dvar

// 100.0.
Console.WriteLine(
" ivar: " + ivar);
Console.WriteLine(
" dvar: " + dvar);
Console.WriteLine(); // .
// 3.
ivar = ivar / 3;
dvar = dvar / 3.0;
Console.WriteLine("ivar : " + ivar);
Console.WriteLine("dvar : " + dvar);
:
I i v a r : 100
I dvar: 100
44
I. #
lvar : 33
dvar : 33.3333333333333
, i v a r 3 , 33, .. .
dvar 3 .
, , . , . , # 100
, 100.0 .
,
WriteLine .
, .. . ,
^ , 3,1416.
// .
using System;
class Circle {
static void Main() {
double radius;
double area;
radius = 10.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.1416;
Console.WriteLine(" " + area);
:
I 314.16
, .

, ,
.
, #. , , , .
i f
i f
. i f #
. , C++
Java, . :
i f () ;
2. #
45
(
). , . ( ) . :
I i f (10 < 11) Console.WriteLine("10 1 1 " ) ;
10 11, .. , WriteLine () . :
I i f ( 1 0 < 9) Console.WriteLine(" . " ) ;
10 9, WriteLine ()
.
# , . :
<
<=

>
>5

==
!=

if.
// if.
using System;
class IfDemo {
int a, b, c;
a = 2;
b = 3;
if(a < b) Console.WriteLine(" b " ) ;
// ,
if(a == b) Console.WriteLine(
" .");
= - b; // -1.
Console.WriteLine(" - 1 " ) ;
if( >= 0) Console.WriteLine(
" ");
if( < 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
= b - ; // 1.
Console.WriteLine(" 1");
if( >= 0) Console.WriteLine(
" ");
if( < 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
46
I. #
:
b
-1

1

.
1 i n t a, b, ;
, . , ^
, .
f o r
, . #
. for.
, C++ Java, , for #
, . for .
for{; ; ) ;
. , . , for
, .
, ,
. , for.
//
for.
using System;
c l a s s ForDemo {
public s t a t i c void Main() {
i n t count;
for(count = 0; count < 5; count = count+1)
Console.WriteLine(" : " + count);
Console.WriteLine("!") ;
:
: 0
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
!
2. #
47
count.
for . ( ) count < 5.
, WriteLine (),
.
, , , .
, #-,
, ,
. ,
, :
I count = count + 1;
, # , . "" (++)
:
I
COUnt++;
, for
:
I f o r ( c o u n t = 0; count < 5; count++)
, , , .
# (). ,
.
U
, , #
.
. .
, , . ,
_ if- for-. if-:
i f ( w < h) {
v = w * h;
w = 0;
}
w h, , w < h,
. ,
,
. , ,
, .
.
, .
I // .
48
I. #
using System;
class BlockDemo {
int i, j, d;
i = 5;
j = 10;
// if-
// , ,
if(i != 0) {
Console.WriteLine("i ");
d = j / i;
Console.WriteLine("j / i " + d);
:
i
j / i 2
i f- ,
. if- (
), ,
. .
| i = 5;
i = 0;
.
. 1 10 .
// 1 10.
using System;
class ProdSum {
static void Main() {
int prod;
int sum;
int i;
sum = 0;
prod = 1;
for(i=l; i <= 10; i++) {
sum = sum + i;
prod = prod * i;
Console.WriteLine(" " + sum);
Console.WriteLine(" " + prod);
:
2. #
49
I 55
I 3628800
( ) ,
.
for-.
. . , ({ })
. ,
, .

# , .. .
, , .
,
( ).
# ; ,
. , #
= ;
= + 1;
Console.WriteLine(x
+ "
" + );
.
I = ;
= + 1; Console.WriteLine(x + " " + ) ;
,
. , .
Console.WriteLine(" " +
+ + z +
" , ");

, , , , . # ,
, .. , . , . , , , . ,
( ),
( ).
, .
50
I. #
#
# 77 , . 2.1. ( ) #. , .
2.1. #
abstract
event
new
as
explicit
null
switch
base
extern
object
this
struct
bool
false
operator
throw
break
finally
out
true
byte
fixed
override
try
case
float
params
typeof
catch
for
private
uint
char
foreach
protected
ulong
checked
goto
public
unchecked
class
if
readonly
unsafe
const
implicit
ref
ushort
continue
in
return
using
decimal
int
sbyte
virtual
default
interface
sealed
volatile
delegate
internal
short
void
do
is
sizeof
while
double
lock
stackalloc
else
long
static
enum
namespace
string
# , ,
, .
.
. ,
.
, l i n e _ c o u n t . # , .. myvar MyVar . .
Test
2
MaxLoad
up
_top
my_var
sainple23
, . , 12
. ,
,
, .
2. #
51
# , "" ,
"@". , @for
#-. , - for, @ .
, @ -.
//
@-.
using System;
c l a s s IdTest {
s t a t i c void Main() {
i n t @if;
/ / if
for(@if = 0; @if < 10; @if++)

Console.WriteLine("@if " + 0 i f ) ;
, @if .
@if
@if
@if
@if
@if
@if
@if
@if
@if
@if
0
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
( )
- . , @
( ),
.
-J #
, ,
#- WriteLine () Write (). ,
Console, System,
.NET Framework. , #-
.NET Framework, -, , (GUIs). , # # ( ) .NET-. , #. #-,
. I .NET-, .NET-
II.
52
I. #
#: ,
. ,
. #
, .
, # .

# , # . ,
. . ,
. , ,
. , ,
. , , . , , .
#
# :
. , .
# 13 , . 3.1. ,
# .
" " , . ( :
.) , #
, (, C++).
.
# .
, # . , i n t .
.

,
.
3.1. #

bool
, , /
byte
8-
char
decimal
double
54
I, #
. 3.1

float

int
long

sbyte
8-
short

uint

ulong

ushort

# : char, byte, sbyte, s h o r t , u s h o r t ,
int, u i n t , long ulong. char
( ). .
. 3.2.
3.2.
byte
sbyte
8
8
16
16
32
32
64
64
short
ushort
int
uint
long
ulong
0-255
-128127
-32 768-32 767
0-65 535
-2 147 483 648-2147 483 647
0-4 294 967 295
-9 223 372 036 854 775 808-9 223 372 036 854 775 807
0-18 446 744 073 709 551615
, # :
, .
.
, , ,
(sign flag). , , , 1, .
.
, , , . , .
,
, ( )
"" . ,
32 767 s h o r t :
01111111 11111111
3. ,
55
1,
1 ( ).
, u s h o r t ( "" ), 65 535.
, i n t .
i n t , . ,
, i n t , . , u i n t ( ). , , long, ulong. , , ,
. ,
long.
// .
using System;
class Inches {
long inches;
long miles;
miles = 93000000; // 93 000 000
// 5 280 , 12
inches = miles * 5280 * 12;
Console.WriteLine(" : " +
inches + " .");
:
1 : 5892480000000 .
, i n t u i n t .
b y t e
sbyte. b y t e 0 255.
b y t e , ,
. sbyte. b y t e for, 1 100.
// b y t e .
using System;
class Use_byte {
byte x;
int sum;
56
I. #
sum = 0 ;
for(x = 1; x <= 100; x++)
sum = sum + x;
Console.WriteLine("
+ sum) ;
1 100 "
:
I 1 100 5050
for 0 100 , byte, , .
, ,
byte sbyte, , i n t u i n t , short
ushort.
.
: f l o a t double. f l o a t 32
, 1,545 3,4+38.
double (.. ) 64 , 5324 1,7+308.
double. double-
# ( .NET Framework). , Sqrt (), System.Math, double-,
double-. Sqrt () , .
// .
using System;
c l a s s FindRadius {
double r;
double a r e a ;
area = 10.0;
r = Math.Sqrt(area / 3.1416);
Console.WriteLine("
" + ) ;
:
| 1.78412203012729
3. ,
57
,
S q r t ( ) : Math. , ,
, Sqrt () Math. ( WriteLine () Console.)
, "" .
, #.
double. ,
( ) 0,1 1,0.
// Math.Sin ,
// Math. Cos () n M a t h . T a n O .
using System;
class Trigonometry {
double theta; // .
for(theta = 0.1; theta <= 1.0; theta = theta + 0 . 1 ) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + theta +
11
" + Math.Sin(theta));
" " + Math.Cos(theta));
" " + Math.Tan(theta));
:
0.1 0.0998334166468282
0.1 0.995004165278026
0.1 0.100334672085451
0.2 0.198669330795061
0.2 0.980066577841242
0.2 0.202710035508673
0.3 0.29552020666134
0.3 0.955336489125606
0.3 0.309336249609623
, Math. Sin (), Math.Cos () Math.Tan(). Math. Sqrt ()
double
double. .
J T n n
decimal
, # decimal, , .
decimal 128 7,9+28 58
I. #
128 .
.
decimal, 28 ( 29).
.
, decimal
.
// decimal .
using System;
class UseDecimal {
decimal price;
decimal discount;
decimal discounted_price;
// .
%
price = 19.95m;
discount = 0.15m; // 15%.
discounted_price = price - ( price * discount);

Console.WriteLine(" : $" +
discountedjprice);
:
: $16.9575
, decimal- . , decimal. decimal (,
10) . (
.)
decimal. , .
/*
decimal
.
*/
using System;
class FutVal {
decimal amount;
decimal rate_of_return;
int years, i;
amount = 1000.0M;
rate_of_return = 0.07M;
years = 10;
. ,
59
Console.WriteLine(" : $" + amount);

Console.WriteLine(" : " + rate_of_return);
Console.WriteLine(" " + years + " ");
for(i = 0 ; i < years; i++)
amount = amount + (amount * rate_of_return);
Console.WriteLine(" $" +
amount);
:
: $1000
: 0.07
10
$1967.15135728956532249
( ) !
, , .
# 8- ,
(, C++), 16-.
# Unicode (), 16- ,
.
(, , , ) , (, ),
, .
"" , 16-
. , # char 16- , 065 535. 8-
ASCII Unicode 0127.
, ASCII- #-.
,
. , X ch, :
1 char ch;
I ch = 'X';
char-, ch,
WriteLine ().
I Console.WriteLine(" ch: " + ch) ;
char # , . , char .
, .
char ch;
ch = 10;
// , .
10 ,
char.
. " ",
.
60
I. #
b o o l
bool /, #
t r u e f a l s e . , bool . # bool . , 1
t r u e , 0 f a l s e .
bool :
// b o o l .
using System;
class BoolDemo {
bool b;
b = false;
Console.WriteLine("b " + b ) ;
b = true;
Console.WriteLine("b " + b ) ;
// bool if-.
if(b) Console.WriteLine(" .");
b = false;
if(b) Console.WriteLine(
" .") ;
// bool.
Console.WriteLine("10 > 9 " + (10 > 9));
:
b False
b True
.
10 > 9 True
, ? -, bool-
WriteLine True False. -,
bool- if-, ..
if- .
1 i f ( b == t r u e ) . . .
-, (,
"<") bool-. 10 > 9 True. 10 > 9,
, ,
" + " , ">".
3. ,
61

WriteLineO
, #. # , . - ,
. , , . ,
, #.
"".
:
Console.WriteLine(
" " + 2 + " $" + 3 + " .");
,
"" . ,
,
13. :
Console.WriteLine(
" 10/3 : " + 1 0 . 0 / 3 . 0 ) ;
:
| 10/3 : 3.33333333333333
, ,
. , .

WriteLine (), .
WriteLine (" ",

argO, argl, . . . , argN);
WriteLineO , " + " . _ : "" "".
, " ",
. :
{_ , : )
_
( ). , .
WriteLineO
, ( ) , _. , _ , , . . ,
{0} , {1} argl ..
.
62
I. #
I Console.WriteLine("
{0} {1} . " , 28, 2 9 ) ;
:
I 28 2 9 .
, {0} 28,
{1} 29. ,

( 28 29). ,
" + " , .
"" , .
Console.WriteLine(
" {0,10} {1,5} . " , 28, 2 9 ) ;
:
I
28
2 9 .
, , . ,
. , .
, , ,
. ,
> .
// .
using System;
class DisplayOptions {
int i ;
Console. WriteLine ( "^^") ;
f o r ( i = 1; i < 10;
Console.WriteLine("{0}\t{1}\t{2}" /

1
1
1
2
4
8
3
9
27
64
4
16
5
25
125
36
216
7
49
343
64
512
8
9
81
729
. , .
. ,
WriteLine (). *'#", . 3. ,
63
, . 10 3. .
Console.WriteLine(
"
10/3
{0:#.##}",
10.0/3.0);
-:
I 10/3 : 3.33
# . ##, WriteLine () . , , , .
.
Console.WriteLine("{0:###,###.##}",
123456.56);
:
| 123,456.56
, . :
decimal balance;
balance = 12323.09m;
Console.WriteLine(" {0:C}, balance);
:
I $12,323.09
, .
/*

.
*/
using System;
class UseDecimal {
decimal price;
decimal discount;
decimal discounted_price;
// .
price = 19.95m;
discount = 0.15m; // 15%.
discounted_price = price - ( price * discount);
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:}",
discounted_price);
, ,
:
I : $16.96
64
I. #

# , . , 100 . . ,

. .
#- .
. ,
. , ' \ f % ' .
. , 10
-100 . , . 11.123.
# (
).
# , .
: ? ,
, 12, 123987 0.23? , # , .
-, , , , i n t .
, , ,
i n t , u i n t , long ulong. -,
double.
, #, , . long, 1 L. , 12 i n t ,
12L long. , U. , 100 i n t ,
100U u i n t . u l
UL (, 987 654UL ulong).
f l o a t , f F (,
10.19F).
decimal, m (,
9. 95).
i n t - , uint-, long-
ulong- , byte, sbyte, s h o r t u s h o r t , , , .

, , 16, . 0 9 F,
"" 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15. ,
10 16. #,
, 3. ,
65
.
( ""). .
count = OxFF; // 255
i n c r = Oxla;
// 26

,
, (,
),
. , ,
# , .
# (ESC-), . 3.3.
, .
, ch :
ch =
'\t';
ch :
ch = \';
3.3.
ESC-
\
\
\f
\
\
\t
\v
\0
\f
\"
\\
()

( )

-
()

# : .
, . ,
I " "
. ( WriteLine ()) .
, . , , . ESC-, \n, \ t \ " .
II/
ESC- ,
u s i n g System;
66
I. #
class StrDemo {
Console.WriteLine(
" \ \ ");
Console.WriteLine ("OflMH\tflBa\tTpii") ;
Console.WriteLine (llepe\t\tec") ;
// .
Console.WriteLine("\"3?\", .");
"?", .
, \
,
WriteLine () . , , ESC \. ,
( ESC- \ " ) .
(verbatim) . @, , .
. , , ., . (").
,
(""). ,
.
// .
u s i n g System;
c l a s s Verbatim {
Console.WriteLine(@"
,
.
1 2
5 6
Console.WriteLine(@" :
3
4
7
8
Console.WriteLine(
@" : "" # . " " " ) ;
3. ,
67

,
.
:
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
: " #."
,
, .
, .

.
, .
. . (,
X') char. ,
(, "X"), - .

2,
:
_;
, _ . .
. , . ,
bool . , .
, m t char.
# . , , , , ""
. "" # .
. , , , , .

.
.
. .
:
68
_ ;
I. #
, , , . .
:
i n t count = 1 0 ; // count
// 10.
char ch = 'X 1 ;
// ch X.
f l o a t f = 1.2F
// f
// 1.2.
(
)
. ,
i n t a, b = 8, c = 1 9 , d; // b
// .

, # , , . , , , , .
// .
using System;
c l a s s Dynlnit {
double s i = 4 . 0 , s 2 = 5 . 0 ;
// .
// hypot.
double hypot = Math.Sqrt( (si * s i ) + (s2 * s2)
'
);
Console.Write(" " +
s i + " " + s2 + " " ) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.###}.",
hypot);
:
I 4 5 6.4 03.
: s i , s2 hypot. ( s i
s2) , , hypot,
. ,
M a t h . S q r t ( ) . ,
,
. Math. Sqrt () ( ) ,
hypot. , ,
, , .
3. ,
69
, , Main(). # .
, .
, (scope) .
, ,
, .
.
# , . ( , )
, ,
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, , , (.. ) , .
, / .
.
. ,
.
. , ,
, . : , , .
,
:
// .
using System;
class ScopeDemo {
int x; //
// Main().
= 10;
if( 10) { // ,
int = 20; //
// .
// .
Console.WriteLine(" : " + + " " + ) ;
= * 2;
}
// = 100; // ! .
// .
Console.WriteLine(" " + ) ;
70
I. #
, Main () .
i f .
, . , ,
I // = 100; // ! .
. ,
, if-.
if-,
(.. ) , .
,
. ,
, . , ,
, .
,
. ^
. , , , . , ,
. , .
,
, ,
, , :
//
using System;
class VarlnitDemo {
/
int x;
for(x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
int = -1; //
// .
Console.WriteLine(" : " + ) ; //
// -1.
= 100;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + ) ;
:
; - 1
: 100
: - 1
: 100
: -1
: 100
3. ,
71
, for
1. 100, .
:
, , ,
, , . , - .
/*

,
, .
***
. ***
*/
using System;
class NestVar {
int count;
for(count = 0; count < 10; count = count+1) {
Console.WriteLine("This is count: " + count);
int count; // !!!
for(count = 0; count < 2; count++)
Console.WriteLine(" !");
C/C++, ,
, , . , C/C++ count
for .
.
#, , , .

. , ,
f l o a t i n t .
int i;
float f;
i = 10;
f = i;
// float- int-.
,
( )
"" . , 72
I. #
, int- i , f l o a t ,
f. , # , .
, bool i n t . -
. .

,
;
(.. ),
.
,
. , i n t "" ,
byte, i n t , b y t e
, .
,
, . , , long double , .
//
// long double.
using System;
class LtoD {
long redouble D;
L = 100123285L;
D = L;
Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D ) ;
long
double, ( double long) , . ,
:
// *** . ***
using System;
class LtoD {
long L;
double D;
D = 100123285.0;
L = D; // !!!
. ,
73
Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D ) ;
decimal f l o a t ( double),
char ( bool). , char bool .

,
.
. . :
(_)
_ . , , / i n t ,
:
double , ;
// . . .
(int) ( / ) ;
, , double,
i n t . ,
/ , . (
) i n t , .
, double i n t .
, . , long i n t , long , i n t , "" long. . ,
1,23
1. (0,23) .
, ,
.
// .
using System;
class CastDemo {
double x, y;
byte b;
int i ;
char ch;
uint u;
74
I. #
short s;
long 1;
x = 10.0;
= 3.0;
// double int.
i = (int) (x / y ) ; // .
Console.WriteLine(
" / : " + i ) ;
// int byte .
i = 255;
b = (byte) i;
Console.WriteLine("b 255: " + b +
11
11
. );
// int byte
i = 257;
b = (byte) i;
Console.WriteLine("b 257: " + b +
11
.");
// uint short ,
= 32000;
s = (short) u;
Console.WriteLine("s 32000: " + s +
" .");
// uint short .
= 64000;
s = (short) u;
Console.WriteLine("s 64 000: " + s +
" -- .");
// long uint .
1 = 64000;
u = (uint) 1;
Console.WriteLine("u 64000: " + +
" -- .");
// long uint .
1 - -12;
u = (uint) 1;
Console.WriteLine("u -12: " + +
" -- .");
// byte char.
b = 88; // ASCII- X.
ch = (char) b;
Console.WriteLine("ch 88: " + ch);
. ,
75
:
/ : 3
b 255: 255 ,
b 257: 1 -- .
s 32000: 32000
s 64000: -1536
,
.
64000: 64000 -- ,
-12: 4294967284 -- .
ch 88: X
. ( / ) i n t , ..
.
, b 255, b y t e 255.
b 257 , 257
byte. ,
i n t b y t e .
s s h o r t 32 000 ( u i n t ) , short- 32 000. , 64 000 s h o r t ,
.
,
u i n t s h o r t .
( u i n t ) 64 000
( 1 long).
, 64 000 u int-.
12, , ,
u i n t .
, long u i n t .
, byte- char "
", .. ,
.
I
,
. , . , s h o r t long,
.
, .
""
. .
76
I. #
decimal, TO " ", .. "

" decimal ( f l o a t double, ).
double, TO double.
f l o a t , TO
float.
ulong, TO
ulong ( sbyte, s h o r t , i n t long,
).
long, TO
long.
u i n t , sbyte, s h o r t i n t ,
long.
u i n t , TO
uint.
i n t .
""
. - .
, f l o a t double
decimal. ulong
. - ,
.
-, . ,
i n t , . , char-, sbyte-, byte-,
ushort- short-
i n t . "" int- (integer promotion). , "" i n t .
, , . ,
byte "" i n t , - byte.
.
. ,
, byte-. . byte-
"" i n t , ,
i n t . , byte-
byte- int-.
VL . :
// !
using System;
class PromDemo {
byte b;
. ,
77
b = 10;
b = (byte) (b * b ) ; // !I
Console.WriteLine("b: "+ b ) ;
, b * b . , * b b "" i n t , .. b * b int-, byte . , , , , , .

char. ,
"" -
char- i n t .
c h a r c h l = f a ' , ch2 = ' b 1 ;

chl
= (char) ( c h l + c h 2 ) ;
c h l 2 i n t ,
int- char-.

(, ). , i n t (.. sbyte-, byte-, s h o r t - ushort-),
"" i n t . To char. ,
uint- long.

, .
. , , . 1 10. . , Math. Sqrt () i n t .
// .
using System;
class CastExpr {

double n;
for(n = 1.0; n <= 10; n++) {

Console.WriteLine(
" {0} {1}",
n, Math.Sqrt(n));
Console.WriteLine(" : {0}" ,
(int)
Math.Sqrt(n));
Console.WriteLine(
78
I. #
" : {0}",
Math.Sqrt(n) - (int) Math.Sqrt(n) );
1 1
: 1
: 0
2 1.4142135623731
: 1
: 0.414213562373095
3 1.73205080756888
: 1
: 0.732050807568877
4 2
: 2
: 0
5 2.23606797749979
: 2
: 0.23606797749979
6 2.44 948974278318
: 2
: 0.44*9489742783178
7 2.64575131106459
: 2
: 0.645751311064591
8 2.82842712474619
: 2
: 0.82842712474619
9 3
: 3
: 0
10 3.16227766016838
: 3
: 0.16227766016838
, , Math.Sqrt (), int, . ( ,
):
I Math.Sqrt(n) - (int) Math.Sqrt(n)
double. int
Math. Sqr t ().
3. ,
79
# ,
. # : , , . ?. # , , .

# .
++
#- +, -, * / ( , ).
.
, , .
, (/)
. , 10/3 3.
(%). , : . , 10 % 3 1. #
% , .
, 10,0 % 3,0 1. ( C/C++
.)
^ .
// %.
using System;
class ModDemo {
int iresult, irem;
double dresult, drem;
iresult = 10 / 3;
irem = 10 % 3;
dresult = 10.0 / 3.0;
drem = 10.0 % 3.0;
4.
81
Console.WriteLine(
" 1 0 / 3 : " +
iresult + " " + irem);
Console.WriteLine(
" 10.0 / 3.0: " +
dresult + " " + drem);
:
1 0 / 3 : 3 1
10.0 / 3.0: 3.33333333333333 1
, % , 1, , .

(++) ()
, . , , .
, 1,
1 . ,
1 = + 1;
:

I = - 1;
:
,
. ,
| = + 1;

I ++; // .
:
I ++; // .
, : .
,
. , #
, , .
, # , , .
:
| = 10;
= ++;
82
'
I. #
11.
,
10:
= 10;
= ++;
11. ,
11 (
).
. , :
/*

++.
*/
using System;
class PrePostDemo {
int x, y;
int i;
x = 1;
Console.WriteLine(
", = + ++;");
for(i = 0; i < 10;
= + ++; // ++
Console.WriteLine( + " " ) ;
}
= 1;
Console.WriteLine(
", = + + + ; " ) ;
f o r ( i = 0; i < 10;
= + ++; // ++
Console.WriteLine( + " " ) ;
}
:
, = + ++;
2
4
8
10
12
14
4.
83
16
18
20
,
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
= + ++;
,
I = + ++;
, .
.
1 = + ++;
-. ( ) , , , . , ++ ++ , ,
.
.
1 + ++;
, .
, . , .
I
" " (/)
,
. /-, . .
, .
==
1=
>
<
>=
<=
84
I. #

bool.
# (, == !=) . , <, >, <=

>=, , . , . bool
, t r u e f a l s e . , #
t r u e > f a l s e .
, bool,
bool. &,
|, ! , ,
.
p & q
P 1
false
false
false
false
false
true
true
false
false
true
true
false
false
true
false
true
true
true
true
true
false
false
true
true
IP
, " "
, .
, .
//
/ / .
using System;
class RelLogOps {
int i , j ;
bool bl, b2;
i = 10;
j = 11;
if(i < j) Console.WriteLine ("i < j");
if(i <= j) Console.WriteLine("i <= j");
if(i != j) Console.WriteLine ("i != j");
if(i == j) Console.WriteLine(" .");
4.
85
if(i
if(i
>= j) Console.WriteLine(" .");

> j) Console.WriteLine(" .");
bl = t r u e ;
2 = f a l s e ;
i f ( b l & 2) Console.WriteLine(" .")
i f ( ! ( b l & 2)) Console.WriteLine("!(bl
& 2) ")
i f ( b l t 2) Console.WriteLine("bl
| 2 ~ ");
i f ( b l 2) Console.WriteLine("bl A 2 - - ");
:
1
<=
!=j
! (bl & b 2 )
b l I b 2 - -
b l A b2
. , . #. , #
, ,
. ,
,
, . ( , .) :
true
true
true
false
true
false
false
false
true
false
true
true
, ! | .
! I q
:
// #.
using System;
class Implication {
bool p=false, q=false;
int i, j ;
for(i = 0 ; i < 2; i
f o r ( j = 0; j < 2; 3++)
if(i==0) P = true;
i f ( i = = l ) P = false;
if(j==0) q = true;
i f ( j = = l ) q = false;
86
I. #
Console.WriteLine(
"p " + p + ", q " + q ) ;
if(!p
I q)
p + " " + q + " " + true);
:
True, q True
True True True
True, q False
False, q True
False True True
False, q False
False False True

# (short-circuit) ,
. , , , , .
, , . ,
.
, .
&&,
| | ( &
I, ).
, , .
,
. , d
. .
d / n , , d . , .
// .
u s i n g System;
class SCops {
int n, d;
n = 10;
d = 2;
if(d != 0 && (n % d) == 0)
4.
87
Console.WriteLine(d + " -- " + n ) ;

d = 0; // d .
// d ,
// .
if(d != 0 && ( % d) == 0)
Console.WriteLine(d + " -- " + n ) ;
/*
.
( ). */
if(d != 0 & ( % d) == 0)
Console.WriteLine(d + " " + n ) ;
, i f d . ,
. , d 2, . ( d ) , ,
. , , .
"",
: " #
?". , , ,
.
, :
// .
using System;
class SideEffects {
int i ;
i = 0;
/* i , ,
. */
if(false & (++i < 100))
Console.WriteLine(
" if : " + i ) ; // : 1
/* i ,
. */
if(false && (++i < 100))
Console.WriteLine(
" if : " + i ) ; // - 1 !!
I. #
, if- i
if-.
if- i ,
f a l s e . . /,
, , , .
. , .

"" 2. .
(=). # ,
. .
= ;
.
,
. , , .
i n t , , z;
= = z = 100;
// ,
// z 100.
, z 100 . , . ,
z = 100 100, ,
. (
) .

# ,
.
. :
| = + 10;
, :
+= 10;
+= 10. .
| = - 100;
:
| -= 100;
, 100.
4.
89
(.. , ).
:
= ;
,
.
.
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
&=
1=

, .
.
-, "" . -,
( ).
.

# ,
#. . bool, f l o a t double.
,
(), .
, ,
. . 4.1.
4.1.
&

1 ( )
, ,
, , &, |, ~, . , , . ,
.
( ).
90
I. #

0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
& q
~J
. , 0 0 . :
1101
1010 1010
&
1000 0010

& .
( ) . , 9 0000 1001. 8
(0000 1000 ).
//
// "" .
using System;
class MakeEven {
ushort num;
ushort i ;
for(i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
num = i ;
Console.WriteLine("num: " + num);
num = (ushort) (num & OxFFFE); // num & 1111 1110
Console.WriteLine("num : "
+ num + " \ n " ) ;
}
:
num: 1
num : 0
num: 2
num : 2
num: 3
num : 2
num: 4
num : 4
num: 5
4.
91
num : 4
num:
num :
num: 7
num :
num: 8
num : 8
num: 9
num : 8
num: 10
num : 10
OxFFFE, , 1111 1111 1111 1110. , num & OxFFFE
, . , "", ,
"" ( ).
. ,
, .
//
// , ,
using System;
class IsOdd {
ushort num;
num = 10;
if((num & 1) == 1)
num = 11;
if((num & 1) == 1)
Console.WriteLine(num + "
.");
:
1 11 .
i f num
1. num (.. ), num & 1 .
. i f ,
.
,
&, , b y t e . .
92
I. #
// , ,
using System;
class ShowBits {
int t ;
byte val;
val = 123;
for(t=128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
if((val & t) != 0) Console.Write ("1 " ) ;
if((val & t) == 0) Console.Write ("0 ") ;
:
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
for
val. , , 1, 0.
, , .
, 1, ,
. :
1101
1010 1010
1111 1011
.
//
// "" ,
using System;
c l a s s MakeOdd {
ushort num;
ushort i ;
f o r ( i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
num = i ;
Console.WriteLine("num: " + num);
num = (ushort) (num | 1 ) ; // num | 0000 0001
Console.WriteLine(
"num : "
+ num + " \ n " ) ;
4.
93
:
num: 1
num : 1
num: 2
num : 3
num: 3
num : 3
num: 4
num : 5
num: 5
num : 5
num:
num : 7
num: 7
num : 7
num: 8
num : 9
num: 9
num : 9
num: 10
num : 11
, for, 1, 0000 0001. , 1 , .
, , ( ). , , ""
, , .. .
(XOR)
, , .. . :
0111 1111
1011 1001
1100 0110
XOR , . XOR Y, XOR
Y, . ,

R1
R2
= X
= Rl
Y;
Y;
R2 . ,
XOR, (Y), ().
94
I. #
,
, .
,
. :
// XOR
/ / .
u s i n g System;
c l a s s Encode {
char chl = f H f ;
char ch2 = ' i ' ;
char ch3 = f ! f ;
i n t key = 88;
chl + ch2 + ch3);
// ,
chl - (char) (chl A key);
ch2 = (char) (ch2 key);
ch3 = (char) (ch3 A key);
chl + ch2 + ch3);
//
chl
ch2
ch3
,
= (char) (chl A key);
= (char) (ch2 A key);
= (char) (ch3 key);
chl + ch2 + ch3);
:
: Hi!
: >1
: Hi!
, XOR,
, () .
( 1)
. , ( ), 1001 ,
~ 0110 1001.
1 .
// .
u s i n g System;
c l a s s NotDemo {
4.
95
sbyte b = -34;
int t;
for(t=128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
if((b
& t) != 0) Console.Write("1 " ) ;
if((b
& t) == 0) Console.Write("0 " ) ;
}
Console.WriteLine() ;
// ,
b = (sbyte) ~b;
for(t=128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
if((b
& t) != 0) Console.Write("1 " ) ;
if((b
& t) == 0) Console.Write("0 " ) ;
:
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

# .
# :
;
_.
, _ ,
.
, ,
, .
, , . , . , . :
. , ,
, .
, . ,
, .
,
. , ,
, .. " " 1, 0. "" .
, .
v a l 1, 128,
1000 0000. , , , .
96
I. #
//
using System;
class ShiftDemo {
int val = 1;
int t;
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
for(t=128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
if((val & t) != 0) Console.Write("1 " ) ;
if((val & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 " ) ;
}
val = val 1; // .
}
val = 128;
for(i = 0; i < 8;
for(t=128; t
0; t = t/2) {
i = 0) Console.Write("1 " ) ;
if((val & t) !=
if((val & t) == 0) Console.Write("0 " ) ;
val = val >> 1; // .
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
:
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

2, 2. . . , , ( ) . :
//
// 2.
4.
97
using System;
class MultDiv {
int n;
n = 10,Console. WriteLine (" n: " + n ) ;
// 2.
n = n 1;
Console.WriteLine(
" n n = n * 2: " + n ) ;
// 4.
n = n 2;
Console.WriteLine(
" n n n * 4: " + n ) ;
// 2.
n = n 1;
Console.WriteLine(
" n n = n / 2: " + n ) ;
// 4.
n = n >> 2;
Console.WriteLine(
" n n = n / 4: " + n ) ;
// .
n = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" n: " + n ) ;
// 2, 30 .
n = n << 30; // : .
Console.WriteLine(
" 30 : " + ) ;

: 10
- *
n = n *
n = n /
n = n /
:
2:
4:
2:
4:
20
80
40
10
: 10
30 : -2147483648
.
10 30 (.. 230)
, ""
, i n t . ,
I. #
, i n t . .
,
2. ( ,
,
3.)

, . ,
(XOR) 127.
1 = 127;
I = 127;
# ?.
? ift h e n - e l s e . ? , . :
1 ? 2
3;
1 bool. 2 3 . .
?- . !. , 2, ?-. 1 , ?-
. , absval val.
absval = v a l < 0 ? - v a l : v a l ; //
// v a l .
absval v a l ,
. v a l , absval " ",
.
?. 100 ,
.
// ?.
using System;
class NoZeroDiv {
int result;
int i;
4.
99
for{i = -5; i < 6;

result = i != 0 ? 100 / i : 0;
i f ( i != 0)
Console.WriteLine("100 / " + i + " " + r e s u l t ) ;
.
100 / -5 -20
100 / -4 -25
100 / -3 -33
100 / -2 -50
100 / -1 -100
100 / 1 100
100 / 2 50
100 / 3 33
100 / 4 25
100 / 5 20
:
r e s u l t = i != 0 ? 100 / i : 0;
r e s u l t 100
i. , i
. ( i = 0) r e s u l t
.
, ?. , , . .
, ?, bool,

if. , , , ( ).
// ?-.
using System;
class NoZeroDiv2 {
int i ;
for(i = -5; i < 6;
i f ( i != 0 ? true : false)
Console.WriteLine("100
/ " +i +
11
" + 100 / i) ;
if. i ,
if- f a l s e , , , . ( ) .
100
I. #
#
( ). , , :
=10/*(127/);
= 10 / *
{121);
( , ) , .
. ,
, !
( , ,
) . , ,
?
= y/3-34*temp+127;
X = (/3) - (34*temp) + 127;

. 4.2 #- (
). , .
4.2. #-
( ) [ ] . ++()() c h e c k e d new s i z e o f
!
/ %
<<=>>=
typeof
unchecked
+() -() ++()()
is
I
&&
II
4.
101
#. :
(if, switch), ( for-, while-, d o while- foreach-) (break, c o n t i n u e , goto, r e t u r n
throw). throw, #-
( 13),
.
i f
i f 2, . :
if() ;
else ?
#.
e l s e . . if- :
if ()

else

, , , if-;
else- ( ).
. , if-,
bool.
, if-else-
, .
// ,
// .
using System;
class PosNeg {
int
i;
for(i=~5; i <=* 5;
Console.Write(" " + i + ": ") ;
if(i < 0) Console.WriteLine(" "
else Console.WriteLine(" ");
5.
103
:
-5:
- 4 :
-3:
- 2 :
-1:
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
, i , if- ( "": );
else- ( "": ). .
if-
if- , (. ) if-. if- . ,
else- if-, ,
else-. :
if
(i == 10)
{
if (j < 20)
a = b;
if(k
> 100)
= d;
else a = ; // else-
// if(k > 100).
}
else a = d; // else- if(i == 10).
, else- i f (j < 20), (
if- , "else-"). else- i f ( > 100), .
.
. , else-, : " ".
// , ,
// .
using System;
class PosNegZero {
int i;
for(i=-5; i <= 5; i
104
I. #
Console.Write(" " + i + ": " ) ;

if(i < 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
else if(i == 0) Console.WriteLine(" ");
else Console.WriteLine(" ");
-5:
- 4 :
-3:
- 2 :
-1:
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
i f - e l s e - i f
,
if-, "" i f - e l s e - i f . :
if {)
;
else if{)
;
else if{)
;
else
;
. . - , , , "" . ,
, else- ( , , ). e l s e , , .
if-else-if-''" ,
( ).
// ,
// .
using System;
5.
105
class Ladder {
int num;
for(num = 2; num < 12; num++) {
if((num % 2) == 0)
num + " 2 . " ) ;
else if((num % 3) == 0)
num + " 3 . " ) ;
else if((num % 5) == 0)
num + " 5.");
else if((num % 7) == 0)
num + " 7.");
else
Console.WriteLine(num +
" 2, 3, 5 7 . " ) ;
:
2 2.
3 3.
4 2.
5 5.
2.
7 7.
8 2.
9 3.
10 2.
11 2, 3, 5 7.
, else- ,
if-.
s w i t c h
switch. switch
. . if-,
switch . .
.
, .
switch :
switch() {
case 1:

break;
case 2:
106
I. #

break;
case :

break;
default:
break;
switch
(, char, byte, s h o r t i n t ) s t r i n g (
). , , .
switch- ;
case- ,
. case- switch-
.
default- ,
case- switch. d e f a u l t . , case-
. - , ,
case- ,
break.
switch- .
// s w i t c h .
using System;
class SwitchDemo {
int i;
for(i=0; i
switch (i) {
case 0:
Console.WriteLine("i
break;
case 1:
break;
case 2:
break;
case 3:
break;
case 4:
break;
default:
break;
5.
.");
.");
.");
/
.");
.");
.");
107
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
, , case-, i.
. i , default-.
switch- i n t .
, , switch- , char.
case- char- char-.
// char
// switch-.
u s i n g System;
c l a s s SwitchDemo2 {
char ch;
f o r ( c h = ' A f ; ch<= ' E ' ; ch++)
switch(ch) {
case ' A ' :
Console.WriteLine("ch
break;
case f B f :
break;
case f C f :
break;
case r D r :
break;
case f E ' :
break;
" ) ;
" ) ;
" ) ;
D " ) ;
" ) ;
:
ch
ch
108
I. #
ch
I ch D
I ch
, default- . , . ,
.
# , , case-, , . ,
"", . case-
break. ("" ,
goto, ,
break "".) break,
case-, switch ,
switch. default- "" break.
""
# , C++ Java. case-
"" , case-,
.. "" . # ""
. -, case-, ,
case- . -, case- "",
.
"" case , , , , case
.
// "" case- "".
using System;
class EmptyCasesCanFall {
int i ;
for(i=l; i < 5;
switch(i) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3: Console.WriteLine("i 1, 2 " ) ;
break;
c a s e 4: C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " i 4 " ) ;
break;
5.
109
:
1, 2 3
1, 2 3
1, 2 3
4
, i 1,2 3,
WriteLine ( ) , i 4, . case-
"", case-
.
case- case-, .
i
i
i
i
switch
switch case-
switch.
switch. , case- switch ,
. , :
switch(chl) {
case f A f :
Console.WriteLine(
" - switch.");
switch(ch2) {
case 'A 1 :
Console.WriteLine(
" - switch.");
break;
case '': // ...
} // switch,
break;
case 'B f : // ...
f o r
2, for.
, ,
. . , for
:
for{; ; ) ;
for ,
:
for{; ; )
{
,
.
110
I. #
, .
bool,
. ,
f o r . - ,
,
. , f o r . f o r ,
. , , for.
for ,
,
. , 100 100 , 5.
// for
// .
using System;
class DecrFor {
int x;
for(x = 100; x > -100; x -= 5)
Console.WriteLine(x);
,
for. , ,
. :
for(count=10; count < 5; count++)
+= count; // .
,
count .
(count < 5) . .
for , . , f o r 2 20. ,
.
/*
.
,
.
*/
using System;
class FindPrimes {
int num;
int i;
int factor;
bool isprime;
for(num = 2; num < 20; num++) {
5.
111
isprime = true;
factor = 0;
// , num i .
for(i=2; i <= num/2; i++) {
if((num % i) == 0) {
// num i ,
// num ,
isprime = falserfactor = i;
if(isprime)
Console.WriteLine(num + " -- .");
else
Console.WriteLine("
num + " " + factor);
:
2 -- .
3 .
4 2
5 -- .
3
7 .
8 4
9 3
10 5
11 .
12
13 .
14 7
15 5
16 8
17 -- .
18 9
19 .
for
for #,
.

for .

^ . :
// for.
using System;
class Comma {
112
I. #

int i, j ;
for(i=0, j=10; i < j; i++, j )
Console.WriteLine("i j: " + i + " " + j ) ;
:
3-: 0 10
1 9
j
j: 2 8
j: 3 7
i: 4 6

. i j .
i , j
.
.
for , .

for. ,
( 100).
^ : .
/*
for
.
*/
1
i
i
i
i
using System;
class Comma {
int i, j;
int smallest, largest;
int num;
num = 100;
smallest = largest = 1;
for(i=2, j=num/2; (i <= num/2) & (j >= 2 ) ; i++, j ) {
if((smallest == 1) & ((num % i) == 0))
smallest = i;
if((largest == 1) & ((num % j) == 0))
largest = j;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + l a r g e s t ) ;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + s m a l l e s t ) ;
:
5.
113
: 50
: 2
for
, .
i .
2 ,
( num). j . , num,
, . , i j . .

, for, , bool. , jpaMMe done.
// bool.
using System;
class forDemo {
int i, j ;
bool done = false;
for(i=0,
j=100;
!done; i++, j )
i f ( i * i >= j) done = t r u e ;
Console.WriteLineC'i,
j : " + i + " " + j);
:
0 100
1 99
2 98
3 97
4 96
5 95
i, j: 6 94
i, j: 7 93
i, j: 8 92
i, j: 9 91
i, j: 10 90
for , bool- done
t r u e . t r u e , i j .
114
I. #

# (, , ) .
^ . :
// for .
using
System;
class Empty {
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; ) {
Console.WriteLme (" " + i) ;
i++; // .
for. i , .
, : i 10. i
, , :
0
N'1
*
2
3
N'4
5
6
7
8
9
for
^ .
// for .
using System;
class Empty2 {
int i ;
i = 0; // .
for(; i < 10; ) {
Console .WriteLme (" " + i) ;
i++; // .
i for,
. for.
5.
115
, , , ,
.

for,
(, ). , , #-
.
f o r ( ; ; ) // .
.
(, ), , " "
.
, . (: break.)

# , for ( - ),
. , .
"" . , "" 1 5.
// .
using System;
class Empty3 {
int i ;
int sum = 0;
// 1 5.
for(i = 1; i <= 5; sum +=
Console.WriteLine("
" + sum);
}
}
:
15
,
for, . :
1 sum += i++
, .
, . , sum sum i,
116
I. #
i. , :
sum = sum + i ;
for
, for, . . , ,
1 5. i for.
// f o r .
using System;
class ForVar {
int sum = 0;
int fact = 1;
// 1 5.
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
sum += i; // i .
fact *= i;
}
// i .
Console.WriteLine(" " + sum);
Console.WriteLine(" " + fact);
for :
. , for. . , i for. - , for.
, for.
w h i l e
while :
whi 1 () ;
,
. ,
bool.
, .
, ,
.
5.
117
, while
.
// .
using System;
class WhileDemo {
int num;
int mag;
num = 435679;
mag = 0;
Console.WriteLine(": " + num);
while(num > 0) {
mag++;
num = num / 1 0 ;
Console.WriteLine(": " + mag);
:
: 435679
: 6
while . num.
, mag , num 10.
, num . num ,
, mag .
for, while, a
, .
( ) .
// 2.
u s i n g System;
class Power {
int e;
int result;
for(int i=0; i < 10;
result = 1;
e = i;
while(e > 0) {
result *= 2;
e;
Console.WriteLine("2 " + i +
" " + result);
118
I. #
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
:
0 1
1 2
2 4
3 8
4 16
5 32
64
7 128
8 256
9 512
, while ,
. , ,
for, while .
d o - w h i l e
# do-while. f o r while,
, do-while . , do-while .
:
do {
;
} while {);
,
, do-while, while.
do-while , ,
.
do-while
, .
// .
using System;
class DoWhileDemo {
int num;
int nextdigit;
num = 198;
Console.Write(" : " ) ;
do {
nextdigit = num % 10;
Console.Write(nextdigit);
5.
119
num = num / 10;

} while(num > 0) ;
: 198
: 8 91
. 10. .
num. , . ,
num .
f o r e a c h
foreach .
. # ,
. f oreach 7, .
break

break ,
, , .
break ,
^ , . .
// break .
u s i n g System;
c l a s s BreakDemo {
/ / break .
f o r ( i n t i=-10; i <= 10; i++) {
i f ( i > 0) break; / / i
Console.Write(i + " " ) ;
}
Console.WriteLine("!");
> 0.
:
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 - 1 0 !
120
I. #
, , for i 10 10, break "" , i .

break #-,
"". , ,
do-while-, :
// break
/ / do-while.
using System;
class BreakDemo2 {
int i ;
i = -10;
do {
i f ( i > 0) break;
} while(i <= 10);
. .
// .
using System;
class FindSmallestFactor {
int factor = 1;
int num = 1000;
for(int i=2; i < num/2;
if((num%i) == 0) {
factor = i;
break; // , .
Console.WriteLine(
" " + factor);
:
1 2
break for,
.
"" .
break .
5.
121
// break ,
using System;
class BreakNested {
for(int i=0; i
Console.WriteLine(
" : " + i ) ;
Console.Write(
11
: ") ;
int t = 0;
while(t < 100) {
if(t == 10) break; // ,
// t 10.
Console.Write(t + " " ) ;
}
}

: 0
: 0 1 2 3
: 1
: 0 1 2 3
: 2
: 0 1 2 3
.
:
4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9
, break, ,
, .
, , break, . . break, switch, switch,
.
c o n t i n u e
"" ,
"" .
c o n t i n u e . ,
. c o n t i n u e
"" break. ,
c o n t i n u e "" 0 100.
II/
c o n t i n u e ,
u s i n g System;
122
I. #
class ContDemo {
// 0 100.
for(int i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
if((i%2) != 0) continue; //
// .
Console.WriteLine(i);
, ,
WriteLine () .
while do-while c o n t i n u e , ,
" ". for c o n t i n u e , .
.
c o n t i n u e ,
.
r e t u r n
r e t u r n .
. . 6.
g o t o
goto #- . , .
,
, , "-".
goto - , .
""
. , , ( ) goto, , .
.
goto , , ,
. goto , .
goto . # , . goto, . ,
goto 100 :
= 1;
loopl:
if(x
< 100)
goto loopl;
5.
123
goto case- d e f a u l t switch. , , case- default- . , "" , goto. goto

"" switch. , "" goto switch.
, goto switch.
// goto s w i t c h .
using System;
class SwitchGoto {
for(int i=l; i < 5; i++)
switch(i) {
case 1:
Console.WriteLine("
goto case 3;
case 2:
Console.WriteLine("
goto case 1;
case 3:
Console.WriteLine("
goto default;
default:
Console.WriteLine("
break;
{
case 1");
case 2 " ) ;
case 3 " ) ;
default");
Console.WriteLine
//
goto case 1; // !
/ / s w i t c h .
}
:
case 1
case 3
default
case 2
case 1
case 3
default
case 3
default
default
, goto case d e f a u l t switch. , case break. goto
case- "" case-124
I. #
, "" (break) . , goto

switch-.
I //
goto case 1; // !...,
. goto
switch ,
.
goto
. :
// goto.
using System;
class Use_goto {
int i=0, j=0, k=0;
for(i=0; i < 10;
for(j=0; j < 10; j++ ) {
for(k=0; k < 10; k++) {
Consple.WriteLine("i, j , k: " + i + " " +
j + " " + k) ;
if(k == 3) goto stop;
stop:
Console.WriteLine(", ! i f j, k: " + i +
", " + j + " " 4- k ) ;
:
i,
1,
j ,
k:
: 00 00 21
: 0 0 3
:
, ! i , j , : 0, 0 3
, goto,
i f break. goto
. , , , , goto .
5.
125
. #,
. ,
#. - #. , . .
, ,
#, .

#- ,
. , ,
. , , .
, . , .
, , . # . .
, (), ,
. : . ,
, .
. , , ,
.

, , , , .
, , .
, ,
. ,
-, ,
, , , , , .
,
. .
c l a s s .
, , :
class _ {
II .
!;
2;
//. . .
;
II .
_ 1 () {
II
. ,
127
_ 2{) {
//
_ {)
/I
,
. (, p u b l i c ) , , . 2,
. ,
. , , , , ( p r i v a t e ) . ( )
.
public-, , , , . 8.
( ), ,
. , ,
, ( ) ,
. , .
, , .
, ,
Main (). , . , Main() .
, .

, (, , .). (
Building) ( ,
).
Building. : f l o o r s , a r e a occupants. ,
B u i l d i n g .
^. ( .)
class Building {
public int floors;

//
public int area;
//
public int occupants; //
}
, Building,
. :
_;
128
I. #
, , _ .
, , , . Building p u b l i c , , , ,
Building.
c l a s s .
Building.
Building. , c l a s s ;
. , Building.
Building, , , :
Building house = new B u i l d i n g ( ) ; //
// B u i l d i n g .
house Building,
.. "" . .
, , .
, B u i l d i n g f l o o r s , a r e a occupants. "" (.). ""
. :
.
, "", .
, floors 2,
.
I house.floors = 2;
"" , .
, Building.
// , Building.
using System;
c l a s s Building {
public i n t f l o o r s ;
//
public i n t area;
//
public i n t occupants; //
}
// Building,
class BuildingDemo {
Building house = new Building(); //
// Building,
int areaPP; // , .
// house,
house.occupants = 4;
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2;
6. ,
129
// , .
areaPP = house.area / house.occupants;
Console.WriteLine(
" :\n " +
house.floors + " \ " +
house.occupants + " \ " +
house.area +
" , \ " +
areaPP + " ");
: B u i l d i n g BuildingDemo.
BuildingDemo Main() B u i l d i n g
house, house,
. ,
B u i l d i n g BuildingDemo . , .
, BuildingDemo Building,
, .. public-.
p u b l i c ,
Building, BuildingDemo .
U s e B u i l d i n g . c s , UseBuilding.exe. B u i l d i n g BuildingDemo . :
:
2
4
2500 ,
625
B u i l d i n g BuildingDemo .
B u i l d i n g , cs BuildingDemo. cs, .
.
:
esc B u i l d i n g . c s BuildingDemo,cs
Visual Studio IDE,
.
, : , . ,
.
, ,
. , B u i l d i n g f l o o r s , a r e a occupants, () .
.
u s i n g System;
130
I. #
class Building {
public int floors;
//
public int area;
//
// Building,
Building house = new Building();
Building office - new BuildingO;
int areaPP; // , .
// house,
house.occupants = 4 ;
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2 ;
// office,
office.occupants = 25;
office.area = 4200;
office.floors = 3;
// , .
areaPP = house.area / house.occupants;
Console.WriteLine(" :\n " +
house.area +
" , \ " +
areaPP + " ");
// ,
// .
areaPP = office.area / office.occupants;
office.floors + " " +
office.occupants + " " +
office.area +
" , \ " +
areaPP + " ");
:
:
2
4
2500 ,
625
:
3
25
4200 ,
168
6. ,
131
, ( house) ( o f f i c e ) . . 6.1.
floors
house
office
area
2500
occupants
floors
area
4200
occupants
25
. 6.1.

Building.
I B u i l d i n g house = new B u i l d i n g ( ) ;
. -,
house Building. ,
. -, house
. " " new. ,
house
Building.
new (.. )
. ( ) , new.
, # .
, ,
.
Building house;
// .
house = new Building(
//
// Building.
house
Building. house , ,
. ( )
house n u l l , ,
.
B u i l d i n g , house.
house .
, , , . -
132
I. #
, . . ,

i n t x;
= 10;
10, i n t , .. ; .
Building
h o u s e = new B u i l d i n g ( ) ;
house , .

,
(, i n t ) . ( )
, . ( ) .
( ) , , , . , :
Building housel = new B u i l d i n g ( ) ;
Building house2 = housel;
, housel house2 , . , housel house2,

. housel house2 house2 ,
housel. ,
housel, house2. ,
1 h o u s e l . a r e a = 2600;
,
Console.WriteLine(housel.area);
Console.WriteLine(house2.area);
2600.
, housel house2,
, . , house2 , .
Building housel = new Building();
Building house2 = housel;
Building house3 = new Building();
Building house2 = house3; // house2
// house3
// .
house2 , house3. , housel, .
6. ,
133

, . Building .
( ) , . (), , , .
.
.
. ,
.
. , Main () ,
. ,
#.
. , g e t v a l , g e t v a l (). .
:
_ (_)
{
//
, ,
. , , , , ,
( p r i v a t e ) , .
public-, , , .
_ ,
. , ,
. ,
void. , , .
,
,
. _ ( ), . , ,
. , _
.
B u i l d i n g
, , , , , . , ,
() ,
, .
,
. , ,
Building,
a r e a occupants,
Building. , B u i l d i n g -
134
I. #
. , "" ,
, ,
"". "" , . , B u i l d i n g , , , - , , .
B u i l d i n g , . , Building
a r e a P e r P e r s o n O , , .
using System;
class Building {
public int floors;
//
public int area;
//
// ,
// ,
public void areaPerPerson() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + area / occupants +
" ");
// areaPerPerson().
, Building office = new Building();
// house,
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2;
// office,
office.occupants = 25;
office.area = 4200;
office.floors - 3;
house.area +
" , ");
house.areaPerPerson();
Console.WriteLine(" :\n
6. ,
" +
135
office.floors + " \ " +

office.occupants + " \ " +
office.area +
11
, ");
office.areaPerPerson();
, :
:
2
4
2500 ,
625
:
3
25
4200 ,
168
,
areaPerPerson ( ) . :
I p u b l i c void a r e a P e r P e r s o n ( ) {
a r e a P e r P e r s o n (),
. p u b l i c ,
.
a r e a P e r P e r s o n () void, .. . ,
.
. a r e a P e r P e r s o n () :
Console.WriteLine("
" + a r e a / occupants +
11
" ) ;
, , a r e a occupants.
Building a r e a
occupants, a r e a P e r P e r s o n () ,
, , .
a r e a P e r P e r s o n () , ..
.
Main ( ) :
I house.areaPerPerson();
a r e a P e r P e r s o n () house. ,
, "". ,
, , .
h o u s e . a r e a P e r P e r s o n () , , ,
house. of f i c e . a r e a P e r P e r s o n () , , ,
136
I. #
office. , , areaPerPersonO, , , , .
. area occupants areaPerPersonO , ..
, "". :
, ,
, "". . .
, , , . , . , area
occupants areaPerPersonO , , areaPerPerson ().

. , ( areaPerPersonO).
r e t u r n . r e t u r n : void- ( ), .
, .
void-
r e t u r n :
I return;
, . , , :
p u b l i c void myMethO {
int i ;
for(i=0;
i f ( i == 5) return; / /
/ / i = 5.
for i 0 5, , i 5,
myMeth().
return. ,
public void myMeth () {
if(done) return;
//...
if(error) return;
}
,
. . ,
, .
6. ,
137
, " ": void-

: r e t u r n .

void- , . ,
. 3,
Math. Sqrt () .
, , . ( Math. S q r t ( ) ) , , , ,
-. , ,
, #-.
,
r e t u r n :
return ;
, .

a r e a P e r P e r s o n {). , , a r e a P e r P e r s o n ()
, . a r e a P e r P e r s o n ( ) ,
, , ( ).
// areaPerPerson().
using System;
class Building {
public i n t floors;
//
public i n t area;
//
public i n t occupants; //
// ,
// ,
public i n t areaPerPerson() {
return area / occupants;
// areaPerPerson().
Building office = new Building();
int areaPP; // ,
// .
// house.
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2;
138
I. #
//
o f f i c e . o c c u p a n t s = 25;
o f f i c e . a r e a = 4200;
o f f i c e . f l o o r s = 3;
office,
// house ,
// ..
areaPP = h o u s e . a r e a P e r P e r s o n ( ) ;
h o u s e . f l o o r s + " \ " +
house.area +
" , \
areaPP + " ");
// o f f i c e ,
// ..
areaPP = o f f i c e . a r e a P e r P e r s o n ( ) ;
o f f i c e . f l o o r s + " \ " +
o f f i c e . o c c u p a n t s + " \ " +
office.area +
" , \ " +
areaPP + " ");
.
areaPerPerson ():
. , , areaPerPerson (). ,
I areaPP = h o u s e . a r e a P e r P e r s o n ( ) ;
, house, areaPP.
, areaPerPerson () , i n t . ,
. , ,
, , ,
,
. , ,
double,
double.
,
. ,
areaPP. areaPerPerson () WriteLine ():
h o u s e . f l o o r s + " \ " +
I
6. ,
139

house.area + " , \ " +
house.areaPerPerson() +
11
");
WriteLineO
house. areaPerPerson (),
WriteLine (). , house. areaPerPerson () ,

Building, . , .
If (bl.areaPerPerson() > 2.areaPerPerson())
Console.WriteLine(
" . " ) ;

. , , , . , , . , . , .
, , , .
. ChkNum
i s Prime, t r u e ,
, f a l s e . ,
i s Prime bool.
// .
using System;
c l a s s ChkNum {
// t r u e , - ,
public bool isPrime(int x) {
for(int i=2; i < x/2 + 1; i++)
if((x %i) == 0) return false;
return t r u e ;
class ParmDemo {
ChkNum ob = new ChkNum();
for(int i = l ; i < 10;
if(ob.isPrime(i)) Console.WriteLine(i +
" .");
else Console.WriteLine(i + " .");
140
I. #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
isPrime , . . -, , isPrime.
. isPrime
1. 1. 2, , 2 .. , ,
isPrime, , .
.
, . , , ChkNum, l e d ( ) , (/east common denominator)
.
// , .
using System;
class ChkNum {
// true, - ,
public bool isPrime(int x) {
f o r ( i n t i=2; i < x/2 + 1; i++)
i f ( ( x %i) == 0) return false;
return t r u e ;
// ,
public int led(int a, int b) {
int max;
if(isPrime(a) | isPrime(b)) return 1;
max = a < b ? a : b;
for(int i=2; i < max/2 + 1;
if(((a%i) == 0) & ((b%i) == 0)) return i;
return 1;
class ParmDemo {
ChkNum ob = new ChkNumO;
int a, b;
for(int i=l; i < 10;
6. ,
141
if(ob.isPrime (i))
Console.WriteLine(i +
" .");
else Console.WriteLine(i + " .");
a = 7;
b = 8;
+ " " + b + " " +
ob.lcd(a, b ) ) ;
= 100;
b = 8;
+ " " + b + " " +
ob.lcd(a, b));
= 100;
b = 75;
+ " " + b + " " +
ob.lcd(a, b));
, l c d ( ) . :
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
7 8 1
100 8 2
100 75 5
, . , :
int myMeth(int a, double b, float ) {
// . . .
B u i l d i n g
B u i l d i n g ( )
. , , ,
.
maxOccupant () .
/* ,

. */
142
I. #
I public int maxOccupant(int minArea) {

1
return area / minArea;
I}
maxOccupant () minArea , . ,
maxOccupant ( ) ,
.
Building,
maxOccupant().
/*
,
,
,
.
*/
using System;
class Building {
public int floors;
//
public int area;
//
// ,
/ / ,
public int areaPerPerson() {
}
/*
,
. */
public int maxOccupant(int minArea) {
// maxOccupant().
c l a s s BuildingDemo {
Building house = new B u i l d i n g ( ) ;
Building office = new B u i l d i n g ( ) ;
// house,
house.area = 2500;
h o u s e . f l o o r s = 2;
//
o f f i c e . o c c u p a n t s = 25;
o f f i c e . a r e a = 4200;
o f f i c e . f l o o r s = 3;
office,
Console.WriteLine(
" , \" +
" " +
300 + " : " +
6. ,
143
house.maxOccupant(300));
Console.WriteLine(
" , \" +
" " +
300 + " : " +
office.maxOccupant(300));
.
, ,
300 : 8
,
300 : 14

,
. #.
. :
public void m() {
char a, b;
if(a==b) {
Console.WriteLine("");
return;
} else {
Console.WriteLine(" ");
return;
}
}
WriteLine () ( )
,
m (). . ,
.
Building-
"" :
house.area = 2500;
house.floors = 2;
.
, "" ,
, . .
144
I. #
. ,
, . . :
_{) {
//
, , , , . , p u b l i c , , , .
, ,
# ,
-, , , - 11-. , .
:
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
public i n t x;
public MyClass() {
x = 10;
c l a s s ConsDemo {
p u b l i c s t a t i c v o i d Main() {
MyClass t l = new M y C l a s s ( ) ;
MyClass t 2 = new M y C l a s s ( ) ;
Console.WriteLine(tl.x
+ " " + t2.x);
MyClass :
p u b l i c MyClass() {
= 10;
}
public- , , MyClass.
10. MyClass () new MyClass. ,
I MyClass tl = new MyClass();
t l MyClass ( ) ,
t l . x 10. t 2 ,
.. t 2 t 2 . x
10. , :
| 10 10
6. ,
145

. , . , : . ,
.
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
public int x;
public MyClass(int i) {
x = i;
c l a s s ParmConsDemo {
MyClass t l = new M y C l a s s ( 1 0 ) ;
MyClass t 2 = new M y C l a s s ( 8 8 ) ;
Console.WriteLine(tl.x + " " + t2.x);
10 88
MyClass ()
i , . ,
I MyClass t l = new MyClass(10);
i 10, .
B u i l d i n g
Building, ,
(.. )
f l o o r s , a r e a occupants. ,
Building.
using System;
class Building {
public int floors;
// -
public int area;
//
public Building(int f, int a, int o) {
146
I. #
floors = f;
area = a;
occupants = o;
// ,
// ,
public int areaPerPerson() {
/*
,
. */
public int maxOccupant(int ininArea) {
// Building().
Building house = new Building(2, 2500, 4 ) ;
Building office = new Building(3, 4200, 25);
Console.WriteLine(
" , \" +
" ' " +
300 + " : " +
house.maxOccupant(300)) ;
Console.WriteLine(
" , \" +
" " +
300 + " : " +
office.maxOccupant(300));

.
, house office,
Building(). ,
, . ,
I Building house = new Building(2, 2500, 4 ) ;
Building () 2, 2500 4 ,
new Building. floors,
area occupants, house, 2, 2500
4, .
new
, ,
new. :
__ = new _{) ;
6. ,
147
__
. , _
. , .
, new , #. ,
new "" .
, , new , , . . ( , 13.) ,
, "" ,
.
new
, , , ,
: " new
, i n t f l o a t " . # .
. ,
new . ,
, , .. .
, int char,
. , .
.
new .
:
1 i n t i = new i n t ( ) ;
i n t , i . :
// new .
using System;
class newValue {
int i = new int(); // i .
Console.WriteLine(" i : " + i ) ;
:
I i :
, i . : new i , WriteLine ()
.
148
I. #
new . . new .
""
, new
. ,
, . , new - .

,
. . , C++
d e l e t e . # -,
.
# , . . , , , .
()
.
. : ""
, , . , # . , , , .
# , ,
. , "" . ,
, .
:
~_() {
//
}
, _ . , ,
"" (~). ( ,
.)
, . , .
, , ,
.
6. ,
149
,
, ,
. ( #- ++-,
, .) ,
, . ,
.
, .
, , .
// .
using System;
class Destruct {
public int x;
public Destruct(int i) {
x = i;
}
// .
-Destruct() {
Console.WriteLine("
}
" + x) ;
// ,
// .
public void generator(int i) {
Destruct = new Destruct(i);
c l a s s DestructDemo {
i n t count;
Destruct ob = new Destruct(0);
/* .
- .
: ,

. */
for(count=l; count < 100000; count++)
ob.generator(count);
. . ID
( ) .
. g e n e r a t o r ().
D e s t r u c t , . DestructDemo D e s t r u c t ob. , ob,
150
I. #
100 000 , g e n e r a t o r ().

. , , ,
. , .
(.. "!"),
for.
-
,
. . . II #-.
,
. ,
, -
, .
t h i s
t h i s . . ,
(.. , ).
t h i s . t h i s , , Rect, ( ) ,
.
using System;
class Rect {
public int width;
public int height;
public Rect(int w, int h) {
width = w;
height = h;
}
public int area() {
return width * height;
class UseRect {
Rect rl = new Rect(4, 5 ) ;
Rect r2 = new Rect(7, 9 ) ;
Console.WriteLine(
" rl: " + rl.areaO);
Console.WriteLine(
" r2: " + r2.area());
6. ,
151
,
, .. . ,
area ()
I return width * height;
, width height,
, .
:
I return this.width * t h i s . h e i g h t ;
t h i s , area (). , this.width width , t h i s . h e i g h t height .
, area () , t h i s
.
t h i s .
Rect, t h i s :
using System;
class Rect {
public int width;
public int height;
this.width = w;
this.height = h;
public int area() {
return this.width
this.height;
class UseRect {
Rect r2 = new Rect (7, 9 ) ;
Console.WriteLine(
" rl: " + rl.area());
Console.WriteLine(
" r2: " + r2.area());
#- t h i s ,
, , . t h i s . , # ,
.
.
t h i s . , (
) Rect ().
152
I. #
public Rect(int width, int height) {

this.width = width;
this.height = height;
}

, , t h i s
.
6. ,
153
# (
s t r i n g ) . f oreach.
(array) , . #
, . . , , .
, . , , , , , ,
. ,
.
# ,
, #- ,
: . , ,
( ) ,
.

.
,
.
, .
.
[] __ = new [] ;
.
, . . ,
. ,
, .
, . , , . , #
new.
ilia
C++,
# ,

7.
155
.
int- ( 10 ), sample.
I i n t [ ] sample = new i n t [10];

.
sample , new.
. . #
. sample 10 ,
0 9. , . ,
sample sample [0], sample [9]. , sample 0 9.
// .
using System;
class ArrayDemo {
int[] sample = new int[10];
int i ;
for(i = 0 ; i < 10; i = i+1)
sample[i] = i;
for(i = 0 ; i < 10; i = i+1)
Console.WriteLine("sample[" + i + " ] : " +
sample[i]);
:
sample[0]: 0
sample[1]: 1
sample[2]: 2
sample[3]: 3
sample[4]: 4
sample[5]: 5
sample[6]:
sample[7]: 7
sample[8]: 8
sample[9]: 9
sample :
2 3 4
CD
rH
CD
CM
CD
00
CD
^r
CD
LO
CD
7
r-
CD
CD
8 9
00
CD
CD
,
. ,
,
nums, for .
156
I. #
//
// .
using System;
class Average {
int[] nums = new int[10];
int avg = 0;
nums [0]
nums [1]
nums [2]
nums C3]
nums [4]
nums [5]
nums [6]
nums [7]
nums [8]
nums [9]
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
99;
10;
100;
18;
78;
23;
63$
9;
87;
49;

avg = avg + nums[i];
avg = avg / 10;
Console.WriteLine(": " + avg)
:
I : 53

nums , ..
.
: . :
[] _ = [vail,
val2,
. ..,
valN];
, , vailvaIN. , . # ,
().
new.
Average.
//
// .
using System;
class Average {
int[] nums = { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78, 23,
63, 9, 87, 49 };
7.
157
int avg = 0;;

for(int i=0; i < 10; i )
avg = avg + nums[i];
avg = avg / 10;
Console.WriteLine(": " + avg);
, , , new. , nums
,
.
I i n t [ ] nums = new i n t [ ] { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78, 23,
I
63, 9, 87, 49 };
new- , . :
i n t [ ] nums;
nums = new i n t [ ] { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78, 23,
63, 9, 87, 49 };
I
|
nums .
. ,
. ,
, nums.
i n t [ ] nums = new i n t [ 1 0 ] { 99, 10, 100, 18, 78, 23,
63, 9, 87, 49 };
nums 10.
" "
# " ". . ,
,
.
// .
using System;
class ArrayErr {
int[] sample = new int[10];
int i;
// .
for(i = 0; i < 100; i = i+1)
sample[i] = i;
i 10,
IndexOutOfRangeException, .
158
I. #

, "" .
, , .

- .
.
, , .
10x20
t a b l e , :
I m t [ , ] t a b l e = new i n t [ 1 0 , 2 0 ] ;
, .

, .
new
:
| i n t [ 1 0 , 20]
10x20,
.
,
, . , 10
t a b l e , 3 5, :
1 t a b l e [ 3 , 5] = 10;
,
J 12, .
// .
using System;
class TwoD {
public static void MainO {
int t, i;
int[,] table = new int[3, 4 ] ;
for(t=0; t < 3; ++t) {
for(i=0; i < 4; ++i) {
table[t,i] = (t*4)+i+l;
Console.Write(table[t,i] + " " ) ;
7.
159
t a b l e [ 0 , 0 ] 1,
t a b l e [ 0 , 1 ] 2, t a b l e [ 0 , 2 ] 3 ..
t a b l e [ 2 , 3 ] 12. , . 7.1.

1
1
10
12
table[1][2]
. 7.1.
TwoD

table,
C++,
# . C++
# .

# .
:
[,
.. , ] = new [1,
..., ] ;
, 4x10x3:
I i n t [, ,] multidim = new m t [ 4 , 10, 3 ] ;
100 multidim,
2,4,1, :
I m u l t i d i m [ 2 f 4, 1] = 100;
, ,
- .
// ,
// -.
using System;
class ThreeDMatrix {
int[,,] m = new int[3, 3, 3 ] ;
int sum = 0;
int n = 1;
for(int x=0; x <
for(int y=0;
for(int z=0;
m[x, y, z]
160
3; x++)
< 3; y++)
z < 3; z++)
= n++;
I. #
sum
= m[0,0,0] + m [ l , l , l ]
+ m [ 2 , 2, 2 ] ;
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " : " + s u m ) ;
:
: 42

, . ,
:
[,] _ = {
{val, val, val, ..., val}
{val, valf val, ..., val}
{val,
val,
val,
...,
val}
val .
. ,
.. , ,
.
, s q r s 1 10
.
// .
u s i n g System;
c l a s s Squares {
int[,] sqrs = {
{ 1, 1 },
{ 2, 4 },
{ 3, 9 },
{ 4, 16 },
{ 5, 25 },
{ 6, 36 },
{ 7, 49 },
{ 8, 64 },
{ 9, 81 }f
{ 10, 100 }
int
i, j ;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {

for(j=0; j < 2; j++)
Console.Write(sqrs[i,j] + " " ) ;
7.
161
:
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100

, # . ,
, . # ,
, . . , .
, . , , :
[]
[]
= n e w
[][];
. , . , jagged ,
"".
i n t [ ] [ ] j a g g e d = new i n t [ 3 ] [ ] ;
j a g g e d [ 0 ] = new i n t [ 4 ] ;
j a g g e d [ 1 ] = new i n t [ 3 ] ;
j a g g e d [ 2 ] = new i n t [ 5 ] ;
jagged :
jagged[0] [0]
jagged[0] [1]
jagged[0] [2]
jagged[1] [0]
jagged[1] [1]
jagged[1] [2]
jagged[2] [0]
jagged[2] [13
jagged[2] [2]
jagged[0] [3]
jagged[2] [3]
jagged[2] [4]
, , , .

. ,
10 jagged 2 1, :
|
jagged[2][1]
= 10;
, , .
.
162
I. #
// ,
using System;
class Jagged {
int[][] jagged = new int[3][];
jagged[0] = new int[4];
jagged[1] = new int[3];
jagged[2] = new int[5j;
int i;
// .
for(i=0; i < 4; i++)
jagged[0][i] = i ;
// .
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
jagged[l][i] - i ;
// .
for(i=0; i < 5; i++)
jagged[2][i] = i ;
// .
for(i=0; i < 4; i++)
Console.Write(jagged[0][i] + " " ) ;
// .
for(i=0; i < 3; i++)
Console.Write(jagged[1][i] + " " ) ;
// .
for(i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console. Write (jagged [2 ] [i] + " 'MrConsole .WriteLine();
:
0 12 3
0 12
0 12 3 4
'
, . ,
(.. , ), , .
7.
163
. ,
, "" . , :
I int[] [,] j agged = new int[3] [,];
j agged [ 0 ] 4x2:
I jaggedfO] = new int[4][2];
i jagged[0][1,0].
| jagged[0][1,0] = i;
,
, , .
. , , :
// .
using System;
class AssignARef {
int i;
int[] numsl = new int[10];
int[] nums2 = new int[10];
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) numsl[i] = i ;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++) nums2[i] = - i ;
Console.Write(" numsl: ") ;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
Console.Write(numsl[i] + " " ) ;
Console.Write(" nums2: " ) ;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
Console.Write(nums2[i] + " " ) ;
nums2 = numsl; // nums2 numsl.
Console.Write(
" nums2 : " ) ;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
// numsl
i
164
I. #
// nums2.
nums2[3] = 99;
Console.Write(" numsl \" +
" nums2: " ) ;
for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
Console.Write(numsl[i] + " ")
:
numsl:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nums2: 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
nums2
:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
numsl
nums2: 0 1 2 99 4 5 6 7 8 9
, numsl nums2
.
Length
, # ,
. , Length, , .
.
// Length.
using System;
class LengthDemo {
Console.WriteLine(" nums " +
nums.Length);
// Length nums.
for(int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++)
nums[i] = i * i;
// Length nums.
Console.Write(" nums: " ) ;
for(int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++)
Console.Write(nums [i] + " " ) ;
:
nums 10
n u m s : 0 1 4 9 1 6 2 5 3 6 4 9 64 8 1
^ 7.
165
, LengthDemo for
nums. Length . , , . ,
Length
. , .

, "" . :
// Length 3-- .
using System;
class LengthDemo3D {
int[,,] nums = new int[10, 5, 6],
Console.WriteLine(" " + nums.Length);
:
1 300
, Length , nums 300 (10 5 6).
().
Length
. ,
Length .
// .
using System;
class RevCopy {
int i,j;
int[] numsl
new int[10],
int[3 nums2
new int[10],
for(i=0; i < numsl.Length;
numsl[i] = i;
for(i=0; i < nums2.Length; i++)
Console.Write(numsl[i] + " " ) ;
// numsl nums2
// ,
if (nums2.Length >~ numsl.Length) //
// , nums2
// .
I. #
for(i=0, j=numsl.Length-1; i < numsl.Length; i++f j )

nums2[j] = numsl[i];
for(i=0; i < nums2.Length; i++)
:
:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
:
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Length . -, , - ,
. -, for, . , ,
Length,
.
Length
L e n g t h
, ("") . , , ,
> () .
// Length
// .
using System;
c l a s s Jagged {
i n t [ ] [ ] n e t w o r k _ n o d e s = new i n t [ 4 ] [ ] ;
n e t w o r k _ n o d e s [ 0 ] = new i n t [ 3 ] ;
network__nodes [1] = new i n t [ 7 ] ;
network__nodes [2] = new i n t [ 2 ] ;
n e t w o r k _ n o d e s [ 3 ] = new i n t [ 5 ] ;
int
i, j ;
//
// .
for(i=0; i < network__nodes .Length; i++)
for(j=0; j < network_nodes[i].Length; j++)
network_nodes [i] [ j ] = i * j + 70,Console.WriteLine (" : " +
network_nodes.Length + " \ n " ) ;
for(i=0; i < network_nodes.Length;
for(j=0; j < network_nodes[i].Length;
7.
167
Console.Write("
" + i +
11
" + j + " : " ) ;
C o n s o l e . W r i t e ( n e t w o r k _ n o d e s [ i ] [ j ] + "% " ) ;
}
Console.WriteLine ();
:
: 4
0 0: 70%
0 1: 70%
0 2: 70%
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0: 70%
1: 71%
2: 72%
3: 73%
4: 74%
5: 75%
6: 76%
2 0: 70%
2 1: 72%
3 0: 70%
3 1: 73%
3 2: 7 6%
3 3: 7 9%
3 4: 82%
, Length
n e t w o r k n o d e s . , .

I network_nodes.Length
, network_nodes ( 4). ""
, , , :
network_nodes[0].Length
.
f o r e a c h
5 , # f oreach, "". , .
foreach .
. # ,
. f oreach :
f oreach ( __ in )
168
I. #
_ , f reach . ( ). , ( )
. ,
. , , .
foreach.
. , .
// foreach.
using System;
class ForeachDemo {
int sum = 0;
// nums ,
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
nums[i] - i;
// foreach
// ,
foreach(int x in nums) {
sum += ;
}
Console.WriteLine(" : " + sum);
:
: 0
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
: 5
:
: 7
: 8
: 9
: 4 5
, foreach .
foreach ,
,
break. ,
nums.
// break foreach.
using System;
7.
169
class ForeachDemo {
int sum = 0 ;
// nums ,
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
nums[i] = i;
// foreach
// ,
sum += ;
if( == 4) break; // , 4.
}
Console.WriteLine(" 5 : " + sum);
:
: 0
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
5 : 10
, foreach
.
foreach . : .
// foreach .
using System;
class ForeachDemo2 {
int sum = 0;
int[,] nums = new int[3,5];
// nums
for(int i 0; i < 3; i++)
for(int j=0; j < 5; j
nums[i,j] =
// foreach
// ,
Console.WriteLine(" : " + )
sum += ;
}
Console.WriteLine(" : " + sum);
170
I. #

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
: 90
:
1
2
3
4
5
2
4
6
8
10
3
6
9
12
15
f oreach (
), , . . . .
, f oreach . , .
// f o r e a c h .
using System;
class Search {
int val;
bool found = false;
// nums ,
for(int i = 0; i < 10; 2++)
nums[i] = i;
val = 5;
// foreach nums
// .
if(x == val) {
found = true;
break;
if(found)
Console.WriteLine(" ! ") ;
foreach , , ..
, foreach .
7.
171

# s t r i n g .
.
. # : .
, s t r i n g . s t r i n g ,
.
s t r i n g , 2,
.
s t r i n g . ,
I Console.WriteLine(" # .");
" # ." # s t r i n g . , s t r i n g .
.

s t r i n g . , s t r s t r i n g , .
1 s t r i n g s t r = "#- - . " ;
s t r "#- - .".
string- char. :
f
c h a r t ] charray = { f t f ,
e \ 'sf,
4'};
s t r i n g s t r = new s t r i n g ( c h a r r a y ) ;
string- , , . , string-
WriteLine (), .
// .
using System;
class StringDemo {
chart] charray = {'A1, f \ ' s 1 , 't 1 , 'r 1 , f i ' , f n', g 1 , '.' };
string strl = new string(charray);
string str2 = " string-.";
Console.WriteLine(strl) ;
Console.WriteLine(str2);
172
I. #
:
A string.
string-.

s t r i n g ,
( . 7.1). s t r i n g
Length, .
,
. :
string str = "test";
Console.WriteLine(string[0]);
t
( "test"). , .
,
.
.
7.1.
s t a t i c string Copy (string s t r )
s t r
int
compareTo ( s t r i n g str)
, s t r , ,
s t r , ,
int
i n d e x O f ( s t r i n g str)
, s t r . - 1 ,
int
LastindexOf ( s t r i n g s t r )
, s t r .
- 1 ,
s t r i n g ToLower ( )
s t r i n g ToupperO
, , " = = " .
, "==" , , .
s t r i n g .
. " !=".
(, " > " ">="), ,
.
,
^.
// .
using System;
class Strops {
string s t r l =
"B .NET- # .";
string str2 = string.Copy(strl);
7.
773
string str3 = "#-

string strUpf strLow;
int result, idx;
.";
Console.WriteLine("strl: " + strl);

Console.WriteLine(" strl: " +
strl.Length);
// strl.
strLow - strl.ToLower();
strUp = strl.ToUpper();
Console.WriteLine(" strl:\n
strLow);
Console.WriteLine(" strl:\n
strUp);
" +
" +
// strl .
Console.WriteLine(" strl .");
for(int i=0; i < strl.Length; i++)
Console.Write(strl[i]);
Console.WriteLine("\n");
// ,
if (strl ===== str2)
Console.WriteLine("strl == str2");
else
Console.WriteLine("strl != str2");
if(strl str3)
Console.WriteLine("strl == str3") ;
else
Console.WriteLine("strl != str3");
result = strl.CompareTo(str3);
if(result == 0)
Console.WriteLine("strl str3 .");
else if(result < 0)
Console.WriteLine("strl , str3");
else
Console.WriteLine("strl , str3");
// str2 .
str2 = " ";
// .
idx = str2.IndexOf("");
Console.WriteLine(
" : " + idx);
idx = str2.LastIndexOf("");
Console.WriteLine(
" : " + idx);
174
I. #
:
strl: .NET- # .
strl: 43
strl:
.net- # .
strl:
.NET- # .
strl .
.NET- # .
strl == str2
strl != str3
strl , str3
:
: 13

,
string strl
string str2
string str3
string str4
" + " () .

= "";
= "";
^
= "";
= strl + str2 + str3;
s t r 4 "".
. s t r i n g
System, s t r i n g , .NET Framework.
, , s t r i n g ,
System. S t r i n g ( ).
System. S t r i n g II.

, . .
//
u s i n g System;
class StringArrays {
string[] s t r = { "", "", "", "."
Console.WriteLine(" : " ) ;
for(int i=0; i < str.Length; i++)
Console.Write(str[i] + " " ) ; "
};
t
// .
str[l] = "";
str[3) = ", ?";
for(int i=0; i < str.Length;
Console.Write(str[i] + " " ) ;
7.
175
:
:
.
:
, ?
.
. , 19 " ".
// .
using System;
class ConvertDigitsToWords {
int num;
int nextdigit;
int numdigits;
int[] n = new int[20];
string[] digits = { "", "", "",
"", "", "",
"", "", "",
"" };
num = 1908;
nextdigit = 0 ;
numdigits - 0;
/* .
. */
do {
nextdigit - num % 10;
n[numdigits] = nextdigit;
numdigits++;
num = num / 10;
} while(num > 0 ) ;
numdigits;
// .
for( ; numdigits >= 0; numdigits)
Console.Write(digits[n[numdigits]] + " " ) ;
:
: 1908
:
176
I. #
string- d i g i t s
. , , , int-
. ,
d i g i t s , .

, , : string- . , , , . , .
# . , " " , , .
, "" .
, s t r i n g
, . s t r i n g .
,
, s t r i n g : Substring ().
,
. string-, ,
, .
Substring ():
s t r i n g S u b s t r i n g ( i n t start,
i n t len)
start , len .
, Substring ()
.
// S u b s t r i n g ( ) .
using System;
c l a s s SubStr {
s t r i n g o r g s t r = "C# .";
// .
s t r i n g s u b s t r = o r g s t r . S u b s t r i n g ( 4 , 14);
Console.WriteLine("orgstr:
Console.WriteLine("substr:
" + orgstr);
" + substr);
:
o r g s t r : C# ,
s u b s t r :
7.
177
, o r g s t r , s u b s t r .
string- , ,
. # S t r i n g B u i l d e r ,
System.Text. ,
. s t r i n g , S t r i n g B u i l d e r .
switch-
switch- string-, , , i n t . . ,
"", "" "".
//
// switch.
using System;
class StringSwitch {
string[] strs = { "", "", "", "", "" };
foreach(string s in strs) {
switch(s) {
case "":
Console.Write(Inbreak;
case "":
Console.Write(2);
break;
case "":
Console.Write ( 3 ) ;
break;
:
12321
178
I. #
.
.
, , Main (), s t a t i c .

, . , (
6). -, .
.
,
: . , .
.
, . .
, .
,
, , , . ,
, . , . , " ",
, .
#

: p u b l i c , p r i v a t e , p r o t e c t e d i n t e r n a l .
p u b l i c p r i v a t e .
p r o t e c t e d 9. i n t e r n a l
(assembly) 16.
p u b l i c , , .
p r i v a t e
, . ,
private- .
6,
( p r i v a t e ) . , p r i v a t e .
. :
public string errMsg;
private double bal;
private bool isError(byte status) { // ...
180
I. C#
public private, :
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
private int alpha; // private,
int beta;
// private ,
public int gamma; // public.
/* alpha beta.

private- .
*/
public void setAlpha(int a) {
alpha = ;
}
public int getAlpha() {

return alpha;
}
public void setBeta(int a) {
beta = a;
public int getBetaO {
return beta;
class AccessDemo {
MyClass ob = new MyClass();
/* private- alpha beta
. */
ob.setAlpha(-99);
ob.setBeta(19);
Console.WriteLine(" ob.alpha " +
ob.getAlpha());
Console.WriteLine(" ob.beta " +
ob. getBetaO ) ;
//
//
// private- alpha beta

// :
ob.alpha = 10; // ! alpha -- !
ob.beta = 9 ;
// ! beta -- !
//
/ / gamma, .
ob.gamma = 99;
, MyClass alpha private-,

beta private- , a gamma public-.
8.
181
alpha b e t a , ""
. , AccessDemo
.
(public-) , setAlphaO getAlpha().

1 // ob.alpha = 10; // ! alpha -- ! ,

. alpha
MyClass , , MyClass (setAlphaO
getAlpha ()), . b e t a .
, ,
, .
p u b l i c p r i v a t e
p u b l i c p r i v a t e -
- . , ,
.
1. , ,
.
2. , , , , .
3. , (.. ),
.
4. , , ,
, .
5. , ,
.
6. ,
.
, ,
. , , "" .
:
. - , . ( , : .
, , .)
182
I. #
- ,
,
.
, , , , .
:
.
. .
Stack,
. .

s t a c k . , " " . s t a c k
,
.
// .
using System;
class Stack {
// .
char[] stck; // .
int tos;
// .
// Stack ,
public Stack(int size) {
stck = new char[size]; // .
tos = 0;
}
// .
public void push(char ch) {
if(tos==stck.Length) {
Console.WriteLine(" - .");
return;
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
// ,
public char pop() {
if(tos==0) {
return (char) 0;
tos;
return stck[tos];
// true, ,
public bool full() {
return tos==stck.Length;
8.
183
// true, ,
public bool empty() {
return tos==0;
// ,
public int capacity() {
return stck.Length;
// ,
public int getNum() {
return tos;
Stack .
:
c h a r [ ] s t c k ; // ,
int tos;
// .
s t c k , . , . stack. t o s
.
s t c k t o s ,
"
". s t c k , . ,
t o s "" , , stack. s t c k t o s ,
.
:
// Stack ,
tos = 0;
}
.
t o s . , t o s , .
push () .
:
// ,
return;
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
184
I. #
, , ch.
, , , .
, t o s s t c k .
, s t c k ,
t o s , t o s . , t o s s t c k .
, pop (). :
// ,
public char pop() {
if(tos==0) {
return (char) 0;
tos ;
return stckftos];
t o s . , ,
. t o s ,
.
push () pop () ,
, ,
, s t a c k
( f u l l ( ) , empty ( ) , c a p a c i t y () getNumO). . .
// true, ,
public bool full() {
return tos==stck.Length;
}
// true, ,
return tos==0;
}
'
// ,,
return stck.Length;
}
// .
public int getNumO {
return tos;
}
f u l l () t r u e , , f a l s e
. empty () t r u e , , f a l s e . (..
, ), c a p a c i t y ( ) .
, ,
getNumO. , ,
8.
185
, t o s ,
Stack.
.
// Stack.
using System;
class StackDemo {
public static void
Stack stkl = new
Stack stk2 = new
Stack stk3 = new
char ch;
int i ;
Main() {
Stack(lO);
Stack(lO);
Stack(lO);
// stkl.
Console.WriteLine(
" Z stkl.");
for(i=0; !stkl.full(); i++)
stkl.push((char) (fAf + i) ) ;
if (stkl.fulK) ) Console.WriteLine (" stkl .");
// stkl.
Console.Write(" stkl: " ) ;
while( !stkl.empty() ) {
ch = stkl.pop();
Console.Write(ch);
}
if(stkl.empty()) Console.WriteLine(" stkl .");
// stkl.
Console.WriteLine(
" Z stkl.");
stkl.push((char) (fAf + i));
/* stkl
stk2.
stk2
. */
Console.WriteLine(
" stkl \" +
" stk2.");
ch = stkl.pop();
stk2.push(ch) ;
}
Console.Write(" stk2: ") ;
while( !stk2.empty() ) {
ch = stk2.pop();
Console.Write(ch) ;
186
I. C#
// 5 stk3.
Console.WriteLine(" 5 stk3.");
for(i=0; i < 5; i++)
stk3.push((char) (fAf + i));
Console.WriteLine(
" stk3: " + stk3.capacity());
Console.WriteLine(
" stk3: " +
stk3.getNum());
:
Z stkl.
stkl .
stkl: JIHGFEDCBA
stkl .
Z stkl.
stkl
stk2.
stk2: ABCDEFGHIJ
5 stk3.
stk3: 10
stk3: 5

i n t
double. . , , :
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int alpha, beta;
public MyClass(int i, int j) {
alpha =' i ;
beta = j ;
}
/* true, ob
, . */
public bool sameAs(MyClass ob) {
if((ob.alpha == alpha) & (ob.beta == beta))
return true;
else return false;
8.
187
// ob.
public void copy(MyClass ob) {
alpha = ob.alpha;
beta = ob.beta;
public void show() {
Console.WriteLine("alpha: {0}, beta: {1}",
alpha, beta);
class PassOb {
MyClass obi = new MyClass(4, 5 ) ;
MyClass ob2 = new MyClass(6, 7 ) ;
Console.Write("obi: " ) ;
obi.show();
Console.Write("ob2: " ) ;
ob2.show();
if(obi.sameAs(ob2))
Console.WriteLine(
"obi 2 .");
else
Console.WriteLine(
"obi 2 .");
// obi 2.
obi.copy(2);
Console.Write("obi : " ) ;
obi.show();
if(obi.sameAs(ob2))
Console.WriteLine(
"obi 2 .");
else
Console.WriteLine(
"obi 2 .");
, :
obi: alpha: 4, beta: 5
ob2: alpha: , beta: 7
obi 2 .
obi : alpha: , beta: 7
obi 2 .
sameAs () () . sameAs() alpha b e t a
alpha b e t a , ob.
188
I. #
t r u e ,
. ()
alpha b e t a , ob,
alpha b e t a .
, MyClass.
, ( ) ,
.

. , . . ,
.
(call-by-value). . , , , , .
(call-by-reference).
, , . , , ,
, .
(, i n t double)
. , , ,
, . :
// .
u s i n g System;
class Test {
/* ,
. */
public void noChange(int i, int j) {
i = i + j;
j
j = -j;
class CallByValue {
Test ob = new Test();
int
a = 15, b = 20;
Console.WriteLine(" b : " +
a + " " + b) ;
ob.noChange(a, b ) ;
Console.WriteLine(" b : " +
a + " " + b) ;
8.
189
:
I b : 15 20
I b : 15 20
, , noChange ( ) ,
, .
.
, . , , , , , ,
. (, , , .)
(, ) , ,
, , . , .
,
. , ,
, , .
, . , ,
. , , :
// .
using System;
class Test {
public int a, b;
public Test(int i, int j) {
a = i;
b = j;
}
/* . ob.a ob.b ,
, . */
public void change(Test ob) {
ob.a = ob.a + ob.b;
ob.b = -ob.b;
class CallByRef {
Test ob = new Test(15, 20);
Console,WriteLine("ob.a ob.b :
ob.a + " " + ob.b);
ob.change(ob);
Console.WriteLine("ob. ob.b :
ob.a + " " + ob.b);
:
ob.a ob.b : 15 20
ob.a ob.b : 35 -20
190
I. #
, change () ,
.
,
. . ,
.
r e f - out-
, (,
i n t char) . , , , ,
, .
. r e f out,
. , .
ref out,
, .
:
. .
, , . swap ( ) ,
. , i n t , #-
. ref.
, r e t u r n ,
.
. , ? , , .
: . ,
. out.
r e f
ref # . ref
. . sqr (), . ref.
// ref
// .
using System;
class RefTest {
/* .
ref.
public void sqr(ref i n t i) {
i = i * i;
8.
*/
191
class RefDemo {
RefTest ob = new RefTestO;
int a = 10;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + a ) ;
ob.sqr(ref a ) ; //
/ / ref.
,
. , sqr ().
: 10
: 100
ref, ,
. , , swap (), , .
// .
using System;
class Swap {
// ,
public void swap(ref int a, ref int b) {
int t;
t = a;
a = b;
b = t;
class SwapDemo {
Swap ob = new Swap();
int x = 10, = 20;
Console.WriteLine("x :
+ " " + ) ;
ob.swap(ref x, ref y) ;
Console.WriteLine("x :
+ " " + ) ;
192
I. #
:
: 10 20
: 20 10
. , " " ref, .
, , , ,
. , ref,
, .
out

, . , , , ,
,
. , . ref, ref-
. , ref
, . , # , out.
out r e f :
. (
) , out-, . , , out-
"" , ( ) . ,
out- .
out-. Decompose
p a r t s () . , .
// o u t .
using System;
class Decompose {
/*
. */
public int parts(double n, out double frac) {
int whole;
whole = (int) n;
frac = n - whole; //
// frac.
return whole; // .
c l a s s UseOut {
Decompose ob = new Decompose();
8.
193
int i;
double f;
i = ob.parts(10.125, out f ) ;
Console.WriteLine(" " + i ) ;
Console.WriteLine(" " + f ) ;
:
10
0.125
p a r t s () . r e t u r n . out- f . , out-,
, , .
, # out-. out-
, . o u t . isComDenomO . -, , .
t r u e , , f a l s e
. -, ,
isComDenomO out-
.
// out-.
u s i n g System;
class Num {
/* , v .
,
out-. */
public bool isComDenom(int x, int ,
out int least,
out int greatest) {
int i;
int max = x < ? x : y;
bool first = true;
least = 1;
greatest = 1;
// .
for(i=2; i <= max/2 + 1; i++) {
if( ((y%i)==0) & ((x%i)==0) ) {
if(first) {
least = i;
first = false;
}
greatest = i;
if(least
194
!= 1) return true;
I. #
else return false;
c l a s s DemoOut {
Num ob = new Num();
i n t led, gcd;
if(ob.isComDenom(231, 105, out led, out gcd)) {
Console.WriteLine("Led 231 105 " +
led) ;
Console.WriteLine("Gcd 231 105 " +
gcd) ;
}
else
Console.WriteLine(
" 35 4 9 .");
if(ob.isComDenom(35, 51, out
Console.WriteLine("Led
led) ;
Console.WriteLine("Gcd
gcd) ;
}
else
Console.WriteLine(
" 35 51
led, out gcd)) {

35 51 " +
35 51 " +
.");
, Main() led gcd isComDenomO. ,

out-, a ref-.
t r u e ,
f a l s e . , ,
out- l e d gcd, . (Led least common denominator, .. , a gcd
greatest common denominator, .. .)
:
Lcd 231 105 3
Gcd 231 105 21
35 51 .
r e f out
r e f out
. , .. ,
.
ref out,
. , . , ref-
, .
8.
195
// ,
using System;
class RefSwap {
int a, b;
public RefSwap(int i, int j) {
a = i;
b = j;
Console.WriteLine("a: {0}, b: {1}", a, b)
// ,
public void swap(ref RefSwap obi, ref RefSwap ob2) {
RefSwap t;
t = obi;
obi = ob2;
ob2 = t;
class RefSwapDemo {
RefSwap x = new RefSwap(1, 2 ) ;
RefSwap = new RefSwap(3, 4 ) ;
Console.Write("x : ") ;
x.show();
.show();
// , .
.swap(ref , ref ) ;
.show();
.show();
:
: : 1, : 2
: : 3, : 4
: : 3, : 4
: : 1, : 2
196
I. #
swap () ,
. swap () ,
1 2, , 3 4. swap () ,
3 4, , 1 2. ref-, swapO "" .
, swap ().
,
. ,
. , , , . , . .
. , . params.
params -,
( ). , .
, params
minVal (), .
// params.
using System;
class Min {
public int minVal(params int[] nums) {
int m;
if(nums.Length = = 0 ) {
Console.WriteLine(":
r e t u r n 0;
.");
m = nums [0];
for (int i=l; i < nums.Length; i++)
if(nums[i] < m) m = nums[i];
return m;
class ParamsDemo {
Min ob = new Min();
int min;
int a = 10, b = 20;
8.
197
// .
min = ob.minVal(a, b ) ;
Console.WriteLine(" " + min);
// call with 3 values
min = ob.minVal(a, b, - 1 ) ;
// ,
min = ob.minVal(18, 23, 3, 14, 25);
// int-.
int[] args = { 45, 67, 34, 9, 112, 8 };
min = ob.minVal(args);
:
10
-1
3
8
minVal ()
nums. . minVal
.
params- , , , . , minVal ()
1 min = ob.minVal(1, 2 . 2 ) ;
, double (2.2)
i n t ( i n t nums minVal ()) .
params
, params- , / ,
minVal () :
min - ob.minVal ();
//
min = ob.minVal(3); //
minVal () nums . , minVal ()

. ( .)
, minVal () ,
. () .

. , showArgs () s t r i n g params- .
1 //
I // params-.
198
I. #
using System;
class MyClass {
public void showArgs(string msg, params int[] nums) {
Console.Write(msg + ": " ) ;
foreach(int i in nums)
class ParamsDemo2 {
ob.showArgs(" ",
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ) ;
ob.showArgs(" ",
17, 20);
:
: 1 2 3 4 5
: 17 20
params-, params-
.

, . ,
Rect e n l a r g e ( ) ,
( ) ( ) .
// .
using System;
class Rect {
int width;
int height;
width = w;
height = h;
}
public int area() {

8.
199

Console.WriteLine(width + " " + height);
/* ,

. */
public Rect enlarge(int factor) {
return new Rect(width * factor, height * factor);
class RetObj {
Console.Write(" rl: " ) ;
rl.show();
Console.WriteLine(" rl: " +
rl.areaO ) ;
// ,
// rl .
Rect r2 = rl.enlarge(2);
Console.Write(" r2: " ) ;
r2.show();
Console.WriteLine(" 2: " +
r2.area());
}
}
:
rl: 4 5
rl: 20
2: 8 10
2: 80
, , , . , , ..
. ,
, .
, , , (class factory). "" , .

,
, .
"" . :
// "" .
using System;
200
I. #
class MyClass {
int a, b; //
// "" MyClass.
public MyClass factory(int i, int j) {
MyClass t = new MyClass();
t.a = i;
t.b = j;
return t; // .
Console.WriteLine(" b: " + a + " " + b) ;
c l a s s MakeObjects {
int i, j ;
// "" .
f o r ( i = 0 , j = 10; i < 10; i++, j ) {
MyClass anotherOb = o b . f a c t o r y ( i , j ) ; //
// .
anotherOb.show();
:
: 0 10
: 1 9
: 2 8
: 3 7
: 4 6
: 5 5
: 6 4
: 7 3
: 8 2
: 9 1
. MyClass , , # . , b .
b "" , f a c t o r y (). ,
b , f a c t o r y ()
.
Main () ob MyClass, for . ,
"" .
1 MyClass anotherOb = o b . f a c t o r y ( i , j ) ; //
8.
201
anotherOb,
, "" .
anotherOb , , , .

# , . ( # C++, ,
, , .) ,
findf a c t o r s () , , .
/ .
using System;
class Factor {
/* ,
num.
out- numfactors
. */
public int[] findfactors(int num, out int numfactors) {
int[] facts = new int[80]; // 80 ,
int i, j ;
// facts.
for(i=2, j=0; i < num/2 + 1;
if( (num%i)==0 ) {
facts[j] = i;
numfactors = j;
return facts;
class FindFactors {
Factor f = new Factor();
int numfactors;
int[] factors;
factors = f.findfactors(1000, out numfactors);

Console.WriteLine(" 1000: " ) ;
for(int i=0; i < numfactors; i++)
Console.Write(factors[i] + " " ) ;
:
1000:
2 4 5 8 10 20 25 40 50 100 125 200 250 500
202
I. #
F a c t o r findf a c t o r s () :
I public int[] findfactors(int num, out int numfactors) {
, i n t . . , ,
() , .
, someMethO, double-.
p u b l i c d o u b l e t , ] someMethO { // . . .

# . #
, , .
(method overloading), ,
, (overloaded). #.

. .
: , / . . . ( ,
#, ,
.) , . , ( ) .
, :
// .
using System;
class Overload {
public void ovlDemo() {
}
// ovlDemo()
// ,
public void ovlDemo(int a) {
}
// ovlDemo()
// ,
public int ovlDemo(int a, int b) {
Console.WriteLine(" int-: " + a + " " + b ) ;
return a + b;
// ovlDemo()
8.
203
// double-.
public double ovlDemo(double a, double b) {
Console.WriteLine(" double-: " +
a + " "+ b ) ;
return a + b;
class OverloadDemo {
Overload ob = new OverloadO;
int resl;
double resD;
// ovlDemo().
ob.ovlDemo();
ob.ovlDemo(2);
resl = ob.ovlDemo(4, 6 ) ;
Console.WriteLine(" ob.ovlDemo(4, 6 ) :
+ resl);
resD = ob.ovlDemo(1.1, 2.32);
Console.WriteLine(
" ob.ovlDemo(1.1, 2.2):
resD);
:

: 2
int-: 4
ob.ovlDemo(4, ) : 10
double-: 1.1 2.32
ob.ovlDemo(I.1, 2.2): 3.42
, ovlDemo () .
, ,
, double-. , ovlDemo () void, ..
,
. , , , . ovlDemo () :
// ovlDemo(int) ,
public void ovlDemo(int a) {
204
I. #
// ! ovlDemo(int) ,
// ,
// ,
p u b l i c i n t ovlDemo(int a) {
r e t u r n a * a;
}
, , , .
3, # .
. , , .
/*
. */
using System;
class 0verload2 {
public void f ( i n t x) {
Console.WriteLine(" f ( i n t ) :
p u b l i c void f(double x) {
Console.WriteLine("
" + x);
f ( d o u b l e ) :
" + x)
class TypeConv {
Overload2 ob = new 0verload2();
int i = 10;
double d = 10.1;
b y t e b = 99;
s h o r t s = 10;
f l o a t f = 11.5F;
ob.f(i); // ob.f(int).
ob.f(d); // ob.f(double).
ob.f(b); // ob.f(int)
// ,
ob.f(s); // ob.f(int)
// ,
ob.f(f); // ob.f(double)
// .
:
f(int): 10
f(double): 10.1
f(int): 99
f(int): 10
f(double): 11.5
8.
205
f (): i n t - ,
double-. f ()
i n t double byte, s h o r t f l o a t . byte short- # i n t (.. f ( i n t ) ) . float-
double f (double).
,
, . f ( ) ,
_byte.
// f(byte).
using System;
class 0verload2 {
public void f(byte x) {
Console.WriteLine(" f(byte): " + x ) ;
}
public void f(int x) {
Console.WriteLine(" f(int): " + x) ;
}
public void f(double x) {
Console.WriteLine(" f(double): " + x) ;
class TypeConv {
0verload2 ob = new 0verload2();
int i = 10;
double d = 10.1;
byte b = 99;
short s = 10;
float f = 11.5F;
ob.f(i); // ob.f(int).
ob.f(d); // ob.f(double).
ob.f(b); // ob.f(byte) -
// .
ob.f(s); //
//
ob.f(f); //
//
ob.f(int)
,
ob.f(double)
.
:
f(int): 10
f(double): 10.1
206
I. #
f ( b y t e ) : 99
f ( i n t ) : 10
f ( d o u b l e ) : 11.5
, f (),
byte, f () byte- f (byte), byte-
i n t .
ref-, out- ""
>. , .
p u b l i c void f ( i n t x) {
Console.WriteLine(" f(int): " + x ) ;
}
public void f(ref int x) {
Console.WriteLine(" f(ref int): " + x ) ;
}
,
ob.f(i);
f ( i n t x),
| ob.f(ref i ) ;
f (ref i n t x).
# ,
# "
". , , . , ,
. . , , , . ,
,
, . , abs () () , l a b s () ,
f abs () .
, , ,
.
, . ,
( ) .
# "" , . , # Abs (). #- System.Math, , .
, , .
, , . , Abs () , .
. , . . ,
, .
8,
207
, . , .
-
"" . , ,
,
. , s q r
, , , . ,
. .
# (signature),
. ,

. , , , # . pa rams-, . ,
params
.

, .
. :
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
public int x;
public MyClass() {
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass().");
x = 0;
p u b l i c MyClass(int i) {
Console.WriteLine("
x = i;
M y C l a s s ( i n t ) . " ) ;
public MyClass(double d) {
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(double).");
x = (int) d;
}
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(int, int).");
x = i * j;
208
I. #
class OverloadConsDemo {
MyClass tl = new MyClassO;
MyClass t2 = new MyClass(88);
MyClass t3 = new MyClass(17.23);
MyClass t4 = new MyClass(2, 4 ) ;
Console.WriteLine("tl.x:
Console.WriteLine("t2.x:
"
"
"
"
+
+
+
+
tl.x);
t2.x);
t3.x);
t4.x);
:

tl.x: 0
t2.x: 88
t3.x: 17
t4.x: 8
MyClassO.
MyClass(int).
MyClass(double).
MyClass(int, int).
MyClass () , -. ,
new, .
, .
. , s t a c k , :
// .
u s i n g System;
class Stack {
// .
char[] stck; // .
int tos;
// .
// Stack ,
tos = 0;
// Stack- ,
public Stack(Stack ob) {
// .
stck = new char[ob.stck.Length];
// ,
for(int i=0; i < ob.tos;
8.
209
stckfi] = ob.stckfi];
// tos ,
tos = ob.tos;
// .
return;
stck[tos] = ch;
tos++;
// ,
public char pop() {
if(tos==0) {
return (char) 0;
tos;
return stckftos];
// true, ,
public bool full () {
return tosstck. Length;
// true, ,
return tos==0;
// ,
return stck.Length;
// ,
public int getNum() {
return tos;
// Stack,
class StackDemo {
Stack stkl = new Stack(10);
char ch;
int i ;
// stkl.
Console.WriteLine(
210
I. #
" Z stkl.");
stkl.push((char) (fAf + i));
// stckl.
Stack stk2 = new Stack(stkl);
// stkl.
Console.Write(" stkl: " ) ;
ch - stkl.pop();
Console.Write(ch);
Console.Write(" stk2: ")
while ( !stk2.empty() ) {
ch = stk2.pop();
Console.Write(ch);
:
Z s t k l .
s t k l : JIHGFEDCBA
s t k 2 : JIHGFEDCBA
StackDemo s t k l ,
. s t k 2 ,
stack.
// Stack- ,
public Stack(Stack ob) {
// ,
stck = new char[ob.stck.Length];
// .
for(int i=0; i < ob.tos; i++)
stck[i] = o b . s t c k [ i ] ;
// tos ,
tos = ob.tos;
s t c k
, , , ob. ,
ob, ,
t o s .
,
.
8.
211
this
. #
t h i s . :
_ (__1) :
t h i s (__2) {
/I . . . ,
// .
}
,
_2.
, .
:
// this.
using System;
class XYCoord {
public int x, y;
public XYCoord() : this(0, 0) {
Console.WriteLine (" XYCoordO");
}
public XYCoord(XYCoord obj) : this(obj.x, obj.y) {
Console.WriteLine(" XYCoord(obj)");
}
public XYCoord(int i, int j) {
Console.WriteLine(" XYCoord(int, int)");
x = i;
= j;
class OverloadConsDemo {
XYCoord tl = new XYCoordO;
XYCoord t2 = new XYCoord(8, 9 ) ;
XYCoord t3 = new XYCoord(t2);
Console.WriteLine("tl.x, tl.y: " + tl.x + ", " + tl.y);
Console.WriteLine("t2.x, t2.y: " + t2.x + ", " + t2.y);
Console.WriteLine("t3.x, t3.y: " + t3.x + ", " + t3.y);

XYCoord(int,
XYCoord()
XYCoord(int,
XYCoord(int,
XYCoord(obj)
tl.x, tl.y: 0, 0
t2.x, t2.y: 8, 9
t3.x, t3.y: 8, 9
212
:
int)
int)
int)
I. #
. XYCoord ,
, XYCoord ( i n t , i n t ) . XYCoord ( i n t , i n t ) ,
t h i s . , t l
XYCoord (), t h i s (0, 0), XYCoord (0, 0). t 2 .
t h i s
, .
t h i s .
" " , , . ,
XYCoord :
1 p u b l i c XYCoord(int x) : t h i s ( , ) { }
. , " "
,
.
Main ()
Main (). . ,
. .
Main ()

( ). Main ():
p u b l i c s t a t i c i n t Main()
, void, Main
i n t .
, Main(), ,
( ). , , .
.
Main()
.
,
. Main ().
Main ():
p u b l i c s t a t i c void M a i n ( s t r i n g [ ] args)
p u b l i c s t a t i c i n t M a i n ( s t r i n g [ ] args)
8.
213
void,
, . string-, Main ().
,
.
// .
using System;
class CLDemo {
public s t a t i c void Main(string[] args) {
args.Length
+
11
. ") ;
f o r ( i n t i=0; i<args.Length;
Console.WriteLine(args[i]);
, CLDemo :
CLDemo
:
5 .
:
" "
, . .
, , . : , 1. ""
"" .. , 1.
// .
using System;
class Cipher {
public s t a t i c i n t Main(string[] args) {
// ,
if(args.Length < 2) {
Console.WriteLine(
": " +
"1: / " +
" [ 2 . . . ]");
r e t u r n 1; // .
}
// ,
214
I. #
// "" "".
if(args[0] != "" & args[O] != "") {
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
"\"\" \"\".");
return 1; // .
// .
for(int n=l; n < args.Length; n++) {
for(int i=0; i < args[n].Length;
if(args[0]=="")
Console.Write((char) (args[n][i] + 1 ) );
else
Console.Write((char) (args[n][i] - 1) );
}
Console.Write (" " ) ;
return 0;
,
"" "", ,
. , Cipher,
.
D:\Cipher

D:\Cipher

. -,
, . , . , 4 ,
.
. ,
"" "", , ,
.
-, , . ,
1, . , 0,
.
# . , ,
, . - .
8.
215

. .
. N 1 N ,
3 1x2x3, 6.
.
.
// .
using System;
class Factorial {
// ,
public int factR(int n) {
int result;
if(n==l) return 1;
result = factR(n-l) * n;
return result;
// ,
public int factl(int n) {
int t/ result;
result = 1;
for(t=l; t <= n; t++) result *= t;
return result;
class Recursion {
Factorial f = new Factorial();
Console.WriteLine(
", " +
" .");
Console.WriteLine(" 3 " +
f.factR(3));
f,factR(4));
f.factR(5));
Console.WriteLine(
", " +
" .");
f.factl(3));
f.factl(4));
f.factl (5));
216
I. #
,
3
4
5
24
120
,
3
4
5
24
120
f a c t l . , , 1 ( 1) ,
.
f actR () . , 1, 1.
f a c t R ( n - l ) * .
f actR () - 1 . ,
1, .
, 2 f actR ()
, , 1. factRO 1, 2
( ). ,
factRO W r i t e L i n e O , .
,
,
. .
.
, "" .
. displayRev() .
// .
using System;
class RevStr {
// ,
public void displayRev(string str) {
if(str.Length > 0)
displayRev(str.Substring(1, str.Length-1));
else
return;
Console.Write(str[0]);
class RevStrDeino {
string s = " ";
RevStr rsOb = new RevStr();
8.
217
Console.WriteLine(" : " + s ) ;
rsOb.displayRev(s);
:
:
:
displayRev () ,
s t r , displayRev ()
-, s t r . ,
. , , .. s t r . .
, , - ,
. . , , .
#- .
, .
,
, . , Quicksort .
, .

(, if-), . , ,
, . .
WriteLine ( ) , ,
, .
s t a t i c
, .
. , , .. . , s t a t i c .
s t a t i c ,
. s t a t i c
, . static-
Main (), .
218
I. #
static-
"". . s t a t i c , . , 10 static- count, Timer, :
I Timer.count = 10;
,
,
. static-, ..
"" .
, static-, . static- , s t a t i c . static- .
, static-, , ; n u l l , bool f a l s e . , s t a t i c .
s t a t i c - , static-
,
. ,
static- Sqrt (), System.Math.
static- static-.
// s t a t i c .
using System;
class StaticDemo {
// ,
public static int val = 100;
// ,
public static int valDiv2() {
return val/2;
class SDemo {
Console.WriteLine(
" StaticDemo.val
+ StaticDemo.val);
StaticDemo.val = 8;
Console.WriteLine(
" StaticDemo.val " +
StaticDemo.val);
Console.WriteLine("StaticDemo.valDiv2(): " +
StaticDemo.valDiv2() ) ;
:
8.
219
StaticDemo.val 100
StaticDemo.val 8
StaticDemo.valDiv2(): 4
, static- , .. , .
static- .
1. static- t h i s .
2. static- static-.
. ,
,
static-.
3. static- static-.
, .
, static- valDivDenomO :
class StaticError {
int denom = 3 ; //
s t a t i c i n t val = 1024; //
/* !
. */
s t a t i c i n t valDivDenom() {
return val/denom; // !
denom ,
. val , static-.

^tatic- . :
using System;
class AnotherStaticError {
// ,
void nonStaticMeth() {
Console.WriteLine("
n o n S t a t i c M e t h ( ) . " ) ;
/* !
. */
s t a t i c void statiqMeth() {
nonStaticMeth(); // !
(.. )
.
, static- ,
. ,
. ,
:
220
I. #
class MyClass {
// ,
void nonStaticMeth() {
Console.WriteLine(" nonStaticMeth().");
/*
, . */
public static void staticMeth(MyClass ob) {
ob.nonStaticMeth(); // .
static- ,
, . . static-
.
// static- .
using System;
class Countlnst {
static int count = 0;
// ,
public Countlnst() {
count++;
}
// .
-Countlnst() {
count--;
public static int getcountO {
return count;
class CountDemo {
public static void Main
Countlnst ob;
ob = new Countlnst();
Console.WriteLine(" :
+ Countlnst.getcount());
:
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
: 5
8.
221
:
: 7
: 8
: 9
: 10
, C o u n t l n s t , s t a t i c - count . , C o u n t l n s t , s t a t i c -
count . , count , .
.
,
, .
static- .
, "" .
,
, , .. , . "" , s t a t i c , , .
"" , .
// "" .
using System;
class MyClass {
int a, b;
// "" MyClass.
static public MyClass factory(int i, int j) {
MyClass t = new MyClass();
t.a = i;
t.b = j;
return t; // .
Console.WriteLine(" b: " + a + " " + b ) ;
class MakeObjects {
int i, j ;
// "" .
for(i=0, j=10; i < 10; i++, j ) {
MyClass ob = MyClass.factory(i, j ) ; //
// .
ob.show{);
222
I. #
f a c t o r y ()
:
I MyClass ob = M y C l a s s . f a c t o r y ( i , j ) ; // .
, MyClass
"" .

.
,
, . ,
. .
// .
using System;
class Cons {
public static int alpha;
public int beta;
// ,
static Cons() {
alpha = 99;
}
// ,
public Cons() {
beta = 100;
class ConsDemo {
Cons ob = new Cons();
Console.WriteLine("Cons.alpha: " + Cons.alpha);
Console.WriteLine("ob.beta: " + ob.beta);
:
.
.
Cons.alpha: 99
o b . b e t a : 100
, ,
. static- . , static-
, .
8.
223
#
. . ,
. , .
, , ,
" + " . , , " + " . - .
. . , " + " , , ( ) .
, . -
, #. ,
, #- . , , . #.

. o p e r a t o r ,
, , .
o p e r a t o r : , . ( ) :
// ,
public s t a t i c _ operator {
_ )
{
//
}
// ,
public static _ operator op{
_1 1,
_2 2)
{
//
}
( " + " " / " ) , .
_ , . ,
, .
. ,
1 2.
,
. , -
9.
225
. , #-
, . , " + " i n t s t r i n g .
: ref
out.

, , , " + " " - " .
ThreeD .
" + "
ThreeD-, " - "
jrhr D- .
// .
using System;
// ,
class ThreeD {
int x, , z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD () { x = = z = 0; }
public ThreeD(int i, int j, int k) {
x = i; = j;
k; }
// "+".
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD opl,
ThreeD op2)
ThreeD result = new ThreeD();
/*
.
result.x = opl.x + op2.x;
result. = opl. + 2.;
result.z = opl.z + op2.z;

/
//
// ,
return result;
// "-".
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
{
/* .
opl - , 2 - . */
result. = opl.x - 2.; //
result. = opl. - 2.; // ,
result.z = opl.z - op2.z;
return result;
// X, Y, Z.
226
I. #
public void show()

{
Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + + ", " + z) ;
c l a s s ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD a = new ThreeD(1, 2, 3 ) ;
ThreeD b = new ThreeDdO, 10, 10);
ThreeD = new ThreeD();
a.show();
Console.Write(" b: " ) ;
b. show() ;
= a + b; // b.
Console.Write(" + b:
.show();
");
c = a + b + c ;
// a, b .
Console.Write(" + b + : " ) ;
.show();
= - a; // .
Console.Write(" - : " ) ;
.show();
= - b; // b .
Console.Write(" - :
.show();
");
:
:
1,
: 10,
2,
10,
10
+ : 1 1 , 12,
13
+ + :
24,
- :
22,
2 1 , 22,
26
23
- : 1 1 , 12, 13
.
" + " . " + " ThreeD , o p e r a t o r s - ( ) . , . 9.
227
ThreeD,
.
" + " , , , 10 12. 10+12 22, 10, 12 .
,
, , .
, o p e r a t o r * () ThreeD.
# ,
, ThreeD,
"+" , ++ , +b, ThreeD, .
( ThreeD),
.
.
o p e r a t o r * () , . " + "
ThreeD " + " , .
o p e r a t o r - ( ) . " - " " + " , . , , (..
, ).
, .
,
, .

, . ,
, , . , , , ""
ThreeD.
// "-".
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD op)
result.x = -op.x;
result. = -op.;
result.z = -op.z;
return result;
, ,
"".
o p e r a t o r - ( ) . , . "". ,
= -
, , b .
228
I. #
.
(++) (). (" ")
, , " + " " - " , , . , . , operator++ () ThreeD.
// "++".
public s t a t i c ThreeD operator ++(ThreeD op)
// "++" .
op.x++;
op.y++;
op.z++;
return op;
: ,
, . , ,
"++", . , , "++" .
, ,
, " " "++".
// .
using System;
// ,
class ThreeD {
int , , z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() { = = z = 0; }
public ThreeD(int i, int j, int k) { x = i; = j ; z = k; }
// "+".
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
/*
. */
result. = opl.x + 2.;
return result;
// "-".
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
/* .
9.
229
- opl result.
result.
result.2
, 2 - . */
= opl.x - 2.;
= opl. - 2.;
= opl.z - op2.z;
return result;
// "-".
public static ThreeD operator -(ThreeD op)
{
result.x = -op.x;
result. = -op.;
result.z = -op.z;
return result;
// "++".
public static ThreeD operator ++(ThreeD op)
{
// "++" .
op.x++;
op.y++;
op.z++;
, return op;
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
{
Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + + ", " + z ) ;
class ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD b = new ThreeDdO, 10, 10);
a.show();
b.show();
= a + b; // b.
Console.Write(" + b: " ) ;
.show();
Console.Wri teLine() ;
c = a + b + c;.// a, b .
Console.Write(" + b + : " ) ;
230
I. #
.show();
= - a; // .
.show();
= - b; // b .
.show();
= -; // - .
Console.Write(" -: " ) ;
.show();
++; // .
Console.Write(" ++: ") ;
.show();
:
: 1, 2, 3
: 10, 10, 10
+ : 11, 12, 13
+ + : 22, 24, 26
- : 21, 22, 23
- : 11, 12, 13
-: -1, -2, -3
++: 2, 3, 4
, "++" " " , . ,
8
.
" + + " . ,
"++" . " " .
9.
231
i-J
#-

. () . ThreeD. , " + " , ThreeD-
.
ThreeD. , -
ThreeD-. .
" + " , , :
// " + "
// int-.
public s t a t i c ThreeD operator +(ThreeD opl, i n t op2)
ThreeD r e s u l t = new ThreeD();
r e s u l t . x = opl.x + op2;
r e s u l t . = opl. + op2;
r e s u l t . z = opl.z + op2;
return r e s u l t ;
, i n t . ,
int- ThreeD-.
, , , , . .
ThreeD,
operator+().
/* :
+ + int-. */
using System;
// ,
class ThreeD {
int x, , z; // 3-- .
x = i; = j; z = k; }
// " + "
// " + ".
/*
. */
232
I. #
r e s u l t . x = opl.x + op2.x;
r e s u l t . = opl.y + op2.y;
r e s u l t . z = opl.z + op2.z;
// "+"
// " + int-".
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD opl, int op2)
{
result.x = opl.x + op2;
r e s u l t . = opl.y + op2;
r e s u l t . z = opl.z + op2;
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
{
class ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD b = new ThreeD (10, 10, 10);
a.show();
b.show();
= a + b; // +
.show();
= b + 10; // + int-
Console.Write(" b + 10:
.show();
" ) ;
:
: 1, 2, 3
: 10, 10, 10
+ : 11, 12, 13
b + 10: 20, 20, 20
9.
233
, " + "
, .
" + " ,
.
" + " ThreeD, . . o p e r a t o r * (ThreeD, i n t ) , .
I obi = 2 + 10;
, , :
obi = 10 + 2;
, , .
. , " + " . i n t ,
ThreeD. o p e r a t o r + ( )
" + i n t -", " i n t - + ". " + " ( ),
, . ThreeD, " + "
.
/* "+" :
+ ,
+ int-
int- + . */
using System;
// ,
class ThreeD {
int x, , z; // 3-- .
x = i; = j; z = k; }
// "+"
// " + ".
{
/*

. */
result. = opl.x + 2.;
return result;
}
// "+"
// " + int-".
234
I. #
public static ThreeD operator +(ThreeD opl f int op2)

{
result.x = opl.x + op2;
result. = opl.y + op2;
result.z = opl.z + op2;
return result;
// "+"
// "int- + ".
public static ThreeD operator +(int opl, ThreeD op2)
{
result.x = op2.x + opl;
result. = op2.y + opl;
result.z = op2.z + opl;
return result;
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
{
class ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD a = new ThreeD(1, 2, 3) ;
ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 10);
a.show();
b.show();
= a + b; // +
Console.Write(" a + b: " ) ;
c.show();
= b + 10; // + int-
Console.Write(" b + 10: " ) ;
.show();
= 15 + b; // int- +
Console.Write(" 15 + b: " ) ;
.show();
9.
235
:
: 1, 2, 3
: 10, 10, 10
+ : 11, 12, 13
b + 10: 20, 20, 20
15 + : 25, 25, 25
111
(, "==" "<") , . ,
: t r u e f a l s e . . , .
ThreeD, "<" ">".
// "<" ">".
using System;
// ,
class ThreeD {
int x, , z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD () { = = z = 0; }
public ThreeD(int i, int j , int k) {
x = i;
= j ; z = k;
// "<".
public static bool operator <(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
{
if((opl.x < op2.x) && (opl. < op2.y) &&
(opl.z < op2.z))
return true;
else
return false;
}
// ">".
public static bool operator >(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
{
if((opl.x > op2.x) && (opl. > op2.y) &&
(opl.z > op2.z))
return true;
else
return false;
}
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
236
I. #
class ThreeDDemo {
ThreeD = new ThreeD(1, 2, 3 ) ;
a.show();
b.show();
.show();
if(a
if(a
if(a
if(a
>
<
>
<
c)
c)
b)
b)
Console.WriteLine("a >
Console.WriteLine("a <
Console.WriteLine("a >
Console.WriteLine("a <
b
b
- ")
- ")
- ")
- ")
:
: 5, 6, 7
: 10, 10, 10
: 1, 2, 3
> -
< b -
: . , "<", ">", .
:
"==" " ! = " ,

Object.Equals () Object.GetHashCode (). ( )
11.
t r u e f a l s e
t r u e f a l s e .

.
t r u e f a l s e , if, while, for do-while, ?-. (, ).
9.
237
t r u e f a l s e .
. :
p u b l i c s t a t i c bool o p e r a t o r true{_ op)
{
I/ true f a l s e .
}
public s t a t i c bool operator false{_
op)
//
true
false.
, bool.

t r u e f a l s e ThreeD. , ThreeD- , . , .
.
// t r u e f a l s e ThreeD.
using System;
// ,
class ThreeD {
int x, , z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD(int i , i n t j , i n t k) {
x = i;
= j ; z = k; }
// true.
public static bool operator true(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x != 0) M (op. != 0) || (op.z != 0))
return true; // 0.
else
return false;
}
// false.
public static bool operator false(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x == 0) && (op. == 0) && (op.z == 0))
return true; // ,
else
return false;
// " .
public static ThreeD operator (ThreeD op)
op.x;
op.y;
op.z;
return op;
// X, Y, Z.
238
I. #
public void show()

{
class TrueFalseDemo {
a. show() ;
b.show();
.show();
if(a) Console.WriteLine("a - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a - .");
if(b) Console.WriteLine("b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("b - .");
if() Console.WriteLine(" - .");
else Console.WriteLine(" - .");
Console.WriteLine(
" , ThreeD.")
do {
b.show();
b;
} while(b);
:
: 5, 6, 1
: 10, 10, 10
: 0, 0, 0
- ,
b - ,
- .
, ThreeD.
10, 10, 10
9, 9, 9
8, 8, 8
7, 7, 7
6, ,
5, 5, 5
4, 4, 4
3, 3, 3
2, 2, 2
9.
239
, ThreeD if- while-. if-, ThreeD-

t r u e .
. do-while- . ,
b (..
). b ,
() ( t r u e ) , .

, # : &, | , !, &&
| |. , &, | , !.
& & | | , .

. , , & | , bool. ! , , bool.
&, |, !
ThreeD. , , ThreeD-
, . , .
// !, | &
// ThreeD.
using System;
// ,
class ThreeD {
int x, , z; // 3-- .
x = i; = j; z = k; }
// "|".
public static bool operator |(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((opl.x != 0) || (opl. != 0) || (opl.z != 0)) |
((op2.x != 0) || (op2.y != 0) || (op2.z != 0)) )
return true;
else
return false;
}
// "&".
public static bool operator &(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
240
I. #
if( ((opl.x != 0) && (opl.y != 0) && (opl.z != 0)) &

((op2.x != 0) && (op2.y != 0) && (op2.z != 0)) )
return true;
else
return false;
// "!".
public static bool operator !(ThreeD op)
{
if((op.x != 0) || (op. != 0) || (op.z != 0))
return false;
else return true;
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
{
a.show();
b.show();
.show();
if(!a) Console.WriteLine("a - .");
if(!b) Console.WriteLine("b - .");
if(!c) Console.WriteLine(" - .");
if (a & b) Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
if(a & c) Console.WriteLine("a & - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a & - .");
if(a | b) Console.WriteLine("a | b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a | b - .");
if(a | c) Console.WriteLine("a | - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a | ~ .");
:
: 5, , 7
: 10, 10, 10
9.
'
241
: , ,
- .
& b - ,
& - ,
| b - ,
| - .
o p e r a t o r | ( ) , o p e r a t o r &() o p e r a t o r ! () bool. , "" (.. , bool). ,
bool. ,
,
bool. , ,
, .
& & | | , , . -,
& | . -, &- |- , . -, , . -,
t r u e f a l s e .
.
, & |
ThreeD, && | | , .
/* !, | &
ThreeD.
&& ||. */
using System;
// ,
class ThreeD {
int x, , z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD(int i, int j, int k) { x = i; = j; z = k; }
xv
// |"
// .
public static ThreeD operator |(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((opl.x != 0) || (opl. != 0) || (opl.z != 0)) |
( ( o p 2 . x ! = 0) | |
( o p 2 . y ! = 0)
r e t u r n new T h r e e D ( 1 , 1, 1 ) ;
else
242
||
(op2.z
!= 0))
I. #
// " & "

// .
public static ThreeD operator &(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((opl.x != 0) && (opl. != 0) && (opl.z != 0)) &
( ( o p 2 . x ! = 0) && ( o p 2 . y ! = 0)
else
&& ( o p 2 . z
0))
// "!".
public static bool operator !(ThreeD op)
{
if(op) return false;
else return true;
// true.
public static bool operator true(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x != 0) || (op. != 0) || (op.z != 0))
return true; //
// ,
else
return false;
// false.
public static bool operator false(ThreeD op) {
if((op.x == 0) && (op. == 0) && (op.z == 0))
return true; // ,
else
return false;
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
{
Console.WriteLine(x + ", " + + ", " + z)
ThreeD = new ThreeD(0, 0, 0) ;
a.show();
b.show();
.show();
9.
243
if(a) Console.WriteLine("a - .");

if(b) Console.WriteLine("b - .");
if() Console.WriteLine(" - .");
if(!a) Console.WriteLine("a - .");
if(!b) Console.WriteLine("b - .");
if(!c) Console.WriteLine(" - .");
Console.WriteLine(" & | " ) ;
if(a & b) Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
if(a & c) Console.WriteLine("a & - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a & - .");
if(a | b) Console.WriteLine("a | b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a | b - .");
if(a | c) Console.WriteLine("a | - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a | - .");
// && ||,
/ / .
Console.WriteLine(
" "" && | | " ) ;
if(a && b) Console.WriteLine("a && b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a && b - .");
if(a && ) Console.WriteLine("a && - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a && - .");
if(a || b) Console.WriteLine("a M b - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a || b - .");
if(a || c) Console.WriteLine("a II - .");
else Console.WriteLine("a II - .");
:
: 5, , 7
: 10, 10, 10
: 0, 0, 0
- ,
b - .
- .
& |
& b - ,
& - ,
| b - ,
| - .
244
I. #
"" && ||
&& b - ,
&& - .
|| - ,
' | 1 - .
& |. .
// "|"
// .
public static ThreeD operator |(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((opl.x != 0) || (opl. != 0) || (opl.z != 0)) |
((op2.x != 0) || (op2.y != 0) || (op2.z != 0)) )
return new ThreeD(1, 1, 1 ) ;
else
return new ThreeD(0, 0, 0 ) ;
}
// " & "
// .
public static ThreeD operator &(ThreeD opl, ThreeD op2)
{
if( ((opl.x != 0) && (opl. != 0) && (opl.z != 0)) &
( ( o p 2 . x ! = 0) && ( o p 2 . y ! = 0)
r e t u r n new T h r e e D ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ;
else
r e t u r n new T h r e e D ( 0 , 0 , 0) ;
&& ( o p 2 . z
!= 0))
,
ThreeD, , .
, ThreeD (.. , ). , ThreeD- (.. , ). ,
I i f ( & b) Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
I e l s e Console.WriteLine("a & b - .");
& b ThreeD-, . ThreeD t r u e f a l s e ,
t r u e ,
bool. t r u e ,
" & b - . ".
,
ThreeD . .
o p e r a t o r t r u e ( " | | " )
o p e r a t o r f a l s e ( "&&"). , &- |- . "&" " | " . , &&- | | -
&- | - ,
. , , :
9.
245
if(a |J ) Console.WriteLine("a II - .");

t r u e .
, | - .
-:
I i f ( | | a) C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " II - .");
t r u e , . | -, ,
, .
, , , , .
t r u e f a l s e , . , . ,
"&" " | ",
.

,
. . ( ). # o p e r a t o r , .
. , . #- ,
" ".
: . :
p u b l i c s t a t i c e x p l i c i t o p e r a t o r _ (
__ v) [ r e t u r n ; ]
public s t a t i c implicit operator _ (
_ v) [return ;]
_ , ; _ ,
; v .
_,
.
i m p l i c i t , , .. ,
_.
e x p l i c i t , . , ,
e x p l i c i t - , implicit- .
ThreeD. ,
246
I. #
ThreeD ,
i n t . .
implicit- , :
public static implicit operator int(ThreeD opl)
return opl.x * opl. * opl.z;
,
.
// implicit- .
using System;
// ,
class ThreeD {
int x, , z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD(int i, int j , int k) {
x = i ; = j ; z = k;
// "+".
result. = opl. + op2.y;
return result;
// ThreeD int.
public static implicit operator int(ThreeD opl)
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
c l a s s ThreeDDemo {
p u b l i c s t a t i c v o i d Main() {,
ThreeD a = new T h r e e D ( 1 , 2, 3 ) ;
ThreeD b = new ThreeD(10, 10, 1 0 ) ;
ThreeD = new T h r e e D ( ) ;
int i;
C o n s o l e . W r i t e ( " :
a.show();
9.
");
247
b.show();
= a + b; // b.
c.show();
i = a; // int.
Console.WriteLine(
" i = a: " + i) ;
i = a * 2 - b ; // int.
Console.WriteLine(
" * 2 - b: " + i)
: 1, 2, 3
: 10, 10, 10
+ : 1 1 , 12, 13
i = :
* 2 - : -988
,
ThreeD ( i = ),
.
6, ,
. int-,
. =
+ b o p e r a t o r i n t () .
, . ,
- double- long-.
.
, , ,
, . , . .
, , ,
i n t :
// .
using System;
// .
248
I. #
class ThreeD {
int x, y, z; // 3-- .
public ThreeD() { x = = z = 0; }
x = i; = j; z = k; }
// "+".
{
result. = opl. + op2.y;
return result;
/ / explicit-,
public static explicit operator int(ThreeD opl)
{
// X, Y, Z.
public void show()
{
class ThreeDDemo {
int i;
a.show();
b.show();
= a + b; // b.
c. show() ;
i = (int) a; //
// int,
// .
Console.WriteLine(" i = : " + i ) ;
/
i = (int)a * 2 - (int)b; // .
9.
249
Console.WriteLine(
" * 2 - b :
ff
+ i);
e x p l i c i t , i n t . ,
I i = ( i n t ) a;
, .
.

. ,
double i n t .
Object .
,
.
. (
. 11.)
. ( . 12.)
,
.

, . ,
. -,
, , .
-, . ,
.

, ,
#-.

. ,
" + " , ThreeD,
" + " , . , , " + " , (/). , ( ) ,
.
250
I. #
.
. , ,
. . , ( , "+="). , .
&&
| |
[]
()
new
is
sizeof
typeof
?
->
=
(())
, , , ,
.
, "+=". , , . , "+="
operator+ (). ,
ThreeD.
ThreeD a = new ThreeD(l, 2, 3 ) ;
b += a; // b .
o p e r a t o r + ( ) ThreeD, b 11,12,13.
. ( [ ] ) , ( o p e r a t o r ()),
, .

ThreeD. , . , , , .

, . , ,
, . . , nybble. ,
1 nybble, . ,
. nybble- .
Nybble, . i n t ,
015.
:
Nybble- Nybble-;
9.
251
int- Nybble-;
Nybble- int-;
(>) (<);
int- Nybble-;
Nybble- int-.
, ,
#.
Nybble, . .
Nybble, NybbleDemo, .
// 4- Nybble.
using System;
// 4- .
class Nybble {
int val; // - int.
public Nybble() { val = 0 ; }
public Nybble(int i) {
va1 = i;
val = val & OxF; // 4 .
}
// " + "
// Nybble + Nybble.
public static Nybble operator +(Nybble opl, Nybble op2)
{
Nybble result = new Nybble();
result.val = opl.val + op2.val;
result.val = result.val & OxF; //
// 4 .
return result;
}
// "+"
// Nybble + int.
public static Nybble operator +(Nybble opl, int op2)
{
result.val = opl.val + op2;
// 4 .
return result;
252
I. #
// "+"
// int + Nybble.
public static Nybble operator +(int opl, Nybble op2)
{
result.val = opl + op2.val;
// 4 .
return result;
// "++".
public static Nybble operator ++(Nybble op)
{
op.val++;
op.val = op.val & OxF; //
// 4 ,
return op;
// ">".
public static bool operator >(Nybble opl, Nybble op2)
{
if(opl.val > op2.val) return true;
else return false;
// "<".
public static bool operator <(Nybble opl, Nybble op2)
{
if(opl.val < op2.val) return true;
else return false;
// Nybble- int.
public static implicit operator int (Nybble op)
{
return op.val;
// int- Nybble-.
public static implicit operator Nybble (int op)
{
return new Nybble(op);
class NybbleDemo {
Nybble a = new Nybble(1);
Nybble b = new Nybble(10);
Nybble = new Nybble();
int t;
Console.WriteLine("a: " + (int) a ) ;
9.
253
Console.WriteLine("b: " + (int) b ) ;

// Nybble- if-,
if(a < b) Console.WriteLine(" b\n");
// Nybble-.
= a + b;
Console.WriteLine(
" = a + b: " + (int) c ) ;
// int- Nybble-.
a += 5;
Console.WriteLine(" += 5: " + (int) a ) ;
// Nybble- int-,
t = a * 2 + 3;
Console.WriteLine(
" * 2 + 3: " + t) ;
// Nybble-
// int- .
= 19;
Console.WriteLine(
" = 19: " + (int) a ) ;
// Nybble- .
Console.WriteLine(
" for- Nybble-.");
for( = 0; < 10; ++)
Console.Write((int) a + " " ) ;
:
: 1
: 10
b
= + : 11
+= 5:
* 2 + 3: 15
= 19: 3
for- Nybble-.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

, .
Nybble 254
I. #
#. Nybble-
int-, int- Nybble-, Nybble-
. , ,
:
J t = * 2 + 3;
t i n t ,
Nybble.
Nybble- int-. , i n t ,
int- .
int- Nybble- Nybble int-. ,
|
= 19;
. i n t Nybble-. Nybble-, () 19 (1910 = 100112).
, 19 ,
Nybble. 3 (00112 = 310),
. .
Nybble- int- for.
for
.
9.
255
, : . , #
. ,
, .
. ,
#: , .
,
" [ ] " . , ""
o p e r a t o r (), (indexer).
.
,
. ,
.
, .

.
_ this[int ] {
// ,
get {
// ,
// .
// ,
set {
// ,
// .
,
_ , . .
( ) . ,
i n t ,
,
.
( ) get
s e t . ,
. , . ,
s e t , .
get , 10.
257
. s e t ( value),
, .
,
, "" . . F a i l S o f t A r r a y ,
"" , . .

, " ", " ". F a i l S o f t A r r a y , ([ ]).
//
// .
using System;
class FailSoftArray {
int[]
a;
// .
public int Length; // Length - .

public bool errflag; //
// .
// ,
public FailSoftArray(int size) {
a = new int[size];
Length = size;
}
// - FailSoftArray.
public int this[int index] {
// - get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
// - set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
errflag = false;
}
else errflag = true;
//
258
true,
I. #
// - ,
private bool ok(int index) {
if(index >= 0 & index < Length) return true;
return false;
// ,
class FSDemo {
FailSoftArray fs = new FailSoftArray(5);
int x;
// " " .
Console.WriteLine(" . ") ;
for(int i=0; i < (fs.Length * 2) ;
fs[i] = i*10;
for(int i=0; i < (fs.Length * 2 ) ;
x = fs[i];
if(x != -1) Console.Write(x + " ") ;
}
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
for(int i=0; i < (fs.Length * 2 ) ; i++) {
fs[i] * i*10;
if(fs.errflag)
Console.WriteLine("fs[" + i + "] ");
for(int i=0; i < (fs.Length * 2 ) ;
x = fs[i] ;
if(!fs.errflag) Console.Write(x + " " ) ;
else
Console.WriteLine("fs[" + i + "] ");
:
" ".
10 20 30 40
.
fs[5]
fs[6]
fs[7]
fs[8]
fs[9]
0 10 20 30 40 fs[5]
fs[6]
fs[7]
fs[8]
fs[9]
10.
259
. . :
I public i n t t h i s [ i n t index] {
, i n t .
index. .
get.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
get .
, get ,
. ,
, .
FailSoftArray e r r f l a g
. , ,
.
s e t ().
.
set
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
errflag = false;
, ,
value, .
e r r f l a g t r u e . ,
value , , . (
) .
get-, set. , , get-. ,
, set-.

.
FailSoftArray, double.
double- .
, ,

, .
260
I. #
// FailSoftArray.
using System;
int[] a;
// .
public int Length; // Length () - .

// .
// ,
a = new int[size];
Length = size;
// int- FailSoftArray.
// get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
// set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
errflag = false;
}
/* FailSoftArray.
double-.

. */
public int this[double idx] {
// get-.
get {
int index;
// int-.
if( (idx - (int) idx) < 0.5) index = (int) idx;
else index = (int) idx + 1;
if(ok(index) ) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
10.
'
261
errflag = truerreturn 0;
// set-.
set {
i n t index;
// int-.
if( (idx - (int) idx) < 0.5) index (int) idx;
else index = (int) idx + 1;
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
errflag = false;
}
// t r u e , ,
p r i v a t e bool o k ( i n t index) {
i f ( i n d e x >= 0 & index < Length) r e t u r n t r u e ;
return false;
// ,
c l a s s FSDemo {
// fs ,
f o r ( i n t i=0; i < fs.Length; i++)
fs[i] = i;
//
// i n t - double-.
Console.WriteLine("fs[l]: " + f s [ l ] ) ;
Console.WriteLine("fs[2]: " + f s [ 2 ] ) ;
Console.WriteLine("fs[l.1]:
Console.WriteLine("fs[1.6]:
" + fs[l.l]);
" + fs[1.6]);
:
fs[l]: 1
fs[2]: 2
fs[l.l]: 1
fs [1.6] : 2
, double- . , 1.1 1,
1. 6 2.
262
I. #
, ,
, . ,
,
.

. , , ,
, . , , , .
"" 2 0 15. . ( )
.
//
// .
using System;
c l a s s PwrOfTwo {
/*
,
2 0 15. */
public i n t t h i s [ i n t index] {
// 2.
get {
i f ( ( i n d e x >= 0) && (index < 16)) return pwr(index);
e l s e return - 1 ;
}
//
set-.
int pwr(int p) {
int result = 1;
for(int i=0; i<p; i
result *= 2;
return result;
class UsePwrOfTwo {
PwrOfTwo pwr = new PwrOfTwo();
Console.Write(" 8 2: " ) ;
for(int i=0; i < 8; i++)
Console.Write(pwr[i] + " " ) ;
Console.Write(pwr[-1] + " " + pwr[17]);
10.
263
:
8 2: 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
: -1 -1
, UsePwrOfTwo get, set-. ,

. , UsePwrOfTwo
, . , , :
I pwr[0] = 11; / /
, set-.
. -, ,
ref- out-. -,
, s t a t i c .

. ,
.
.
// .
using System;
class FailSoftArray2D {
int[,] a; // .
int rows, cols; //
public int Length; // Length - .
// .
// ,
public FailSoftArray2D(int , int ) {
rows = ;
cols = ;
= new int[rows, cols];
Length = rows * cols;
}
// FailSoftArray2D.
public int this[int indexl, int index2] {
// -- get-.
get {
if(ok(indexl, index2)) {
errflag = false;
return a[indexl, index2];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
264
I. #
// set-.
set {
if(ok(indexl, index2)) {
a[indexl, index2] = value;
errflag = false;
}
// true,
// ,
private bool ok(int indexl, int index2) {
if(indexl >= 0 & indexl < rows &
index2 >= 0 & index2 < cols)
return true;
return false;
// ,
class TwoDIndexerDemo {
FailSoftArray2D fs = new FailSoftArray2D(3, 5 ) ;
int x;
// " " .
for(int i=0; i < 6; i
fs[i, i] = i*10;
for(int i=0; i < 6; i
x = fs[i, i] ;
if(x != -1) Console.Write(x + " ") ;
}
/ / .
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
for(int i=0; i < ; i++) {
fs [i,i] = i*10;
if(fs.errflag)
Console.WriteLine(
"fs[" + i + ", " + i + "] ");
for(int i=0; i < 6;
x = f s [i, i] ;
if(!fs.errflag) Console.Write(x + " " ) ;
else
Console.WriteLine(
"fs[" + i + ", " + i + "] ");
10.
265
, :
.
10 20
.
fs[3, 3]
fs[4, 4]
fs[5, 5]
0 10 20 fs[3, 3]
fs[4, 4]
fs[5, 5]
,
. .
, ,
,
. , , .
,
.
.
(get s e t ) . . ,

,
get- set-. .
:
get{
//
}
set{
//
}
(, i n t ) , . . s e t value,
, .
, . ,
, .
.
, myprop, prop. .
// ,
using System;
266
I. #
class SimpProp {
int prop; // myprop.
public SimpProp() { prop = 0 ; }
/*
prop.
. */
public int myprop {
get {
return prop;
}
set {
if(value >= 0) prop = value;
// ,
class PropertyDemo {
SimpProp ob = new SimpProp ();
Console.WriteLine(" ob.myprop: " +
ob.myprop);
ob.myprop = 100; // .
Console.WriteLine(" ob.myprop: " + ob.myprop);
// prop
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" -10 ob.myprop");
ob.myprop = -10;
Console.WriteLine(" ob.myprop: " + ob.myprop);
:
ob.myprop:
ob.myprop: 100
-10 ob.myprop
ob.myprop: 100
. SimpProp prop myprop, prop.
, ,
.
. , prop ,
myprop.
myprop public- ,
, .
, prop
: get- prop, a set- prop, . ,
10.
267
myprop , prop.
.
,
, .
, ( g e t ) ( set-).
,
. ,
Length. FailSof t A r r a y
Length.
, Length ,
. (, -
.) , Length , , FailSof tArray.
// FailSoftArray Length.
using System;
int[] a; // .
int len; // , Length.
public bool errflag;
//
// .
// ,
a = new i n t [ s i z e ] ;
len = size;
}
// Length ,
public int Length {
get {
return len;
// -- FailSoftArray.
// -- get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
// -- set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
268
'
I. #
errflag = false;
}
// true, ,
return false;
// ,
class IinprovedFSDemo {
int x;
// Length ,
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length; i++)
fs[i] = i*10;
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length; i++) {
x = fs[i];
if(x != -1) Console.Write(x + " " ) ;
}
// fs.Length = 1 0 ; // , !
Length , len. get-,

Length , . , :
I // f s . L e n g t h = 1 0 ; // , !
, , Length
.
F a i l S o f t A r r a y Length ,
. e r r f l a g ""
,
" ".
F a i l S o f t A r r a y , Error,
e r r f l a g .
// e r r f l a g .
using System;
int[] a; // ,
int len; // .
10.
269
bool errflag; // .
// ,
a = new int[size];
len = size;
// Length ,
public int Length {
get {
return len;
// Error ,
public bool Error {
get {
return errflag;
// - FailSoftArray.
// get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = falserreturn a[index];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
// set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
a[index] = value;
errflag = false;
}
// true, ,
return false;
// ,
class FinalFSDemo {
// Error.
270
I. #
for(int i=0; i < fs.Length + 1;

fs[i] = i*10;
if(fs.Error)
E r r o r FailSoftArray . -, e r r f l a g ,
E r r o r . e r r f l a g . -,
E r r o r , . e r r f l a g , E r r o r . Main (),
, E r r o r .

. , ,
ref- out-. -, .
( , ,
.) ,
get-,
. , get- .

, . RangeArray, , .
, # .
,
,
- 5 5. RangeArray .
RangeArray :
RangeArray = new RangeArray(-5, 1 0 ) ; //
// -5 10.
for(int i = -5; i <= 10; i++) ra[i] = i ; / /
// -5 10.
, RangeArray (
), - 5 10 . , .
10.
271
RangeArray RangeArrayDemo,
. RangeArray int-, .
/*
. RangeArray
, .
RangeArray
.
. ,

-5 5, 1 10 50 56.
*/
using System;
class RangeArray {
// .
int[] ; // ,
int lowerBound; // ,
int upperBound; // .
// .
int len; // Length.
bool errflag; // Error.
// ,
public RangeArray(int low, int high) {
high++;
if(high <= low) {
high = 1 ; //
// ,
low = 0;
}
= new int[high - low];
len = high - low;
lowerBound = low;
upperBound = high;
}
// Length, ,
public int Length {
get {
return len;
// Error, ,
public bool Error {
get {
return errflag;
// RangeArray.
272
I. #
// get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
return a[index - lowerBound];
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
// set-.
set {
if(ok(index) ) {
a[index - lowerBound] = value;
errflag = false;
// true,
// .
if(index >= lowerBound & index <= upperBound)
return true;
return false;
//
// ,
class RangeArrayDeitio {
RangeArray ra = new RangeArray(-5, 5 ) ;
RangeArray ra2 = new RangeArray(1, 10);
RangeArray ra3 = new RangeArray(-20, -12);
// .
+ ra.Length);
for(int i = -5; i <= 5;

ra[i] = i;
Console.Write(" :
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
Console.Write(ra[i] + " " ) ;
Console.WriteLine("\n") ;
// 2.
Console.WriteLine(" 2:
+ ra2.Length)
for(int i = 1; i <= 10;

ra2[i] = i;
Console.Write(" 2: " ) ;
for(int i = 1; i <= 10;
10.
273
Console.Write(ra2[i] + " " ) ;

Console. WriteLine (lf \n") ;
//
Console.WriteLine(" : " + .Length);
for(int i = -20; i <= -12; i++)
ra3[i] = i;
Console.Write(" : ") ;
for(int i = -20; i <= -12; i++)
Console.Write([i] + " " ) ;
Console.WriteLine("\n") ;
:
: 11
; - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2: 10
2 : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
: 9
: -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 - 1 3 -12
,
RangeArray . ,
RangeArray.
:
// .
int[] a; // ,
int lowerBound; // ,
// .
int len; // Length.
bool errflag; // Error.
.
RangeArray. lowerBound,
upperBound. , Length Error.

RangeArray :
// ,
high++;
if(high <= low) {
high = 1; //
// ,
low = 0;
274
I. #

len = high - low;
lowerBound = low;
upperBound = h i g h ;
RangeArray low high.
high , , low high . , . , . ( , ),
. l e n (
Length) . ,
lowerBound upperBound.
RangeArray Length Error. .
// Length, ,
p u b l i c i n t Length {
get {
return len;
// Error, ,
public bool Error {
get {
return errflag;
, FailSoftArray,
.
RangeArray . :
// RangeArray.
// get-.
get {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
} else {
errflag = true;
return 0;
// set-.
set {
if(ok(index)) {
errflag = false;
10.
'
275
FailSoftArray,
. , .
I index - lowerBound
, index,
"", .. , ,
. . lowerBound: , .
ok ().
// t r u e ,
// ,
p r i v a t e bool o k ( i n t index) {
i f ( i n d e x >= lowerBound & index <= upperBound)
return true;
return false;
, FailSoftArray
, lowerBound upperBound.
RangeArray , " " . ( ),
. .
276
I. #
- , . ,
, , . ,
, .
# , , . , , . ,
. ,
, , , , , .

# ,
. . . TwoDShape, "" (,
^, , ..).
// ,
class TwoDShape {
public double width;
public double height;
public void showDimO {
width + " " + height);
TwoDShape (..
) , . , TwoDShape
T r i a n g l e . , T r i a n g l e .
// .
using System;
// ,
class TwoDShape {
public double width;
public double height;
// Triangle TwoDShape.
class Triangle : TwoDShape {
public string style; // .
278
I. #
// ,
public double area() {
return width * height / 2;
// ,
public void showStyleO {
Console.WriteLine(" " + style);
c l a s s Shapes {
p u b l i c s t a t i c void MainO {
T r i a n g l e t l = new T r i a n g l e ( ) ;
T r i a n g l e t 2 = new T r i a n g l e ( ) ;
t l . w i d t h = 4.0;
t l . h e i g h t - 4.0;
t l . s t y l e = "";
t 2 . w i d t h = 8.0;
t 2 . h e i g h t 12.0;
t 2 . s t y l e = "";
Console.WriteLine("
tl: ");
tl.showStyle();
tl.showDim();
Console.WriteLine (" " + tl.areaO);
Console.WriteLine(" t2: " ) ;
t2. showStyleO ;
t2.showDim();
Console.WriteLine(" " + t2.area());
.
tl:

4 4
8
t2:

8 12
4 8
T r i a n g l e TwoDShape,
. T r i a n g l e
TwoDShape , , s t y l e , area showStyleO. s t y l e , a r e a () , showstyle () .
, Triangle,
TwoDShape.
11.
279
. , , . #
.
T r i a n g l e , TwoDShape,
width h e i g h t ( ) . ,
MainO t l t 2 width
h e i g h t , T r i a n g l e .
TwoDShape T r i a n g l e . 11.1.
width
TwoDShape
height
showDim()
style
Triangle
area
showStyle()
. 11.1.
Triangle
TwoDShape T r i a n g l e ,
. , (),
. , :
TwoDShape shape = new TwoDShape();
shape.width = 10;
shape.height = 20;
shape.showDim ();
, TwoDShape " "
, TwoDShape.
, , :
class ___ : __ {
//
.
# ( C++) .
++- #. ,
.
, ( , ) .
, , , ,
. "" . , , TwoDShape
, :
280
I. #
// Rectangle,
/ / TwoDShape.
class Rectangle : TwoDShape {
// true,
// ,
public bool isSquareO {
if(width == height) return true;
return false;
// ,
Rectangle TwoDShape i s S q u a r e O , , , a r e a , .

8, ,
. , . , , ,
, . ,
, width h e i g h t p r i v a t e TwoDShape, T r i a n g l e .
// .
// .
using System;
// ,
class TwoDShape {
double width; // private-.
double height; // private-.
public void showDim() {
width + " " + h e i g h t ) ;
// Triangle TwoDShape.
// ,
return width * height / 2; // ,
//
// .
11.
'
281
// ,
public void showStyle() {
T r i a n g l e , width h e i g h t
a r e a () . width
h e i g h t , .
.
.
, ,
.
, .
, # .
protected-, .
,
. , #
.
TwoDShape, width h e i g h t .
//
// .
using System;
// ,
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width; // private-.
double pri_height; // private-.
// width height,
public double width {
get { return pri_width; }
set { pri_width = value; }
public double height {
get { return pri__height; }
set { pri_height = value; }
}
// - TwoDShape.
// ,
282
I. #
// ,
c l a s s Shapes2 {
T r i a n g l e t l = new T r i a n g l e ( ) ;
T r i a n g l e t 2 = new T r i a n g l e ( ) ;
t l . w i d t h = 4.0;
t l . h e i g h t = 4.0;
t l . s t y l e = "";
t 2 . w i d t h = 8.0;
t 2 . h e i g h t - 12.0;
t 2 . s t y l e = "";
Console.WriteLine(" t l : " ) ;
tl.showStyle();
tl.showDim();
t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
.
Java. Java #. Java #. , , #. C++ " / ".

, . , , ,
, .
, ,
. , , # . ,
, .
p r o t e c t e d .
protected- , . , .
, , . ,
p r o t e c t e d , ( " 11.
283
") ,
.
.
// .
using System;
class {
protected int i, j ; // ,
/ / D.
public void set(int a, int b) {
i = a;
j = b;
}
ConsoleWriteLine(i + " " + j) ;
class D : {
int k; // .
// D i j .
public void setk() {
k = i
* j ;
p u b l i c void showk() {
Console.WriteLine(k) ;
c l a s s ProtectedDemo {
p u b l i c s t a t i c void Main()
D ob = new D();
ob.set(2, 3);
ob.show();
ob.setk();
ob.showk();
/ / OK, D "" - i j .
/ / OK, D "" - i j .
/ / OK, D.
/ / OK, D.
D i j
(.. p r o t e c t e d ) ,
s e t k ( ) . i j
, D , .
p u b l i c p r i v a t e p r o t e c t e d
. ,
, , .
284
I. #

, . :
?
, ? : , , , .
, " "
. . , #, .
, ,
.
,
: . , ,
. , T r i a n g l e , . s t y l e private-, jcy .
// Triangle.
using System;
// ,
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width;
// .
double pri_height; // .
// width height,
}

get { return pri_height; }
}

// - TwoDShape.
string s t y l e ; // .
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) {
width = w; // .
height = h; // .
11.
285
style - s;
// .
// ,
// ,
class Shapes3 {
Triangle tl = new Triangle("",
4.0, 4.0);
Triangle t2 - new Triangle("",
8.0,
12.0);
Console.WriteLine(" tl: " ) ;
tl.showStyle();
tl.showDim();
Console.WriteLine (" " + tj..area());
t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
T r i a n g l e
TwoDShape, s t y l e .
, , , .
# base, : , "" . base.

,
,
base. :
__ (
_) : base (_) {
//
}
_ ,
.
286
I. #
, base,
TwoDShape. , width height.
// TwoDShape.
using System;
// ,
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width; // .
// TwoDShape.
public TwoDShape(double w, double h) {
width = w;
height = h;
}
// width height,
}
}
p u b l i c void showDimO {
width + " " + h e i g h t ) ;
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
// ,
public Triangle(string s,
double w,
double h) : base(w, h) {
style = s;
// ,
// ,
Console.WriteLine(" " + style)
11.
287
class Shapes4 {
Triangle tl = new Triangle("", 4.0, 4.0);
Triangle t2 = new Triangle("", 8.0, 12.0);
tl.showStyle();
tl.showDim();
Console .WriteLine (" " + tl.areaO);
t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
Console.WriteLine("
" + t2.area());
T r i a n g l e () "" base () w h,
TwoDShape (), width h e i g h t w h, . T r i a n g l e
.
, , s t y l e ( ). TwoDShape
. , TwoDShape
,
"", .
base , . , . ,
TwoDShape T r i a n g l e ,
, :
// TwoDShape .
using System;
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width; // .
// ,
public TwoDShape() {
width = height = 0.0;
}
// TwoDShape ,
width = w;
height = h;
}
// , ,
public TwoDShape(double x) {
width = height = x;
288
I. #
// width height.
}
'width + " " + height);
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // . Q
/* .
TwoDShape. */
public Triangle() {
style = "null";
// , ,
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) : base(w, h) {
style = s;
// ,
public Triangle(double x) : base(x) {
style = "";
// ,
// ,
class Shapes5 {
public static
Triangle tl
Triangle t2
Triangle t3
void Main() {
= new Triangle();
= new Triangle("", 8.0, 12.0);
= new Triangle(4.0);
tl = t2;
tl.showStyleO ;
11.
289
tl.showDimO ;
t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
t3.showStyle();
t3.showDim();
:
tl:

8 12
4 8
t2:

8 12
4 8
t3:

4 4
8
base-.
-"" .
, base ,
.
. ,
"" base (). base , .

,
. . #
, ""
. . , 290
I. #
new. ,
new
.
.
// .
using System;
class A {
p u b l i c i n t i = 0;
}
// ,
class : {
new i n t i ; // i i .
public (int b) {
i = b; // i .
Console.WriteLine(
" i : " + i ) ;
class NameHiding {
ob = new (2);
ob.show();
-, new i . , , ,
i, i . new, .
:
/
I i : 2

i, i, . ,
show() , i, , .
base
base,
t h i s , , base , .
:
base.
11.
291
,
. base ,
. :
// base .
using System;
class A {
public i n t i = 0;
}
// ,
class : {
new int i ; // i i .
public (int a, int b) {
base.i = ; // i .
i = b; // i .
}

// i .
Console.WriteLine("i : " + base.i);
// i .
Console.WriteLine("i : " + i ) ;
class UncoverName {
ob = new (1 f 2 ) ;
ob.show();
:
i : 1
i : 2
i i
, base i .
base .
.
// .
using System;
class A {
public int i = 0;
// show() .
'
Console.WriteLine("i : " + i ) ;
292
I. #
// ,
class : {
new int i; // i
// .
public (int a, int b) {
base.i - ; //
// i .
i = b; // i .
}
// show ,
// .
// new.
new public void show() {
base.show(); // show() .
// i .
Console,WfiteLine ("i |& : " + i) '*
c l a s s UncoverNaine {
public static void Main()
ob = new (1, 2 ) ;
ob.show();
:
i : 1
i : 2
, base.show()
show (), .
, new , show (), show (), .

,
. , . , . , (, ) , ,
, .
. .
, , . Triangle
ColorTriangle.
11.
293
C o l o r T r i a n g l e T r i a n g l e TwoDShape c o l o r , .
// .
using System;
class TwoDShape {
double pri__width; // ,
double pri__height; // .
// ,
width = height =- 0.0;
}
// TwoDShape.
width = w;
height = h;
}
// , ,
// ,
public TwoDShape(double x) {
width = height = x;
}
// width height,
}
}
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
/* .
TwoDShape. */
public Triangle () {
style = "null";
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) : base(w, h) {
style = s;
254
I. #
// ,
style = "";
// ,
// ,
// ,
class ColorTriangle : Triangle {
string color;
public ColorTriangle(
string c, string s,
double w, double h) : base(s, w, h) {
color = c;
// ,
public void showColor() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + color);
class Shapes6 {
ColorTriangle tl =
new ColorTriangle("", "",
8.0, 12.0);
ColorTriangle t2 =
new ColorTriangle("", "",
2.0, 2.0);
tl.showStyle() ;
tl.showDim();
tl.showColor();
Console .WriteLine (" " + tl.areaO);
t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
t2.showColor();
11,
295
.
tl:

8 12

48
t2:

2 2

2
C o l o r T r i a n g l e T r i a n g l e TwoDShape, , () .
: .
: base
"" . , C o l o r T r i a n g l e base , T r i a n g l e . T r i a n g l e
base , TwoDShape. ,
, , .

:

? , ,
, ? .
, .. .
, , base.
base ,
(.. ) . ) :
// .
ifeing System;
// ,
class A {
public A() {
Console.WriteLine(" . " ) ;
// , .
class : {
public B() {
296
I. #
// , .
class : {
public C() {
class!OrderOfConstruction {
public static void Main()
= new ();
, :
.
.
.
, .
. " " ,
, ,
. , () () , . -
.

, # .
, , . ,
"" "" .
, , :
// .
class X {
int a;
public X(int i)
{ = i; }
class Y {
int a;
public Y(int i)
v
{ a = i; }
class IncompatibleRef {
X x = new X(10);
X x2;
11.
297
Y = new Y{5) ;
x2 = x; // OK, .
2 = ; // , .
X Y
, Y ,
.
.
#-
.
^ , . .
//
// .
using System;
class X {
public int a;
public X(int i) {
a = i;
class Y : X {
public int b;
public Y(int i, int j) : base(j) {
b - i;
class BaseRef {
X x = new X(10);
X x2;
Y = new Y(5, 6) ;
x2 = x; // OK, .
Console.WriteLine("x2.a: " + 2.);
2 = ; // ok, Y
// X.
Console.WriteLine("2.: " + 2.);
//
// - "" X.
2. = 19; //
2. = 27; // , X .
Y X, 2
Y.
298
I. #
, ( , ) , . , , ,
. 2 b Y
, Y. , " " , . .
"",
. , .
, . , , . . , ,
. , ,
TwoDShape T r i a n g l e . ,
.
//
// .
u s i n g System;
c l a s s TwoDShape {
double p r i _ w i d t h ;
double p r i _ h e i g h t ;
// ,
// .
// ,
p u b l i c TwoDShape() {
width = h e i g h t = 0.0;
}
// TwoDShape.
p u b l i c TwoDShape(double w, double h) {
width = w;
h e i g h t = h;
}
// , ,
p u b l i c TwoDShape(double x) {
width = h e i g h t = x;
}
// ,
p u b l i c TwoDShape(TwoDShape ob) {
width = ob.width;
height = ob.height;
}
// width height,
set { pri__width = value; }
11.
299

set { prijheight = value; }
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
// ,
public Triangle() {
style = "null";
// Triangle,
public Triangle(string s,
double w,
double h) : base(w, h) {
style ~ s;
// ,
style = "";
// ,
public Triangle(Triangle ob) : base(ob) {
style ob.style;
// ,
// ,
class Shapes7 {
Triangle tl = new Triangle("", 8.0, 12.0);
// tl.
Triangle t2 = new Triangle(tl);
tl.showStyleO ;
tl.showDimO ;
500
I. #
Console. WriteLine( " " + tl. area O b Console .WriteLine();

t2.showStyle();
t2.showDim();
t 2 t l .
JBOT :
tl:

8 12
48
t2:

8 12
4 8
T r i a n g l e :
// .
style = ob.style;
}
T r i a n g l e
jviexaHH3Ma) TwoDShape:
// .
public TwoDShape(TwoDShape ob) {
width = ob.width;
height = ob.height;
base-
, TwoDShape ()
TwoDShape. T r i a n g l e () T r i a n g l e . , " " ,
. , TwoDShape ()
, TwoDShape. TwoDShape () ,
TwoDShape, , ,
.

,
v i r t u a l
. , . : ,
. , #
11.
301
, , , . , , . , , ( ) , . ,
,
(
) .
,
v i r t u a l .
o v e r r i d e . , (method overriding).
- . , ( s t a t i c ) ( a b s t r a c t , ).
#: . , . # .
, .
// .
using System;
class Base {
// ,
public virtual void who () {
Console.WriteLine(" who() Base.");
class Derivedl : Base {

// who() ,
public override void who() {
Console.WriteLine(" who() Derivedl")
class Derived2 : Base {

// who()
// ,
Console.WriteLine(" who() Derived2
class OverrideDemo {
Base baseOb = new Base();
Derivedl dObl = new Derivedl()
Derived2 dOb2 = new Derived2()
302
I. #
Base baseRef; // .
baseRef = baseOb;
baseRef.who();
baseRef = dObl;
baseRef.who() ;
baseRef = dOb2;
baseRef.who() ;

who()
who()
who()
:
Base.
Derivedl
Derived2
Base Derivedl
Derived2. Base who (),
. Main() Base, Derivedl
Derived2, baseRef Base. baseRef who (). ,
, ,
"" baseRef.
.
, , . :
/*
,
. /
using System;
class Base {
// ,
public virtual void who() {
Console.WriteLine(" who() Base");

// who() ,
Console.WriteLine(" who() Derivedl");
class Derived2 : Base {

// who().
}
class NoOverrideDemo {
Base baseOb = new Base();
Derivedl dObl = new Derivedl();
11.
303
Derived2 dOb2 = new Derived2();

Base baseRef; // .
baseRef = baseOb;
baseRef.who();
baseRef = dObl;
baseRef.who();
baseRef = dOb2;
baseRef.who(); // who() Base.

who()
who()
who()
:
Base
Derivedl
Base
Derived2 who ().

who () Derived2 who (), Base.
, ,
.
.
/*
,
,

. */
using System;
class Base {
// ,
public virtual void who() {
Console.WriteLine(" who() Base");

// who() ,
Console.WriteLine(" who() Derivedl");
class Derived2 : Derivedl {

// who().
}
class Derived3 : Derived2 {
// who().
}
class No0verrideDemo2 {
304
I. #
public static void Main{) {

Derived3 dOb = new Derived3();
Base baseRef; // .
baseRef = dOb;
baseRef.who(); // who()
// Derivedl.
:
I who() Derivedl
Derived3 Derived2,
Derivedl, Base. , who ()
Derived3, Derived2, Derivedl,
who () ( Derivedl) ,
.
. v i r t u a l , o v e r r i d e .

# . - ,
,
, $ .
# , " ".
(, "")
, , . "
", .. . , , . , -
. , () ,
, .

,
TwoDShape. ,
TwoDShape, a r e a (). ,
( )
TwoDShape,
, , . . TwoDShape name, .
11.
305
// ,
using System;
class TwoDShape {
double pri_width; // ,
double pri_height; // ,
string pri_name;
// .
// ,
name = "null";
// .
public TwoDShape(double w, double h, string n)
width = w;
height = h;
name = n;
// , ,
public TwoDShape(double x, string n) {
width = height = x;
name = n;
// ,
width = ob.width;
height = ob.height;
name = ob.name;
}
// width, height name.
}

}
public string name {
get { return pri__name; }
set { pri__name = value; }
}
\
}
public virtual double area() {
Console.WriteLine(
306
I. #
return
" a r e a ( ) . " ) ;
0.0;
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
// ,
public Triangle() {
style = "null";
}
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) :
base(w, h, "") {
style = s;
}
// .
public Triangle(double x) : base(x, "") {'
style - "";
}
// .
style = ob.style;
}
// () Triangle,
public override double area() {
return width * height / 2 ;
}
// ,
}
}
// , TwoDShape.
// .
public Rectangle(double w, double h) :
base(w, h, ""){ }
// ,
public Rectangle(double x) :
base(x, "") { }
// .
public Rectangle(Rectangle ob) : base(ob) { }
// true, - ,
public bool isSquare() {
if(width height) return true;
return false;
11.
307
// () Rectangle,
c l a s s DynShapes {
TwoDShape[] shapes = new TwoDShape[5];
shapes[0]
shapes[1]
shapes[2]
shapes[3]
shapes[4]
=
=
=
=
=
new
new
new
new
new
Triangle("", 8.0, 12.0)

Rectangle(10);
Rectangle(10, 4 ) ;
Triangle(7.0);
TwoDShape(10, 20,
" ");
f o r ( i n t i = 0 ; i < shapes.Length; i++) {

shapes[i].name);
shapes[i].area() ) ;
% :

48

100

4 0

24.5

area() .
0
. -, ()
TwoDShape v i r t u a l
T r i a n g l e Rectangle. TwoDShape ()
"", ,
.
a r e a () , , . ,
, area () .
.
, ( ) shapes
308
I. #
TwoDShape.
T r i a n g l e , Rectangle TwoDShape. ,
.
shapes, . , , . , , ,
, .. ,
. TwoDShape, a r e a ().
, .

, "
", , "" . "" ,
,
. ,
.
TwoDShape ( ),
() "", , , .
, , , () ,
- . .
, , . (, ),
. .
,
. T r i a n g l e . ,
a r e a (). , .
# .
a b s t r a c t . , , . , , . , ,
v i r t u a l . , v i r t u a l a b s t r a c t .
.
abstract (_) ;
, . a b s t r a c t
, static-.
.
, ,
a b s t r a c t ,
c l a s s . 11.
309
, , . , new
.
, .
. , a b s t r a c t , .
,
TwoDShape.
,
a r e a () TwoDShape , , ,
TwoDShape. , , , TwoDShape,
a r e a ().
// .
using System;
abstract
double
double
string
class TwoDShape {
pri_width; // ,
pri_height; // ,
pri_name;
// .
// ,
name = "null";
}
// .
public TwoDShape(double w, double h, string n) {
width = w;
height = h;
name = n;
}
// , ,
public TwoDShape(double x, string n) {
width = height = x;
name = n;
// ,
width = ob.width;
height = ob.height;
name = ob.name;
}
// width, height name,
}
310
I. #
public string name {

get { return pri__name; }
set { pri_name = value; }
}
}
// () ,
public abstract double area();
}
// , TwoDShape.
string style; // .
// ,
public Triangle() {
style = "null";
}
// .
public Triangle(string s, double w, double h) :
base(w, h, "triangle") {
style = s;
}
// .
public Triangle(double x) : base(x, "") {
style = "";
}
// .
style = ob.style;
}
// () Triangle,
return width * height / 2 ;
}
// ,
}
}
// , TwoDShape.
// .
public Rectangle(double w f double h) :
base(w, h, ""){ }
// .
11.
311
public Rectangle (ckmfcrle x) :

base(xf "") { }
// .
public Rectangle(Rectangle ob) : base(ob) { }
// true,
// ,
public bool isSquareO {
if (width ===== height) return true;
return false;
// () Rectangle,
class AbsShape {
TwoDShape [] shapes == new TwoDShape[4];
shapes[0]
shapes[1]
shapes[2]
shapes[3]
=
=
=
=
new
new
new
new
Triangle("", 8.0, 12.0);

Rectangle(10);
Rectangle(10, 4 ) ;
Triangle (7.0);
for(int i=0; i < shapes.Length; i++) {

shapes[i].name);
shapes[i 3.area());
,
a r e a ( ) , . , ,
a r e a (). (.. ) .
, TwoDShape,
. TwoDShape.
Main () shapes 4, "
" TwoDShape.
, TwoDShape - showDimO, a b s t r a c t . ( ) , " ".
, a b s t r a c t , .
312
I. #
sealed

, . , ,
, . ,
. # s e a l e d .
, s e a l e d . , a b s t r a c t s e a l e d ,
""
"", .. .
sealed-.
sealed class A {
// .
class : { // ! .
,
sealed-.
o b j e c t
# o b j e c t ,
( ). , object. , object . ,
#- , object
. , #- o b j e c t
System.Object, .NET Framework.
o b j e c t , . 11.1. .
11.1. object
public virtual
public
static
bool Equals (
object
ob)
bool Equals (
o b j e c t obi,
o b j e c t ob2)
11.
, , , ob
, , 2
313
. 11.1
p r o t e c t e d F i n a l i z e ()
. # F i n a l i z e ()
p u b l i c v i r t u a l i n t GetHashCode ()
-,
p u b l i c Type GetTypeO
p r o t e c t e d obj e c t
MemberwiseClone ()
public s t a t i c bool
ReferenceEquals (object obi,
object ob2)
public v i r t u a l s t r i n g T o S t r i n g o
" " , .. , ,
, 2

. E q u a l s ( o b j e c t ) , , , , ..
, .
t r u e , , f a l s e . . , . , E q u a l s ( o b j e c t ) ,
( ,
). E q u a l s ( o b j e c t , o b j e c t )
Equals(object).
GetHashCode () -, .
- , , .
9, "==" Equals ( o b j e c t ) GetHashCode (),
"==" Equals ( o b j e c t ) , , . Equals ( o b j e c t ) , GetHashCode ( ) , .
.
T o S t r i n g O , , . , T o S t r i n g O W r i t e L i n e ( ) . T o S t r i n g O , , . :
// T o S t r i n g O .
u s i n g System;
/
class MyClass {
static int count = 0 ;
int id;
public MyClass {
id = count;
count++;
}
public override string ToStringO {
return " MyClass #" + id;
314
I. #
class Test {
MyClass obi = new MyClassO;
MyClass ob2 = new MyClassO;
MyClass ob3 = new MyClassO;
Console.WriteLine(obi);
Console.WriteLine(ob2);
Console.WriteLine(ob3);
:
MyClass #0
MyClass #1
MyClass #2

, #-, , o b j e c t . , o b j e c t , . o b j e c t ,
(boxing).
, . ,
"" . ""
,
. o b j e c t . #.
" " (unboxing)
.
, .. o b j e c t .
, .
// "" "".
using System;
class BoxingDemo {
int x;
object obj;
x = 10;
obj = x; // "" .
int
= (int)obj; // ""
// obj int-.
11.
315
10. ,

obj, o b j e c t . , o b j ,
i n t .
( )
. int- s q r ( ) , o b j e c t .
//
// .
using System;
class BoxingDemo {
int x;
x - 10;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + x ) ;
// ^^^
/ / sqr().
= BoxingDemo.sqr(x);
Console.WriteLine(" x : " + ) ;
}
static int sqr(object ) {
return (int) * (int);
:
: 10
: 100
s q r () .
#- . o b j e c t .
o b j e c t .

, . , o b j e c t , . ,
, , .
// ""
//
o b j e c t !
using System;
class MethOnValue {
Console.WriteLine(lO.ToString());
}
316
I. #
10. , T o S t r i n g O , . 10 10!
object
, o b j e c t #-

, o b j e c t . , ,
jcnacca o b j e c t , .
// o b j e c t
// .
using System;
class GenericDemo {
object[] ga = new object[10];
// int-.
f o r ( i n t i=0; l < 3; i++)
ga[ij = i ;
// double-.
f o r ( i n t i=3; i < 6; i++)
ga[i] = (double) i / 2;
// , bool- char-,
[] = " ";
[7] = t r u e ;
[8] = f X'; '
[9] = "";
f o r ( i n t i = 0; i < .Length;
Console.WriteLine("[" + i + " ] : " + ga[i] + " " ) ;
[0]:
1 1 1
L-L J
2
. .
[23: 1.5
[3]:
[4]: 2
[5] : 2 . 5
[]:
[7]: True
[8]: X
[9]:
,
o b j e c t . -
11.
317
, o b j e c t .
, object- .
, , o b j e c t . .
, object, , , o b j e c t
#- . ,
int- int-, s t r i n g string- .. o b j e c t
.
318
I. #
1 #: .
^ ^ , .
. , , , .
#: .
, ,
, . .
, #.
- ,
, .
. ,
. , , -. , , .
, . #

i n t e r f a c e .
.
, .. . , ,
, . , . .
( )
, . . , , . , , "" ,
, . , , # ,
" ".
i n t e r f a c e . :
i n t e r f a c e {
_ _1 {_) ;
_ _2 {_) ;
// . . .
_ _(_) ;
}
.
. , , . , . , , , .
(public-),
.
320
I. #
, .
public interface ISeries {
int getNext(); // ,
void reset (); // ,
void setStart(int x) ; //
// .
I S e r i e s . " I " ,
, .
I S e r i e s ,
.
, . 15, , . . , .
, .

, , . , , . , , :
c l a s s _ : __ {
//
, _.
, , .. .
. .
.
.
, , .
, ,
. ,
, .
I S e r i e s , . ByTwos, , .
// ISeries,
class ByTwos : ISeries {
int s t a r t ;
int val;
public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
public i n t getNext() {
12. ,
321
val += 2;
return val;
public void reset() {
val = start;
public void setStart(int x) {
start = x;
val = start;
, ByTwos ,
I S e r i e s . , .
, ByTwos. :
// ,
// ByTwos.
using System;
class SeriesDemo {
ByTwos ob = new ByTwos() ;
f o r ( i n t i=0; i < 5;
ob.getNext());
Console.WriteLine(" .")
ob.reset ( ) ;
f o r ( i n t i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.getNext());
Console.WriteLine(" 100.");
o b . s e t S t a r t (100);
f o r ( i n t i=0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine(" " +"
ob.getNext());
SeriesDemo,
, I S e r i e s , ByTwos SeriesDemo.

. , , I S e r i e s , cs, ByTwos. cs
SeriesDemo.es, :
I >csc SeriesDemo.cs I S e r i e s . c s ByTwos.cs
(IDE) Visual Studio,
#-. .
322
I. #
:
2
4
8
10
.
2
4

8
10
100.

102
104
106
108
110
, ,
. , ByTwos
getPrevious (), .
// ISeries
// getPrevious().
int start;
int val;
int prev;
public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
prev = -2;
}
public int getNextO {
prev = val;
val += 2;
return val;
}
val = start;
prev = start - 2;
}
start = x;
val = start;
prev = val - 2;
}
// , ISeries,
public int getPrevious() {
return prev;
12. ,
323
, g e t P r e v i o u s ()
, I S e r i e s .
, , . .
, .
, , Primes, . , I S e r i e s ByTwos.
// I S e r i e s
// .
class Primes : ISeries {
int start;
int val;
public Primes () {
start = 2;
val = 2;
}
public int getNext() {

int i, j;
bool isprime;
for(i = val; i < 1000000;
isprime = true;
for(j = 2; j < (i/j + 1)
if((i%j)==0) {
isprime = false;
break;
if(isprime) {
val = i;
break;
return val;
val = start;
start = x;
val = start;
, , Primes ByTwos
, I S e r i e s .
, , ""
.
324
I. #

, , ,
. , . ,
.
, .
(. 11).
.
-,
ByTwos, Primes.
// .
using System;
// ,
int getNextO; // .
void reset(); // .
void setStart(int x ) ; //
// .
}
// ISeries
// ,
int start;
int val;
public ByTwos() {
start = 0;
val = 0;
}
public int getNext() {
val += 2;
return val;
}
val = start;
}
start = x;
val = start;
-^
// ISeries
// ,
class Primes : ISeries {
int start;
int val;
12. ,
325
public Primes () {
start = 2;
val = 2;
public int getNext()
int i, j;
bool isprime;
for(i val; i < 1000000;
isprime = true;
for(j = 2; j < (i/j + 1 ) ;
if((i%j)==0) {
isprime = falserbreak;
if(isprime) {
val = i;
break;
return val;
val = start;
start = x;
val = start;
class SeriesDemo2 {
ByTwos twoOb = new ByTwos();
Primes primeOb = new Primes(
ISeries ob;
for(int i=0; i < 5;
ob = twoOb;
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
ob.getNext ());
ob = primeOb;
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
ob.getNext() ) ;
:
2
3
4
5
326
I. #

7
8
11
10
13
Main() ob I S e r i e s .
, , I S e r i e s . twoOb primeOb, ByTwos Primes,
, , I S e r i e s .
, ""
, " " i n t e r f a c e . , , , .

, . .
//
{
get;
set;
, ,
get- set-, .
ISeries ByTwos,
.
// .
using System;
// ,
int next {
get; // .
s e t ; // .
// ISeries,
m t val;
public ByTwos() {
val = 0;
}
// ,
public int next {
get {
12. ,
327
val += 2;
return val;
}
set {
val = value;
// ,
class SeriesDemo3 {
ByTwos ob = new ByTwos();
// .
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.next);
ob.next = 2 1 ;
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.next);
:
2
4

8
10
21

23
25
27
29
31
So
. :
//
_ t h i s [ i n t ]{
get;
set;
}
, , get- set-, .
ISeries, , .
328
I. #
// ,
using System;
// ,
int next {
get; // .
set; // .
// ,
int this[int index] {
get; // .
// ISeries,
int val;
public ByTwos() {
val = 0;
//
// ,
public int next {
get {
val += 2;
return val;
}
set {
val = value;
// ,
get {
val = 0;
for(int i=0; i<index;
val += 2;
return val;
// ,
class SeriesDemo4 {
ByTwos ob = new ByTwos();
// ,
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.next);
12. ,
329
ob.next = 2 1 ;
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
ob.next);
ob.next = 0;
// .
for(int i=0; i < 5; i++)
, :
2
4

8
10
21

23
25
27
29
31
.
0
2
4

8

"" . , .
, , , . :
// .
using System;
public interface A {
void methl () ;
void meth2();
}
// methl()
/ / m e t h 3 ( ) .
330
meth2(),
I. #
public interface : A {
void meth3();
//
// .
class MyClass : {
public void methl() {
Console. WriteLine (" methl(). ff );
public void meth2() {
Console.WriteLine(" meth2().");
public void xneth3() {
Console.WriteLine(" meth3().");
class IFExtend {
public static void Main() { y
ob.methl();
ob.meth2();
ob.meth3();
methl (), MyClass,

. , , ,
, , ,
.
, , . .
, new.

. , , . ,
12. ,
331
interface IMyiF {
int myMeth(int x ) ;
IMyiF :
c l a s s MyClass : IMyIF{
i n t IMyIF.myMeth(int x) {
r e t u r n x / 3;
, myMethO IMyiF , .
. , ,
, "" , . -, ,
.
. .

lEven,
isEven () i s Odd (), ,
. MyClass lEven, isOdd()
.
// .
using System;
interface IEven {
bool isOdd(int x ) ;
bool isEven(int x) ;
}
class MyClass : IEven {
// ,
bool IEven.isOdd(int x) {
if((x%2) != 0) return true;
else return false;
}
// ,
public bool isEven(int x) {
IEven = this; // .
return !o.isOdd(x);
c l a s s Demo {
bool r e s u l t ;
result = ob.isEven(4);
i f ( r e s u l t ) Console.WriteLine("4
332
- . " ) ;
I. #
else Console.WriteLine("3
//
- .");
r e s u l t = ob.isOdd(); // , .
isOddO ,
MyClass. .
MyClass isOddO .
isEven ( ) .

, , meth (). ,
.
// ,
// .
using System;
interface IMyIF_A {
int meth(int x);
}
interface IMyIF_B {
int meth(int x ) ;
)
// MyClass ,
class MyClass : IMyIF_A, IMyIF_B {
// meth().
int IMyIF_A.meth(int x) {
return x + x;
}
int IMyIF_B.meth(int x) {
return x * x;
}
// meth() ,
public int methA(int x){
IMyIF_A a_ob;
a_ob = this;
return a_ob.meth(x); //
// IMyIF_A.
}
public int methB(int x){
IMyIF_B b_ob;
i
b_ob = t h i s ;
return b_ob.meth(x); //
// IMyIF_B
12. ,
333
c l a s s FQIFNames {
Console.Write(" IMyIF_A.meth(): " ) ;
Console.WriteLine(ob.methA(3));
Console.Write (" IMyIF_B.meth(): " ) ;
Console.WriteLine(ob.methB(3));
:
IMyIF__A.meth () :
IMylFjB.meth(): 9
, meth () lMylF_A lMylF_B. , MyClass , ,

( ).
, m e t h ( ) , iMyIF__A, iMylF_A, meth(), iMylFjB,
lMyiF_B.
, .
# ,
, , , . .
, , . ,
( ) .
.NET
Framework
.NET Framework , . , System. IComparable
CompareTo (), . ,
(, ). , ,
S y s t e m . C o l l e c t i o n s . I C o l l e c t i o n ,
. System. C o l l e c t i o n s . IEnumerator
. II.
334
I. #
:
#,
. i c i p h e r , .
, "" , , "".
I Cipher :
// ,
public interface ICipher {
s t r i n g encode(string s t r ) ;
s t r i n g decode(string s t r ) ;
}
ICipher : encode () decode ( ) ,

, .
. , ,
, . ,
, . . , ( ). ,
.
, .
I C i p h e r :
SimpleCipher BitCipher. SimpleCipher
"" . , , ..
B i t C i p h e r -: , 16 , .
/* ICipher,

1 . ,
.. */
class SimpleCipher : ICipher {
// ,
// ,
public s t r i n g encode(string s t r ) {
string ciphertext = " " ;
ciphertext = ciphertext + (char) (str[i] + 1 ) ;
return ciphertext;
}
// ,
// .
\
public string decode(string str) {
'
string plaintext = "";
12. ,
335
for(int i=0; i < str.Length; ^.. ,

plaintext = plaintext + (char) (str[i] - 1) ;
return plaintext;
/* ICipher
. */
class BitCipher : ICipher {
ushort key;
//
// BitCipher.
public BitCipher(ushort k) {
key = k;
// ,
// ,
public string encode(string str) {
string ciphertext = "";
ciphertext = ciphertext + (char) (str[i]
key);
return ciphertext;
// ,
// ,
public string decode(string str) {
string plaintext = "";
plaintext = plaintext + (char) (str[i]
key);
return plaintext;
, SimpleCipher BitCipher ICipher, .

SimpleCipher
BitCipher.
// ICipher.
using System;
class ICipherDemo {
ICipher ciphRef;
BitCipher bit = new BitCipher(27);
SimpleCipher sc = new SimpleCipher();
string plain;
string coded;
336
I. #
// ciphRef
// SimpleCipher ( ).
ciphRef = sc;
plain = "testing";
coded = ciphRef.encode(plain);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + coded);
plain = ciphRef.decode(coded);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + plain);
// ciphRef refer
// BitCipher ( ).
ciphRef = bit;
Console.WriteLine(
" .11);
plain = "testing";
coded = ciphRef.encode(plain);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + coded);
plain = ciphRef.decode(coded);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + plain);
:
.
: uftujoh
: testing
.
: o~horu|
: testing
,
, , , , . , , UnlistedPhone .
.
// ICipher.
using System;
// ,
class UnlistedPhone {
string pri_name;
// Name.
string pri_number; // Number.
ICipher crypt; // .
public UnlistedPhone(string name, string number,
ICipher c)
12. ,
337
crypt = ; // .
pri__name = crypt. encode (name) ;
pri_number = crypt.encode(number);
public string Name {
get {
return crypt.decode(pri_name);
}
set {
pri__name = crypt.encode(value);
public string Number {

get {
return crypt.decode(pri_number);
}
set {
pri_number = crypt. encode (value) ;
// UnlistedPhone.
class UnlistedDemo {
UnlistedPhone phonel =
new UnlistedPhone("TOM", "555-3456",
new BitCipher(27));
UnlistedPhone phone2 =
new UnlistedPhone("", "555-8891",
new BitCipher(9));
Console.WriteLine(" "
+ phonel.Name + " : "
+ phonel.Number);
+ phone2.Name + " : "
+ phone2.Number);
:
: 555-3456
: 555-8891
, UnlistedPhone. ,
.
.
I Cipher. UnlistedPhone
. , , , . crypt.
, , , -
338
I. #
i c i p h e r . BitCipher. ,
UnlistedPhone e n c o d e d decode ()
B i t C i p h e r crypt.
Name Number.
set-
encode () , c r y p t .
get- decode (). Name, Number
.
.

i c i p h e r , ,
UnlistedPhone. ,
UnlistedPhone SimpleCipher-, BitCipher-.
, UnlistedPhone.
// SimpleCipher.
using System;
class UnlistedDemo {
// BitCipher
// SimpleCipher.
UnlistedPhone phonel =
new UnlistedPhone("Tom", "555-3456",
new SimpleCipher());
UnlistedPhone phone2 =
new UnlistedPhone("Mary", "555-8891",
new SimpleCipher());
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
phonel.Name + " : " +
phonel.Number);
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
phone2.Name + " : " +
phone2.Number);
, i c i p h e r SimpleCipher BitCipher, UnlistedPhone

.
. UnlistedPhone , , .
i c i p h e r , ,
i c i p h e r .
,
UnlistedPhone. UnlistedPhone c r y p t
12. ,
339
(, BitCipher), UnlistedPhone
.
, . ,
. , # .
, .
. ,
, . . # . , , .
s t r u c t . :
struct : {
//
.
.
. (,
#-, o b j e c t ) .
. . , , , , , . , . ( ). ,
, .
, a b s t r a c t , v i r t u a l p r o t e c t e d .
new, , . new, , , ,
. ,
.
// .
using System;
// ,
struct Book {
public string author;
public string title;
public int copyright;
public Book(string a, string t, int c) {
author = a;
title = t;
copyright = c;
340
I. #
// Book,
class StructDemo {
Book bookl = new Book("Herb Schildt",
"C# A Beginner's Guide",
2001); //
// .
Book book2 = new Book(); //
// .
Book ; //
// .
Console.WriteLine(bookl.title + ", " +
bookl.author +
11
, () " + bookl. copyright );
if(book2.title == null)
Console.WriteLine(" book2.title null.");
// book2 .
book2.title = "Brave New World";
book2.author = "Aldous Huxley";
book2.copyright = 1932;
Console.Write(" book2 :\n
" ) ;
Console.WriteLine(book2.title + ", " +
book2.author +
", (c) " + book2.copyright);
// Console.WriteLine(.title); // :
//
// .
.title = "Red Storm Rising";
Console.WriteLine(.title); // Ok!
:
# A Beginner's Guide, Herb Schildt, () 2001
book2.title null.
book2 :
Brave New World, Aldous Huxley, () 1932
Red Storm Rising
, new, , . new
, ( ), , . new ,
12. ,
341
, ,
.
.
struct- lass-. ,
, ,
, . struct- , ,
. , ,
:
// .
using System;
// ,
struct MyStruct {
public int x;
}
// ,
class StructAssignment {
MyStruct a;
MyStruct b;
a.x = 10;
b.x = 20;
Console .WriteLine ("a.x {0}, b.x {I}11, a.x, b.x);
a - b;
b.x = 30;
Console.WriteLine("a.x {0}, b.x {1}", a.x, b.x);
.
.
a.x
1 0 , b . x 20
2 0 , b . x 30
,
= ;
b - . , , , . b ,
-. class- .
// .
u s i n g System;
// ,
class MyClass {
public int x;
}
//
342
I. #
class ClassAssignment {
MyClass a = new MyClassO;
MyClass b = new MyClassO;
a.x = 10;
b.x = 20;
a = b;
b.x = 30;
:
a.x
a.x
1 0 , b . x 20
3 0 , b . x 30
, b , .. , .

, # s t r u c t , ,
, "" c l a s s .
. ,
, . , s t r u c t
. ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
. . . ,
, ,
s t r u c t .
, ,
. . .
.
, .
.
// .
using System;
// ,
struct PacketHeader {
public uint packNum;
// .
public ushort packLen; // .
}
12. ,
343
// PacketHeader
// ,
class Transaction {
static uint transacNum = 0;
PacketHeader ph;
//
// PacketHeader.
string accountNum;
double amount;
public Transaction(string ace, double val) {
// .
ph.packNum = transacNum++;
ph.packLen = 512; // arbitrary length
accountNum = ace;
amount = val;
// .
public void sendTransaction() {
Console.WriteLine(" #: " + ph.packNum +
", : " + ph.packLen +
",\n
#: " + accountNum +
", : {0:C}\n", amount);
,
// ,
class PacketDemo {
Transaction t = new Transaction("31243", -100.12);
Transaction t2 = new Transaction("AB4655", 345.25);
Transaction t3 = new Transaction("8475-09", 9800.00)
t.sendTransaction();
t2.sendTransaction() ;
t3.sendTransaction() ;
.
#: 0, : 512,
#: 31243, : ($100.12)
#: 1, : 512,
#: 4655, : $345.25
#: 2, : 512,
#: 8475-09, : $9,800.00
PacketHeader ,
, . PacketHeader , . ,
PacketHeader
.
344
I. #
, C++ s t r u c t . #- ++-
. C++ s t r u c t , s t r u c t c l a s s (
: , ). #
s t r u c t , a c l a s s
.
-J
(enumeration) . enum . :
enum
{_);
. _
, .
.
apple, .
enum apple
{ Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel,

Cortland, Mclntosh } ;
Winsap,
,
, ( ) .
, , Jonathan 0, GoldenDel 1 ..
,
. enum
,
. .
"". ,
I Console.WriteLine(apple.RedDel + " " +
I
(int)apple.RedDel);
.
1 RedDel 2
, .
i n t . ( #, , .)
, apple.
// .
using System;
class EnumDemo {
12. ,
345
enum apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel, Winsap,

Cortland, Mclntosh };
string[] color = {
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"-"
apple i; // .
// i
// .
for(i = apple.Jonathan; i <= apple.Mclntosh; i++)
Console.WriteLine(i + " " + (int)i);
// .
for(i = apple.Jonathan; i <= apple.Mclntosh; i++)
Console.WriteLine(" " + i + " - " +
color[(int)i]);
:
Jonathan
GoldenDel 1
RedDel 2
Winsap 3
Cortland 4
Mclntosh 5
Jonathan -
GoldenDel -
RedDel -
Winsap -
Cortland -
Mclntosh - -
, for- apple.
,
, . , c o l o r ( ). : . , .
.
. , switch- (
).
346
I. #

. ""
. , , , . ,
10 RedDel.
enum apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel = 10, Winsap,
:
Jonathan
0
GoldenDel
I
RedDel
10
Winsap
11
Cortland
12
Mclntosh
13

i n t , , char. , i n t ,
. , apple
byte.
enum apple : byte { Jonathan, GoldenDel> RedDel, Winsap,
apple.Winsap, , byte-.

, , , #-.
. ,
. , ,
. conveyor (), : , , . conveyor ()
(1 "", 2 "" ..), ,
, .
jaKoro :
// .
using System;
c l a s s ConveyorControl {
// , ,
p u b l i c enum a c t i o n { , , ,
p u b l i c void conveyor ( a c t i o n corn) {
switch(com) {
case a c t i o n . :
12. ,
<
};
347
break;
case action.:
break;
case action.:
break;
case action.:
break;
class ConveyorDemo {
ConveyorControl = new ConveyorControl()
c.conveyor(ConveyorControl.action.);
.conveyor(ConveyorControl.action.)
.conveyor(ConveyorControl.action.);
.conveyor(ConveyorControl.action.);
:
.
.
.
.
conveyor () a c t i o n ,
, a c t i o n . , ,
conveyor () 22.
I .conveyor(22);
// !
, i n t a c t i o n .
conveyor () . , "" , ,
.
, , , , conveyor () .
. switch-. , , switch.
348
I. #
( ) ,
. #- , . #
, C++ Java.
C++- Java-.
# .
,
"". , ,
. , ,
. "
", , , . . , .
#

, .
,
.
#- # .
System.Exception
# .
Exception,
System. ,
Exception.
Exception SystemException ApplicationException.
, #: ,
#- ,
(Common Language Runtime CLR), , . SystemException, ApplicationException
Exception.
.
#
,
SystemException. ,
DivideByZeroException. ,
,
ApplicationException.

#- : t r y , catch, throw f i n a l l y . -
350
I. #
, .
.
, . , .
, , try-. ,
. catch- .
#- . ,
throw. ,
try-, f i n a l l y .
t r y - catch-
t r y catch.
" "; t r y catch catch
t r y . try/catch- :
try {
// , .
}
catch {ExcepTypel exOb) {
// ExcepTypel.
}
catch (ExcepType2 exOb) {
// 2.
. "" catch, . ^ try/catch-, try-
, catch-. , . , catch, ( ).
.
.
( ),
. .
. , try- , catch- . ,
catch. , catch- ( try-) , .

, ,
. ,
. #-
indexOutOfRangeException, , #.
, .
13.
351
// ,
using System;
c l a s s ExcDemol {
i n t [ ] nums = new i n t [ 4 ] ;
try {
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
// ,
// ,
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i;
Console.WriteLine("nums[{0}]: {1}", i, nums[i]);
}
}
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) {
// .
}
Console.WriteLine(" catch-.");
:
.
nums[0]: 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3]: 3
!
catch-.
, nums int- . for 0 9,
, IndexOutOfRangeException.
, . -, try-. -, ( - for- nums )
try- , catch-. , catch-,
, try- . ,
c a t c h , .
1 Console.WriteLine(" c a t c h - . " ) ;
. catch- . , , , .
352
I. #
, c a t c h . , ,
.
,
, . , catch- , , .
, try- ,
catch- , , catch-. , f -
1 f o r ( i n t i = 0 ; i < 10; i++) {
:
I f o r ( i n t i = 0 ; i < nums.Length; i++) {
for nums.
, catch- .

, try-,
. , , t r y . , ,
try-, try-, , ,
. .
/* ,
. */
using System;
class ExcTest {
// ,
public s t a t i c void genException()
i n t [ ] nums = new i n t [ 4 ] ;
Console.WriteLine("
.");
// ,
// .
f o r ( i n t i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i ;
}
class ExcDemo2 {
try {
ExcTest.genException();
}
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException)
13.
{
353
// .
}
, :
.
,
nums [ 0 3 :
nums [ 1 ] : 1
nums [ 2 ] : 2
nums[3]: 3
!
catch-.
genExceptionO t r y , ,
( ), c a t c h
Main (). genExceptionO ,
Main ().

#-, , : .
.
, #- . , . , , , .
//
// #- .
using System;
class NotHandled {
// ,
// .
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i;
Console.WriteLine ("nums [ {0-} ] : {1}", i , nums[i]);
,
:
354
I. #
Unhandled Exception: System.IndexOutOfRangeException:

Index was outside the bounds of the array,
at NotHandled.MainO
NotHandled.Main () System. IndexOutOfRangeException,

.

, , ! ,
.
, ,
catch-. . ,
catch-
DivideByZeroException ( #-). , , IndexOutOfRangeException,
catch-. .
// !
using System;
class ExcTypeMismatch {
try {
// ,
// ,
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = i;
}
}
/* catch-
DivideByZeroException,
. */
catch (DivideByZeroException) {
// .
}
Console.WriteLine(" catch-. ") ;
:
,
nums[ 0 ] : 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3 3: 3
13.
355
Unhandled Exception: System.IndexOutOfRangeException:

Index was outside the bounds of the array,
at ExcTypeMismatch.Main()
, catch-,
DivideByZeroException, IndexOutOfRangeException.
, . ,
, , . , DivideByZeroException.
, . , ,
. .
//
// !
using System;
c l a s s ExcDemo3 {
i n t [ ] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 };
i n t [ ] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 };
for(int i=0; i < numer.Length;
try {
Console.WriteLine(numer[i] + " / " +
denom[i] + " " +
numer[i]/denom[i]);
}
// .
:
4 / 2 2
!
16/4
4
32/4
8
!
128 / 8 16
.
. ,
356
I. #
try-,
"" . .
catch-
try- , catch-.
. c a t c h . , ,
.
// catch-.
u s i n g System;
c l a s s ExcDemo4 {
// numer denom.
i n t [ ] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
i n t [ ] denom = { 2 , 0 , 4 , 4 ,
0,8};
try {
denom[i] + " " +
numer[i]/denom[i]);
}
// .
}
// .
:
4/2
2
!
16/4
4
32/4
8
!
128 / 8 16
.
.
, catch .
catch- ,
. ,
. catch- .
13.
357

, .
catch- .
" ", ,
.
,
IndexOutOfRangeException DivideByZeroException.
// catch-
// " ".
using System;
class ExcDemo5 {
// numer denoiti.
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
int[] denom = { 2 , 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 } ;
try {
denom[i] + " " +
numer[i]/denom[i]);
}
catch {
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
:
4 / 2 2
.
1 6 / 4 4
3 2 / 4 8
.
128 / 8 16
.
.
catch-, " ",
:
catch-.
try-
try- . , try- catch-,
try-, try-. ,
IndexOutOfRangeException t r y , .
358
I. #
// try-,
using System;
class NestTrys {
// numer denom.
int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 };
int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 };
try { // try-.
for(int i=0; i < numer.Length; i++) {
try { // try-.
denom[i] + " " +
numer[i]/denom[i]);
}
// .
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
:
4 / 2 2
!
1 6 / 4 4
3 2 / 4 8
!
128 / 8 16
.
.
, try- (
), . try-
.
.
try- . .
, . try- , try- . try- " " ,
.
13.
359

, #. , throw. :
throw exceptOb;
exceptOb ,
Exception.
, throw
^ DivideByZeroException .
// .
using System;
class ThrowDemo {
try {
throw new DivideByZeroException();
}
// .
}
Console.WriteLine(" try/catch-.");
:
.
.
try/catch-.
, DivideByZeroException, : new throw. , throw , "

". DivideByZeroException , .
, . , , .

, catch-, ,
() catch-.
. , ,
, . , -
360
I. #
throw, . , throw,
throw ;
,
catch-, c a t c h .
.
B IndexOutOfRangeException.
// .
using
System;
c l a s s Rethrow {
p u b l i c s t a t i c void genException() {
// numer denom.
i n t [ ] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512
i n t [ ] denom = { 2 , 0 , 4, 4,
0,8};
};
for(int i=0; i<numer.Length;

try {
denom[i] + " " +
numer[l]/denom[i]);
}
// .
Console.WriteLine(" !")
}
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" .")
throw; // .
class RethrowDemo {
try {
Rethrow.genException();
}
catch(IndexOutOfRangeException) {
//
// .
Console.WriteLine("
" .");
( ),
.. genException (), . IndexOutOfRangeException Main ().
13.
361
f i n a l l y
,
try/catch-. ,
, , ,
.
, . , # :
finally.
, try/catch, try/catch- f i n a l l y .
try/catch-, f i n a l l y ,
.
try {
// , .
}
catch {ExcepTypel
II
)
catch {2
II
exOb) {

ExcepTypel.
) {
2.
finally {
// .
}
f i n a l l y try/catch-,
. , try-
finally- . finally ,
try- catch- .
finally:
// finally.
using System;
class UseFmally {
public s t a t i c void genException(int what) {
int t ;
i n t [ ] nums = new i n t [ 2 ] ;
Console.WriteLine(" " + what);
try {
switch(what) {
case 0:
t = 10 / what; //
// ,
break;
case 1:
nums[4] = 4 ; //
// .
362
I. #
break;
case 2:
return; // try-.
// .
return; // catch-.
}
// .
}
finally {
Console.WriteLine(" try-.");
class FinallyDemo {
for(int i=0; i < 3;
UseFinally.genException(i);
:

!
try-.
1
.
try-.
2
t r y - .
,
try-, f i n a l l y .
" "
,
. , catch- . . Exception,
, . Exception catch-.
Exception . : Message,
StackTrace T a r g e t S i t e . .
13.
363
Message , ,
StackTrace , .
T a r g e t S i t e , , .
Exception .
ToStringO, .
ToStringO , ,
, WriteLine ( ) .
Exception .
// Exception.
using System;
class ExcTest {
public static void genException() {
// ,
// ,
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] i;
}
class UseExcept {
try {
ExcTest.genException();
}
c a t c h (IndexOutOfRangeException exc) {
// .
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( e x c ) ; // T o S t r i n g O .
Console.WriteLine(" StackTrace: " +
exc.StackTrace);
Console.WriteLine(" Message: " +
exc.Message);
Console.WriteLine(" T a r g e t S i t e : " +
exc.TargetSite);
}
:
.
nums[0]: 0
nums[1]: 1
nums[2]: 2
nums[3]: 3
364
/
J
I. #
:
System.IndexOutOfRangeException: Index was outside
the bounds of the array.
at ExcTest.genException()
at UseExcept.Main()
StackTrace:
at ExcTest.genException()
at UseExcept.Main()
Message: Index was outside the bounds of the array.
TargetSite: Void genException()
catch-.
Exception . :
Exception()
Exception(string str)
.
Message, .
.

System . SystemException,
(Common Language Runtime)
. , #, . 13.1.
13.1. ,
System
ArrayTypeMismatchException
DivideByZeroException
IndexOutOfRangeException
invalidCastException
Outof MemoryException
new -

overf lowException
NuilRef erenceException
, .. ,

stackoverf lowException
, . 13.1, , NuilRef erenceException. , ,

, . . null-,
n u l l . , , ,
. ,
NullReferenceException.
13.
365
// NullReferenceException.
using System;
class X {
int x;
public X(int a) {
x = a;
public int add(X o) {
return x + o.x;
// NullReferenceException.
class NREDemo {
X p new X(10);
X q = null; // q
// null,
int val;
try {
val = p.add(q); //
// .
} catch (NullReferenceException) {
Console.WriteLine("NullReferenceException!");
Console.WriteLine(" ...\n");
// ,
q = new X(9);
val = p.add(q);
Console.WriteLine(" val {}", val);
:
NullReferenceException!
...
val 19
X, add (),
, ,
, , .
Main () . , , , , q,
( n u l l ) .
p.iueth (), q . q
, q. x
NullReferenceException.
StackOverf lowException, . . , ,
366
I. #
, ,
. . , ,
, .

#- , #-
. # , .
"" . .
Exception. ,
,
ApplicationException, "" , , .
,
.
, ,
, Exception . ,
.
, "" .
10
RangeArray. , RangeArray i n t , . , , -5 27,
RangeArray. 10 ,
, ,
RangeArray. , , RangeArray. ,
"". ,
RangeArray
"" .
^ RangeArray.
//
//
// RangeArray.
using System;
// RangeArray.
c l a s s RangeArrayException : ApplicationException {
// ,
public RangeArrayException() : base() { }
p u b l i c RangeArrayException(string s t r ) : b a s e ( s t r )
{ }
// ToStringO
// RangeArrayException.
public override s t r i n g ToStringO {
r e t u r n Message;
13.
367
// RangeArray.
class RangeArray {
// .
int[] ; // .
int lowerBound; // .
int len; // Length.
// ,
high++;
if(high <= low) {
throw new RangeArrayException(
" ."),
}
len = high - low;
lowerBound = low;
upperBound = --high;
// Length, ,
public int Length {
get {
return len;
// RangeArray.
// ,
get {
if(ok(index)) {
} else {
throw new RangeArrayException(
" .");
// .set {
if(ok(index)) {
}
else throw new RangeArrayException(
" .");
// true,
// ,
if(index >= lowerBound & index <= upperBound)
return true;
return false;
368
I. #
//
// ,
class RangeArrayDemo {
try {
RangeArray ra = new RangeArray(-5, 5 ) ;
RangeArray ra2 = new RangeArray(1, 10);
// - .
Console.WriteLine(" : " + ra.Length);
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
ra[i] = i;
for(int i = -5; i <= 5; i++)
Console.Write(ra[i] + " " ) ;
// - 2.
Console.WriteLine(" 2: " + ra2.Length);
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
ra2[i] = i;
Console.Write(" ra2: ") ;
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
Console.Write(ra2[i] + " " ) ;
} catch (RangeArrayException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(exc);
}
// " ".
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
// ,
try {
RangeArray = new RangeArray(100, -10); // !
} catch (RangeArrayException exc) {
}
// ,
try {
RangeArray = new RangeArray(-2, 2 ) ;
for(int i = - 2 ; i <= 2; i++)
[i] = i;
for(int i = -2; i <= 10; i++) //
// .
Console.Write([i] + " " ) ;
13.
369
} catch (RangeArrayException exc)

:
: 11
: - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2: 10
2 : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
.
.
: - 2 - 1 0 1 2 .
RangeArray- RangeArrayException. -
A p p l i c a t i o n E x c e p t i o n . , ,
, A p p l i c a t i o n E x c e p t i o n . ,
RangeArray-.
,
Range Array t r y , .
RangeArray
#-
.
, "" .
, T o S t r i n g O . ,
, , #.

, , catch-, c a t c h catch-
. ,
Exception, Exception
. , , c a t c h .
, .
, , catch- . catch- . , catch- c a t c h , . #
catch- .
ExceptA
ExceptB. ExceptA A p p l i c a t i o n E x c e p t i o n ,
ExceptB ExceptA. .
370
I. #
//
//
// .
using System;
// .
class ExceptA : ApplicationException {
public ExceptA() : base() { }
public ExceptA(string str) : base(str) { }
return Message;
//
// ExceptA.
class ExceptB : ExceptA {
public ExceptB() : base() { }
public ExceptB(string str) : base(str) { }
return Message;
class OrderMatters {
for(int x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
try {
if(x==0) throw new ExceptA(
" ExceptA.");
else if(x==l) throw new ExceptB(
" ExceptB.");
else throw new ExceptionO;
}
catch (ExceptB exc) {
// .
}
catch (ExceptA exc) {
// .
}
catch (Exception exc) {
ExceptA.
ExceptB.
System.Exception: Exception of type System.Exception was thrown,
at OrderMatters.Main()
catch-.
. ExceptB ExceptA, catch ExceptB , 13.
371
ExceptA. catch-
Exception ( )
. , catch . .
catch-, , . , .
, ,
, ,
, .
checked
unchecked
# , , . , , ,
. , . , , :
byte a, b, result;
= 127;
b = 127;
result = (byte)(a * b ) ;
b
byte. , r e s u l t .
# checked unchecked. , , checked. ,
unchecked. ,
- .
checked .
checked-. .
checked {expr)
checked {
// , .
}
expr , .
,
OverflowException.
unchecked . ,
. , .
unchecked
372
(expr)
I. #
unchecked {
// , .
, .
.
, checked,
unchecked.
// checked unchecked.
using System;
class CheckedDemo {
byte a, b;
byte result;
a = 127;
b = 127;
try {
result = unchecked((byte)(a * b ) ) ;
Console.WriteLine("Unchecked-: " + result);
result = checked((byte)(a * b)); //
// .
Console.WriteLine("Checked-: " +
result); //
// .
catch (OverflowException exc) {
// .
:
Unchecked-: 1
System.OverflowException: Arithmetic operation resulted in an
overflow.
at CheckedDemo.Main()
, .
.

checked unchecked . , .
// checked unchecked
// .
using System;
class CheckedBlocks {
byte a, b;
byte result;
13.
373
= 127;
b = 127;
/
try {
unchecked {
a = 127;
b 127;
result = unchecked((byte)(a * b));
a 125;
b = 5;
result = unchecked((byte)(a * b ) ) ;
checked {
a = 2;
b = 7;
result = checked((byte)(a * b)); // .
Console.WriteLine("Checked-: " + result);
a = 127;
b = 127;
result = checked((byte)(a * b)); //
//
// .
Console.WriteLine("Checked-: " +
result); //
// .
catch (OverflowException exc) {
// .
Console .WriteLine (exc).;
:
Unchecked-: 1
Unchecked-: 113
Checked-: 14
System.OverflowException: Arithmetic operation resulted in an overflow,
at CheckedBlocks.Main()
, unchecked-
. checked .
checked
unchecked , checked/unchecked- . ,
.
374
I. #
#- -
Console.WriteLine (), .
#- - ,
, , . #- -. # - ,
.NET Framework, .NET-.
, . , #- - , .
#- -
- .
(stream) , ,
. #- . , , . , - . , , ,
.

#- - .
, - . .
, # char 16- , a byte 8-.
ASCII, char byte : char-.
Unicode-, . ,
( ) -. # , ,
byte-char- char-byte- .

,
Console. In, Console.Out Console.Error, , System. Console.Out . . , Console.WriteLine (}
Console.Out. Console. In , . C o n s o l e . E r r o r ,
. -. . , .
376
I. #

# , . ,
,
. ,
, , .
System. 10.
,
:
1 using System.10;
System. 10,
Console System.
Stream
#- System. 10. Stream.
stream
. , .. . Stream .
, Stream, . 14.1.
14.1. stream
v o i d c l o s e ()
v o i d F l u s h ()
i n t ReadByte ()
mt
Read (byte [ ] buf,

mt offset,
m t numBytes)
l o n g Seek (long offset,
S e e k o n g m origin)
v o i d WriteByte (byte )
Void w r i t e (byte [ ] buf,
int offset,
m t numBytes)

-1
numBytes buf, buf [offset],

numBytes buf, buf[offset]
- , . 14 1, IOException.
, , , , NotSupportedException.
, stream , . ,
,
. ,
Seek (). , Stream. . 14.2.
Length P o s i t i o n ,
, .
14. -
377
14.2. , stream
b o o l canRead
t r u e , .

b o o l canSeek
t r u e ,
.
b o o l Canwrite
t r u e , .
l o n g Length
long Position
. ,

s t r e a m .

Buf f eredstream
Filestream
, -
Memorystream
.
.

, #-. TextReader TextWriter. TextReader
, TextWriter
. , , . , -, .
. 14.3 , TextReader.
lOException.
( .)
ReadLine (), ,
string-. , .
14.3. , TextReader
v o i d c l o s e ()
int
Peek
int
Read
378

, . - 1 ,
- .
-1
I. #
. 14.3
int Read (char [] buf,

int offset,
int numChars)
numChars buf,
b u f [ o f f s e t ] ,
int ReadBlock(char[] buf,

numChars buf,
int offset,
buf[ offset],
int numChars)
string ReadLineO
s t r i n g .
null-
string ReadToEndO
, ,
string-
TextWriter Write () W r i t e L i n e O , . , , .
void Write(int val)
i n t
void Write(double val)
double
void Write(bool val)
b o o l
void WriteLine(string val)
s t r i n g
void WriteLine(uint val)
u i n t
void WriteLine(char val)
Write () WriteLine (), TextWriter

Close () Flush ():
v i r t u a l void Close()
v i r t u a l void Flush()
Flush () , , . Close () .
TextReader TextWriter -
, , . , ,
TextReader TextWriter.

streamReader
streamwriter
stringReader
stringwriter
14. -
379

, # ,
. , BinaryReader BinaryWriter, -.
, #- -, , , ,
-.
-
-
Console. In, Console.Out C o n s o l e . E r r o r . - , 2, .
, .
, , #- , , , , . , #- -,
- , . , .

Console. In TextReader,
, TextReader.
, Console,
Console. In. Console
: Read () ReadLme ().
Read () .
s t a t i c i n t Read()
Read () , . ,
- , .
i n t , char. ReadO 1, lOException. ( ), ,
, <Enter>.
, Read ().
// .
using System;
class Kbln {
char ch;
380
I. #
Console.Write{
" , <ENTER>: " ) ;
ch = (char) Console.Read(); //
// char-.
Console.WriteLine("
: " + c h ) ;
:
, <ENTER>:
:
, Read () , . <Enter>
, . , , . , ( ).
, ReadLine ().
static string ReadLine()
ReadLine () ,
<Enter>, s t r i n g . IOException.
,
Console. In ReadLine ().
// ReadLine().
using System;
c l a s s ReadString {
string str;
s t r = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine(" : " + s t r ) ;
.
I .
I .
I : .
Console
Console. In, TextReader. ,
, TextReader.
//
// Console.In.
using System;
class ReadChars2 {
string s t r ;
14. -
381
Console.WriteLine(" .")/
s t r = Console.In.ReadLine();
Console. WriteLine (" : " + str 4 );
, ReadLine ()
Console. In. , , TextReader, Console. In,
, .

Console.Out C o n s o l e . E r r o r TextWriter.
Write
WriteLineO, . . Console
Write () WriteLine ( ) , Console, . ( ) TextWriter,
Console.Out C o n s o l e . E r r o r .
,
Console.Out C o n s o l e . E r r o r .
// Console.Out C o n s o l e . E r r o r .
using System;
class ErrOut {
int a=10, b=0;
int r e s u l t ;
Console.Out.WriteLine(
" .");
try {
r e s u l t = / b; // .
} catch(DivideByZeroException exc) {
Console.Error.WriteLine(exc.Message);
:
.
Attempted to divide by zero.
, , C o n s o l e . E r r o r . Console.Out, C o n s o l e . E r r o r
, ?
: . ,
C o n s o l e . E r r o r ,
. , , , (log file), . ,
, , -
382
I. #
, .
, -.
F i l e s t r e a m -

# ,
. , .
. , # , . ,
. # . , .
, . . - .
,
FileStream. FileStream Stream . , , FileStream, System. 10. ,
:
1 u s i n g System.10;

, ,
FileStream. FileStream .
:
F i l e S t r e a m ( s t r i n g filename,
FileMode mode)
filename , , . mode ,
, . mode
, FileMode ( . 14.4).
.
14.4. F i l e M o d e
F i l e M o d e . Append
FileMode. Create
F i l e M o d e . CreateNew
F i l e M o d e . Open
FileMode. openOrCreate
, .
FileMode. Truncate
14. -
383
, .
,
FileNotFoundException. - -,
lOException.
: ArgumentNullException ( null-),
ArgumentException ( mode), SecurityException (
) DirectoryNotFoundException (
).

t e s t . dat .
FileStream f i n ;
try {
fin = new FileStream("test.dat", FileMode.Open);
}
catch(FileNotFoundException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(exc.Message) ;
return;
}
catch {
Console.WriteLine("He .");
return;
}
catch- ,
. , " ",
, . , , .
FileNotFoundException lOException,
( ) , ,
.
, FileStream
.
, :
FileStream(string filename, FileMode mode,
FileAccess how)
, filename , a mode
. , how,
. , FileAccess, :
FileAccess.Read
FileAccess.Write
FileAccess.ReadWrite
, t e s t . d a t
:
FileStream f i n = new F i l e S t r e a m ( " t e s t . d a t " , FileMode.Open,
FileAccess.Read);
.
Close (). :
void Close()
,
, .
Close () lOException.
384
I. #
Files tream
FileStream , :
ReadByteO Read (). ,
ReadByte ( ) , :
int ReadByte()
, . 1. NotSupportedExeption
( ) ObjectDisposedException ( ).
, Read (), :
i n t Read(byte[] buf, i n t offset,
i n t numBytes)
Read () numBytes buf, buf [off set]. . - lOException.
, NotSupportedException,
.
ReadByte ()
. . try/catch-,
, : "
" " ".
.
/* .
,
, .
, TEST.CS,
:
ShowFile TEST.CS
*/
using System;
using System.10;
class ShowFile {
public s t a t i c void Main(string[] args) {
int
i;
FileStream
fin;
try {
fin = new FileStream(args[0], FileMode.Open);
} catch(FileNotFoundException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(exc.Message) ;
return;
} catch(IndexOutOfRangeException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(exc.Message +
": ShowFile ");
return;
14. -
385
// , EOF.
do {
try {
i = fin.ReadByte();
} catch(Exception exc) {
Console.WriteLine(exc.Message);
return;
}
if(i != -1) Console.Write((char) i ) ;
} while(i != - 1 ) ;
fin.Close();

, WriteByte ().
:
void WriteByte(byte val)
, val. lOException. ,
NotSupportedException.
Write .
:
void Write(byte[] buf, int offset, int numBytes)
Write () numBytes buf,
buf [ o f f s e t ] .
lOException.
, NotSupportedException. .
, ,
,
, , .
. , ,
128 . , , ,
, .

, , Flush ():
void Flush()

lOException.
,
Close (). , , ,
.
Flush ().
.
386
I. #
// .
using System;
using System.10;
class WriteToFile {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
FileStream fout;
// ,
try {
fout = new FileStreamC'test.txt", FileMode.Create);
} catch(IOException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(
exc.Message +
" .")
return;
// ,
try {
for(char = '1; <= ''; ++)
fout.WriteByte((byte) ) ;
" .");
fout.Close();
t e s t . t x t .
, .
,
t r y / c a t c h . t e s t . t x t :
1 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Filestream
- FileStream
, ,
. , ,
.
.
/* .

.
, FIRST.DAT
SECOND.DAT,
:
CopyFile FIRST.DAT SECOND.DAT
*/
14. -
387
using System;
using System.10;
class CopyFile {
int i ;
FileStream fin;
FileStream fout;
try {
// ,
try {
fin = new FileStream(args[0], FileMode.Open);
} catch(FileNotFoundException exc) {
" .")
return;
// ,
try {
fout = new FileStream(args[1], FileMode.Create);
Console.WriteLine(
exc.Message +
" .");
return;
}
} catch(IndexOutOfRangeException exc) {
": CopyFile ");
return;
// ,
try {
do {
i = fin.ReadByte();
if(i != -1) fout.WriteByte((byte)i) ;
} while(i != -1) ;
" . " ) ;
fin.Close() ;
fout.Close() ;
388
I. #
-

, # . Unicode- ( ). , Unicode-, .
, , F i l e S t r e a m StreamReader
StreamWriter. .
,
. StreamReader StreamWriter
.
StreamWriter TextWriter, a StreamReader
TextReader. , StreamWriter StreamReader
, .
StreamWriter
,
Stream (, FileStream) StreamWriter.

StreamWriter . :
StreamWriter(Stream stream)
stream . Argument Except ion, stream ,
ArgumentNullException, () null-.
StreamWriter
.
"-", ,
, t e s t . t x t .
, "".
FileStream, StreamWriter
>.
/* "-",
StreamWriter. */
using System;
using System.10;
class KtoD {
string str;
FileStream fout;
try {
fout = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.Create);
catch(IOException exc) {
14. -
389
"He .");
return ;
}
StreamWriter fstr_out - new StreamWriter(fout);
Console.WriteLine(
" ('' ).");
do {
Console.Write(": " ) ;
str = Console.ReadLine();
if(str != "") {
str = str + "\r\n"; //
// ,
try {
fstr_out.Write(str);
" .");
return ;
} while(str != "");
fstr_out.Close() ;
StreamWriter. :
StreamWriter(string filename)
StreamWriter(string filename, bool appendFlag)
filename ,
. appendFlag
bool: appendFlag t r u e ,
. .
, , , - IOException (
).
"-",
StreamWriter.
// StreamWriter.
using System;
using System.10;
class KtoD {
string str;
StreamWriter fstr_out;
// ,
// StreamWriter.
try {
fstr_out = new StreamWriter("test.txt");
390
I. #
"He .");
return ;
Console.WriteLine(
" ('1 ).");
do {
if(str != "") {
str = str + "\r\n"; //
// ,
try {
fstr_out.Write(str);
v
Console.WriteLine(
exc.Message +
" . " ) ;
return ;
} while(str != "");
fstr_out.Close() ;
StreamReader
,
- StreamReader. StreamReader
. :
StreamReader(Stream stream)
stream . ArgumentNullException, stream n u l l , ArgumentException, stream
. StreamReader
.
"-", t e s t . t x t . , ,
^ .
/* "-",
FileReader. */
using System;
using System.10;
class DtoS {
FileStream fin;
14. -
391
string s;
try {
fin = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.Open);
}
"He .");
return ;
StreamReader fstr_in = new StreamReader(fin);
// ,
while ((s = fstr__in.ReadLine () ) != null) {
Console.WriteLine(s);
f strain. Close () ;
, . , ReadLine ( ) , n u l l , , .
StreamWriter, , StreamReader. :
StreamReader(string filename)
filename ,
. . FileNotFoundException. filename
n u l l , ArgumentNullException,
, ArgumentException.

, , Console. In, . , - .
/ . , ,
.
, .
. -, " < " " > " ,
Console. In / Console.Out, . , , :
u s i n g System;
class Test {
392
I. #

Test > log
" ." log. . , , . .
" < " " > " #, . ,
- ( Windows),
, .
,
. S e t l n ( ) , SetOut ()
S e t E r r o r (), Console:
static void Setln(TextReader input)
static void SetOut(TextWriter output)
static void SetError(TextWriter output)
, , S e t i n O ,
.
, TextReader.
, Filestream-,
StreamWriter-. :
// Console.Out.
using System;
using System.10;
class Redirect {
StreamWriter log_out;
try {
log_out = new StreamWriter("logfile.txt");
}
"He .");
return ;
//
// .
Console.SetOut(log_out);
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) Console.WriteLine(i);
log_out.Close() ;
14. -
393
,
logf i l e . t x t :
.
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
.
,
-.

, - . ,
, i n t - , double- short-. #- BinaryReader
BinaryWriter. , , , .
BinaryWriter
BinaryWriter ,
.
:
BinaryWriter(Stream outputStream)
outputStream
, . , , FileStream. outputStream
null-, ArgumentNullException, outputStream , ArgumentException.

BinaryWriter ,
#- ( . 14.5). : s t r i n g , . BinaryWriter
p l o s e () Flush (), .
14.5. , BinaryWriter
void w r i t e (sbyte val)

void w r i t e (byte val)
394
byte- ( )
byte- ( )
I. #
. 14.5
v o i d w r i t e ( b y t e [ ] buf)
byte-
v o i d w r i t e ( s h o r t vai)
s h o r t ( )
v o i d w r i t e ( u s h o r t vai)
u s h o r t - ( )
v o i d w r i t e ( i n t vai)
i n t
v o i d w r i t e ( u i n t vai)
uint- ( )
void w r i t e (long vai)
l o n g ( )
v o i d w r i t e ( u i o n g vai)
uiong- ( )
v o i d w r i t e ( f l o a t vai)
float-
v o i d w r i t e (double v a i )
double-
v o i d w r i t e ( c h a r vai)
void w r i t e (char[] buf)
v o i d w r i t e ( s t r i n g vai)
string- ,
BinaryReader
BinaryReader ,
.
:
BinaryReader(Stream.inputStream)
inputStream
, .
, ,
FileStream. inputStream null-, ArgumentNullException, inputStream
, ArgumentException.
BinaryReader #. . 14.6. ,
ReadStringO , , . EndOfStreamException, IOException. BinaryReader Read ():
i n t Re a d ()
. -1
i n t Read ( b y t e [ ] buf,
i n t offset,
i n t num)
num buf,
buf[offset],

i n t Read (char [ ] buf,

i n t offset,
i n t )
buf,
buf[offset],

IOException.
14. -
395
BinaryReader Close ( ) .
14.6. , BinaryReadez
bool ReadBoolean()
booi-
byte ReadByte()
byte-
sbyte ReadSByteO
sbyte-
byte[] ReadBytes(int num)
char ReadChar()
char-
char[] ReadChars(int num)
double ReadDouble()
double-
float ReadSmgle ()
float-
short Readlntl6()
short-
i n t Readlnt32()
int-
long Readlnt64()
long-
ushort ReadUIntl6()
ushort-
uint ReadUInt32()
uint-
ulong ReadUInt64()
uiong-
s t r i n g ReadStringO
string-,
, . ,
B i n a r y W r i t e r
-
, BinaryReader
BinaryWriter. , .
//
//
.
using System;
using System.10;
class RWData {
BinaryWriter dataOut;
BinaryReader dataln;
int i = 10;
double d = 1023.56;
bool b = true;
try {
dataOut = new
BinaryWriter(new FileStream("testdata",
FileMode.Create));
}
"\nHe . 1 1 );
396
I. #
return;
try {
dataOut.Write(i) ;
Console.WriteLine(" " + d ) ;
dataOut.Write(d);
Console.WriteLine(" " + b ) ;
dataOut.Write(b);
Console.WriteLine(" " + 12.2 * 7.4);
dataOut.Write(12.2 * 7.4);
" .");
dataOut.Close();
// ,
try {
dataln = new
BinaryReader(new FileStream("testdata",
FileMode.Open));
}
"\nHe .");
return;
try {
i = dataln.Readlnt32();
d = dataln.ReadDouble();
b = dataln.ReadBoolean();
Console.WriteLine(" " + b ) ;
d = dataln.ReadDouble();
}
" .");
dataln.Close ();
14. -
>
397
:
10
1023.56
True
90.28
10
1023.56
True
90.28
t e s t d a t a ,
, , ,
.
, #-
-.
. , .
,
. , .
/* BinaryReader BinaryWriter
. */
using System;
using System.10;
class Inventory {
BinaryWriter dataOut;
BinaryReader dataln;
string item; // .
int onhand; // , .
double cost; // .
try {
dataOut = new
BinaryWriter(new FileStream("inventory.dat",
FileMode.Create));
}
"\nHe .");
return;
}
//
//
,
try {
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(10) ;
dataOut.Write(3.95);
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(18);
dataOut.Write(1.50);
398
I. #
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(5) ;
dataOut.Write(4.95) ;
dataOut.Write("");
dataOut.Write(8) ;
dataOut.Write(8.95) ;
}
"\ .");
dataOut.Close() ;
//
// ,
try {
dataln = new
BinaryReader(new FileStream("inventory.dat",
FileMode.Open));
}
"\nHe .");
return;
// , .
string what = Console.ReadLine();
try {
for(;;) {
// ,
item = dataln.ReadString();
onhand = dataln.Readlnt32();
cost = dataln.ReadDouble();
/*
, . */
if(item.CompareTo(what) = = 0 ) {
Console.WriteLine(item + ": " + onhand +
" . " +
": {0:} .",
cost);
Console.WriteLine(
" <{0}>: {1:}." ,
item, cost * onhand);
break;
catch(EndOfStreamException) {
14. -
399
Console.WriteLine(exc.Message + " .");
}
dataln.Close();
}
}
:
:
: 18 . : $1.50 .
<>: $27.00.
, , . , , , , , . ,
.
,
.
EndOfStreamException, , ,
. , .
LJ
, .. , , . # , . Seek(), FileStream. ( ) .
Seek () :
long Seek(long newPos, SeekOrigin
origin)
newPos , ,
, origin. origin , SeekOrigin.
SeekOrigin. Begin
SeekOrigin. Current
SeekOrigin.End
Seek () . - , IOException. , NotSupportedException.

400
I. #
, -
. , .
// .
using System;
using System.10;
class RandomAccessDemo {
FileStream f;
char ch;
try {
f = new FileStream("random.dat", FileMode.Create);
}
return ;
/ / .
f o r ( i n t i=0; i < 26; i++) {
try {
f.WriteByte((byte)('A'+i));
}
return ;
try {
// .
f.Seek(O, SeekOrigin.Begin); // .
ch = (char) f.ReadByte();
Console.WriteLine(" " + ch) ;
f.Seekd, SeekOrigin.Begin) ; // .
Console.WriteLine(" " + ch) ;
f.Seek(4, SeekOrigin.Begin); // . v
Console.WriteLine(" " + ch);
// .
for(int i=0; i < 26; i += 2) {
f.Seekd,
SeekOrigin.Begin) ; / /
/ / i- .
Console.Write(ch + " " ) ;
14. -
401
f.Close ();
:

:
ACEGIKMOQSUWY
Memory Stream
-
.
. MemoryStream.
MemoryStream Stream, - . :
MemoryStream(byte[] buf)
buf ,
- / . , ,
. Seek (). buf,
.
,

jyiemoryStream:
// MemoryStream.
using System;
using System.10;
class MemStrDemo {
byte[] storage = new byte[255];
// .
MemoryStream memstrm = new MemoryStream(storage) ;
// memstrm StreamWriter
// StreamReader.
StreamWriter memwtr = new StreamWriter(memstrm) ;
StreamReader memrdr = new StreamReader(memstrm);
//
// memwtr.
402
I. #
memwtr'.WriteLine("byte
[" + i + "] : " + i) ;
// ,
merawtr.Write (f . ') ;
memwtr.Flush();
Console.WriteLine(
" storage:
// .
foreach(char ch in storage) {
if (ch == '.') break;
Console.Write(ch);
Console.WriteLine(
" memrdr: " ) ;
// memstrm,
// .
menistrm.Seek(O, SeekOrigin.Begin) ; //
// .
string str = memrdr.ReadLine();
while(str != null) {
str = memrdr.ReadLine();
if (str.CompareToC1.11) == 0) break;
Console.WriteLine(str) ;
:
storage:
byte [0]: 0
byte [1]: 1
byte [2]: 2
byte [3]: 3
byte [4]: 4
byte [5]: 5
byte [6]: 6
byte [7]: 7
byte [8]: 8
byte [9]: 9
memrdr:
byte [1]: 1
byte [2] : 2
byte [3]: 3
byte [4]: 4
byte [5]: 5
byte [6]: 6
byte [7]: 7
byte [8]: 8
byte [9]: 9
14. -
403
storage. memstrcn Memory Stream.

memstrm StreamReader memrdr
StreamWritex memwtr. memwtr , . , memwtr flush (). , , memwtr, .
"", .. foreach.
Seek () ,
memrdr.
, , . ,
, .
GUI-, Windows.
. , ,
.
StringReader
StringWriter
-, ,
(byte-) , (string-). StringReader StringWriter. StringReader TextReader, StringWriter TextWriter. ,
, . ,
ReadLineO StringReader
WriteLine () StringWriter.
StringReader :
S t r i n g R e a d e r ( s t r i n g str)
s t r ,
.
StringWriter . :
StringWriter()
"" , .
StringWriter. , T o S t r i n g O .
StringReader StringWriter.
// StringReader
// StringWriter.
using System;
using System.10;
class StrRdrDemo {
// StringWriter.
404
I. #
StringWriter strwtr = new StringWriter();

// StringWriter-.
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
strwtr.WriteLine(" i : " + i ) ;
// StringReader.
StringReader strrdr = new StringReader(
strwtr.ToStringO ) ;
// StringReader-.
string str = strrdr.ReadLine();
while(str != null) {
str = strrdr.ReadLine();
:
i : 1
i : 2
i : 3
i : 4
i : 5
i :
i : 7
i : 8
i : 9
S t r i n g W r i t e r s t r w t r
WriteLine ().
StringReader , s t r w t r ,
T o S t r i n g O . ,
ReadLine ().
-, , . , #-
WriteLine ()
( , i n t double) . , WriteLine () . # , .. ,
. , , ,
"100", , int-. , , Parse ().
14. -
405
, .
#- (, i n t double)
(.. ) , .NET
Framework. Microsoft , #- .NET-
. . #- , , .
.NET- #- (
) .
.NET'
Decimal
decimal
Double
double
Single
float
Intl6
short
Int32
int
Int64
long
UIntl6
ushort
UInt32
uint
UInt64
ulong
Byte
byte
Sbyte
sbyte
System. ,
Int32 "" System. I n t 3 2 .
, #- . "" , .
. ,
.
Decimal
static decimal Parse(string str)
Double
static double Parse(string str)
Single
static float Parse(string str)
Int64
static long Parse(string str)
Int32
static int Parse(string str)
Intl6
static short Parse(string str)
UInt64
static ulong Parse(string str)
UInt32
static uint Parse(string str)
UIntl6
static ushort Parse(string str)
Byte
static byte Parse(string str)
SByte
static sbyte Parse(string str)
Parse () FormatException,
str , .
str null-, ArgumentNullException, a
406
I. #
str , , Overf lowException.

, , . , , .
,
ReadLineO I n t 3 2 . Parse () . ,
Double. Parse () double-.
// ,
// .
using
using
System;
System.10;
c l a s s AvgNums {
string str;
i n t n;
double sum = 0 . 0 ;
double avg, t ;
s t r = Console.ReadLine();
try {
n = Int32.Parse(str) ;
}
catch(FormatException exc) {
n = 0;
}
catch(OverflowException exc) {
n = 0;
Console.WriteLine(" " + n + " .");

for(int i=0; i < n ; i++) {
Console.Write(": ") ;
try {
t = Double.Parse(str);
} catch(FormatException exc) {
t - 0.0;
}
catch(OverflowException exc) {
t = 0;
}
sum += t;
}
avg = sum / n;
Console.WriteLine(" " + avg);
14. -
407
:
: 5
5 .
: 1.1
: 2.2
: 3.3
: 4.4
: 5.5
3.3
. ,
. ,
I n t 3 2 . Parse () , ,
.
408
I. #
#-: . ,
, .
, .
, #.
(delegate). ,
. , , , . ,
. , ,
.
,
, , . ,
. , . ,
, , . .
, .
11 la
C/C++, ,
C/C++
,
, , . , , ,
, . .
d e l e g a t e . :
d e l e g a t e _
{_);
_ , , .
. , , ,
_.
, (..
) .
, ,
, .
, :
// .
using System;
// .
delegate string strMod(string stx);
class DelegateTest {
// .
410
I. #
static string replaceSpaces(string a) {

return a.Replace(' ', ' - ' ) ;
// .
static string removeSpaces(string a) {
string temp = "";
int i;
for(i=0; i < a.Length; i++)
if (a[i] != ' f ) temp += a[i] ;
return temp;
// ,
static string reverse(string a) {
string temp = "";
int i, j;
for(j=0, i=a.Length-l; i >= 0; i ,
temp += a[i];
return temp;
// .
strMod strOp = new strMod(replaceSpaces);
string str;
// .
str = str0p("3TO .");
Console.WriteLine(" : " + str);
strOp = new strMod(removeSpaces);
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = new strMod(reverse);
str = strOp(" .");
:
.
: --.
.
: .
.
: .
15.
411
, strMod,
s t r i n g string-. DelegateTest
, , .
. , replaceSpaces ()
Replace () s t r i n g .
Main () strMod strOp, replaceSpaces (). :
1 strMod strOp = new s t r M o d ( r e p l a c e S p a c e s ) ;
, replaceSpaces () . ( ).
: , . ,
.
.
replaceSpaces ()
strOp, :
I s t r = strOp(" . " ) ;
strOp replaceSpaces ( ) ,
replaceSpaces (). strOp
removeSpaces (), strOp .
removeSpaces ().
, strOp r e v e r s e (),
strOp . , ,
reverse().
, s t r o p , strOp . ,
,
.
, .
. , ,
StringOps:
//
// .
using System;
// .
delegate string strMod(string str);
class StringOps {
// ,
public string replaceSpaces(string a) {
f
return a.Replace( ', ' - ' ) ;
}
// .
public string removeSpaces(string a) {
string temp = "";
int i;
412
I. #
if(a[i] != f ') temp += a[i];
return temp;
// ,
public string reverse(string a) {
string temp = "";
int i f j;
for(j=0, i=a.Length-l; i >= 0; i ,
temp += a[i];
return temp;
class DelegateTest {
StringOps so = new StringOps(); //
// StringOps.
// .
strMod strOp = new strMod(so.replaceSpaces);
string str;
// ,
str = str0p("3TO .");
strOp = new strMod(so.removeSpaces);
str = strOp(" .");
strOp = new strMod(so.reverse);
str = strOp(" .");

, StringOps.

(multicasting). ,
( ) , . .
,
"+=".
" - = " . (
" + " , " - " " = " , "+=" "-=".)
15.
413
:
void.
. , s t r i n g , , void, ref-.
// .
using System;
// .
delegate void strMod(ref string str);
class StringOps {
// ,
static void replaceSpaces(ref string a) {
a = a.Replace(' , f - f ) ;
}
// .
static void removeSpaces(ref string a) {
string temp = "";
int i;
if(a[i] != f f ) temp += a[i];
a = temp;
}
// ,
static void reverse(ref string a) {
string temp = "";
int i, j;
for(j=0, i=a.Length-l; i >= 0; i , j++)
temp += a[i];
a = temp;
}
// .
strMod strOp;
strMod replaceSp = new strMod(replaceSpaces);
strMod removeSp = new strMod(removeSpaces);
strMod reverseStr = new strMod(reverse);
string str = " .";
// .
strOp = replaceSp;
strOp += reverseStr;
// .
strOp(ref str) ;
414
I. #

//
// .
strOp -= replaceSp;
strOp += removeSp;
str = " ."; //
// .
// .
strOp(ref str);
:
.
.
: .--
.
.
: .
Main() . , strOp,
null-. . , removeSpaces ()
r e v e r s e ( ) . :
strOp = repiaceSp;
strOp += reverseStr;
strOp replaceSp. , "+=", r e v e r s e S t r .

s t r o p ,
.

I strOp -== replaceSp;
replaceSp,
1 strOp += removeSp;
removeSp.
StrOp .
, .
, , , , " ". , .
System.Delegate
,
System. Delegate. ,
System. Delegate. .
15.
415

, ""
, " ?". ,
. -,
, .
-, ,
. , ,
. , (
Windows Paint). ,
. , ""
. .
#: (event). .
. ,
, .
, .
: .
,
event. :
event _ ;
_ ,
, .
.
// .
using System;
// ,
delegate void MyEventHandler();
// ,
class MyEvent {
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent;
// ,
public void OnSomeEvent() {
if(SomeEvent != null)
SomeEvent();
class EventDemo {
// ,
static void handler() {
416
I. #
MyEvent evt = new MyEvent();
// handler() ,
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(handler);
// ,
evt.OnSomeEvent();
:
1 .
, , . .
:
I d e l e g a t e void MyEventHandler();
. ,
. ,
. , void.
MyEvent. ,
, SomeEvent:
I p u b l i c event MyEventHandler SomeEvent;
. .
, MyEvent OnSomeEvent (),
, . ( ,
, .) , SomeEvent.
SomeEvent();
, , SomeEvent null-. , , ,
, OnSomeEvent () . null-, , 11-.
EventDemo h a n d l e r (). , , .
, Main() MyEvent,
h a n d l e r () .
// h a n d l e r ( ) ,
,
"+=". , "+=" " - = " . h a n d l e r () ,
15.
417
. , "" ,
.
I/ .
evt.OnSomeEvent();
OnSomeEvent () . , ,
, .

.
,
.
// ,
// .
using System;
// ,
// ,
class MyEvent {
// ,
SomeEvent();
class X {
public void XhandlerO {
Console.WriteLine(",
X.");
class Y {
public void YhandlerO {
Console.WriteLine(", Y . ) ;
class EventDemo {
static void handler() {
Console.WriteLine(
", EventDemo.");
public static
MyEvent evt
X xOb = new
Y yOb = new
418
void Main() {
= new MyEvent();
X();
Y () ;
I. #
// ,
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(xOb.Xhandler);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(yOb.Yhandler);
// ,
evt.OnSomeEvent();
// .
evt.SomeEvent -= new MyEventHandler(xOb.Xhandler);
evt.OnSomeEvent();
}
}
:
, EventDemo.
, X.
, Y.
, EventDemo.
, Y.
X Y, , MyEventHandler.
, .
, Y .
, ,
,
.
.

,
,
, . , ( ). , . ,
, , . "" "" , , , . .
, . , X . X.
/*

. */
u s i n g System;
15.
419
// ,
// ,
class MyEvent {
// ,
SomeEvent();
class X {
int id;
public X(int x) { id = x; }
// ,
// ,
public void Xhandler() {
Console.WriteLine(" " + id);
class EventDemo {
X ol = new X(l) ;
X o2 = new X(2) ;
X o3 = new X(3);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(ol.Xhandler);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(o2.Xhandler);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(o3.Xhandler);
// ,
evt.OnSomeEvent() ;
:
I 1
I 2
1 3
, .
, ,
, .
/*

. */
using System;
// .
420
I. #

// ,
class MyEvent {
// ,
SomeEvent();
}
class X {
/* ,
. */
public static void XhandlerO {
class EventDemo {
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(X.Xhandler);
// ,
evt.OnSomeEvent();
:
I .
, .
h a n d l e r () X, SomeEvent OnSomeEvent ().

, . ,
, , , ,
. ,
.
, , .
, , , .
,
event-, .
. :
event _ __ {
add
15.
421
// .
remove {
// .
}
: add remove.
add , "+="
, remove , " - = " .
add remove , , . , , value. add remove .
, , .
. . , .
// .
using System;
// ,
//
// ,
class MyEvent {
MyEventHandler[] evnt = new MyEventHandler[3];
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent {
// ,
add {
int i ;
for(i=0; i < 3;
i f ( e v n t [ i ] == null) {
evnt[i] - value;
break;
if
(i == 3)
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
// ,
remove {
int i ;
for(i=0; i < 3;
if(evnt[i] == value)
evnt[i] = null;
break;
422
I. C#
if (i ~ 3)
// ,
for(int i=0; i < 3; i++)
if(evnt[i] !== null) evnt[i]();
// ,
// MyEventHandler.
class W {
public void WhandlerO {
Console.WriteLine(" W.")
class X {
public void XhandlerO {
Console.WriteLine("
X.");
class Y {
public void YhandlerO {
Console.WriteLine(" Y . " ) ;
class Z {
public void ZhandlerO {
Console.WriteLine(" Z.")
class EventDemo {
W wOb = new W();
X xOb = new X();
Y yOb = new Y () ;
Z zOb = new Z () ;
// .
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(wOb.Whandler);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(xOb.Xhandler);
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(yOb.Yhandler);
// ,
evt.SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler(zOb.Zhandler);
// .
15.
423
evt.OnSomeEvent() ;
// .
Console.WriteLine(" xOb.Xhandler.");
evt.OnSomeEvent();
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" xOb.Xhandler.");
evt.OnSomeEvent();
// Zhandler.
Console.WriteLine(" zOb.Zhandler.")
evt. SomeEvent += new MyEventHandler (zOb. Z*handler) ;
evt.OnSomeEvent();
:
.
.
W.
X.
Y.
xOb.Xhandler.
W.
Y.
xOb.Xhandler.
.
W.
Y.
zOb.Zhandler.
W.
Z.
Y.
. MyEventHandler. MyEvent,
, evnt.
I MyEventHandler[] evnt = new MyEventHandler[3];
, . evnt null-
.
event-, .
424
I. #
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent {

// ,
add {
int i ;
for(i=0; i < 3;
if(evnt[i] == null) {
evnt[ij = value;
break;
if
(i == 3)
^
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
// ,
remove {
int i;
for(i=0; i < 3; i
if(evnt[i] == value) {
evnt[i] = null;
break;
}
if (i == 3)
add-,
( value) evnt. ,
. evnt
, .
remove-, evnt , value.
, n u l l , .
OnSomeEvent (). evnt, .
,
. , . event-, , . ,
, ,
.

. "" . . . , 15.
425
add remove,
. sealed. , .. .

.NET Framework
# . .NET Framework , Microsoft .
,
. , . EventArgs ,
. , .NET-
:
void handler(object source, EventArgs arg) {
source .
EventArgs ,
.
EventArgs , ; , , .
, EventArgs
Empty, , .
, .NET- .
// .NET- .
using System;
// , EventArgs.
c l a s s MyEventArgs : EventArgs {
p u b l i c i n t eventnum;
}
// .
delegate void MyEventHandler(object source,
MyEventArgs arg);
// ,
class MyEvent {
s t a t i c i n t count = 0;
// SomeEvent-.
MyEventArgs arg = new MyEventArgs();
if(SomeEvent
426
!= null) {
I. #
arg.eventnum = count++;
SomeEvent(this, arg);
class X {
public void handler(object source, MyEventArgs arg) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + arg.eventnum +
11
X . " ) ;
source + " . " ) ;
class Y {
public void handler(object source, MyEventArgs arg) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + arg.eventnum +
" Y.");
source + " . " ) ;
class EventDerno
public static
X obi - new
Y ob2 = new
MyEvent evt
{
void Main() {
X() ;
();
new MyEventO;
// handler() ,
evt. SomeEvert +-- new MyEventHandler (obi .handler) ;
evt.SomeEvent +~ new MyEventHandler(ob2.handler);
// ,
evt.OnSomeEvent();
evt.OnSomeEvent();
:
0 X.
MyEvent.
0 Y.
MyEvent.
1 X.
MyEvent.
I Y.
MyEvent.
MyEventArgs EventArgs.
MyEventArgs "" eventnum.
15.
427
.NET Framework MyEventHandler

. , ,
EventArgs EventArgs. MyEventArgs.
EventHandler
EventArgs .
.NET Framework , EventHandler. , . EventHandler.
// EventHandler.
using System;
// ,
class MyEvent {
public event EventHandler SomeEvent; //
// EventHandler.
//
// SomeEvent-.
SomeEvent(this, EventArgs.Empty);
class EventDemo {
static void handler(object source, EventArgs arg) {
source + " . " ) ;
// handler() ,
evt.SomeEvent +- new EventHandler(handler);
// ,
evt.OnSomeEvent();
EventArgs - EventArgs.Empty.
:
I .
I MyEvent.
428
I. #
:
, Windows. ,
, .
#, . ,
, .
.
Windows-, , ,
.
. KeyPress, OnKeyPress ().
// ,
// .
using System;
// EventArgs,
// ,
class KeyEventArgs : EventArgs {
public char ch;
}
// .
delegate void KeyHandler(object source, KeyEventArgs arg);
// ,
// ,
class KeyEvent {
public event KeyHandler KeyPress;
//
// - ,
public void OnKeyPress(char key) {
KeyEventArgs k = new KeyEventArgs();
if(KeyPress != null) {
k.ch = key;
KeyPress(this, k ) ;
// , ,
class ProcessKey {
public void keyhandler(object source, KeyEventArgs arg) {
Console.WriteLine(
" : " + arg.cn);
15.
429
// ,
//
,
class CountKeys {
public int count = 0 ;
public void keyhandler(object source, KeyEventArgs arg) {
count++;
// KeyEvent.
c l a s s KeyEventDemo {
KeyEvent kevt = new KeyEvent();
ProcessKey pk = new ProcessKey();
CountKeys ck = new CountKeys();
char ch;
kevt.KeyPress += new KeyHandler(pk.keyhandler);
kevt.KeyPress +~ new KeyHandler(ck.keyhandler);
Console.WriteLine(" . " +
"
.");
do {
ch = (char) Console.Read();
kevt.OnKeyPress(ch);
} while(ch !- ' . ' ) ;
k.count + " .");
:
. .
.
:
:
:
:
: .
5 .
KeyEventArgs, .
KeyHandler ,
. KeyEvent.
: ProcessKey
CountKeys. ProcessKey keyhandler (), . CountKeys
. MainO
KeyEvent. ProcessKey CountKeys, a
keyhandler () ,
kevt.KeyPress. , kevt .OnKeyPress ( ) , .
430
I. #
#-,
. ,
.

2, #: . , # . ,
, ,
.
. .
,
. , ,
, , . .NET Framework ( #-)
System. :
using System;
^
14, - , System, System. 10.
, System, #.
, , , , , , .
" " ,
. ,
Finder, ,
Finder , .
, , , , .

namespace.
:
namespace {
//
}
. ,
, . , .
, , , , .
432
I. #
namespace,
Counter. , , Count Down.
// .
namespace Counter {
// ,
class CountDown {
int val;
public CountDown(int n) {
val = n;
}
public void reset(int n) {
val = n;
public int count() {
if(val > 0) return val--;
else return 0;
)
CountDown , Counter.
, Counter.
// .
using System;
// ,
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
public CountDown(int n) { val = n; }
val = n;
}
if(val > 0) return v a l ;
else return 0;
c l a s s NSDemo {
Counter.CountDown cdl = new Counter.CountDown(10);
int i;
do {
16. ,
433
i = cdl.count();
} while(i > 0 ) ;
Counter.CountDown cd2 = new Counter.CountDown(20);
do {
i = cd2.count();
} while(i > 0 ) ;
Cd2.reset (4);
do {
i = cd2.count();
} while(i > 0 ) ;
:
1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 4 3 2 1 0
. -,
CountDown Counter,
CountDown, , Counter.
1 Counter.CountDown c d l = new Counter.CountDown(10);
Counter , (
) ( "-") . ,
c d l . count () ,
:
I i = cdl.count();

, , , , . ,
jCountDown, Counter2.
// ,
// .
using System;
// ,
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
434
I. #

val = n;
else return 0;
// ,
namespace Counter2 {
/* CountDown
Counter2
, Counter. */
class CountDown {
public void count() {
Console.WriteLine(" count() " +
" Counter2.");
class NSDemo {
// CountDown
// Counter.
Counter.CountDown cdl = new Counter.CountDown(10);
// CountDown
// Counter2.
Counter2.CountDown cd2 = new Counter2.CountDown();
int i;
do {
i = cdl.count();
} while(i > 0 ) ;
cd2.count();
:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
count() Counter2.
, CountDown
Counter CountDown,
Counter2, .
, ,
, ,
.
16. ,
435
u s i n g
" 2,
,
, . using. using, #- System,
. , u s i n g , .
using. :
u s i n g ;
, . u s i n g . , , () ,
. u s i n g ,
.. .
, , u s i n g .
// .
using System;
// Counter,
using Counter;
// ,
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
val = n;
else return 0;
class NSDemo {
// CountDown
// .
CountDown cdl = new CountDown(10);
436
I. #
int
i;
do {
i = cdl.count();
Console.Write (i + " " ) ;
} while(i > 0);
CountDown cd2 = new CountDown(20);
do {
i = cd2.count();
} while(i > 0 ) ;
cd2.reset(4);
do {
i = cd2.count();
} while(i > 0 ) ;
:
.
,
. ,
System Counter.
using
using :
using = ;
,
.
, , Count
Counter.CountDown.
// .
using System;
// Counter.CountDown.
using Count = Counter.CountDown;
// .
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
}
p u b l i c v o i d r e s e t ( i n t n) {
16. ,
437
val
= n;

else return 0;
class NSDemo {
// Count
// Counter.CountDown.
Count cdl = new Count(10);
int i;
do {
i = cdl.count();
} while(i > 0 ) ;
Count cd2 = new Count(20);
do {
i = cd2.count() ;
} while(i > 0) ;
cd2.reset (4);
do {
i = cd2.count();
} while(i > 0 ) ;
Count Counter.CountDown, CountDown . ,

I Count cdl = new Count(10);
CountDown.

.
. , Counter. CountDown, Countup.
Counter .
ll ,
using System;
438
I. #
// "" Counter,
using Counter;
//
// Counter,
namespace Counter {
// .
class CountDown {
int val;
val = n;
val - n;
else return 0;
//
// Counter,
namespace Counter {
// ,
class CountUp {
int val;
int target;
public int Target {
get{
return target;
public CountUp(int n) {
target = n;
val = 0;
public void^ reset (int n) {
target = n;
val = 0;
if(val < target) return val++;
else return target;
class NSDemo {
16. ,
439
CountDown cd = new CountDown(10)

CountUp cu = new CountUp(8);
int i;
do {
i = cd.count();
} while (i > 0 ) ;
do {
i = cu.count();
} while(i < cu.Target);
:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.
I using Counter;
"" .
CountDown CountUp ,
. , Counter
, .

. :
// .
using System;
namespace NS1 {
class ClassA {
public ClassA() {
Console.WriteLine(" ClassA.");
}
}
namespace NS2 { // ,
class ClassB {
public ClassB() {
Console.WriteLine(" ClassB.");
c l a s s NestedNSDemo {
N S 1 . C l a s s A a= new N S 1 . C l a s s A ( ) ;
// N S 2 . C l a s s B b = new N S 2 . C l a s s B ( ) ; // ! ! !
440
I. #
// NS2 .
NS1.NS2.ClassB b = new NS1.NS2.ClassB(); //
// .
:
ClassA.
ClassB.
NS2 NS1. , ClassB ,

: NS1, NS2. NS2 .
, .
,
. ,
namespace OuterNS {
namespace InnerNS {
:
namespace OuterNS.InnerNS {

,
, .
, . ( , )
( ), .
.
, ,
.
# , .
, , . "" C++,
# , C++. ,
, , (preprocessor). ,
.
16. ,
441
# :
#define
#elif
#else
#endif
#endregion,
terror
#if
#line
#region
#undef
#warning
" # " . , .
, # , ,
. ,
. .
# define
#def i n e , . # i f # e l i f ,
. #def i n e :
#define
, .
#def i n e , .
, EXPERIMENTAL,
:
1 #define EXPERIMENTAL
^SB^SSiil
C/C++ #define
, ,
, .
#define C# . # #define .
#if #endif
# i f #endif , , . , . .
, #def ine, .
# i f :
#if _
_
#endif
, # i f (_), , , #endif
( _), . .
#endif tif-.
442
I. #
.
: !, ==, !=, && | |.
.
#if, #endif #def ine.
// #if, #endif
// tdefine.
#define EXPERIMENTAL
using System;
class Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
#endif
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
:
.
.
#define
EXPERIMENTAL. # i f
EXPERIMENTAL , ( )
WriteLine ()-. EXPERIMENTAL
, WriteLine ()- , # i f .
WriteLine () - ,
# if-. , # i f . :
// .
#define TRIAL
using System;
class Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
#endif
#if EXPERIMENTAL && TRIAL
Console.Error.WriteLine(
" .");
#endif
16. ,
443
Console.WriteLine(
" .")
:
.
.
.
, EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL. WriteLine () - ,

.
#else #elif
# e l s e else- #, .. , # i f . .
// #else.
using System;
class Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
#else
Console.WriteLine(" -.");
#endif
#if EXPERIMENTAL && TRIAL
" .");
#else
" .");
#endif
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
:
.
.
.
TRIAL , #1-
.
, # e l s e
#if-, telse-, #if
#endif.
444
I. #
# e l i f " " i f - e l s e- i f - . # e l i f .
, (_) , #elif- . telif-. #el i f - :
#if _
_
# e l i f _
_
# e l i f 1_
_
# e l i f _
_
# e l i f _
#endif
:
// #elif.
#define RELEASE
using Systemsclass Test {
#if EXPERIMENTAL
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
#elif RELEASE
Console.WriteLine(" -.");
#else
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
#endif
#if TRIAL && !RELEASE
#endif
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
:
-.
.
#undef
#undef , . #undef :
#undef
16. ,
445
:
#define SMALL
#if SMALL
// ...
#undef SMALL
// SMALL .
#undef SMALL
.
#undef , .
# error
# e r r o r . .
t e r r o r :
terror ___
t e r r o r __
. ,
I t e r r o r !
, " !".
#warning
twarning t e r r o r , ,
. .
twarning :
twarning _
#line
t l i n e , t l i n e .
.
t l i n e :
t l i n e "_"
, , ___
, .
t l i n e .
, d e f a u l t :
| t l i n e default
446
I. #
# region # end region

#region #endregion ,
(IDE) Visual Studio. :
#region _
// _
#endregion
, __ .

internal
#-
(assembly), .
.NET-. Microsoft, "
.NET Framework." , .
.
.
(manifest). .
, , ,
" ".
, , .
, .
, Microsoft Intermediate
Language (MSIL). , , .
, # , ( ) . , , #, ,
. , .
.
( .NET-,
#.) # : i n t e r n a l . - .
i n t e r n a l
p u b l i c , p r i v a t e p r o t e c t e d ,
, # i n t e r n a l . , ,
, . , , i n t e r n a l , , - .
i n t e r n a l .
16. ,
447
i n t e r n a l ,
. i n t e r n a l
.
i n t e r n a l
p r o t e c t e d . p r o t e c t e d i n t e r n a l , . , p r o t e c t e d i n t e r n a l ,
. .
i n t e r n a l .
// internal.
using System;
class InternalTest {
internal int x;
class InternalDemo {
InternalTest ob = new InternalTest();
ob.x = 10; // :
Console.WriteLine(" ob.x: " + ob.x);
I n t e r n a l T e s t
i n t e r n a l . , ,
InternalDemo, .
448
I. #
#: , . , . ,
. , , .
,
, .
. , , .

. , .

(runtime type identification RTTI)
,
. , , . RTTI , ,
, . ( ).
# ,
: i s , as typeof.
.
i s
i s ,
. :
i s
.
( ) , .
. , , ,
.
i s .
// i s .
using System;
c l a s s A {}
c l a s s : A {}
class Usels {
A a = new A () ;
b = new ();
450
I. #
if(a is A) Console.WriteLine(" A . " ) ;

if(b is A)
Console.WriteLine(" b , " +
" . " ) ;
if(a is )
Console.WriteLine(" , " +
" .")
if(b is ) Console.WriteLine(" b . " ) ;
if(a is object) Console.WriteLine(" .");
:
.
b , .
b .
-- .
, bie . :
i f ( b i s A)
Console.WriteLine(" b , " +
" . " ) ;
i f- , b
, . , b . .

i f ( a i s )
" . " ) ;
if- , ,
. , .
as

, , .
as, :
as
, , . .
.
a s i s .
, , , i s :
// i s
// .
using System;
c l a s s A {}
c l a s s : {}
17. ,
451
class CheckCast {
A a = new A ( ) ;
b = new ();
// , .
if(a is ) //
// ,
b = () ;
else //
// ,
b = null;
if(b==null)
Console.WriteLine(
" b = () .");
else
Console.WriteLine(
" b = () .")
:
b = () .
,
, , if. ,
.
, . as
, .
// a s .
using System;
class A {}
class : A {}
class CheckCast {
A a = new A();
b = new () ;
b = a as ; // ,
// .
if(b==null)
"b = () .");
else
Console.WriteLine(
" b = () .");
:
b = () .
452
I. #
as ,
, , , .
typeof
as i s , ( -) .
. # typeof.
System.Type . , .
typeof :
typeof()
, . , typeof, , .
-, , , , . , , . , , ,
: FullName, I s C l a s s I s A b s t r a c t .
FullName . I s C l a s s t r u e , . I s A b s t r a c t t r u e , .
// typeof.
using System;
using System.10;
class UseTypeof {
Type t = typeof(StreamReader);
Console.WriteLine(t.FullName);
if (t. IsClass) Console. WriteLine (" ") ;
if(t.IsAbstract)
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
else Console.WriteLine(" .");
:
System.10.StreamReader
.
.
StreamReader.
, , .
17. ,
453

, (reflection) #,
.
: , , ,
. "
" , () , . , , , .
, , .NET Reflection API,
System.Reflection. , , , :
I using S y s t e m . R e f l e c t i o n ;
: system. Type
System. , "" , . ,
. System.Reflection.Memberlnf.
Member Info ,
:
D e c i a n n g T y p e
MemberTypes MemberType
s t r i n g Name
Type ReflectedType
, MemberType MemberTypes.
MemberTypes , , . :
MemberTypes.Constructor
v
MemberTypes.Method
MemberTypes.Field
MemberTypes.Event
MemberTypes.Property
, , MemberType. , MemberType MemberTypes .Method, ,
.
Memberlnf : GetCustomAttributes ()
I sDefined (). .
, Memberlnf ,
"". , .
454
I. #
C o n s t r u c t o r i n f [ ] G e t C o n s t r u c t o r s ()
E v e n t l n f [ ] G e t E v e n t s ()
F i e i d i n f [ ] G e t F i e i d s ()
M e m b e r i n f [ ] GetMembers ()
M e t h o d i n f [ ] G e t M e t h o d s ()
P r o p e r t y i n f [ ] G e t P r o p e r t i e s ()
,
.
Assembly Assembly
TypeAttributes
Attributes
BaseType
s t r i n g FuliName
bool isAbstract
bool i sArray
bool isClass
b o o l isEnum
s t r i n g Namespace

, . , , , ,
. , , .
Reflection API , . ( Reflection API !) Reflection API , , ,
, .
: , , .

Type- , . GetMethods ().
:
Methodinf[] GetMethods()
17. ,
455
GetMethods () Methodlnf , , . Methodlnf

System. Reflection.
Methodlnfo MethodBase, ,
, Memberlnfo. , , . , , Name.
Methodlnfo: ReturnType GetParameters ().
ReturnType, , ,
.
GetParameters () , .
:
Parameterlnfo[] GetParameters()
Parameterlnfo.
Parameterlnfo ,
. :
Name, , ,
ParameterType, .
.
,
, MyClass. , ,
.
// .
using System;
using System.Reflection;
class MyClass {
int x;
int y;
x = i;
= j;
}
public int sum() {
return x+y;
}
public bool isBetween(int i) {
if(x < i && i < y) return true;
else return false;
public void s e t ( i n t a, i n t b) {
x = a;
= b;
}
public void set(double a, double b) {

x = (int) a;
= (int) b;
456
I. #

Console.WriteLine(" x: {0}, y: {1}", x, y ) ;
class ReflectDemo {
Type t = typeof(MyClass); // Type-,
// MyClass.
Console.WriteLine(
" , " + t.Name);
Console.WriteLine("
" ) ;
Methodlnfo[] mi = t.GetMethods();
// , MyClass.
foreach(Methodinf m in mi) {
// , ,
/ / .
Console.Write("
" + m.ReturnType.Name +
11
" + m.Name + " (") ;
// .
'~
Parameterlnfo[] pi = m.GetParameters();
for(int i=0; i < pi.Length; i
Console.Write(pi[i].ParameterType.Name +
11
" + pi[i] .Name) ;
if(i+l < pi.Length) Console.Write(", " ) ;
Console.WriteLine(")");
:
, MyClass
:
Int32 G e t H a s h C o d e O
Boolean Equals(Object
String
obj)
ToStringO
Int32 sum()
Boolean isBetween(Int32 i)
Void set(Int32 a, Int32 b)
17. ,
457
Void set(Double a, Double b)

Void show()
Type GetType()
, , MyClass,
, o b j e c t . ,
# o b j e c t . ,
.NET-. ,
s e t () . : s e t ( ) .
i n t , double.
. , ,
MyClass public- public-, s e t (). Main () , MyClass:
Type t = typeof(MyClass); // Type-,
// MyClass.
t Reflection API, , MyClass. :

I MethodlnfoU mi = t . G e t M e t h o d s ( ) ;
f oreach, , :
// , ,
/ / .
Console.Write(
" + m.ReturnType.Name +
" " + m.Name + "(") ;
// .
Parameterlnf [ ] pi = m.GetParameters () ;
for(int i=0; i < pi.Length; i++) {
" " + pi[i].Name);
}
GetParameters () p i .
for p i
. ,
, .. MyClass.
GetMethods ()
GetMethods () ,
. :
Methodlnfo[] GetMethods(BindingFlags flags)
, . BindingFlags .
:
458
I. #

DeciaredOnly
instance
NonPublic
Public
static
, .

--
public-
static-
.
P u b l i c NonPublic I n s t a n c e
S t a t i c . GetMethods () .
BindingFlags-, GetMethods ( ) , ,
. ,
, . , , GetMethods () :
// ,
// MyClass.
Methodlnfo[] mi = t.GetMethods(BindingFlags.DeciaredOnly |
BindingFlags.Instance |
BindingFlags.Public) ;
:
, MyClass
:
Int32 sum()
Boolean isBetween(Int32 i)
Void set(Int32 a, Int32 b)
Void set(Double a, Double b)
Void show()
, ,
MyClass.

, , .
Invoke , Methodlnfo.
:
object Inyoke(object ob, o b j e c t [ ] args)
ob , . static- ob n u l l . , ,
args. , args n u l l . args ,
. , , args , , , .
17. ,
459
invoke ()
Methodlnfo, GetMethods (). :
// .
using System;
class MyClass {
int x;
int y;
x = i;
= j;
}
public int sum() {
return x+y;
}
if((x < i) && (i < y)) return true;
else return false;
}
public void set (int a, int b) {
Console.Write(" set(int, int). " ) ; .
x = a;
= b;
show();
}
// set.
Console.Write(" set(double, double). " ) ;
x = (int) a;
= (int) b;
show();
p u b l i c v o i d show() {
Console.WriteLine(
" x:
{0},
{1}",
x,
);
class InvokeMethDemo {
Type t = typeof(MyClass);
MyClass reflectOb = new MyClass(10, 20);
int val;
Console.WriteLine(" ,
t.Name);
M e t h o d l n f o [ ] mi = t . G e t M e t h o d s ( ) ;
460
I. #
// ,
foreach(Methodlnfo m in mi) {
// .
Parameterlnf[] pi = m.GetParameters();
if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 &&
pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) {
object [] args = new object[2];
args[0j = 9;
args[l] = 18;
m.Invoke(reflectOb, args);
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 &&
pi[0].ParameterType typeof(double)) {
object[] args = new object[2];
args[0] = 1.12;
args[l] = 23.4;
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("sum")==0) {
val = (int) m.Invoke(reflectOb, null);
Console.WriteLine(
" sum " + val)
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("isBetween")==0) {
args[0J = 14;
if((bool) m.Invoke(reflectOb, args))
Console.WriteLine("14 . " ) ;
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("show")==0) {
m.Invoke(reflectOb, null);
"
, MyClass
sum 30
14 .
s e t ( i n t , i n t ) . : 9, : 18
set(double, double). : 1, : 23
: 1, : 23
, . . foreach
. , i f /else-,
. s e t ():
args[0] = 9;
args[l] = 18;
17. ,
461
e l s e if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 &&
p i [ 0 ] . P a r a m e t e r T y p e typeof(double))
o b j e c t [ ] a r g s = new o b j e c t [ 2 ] ;
args[0] = 1.12;
a r g s [ l ] = 23.4;
m.Invoke(reflectOb,
args);
s e t , ,
s e t ( ) . ,
s e t ( i n t , i n t ) , a r g s int-
s e t ( ) . s e t ( )
double.

,
( MyClass),
MyClass . ,
. , . . , .
, .
, G e t C o n s t r u c t o r s () . :
Constructorlnf[] GetConstructors()
C o n s t r u c t o r l n f o ,
.
C o n s t r u c t o r l n f o MethodBase,
Member Info. C o n s t r u c t o r l n f o
.
GetParameters ( ) , , . GetParameters ( ) ,
Methodlnf .
, , Invoke ( ) , C o n s t r u c t o r l n f o . Invoke () :
object Invoke(object[]
args)
, , args. , args null-. args . invoke ()
.

MyClass:
// .
using System;
462
I. #
class MyClass {
int x;
int y;
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(int). " ) ;
x = = i;
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(int, int). " ) ;
x = i;
= j;
show();
public int sum() {
return x+y;
else return false;
Console.Write(" set(int, int). " ) ;
x = a;
= b;
show () ;
// set().
Console.Write(" set(double, double). ") ;
x = (int) a;
= (int) b;
show();
Console.WriteLine(
" : {0}, : {1}", x, )
c l a s s InvokeConsDemo {
Type t = typeof(MyClass);
int val;
// .
Constructorinf[] ci = t.GetConstructors();
17. ,
463
foreach(Constructorinf in ci) {
// .
Console.Write("
" + t.Name + " ( " ) ;
// .
Parameterlnf[] pi = .GetParameters();
for(int i=0; i < pi.Length;
" " + pi[i].Name);
}
// ,
int x;
for(x=0; x < ci.Length; x++) {
Parameterlnf[] pi = ci[x].GetParameters();
if(pi.Length == 2) break;
if(x == ci.Length) {
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
return;
}
else
Console.WriteLine(
" .\");
// .
object[] consargs = new object[2];
consargs[0] = 10;
consargs [1] = 20;
object reflectOb = ci[x].Invoke(consargs);
Console.WriteLine(
" reflectOb.");
// .
// .
Parameterlnf[] pi = m.GetParameters();
// set(int, int).
args[0] = 9;
args [1] = 18;
464
I. #
else if (m.Name.CompareTo ("set")0 &&

pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(double)) {
// set(double, double).
args[0] = 1.12;
args[l] = 23.4;
}
Console.WriteLine(
" sum() " + val);
}
args[0] = 14;
}
:
:
MyClass(Int32 i)
MyClass(Int32 i , Int32 j)
.
MyClass(int,
: 10, : 20

int).
reflectOb.
sum() 30
14 .
s e t ( i n t , i n t ) . : 9, : 18
: 1, : 23
,
MyClass. :
I Constructorlnf[] ci = t.GetConstructors();
, . , , :
for(x=0; < ci.Length; x++) {
Parameterlnfo[] pi = ci[x].GetParameters();
( ), , :
17. ,
465
// .
object[] consargs = new o b j e c t [ 2 ] ;
consargs[0] = 10;
consargs[1] = 20;
Invoke () r e f l e c t O b
MyClass.
, ,
int-, , MyClass.
.

MyClass, : MyClass.

MyClass, , MyClass,
typeof ,
( ).
,
,
.
16, , ., . Reflection API , . , ,
" " . . , , , .
, , , , . , .

Assembly. Assembly p u b l i c . Assembly , .
, LoadFromO . :
s t a t i c Assembly LoadFrom(string _)
_ .
Assembly, GetTypes (). :
[] GetTypes()
, .

, . .
MyClasses.cs :
I // .
| // MyClasses.cs.
466
I. #
using System;
class MyClass {
int x;
int y;
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(int).
x = = i;
show();
Console.WriteLine(
" MyClass(int, int). ")
x = i;
= j;
show();
public int sum() {
return x+y;
else return false;
Console.Write(" set(int, int). " ) ;
x = a;
= b;
show () ;
// set.
Console.Write(" set(double, double). " ) ;
x = (int) a;
= (int) b;
show();
Console.WriteLine(
" : {0}, : {1}", x, ) ;
class AnotherClass {
string remark;
public AnotherClass(string str) {
remark = str;
17. ,
467

Console.WriteLine(remark);
class Demo {
MyClass,
. , AnotherClass Demo.
, , ,
. , MyClasses.exe.
, .
,
^lyClasses.exe.
/* ,
, . */
using System;
class ReflectAssemblyDemo {
int val;
// MyClasses.exe.
Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.exe");
// , MyClasses.exe.
[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes();
foreach(Type temp in alltypes)
Console.WriteLine(": " + temp.Name);
// ,
// MyClass.
Type t = alltypes[0]; //
// .
Console.WriteLine(": " + t.Name);
// .
Constructorlnfo[] ci = t.GetConstructors();
foreach(Constructorlnfo in ci) {
// .
Console.Write("
" + t.Name + " ( " ) ;
// .
Parameterlnfo[] pi = c.GetParameters();
for(int i=0; i < pi.Length; i++) {
468
I. #
" " + pi[i].Name);

if(i + l < pi.Length) Console.Write(", ") ;
}
}
// ,
int x;
for(x=0; x < ci.Length; x++) {
Parameterlnfo[] pi = ci[x].GetParameters();
}
if(x == ci.Length) {
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
return;
}
else
Console.WriteLine(
" .\n") ;
// .
object[] consargs = new object[2];
consargs[0] = 1 0 ;
consargs[1] = 20;
Console.WriteLine(
" reflectOb.");
// .
foreach(Methodlnf m in mi) {
// .
// set(int, int).
args[0] = 9;
args[1] = 18;
}
else if(m.Name.CompareTo("set")==0 &&
pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(double)) {
// set(double, double).
args[0] = 1.12;
args[l] = 23.4;
}
17. ,
469

Console.WriteLine(
" sum() " +
val) ;
}
args[0] = 14;
}
:
: MyClass
: AnotherClass
: Demo
: MyClass
:
MyClass(Int32 i)
MyClass(Int32 i, Int32 j)
'
.
MyClass(int, int).
: 10, : 20
reflectOb.
sum() 30
14 .
set(int, int). : 9, : 18
: 1, : 23
, , MyClasses.exe. ,
MyClass, .
MyClasses. .
, MyClasses.exe, ,
Main ():
// MyClasses.exe.
// , MyClasses.exe.
Type[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes();
foreach(Type temp in alltypes)
Console.WriteLine(": " + temp.Name);
470
I. #
,
.
, -. (dynamic link library DLL), d l l . ,
MyClasses. cs :
I esc / t : l i b r a r y MyClasses.es

MyClasses.dll. DLL-
Main(). - ,
Main (), . Demo Main ().
DLL- .
MyClass DLL-, LoadFromO :
I Assembly asm = Assembly.LoadFrom("MyClasses.dll");

, .
MyClass ,
MyClass. , ( s e t ( ) sum ).
, .
, , . , , , ,
.
, , , MyClasses.exe, MyClass,
.
// MyClass
// .
using System;
class ReflectAssemblyDemo {
int val;
Type[] alltypes = asm.GetTypes();
Type t = a l l t y p e s [ 0 ] ; //
// .
Console.WriteLine(": " + t.Name);
Constructorlnfo[] ci = t.GetConstructors();
// .
17. ,
471
Parameterlnfof] cpi = ci[0].GetParameters();

object reflectOb;
if(cpi.Length > 0) {
object[] consargs = new object[cpi.Length];
// .
for(int n=0; n < cpi.Length; n++)
consargs[n] = 10 + n * 20;
// .
reflectOb = ci[0].Invoke(consargs) ;
} else
reflectOb = ci[0].Invoke(null);
Console.WriteLine(
" reflectOb.");
// .
Methodlnfo[] mi = t.GetMethods(
BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly |
BindingFlags.Instance |
BindingFlags.Public) ;
// .
Console.WriteLine(" {0} ", m.Name);
// .
// ,
switch(pi.Length) {
case 0: //
if(m.ReturnType == typeof(int)) {
Console.WriteLine(" " + val);
}
else if(m.ReturnType == typeof(void)) {
}
break;
case 1: //
if(pif0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) {
object [] args = new object[1];
args[0] = 14;
Console.WriteLine(
"14 . " ) ;
else
Console.WriteLine(
"14 . " ) ;
}
break;
case 2: //
if((pi[0].ParameterType == typeof(int)) &&
472
I. #
(pi[1].ParameterType == t y p e o f ( i n t ) ) )
a r g s [ 0 ] = 9;
a r g s [ 1 ] = 18;
m.Invoke(reflectOb, a r g s ) ;
e l s e i f ( ( p i [ 0 ] . P a r a m e t e r T y p e == t y p e o f ( d o u b l e ) ) &&
(pi[1].ParameterType == t y p e o f ( d o u b l e ) ) ) {
a r g s [ 0 ] = 1.12;
args[1] = 23.4;
m.Invoke(reflectOb, a r g s ) ;
}
break;
}
: MyClass
M y C l a s s ( i n t ) .
: 10, : 10

'
reflectOb.
sum
20
isBetween
14 .
s e t
s e t ( i n t , i n t ) . : 9, : 18
s e t
s e t ( d o u b l e , d o u b l e ) . : 1, : 23
show
: 1, : 23
. -, ( ) , MyClass.
BindingFlags- GetMethods (). . -, , , . switch-. case-
() () .
.
17. ,
473

# .
, , .. , ,
, .
, , . ,
. .

, System. A t t r i b u t e . , A t t r i b u t e .
A t t r i b u t e , . A t t r i b u t e . , , , E r r o r A t t r i b u t e .
A t t r i b u t e U s a g e . ,
.

, .

. , ,
, . :
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)]
public class RemarkAttribute : Attribute {
string pri_remark; // remark.
public RemarkAttribute(string comment) {
pri_remark = comment;
}
public string remark {
get {
return pri_remark;
}
.
RemarkAttribute.
A t t r i b u t e U s a g e , , RemarkAttribute
. A t t r i b u t e U s a g e , ;
.
RemarkAttribute,
A t t r i b u t e . RemarkAttribute pri_remark, remark, . , .
474
I. #
RemarkAttribute ,
p r i r e m a r k . , ,
RemarkAttribute,
.

, .
, , . ,
RemarkAttribute :
[RemarkAttribute(" .")]
class UseAttrib {
RemarkAttribute,
" .". UseAttrib.
A t t r i b u t e . , :
[Remark(" .")]
class UseAttrib {
Remark.
,
, .

,
. .
GetCustomAttributes ( ) , Memberlnfo
. , ,
:
object[] GetCustomAttributes(bool searchBases)
searchBases t r u e ,
.
, .
GetCustomAttribute , A t t r i b u t e .
:
s t a t i c Attribute GetCustomAttribute(Memberlnfo mi,
Type attrib type)
mi Memberlnfo, ,
.
attribtype.
, ,
. , RemarkAttribute,
:
// RemarkAttribute.
Type tRemAtt = typeof(RemarkAttribute);
RemarkAttribute ra = (RemarkAttribute)
Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(t, tRemAtt);
17. ,
475
, . ,
, , , ,
. ,
remark:
I Console.WriteLine(ra.remark);
Rema r kAt t r i b u t e
.
// .
using System;
string pri_remark; // remark.
}

get {
return pri_remark;
}
[RemarkAttribute(" .")]
class UseAttrib {
class AttribDemo {
Type t = typeof(UseAttrib);
Console.Write(" " + t.Name + ": ") ;
object[] attribs = t.GetCustomAttributes(false);
foreach(object in attribs) {
Console.WriteLine(o);
Console.Write("Remark: " ) ;
// RemarkAttribute.
Console.WriteLine(ra.remark);
:
UseAttrib: RemarkAttribute
Remark: .
476
I. #

Remark At t r i b u t e . , ..
, comment,
RemarkAttribute (), . ,
. # .
, .
, ,
.
.
, . , , :
[ a t trib (__,
___1 = value,
__2 = value, . . . ) ]
( ) . .
.
.
.
, , . RemarkAttribute,
supplement, .
s t r i n g pri_remark; // remark.
public s t r i n g supplement; // .
supplement = " ";
}

get {
return pri_remark;
, supplement " "

.
. , ,
supplement :
[RemarkAttribute(" .",
supplement = " .")]
class UseAttrib {
17. ,
477
,
RemarkAttribute. . , ,
supplement, . . ,
. . , ,
.
.
, supplement:
// .
using System;
string pri__remark; / / remark.
public s t r i n g supplement; / / .
supplement = " ";
get {
return pri_remark;
[RemarkAttribute(" .",
supplement = " .")]
class UseAttrib {
class NamedParamDemo {
Console.Write("
" + t.Name + " : ") ;
object[] a t t r i b s = t.GetCustomAttributes(false);
foreach(object in a t t r i b s ) {
// RemarkAttribute.
Console.Write("Remark: ") ;
478
I. #
Console.Write("Supplement: " ) ;
Console.WriteLine(ra.supplement);
:
Remark: .
Supplement: .
, . ,
jlema r kAt tribute int- priority.
//
// .
using System;
string pri__remark; // remark.
int pri_priority; // priority,
public string supplement; // .
supplement = " ";
}
get {
return pri_remark;
// ,
public int priority {
get {
return prijpriority;
}
set {
prijpriority = value;
}
[RemarkAttribute(
" .",
supplement = " .",
priority = 10)]
class UseAttrib {
class NamedParamDemo {
17. ,
479

Console.Write(" " + t.Name + ": " ) ;
object[] attribs = t.GetCustomAttributes(false);
foreach(object in attribs) {
// RemarkAttribute.
Console.Write("Remark: " ) ;
Console.Write("Supplement: " ) ;
Console.WriteLine(ra.supplement);
Console.WriteLine("Priority: " + ra.priority);
:
Remark: .
Supplement: .
Priority: 10
( UseAttrib):
[RemarkAttribute(
" .",
supplement = " .",
priority = 10)]
supplement p r i o r i t y . ,
.
-J
# : AttributeUsage, Conditional
Obsolete. .
AttributeUsage
, AttributeUsage ,
. AttributeUsage
System.AttributeUsageAttribute. AttributeUsage :
AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets item)
480
I. #
item , . A t t r i b u t e T a r g e t s ,
:
All
Assembly
Class
Constructor
Delegate
Enum
Event
Field
Interface
Method
Module
Parameter
Property
ReturnValue
Struct
.
, , , AttributeTargets:
1 AttributeTargets.Field | AttributeTargets.Property
AttributeUsage .
AllowMultiple, bool.
,
. I n h e r i t e d , bool.
, .
. AllowMultiple I n h e r i t e d
f a l s e .
Conditional
Conditional, , #. .
, #def ine. . , #if.
C o n d i t i o n a l System. Diagnostics . C o n d i t i o n a l A t t r i b u t e . Conditional, System. Diagnostics.
, .
// Conditional.
#define TRIAL
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
class Test {
[Conditional("TRIAL") ]
void t r i a l ( ) {
Console.WriteLine(
" , .");
}
[Conditional("RELEASE")]
void release() {
}
Test t = new T e s t ( ) ;
17. ,
481
t . t r i a l ( ) ; // ,
// TRIAL ,
t . r e l e a s e ( ) ; // ,
// RELEASE .
:
1 , .
, , . , TRIAL, t r i a l ()
r e l e a s e . C o n d i t i o n a l , :
[Conditional
"symbol"]
symbol , , . . , . .
MainO t r i a l (), r e l e a s e ().
TRIAL.
t r i a l (). r e l e a s e () .
RELEASE, r e l e a s e ().
TRIAL, t r i a l () .
. void. , .
o v e r r i d e .
Obsolete
Obsolete
System. O b s o l e t e A t t r i b u t e . -
. :
[Obsolete("message")]
message ,
. .
// Obsolete.
using System;
class Test {
[Obsolete(" myMeth2.")]
static int myMeth(int a, int b) {
return a / b;
}
// myMeth().
static int myMeth2(int a, int b) {
return b == 0 ? 0 : a /b;
}
public s t a t i c void MainO {
482
I. #
// ,
// .
Console.WriteLine("4 / 3 i s " + Test.myMeth(4, 3 ) ) ;
// .
Console.WriteLine("4 / 3 i s " + Test.myMeth2(4, 3 ) ) ;
Main ()
myMeth (), ,
myMeth () inyMeth2 ().
Obsolete :
[Obsolete{"message", error)]
error Boolean. t r u e ,
, . ,
,
.
17. ,
483
.
. , "",
# , C++, .. , .
, " " # , Java.
,
.

# , " " (unsafe
code). , , , Common Language Runtime (CLR).
1, # . "" ,
, .
"",
. , , . , CLR.
, , ,
? ,
. C++, ,
, . , #.
, ,
"" .
, . , , , . # .
, (,
) , , # ( )
.
"", .
# ,
C/C++ ( , C/C++,
#). : # .
. #-
. , , /unsafe.
, , .
18. ,
485

, . , , ,
"" . , . , , .

- ( )
. - :
* _;
,
. , .
"" (*). .
_ -.
. i p int-,
:
1 int* ip;
float- :
| f l o a t * fp;
"" (*)
.
, , . , i p
int-, fp float-. :
,
"--". - .
# C/C++, # C/C++.
C/C++ " * " ,
. C/C++
| i n t * p, q;
int- int- q. :
i n t * Print q;
# " * " ,

| i n t * p, q;
q int-. , # :
i n t * ;
i n t * q;
C/C++-
"" #.
486
I. #
"*" "&"
: " * " "&". "&" .
, . (:
.) ,
int* ip;
i n t num = 10;
i p = &num;
i p num. , num. num. ,
i p 10 ( num), , . "&" "" " ", . , : " i p
num".
(*) (&).
, ,
, . , , . (
) i p num,
I i n t val = *ip;
v a l 10,
num, i p . " * " " ".
: " v a l () i p " .
" * " . , . ,
| i p = 100;
100 , i p (
num). ,
: " i p 100".
unsafe
, , ""
unsafe. . , ', Main() , unsafe.
//
// unsafe.
using
System;
class UnsafeCode {
// Main() "",
unsafe public s t a t i c void Main() {
int count = 99;
18. ,
487
int* p; // int-.
= &count; // count
/ / .
Console.WriteLine(
" count " +
*);
* = 10; // 10 count
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" count " + * ) ;
:
count 99
count 10
f i x e d
fixed. .
, , , - . " " " ", .
fixed :
fixed (type* p = &var) {
/I .
, .
, . fixed . fixed
" ". , , .
fixed:
//
fixed.
using System;
c l a s s Test {
public i n t num;
public T e s t ( i n t i)
{ num = i ;
c l a s s FixedCode {
/ / Main() ,
Test = new Test(19);
fixed
488
( i n t * p = So.num)
{ / /
/ / fixed,
/ / .num .
I. #
Console.WriteLine(
" o.num " + * ) ;
* = 10; // 10 count
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" o.num " + * ) ;
:
o.num 19
o.num 10
fixed .
. num,
.

, . "" (->), "" (.). , , :
struct MyStruct {
public int x;
public int y;
public int sum() { return x + y; }
}
, :
MyStruct = new MyStruct ( ) ;
MyStruct* p ; // .
= & ;
-> = 10;
-> = 20;
Console.WriteLine(" " + p->sum());

: ++,
, + -. , , . p i int- 2 000 (.. p i 2 000).
p i 2 004, 2 001! ,
p i int-. # int- , p i
4. , .. p i 4. ,
18. ,
489
p i 1 996, 2 000.
, , , , .
, .

.
, .
| p i = p i + 9;
p i p i
, p i .
,
( , ).
, .
( ) () ,
,
. , f l o a t -
double-.
,
, .
, int- (ip)
float- (fp). (
), .
//
// .
using System;
class PtrArithDemo {
unsafe public static void Main() {
int x;
int i;
double d;
int* ip = &i;
double* fp = &d;
Console.WriteLine("int
for(x=0; x < 10; x++) {
Console.WriteLine((uint)
(uint)
double\n");
(ip) + " " +
(fp));
fp++;
. ,
.
490
I. #
int
double
1243324
1243328
1243332
1243336
1243340
1243344
1243348
1243352
1243356
1243360
1243328
1243336
1243344
1243352
1243360
1243368
1243376
1243384
1243392
1243400
, . int- , double- , .

, ==, < >.
, - . , p i 2
, ,
p i 2 . p i 2 , (, , ), p i 2
.
,
.
//
u s i n g System;
class PtrCompDemo {
int[] nums = new i n t [ 1 1 ] ;
int x;
// ,
fixed (int* s t a r t = &nums[0]) {
fixed(int* end = Snums[nums.Length-1]) {
for(x=0; start+x <= end-x; x++) ;
}
}
Console.WriteLine(
" " + ) ;
:
1
,
s t a r t , end . ,
, s t a r t , 18. ,
491
end ,
s t a r t end .
: s t a r t end fixed, ,
. , # .

# . , . :
/*
. */
using System;
class PtrArray {
fixed(int* p = &nums[0]f p2 = nums) {
if(p == p2)
Console.WriteLine(
" 2 .");
:
I 2 .
,
I &nums[0]
1 nums
,
, .

, , ,
.
, . .
// .
using System;
class PtrlndexDemo {
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
492
I. #
fixed (int* p = nums) {

p[i] = i; // .
Console.WriteLine("p[{0}]: {1}
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" .")
fixed (int* p = nums) {
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
*(p+i) = i; //
// .
)
Console.WriteLine("*(p+{0};
{1}
}
:
.
[0]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[]
[7]
[8]
[9]
.
+0)
*(+2)
+3)
*(+4)
*(+5)
*(+6)
*(+7)
+8)
*(+9)
, (
)
* ( p t r + i)
,
:
ptr[i]
. -,
. ,
"" , . -, Length. .
18. ,
493

^ # , .
char*- , fixed-:
f i x e d ( c h a r * p = s t r ) { II . . .
f ixed- , .
, .. .
. C/C++ , . , char*- , ,
C/C++.
, char*:
// fixed-
// .
using System;
class FixedString {
string str = " .";
// str.
fixed(char* p = str) {
// str
/ / .
for(int i=0; p[i] != 0;
Console.Write(p[i]);
}
:
I .

, ,
.
(multiple indirection), . . 18.1. ,
( )
, .
, , .
, , , , .
494
I. #
, , .
""(*) . , , q i n t :
| i n t * * q;
, q
, int-.
, , " * " , :
using System;
class Multiplelndirect {
int x;
// ,
int* p; //
// int-.
int** q; //
// int-.
= 10;
= &; // .
q = &; // q.
Console.WriteLine(**q); // .
, ..
10. int-,
q int-.
: , , .
.

. 18.1.

, , . , , i n t :
i n t * [] p t r s = new i n t * [ 3 ] ;
18. ,
495
int- v a r
, :
I p t r s [ 2 ] = &var;
var, :
*ptrs[2j

I # ,
.
sizeof
, ( ) #-
. s i z e o f .
:
sizeof{)
, .
s i z e o f (unsafe) . , ,
( ) .
lock
lock . #
.
. , , ,
, . :
,
? , , . lock. :
lock{obj)
// .
obj , .
,
, . . ( . 21.)
readonly
, ,
readonly, readonly- , . , readonly- (, ), -
496
I. #
. ,
.
readonly-:
//
readonly-.
using System;
class MyClass {
public static readonly int SIZE = 10;
}
class DemoReadOnly {
int[]nums = new int[MyClass.SIZE];
for (int i^=0; i<MyClass . SIZE; i++)
nums[i] = i;
Console.Write(i + " ") ;
// MyClass.SIZE = 100; // !!! readonly-
// !
MyClass. SIZE 10.
, . ,
, , .
.
stackalloc
s t a c k a l l o c .
. :
* = stackalloc []
,
, . s t a c k a l l o c
(unsafe) .
, . . , , . , . .
s t a c k a l l o c , "" .
s t a c k a l l o c :
// s t a c k a l l o c .
u s i n g System;
class UseStackAlloc {
i n t * p t r s = stackalloc i n t [ 3 ] ;
18. ,
497
ptrs[O] == 1;
ptrs[l] = 2;
ptrs[2] = 3;
for(int i=0; i < 3;
Console.WriteLine(ptrs[ij);
:
1
2
3
u s i n g
using, ,
, using.
:
using (obj) {
// obj.
using (type obj = ) {
// obj.
obj , using. us ing-, .
obj Dispose () (
System. IDisposable). u s i n g , System. IDisposable.
using:
// u s i n g .
using System;
using System.10;
class UsingDemo {
StreamReader sr = new StreamReader("test.txt");
// using,
using(sr) {
Console.WriteLine(sr.ReadLine());
sr.Close();
// StreamReader- using,
using(StreamReader sr2 = new StreamReader("test.txt")) {
Console.WriteLine(sr2.ReadLine());
sr2.Close();
}
}
498
I. #
StreamReader IDispo sable (

TextReader). , us ing-.
( iDisposable . 24.)
const v o l a t i l e
const , . . , const-
. ,
I const i n t i = 10;
const- i, 10.
v o l a t i l e , . , ,
,
.
.
. , #- ,
, . , (, ), , . v o l a t i l e ,
.
18. ,
499
#
II #.
I, #
.NET Framework.
,
#, .NET Framework.
#
. -
using
. ,
, ..
, ( )
.
dystem
System,
#. , , ,
.NET Framework. ,
System #.
System
, , System.Net.
. System.
system
, System co :
Activator
Array
AttributeUsageAttribute
CharEnumerator
ContextBoundOb^ ect
DBNull
Environment
FlagsAttribute
LocalDataStoreSlot
MTAThreadAttribute
Object
ParamArrayAttribute
SerializableAttribute
ThreadStaticAttribute
UnhandledExceptionEventArgs
ValueType
AppDomain
AssemblyLoadEventArgs
BitConverter
CLSCompliantAttribute
ContextStaticAttribute
Delegate
EventArgs
GC
MarshalByRefObject
MulticastDelegate
ObsoleteAttribute
Random
STAThreadAttribute
TimeZone
Uri
Version
AppDomainSetup
Attribute
Buffer
Console
Convert
Enum
Exception
LoaderOptimizationAttribute
Math
NonSerializedAttribute
OperatingSystern
ResolveEventArgs
String
Type
UriBuilder
WeakReference
System :
Arglterator
Char
Double
Int32
RuntimeArgumentHandle
RuntimeTypeHandle
TimeSpan
UInt32
Boolean
DateTime
Guid
Int64
RuntimeFieldHandle
SByte
TypedReference
UInt64
Byte
Decimal
Intl6
IntPtr
RuntimeMethodHandle
Single
UIntl6
UlntPtr
Void
System :
IAppDomainSetup
IComparable
IDisposable
IServiceProvider
IAsyncResult
IConvertible
IFormatProvider
19. System
ICloneable
ICustomFormatter
IFormattable
503
System :
AssemblyLoadEventHandler
AsyncCallback
CrossAppDomainDelegate
EventHandler
ResolveEventHandler
UnhandledExceptionEventHandler
System :
AttributeTargets
DayOfWeek
Environment.SpecialFolder
LoaderOptimization
PlatformID
TypeCode
UriHostNameType
UriPartial
, System
, . , System .NET Framework, #- .
, System (,
Type, Exception A t t r i b u t e ) I . System. S t r i n g , #-
s t r i n g , ,
20 ( ).
System, #- .
Math
Math , , , . ,
Math, . 19.1. .
, , Math,
static-.
Math, , Math.
Math :
public const double E
public const double PI
E , , a PI pi.
Math sealed-, .. .
19.1. , Math
p u b l i c s t a t i c double
Abs(double v)
p u b l i c s t a t i c f l o a t Abs ( f l o a t v)
p u b l i c s t a t i c decimal
A b s ( d e c i m a l v)
p u b l i c s t a t i c i n t A b s ( i n t v)
p u b l i c s t a t i c s h o r t Abs ( s h o r t v)
p u b l i c s t a t i c l o n g Abs ( l o n g v)
p u b l i c s t a t i c s b y t e A b s ( s b y t e v)
504
II. #
. 19.1
public static double

Acos(double v)
Asin(double v)
v. v -1 1
v. v -1 1

Atan(double v)

Atan2(double y,
double x)

Ceiling(double v)
( ), v. , v, 1.02, c e i l i n g ()
2.0. v, -1.02, c e i l i n g () -1

Cos(double v)

Cosh(double v)

Exp(double v)
,
v

Floor(double v)
( ), v. , v, 1.02, F l o o r ()
1.0. v, - 1 . 0 2 , F l o o r () -2

IEEERemainder(double dividend,
double divisor)
dividend/

Log(double v)

Log(double v,
double base)
v base

LoglO(double v)
v 10

Max(double vl,
double v2)
vl v2
public static float

Max(float vl,
float v2)
v l v2
public static decimal

Max(decimal vl,
decimal v2)
v l v2
public static int Max(int vl,

int v2)
v l v2
public static short

Max(short vl,
short v2)
v l v2
public static long Max(long vl,

long v2)
v l v2
19. System
divisor
505
. 19.1
public static uint Max(uint vl,

uint v2)
public static ushort
Max(ushort vl,
ushort v2)
vl v2
public static ulong

Max(ulong vl,
ulong v2)
vl v2
public static byte Max(byte vl,

byte v2)
vl v2
public static sbyte

Max(sbyte vl,
sbyte v2)
vl v2

Min(double vl,
double v2)
vl v2
public static float

Min(float vl,
float v2)
vl v2

Min(decimal vl,
decimal v2)
vl v2
public static int Min(int vl,

int v2)
vl v2
public static short

Min(short vl,
short v2)
vl v2
public static long Min(long vl,

long v2)
vl v2
public static uint Min(uint vl,

uint v2)
vl v2

Min(ushort vl,
ushort v2)
vl v2
public static ulong

Min(ulong vl,
ulong v2)
vl v2
public static byte Min(byte vl,

byte v2)
vl v2
public static sbyte

Min(sbyte vl,
sbyte v2)
vl v2

Pow(double base,
double exp)
base,
(baseexp)

Round(doubleI
v,
V)

Round(decimal v)
506
vl v2
v,
II. #
. 19.1

Round(double v,
int frac)
v} ,
frac

Round(decimal v,
int frac)
v, ,
frac
public static int Sign(double v)
-1, v , 0, v
, 1, v
public static int Sign(float v)
-1, v , 0, v
, 1, v
public static int

Sign(decimal v)
-1, v , 0, v
, 1, v
public
static int Sign(int v)
-1, v , 0, v
, 1, v
static int Sign(short v)
-1, v , 0, v
, 1, v
static int Sign(long v)
-1, v , 0, v
, 1, v
static int Sign(sbyte v)
-1, v , 0, v
, 1, v
public
public
public
public
static double
Sin(double
static double
Sinh(double
Sqrt(double
Tan(double
Tanh(double
public
v
v)
v)
v)
v)
v)
, Sqrt (), .
() .
// .
using System;
class Pythagorean {
double si;
double s2;
double hypot;
string str;
si = Double.Parse(str);
4
19. System
507
s2 = Double.Parse(str);
hypot = Math.Sqrt(sl*sl + s2*s2);
Console.WriteLine(" " + hypot);
:
:
3
:
4
5
, Pow ()
,
.
:
I n i t i a l l n v e s t m e n t = FutureValue / (1 + I n t e r e s t R a t e ) Y e a r s
Pow() double,
double-. decimal.
/* ,

. */
using System;
class Intiallnvestment {
decimal Initlnvest; //
decimal FutVal;
//
double NumYears;
double IntRate;
//
//
//
string str;
try {
FutVal = Decimal.Parse(str);
return;
Console.Write(
" (, 0.085): " ) ;
try {
508
II. #
IntRate = Double.Parse(str);
return;
try {
NumYears = Double.Parse(str);
return;
InitInvest = FutVal / (decimal) Math.Pow(IntRate+1.0,
NumYears);
Console.WriteLine(
" : {0:}",
Initlnvest);
:
: 10000
(, 0.085): 0.07
: 10
: $5,083.49

14 , ,
, . .
#- . ,
, , . .NET-
#:
.NET-
.NET-
#-
Boolean
bool
Char
char
Decimal
decimal
Double
double
Single
float
Intl6
short
Int32
lilt
Int64
long
UIntl6
ushort
UInt32
uint
UInt64
ulong
Byte
byte
SByte
sbyte
19. System
509
, ,
iFormatProvider Number Styles. iFormatProvider
. Numberstyles , System.Globalization.
20.

:
Byte
SByte
Intl6
UIntl6
Int32
UInt32
Int64
UInt64
(. . 19.2), , Parse ( ) . Parse () , . ,

I n t 3 2 Parse () i n t ,
U l n t l 6 u s h o r t . ( Parse 14.)
, . 19.2,
const-:
MaxValue
MinValue
, , .
:
IComparable, IConvertible IFormattable.
19.2. ,
public int CompareTo(object v)
v. ,
. , , ,
public override bool Equals(
,
v
object v)
public override int GetHashCode()
public TypeCode GetTypeCode()
TypeCode . , i n t 3 2
TypeCode . Int32
public static _
Parse(string str)

, str.
,
public static _
Parse(string str,
IFormatProvider fmtpvdr)

, s t r ( , ), fmtpvdr.
,
510
II. #
. 19.2
public static _
Parse(string str,
NumberStyles styles)

, s t r , ,
styles.

,
public static _
Parse(string str,
NumberStyles styles,

, s t r , , styles, a
(
, ),
fmtpvdr.
,
public override string ToStringO
public string ToString(

string format)

, forma t


( ,
),
fmtpvdr

string format,

( , ), fmtpvdr,
, forma t

: Double
Single. Single f l o a t .
. 19.3, . 19.4. Double double. . 19.5, . 19.6. , Parse () ToStringO
( , ), .
:
IComparable, I C o n v e r t i b l e I F o r m a t t a b l e .
19.3. , s i n g l e
v. ,
. , , ,

object v)
,
v
19. System
511
. 19.3
ode S i n g l e , .. TypeCode . S i n g l e
public static bool Islnfinity(

float v)
, v
( "" "").

public static bool IsNaN(float v)
, v .

public static bool

IsPositivelnfinity(float v)
, v
"".
public static bool

IsNegativelnfinity(float v)
, v
"".
public static float Parse (

string str)

, s t r .
f l o a t ,
public static float Parse(

string str,

, s t r
( ,
),
fmtpvdr. f l o a t ,

string str,

, s t r , ,
styles.

f l o a t ,

string str,

, s t r , ,
styles,
(
, ), fmtpvdr.
f l o a t ,


string format)

, forma t


( ,
), fmtpvdr

string format,

( , ), fmtpvdr,
, format
512
II. #
19.4. , single
public const float Epsilon
public const float MaxValue
,
f l o a t
public const float MinValue
,
f l o a t
public const float NaN
public const float
Negativelnfinity
public const float
Positivelnfinity
19.5. , Double
public i n t CompareTo(object v)
v. ,
. , , ,

object v)
,
v
TypeCode D o u b l e , .., TypeCode . D o u b l e
public static bool Islnfinity(

double v)
, v
( "" "").

public static bool IsNaN(

double v)
, v .

public static bool

IsPositivelnfinity(double v)
, v
"".
public static bool

IsNegativelnfinity(double v)
, v
"".
public static double Parse(

string str)

, str.
d o u b l e ,
public static double Parse (

string str,

, s t r
( ,
),
fmtpvdr. d o u b l e ,

string str,

, strt ,
styles.

d o u b l e ,
19. System
513
. 19.5

string str,

string format)

, s t r , ,
styles, (
, ), fmtpvdr.
d o u b l e ,

, forma t

( , ),
fmtpvdr

string format,

( , ),
fmtpvdr, ,
forma t
19.6. , Double
public const double Epsilon

, d o u b l e
, d o u b l e
,
,
,
public const double MaxValue

public const double MinValue
public const double NaN
public const double Negativelnfinity
public const double
Positivelnfinity
D e c i m a l
Decimal , . , , , decimal #-. , decimal .
Decimal .
:
p u b l i c D e c i m a l ( i n t v)
p u b l i c Decimal(uint v)
p u b l i c Decimal(long v)
514
li. #
public Decimal(ulong v)
public Decimal(float v)
public Decimal(double v)
Decimal- .
Decimal- , :
p u b l i c Decimal(int low, i n t middle,
i n t high,
bool signFlag, byte
scaleFactor)
decimal . 96 , . 96- 32-

low, middle high. signFlag,
f a l s e
t r u e .
s c a l e F a c t o r , 0 28.
10 (.. i o s c < a i e F a c t o r ) ,
.
, Decimal- .
:
public Decimal(int[]
parts)
int- parts 96- .
31- p a r t s [3] (
1 ), 16-23 .
Decimal : iComparable,
IConvertible IFormattable.
decimal "".
// decimal- "".
using System;
class CreateDec {
decimal d = new decimal(12345, 0, 0, false, 2 ) ;
Console.WriteLine(d);
:
123.45
96- 12345.
.
, Decimal, . 19-7,
. 19.8. Decimal , decimal-
. decimal 3.
19. System
515
19.7. , Decimal
public static decimal Add(

decimal vl,
decimal v2)
vl + v2
Public static int CompareTo(

decimal vl,
decimal v2)
vl v2.
, . , vl v2, , vl
v2
v. ,
. , , ,

public static decimal Divide(

decimal vl,
decimal v2)
vl / v2
Public override bool Equals(

object v)
, v
public static bool Equals(

decimal vl,
decimal v2)
, vl v2
public static decimal Floor(

decimal v)
( d e c i m a l ) , v. , v, 1 . 0 2 , F l o o r () 1 . 0 .
v, - 1 . 0 2 , F l o o r () - 2

FromOACurrency(long v)
, OLE
Automation v, d e c i m a l
public static int[] GetBits(

decimal v)
v
int-.

public override int

GetHashCodeO
TypeCode
D e c i m a l , .. TypeCode . D e c i m a l

Multiply(decimal vl,
decimal v2)
vi * v2
public static decimal Negate (

decimal v)
-v
public static decimal Parse(

string str)
, s t r .
d e c i m a l ,
public static decimal Parse('

string str,
, s t r ( ,
), fmtpvdr.

d e c i m a l ,
516
II. #
. 19.7

string str,
, s t r ,
, styles. decimal,

string str,
, str,
, styles,
( ,
), fmtpvdr. decimal,

Remainder(decimal vl,
decimal v2)
vl / v2

Round(decimal v,
int decPiaces)
v, ,
decPiaces,
0-28

Subtract(decimal vl,
decimal v2)
vl - v2
public static byte

ToByte(decimal v)
byte- v. . v
, b y t e ,
Overf l o w E x c e p t i o n

ToDouble(decimal v)
double- v. , double
, d e c i m a l
public static short

Tolnt16(decimal
short- v. . v
, s h o r t , Overf l o w E x c e p t i o n
v)
public static int

Tolnt32(decimal v)
int- v. . v
, i n t ,
public static long

Tolnt64(decimal
long- v. . v
, long,
v)
public static long

ToOACurrency(decimal
v)
v OLE
Automation
public static sbyte

ToSByte(decimal v)
sbyte- v. . v
, sbyte, Overf l o w E x c e p t i o n
public static float

ToSingle(decimal
float- v.
, f l o a t
, d e c i m a l
19. System
v)
517
. 19.7
public override string

ToStringO
public string
ToString(string

,
forma t
format)


( , ), fmtpvdr

string format,

( , ), fmtpvdr,
, forma t

ToUIntl6(decimal v)
ushort- v. . v
, u s h o r t , Overf l o w E x c e p t i o n
public static uint

ToUInt32(decimal v)
uint- v. . v
, u i n t ,
public static ulong

ToUInt64(decimal v)
ulong- v. . v
, ulong, Overf l o w E x c e p t i o n

Truncate(decimal v)
, v. ,
19.8. , Decimal
p u b l i c s t a t i c readonly decimal MaxValue
,
d e c i m a l
p u b l i c s t a t i c readonly decimal MinusOne
-1 decimal
p u b l i c s t a t i c readonly decimal MinValue
,
decimal
public static readonly decimal One
1 decimal
public static readonly decimal Zero
0 decimal.
char
, ( , "
") Char. , ,
. , ToUpperO, -
518
II. #
. isDigit () ,
.
, Char, . 19.9.
Char :
public const char MaxValue
public const char MinValue
,
char. Char IComparable
IConvertible.
19.9. , char

v. , . , , ,

object v)
, v
public override int

GetHashCodeO

GetNumericValue(char ch)
ch, ch - .
-1

GetNumericValue(string str,
int idx)
str [idx], . -1
TypeCode
Char, .. T y p e C o d e . C h a r
public static UnicodeCategory

GetUnicodeCategory(char ch)
UnicodeCategory
ch. UnicodeCategory , S y s t e m . G l o b a l i z a t i o n ,
Unicode
public static UnicodeCategory

GetUnicodeCategory(string str,
int idx)
UnicodeCategory
striidx].
UnicodeCategory- ,
system. G l o b a l i z a t i o n ,
Unicode
public static bool

IsControl(char ch)
, ch .
public static bool

IsControl(string str,
int idx)
, str [ idx]
.
public static bool IsDigit(

char ch)
' , ch .
public static bool

IsDigit(string str,
int idx)
, striidx]
. -
public static bool

IsLetter(char ch)
, ch .
19. System
519
. 19.9
public static bool

IsLetter(string str,
int idx)
, str [idx]
.
public static bool

IsLetterOrDigit(char ch)
, ch .
public static bool

IsLetterOrDigit(string str,
int idx)
, str [idx]
.

public static bool

IsLower(char ch)
, ch
.
public static bool

IsLower(string str,
int idx)
, s t r [ idx]
.
public static bool

IsNumber(char ch)
, ch (0-9 A-F).
public static bool

IsNumber(string str,
int idx)
, str [idx]
(0-9 A-F).

public static bool

IsPunctuation(char ch)
, ch .
public static bool

IsPunctuation(string str,
int idx)
, str [idx]
.
public static bool

IsSeparator(char ch)
, ch , .

public static bool

IsSeparator(string str,
int idx)
, str [idx]
, .

public static bool

IsSurrogate(char ch)
, ch Unicode.
public static bool

IsSurrogate(string str,
int idx)
, str [idx]
Unicode.
public static bool

IsSymbol(char ch)
, ch , .

public static bool

IsSymbol(string str,
int idx)
, str [idx]
, .
public static bool

IsUpper(char ch)
, ch .
public static bool

IsUpper(string str,
int idx)
, str [idx]
.
520
II. #
. 19.9
public static bool

IsWhiteSpace(char ch)
, ch , .
public static bool

IsWhiteSpace(string str,
int idx)
, striidx]
, .

public static char

Parse(string str)
char- s t r .
str , F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n
public static char

ToLower(char ch)
ch, ch . ch
public static char

ToLower(char ch,
Culturelnfo c)
ch, ch . ch .
, , . C u l t u r e l n f o , S y s t e m . G l o b a l i z a t i o n
public static char

ToUpper(char ch)
ch, ch
. ch
public static char

ToUpper(char ch,
Culturelnfo c)
ch, ch
. ch . , ,
. C u l t u r e l n f o ,
s y s t e m . G l o b a l i z a t i o n

ToString()

char-
public static string

ToString(char ch)
ch


char-
fmtpvdr
, ,
, , Char:
//
//
,
Char.
using System;
c l a s s CharDemo {
s t r i n g s t r = "
int
i;
19. System
$23";
521
for(i=0; i < str.Length;

Console.Write(str[i] + " ");
if(Char.IsDigit(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsLetter(str{i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsLower(str[i]))
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsUpper(str[i] ) )
Console.Write(" " ) ;
if(Char.IsSymbol(str[i] ) )
Console.Write(" ")
if(Char.IsSeparator(str[i] ) )
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsWhiteSpace(str[i] ) )
Console.Write(" ");
if(Char.IsPunctuation(str[i] ) )
Console.Write(" ");
// ,
string newstr = "";
for(i=0; i < str.Length; i++)
newstr += Char.ToUpper(str[i]);
Console.WriteLine(" : " + newstr);
:

i

.

$
2
3
: . $23
: . $23
522
II. #
Boolean
Boolean bool. , Boolean, . 19.10.
:
public s t a t i c readonly string FalseString
public s t a t i c readonly string TrueString

true false. , FalseString
WriteLine (), "False".
Boolean IConiparable IConvertible.
19.10. , Boolean
v. , .
,
f a l s e , v t r u e . , t r u e , a
v f a l s e

object v)
t r u e ,
v
public override int
GetHashCodeO
public TypeCode
GetTypeCode()
TypeCode
B o o l e a n , .. TypeCode . B o o l e a n
public static bool Parse (

string str)
booi- ,
str. "True",
"False", , ,
:

ToString i)
string ToString(

fmtpvdr , ,
! Array
System Array. Array
#. , , ,
. , Array, . 19.11,
. 19.12.
Array : icioneable, iCollection,
IEnumerable iList. ICollection, IEnumerable iList
System. Collections 22.
19. System
523
Array
IComparer.
S y s t e m . C o l l e c t i o n s , Compare (),
.
i n t Compare(object vl, o b j e c t v2)
, vl
v2, , vl v2, ,
.
.

, ,
. Array . Sort ( ) , ,
, "/".
BinarySearch (). ,
int- Sort () BinarySearch ():
// .
using System;
class SortDemo {
int[] nums = { 5, 4, 6, 3, 14, 9, 8, 17, 1, 24, -1, 0 };
//
// .
Console.Write(" :
" ) ;
// .
Array.Sort(nums);
// .
// 14.
int idx = Array.BinarySearch(nums, 14);
Console.WriteLine(" 14 " + idx);
:
:
5 4 3 14 9 8 17 1 24 -1
: -1 0 1 3 4 5 8 9 14 17 24
14 9
524
II. #
i n t , .. .
, Array, . . ,
IComparable.
,
. ,
IComparable , :
int CompareTo(object v)
v. , v, ,
, ,
v. ,
, , :
//
using System;
class MyClass : IComparable {
public i n t i ;
public MyClass(int
x)
{ i = x;
/ / IComparable.
public i n t CompareTo(object v) {
return i - ((MyClass)v).i;
c l a s s SortDemo {
MyClass[] nums = new M y C l a s s [ 5 ] ;
nums[0]
nums[1]
nums[2]
nums[3]
nums[4]
=
=
=
=
=
new
new
new
new
new
MyClass(5);
MyClass(2);
MyClass(3);
MyClass ( 4 ) ;
MyClass ( 1 ) ;
/ /
/ / .
C o n s o l e . W r i t e ( " :
") ;
f o r e a c h ( M y C l a s s i n nums)
Console.Write(.i + " " ) ;
/ / .
Array.Sort(nums);
/ / .
C o n s o l e . W r i t e ( " : " ) ;
f o r e a c h ( M y C l a s s o i n nums)
Console.Write(.i + " " ) ;
19. System
,
/
525
// MyClass(2).
MyClass x = new MyClass(2);
int idx = Array.BinarySearch(nums, x ) ;
Console.WriteLine(" MyClass(2)
idx) ;

:
:
MyClass(2)
:
5 2 3 4 1
12 3 4 5
1

. , , , , . :
Reverse .
. :
// .
u s i n g System;^
class ReverseDemo {
int[] nums = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 5 };
// .
Console.Write(" :
" ) ;
// .
Array.Reverse(nums);
// .
Console.Write(" :
" ) ;
// .
Array.Reverse(nums, 1, 3 ) ;
//
// .
526
II. #
:
:
12 3 4 5
:
5 4 3 2 1
: 5 2 3 4 1

. , (). - ,
, () . ()
:
// .
using System;
class CopyDemo {
int[] source = { 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 } ;
int[] target = { 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 };
int[] source2 = { -1, -2, -3, -4, -5 };
// - .
Console.Write("-: " ) ;
foreach(int i in source)
// -.
Console.Write(
" -: " ) ;
foreach(int i in target)
// .
Array.Copy(source, target, source.Length);
// .
// target.
Array.Copy(source2, 2, target, 3, 2 ) ;
// .
Console.Write(
" : " ) ;
19. System
527
:
-: 1 2 3 4 5
- : 11 12 13 14 15
:
1 2 3 45
:
1 2 3-3-4
19.11. , A r r a y
public virtual bool

IsFixedSize { get; }
. t r u e ,
, f a l s e ,
public virtual bool

IsReadOnly { get; }
. t r u e ,
A r r a y , f a l s e

public virtual bool

IsSynchronized { get; }
. t r u e ,
,
f a l s e
public int Length { get;
public int Rank { get; }
public virtual object

SyncRoot { g e t ; }
. ,
19.12. , A r r a y
public static int

BinarySearch(Array a,
object v)
, , , v.
. , .
public static int

object v,
IComparer comp)
, , , v, , . . , .

public static int

int start,
int count,
object v)
, ,
, v. ,
start,
count .
.
, .

public static int

int start,
int count,
object v,
IComparer comp)
, ,
, v,
, .
, start,
count
.
. , .
528
II. #
. 19.12
public s t a t i c void
Clear(Array a,
int start,
int count)
.
, , , s t a r t , count
public virtual object Clone()
. , , "". , ,
, ,
public static void

Copy(Array source,
Array dest,
int count)
count source
dest. .
, ( ) " ",
public static void

Copy(Array source,
int srcStart,
Array dest,
int destStart,
int count)
count source (
srcstart)
dest (
deststart).

, ()
" ",

public virtual void

CopyTo(Array dest,
int start)

d e s t [ s t a r t ]
public static Array

Createlnstance(Type t,
int size)
,
size t
public static Array

int sizel,
int size2)

sizel*size2.
t
public static Array

int sizel,
int size2,
int size3)

sizei*size2*size3.
t
public static Array

int[] sizes)
, sizes. t
public static Array

Createlnstance(
Type t,
int[] sizes,
int[] startlndexes)
, sizes. t . s t a r t l n d e x e s . ,
, ,
public override bool

Equals(object v)
t r u e ,
v
public virtual IEnumerator

GetEnumerator()
.
.
22, ""
19. System
dest,
529
. 19.12
public int GetLength(int dim)
. ; ,
,
1
public int
GetLowerBound(int dim)
, . dim ,
; ,
0, 1
public override int

GetHashCodeO
TypeCode
A r r a y , .. TypeCode . A r r a y
public int
GetUpperBound(int dim)
,
. dim ,
; ,

0, 1
public object GetValue(int ldx)
idx.
public object GetValue(int idxl,

int idx2)
[ idxl,
idx2].
public object GetValue(int idxl,

int idx2,
int idx3)
[ idxl,
idx2,
idx3].
public object
GetValue(int[] idxs)
, idxs. ,
idxs
public static int

IndexOf(Array a, object v)

, , v. - 1 , . (
, 0,
,
1)
public static int

IndexOf(Array a,
object v,
int start)

, , v.
a [start].
- 1 , . ( , 0,
, 1)
public static int

IndexOf(Array a,
object v,
int start,
int count)

, , v.
[ s t a r t ] t . - 1 , . ( , 0,
,
1)
530
II. #
. 19.12
public void Initialize()
, .

public static int

LastlndexOf(Array a,
object v)
, , v. - 1 , . (
, 0,
,
1)
public static int

object v,
int start)

, ,
v. , [ s t a r t ] [0].
- 1 , . ( , ,

, 1)
public static int

object v,
int start,
int count)

, , v. ,
a [ s t a r t ] , oxeaTbieaeTcount .
- 1 , . ( , 0,
, 1)
public static void

Reverse(Array a)
public static void

Reverse(Array a,
int start,
int count)
.
[ start]
c o u n t
public void SetValue(object v,

int idx)

idx v.

int idxl,
int idx2)

[ idxl,
idx2] v.

int idxl,
int idx2,
int idx3)

[ idxl,
idx2,
idx3] v.

int[] idxs)
,
idxs, v. , idxs
public static void Sort(Array a)
public static void

Sort(Array a,
IComparer comp)

, .
19. System
531
. 19.12
public static void

Sort(Array k,
Array v)

. , v
, . ,
/.

public static void

Sort(Array k,
Array v,
IComparer comp)

, . ,
V, . ,
/.

public static void

Sort(Array a,
int start,
int count)
.
a [start]
count .
public static void

Sort(Array a,
int start
int count,
IComparer comp)

,
.
a [ s t a r t ] count .

public static void

Sort(Array k,
Array v,
int start,
int count)

.
, start,
count . , v , .
,
/.

public static void

Sort(Array k,
Array v,
int start,
int count,
IComparer comp)

, . ,
start,
count .
, v ,
. ,
/.

LJ B i t C o n v e r t e r

. , , .
.
, . ,
, . # BitConverter.
532
II. #
B i t C o n v e r t e r , . 19.13.
:
public static readonly bool IsLittleEndian
t r u e , ( ), (
) . ( ) , .. , ("little-endian" format). I s L i t t l e E n d i a n
f a l s e ,
( ), ( )
. ("big-endian" format). , Pentium Intel,
.
BitConverter sealed-, ..
.
19.13. , BitConverter
public static long

DoubleToInt64Bits(double v)
v
l o n g
public s t a t i c byte[]
GetBytes(bool v)
public static byte[]

GetBytes(char v)
public s t a t i c byte[]
GetBytes(double v)

GetBytes(float v)

GetBytes(int v)

GetBytes(long v)

GetBytes(short v)

GetBytes(uint v)

GetBytes(ulong v)

GetBytes(ushort v)

Int64BitsToDouble(long v)
v
double
public static bool

ToBoolean(byte[] a,
int idx)
a [idx]
bool- .
t r u e , f a l s e
public static char

ToChar(byte[] a,
int start)
, [ start], char-
19. System
533
. 19.13

ToDouble(byte[] a,
int start)
public static short
Tolntl6(byte[] a,
int start)
, [ start],
double-
public static int

Tolnt32(byte[] a,
int start)
, a [start],
int-
public static long

Tolnt64(byte[] a,
int start)
, [ start ],
long-
public static float

ToSingle(byte[] a,
,
int start)
, a [start],
float-

ToString(byte[] a)
. ( ),

ToString(byte[] a,
int start)
, a
[start],
.
( ),

ToString(byte[] a,
int start,
int count)
count ,
[ start], .
( ),

ToUIntl6(byte[] a,
int start)
, [ start], ushort-
public static uint

ToUInt32(byte[] a,
int start)
, [ start],
uint-
public static ulong

ToUInt64(byte[] a,
int start)
, [ start],
u long-
, [ start], short-

Random
,
Random. , .
, Random .
Random :
public Random()
public Random(int seed)
534
II. #
Random,

.
seed.
, Random, . 19.14.
19.14. , Random
p u b l i c v i r t u a l i n t Nexto
public virtual int
Next ( i n t upperBound)
public virtual int
Next ( i n t lowerBound,
i n t upperBound)
public v i r t u a l void
N e x t B y t e s ( b y t e [ ] bur")
p u b l i c v i r t u a l double
NextDoubie ()
p r o t e c t e d v i r t u a l double
sample ()
i n t .
0-int32 .MaxVaiue-1,
i n t ,
0- upperBounchi,
i n t ,
lowerBound-upperBound-^
buf . 0B y t e . MaxValue-1,

( ),
0,0 1,0

( ),
0,0 1,0. ,

, Random
:
// .
using System;
c l a s s RandDice {
Random ran = new Random();
Console.Write(ran.Next(1, 7) + " " ) ;
Console.WriteLine(ran.Next(1, 7 ) ) ;
"" :
5 2
4 4
16
Random. , 16.
19. System
535
- J GC
GC #- . ,
, . 19.15. ,
public s t a t i c
int
MaxGeneration
{ get;
MaxGeneration . (.
new) , , , .
, MaxGeneration ,

.

GC. ,
C o l l e c t () .
, .
,
,
, ().
GC sealed-,
19.15. , GC
public s t a t i c void Collect()
Collect (mt MaxGen)
MaxGen
public s t a t i c int
GetGeneration(object o)
public s t a t i c int
GetGeneration(WeakReference o)
,
"" , ""

public s t a t i c long
GetTotalMemory(bool
( )
collect

t r u e ,
collect)
KeepAlive(object o)
ReRegisterForFinalize(
object o)
S u p p r e s s F m a l i z e ^)
public static void

SuppressFinalize(object o)
public static void

WaitForPendmgFmalizers ()
536
II. #
- J O b j e c t
Object , #- object.
Object 11, # (
) . 19.16. Object :
Object ()
.
19.16. , Object
p u b l i c v i r t u a l b o o l Equals (
o b j e c t ob)
t r u e ,
, , ob.
f a l s e
p u b l i c s t a t i c bool Equals (
ob j ect obi,
o b j e c t ob2)
t r u e , obi
, 2.
false
p r o t e c t e d F i n a l i z e ()
. # F i n a l i z e ()
p u b l i c v i r t u a l i n t GetHashcode ()
-,
p u b l i c Type GetType ()
protected object
Memberwisecione ()
p u b l i c s t a t i c bool
Ref erenceEquals (object obi,
o b j e c t ob2)
" " , .. , ,
true, obi 2 .
f a l s e
public v i r t u a l s t r i n g TostringO
IComparable
IComparable,
, #-, .
IComparable ,
:
i n t CompareTo(object v)
v. , v, , , , v.
19. System
537
EJ I C o n v e r t i b l e
I C o n v e r t i b l e .
. , .
ICloneable
ICloneable, . ICloneable :
object Clone ()
. ,
Clone (), . :
. . , ,
. , ,
. ,
,
, , , , . Clone () , .
MemberwiseClone (), Object.

, ICloneable.
Test, X.
Test Clone ().
// I C l o n e a b l e .
using System;
class X {
public int a;
public X(int x) { a = x; }
}
class Test : ICloneable {
public X o;
public int b;
public Test (int x, int y) {
= new X(x);
b = y;
}
public void show(string name) {
Console.Write(" " + name + " : " ) ;
Console.WriteLine("o.a: {0}, b: {1}", o.a, b ) ;
538
II. #
// ,
public object Clone() {
Test temp = new Test(o.a, b ) ;
return temp;
class CloneDemo {
Test obi = new Test(10, 20);
obi.show("obi") ;
Console.WriteLine(
" 2 obi.");
Test ob2 * (Test) obi.Clone();
ob2.show("ob2") ;
Console.WriteLine(" obi.. 99,
+ " obl.b 88.");
obi.. = 99;
obl.b - 88;
obi.show("obi");
ob2.show("ob2");
:
obi : . : 10, : 20
2 o b i .
2 : . : 10, : 20
o b i . . 99, o b l . b
obi : . : 99, : 88
2 : . : 10, : 20
88.
, 2 obi,
obi 2 . .
, X, , .
Clone () MemberwiseClone (), Object.
, , Clone () :
// ,
p u b l i c o b j e c t Clone() {
Test temp = (Test) MemberwiseClone();
r e t u r n temp;

:
obi : .: 10, : 20
2 obi.
2 : .: 10, : 20
obi.. 99, obl.b 88.
19. System
539
i obi : . : 99, : 88
I 2 : . : 99, : 20
, obi 2 X.
. int- b - ,
.
I IFormatProvider
IFormattable
IFormatProvider GetFormatO, , , . Get Format () :
ob3ect GetFormat(Type fmt)
fmt . 20.
I F o r m a t t a b l e
. IFormattable
:
string ToString(string fmt, IFormatProvider fmtpvdr)
fmt , fmtpvdr () . 20.
540
II. #
l s t r i n g . ,
V ^ . s t r i n g , ,
, . , .
,
#, , .
#
# 7,
"" .
s t r i n g , #.
(string) ,
. C++ , # . #
s t r i n g . s t r i n g . , s t r i n g #- .NET- System. S t r i n g .
, #- , , , S t r i n g .
. # ( )
.
, . ,
" " , ,
, ,
, .
,
" " . , s t r i n g , , ,
. s t r i n g .
, , #
S t r i n g B u i l d e r , System.Text. s t r i n g , S t r i n g B u i l d e r .
L-J S t r i n g
String System.
IComparable, ICloneable, IConvertible IEnumerable. String sealed, .. . s t r i n g # . #- s t r i n g
.NET Framework. String.
542
II. #
S t r i n g
S t r i n g , . ,
:
public String(char[] chrs)
public String(char[] chrs, int start, int count)
,
, chrs. ,
, count , chrs, , start.
, , . :
p u b l i c S t r i n g ( c h a r ch, i n t count)
ch , count .
, ,
:
unsafe public String(char* chrs)
unsafe public String(char* chrs, int start, int count)
,
, chrs. , chrs ( ).
, ,
count , , chrs, ,
s t a r t .
, ,
:
unsafe p u b l i c S t r i n g ( s b y t e * chrs)
unsafe p u b l i c S t r i n g ( s b y t e * chrs, i n t start,
i n t count)
unsafe p u b l i c S t r i n g ( s b y t e * chrs, i n t start,
i n t count, Encoding ) *
,
, chrs. ,
chrs ( ). ,
, count , , chrs, , start. . ASCIIEncoding. Encoding
System. Text.
.
. :
I s t r i n g s t r = " ";
, s t r i n g
s t r i n g :
public static readonly string Empty
Empty , .. , .
() s t r i n g , .
20.
543
s t r i n g ,
:
public char this[int
idx]
{ get;
. , . s t r i n g , , S t r i n g , , .
s t r i n g ,
:
public int Length { get; }
Length , .
s t r i n g
S t r i n g : " = = " " ! = " . , , "==". "==" , ,
. "===" S t r i n g , . " ! = " : string- . (, " < " ">="),
, . , , ()
, Compare (), S t r i n g .
s t r i n g
s t r i n g .
. , .

, ,
. S t r i n g
, . 20.1.
Compare (). ,
( ) (..
). , .. ,
, , . ( ,
, ), .
Compare () :
1 // .
using System;
I class CompareDemo {
string strl = "";
%
string str2 = "";
544
II. #
string str3 = "";

string str4 = "";
string str5 = ", ";
if(String.Compare(strl, str2) == 0)
Console.WriteLine(strl + " " + str2 +
" .");
/
else
" .");
" .");
else
" .");
if(String.Compare(strl, str3, true) == 0)
" .");
else
" .")
" .");
else
" .");
if(String.Compare(strl, 0,*str5, 0, 3) == 0)
Console.WriteLine(" " + strl +
" " +
str5 + " .");
else
Console.WriteLine(" " + strl +
" " +
str5 + " .");
int result = String.Compare(strl, str4);
if(result < 0)
Console.WriteLine(strl + " " + str4);
else if(result > 0)
else
:
.
.
.
, .
, .

20.
545
20.1. , string
public static int

Compare(string strl,
string str2)
, s t r l , ,
str2. , strl str2, ,
strl s t r 2 , , s t r l str2
Public static int

string str2,
bool ignoreCase)
, s t r l , ,
str2. , s t r l str2, ,
strl s t r 2 , , strl s t r 2 .
ignoreCase t r u e ,
.
public static int

string str2,
bool ignoreCase,
Culturelnfo ci)
, s t r l , ,
str2,
( ,
),
ci. ,
s t r l str2, , strl
str2, , strl s t r 2 . ignoreCase t r u e ,
. .
c u l t u r e l n f o
System.Globalization
public static int

int startl,
string str2,
int start2,
int count)
, s t r l str2.
strl [ startl}
s t r 2 [ start2]
count . , strl
s t r 2 , , strl -
str2-4ac, ,
s t r l s t r 2
public static int

int startl,
string str2,
int start2,
int count,
bool ignoreCase)
, strl str2.
s t r l
[startl]
str2 [start2]
count . , s t r l
s t r 2 , , strl-
st2-, ,
s t r l s t r 2 . ignoreCase t r u e ,
.

public static int

int startl,
string str2,
int start2,
int count,
bool ignoreCase,
Culturelnfo ci)
, s t r l str2%
( , ), ci.
stri[starti]
str2[start2]
count . , strl str2x , strl str2-4acTn, ,
strl s t r 2 . ignoreCase t r u e ,
.
. c u l t u r e l n f o S y s t e m . G l o b a l i z a t i o n
546
II. #
. 20.1
public static int

CompareOrdinal(string strl,
string str2)
, strl, ,
str2, ,
. , strl str2,
, s t r l str2, , strl
str 2
public static int

CompareOrdinal(string strl,
int startl,
string str2,
int start2,
int count)
, strl str 2,
, .
strl[startl]
str2[start2] count
. ,
strl str2, , stri- str2-4ac, , strl str2
Public int CompareTo(object str)
, str. , str, ,
str, ,
, str. , str, ,
str, ,
Public int CompareTo(string str)

() . , 7, "+". , ,
String. "+" , .
, , Concat (),
:
public s t a t i c string Concat(string s t r l , string str2)
, str2, strl.
Concat () :
public static string Concat(string strl,
string str2,
string str3)
, strl, str2 str3. ,

"+", Concat ().
Concat () ,
:
public s t a t i c string Concat(params s t r i n g [ ] strs)
20.
547
Concat () . Concat () :
// Concat().
using System;
class ConcatDemo {
s t r i n g r e s u l t = String.Concat(
" " , " " ,
" " , " " , " " ,
" " , " " ,
"String.");
Console.WriteLine(":
" + result);
:
: String.
Concat string-, a object-.

, .
Concat () :
public static string Concat(object vl, object v2)
public static string Concat(object vl,
object v2,
object v3)
public static string Concat(params object[] v)
, v2, vl. , vl, v2 v3. , , "" v.
, :
// C o n c a t ( ) .
using System;
class ConcatDemo {
string result = String.Concat(" ", 10, " ",
20.0, " ",
false, " ",
23.45M);
Console.WriteLine(": " + r e s u l t ) ;
548
II. #
:
: 10 20 False 23.45
Concat () .
T o S t r i n g O , . ,
10 Int32 .ToString (). Concat ()
. Concat ()
, .

s t r i n g ,
( ).
.
, indexOf (),
:
public int IndexOf(char ch)
public int IndexOf(string str)
IndexOf (), ,
ch .
str. 1,
.
,
Last IndexOf (), :
public int LastlndexOf(char ch)
public int LastlndexOf(string str)
LastlndexOf (), , ch . s t r . 1,
.
s t r i n g : IndexOf Any ()
LastlndexOf Any (). ,
. :
public int IndexOfAny(char[] a)
public int LastlndexOfAny(char[] a)
IndexOf Any ()
, . LastlndexOf Any ()
, . 1,
.
,
.
StartsWith () EndsWith ():
public bool StartsWith(string str)
public bool EndsWith(string str)
StartsWith () t r u e , , str. EndsWith () t r u e , , str. f a l s e .
20.
549
:
// .
using System;
class StringSearchDemo {
string str =
"C# .";
int idx;
Console.WriteLine("str: " + str);
idx = str.IndexOf( f c f );
Console.WriteLine(
" ' 1 : " + idx) ;
idx = str.LastlndexOf('');
Console.WriteLine(
" f c f : " + idx);
idx = str.IndexOf("");
Console.WriteLine(
" \"\": "
+ idx);
idx = str.LastlndexOf("");
Console.WriteLine(
" \"\": "
+ idx);
char[] chrs = { f a f , ' 1 , '' };
idx = str.IndexOfAny(chrs) ;
Console.WriteLine(
" f a', '' ' 1 : " + idx);
if(str.StartsWith("C# "))
Console.WriteLine(
"str \"# \"");
if(str.EndsWith("."))
Console.WriteLine(
"str \".\"");
:
str:
C# .
'': 20
' 1 : 41
"": 17
"": 28
'a', f f f f : 4
str "# "
str "."
,
.
550
II. #
, S t r i n g ,
. 20.2.
20.2. , string
public bool
EndsWith(string
str)
t r u e ,
, str.
f a l s e
public int IndexOf(char ch)
ch
. - 1 ,
public int
IndexOf(string str)
s t r . - 1 ,
public int
ch
. , start. - 1 ,
IndexOf(char ch,
int start)
public int
IndexOf(string str,
int start)
s t r . , start. - 1 ,

public int IndexOf(char ch,

int start,
int count)
ch
. , start, count .
- 1 ,
public int
IndexOf(string str,
int start,
int count)
s t r . , start, count . - 1 ,
public int
IndexOfAny(char[] a)
, . - 1 ,
public int
IndexOfAny(char[] a,
int start)
, . ,
start. - 1 ,

public int
IndexOfAny(char[] a,
int start,
int count)
, . ,
s t a r t , count . - 1 ,
public int
LastlndexOf(char ch)
ch
. -1,
public int
LastlndexOf(string str)
s t r . - 1 ,
public int
LastlndexOf(char ch,
int start)
ch, .
, , start, .
- 1 ,
20.
551
. 20.2
public int
LastlndexOf(string str,
int start)
s t r , .
, , start, . - 1 ,
public int
LastlndexOf(char ch,
int start,
int count)
ch, .
, , start,
count .
- 1 ,
public int
LastlndexOf(string str,
int start,
int count)
s t r , . , ,
start,
count . - 1 ,
public int
LastlndexOfAny(char[] a)
, .
- 1 ,
public int
LastlndexOfAny(char[] a,
int start)
, .
, ,
s t a r t , . - 1 ,

public int
LastlndexOfAny(char[] a,
int start,
int count)
, .
, ,
s t a r t , count .
- 1 ,
public bool
StartsWith(string str)
t r u e ,
, s t r .
f a l s e

()
. .
"" . s t r i n g
Split (), Join ().
Split () :
public s t r i n g [ ] split(params char[] seps)
public s t r i n g [ ] split(params char[J seps, i n t count)
, . ,
, seps. seps
null-, . , count.
Join ():
552
II. #
public static string Join(string sep, string[] strs)

public static string Join(string sep, string[] strs,
int start, int count)
J o i n ( ) , , strs.
, count , strs, strs[start].
, , , sep.
S p l i t () J o i n ( ) :
// .
using System;
class SplitAndJoinDemo {
string str =
" , .";
char[] seps = { ', '. ', ', ',};
// ,
string[] parts = str.Split(seps);
Console.WriteLine(
" : " ) ;
for(int i=0; i < parts.Length; i++)
Console.WriteLine(parts[i]);
// ,
string whole = String.Join(" | ", parts);
Console.WriteLine(whole);
:
:
:
| | | |
| | | | | |
,
, . , , S p l i t () , " , 100" (, "" "100").
20.
553
, "" ( ), " ". . , , 10 + 5, .

// .
using System;
class TokenizeDemo {
s t r i n g [ ] input = {
"100 + 19",
"100 / 3.3",
"-3 * 9",
"100 - 87"
char[] seps = { '
};
for(int i=0; i < input.Length; i++) {

// ,
string[] parts = input[i].Split(seps);
for(int j=0; j < parts.Length; j++)
Console.Write(parts[j] + " " ) ;
Console.Write(", : " ) ;
double n = Double.Parse(parts[0]);
double n2 = Double.Parse(parts[2]);
switch(parts[1]) {
case "+":
Console.WriteLine(n
break;
case lf-":
Console.WriteLine(n
break;
case "*":
Console.WriteLine(n
break;
case "/":
Console.WriteLine(n
break;
+ n2) ;
- n2);
* n2);
/ n2);
:
: 100 + 19 , : 119
: 100 / 3.3 , : 30.3030303030303
: - 3 * 9 , : -27
: 100 - 87 , : 13
554
II. #

. , , .
, "print".

. , , "" . ,
, , ""
. , ,
. , # , .
,
Trim ():
public string Trim()
public string Trim(params char[] chrs)
. , chrs. , .
#
. ""
:
p u b l i c s t r i n g PadLeft(int len)
p u b l i c s t r i n g PadLeft(int lenr char ch)

,
len. , , ch.
, .
"" :
p u b l i c s t r i n g PadRight(int len)
public s t r i n g PadRight(int lenf char ch)
,
len. ,
, ch. , .
:
1
//
//
using System;
c l a s s TrimPadDemo {
s t r i n g s t r = "";
Console.-WriteLine(" :
20.
" +str);
555
// .
str = str.PadLeft(10);
Console.WriteLine("|" + s t r + " I " ) ;
// .
str = str.PadRight(20);
Console.WriteLine("I" + s t r + " I " ) ;
// .
str = str.TrimO ;
Console.WriteLine("|" + str + " I " ) ;
// "" "#".
str = str.PadLeft(10, # ) ;
Console.WriteLine("I" + str + " I " ) ;
// "" "#".
str = str.PadRight(20, ' # ' ) ;
Console.WriteLine("I" + str + " I " ) ;
// "#".
str = str.Trim('#');
C o n s o l e . W r i t e L i n e ( " | " + s t r+ " I " ) ;
:
:
|
|
|
|
I |
|###### |
|################|
I !
,
i n s e r t () :
public s t r i n g I n s e r t ( i n t start, s t r i n g s t r )
s t r , .
() start. ,
.
Remove () :
public string Remove(int start, int count)
count. (),
, start. ,
.
Replace ()
. :
public string Replace(char chl, char ch2)
public string Replace(string strl, string str2)

chl 2.
556
II. #
strl str2. , .
,
Insert(), Remove() Replace():
// , .
using System;
class InsRepRevDemo {
string str = " ";
// .
str = str.Insert(4, " " ) ;
Console.WriteLine(str);
// .
str = str.Replace("", "");
// .
str = str.Replace('', ' X ' ) ;
// ,
str = str.Remove(4, 5 ) ;
:
:

""
S t r i n g ,
"", .. . ToUpper ()
ToLower():
public string ToLower()
public string ToUpper()
ToLower () , ToUpper () . , . ,
, ,
.
20.
557
Substring ()
S u b s t r i n g () . :
public string Substring(int idx)
public string Substring(int idx, int count)
,
idx, . , , idx, count . .
S u b s t r i n g () :
// S u b s t r i n g ( ) .
using System;
class SubstringDemo {
string str = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
Console.WriteLine("str: " + str);
Console.Write("str.Substring(15): " ) ;
string substr = str.Substring(15);
Console.WriteLine(substr);
Console.Write("str.Substring(O, 15): " ) ;
substr = str.Substring(0, 15);
Console.WriteLine(substr);
:
str: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
str.Substring(15): PQRSTUVWXYZ
str.Substring(O, 15): ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
(, i n t double)
, , . #
, . , I, .
, Console.WriteLine (),
S t r i n g . Format () ToString ().
, , , .
558
II. #

: () . ,
, .
, . , ( ),
.
, . , ,
. # .

I Format Provider. .NET
Framework. , ,
.
.
3, . W r i t e L i n e O , ,
.
W r i t e L i n e O ,
W r i t e L i n e O :
WriteLine("_",
arglf
. . . , argN) ;
WriteLineO , " + " . _ : "" "". , " ",
.
:
{_, : }
_
( ). , .
. , , . , {0} , {1} argl ..
WriteLineO
, ( ) , _. , _ , , .
fmt,
. . width
, , ,
, . width ,
20.
559
, ,
.
.

, , . 20 3.
. , , ,
, , F2.
, , , . , , , , .

. , ,
, .
, > :
//
// .
using System;
class FormatDemo {
double v = 17688.65849;
double v2 = 0.15;
int x = 21;
Console.WriteLine("{0:F2}", v ) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:N5}",v ) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:e}", v ) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:r}", v ) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:p}", v 2 ) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:X}", x ) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:012}",x ) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:}", 18 9.99);
:
17688.66
17,688.65849
1.768866+004
17688.65849
15.00 %
560
II. #
15
000000000021
$189.99
,
.
20.3.
(
)
( )
( )
- F
. F
- f
. f
(
)
,
P a r s e () "" ( " ".)
( -
A-F)
a-f)
S t r i n g . Format ()
T o s t r i n g ()
WriteLine ()
,
, ,
. ,
20.
561
, .
GUI-, Windows, - .
: s t r i n g . Format ()
ToString ().
S t r i n g . Format ()

Format (), string (
. 20.4). Format () WriteLineO, , Format () , .
20.4. Format ()

Format(string str,
object v)
v , s t r .
s t r ,

Format(string str,
object vl,
object v2)
vl , s t r , v2 . s t r ,


Format(string str,
object vl,
object v2,
object v3)
Format(string str,
params object[] v)
vl, v2 v3 , s t r .
s t r ,


Format(
. IFormatProvider fmtprvdr,
string str,
params object [] v)
, v,
, s t r ,
,
fmtprvdr.
str,

, v,
, str. s t r ,

,
, S t r i n g . Format ( ) . .
// String.Format()
// .
using System;
class FormatDemo {
562
II. #
double v = 17688-65849;
double v2 = 0.15;
int x = 21;
string str = String.Format("{0:F2}", v) ;
str = String.Format("{0:N5}",v ) ;
str = String.Format("{0:e}", v) ;
str = String.Format("{0:r}", v) ;
str = String.Format("{0:p}'\ v 2 ) ;
str = String.Format("{0:X}",
) ;
str = String.Formatr{0:D12}", x) ;
str = String.Format("{0:C}",
189.99);
WriteLine (), String. Format ()

. , 1 10:
//
Format().
using System;
class FormatDemo2 {
int i;
int sum = 0 ;
int prod = 1;
string str;
/*
1 10. */
for(i=l; i <= 10; i++) {
sum += i;
prod *= i;
str = String.Format(
":{0,3:D}
:{1,8:D}",
sum, prod);
20.
563
:
1
: 1 :
2
: 3 :
: :
24
: 10 :
120
: 15 :
: 21 :
720
: 28 :
5040
: 36 :
40320
: 45 : 362880
: 55 : 3628800
:
s t r = String.Format(":{0,3:D}
:{1,8:D}",
sum, p r o d ) ;
Format () :
( sum), ( prod). ,
,
WriteLineO.
(: :),
.
Tostring
, (, Int32
Double), ToString ():
p u b l i c s t r i n g T o S t r i n g ( s t r i n g fmt)
ToString ()
, fmt.
, 188.99,
:
string str = 189.99.ToString("");
,
ToString (). WriteLine () Format (), ( ), ToString () .
,
ToString ().
.
// ToString()
// .
using System;
class ToStringDemo {
double v = 17688.65849;
double v2 = 0.15;
int x = 21;
564
II. #
string str = v.ToString("F2");

str = v.ToString("N5") ;
str = v.ToString("e") ;
str = v.ToString("r") ;
str = v2.ToString("p");
str = x.ToString("X");
str = x.ToString("D12") ;
str = 189.99.ToString("C") ;
, #
, ,
(picture format).
, (.. ) ,
. I. .
{
-
, ,
. ,
. 20.5.
20.5. -,
,
%
0
20.
565
. 20.5
, ,
+ -
+0 -0
"" .
" # " . ( )
, ()
. . " # "
, , .
.
, " # " , . , " # " , . (
) . , ,
##.##, , .
, - "".
- "" ,
, .
, . ,
1 Console.^riteLine("{0:00##.#00}", 21.3);
:
| 0021.300
, , ( )
, ( ) .

,
" # " . ,
|
Console.WriteLine("{0:#,###.#}",
3421.3);
:
1 3,421.3.
, ""
.
( ) . ,
|
Console.WriteLine{"{0:#,###.#}",
8763421.3);
:
| 8,763,421.3.
"" .
( ),
566
II. #
. 1 000.
,
Console.WriteLine(
" : { 0 : # , # # # , . # } " , 8763421.3);
:
I : 8,7 63.4
, , .
-
. , , , . ,
Console.WriteLine(
" {0:##.# }",
21.3);
:
I 21.3
, \ t \.
- ,
( ).
"0". " 0 " , .
. - ,
().
+ +, : , , - -.
" ; " ,
, . -
" ; " :
- ; - ; -
:
Console. WriteLine ("{0 :#.##; (#.##) ;0.00}lf, num) ;
num , . num ,
. num ,
0.00. - " ; "
. , , - .
, - . - - " ".

, :
// .
using System;
20.
567
class PictureFormatDemo {
double num = 64354.2345;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + num);
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
"{0:#.##}", num);
//
// .
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:#,###.##}",
num) ;
//
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
"{0:#.###+00}", num);
// .
"{0:#0,}", num);
/* ,
-. */
" " +
" -.");
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.#; (#.##); 0.00}", num) ;
num = -num;
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.##;(#.##);0.00}", num);
num = 0 . 0 ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:#.##; (#.##); 0 . 00}", num);
// ,
num = 0.17;
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:#%}",
num) ;
:
: 64354.2345
: 64354.23
: 64,354.23
: 6.435+04
: 64
,
.
64354.2
(64354.23)
0.00
: 17%
568
II. #
-J
,
DateTime. 19, DateTime .
. :
02/25/2002
Monday, February 25, 2002
12:59:00
12:59:00
,
. # .
, . 20.6. ,
,
.
20.6.

;
(Universal Time Coordinated UTC)
l
,
, :
// .
u s i n g System;
c l a s s TimeAndDateFormatDemo {
20.
569

DateTime dt = DateTime.Now; // .
Console.WriteLine(" d: {0:d}"f dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" D: {0:D}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" t: {0:t}", dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" T: {0:T}", dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" f: {0:f}", dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" F: {0:F}", dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" g: {0:g}", dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" G: {0:G}", dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" m: {0:m}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(" M: {0:M}", dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" : {0:r}"f dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" R: {0:R}", dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" s: {0:s}", dt);
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine("
Console.WriteLine ("
u:
U:
:
Y:
{0:u}"/
{0:U}",
{0:y}",
{0^}",
dt);
dt);
dt);
dt) ;
:
d: 10.09.2003
D: 10 2003 .
t: 14:53
: 14:53:11
f: 10 2003 . 14:53
F: 10 2003 . 14:53:11
: 10.09.2003 14:53
G: 10.09.2003 14:53:11
: 10
: 10
: Wed, 10 Sep 2003 14:53:11 GMT
R: Wed, 10 Sep 2003 14:53:11 GMT
s: 2003-09-10T14:53:11
u: 2003-09-10 14:53:11Z
U: 10 2003 . 11:53:11
: 2003 .
Y: 2003 .
. . .
( ) T o S t r i n g O ,
DateTime. (\).
I // .
I
| using System;
570
II. #
class SimpleClock {
string t;
int seconds;
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now;
seconds = dt.Second;
for(;;) {
dt = DateTime.Now;
// '
// seconds,
if(seconds != dt.Second) {
seconds = dt.Second;
t = dt.ToString("T");
if(dt.Minute==O && dt.Second==0)
t = t + "\a"; //
/ / .
Console.WriteLine (t);

, .
, . , () , ,
. -,
. 20.7.
, , d, f, g, m, M, s t , ,
. 20.6. , , . . , , (%).
:
//
// .
(
using System;
class CustomTimeAndDateFormatsDemo {
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now;
20.
571
Console.WriteLine(": {0:hh:mm tt}", dt) ;

Console.WriteLine(
" 24- : {0:HH:mm}", dt);
Console.WriteLine(": {0:ddd dd, yyyy}", dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(": {0:gg}", dt) ;
"{0:HH:mm:ss tt}", dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" m : {0:m}",
dt) ;
Console.WriteLine(" m : {0:%m}",
dt);
:
: 11:14
24- : 11:14
: 11, 2003
: A.D.
: 11:14:52
m : 11
m : 14
: A.D. . . anno Domini, .. .
20.7. -,
, 1-31
dd
, 1-31. 1-9
ddd
dddd
f, ff,
fffff,
fffffff

fff,
ffff,
ffffff,
1-12
1-12. 1-9
0-23
0-23. 1-9
. 1-9
1-12
1-12. 1-9

hh
H
HH
m
mm
M
MM
MMMM
s
572
II. #
. 20 7
ss
. 1-9
"" "", . ( ) P.M. ( ),
tt
AM. P.M.
. 1 -9
zz
. 1-9
zzz
%fmt
, fmt
_J
# , .

. , ,
. 20.8. G F. ,
, Flags.
,
. Flags G
. F
, ,
, .
:
// .
using System;
class EnumFrntDemo {
enum Direction { , , , }
[Flags] enum Status { =01, _=02,
=04, _=08,
_=010,
_=020 }
Direction d = Direction.;
Console.WriteLine("{0:G}", d) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:F}", d ) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:D}", d) ;
Console.WriteLine("{0:X}", d ) ;
20.
573
Status s = Status. I Status.__;

Console.WriteLine("{0:G}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:F}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:D}",
Console.WriteLine("{0:X}",
s);
s);
s);
s);
3
00000003
, _
, __
9
00000009
20.8.
. Flags,
( ,
)
. ,
, ,
, , Flags
>
574
II. #
1
# , ,
^ ^ (multithreaded programming). ,
.
(thread), . , .
, #, , .NET Framework. , , , # , .
I
:
. . . , ,
, , . , , , (
) Internet. -
, .
. ,
, ,
. , . ,
- , .
, - -
. -
, -
.
,
, (), . , - ( ,
) ,
().
( ). , , . ,
,
, Internet.
.
. ( ).
, ..
. .
576
II. #
. , ,
() .
.NET Framework :
(foreground) , (background).
, , .. . -
, ,
.
-
, ,
. # , , .
,
(main thread), . ,
. .
# .NET Framework -, . , #,
, , . ,
, , . , #
.
, # ,
C++ ( ).
, ,
System.Threading.
:
I u s i n g System.Threading;
Thread
# Thread, . Thread sealed-, .. . Thread .
.

, Thread. Thread
:
public Thread(ThreadStart entryPoint)
entryPoint , ,
. ThreadStart ,
.NET Framework:
public delegate void ThreadStart()
21.
577
, void .
, Start (), Thread. :
public void S t a r t ( )
, , , entryPoint. entryPoint . s t a r t () , , ThreadstateException. He , Thread System. Threading.
:
// .
using System;
using System.Threading;
class MyThread {
public int count;
string thrdName;
public MyThread(string name) {
count = 0;
thrdName = name;
}
// ( ) ,
public void run() {
Console.WriteLine(thrdName + " .");
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" " + thrdName +
", count - " + count);
count++;
} while(count < 10);
Console.WriteLine(thrdName + " .");
class MultiThread {
// MyThread.
MyThread mt = new MyThread(" #1");
// .
Thread newThrd = new Thread(new ThreadStart(mt.run));
// , .
newThrd.Start();
do {
Console.Write<".");
578
II. #
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while (mt.count != 10);
Console.WriteLine (" .tf) ;
. MyThread . run() ,
"" 0 9. S l e e p ( ) ,
Thread. Sleep () , , , . :
public static void Sleep(int milliseconds)
milliseconds
,
. milliseconds
, ,
.
Main()
Thread:
// MyThread.
MyThread mt = new MyThread(" # 1 " ) ;
// .
Thread newThrd = new Thread(new T h r e a d S t a r t ( m t . r u n ) ) ;
// ,
newThrd.Start();
, MyThread.
Thread mt. run , . ,
s t a r t () .
run () . s t a r t ()
Main (), do.
, , . :
.
. #1 .
.... #1, count = 0
#1, count = 1
.... #1, count = 2
#1, count = 3
.... #1, count = 4
#1, count = 5
#1, count =
.... #1, count = 7
#1, count = 8
.... #1, count = 9
#1 .
.
, .
, . ,
21.
579
.
,
. , do , count 10.
count 10 ,
newThrd, .
.

,
. -, .
MyThread Thread MyThread. -,
MyThread, Thread Name, . Name :
p u b l i c s t r i n g Name { g e t ; s e t ; }
Name , .
:
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int count;
public Thread thrd;
count = 0;
thrd = new Thread(new ThreadStart(this.run));
thrd.Name = name; // .
thrd.Start(); // .
}
// ,
void run() {
Console.WriteLine(thrd.Name + " .");
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
Console.WriteLine(" " + thrd.Name +
", count = " + count);
count++;
} while(count < 10) ;
class MultiThreadlmproved {
580
II. #

// MyThread.
MyThread rat = new MyThread (" #1");
do {
Console.Write (".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while (mt.count != 10);
, .
, t h r d
MyThread.

. , auHH. , :
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int count;
public Thread thrd;
count = 0;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
}
// .
void run() {
do {
Thread.Sleep(500);
count++;
} while(count < 10);
Console.WriteLine(th d.Name + " .");
class MoreThreads {
21.
581
//
MyThread mtl =
MyThread mt2 =
MyThread mt3 =
.
new MyThread(" #1");
do {
Console.Write(".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while (mtl.count < 10 I
mt2.count < 10 |
mt3.count < 10);
:
.
. #1 .
#2 .
#3 .
.... #1, count = 0
#2, count = 0
#3, count = 0
#1, count = 1
#2, count = 1
#3, count = 1
.... #1, count = 2
#2, count = 2
#3, count = 2
#1, count = 3
#2, count = 3
#3, count = 3
.... #1, count = 4
#2, count = 4
#3, count = 4
#1, count = 5
#2, count = 5
#3, count = 5
#1, count =
#2, count =
#3, count -
.... #1, count = 7
#2, count = 7
#3, count - 7
#1, count = 8
#2, count = 8
#3, count = 8
.... #1, count = 9
#1 .
#2, count = 9
#2 .
#3, count = 9
#3 .
.
582
II. #
, . - ,

.
, . count, . , Thread ,
. i s A l i v e .
:
public bool IsAlive { get; }
I s A l i v e t r u e , , , . f a l s e .
,
MoreThreads , :
// I s A l i v e
// ,
c l a s s MoreThreads {
Console. WriteLine (" . 1 1 ) ;
//
MyThread mtl =
MyThread mt2 =
MyThread mt3 =
.
new MyThread(" # 1 " ) ;
do {
Console.Write(".");
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while (mtl.thrd.IsAlive &&
mt2.thrd.IsAlive &&
mt3.thrd.IsAlive);
MoreThreads
.
, IsAlive.
, "" ,
Join (). :
public void Join()
Join () , , , .
("join" . . )
21.
583
, . ,
ThreadStateException. J o i n O , .
, ,
, J o i n ():
// J o i n ( ) .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int count;
public Thread thrd;
count = 0;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start() ;
}
// ,
void run() {
do {
Thread.Sleep(500) ;
count++;
} while(count < 10) ;
// Join() ,
class JoinThreads {
//
MyThread mtl =
MyThread mt2 =
MyThread mt3 =
.
mtl.thrd.Join() ;
Console.WriteLine(" #1 .");
mt2.thrd.Join();
mt3.thrd.Join();
584
II. #
. , , , .
.
#1 .
#2 .
#3 .
#1, count

#2, count
#3, count
#1, count
#2, count
#3, count
#1, count
#2, count
#3, count
#1, count
#2, count
#3, count
#1, count
#2, count
#3, count
#1, count
#2, count
#3, count
#1, count
#2, count

#3f count

#1, count

#2, count

#3, count
#1, count

#2, count

#3, count

#1, count
#1 .
#2, count
#2 .
#3, count
#3 .
#1 .
#2 .
#3 .
.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
= 9
= 9
, Join () .
I s B a c k g r o u n d
, .NET Framework : . ,
, 21.
585
, . .
IsBackground, Thread
:
public bool IsBackground { g e t ; s e t ; }
,
IsBackground true. f a l s e ,
.

. , ,
, .
, . , , ,
, .
, ( ),
, . , ,
, , . , .
.
Priority,
Thread. :
public ThreadPriority P r i o r i t y ! g e t ; s e t ; }
ThreadPriority , :
ThreadPriority.Highest
ThreadPriority.AboveNormal
ThreadPriority.Normal
ThreadPriority. BelowNoritial
ThreadPriority.Lowest
ThreadPriority
.Normal.
, ,
, , .
MyThread. run () ,
.
1 000 000 000, , stop true. stop f a l s e .
, "" 1 000 000 000, stop
true. (
, ).
currentName .
, , . 586
II. #
, currentName . ,
. , .
// .
using System;
class MyThread {
public int count;
public Thread thrd;
static bool stop = false;
static string currentName;
/* . ,

. */
count = 0;
thrd.Name = name;
currentName = name;
}
// ,
void run() {
Console. WriteLine (" " + thrd. Name + " .11);
do {
count++;
if(currentName != thrd.Name) {
currentName = thrd.Name;
Console.WriteLine(" " + currentName);
}
} while(stop == false && count < 1000000000);
stop = true;
Console.WriteLine(" " + thrd.Name + " .");
}
class PriorityDemo {
MyThread mtl = new MyThread(" ");
MyThread mt2 = new MyThread(" ");
// .
mtl.thrd.Priority = ThreadPriority.AboveNormal;
mt2.thrd.Priority = ThreadPriority.BelowNormal;
// ,
mtl.thrd.Start();
mt2.thrd.Start();
21.
587
mtl.thrd.Join();
mt2.thrd. JoinO ;
Console.WriteLine(" " + mtl.thrd.Name +
11
" +
mtl.count);
Console.WriteLine(" " + mt2.thrd.Name +
" " +
mt2.count);

1- Pentium, Windows 2000:
.

.

.
.
1000000000
25600064
, 98% . , ,
, , , . Windows.
-,
, . , , , .
, , .
. .
, , . ,
,
588
II. #
. . ,
, , "" . , ,
. "" .
, ..
. , ,
. ,
.
#,
. lock. # ,
.
lock :
lock(object) {
// , .
}
object .
, . lock , , , , . ,
. .

s u m l t o ,
:
// lock
// .
using System;
class SumArray {
int sum;
public int sumlt(int[] nums) {
lock(this) { // ,
sum = 0 ;
// .
for(int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
sum += nums[i];
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
Thread.CurrentThread.Name +
" " + sum);
Thread.Sleep(10); // .
}
return sum;
c l a s s MyThread {
21.
589
public Thread thrd;

inttl a;
int answer;
/* SumArray
MyThread. */
static SumArray sa = new SumArray (*) ;
// .
public MyThread(string name, int[] nums) {
a = nums;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start(); // .
// ,
void run() {
answer = sa.sumlt(a);
" " + answer);
class Sync {
int[] a - {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
MyThread mtl = new MyThread(" #1", a ) ;
MyThread mt2 = new MyThread(" #2", a ) ;
mtl.thrd.Join();
mt2.thrd.Join();
:
#1 .
#2 .

#1 15
#1 .

#2 15
#2 .
590
#1
#1
#1
#1
#1
#2
1
3
6
10
15
1
#2
#2
#2
#2
10
15
II. #
, .
. .
SumArray. sumlt (), . , MyThread, s t a t i c sa SumArray. , MyThread SumArray. . ,
sum SumArray. ,
sumlt () , sum "" . , sumlt () . ,
Sync, " ", .. .
sumlt () lock . , t h i s .
lock, .
Sleep () , (
), . sumlt ()
, . ,
, , sumlt ()
, () . .
lock,
sumlt (). sumlt () ,
.
, sum ,
, sumlt (). ,
sumlt () ,
, sum
. , ,

lock sumlt ():
#1 .
#1 1
#2 .
#2 1
#1 3
#2 5
#1 8
#2 11
#1 15
#2 19
#1 24
#2 29
#2 29
#2 .
^
#1 29
#1 .
, sumlt () , sum .
, lock.
21.
591
1. lock
, ,
.
2. , , ,
.
3. , .
, lock
, p r i v a t e - , internal-.
.

, , , , , . , , ,
.
, , , . , , lock
. ? ,
:
( ) , lock. , .
, sumit() . sumlt () MyThread.
// lock
// .
using System;
class SumArray {
int sum;
public int sumlt(int[] nums) {
sum = 0 ; // .
for(int i=0; i < nums.Length; i++) {
sum += nums[i];
Console.WriteLine(
" " +
Thread.CurrentThread.Name +
" " + sum);
Thread.Sleep(10); // .
}
return sum;
class MyThread {
592
II. #
public Thread thrd;

int[] a;
int answer;
/* SumArray
MyThread. */
static SumArray sa = new SumArray();
// .
public MyThread(string name, int[] nuras) {
a = nums;
thrd = new Thread(new T h r e a d S t a r t ( t h i s . r u n ) ) ;
thrd.Name = name;
t h r d . S t a r t ( ) ; // .
// ,
void run() {
// lock sumlt().
lock(sa) answer = sa.sumlt(a);
" " + answer);
class Sync {
int[] a - / { i f 2, 3, 4, 5};
MyThread mtl = new MyThread(" #1", a ) ;
MyThread mt2 = new MyThread(" #2", a ) ;
mtl.thrd.Join();
mt2.thrd.Join() ;
sa.sumltO,
sumlt (). :
I/ lock sumlt().
lock(sa) answer = sa.sumlt(a);
,
.

,
, static-,
, . . static-,
lock :
21.
593
lock(typeof{class) ) {
// .
}
class , static-,
.
Monitor lock
lock ,
, Monitor, System. Threading. Monitor . , , Enter (), Exit (). :
public static void Enter(object syncOb)
public static void Exit(object syncOb)
syncOb . Enter() , ,
. Microsoft , lock-
" " Enter ()
Exit (). lock #, #- .
TryEnterO Monitor.
:
public s t a t i c bool TryEnter(object syncOb)
true,
syncOb, f a l s e . , , .
Monitor : Wait(), Pulse () PulseAlK).
.

Wait(), Pulse() HPulseAll()
. ( )
lock- ( R), .
2? R, , .
, . ,
"" , .
R , , . , , ,
, . #
Wait (), Pulse () PulseAll ().
Wait (), Pulse () PulseAll () Monitor. lock- . 594
II. #
, Wait , ..
("") ,
. ,
Pulse PulseAlK), "" "". Pulse () , , . PulseAll () .
wait ():
p u b l i c s t a t i c bool Wait(object waitOb)
p u b l i c s t a t i c bool Wait(object waitOb, i n t
milliseconds)
. , .
waitOb , .
Pulse () PulseAll () :
p u b l i c s t a t i c void Pulse(object waitOb)
p u b l i c s t a t i c void PulseAll(object waitOb)
waitOb , .
Wait (), Pulse () PulseAll () ,
lock-, SynchronizationLockException.
W a i t ( ) P u l s e ( )
Wait() Pulse ,
,
"" "". TickTock, : t i c k () tock (). t i c k () "", tock ()
"". " " ,
t i c k (), tock (). ,
"-", .. "", "".
// Wait() Pulse()
// .
using System;
c l a s s TickTock {
public void tick(bool running) {
lock(this) {
if(!running) { // .
Monitor.Pulse(this); //
// ,
return;
}
Console.Write("");
// t o c k ( ) .
Monitor.Wait(this); //
// tock().
21.
595
public void tock(bool running) {

lock(this) {
if(!running) { // .
// ,
return;
// tick().
// tick().
class MyThread {
public Thread thrd;
TickTock ttOb;
// .
public MyThread(string name, TickTock tt) {
ttOb = tt;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
// ,
void run() {
if(thrd.Name == "") {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.tick(true);
ttOb.tick(false);
}
else {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.tock(true);
ttOb.tock(false);
class TickingClock {
TickTock tt = new TickTock();
MyThread mtl = new MyThread("", tt) ;
MyThread mt2 = new MyThread("", tt) ;
mtl.thrd.Join();
mt2.thrd.Join();
:
596
II. #

. Main()
TickTock t t , . run () MyThread "". , t i c k ( ) , t o c k ( ) . t r u e . "" ,
t r u e . (
f a l s e ) .
t i c k ( ) t o c k ( ) . t i c k (), :
p u b l i c void t i c k ( b o o l running) {
lock(this) {
i f ( ! r u n n i n g ) { // .
M o n i t o r . P u l s e ( t h i s ) ; //
// .
return;
}
// t o c k ( ) .
// t o c k ( ) .
, t i c k ( )
lock-. , Wait () Pulse () .
running. .
f a l s e , . Pulse ,
. , , () ,
"", Pulse () Wait (). Pulse () . Wait () t i c k ()
, Pulse (). , t i c k ( ) "", "" , .
tock() t i c k ( ) , , "". , "", Pulse (), Wait (). , t i c k () tock (), , , t i c k ( ) ...
, .
Pulse () ,
Wait (). ,
21.
597
t i c k () tock() Wait (). ,

. , Pulse () .
Pulse () , . , ""
<CTRL + . , Wait () tock () Pulse ,
tock () . ( t o c k O ) .
-
Wait () Pulse () "",
, TickTock . Wait () Pulse ().
// TickTock.
class TickTock {
public void tic(bool running) {
lock(this) {
if(!running) { / / ,
return;

lock(this) {
if(!running) { // ,
return;
TickTock "" :

, t i c k () tock () !
,
, . (deadlock) , 598
II. #
, .
, , ,
. ,
, !
, , . , .
TickTock. , Pulse () t i c k () tock (), (.. tock () t i c k ())
, . , ,
. ,
. , "",
.
MethodlmplAttribute
MethodlmplAttribute, .
lock ,
. MethodlmplAttribute System.Runtime.CompilerServices. , , :
public MethodlmplAttribute(MethodlmplOptions opt)
opt .
MethodlmplOptions .Synchronized.
.
TickTock,
_ MethodlmplAttribute:
// MethodlmplAttribute
// .
using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
class TickTock {
/*
tick() . */
[MethodlmplAttribute(MethodlmplOptions.Synchronized)]
public void tick(bool running) {
if(!running) { // .
// ,
return;
}
21.
599
// tock().
Monitor.Wait(this); // ,
// tock().
}
/*
tock() . */
[MethodlmplAttribute(MethodlmplOptions.Synchronized)]
if(!running) { // .
// ,
return;
// tick().
Monitor.Wait(this); // ,
// tick().
}
class MyThread {
public Thread thrd;
TickTock ttOb;
// .
public MyThread(string name, TickTock tt) {
thrd = new Thread(new ThreadStart(this.run))
ttOb = tt;
thrd.Name = name;
v
thrd.Start();
// ,
void run() {
if(thrd.Name "") {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.tick(true);
ttOb.tick(false);
else {
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) ttOb.tock(true);
ttOb.tock(false);
class TickingClock {
TickTock tt = new TickTock();
MyThread mtl = new MyThread("", tt) ;
MyThread mt2 = new MyThread("", tt);
600
II. #
mtl.thrd. Join<) ;
mt2.thrd. Joint) ;
TickTock
( "").
lock-
MethodlmplAttribute . . lock #,
.
,

. ,
.
, . ,
, .
.
.
, ,
.
Thread. Suspend(), Thread.Resume ( ) . :
public void Suspend()
public void Resume()
, ThreadStateException.
, , , .
, Thread.Abort ().
:
public void Abort()
Abort () ThreadAbortException ,
. .
, (
). ,
Abort () ,
, , ,
Abort () J o i n .
( ) Abort () . , f inally- .
, :
// , .
u s i n g System;
u s i n g System.Threading;
21.
601
class MyThread {
public Thread thrd;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
// ,
void run() {
for(int i = 1; i < 1000;
if ( (i%10)==0) {
Thread.Sleep(250);
class SuspendResumeStop {
Thread.Sleep(1000); //
// .
mtl.thrd.Suspend();
Thread.Sleep(1000);
mtl.thrd.Resume();
Thread.Sleep(lOOO);
mtl.thrd.Suspend();
Thread.Sleep(1000);
mtl.thrd.Resume();
Thread.Sleep(1000) ;
mtl.thrd.Abort();
mtl.thrd.Join(); // .
602
II. #
:
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
.
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
.
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
.
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
.
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
III 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
.
.
Abort ()
Abort ( ) :
public void Abort(object info)
info , . E x c e p t i o n S t a t e
ThreadAbortException. , :
// Abort(object).
using System;
class MyThread {
public Thread thrd;
thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
}
// ,
void run() {
try {
for(int i = 1; i <= 1000;
Thread.Sleep(250);
Console.WriteLine(thrd.Name +
" .");
21.
603
} catch(ThreadAbortException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(
" , =
exc.ExceptionState);
class UseAltAbort {
// .
mtl.thrd.Abort(100) ;
mtl.thrd.Join(); //
// .
:
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
.
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
, = 100
.
, Abort () 100. ExceptionState
ThreadAbortException, .
Abort ()
.
ThreadAbortException,
Reset Abort (). . Reset Abort () :
p u b l i c s t a t i c void ResetAbortO
ResetAbortO ,
, .
Reset Abort () :
// ResetAbortO.
using System;
class MyThread {
public Thread thrd;
604
II. #

thrd.Name = name;
thrd.Start();
// ,
void run() {
for(int i 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
try {
if ( (i%10)==0) {
Thread.Sleep(250);
}
} catch(ThreadAbortException exc) {
if((int)exc.ExceptionState = = 0 ) {
Console.WriteLine(
" ! = " +
exc.ExceptionState);
Thread.ResetAbort();
}
else
Console.WriteLine(
" ,
+ exc.ExceptionState);
Console.WriteLine(thrd.Name + " .")
class ResetAbort {
// .
mtl.thrd.Abort(0); //
// .
// .
mtl.thrd.Abort(100); //
// .
mtl.thrd.Join(); //
// .
21.
605
:
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
.
! = 0
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
.
, = 100
.
, , Abort () , , ResetAbort ()
, .
.

ThreadState,
Thread:
public Thread ThreadState{ get; }
,
ThreadState. :
ThreadState.Aborted
ThreadState.AbortRequested
ThreadState.Background
ThreadState.Running
ThreadState.Stopped
ThreadState.StopRequested
ThreadState.Suspended
ThreadState.SuspendRequested
ThreadState.Unstarted
ThreadState.WaitSleepJoin
. , ThreadState.WaitSleepJoin, , Wait (), Sleep () Join ().

,
, , .
.
, Thread,
. CurrentThread,
Thread. :
p u b l i c s t a t i c Thread CurrentThread{ g e t ; }
, . ,
606
II. #
CurrentThread, . ,
, .
, JOK, , :
// .
using System;
class UseMain {
Thread thrd;
// ,
thrd = Thread.CurrentThread;
// ,
if(thrd.Name == null)
else
thrd.Name);
// .
Console.WriteLine(": " +
thrd.Priority);
// .
Console.WriteLine(" .\");
thrd.Name = " ";
thrd.Priority = ThreadPriority.AboveNormal;
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
thrd.Name);
thrd.Priority);
}
}
:
.
: Normal
.
:
: AboveNormal
: . , Join ()
1 thrd.Join () ;
Main (), ,
, !
21.
607
f t ; -

""
( ). , ,
. ,
. : .
, !

#- ,
- . , , , . #
Process, System. Diagnostics.

S t a r t (), Process. :
public static Process Start(string name)
name ,
.
C l o s e ( ) ,
, . C l o s e () :
public void Close()
.
GUI-, Windows,
CloseMainWindowO, :
p u b l i c bool CloseMainWindowO
, .
t r u e , . f a l s e , GUI-
. , CloseMainWindowO
. , .
K i l l ( ) :
public void Kill()
K i l l . . , , , , .
Wa i t For E x i t ().
:
p u b l i c void WaitForExit()
p u b l i c bool W a i t F o r E x i t ( i n t
milliseconds)
608
II. #
, , . WaitForExit ( ) , , t r u e , , f a l s e , .
. Windows WordPad. exe.
// .
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
class StartProcess {
Process newProc = Process.Start("wordpad.exe");
newProc.WaitForExit();
newProc.Close(); // .
WordPad,
" ". , WordPad. WordPad " ".
21.
603
# .
S y s t e m . C o l l e c t i o n s , . , ,
" " . , , , ,
-. #-.

,
.
.
, ArrayList, Hashtable, Stack Queue,
" ".
, .
.NET Framework : , . , , . , /.
object,
.
. , , .
, ,
.
, . , - B i t Array
, .

(), IEnumerator IEnumerable.
.
IEnumerable, , IEnumerator. , , ,
. ,
, for each.
. ++-, , #-
(Standard Template Library - STL), C++. ,
C++ , # .
Java. Java- Collections Framework, #-.
22.
611
-J
System. C o l l e c t i o n s .
, , . , , . 22.1.
.
I C o l l e c t i o n
I C o l l e c t i o n ,
. ,
. IEnumerable. He
I C o l l e c t i o n , .
I C o l l e c t i o n :
int
count { g e t ; }
bool
isSynchromzed { g e t ; }
t r u e , ,
f a l s e
o b j e c t syncRoot { g e t ; }
Count , , . Count , , . I C o l l e c t i o n :
void CopyTo (Array target,
mt
startldx)
CopyTo () ,
target, , s t a r t l d x . , CopyTo () #-.
I C o l l e c t i o n IEnumerable,
GetEnumerator ( ) :
IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
.
22.1.
ICollection
IEnumerable
G e t E n u m e r a t o r ( ) ,

IEnumerator
iList
iDictionary
, /
612
II. #
. 22.1
IDictionaryEnumerator
,
IDictionary
IComparer
Compare ( ) , ,
IHashCodeProvider
I L i s t
I L i s t I C o l l e c t i o n , . , I C o l l e c t i o n , I L i s t
( . 22.2). .
, NotSupportedException.
22.2. , I L i s t
int Add(object
obj)
obj . ,

void Clear()
bool Contains(
object obj)
t r u e , ,
obj, f a l s e
int IndexOf(object obj)
obj, () . obj , -1
void Insert(int idx,

object obj)
obj , idx. , i d x ,
, obj
void Remove(object obj)
void RemoveAt(int idx)
, , idx. , , , ""
obj . , , , ""
I L i s t Add().
, Add() o b j e c t . o b j e c t , . ( ),
(boxing).
Remove ()
RemoveAt ( ) . Remove () , RemoveAt () , . Clear ().
22.
613
, ,
C o n t a i n s ( ) . IndexOf ( ) , I n s e r t ( ) .
i L i s t :
bool IsFixedSize { get; }

bool IsReadOnly { get; }
, I s F i x e d S i z e
t r u e . ,
. ,
IsReadOnly t r u e . , .
I L i s t :
object this[int idx]
{ get; set; }
. . Add ( ) .
, .
I D i c t i o n a r y
I D i c t i o n a r y ,
. - , . ,
, I D i c t i o n a r y ,
/. . I D i c t i o n a r y i C o l l e c t i o n . , I D i c t i o n a r y , . 22.3.
NotSupportedException.
22.3. , I D i c t i o n a r y
v o i d A d d ( o b j e c t ,
o b j e c t v)
/, v. . ,
,
ArgumentException
void ciear()
b o o l c o n t a i n s (obj e c t )
t r u e ,
. f a l s e

iDictionaryEnumerator
GetEnumerator()
v o i d Remove (ob j e c t )
/ lDictionary-, Add (). , . - ,

Remove () .
Clear ().
614
II. #
, ,
Contains (), .
GetEnumerator () , IDictionary.
"" (/) .
I D i c t i o n a r y :
bool i s F i x e d S i z e { g e t ; }
bool isReadOnly { g e t ; }
i C o l l e c t i o n Keys { g e t ; }
i c o l l e c t i o n Values { get; }
t r u e ,
t r u e ,

, Keys Values , , .
I D i c t i o n a r y :
object t h i s [ o b j e c t key] { g e t ; s e t ; }
. .
, "" , .
IEnumerable, IEnumerator
IEnumerable ,
. , IEnumerable,
I C o l l e c t i o n . IEnumerable
GetEnumerator():
IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
. ,
IEnumerable
foreach.
IEnumerator, , .
, . , / (.. ),
GetEnumerator () IDictionaryEnumerator,
IEnumerator. IDictionaryEnumerator
IEnumerator
.
, IEnumerator,
.
IComparer
IComparer Compare (), :
i n t Compare(object vl, object v2)
22.
615
Compare () , vl v2, , vl v2, ,

. .
IHashCodeProvider
IHashCodeProvider , GetHashCode ().
, ( -)
Object. GetHashCode (), . IHashCodeProvider .
D i c t i o n a r y E n t r y
S y s t e m . C o l l e c t i o n s
D i c t i o n a r y E n t r y . , /,
D i c t i o n a r y E n t r y . :
public object Key { get; set; }
public object Value { get; set; }
. D i c t i o n a r y E n t r y :
public DictionaryEntry(object , object v)
, v .

, ,
, . ,
: , .
. .
.
.
, :
ArrayList
, ..
Hashtabie
- /
Queue
, , :
SortedList
stack
, , :

.
616
II. #
A r r a y L i s t
A r r a y L i s t ,
. #
,
. , ,
. , .
ArrayList. ArrayList ,
. A r r a y L i s t
. . . ArrayList, , ,
.
A r r a y L i s t I C o l l e c t i o n , I L i s t , IEnumerable
ICloneable. ArrayList :
public ArrayList()
public ArrayList(ICollection )
public ArrayList(int capacity)
ArrayList- , 16 . , , .
. (
) . ArrayList- ,
, , .
, ,
ArrayList, .
. 22.4. A r r a y L i s t Sort ().
, BinarySearch ().
ArrayList- , Reverse ().
A r r a y L i s t , . , insertRange (), ArrayList- . RemoveRange ()
.
, SetRange (). , . .
A r r a y L i s t . , Synchronized ().
22.4. A r r a y L i s t
A d d R a n g e ( I C o l l e c t i o n )
public virtual i n t
BinarySearch (object
,
v. .
, .
22.
v)
617
. 22.4
public virtual int

BinarySearch(object v,
IComparer comp)
,
v, ,
. . ,
.
public virtual int

BinarySearch(int startldx,
int count,
object v,
IComparer comp)
,
v, ,
. , startldx,
count .
.
, .

public virtual void

CopyTo(Array ar,
int startldx)
, , startldx,
, .
public virtual void

CopyTo(int srcldx,
Array ar,
int destldx,
int count)
count ,
, srcidx, ,
, ,
destldx.
public virtual ArrayList

GetRange(int idx,
int count)
A r r a y L i s t .
i d x
count .
,
public static ArrayList

FixedSize(ArrayList ar)
ArrayList-
public virtual void

InsertRange(int startldx,
ICollection c)
, , , ,
startldx
public virtual int

LastlndexOf(object v)
v . ,
-1

Readonly(ArrayList ar)
ArrayList-, ,
public virtual void

ReraoveRange(int idx,
int count)
count ,
, idx
public virtual void Reverse()
public virtual void

Reverse(int startldx,
int count)
public virtual void

SetRange(int startldx,
ICollection c)
,
startldx,
,
public virtual void Sort()
public virtual void

Sort(IComparer comp)

, .
,
618
c o u n t
startldx
II. #
. 22.4
S o r t ( i n t startidx,
int endidx,
icomparer comp)
Synchronized(ArrayList
, . startidx

endidx. ,

list)
p u b l i c v i r t u a l object [ ]
ToArray ()
p u b l i c v i r t u a l Array
ToArray (Type type)
,
, . type
p u b l i c v i r t u a l void
TrimToSi ze()
Capacity
Count
, , A r r a y L i s t ,
C a p a c i t y :
p u b l i c v i r t u a l i n t Capacity { g e t ; s e t ; }
Capacity ArrayList. , ArrayList- . , ArrayList- , . ,
ArrayList-, Capacity . , .
, ArrayList-, Capacity .
Count. , Count, i C o l l e c t i o n ,
, .
Capacity , Count,
ArgumentOutOfRangeException.
ArrayList- , , Capacity Count.
, TrimToSi ze ().
ArrayList . ArrayList-,
. . . ""
^ .
// ArrayList-.
using System;
using System.Collections;
class ArrayListDemo {
22.
619
// .
ArrayList al = new ArrayListO;
al.Capacity);
a1.Count);
Console.WriteLine(" 6 .");
// .
al.AddCC :
al.Add( f A f ;
al.Add( f E f ;
al.Add( f B f ;
al.AddCD 1 ) ,
al.Add('F'),
al.Capacity);
al.Count);
// , .
for(int i=0; i < al.Count; i++)
Console.Write (al[i] + " " ) ;
// .
al.Remove('F');
al.Remove( f A 1 );
f
al.Capacity);
a1.Count);
// foreach.
foreach(char in al)
Console.Write(c + " " ) ;
// ,
// .
for(int i=0; i < 20; i++)
al.Add((char)('a' + i) ) ;
al.Capacity);
Console.WriteLine(
" 20 : " +
al.Count);
Console.Write(": ") ;
foreach(char in al)
620
II. #
Console.Write( + " " ) ;

// , .
al[0] = 'X';
al[l] = f Y';
al[2] = f Z f ;
foreach(char in al)
Console.Write(c + " " ) ;
:
: 16
:
6 .
: 16
: 6
: D F
2 .
: 16
: 4
: D
20 .
: 32
20 : 24
: C E B D a b c d e f g h i j
k l m n o p q r s t
.
: X Y Z D a b c d e f g h i j
k l m n o p q r s t
,
, 16. , , , .
ArrayList-
A r r a y L i s t
Sort (). ,
BinarySearch ().
:
// ArrayList-
// .
using System;
class SortSearchDemo {
// .
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
22.
621
// .
al.Add(55);
al.Add(43);
al.Add(-4);
al.Add(88);
al.Add(3);
al.Add(19);
foreach(int i in al)
// ,
al.Sort();
// foreach
// .
al.BinarySearch(43));
:
: 55 43 -4 88 3 19
: -4 3 19 43 55 88
4 3 3
ArrayList-
, ,
. , ,
. (, , , .
.)

ArrayList- , .
. . , . , , ,
, A r r a y L i s t , ,
:
// ArrayList- .
using System;
622
II. #
class ArrayListToArray {
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
// .
al.Add(l);
al.Add(2);
al.Add(3) ;
al.Add(4);
// .
int[] ia = (int[j) al.ToArray(typeof(int));
int sum = 0;
// ,
for(int i=0; i<ia.Length; i++)
sum += ia [i] ;
Console.WriteLine(" : " + sum) ;
:
I : 1 2 3 4
I : 10
.
ToArray ( ) , i n t .
.
, ToArray (), Array, i n t [ ]. ,
.
Hash t a b l e
Hashtable ,
-. , , -
, (hashing).
, , -,
. - , , . - , .. - . ,
, , , . Hashtable I D i c t i o n a r y , I C o l l e c t i o n ,
IEnumerable, I S e r i a l i z a b l e , I D e s e r i a l i z a t i o n C a l l b a c k ICloneable.
Hashtable ,
( ):
p u b l i c Hashtable()
p u b l i c H a s h t a b l e ( I D i c t i o n a r y )
22.
623
public Hashtable(int capacity)

public Hashtable(int capacity, float
fillRatio)
Hashtable.
Hashtable- .
- capacity, a
( capacity), ( fillRatio).
( ), 0,1-1,0,
-, . ,
, ,
. ,
, 1,0.
Hashtable , , . . 22.5. , Hashtable-
, ContainsKey (). , - , ContainsValue ().
Hashtable-
IDictionaryEnumerator, GetEnumerator (). , , /,
IDictionaryEnumerator.
22.5. H a s h t a b l e
public v i r t u a l bool
ContainsKey ( o b j e c t k)
t r u e ,
Hashtable- , . f a l s e
public v i r t u a l bool
ContainsValue ( o b j e c t v)
t r u e ,
Hashtable- , v. f a l s e
public v i r t u a l
GetEnumerator()
p u b l i c s t a t i c Hashtable
Synchronized (Hashtable ht)
Hashtable- p IDictionaryEnumerator
TO

Hashtable-, ht
Hashtable, , , public-. , Hashtable- :

public virtual ICollection Keys { get; }
public virtual ICollection Values { get; }
Hashtable , . Hashtable protected-
Comparer, .
Hashtable /
D i c t i o n a r y E n t r y , , . ,
s h t able- Add(), : .
624
II. #
, Hashtable-
. ,
.
,
Hashtable:
// Hashtable-.
using System;
class HashtableDemo {
// -.
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
// -.
ht.Add("", " ");
ht.Add("", " ");
ht.Add("", " ");
ht.Add("", " ");
// ,
ht[""] = " ";
// *.
ICollection = ht.Keys;
// ,
foreach(string str in )
Console.WriteLine(str + ": " + ht[str]);
:
:
:
:
:
:
, /
. ,
- h t . -,
Keys. - h t ,
, .
, , I D i c t i o n a r y Hashtable, .
SortedList
S o r t e d L i s t ,
/ , .
S o r t e d L i s t I D i c t i o n a r y , I C o l l e c t i o n , IEnumerable
ICloneable.
S o r t e d L i s t , :
22.
625
public
public
public
public
SortedList()
SortedList(IDictionary c)
SortedList(int capacity)
SortedList(IComparer comp)
,
16 . SortedList-, , . SortedList-, , capacity.
,
, .
,
.
, 16 .
SortedList- , , . ,
, . SortedList- , . ,
, , .
S o r t e d L i s t , , .
. 22.6. , SortedList- ,
ContainsKey (). , , ContainsValue ().
SortedList-
IDictionaryEnumerator, GetEnumerator (). , , /,

IDictionaryEnumerator. S o r t e d L i s t Synchronized ().
22.6. , S o r t e d L i s t
public virtual bool

ContainsKey(object )
t r u e ,
SortedList- , . f a l s e
public virtual bool

ContainsValue(object v)
t r u e ,
SortedList- , . f a l s e

GetBylndex(int idx)
, idx
public virtual
GetEnumerator()
I D i c t i o n a r y E n u m e r a t o r
SortedList-

GetKeyUnt idx)
, idx
public virtual iList

GetKeyList()
iList- , SortedList-
public virtual IList

GetValueList()
iList- , SortedList-
626
II. #
. 22.6
public virtual int

IndexOfKey(object k)
, . - 1 ,
public virtual int

IndexOfValue(object v)
, v. -1,
public virtual void

SetBylndex(int idx, object v)
,
idx, , v
public s t a t i c SortedList
Synchronized(SortedList si)
s o r t e d L i s t , si
public virtual void TrimToSize()
capacity Count
. , , GetBylndex ( ) ,
, , SetBylndex ( ) .
, , GetKey ( ) . GetKeyList ( ) ,
GetValueList ( ) .
IndexOf Key ( ) , IndexOf Value ( ) .
S o r t e d L i s t ,
i D i c t i o n a r y , ,
.
S o r t e d L i s t , , .
, SortedList-,
:
public virtual ICollection Keys { get; }
public virtual ICollection Values { get; }
SortedList-.
s h t a b l e -, SortedList- /
DictionaryEntry, , S o r t e d L i s t ,
.
S o r t e d L i s t , , Hashtable-.
, , S o r t e d L i s t ^ .
// SortedList-.
using System;
class SLDemo {
// SortedList.
SortedList si = new SortedList();
22.
627
// .
si.Add("", " ");
si.Add("", " ");
si.Add("", " ");
si.Add("", " ");
// ,
si[""] = " ";
// .
ICollection = si.Keys;
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" , " +
".");
Console.WriteLine(str + ": " + si[str]);
// , .
Console.WriteLine(
" , " +
" .");
for(int i=0; i<sl.Count; i++)
Console.WriteLine(sl.GetBylndex(i));
// .
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
Console.WriteLine(str + ": " + si.IndexOfKey(str));
:
, .
:
:
:
:
:
, .

.
:
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
628
II. #
S t a c k
, , ,

" " (/ast-m, first-out LIFO). ,
, . ,
, , .. . . , ( ,
).
, , Stack.
I C o l l e c t i o n , IEnumerable ICloneable. , ,
, , ,
.
s t a c k :
public Stack()
public Stack(int capacity)
public Stack(ICollection c)
, 10 . , capacity. , , .
, , stack,
, . 22.7.
,
, Push ().
, Pop (). Pop () , , InvalidOperationException. Peek () , .
22.7. , stack
public virtual bool

Contains(object v)
t r u e , v . f a l s e
public virtual void Clear()
c o u n t ,
public virtual object Peek()
, ,
public virtual object Pop()

public virtual void
Push(object v)
public static Stack
Synchronized(Stack stk)
public virtual object[]
ToArray()
, ,
v
stack-, stk
,
: I n t e g e r , .
22.
629
// Stack.
using System;
class StackDemo {
static void showPush(Stack st, int a) {
st.Push(a);
Console.WriteLine(
" : Push(" + + " ) " ) ;
foreach(int i in st)
static void showPop(Stack st) {
Console.Write(" : Pop -> " ) ;
int a = (int) st.Pop();
Console.WriteLine(a);
foreach(int i in st)
Stack s t = new S t a c k ( ) ;
f o r e a c h ( i n t i in s t )
showPush ( s t , 22);
showPush(st, 65);
showPush(st, 91);
showPop(st);
showPop(st);
showPop(st);
try {
showPop(st);
} catch (InvalidOperationException) {
.
, (
InvalidOperationException), ( ).
630
II. #
: Push(22)
: 22
: Push(65)
: 65 22
: Push(91)
: 91 65 22
: Pop ->
: 65 22
: Pop ->
: 22
: Pop ->
:
: Pop ->
91
65
22
.
Queue
.
"
" (first-in, first-out FIFO). ,
, , . ? , , ,
,
.
, ( ) , Internet. .
, , Queue.
i C o l l e c t i o n , IEnumerable ICloneable. , ,
, , ,
,
2,0.
Queue :
public Queue()
public Queue (int capacity)
public Queue (int capacity, float growFact)
public Queue (ICollection c)
, 32 , 2,0.
, capacity,
2,0. ,
growFact. , , .
, , Queue,
, . 22.8.
.
, Enqueue (). , Dequeue ().
Dequeue () , ,
I n v a l i d O p e r a t i o n E x c e p t i o n . () ,
.
22.
631
22.8. , Queue
p u b l i c v i r t u a l bool
C o n t a i n s ( o b j e c t v)
p u b l i c v i r t u a l v o i d c l e a r ()
t r u e , v
. f a l s e
Count ,

,

v

Dequeue ()
p u b l i c v i r t u a l void
Enqueue(object v)
p u b l i c v i r t u a l ob j e c t Peek ()
p u b l i c s t a t i c Queue
Synchronized(Queue q)
p u b l i c v i r t u a l ob j e c t [ ]
()
TrimToSizeO
, g
,
Capacity
Count
, Queue:
/ / Queue.
using System;
class QueueDemo {
static void showEnq(Queue q, int a) {
q.Enqueue(a) ;
Console.WriteLine(
" : Enqueue(" + + " ) " ) ;
Console.Write(" :
foreach(int i in q)
" ) ;
static void showDeq(Queue q) {
Console.Write(
" : Dequeue -> " ) ;
int a = (int) q.Dequeue();
Console.WriteLine(a);
Console.Write(" :
foreach(int i in q)
" ) ;
Queue q = new Queue();
foreach(int i in q)
632
II. #

showEnq(q, 22) ;
showEnq(q, 65) ;
showEnq(q, 91);
showDeq(q);
showDeq(q);
showDeq(q);
try {
showDeq(q);
} catch (InvalidOperationException) {
:
: Enqueue(22)
: 22
: Enqueue(65)
: 22 65
: Enqueue(91)
: 22 65 91
: Dequeue ->
: 65 91
: Dequeue ->
: 91
: Dequeue ->
:
: Dequeue ->
22
65
91
.
B i t A r r a y
BitArray . , ,
. BitArray icollection,
IEnumerable ICloneable.
BitArray . , BitArray , :
public BitArray(bool[] bits)
bits BitArray. bits.
, b i t s .
BitArray- . :
public BitArray(byte[] bits)
, bits,
bits[0] , bits[l] 22.
633
.. BitArray-
int-, :
public BitArray(int[] bits)
bits[0] 32 , bits[l]
32 ..
BitArray-
:
public BitArray(int size)
size , f a l s e .
, :
public BitArray(int size, bool v)
,
v.
, BitArray- .

p u b l i c BitArray(BitArray bits)
,
bits, .
Bit Array- . , .
BitArray , , (. . 22.9). ,
BitArray Synchronized (). ,
,
isSynchronized f a l s e .
BitArray- , SyncRoot.
22.9. , BitArray
p u b l i c B i t A r r a y And
( B i t A r r a y ba)
p u b l i c b o o l Get ( i n t idx)
p u b l i c B i t A r r a y Not ()
p u b l i c BitArray
o r ( B i t A r r a y ba)
p u b l i c v o i d s e t ( i n t idx,
b o o i v)
public void
S e t A l l ( b o o l v)
p u b l i c BitArray
x o r ( B i t A r r a y ba)
634
() , . BitArray-,
, idx
()
BitArray-,
() , . BitArray-,
, idx, v
v
, .
BitArray-,
II. #
BitArray , , Length:
public int Length { get; set; }
Length . , Length ,
Count, . Count
, Length. , Length BitArray. , ""
. BitArray- ,
, f a l s e .
BitArray :
object t h i s [ i n t idx] { g e t ; s e t ; }
.
, BitArray-:
// BitArray.
using System;
class BADemo {
public s t a t i c void showbits(string rem,
BitArray b i t s )
Console.WriteLine(rem);
for (int i=0; i < bits.Count; i++)
Console.Write("{0, -6} " , b i t s [ i ] ) ;

BitArray ba = new BitArray(8);
byte[] b = { 67 };
BitArray ba2 = new BitArray(b);
showbits(" ba:",
ba) ;
ba = ba.Not();
showbits(
" ba Not():",
ba) ;
showbits(" 2:", 2);
BitArray ba3 = ba.Xor(ba2);
showbits(" ba XOR ba2:", ba3);
}
}
:
1 ba:
I False False False False False False False
22.
False
635
ba Not():
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
2:
True
True
False False
False
ba XOR ba2:
False False True
True
True
False
True
False
True
False True

NET Framework ,
( System. C o l l e c t i o n s . S p e c i a l i z e d )

Coiiectionsutii
HybndDictionary
, / L i s t D i c t i o n a r y
Hashtable
ListDictionary
, /

NameVaiueColiection
/, , s t r i n g
stnngCollection
stringDictionary
- /,
, s t r i n g
System. C o l l e c t i o n s , C o l l e c t i o n B a s e , ReadOnlyCollectionBase DictionaryBase,

, for each, , IEnumerator
IEnumerator Current
object Current
636
{ get;
II. #
C u r r e n t , . Current , ,
.
IEnumerator . , MoveNextO, :
bool MoveNext()
MoveNext () . t r u e ,
, f a l s e ,
. MoveNext ()
Current .
Reset ():
void Reset()
Reset () ,
MoveNext ( ) .

,
. GetEnumerator (), , .
, .
, :
1. ( ),
GetEnumerator().
2. , MoveNext ().
, , MoveNext () t r u e .
3.
Current.
A r r a y L i s t ,
j n n y .
// .
using System;
class EnumeratorDemo {
ArrayList list = new ArrayList(1);
for(int i=0; i < 10; i++)
list.Add(i);
// .
IEnumerator e t r = l i s t . G e t E n u m e r a t o r ( ) ;
while (etr.MoveNext())
Console.Write(etr.Current + " " ) ;
22.
637
// .
etr.Reset ();
while(etr.MoveNext())
Console.Write(etr.Current + " " ) ;
|
|0
:
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
, ,
foreach , .
" " .
, IDictionary, /. IDictionaryEnumerator, IEnumerator. IDictionaryEnumerator IEnumerator ""
. :
D i c t i o n a r y E n t r y Entry { g e t ; }
E n t r y
/ D i c t i o n a r y E n t r y . , D i c t i o n a r y E n t r y , Key Value, , . IDictionaryEnumerator:
object Key { get; }
object Value { get; }
,
.
, Entry, Key Value, Current. , IDictionaryEnumerator-, MoveNextO,
. MoveNext ().
, MoveNext () f a l s e .

I D i c t i o n a r y E n u m e r a t o r Hashtable:
//
// I D i c t i o n a r y E n u m e r a t o r .
using System;
class IDicEnumDemo {
// -.
638
II. #
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();

// -,
ht.Add("", "555-3456");
ht.Add("", "555-9876");
ht.Add("", "555-3452");
ht.Add("", "555-7756");
// .
IDictionaryEnumerator etr = ht.GetEnumerator();
Console.WriteLine(
" Entry.");
while(etr.MoveNext ())
Console.WriteLine(etr.Entry.Key + ": " +
etr.Entry.Value);
" Key Value.");
etr.Reset();
while(etr.MoveNext())
Console.WriteLine(etr.Key + ": " +
etr.Value);
:
Entry.
: 555-3456
: 555-9876
: 555-3452
: 555-7756
Key Value.
: 555-3456
: 555-987 6
: 555-3452
: 555-7756

, i n t , s t r i n g char. , . .
, ,
, . , , ,
,
Inventory, A r r a y L i s t .
ll
u s i n g System;
22.
639
class Inventory {
s t r i n g name;
double cost;
int onhand;
public Inventory(string n, double c, int h) {
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
return
String.Format("{0,-16}: {1,8:}
name, cost, onhand);
{2}",
class InventoryList {
ArrayList inv = new ArrayList();
// .
inv.Add(new Inventory("", 5.95, 3 ) ) ;
inv.Add(new Inventory(" ", 8.29, 2 ) ) ;
Console.WriteLine(" :");
foreach(Inventory i in inv) {
Console.WriteLine("
" + i) ;
:
:
:
$5.95

:
$8.29
:
$3.50
:
$19.88
:
:
:
:
3
2
4
8
Inventory
.
object,
.
, , .
, , , , 40 , , . , ,
, . , .
640
II. #
, , , , : . , ArrayList- "", inventory. . -,

Inventory iComparable. , . -,
, iComparer.
.
iComparable
( A r r a y L i s t ) ,
(
S o r t e d L i s t ) ,
, .
IComparable. , , . CompareTo () :
int CompareTo(object obj)
CompareTo () , obj. ,
( ) ,
, , obj, , obj.
. ArgumentException,
obj .
IComparable.
Inventory, ,
IComparable,
Inventory.
// IComparable.
using System;
class Inventory : IComparable {
string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
}
public override string ToString0 {

return
S t r i n g . F o r m a t ( " { 0 , - 1 6 } : {1,8:}
name, c o s t , o n h a n d ) ;
22.
{2}",
641
// IComparable.
public int CompareTo(object obj) {
Inventory b;
b = (Inventory) ob j ;
return name.CompareTo(b.name);
class IComparableDemo {
ArrayList inv = new ArrayListO;
// .
inv.Add(new Inventory("", 5.95, 3));
inv.Add(new Inventory(" ", 8.29, 2));
Console.WriteLine(
" :");
Console.WriteLine("
" +i);
}
// ,
inv.Sort();
Console.WriteLine(
" :")
Console.WriteLine("
" +i);
(
j o , Sort () ):
:
:
$5.95 : 3

:
$8.29 : 2
*
:
$3.50 : 4
:
$19.88 : 8

:
$8.29
:
$3.50
:
$5.95
:
$19.88
:
: 2
: 4
: 3
: 8
icomparer
IComparable
( ) , .
icomparer.
, icomparer,
642
II. #
, . iComparer Compare ():

i n t Compare(object objl, o b j e c t obj2)
Compare () objl obj2. Compare () ,
, , objl obj2,
, objl obj2. .
CompareToO ArgumentException,
.
IComparer
S o r t e d L i s t , A r r a y L i s t . Sort (IComparer),
.
IComparer , ,
IComparable.
.
IComparer. Complnv,
IComparer Inventory.
S o r t ( ) , ,
, .
// IComparer.
using System;
// Complnv.
// Inventory.
class Complnv : IComparer {
// IComparer.
public int Compare(object objl, object obj2) {
Inventory a, b;
a = (Inventory) objl;
b = (Inventory) obj2;
return a.name.CompareTo(b.name);
class Inventory {
public string name;
double cost;
int onhand;
name = n;
cost = c;
onhand = h;
return
String.Format("{0,-16}:
{1,8:}
name, c o s t , onhand);
22.
{2}",
643
class MailList {
Complnv comp = new Complnv();
ArrayList inv = new ArrayList() ;
// ,
inv.Add(new Inventory(", 5.95, 3));
inv.Add(new Inventory(" ", 8.29, 2));
Console.WriteLine(
" :");
Console.WriteLine ("
" + i);
}
// , IComparer.
inv.Sort(comp);
Console.WriteLine(
" :");
Console.WriteLine("
" + i) ;
ILJ
, .
,
. " ",
,
. . , S o r t e d L i s t . .
644
II. #
Internet
# ,
Internet . ,
#-
Internet. ,
C++, Internet, , ,
. # .NET Library ,
Internet-.
. , System.Net, , Internet.
, System.Net.Sockets, , .
System.Net,
, .
I
ASP.NET-
System. Web.
system.Net
System.Net , .
, , . , , System.Net:
AuthenticationManager
Authorization
Cookie
CookieCollection
CookieContainer
CookieException
CredentialCache
Dns
DnsPermission
DnsPermissionAttribute
EndPoint
EndpointPermission
FileWebRequest
FileWebResponse
GlobalProxySelection
HttpVersion
HttpWebRequest
HttpWebResponse
IPAddress
IPEndPoint
IPHostEntry
NetworkCredential
ProtocolViolationException
ServicePoint
ServicePointManager
SocketAddress
SocketPermission
SocketPermissionAttribute
WebClient
WebException
WebHeaderCollection
WebPermission
WebPermissionAttribute
WebProxy
WebRequest
WebResponse
System.Net :
IAuthenticationModule
ICertificatePolicy
IWebProxy
IWebRequestCreate
ICredentials
:
HttpStatusCode
NetworkAccess
TransportType
WebExceptionStatus
646
. #
, System. Net :
HttpContinueDelegate.
System.Net , Internet- .
WebRequest WebResponse. ,
. ( , .) , , HTTP,
HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse.
HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse , , WebClient. , ( ) ,
WebClient.

Internet-
(Uniform Resource Identifier URI). URI-
. URI- (Uniform Resource Locator URL). System.Net Microsoft URI, . ,
URI-,
Internet- .
URI- :
Protocol://ServerlD/FllePath?Query
Protocol (, HTTP).
ServerlD
(, Osborne.com
Weather.corn). FilePath .
FllePath , , ServerlD. , Query ,
. Query . # URI Uri,
.
Internet-
, System.Net,
Internet "-". , -
, . , URI- Web. , URI. - , .
, WebRequest WebResponse,
, Microsoft (pluggable protocols).
23. Internet
647
,
. Internet-
(HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTP). (File Transfer Protocol FTP). , URI- . , URI, HTTP: //MyWebSite.com, HTTP,
.
, WebRequest WebResponse , -, .
, .

R e g i s t e r P r e f IX (), WebRequest.
WebRequest ( ), URI.
, .
.NET- HTTP. ,
URI- HTTP,
HTTP- , . , HTTP, HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse.
WebRequest WebResponse, ,
, HTTP.
System.Net ,
. Internet-
, . , .
. , , . .
, " ". , ,
Internet .
,
, . Internet , , .
, : WebRequest WebResponse, System.Net.
WebRequest
WebRequest .
, . , . WebRequest,
, . 23.1, . 23.2. . WebRequest public-.
URI-,
( WebRequest), .
Create (),
WebRequest. Create () , WebRequest .
648
II. #
23.1. , WebRequest
public static WebRequest

Create(string uri) ,
WebRequest- URI-,
, u r i . , URI-. , , WebRequest. , N o t S u p p o r t e d E x c e p t i o n .
URI-, U r i F o r m a t E x c e p t i o n
public static WebRequest

Create(Uri uri) ;
WebRequest- URI-,
, u r i . , URI-. , , WebRequest. ,
N o t S u p p o r t e d E x c e p t i o n
public virtual Stream

GetRequestStream()
, URI-
public virtual WebResponse

GetResponse()
.
WebReponse.
URI.

WebException
23.2. , WebRequest
public virtual string

ConnectionGroupName
{ get; set; }
.
. Internet-
public virtual long

ContentLength { get; set; }

ContentType { get; set; }
public virtual ICredentials

Credentials { get; set; }
. ,
( , )
public virtual
WebHeaderCollection
Headers{ get; set; }

Method { get; set; }
public virtual bool

PreAuthenticate { get; set; }
t r u e , . f a l s e , URI-
public virtual IWebProxy

Proxy { get; set; }
proxy-.
, proxy-
public virtual Uri

RequestUri { get; }
URI
public virtual int

Timeout { get;
,
. T i m e o u t . i n f i n i t e
set;
23. Internet
649
WebResponse
WebResponse , . WebResponse . , .
WebResponse GetResponse ( ) ,
WebRequest.
( WebReponse), . , WebResponse, . 23.3,
. 23.4. .
WebResponse public-.
23.3. , WebResponse
p u b l i c v i r t u a l v o i d Close ()
public v i r t u a l stream
GetResponse stream ()
, . ,
GetResponseStream()
, URI. URI-
23.4. , WebResponse
public virtual long

C o n t e n t L e n g t h { g e t ; s e t ;}
ContentType { g e t ; s e t ; }
public virtual
WebHeaderCollection
Headers{ g e t ; }
public virtual Uri
ReponseUri { g e t ; }
. -1,

, URI
URI, . ,
URI-
HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse
HttpWebRequest
HttpWebResponse
(
WebRequest WebResponse, ) HTTP. ,
HTTP-.
. Internet- .

Internet WebRequest
WebResponse. , , "-"
Internet-. , , .
Internet. , URI-. 650
II. #
Web- Osborne.coin, McGraw-Hill, Web-.

400 , ,
.
// Internet.
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.10;
class NetDemo {
int ch;
// URI-.
HttpWebRequest req = (HttpWebRequest)
WebRequest.Create("http://www.osborne.com");
// .
HttpWebResponse resp = (HttpWebResponse)
req.GetResponse();
/ / .
Stream istrm = resp.GetResponseStream();
/* html-,
URI. " "
,
400 .
4 00 , <ENTER>
. */
for(int i=*l; ;
ch = istrm.ReadByte();
if(ch -1) break;
Console.Write((char) ch) ;
if ( (i%400)==0) {
Console.Write(" .");
Console.Read();
// , .
// istrm.
resp.Close();
. (
2, , Web-, .)
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Find all the right computer books and learning tools at Osborne
McGraw-Hill</TITLE>
23. Internet
651
<META NAME="Title" CONTENT="Find all the right computer books and

learning tools at Osborne McGraw-Hill">
<META NAME="Keywords" CONTENT="osborne, mcgraw-hill, mcgraw hill, it
books, computer books, database books, programming
.
books, networking books, certification books, computing books,
computer application books, hardware books, information technology
books, operating systems, web development, oracle press,
communications, complete reference, how to do everything, yellow
pages, book publisher, certification study guide, reference book,
security, network security, ebusiness, e-business,
a+, network+, i-net+, cisco ce
.
, ,
, .
.
System.Net. ,
, #. System. 10.
Stream,
Web-.
WebRequest-, URI-. ,
Create (), . Create ()
WebRequest. WebRequest , . C r e a t e ()
WebRequest-, , "" URI-. HTTP.

Create () HttpWebRequest-. , Create (), HttpWebRequest- req, ( ) HttpWebRequest. ,
URI-.
, GetResponse ()
WebRequest. GetResponse () .
GetResponse () WebResponse-, . resp.
HTTP,
GetResponse () HttpWebResponse. , Web- URI.
GetResponseStream() r e s p ,
Stream, . istrm. istrm, , URI-, , .
.
, 400 , , 652
II. #
<Enter>.
. ,
ReadByte (). ,
int-,
char.
1.
, , ,
Close () resp. . , , .
,
Internet .
. Web- Osborne.com
HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse. HTTP-,
, WebRequest
WebResponse. Create () GetResponse () :
// WebRequest- URI-.
WebRequest req = WebRequest.Create(
"http://www.osborne.com");
// .
WebResponse resp = r e q . G e t R e s p o n s e ( ) ;
Microsoft , ,
,
, WebRequest WebResponse.
, .
HTTP ( HTTP-), HttpWebRequest HttpWebResponse.

, , , " ",
"". ,
. Create (), GetResponse () GetResponseStream(). .
, c r e a t e ()
Create (), WebRequest,
. , URI-, , NotSupportedException. URI, UriFormatException.
Create (), ,
ArgumentNullException, , .
23. Internet
653
, GetReponse ()
, ..
GetReponse (), WebException. , , WebException , : Response S t a t u s .
Response
WebResponse.
GetReponse (), . Response
:
p u b l i c WebResponse Response { g e t ; }
- , , ,
S t a t u s . :
public WebExceptionStatus Status {get; }
WebExceptionStatus , :
ConnectFailure
ConnectionClosed
NameResolutionFailure
Pending
KeepAliveFailure
PipelineFailure
ProtocolError
ProxyNameResolutionFailure
ReceiveFailure
RequestCanceled
SecureChannelFailure
SendFailure
ServerProtocolViolation
Success
Timeout
TrustFailure
GetResponse Stream ()
GetResponseStreamO GetResponse P r o t o c o l v i o l a t i o n E x c e p t i o n , , , . GetResponseStreamO, ,

.
lOException.

, ,
:
// .
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.10;
class NetExcDemo {
int ch;
try {
654
II. #
// .
req.GetResponse();
/ / .
Stream istrm = resp.GetResponseStreamO;
* html-,
URI. " "
,
400 .
400 , <ENTER>
. */
for(int i=l; ;
ch = istrm.ReadByte();
if (ch == -1) breaksConsole.Write ( (char) ch) ;
if ( (i%400)==0) {
Console.Write(" .");
Console.Read();
// , .
// istrm.
resp.Close();
} catch(WebException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + exc.Message +
"\ : " + exc.Status);
} catch(ProtocolViolationException exc) {
exc.Message);
} catch(UriFormatException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" URI: " +
exc.Message);
} catch(NotSupportedException exc) {
exc.Message);
Console.WriteLine("I/O Error: " + exc.Message);
, Internet-. ,
Create ()
1 WebRequest.Create("http://www.osborne.com/moonrocket");
, , :
: The remote s e r v e r r e t u r n e d an e r r o r : (404) Not Found.
: P r o t o c o l E r r o r
23. Internet
655
Web- Osborne.com "moonrocket",

, URI- .
, . , .
URI
, , . 23.1 WebRequest. Create ()
. URI ,
. URI
Uri. Uri URI-.
Uri, URI-, Create (). URI- . Internet- Uri, .
Uri .
:
public Uri(string uri)
public Uri(string base, string rel)
Un- URI-,
. Uri- URI-, rel, URI-, base. URI-
URI-, .
Uri , ,
URI- .
.
public
string
public
string
LocalPath { get; }
Host { g e t ; }
,
public string
p u b l i c i n t Port { g e t ; }
HTTP
80
p u b l i c s t r i n g Query
public string
Scheme { g e t ; }
PathAndQuery { get; }
{ get; }
URI- . :
// Uri.
using System;
using System.Net;
656
II. #
class UriDemo {
Uri sample = new Uri(
"http://MySite.com/somefile.txt?SomeQuery")
Console.WriteLine(": " + sample.Host);
Console.WriteLine(": " + sample.Port);
Console.WriteLine(": " + sample.Scheme);
sample.LocalPath);
Console.WriteLine(": " + sample.Query);
sample.PathAndQuery) ;
:
: mysite.com
: 80
: http
: /somefile.txt
: ?SomeQuery
: /somefile.txt?SomeQuery
HTTP-
HttpWebResponse, , , , , URI- . , . 23.5 (
WebResponse). .
23.5. , HttpWebResponse
public string

CharacterSet { get; }
public string
.
ContentEncodmg { g e t ; }
p u b l i c long
. ,
C o n t e n t L e n g t h { g e t ; } -1
public string

ContentType { get; }
public cookieCoiiection
cookie-, Cookies { g e t ; s e t ; }
p u b l i c webHeaderCoiiection
,
Headers{ get; }
p u b l i c DateTime
URI-
LastModified { get; }
p u b l i c s t r i n g Method { g e t ; }
,
23. Internet
657
. 23.5
public version
Protocoiversion { get; }
p u b l i c u r i ReponseUri { g e t ; }
public string server { get; }
v e r s i o n ,
HTTP,
URI-, .
,
URI-
,
p u b l i c HttpStatusCode
StatusCode { g e t ; }
public string
statusDescription { get; }
HttpStatusCode,

,
,

Headers, HttpWebResponse,
HTTP-:
public WebHeaderCollection Headers{ get; }
HTTP- /, . WebHeaderCollection. , /,
(. 22). AllKeys. ,
, .
, .
, Web-
Osborne.com:
// Web-.
u s i n g System;
using System.Net;
c l a s s HeaderDemo {
// WebRequest- no URI-.
// .
req.GetResponse();
// .
s t r i n g [ ] names = resp.Headers.AllKeys;
// /.
Console.WriteLine("{0,-20}{1}\", "", "");
f o r e a c h ( s t r i n g n in names)
Console.WriteLine("{0,-20}{1}", n, resp.Headers[n]);
/ / , .
658
II. #
resp.Close();
( ,
Web- Osborne.com , , , ):
Date
Server
Keep-Alive
Connection
Transfer-Encoding
Content-Type
Mon, 14 Jan 2002 17:45:50 GMT

Apache/1.3.9 (Unix) PHP/3.0.14
timeout=30, max=500
Keep-Alive
chunked
text/html
cookie-
cookie-, HTTP-,
Cookies, HttpWebResponse. Cookie-,
, /.
Web-.
Cookies:
public CookieCollection Cookies { get; set; }
CookieCollection ICollection IEnumerable,
(. 22).
, cookie-
.
CookieCollection
Cookie. Cookie , cookie-. Name Value:
public string Name { get; set; }
public string Value { get; set; }
, cookie- Name,
Value.
cookie-, ,
cookie-. HttpWebRequest
CookieContainer:
public CookieContainer CookieContainer { get; s e t ; }
CookieContainer , , cookie-.
CookieContainer.
CookieCollection, . CookieContainer cookie-.
cookie-,
URI-, . ,
Web- cookie-, ,
.
/* cookie-.
, cookie-
Web-,
23. internet
659
.
,
Cookie,
Cookie http://MSN.COM
cookie-,
Web- MSN.COM.
*/
using System;
using System.Net;
class CookieDemo {
if(args.Length != 1) {
Console.WriteLine("Usage: CookieDemo <uri>");
return ;
WebRequest.Create(args[0]);
// cookie-.
req.CookieContainer = new CookieContainer();
// .
req.GetResponse();
// cookie-.
Console.WriteLine(" cookie-: " +
resp.Cookies.Count);
Console.WriteLine("{0,-20}{1}", "", "");
for(int i=0; i < resp.Cookies.Count; i++)
Console.WriteLine("{0, -20}{1}",
resp.Cookies[ij.Name,
resp.Cookies[i].Value);
// , ,
resp.Close ();
L a s t M o d i f l e d
, Web-
URI-. HttpWebResponse , LastModif ied:
p u b l i c DateTime LastModified { g e t ; }
LastModified URI-.
Web- M i c r o s o f t . com:
660
II. #
// LastModified.
using System;
using System.Net;
class HeaderDemo {
WebRequest.Create("http://www.Microsoft.com");
req.GetResponse();
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
resp.LastModified);
resp.Close ();
- J : MiniCrawler
, Internet- WebRequest WebReponse, Web-.
Web- ( MiniCrawler), Web- . Web- . MiniCrawler
. URI-, - Web-.
, "" Web- : , ( )
.
MiniCrawlei . -,
, .. , href=. . -, , .. ,
. -,
. , , Web-
. , .
, MiniCrawler - ?
#- .
, MiniCrawler:
// MiniCrawler: Web-.
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.10;
class MiniCrawler {
23. Internet
661
// ,
static string FindLink(string htmlstr,
ref int startloc) {
int i;
int start, end;
string uri = null;
string lowcasestr = htmlstr.ToLower();
i = lowcasestr.IndexOf("href=\"http", startloc);
if(i != -1) {
start = htmlstr.IndexOf("", i) + 1;
end = htmlstr.IndexOf('"f, start);
uri = htmlstr.Substring(start, end-start);
startloc = end;
return uri;
string link = null;
string str;
string answer;
int curloc; // .
if(args.Length ! = 1) {
Console.WriteLine("Usage: MiniCrawler <uri>");
return ;
string uristr = args[0]; // URI-.
try {
do {
Console.WriteLine(" " + uristr);
// WebRequest- URI.
WebRequest.Create(uristr) ;
uristr = null; //
// URI-.
// .
req.GetResponse() ;
(
/ / , ,
// %
Stream istrm = resp.GetResponseStream();
//
// StreamReader-.
StreamReader rdr = new StreamReader(istrm);
// .
662
II. #
str = rdr.ReadToEnd();
curloc = 0;
do {
// URI-
/ / .
link = FindLink{str, ref curloc);
if(link != null) {
link);
Console.Write(", , ?");
answer = Console.ReadLine();
if(string.Compare(answer, "C", true) == 0) {
uristr = string.Copy(link);
break;
} else if(string.Compare(
answer, "B", true) == 0) {
break;
} else if(string.Compare(
answer, "", true) = = 0 ) {
}
} else {
break;
} while(link.Length > 0 ) ;
// , ,
resp.Close();
} while(uristr != null);
} catch(WebException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + exc.Message +
"\ : " + exc.Status);
} catch(ProtocolViolationException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" : " + exc.Message);
} catch(UriFcrmatException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(" URI: " +
exc.Message);
} catch(NotSupportedException exc) {
exc.Message);
Console.WriteLine("I/O Error: " + exc.Message);
Console.WriteLine(" MiniCrawler.");
MiniCrawler:
23. Internet
663
:>MiniCrawler http://osborne.com
http://osborne.com
: http://www.osborne.com/aboutus/aboutus.shtml
, , ?
.
: http://www.osborne.com/downloads/downloads.shtml
, , ?
http://www.osborne.com/downloads/downloads.shtml
, . URI-,
MiniCrawler "", . Main()
URI- u r i s t r . ,
u r i s t r n u l l , , URI- . ,
. GetResponseStreamO , ( ) streamReader-.
ReadToEnd (), .
.
FindLink (),
MiniCrawler. FindLink (), ,
, . , , h t m l s t r s t a r t l o c , .
, s t a r t l o c r e f-.
FindLink () "" "" ,
h r e f = M h t t p , . , URI- u r i ,
s t a r t l o c . s t a r t l o c ref-, Main(),
, . FindLink ()
u r i . , ,
u r i 11-, , "" .
Main () FindLink ()
,
. (
<>), ( <>)
( <>). <>, . .
, .
, MiniCrawler. , Web-, , . ,
- Web- , ,
. ( ) .. , Web- "",
, ( ) .
664
II. #
, URI- URI- . s t a c k .
:
.
J webciient
" " WebClient.
, ( ) ,
WebRequest WebResponse
WebClient. WebClient ,
, .
WebClient :
p u b l i c WebClient()
(. . 23.6) (.
. 23.7). UriFormatException, URI- , WebException,
.
23.6. , WebClient
public string BaseAddress

{ get; set; }
URI. null-. , , W e b C l i e n t ,

public ICredentials
Credentials { get; set; }
.
n u l l
public WebHeaderCollection
Headers! get; set; }
public NameValueCollection
QueryString { get; set; }
,
/, . URI "?". , @"
public WebHeaderCollection
ResponseHeaders{ get; }
23.7. , WebClient
public byte[]
DownloadData(string uri)
Web-, URI- u r i .
public void
DownloadFile(string uri,
string fname)
Web-, URI- u r i , , fname
public Stream
OpenRead(string uri)
, URI-, u r i .

23. Internet
665
. 23.7
public Stream
OpenWrite(string uri)
, URI-, u r i .

, URI-, uri.
. , how,
, info, no URI, u r i .
public Stream
OpenWrite(string uri,
string how)
public byte[]
UploadData(string uri,
byte[] info)
public byte[]
UploadData(string uri,
string how,
byte[] info)
public byte[]
UploadFile(string uri,
string fname)
public byte[]
UploadFile(string uri,
string how,
string fname)
public byte[]
UploadValues(
string uri,
NameValueCollection vals )
public byte[]
UploadValues(
string uri,
string how,
NameValueCollection vals )
, info, no URI, u r i . . ,
how,
, fname, URI-, u r i .
, fname, URI-, uri. . , how,
, , vals, URI-, uri.
, , vals, URI-, u r i . , how,

WebClient
^ :
// WebClient
// .
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.10;
class WebClientDemo {
WebClient user = new WebClient();
string uri = "http://www.osborne.com";
string fname = "data.txt";
try {
Console.WriteLine(
" Web- " +
uri + " " + fname);
user.DownloadFile(uri, fname);
666
II. #
} catch (WebException exc) {

Console.WriteLine(exc) ;
} catch (UriFormatException exc) {
Web- Osborne.com
d a t a . t x t . ,
, , . URI -: , u r i .
WebRequest WebResponse , ,
WebClient,
. ,
Web-. ,
WebClient .
\
23. Internet
667
#
III #-.
.
#
, ,
,
#.
Windows-
,
System.Windows.Forms. ,
" ":

.
#
, . - #, (component-oriented language). # .NET
Framework ,

. ,
- (Component Object Model )
, . #- .

. , . . .
. , . , . " ", ,
.
. , , . , , (client). ,
.
. . . , ,
.
, . . ,
.
public-. , , , "
".

, ( ) .
, .
, , ,
. ,
, (component
model). .
, , 24.
671
, . ,
. - ( ) ( ) .
, .
, .
# .NET Framework . Windows
C++. , # .NET Framework.
, - .
, # .NET Framework . , -,
#.
#-
#, . , ,
( ) . , 9 : .
, ,
.NET Framework. , :
System. ComponentModel. IComponent. I Component , .NET Framework.
IComponent, System.ComponentModel.Component.
Component IComponent.
, . ,
Component, IComponent, . , # " " .

#- : .
. ,
. . .
# - -
#- , -. , , , - (
), , . , ,
672
III. #
AddRef ().
Release (). ,
. , #- .
# ,
, .
I Component Component
, .
-J IComponent
IComponent , . IComponent . S i t e :
ISite Site { get;
set; }
s i t e .
. null-, .
, IComponent, Disposed :
event EventHandler Disposed
, , Disposed.
IComponent System. IDisposable, Dispose ():
void Dispose()
, .
Component

IComponent, , Component, IComponent .
.
Component, , , .NET- .
Component . Component , .
Component .
, Container, :
p u b l i c IContainer Container { g e t ; }
Container , . , n u l l .
, Container , .
, S i t e , IComponent. Component
:
public v i r t u a l I S i t e S i t e {get; s e t ; }
24.
573
S i t e i s i t e ,
. n u l l , .
S i t e , .
Component .
T o S t r i n g O . , Dispose ( ) ,
. :
p u b l i c void Dispose!)
Dispose ( ) , , , . Dispose , iDisposable. Dispose ().
Dispose ():
p r o t e c t e d v i r t u a l p u b l i c void Dispose(bool how)
how t r u e ,
, , .
how f a l s e , . Dispose ( p r o t e c t e d ) ,
. . ,
Dispose () Dispose (bool).
, ,
Dispose (bool), , .
, Dispose (bool), Component.
Component MarshalByRefObject,
, , , .
( ) ,
. , ,
MarshalByRef Object . , # .

,
CipherComp, . ,
. . , Encode (), .
, Decode (), .
, ( ).
// -.
// CipherLib.cs.
using System.ComponentModel;
namespace CipherLib { //
'
// .
674
III. #
// , CipherComp
// Component.
public class CipherComp : Component {
// .
public string Encode(string msg) {
string temp = "";
for(int i=0; i < msg.Length; i
temp += (char) (msg[i] + 1 ) ;
return temp;
// ,
public string Decode(string msg) {
string temp = "";
for(int i=0; i < msg.Length;
temp += (char) (msg[i] - 1) ;
return temp;
, . , , C i p h e r L i b . c s . , Visual Studio IDE. System. ComponentModel. ,

.
CipherComp CipherLib.
. ,
.
CipherComp Component. , CipherComp
, .NET- . CipherComp , .
.
, CipherComp
. , . Encode () Decode (). CipherComp
, Dispose (bool). ,
Encode () Decode () , , CipherComp.
C i p h e r L i b
d l l - , -.
Visual Studio IDE,
CipherLib (Class Library project).
,
24.
675
/ t : library. , CipherLib,
:
1 esc / t : l i b r a r y CipherLib.es
CipherLib.dll, CipherComp.
, CipherComp
" ". , CipherComp,
^ .
// , CipherComp.
using System;
using CipherLib; //
// CipherComp..
class CipherCompClient {
CipherComp cc = new CipherComp();
string text = " ";
string ciphertext = cc.Encode(text);
Console.WriteLine(ciphertext);
string plaintext = cc.Decode(ciphertext);
Console.WriteLine(plaintext);
cc.Dispose(); // .
, CipherLib. CipherComp " " .

CipherComp,
. CipherComp .
Dispose () .
, Dispose () , . , #,
, . Dispose ()
. , ,
, . CipherComp , Dispose ()
. Dispose () , .
-,
, C i p h e r L i b . d l l .
/. , c l i e n t
:
I esc / : C i p h e r L i b . d l l c l i e n t . e s
676
III. #
Visual Studio IDE - C i p h e r L i b . d l l .

c l i e n t :
I !'
I
-J Dispose ()

CipherComp , .
Dispose (bool).
, Dispose (bool) , " ".
, .
,
, . , . ,
, - . , , , , ,
, , , . , ,
. : Dispose (bool).
Dispose (bool)
.
1. Dispose (bool) t r u e
, .
f a l s e , .
2. Dispose (bool) ,
.
3. Dispose (bool) Dispose (bool), .
4. , , Dispose (false).
2, . private-, .
,
Dispose(bool).
// ,
// Dispose(bool).
class MyCoinp : Component {
bool isDisposed; // true,
public MyComp {
24.
677
isDisposed = false;
-MyCornp () {
Dispose(false);
protected override void Dispose(bool dispAll) {
if(!isDisposed) {
if(dispAll) {
// .
isDisposed = true; //
/ / .
}
// ,
base.Dispose(dispAll);
Dispose () Dispose (bool), ,

.
Dispose (bool)
Dispose (bool), CipherComp ,
. , Encode () Decode (). CipherComp.
Dispose (bool) ,
. , Dispose (bool), WriteLine ().
// ,
// .
using System;
using System.10;
namespace CipherLib {
// ,
// .
public class CipherComp : Component {
static int uselD = 0;
int id; // .
bool isDisposed; // true,
FileStream log;
//
public CipherComp() {
isDisposed = false; // .
try {
678
III. #
log = new FileStream("CipherLog" + uselD,

FileMode.Create);
id = uselD;
useID++;
} catch (FileNotFoundException exc) {
log = null;
//
-CipherComp() {
+ id) ;
Dispose(false);
// .
// .
string temp = "";
for(int i=0;i < msg.Length; i++)
// .
for(int i=0; i < temp.Length; i++)
log.WriteByte((byte) temp[i]);
return temp;
// .
// .
string temp = "";
for(int i=0; i < msg.Length; i++)
temp += (char) (msg[i] - 1 ) ;
// .
return temp;
Console.WriteLine("Dispose(" + dispAll +
") " + id);
if(IisDisposed) {
if(dispAll) {
" " + id);
log.Close(); // .
24.
679
isDisposed = true;
}
// ,
CipherComp.
:
s t a t i c i n t uselD = 0;
i n t i d ; // .
bool isDisposed; // t r u e ,
FileStream log;
int-, ( s t a t i c ) ,
CipherComp.
uselD , CipherComp . i d , use ID
. isDisposed , .
(log) FileStream, .
CipherComp:u
public CipherComp() {
isDisposed = false; // ,
try {
log = new FileStream("CipherLog" + uselD,
FileMode.Create);
id = uselD;
useID++;
} catch (FileNotFoundException exc) {
Console.WriteLine(exc) ;
log = null;
isDisposed f a l s e ,
, CipherComp .
. , "CipherLog"
uselD. uselD id . , CipherComp , (ID). , CipherComp
, , . ( ""
, ). ,
Dispose(bool).
Encode () ,
. log- , Encode () . , Encode () , 680
III. #
. Decode () , ,
.
Dispose (bool),
Cipher . :
Console.WriteLine("Dispose(" + dispAll +
") " + id);
if(!isDisposed) {
if(dispAll) {
" " + id);
log.CloseO; // .
isDisposed = true;
}
// ,
, Dispose (bool) protected-.
, . , Dispose ,
Component. Dispose (bool) isDisposed.
, .
isDisposed f a l s e , d i s p A l l . t r u e , ,
isDisposed t r u e . :
d i s p A l l t r u e , . d i s p A l l
f a l s e , ( ). , Dispose (bool), ( Component). , .
WriteLine () ,
.
CipherComp:
CipherComp() {
+ id) ;
Dispose(false);
Dispose (bool) f a l s e .
: ,
.
.
.
WriteLine () , .
, CipherComp,
, .
-, :
II -,
// CipherComp.
24.
681
using System;
using CipherLib; //
// CipherComp.
class CipherCompClient {
string text = "";

string plaintext = cc.Decode(ciphertext);
text = " - #.";
ciphertext = cc.Encode(text);
Console.WriteLine(ciphertext) ;
plaintext = cc.Decode(ciphertext) ;
Console.WriteLine(plaintext) ;
cc.Dispose(); // .
!.!!!?!D$/
- #.
Dispose(True)

CipherLogO
:
I !.!!!?!0$/
I - #.
(,
).
, -
Dispose (bool) t r u e . , Dispose () CipherComp. ,
Dispose () Dispose (bool) true,
. Dispose () -,
. :
!.!!!?!D$/
- #.

Dispose(False)
Dispose(False)
682
III. #
Dispose () , CipherComp
. , ,
. , , , ,
, Dispose (bool) f a l s e .
Dispose (bool) Dispose () Dispose (bool), CipherComp.
Dispose (bool) . , , Dispose () "", ,
, .
Dispose (bool)
.

CipherComp " ", . , . ,
CipherComp, Encode (). ,
: ,
isDisposed. ,
Encode () Decode ():
// .
// .
// ,
if(isDisposed) {
Console.WriteLine(": .");
return null;
string temp = "";
for(int i=0;i < msg.Length;
// .
log.WriteByt.e ( (byte) temp[i]);
r e t u r n temp;
// .
// .
// ,
if(isDisposed) {
Console.WriteLine(": .");
return null;
24.
683
string temp = "";

for(int i=0; i < msg.Length;
temp += (char) (msg[i] - 1 ) ;
// .
return temp;
isDisposed, t r u e ,
.
.
- J using
18, u s i n g . Dispose () . , u s i n g
:
using
{obj)
// obj.
}
using (type obj = initializer) {
// obj.
}
obj , using. us ing-, .
obj Dispose ()
( System. IDisposable). u s i n g
, System. I D i s p o s a b l e (, , ).
-, CipherComp
Dispose () using:
//
u s i n g .
using System;
using CipherLib;
/ /
/ / CipherComp.
c l a s s CipherCompClient {
p u b l i c s t a t i c void Main()
/ / ,
using(CipherComp cc = new CipherComp()) {
string text
684
= " u s i n g . " ;
III. #

string plaintext = cc.Decode(ciphertext)
:
?!vtj oh/
u s i n g .
Dispose(True)

-,
Dispose () . , : u s i n g
Dispose (), , using .
, . , . , . , Dispose () , .
.
, Container,
System. ComponentModel. Container :
public Container()
.
C o n t a i n e r Add (), :
p u b l i c v i r t u a l void Add(IComponent comp)
p u b l i c v i r t u a l void Add(IComponent comp,
s t r i n g compName)
,
. , , , compName. ,
. , , ArgumentException.
S i t e .
, Remove ():
p u b l i c v i r t u a l void Remove(IComponent comp)
, :
, , . , Remove () .
24.
685
Container Dispose ().

Dispose () , , Dispose ( ) . , , , - Dispose ().
C o n t a i n e r Components:
p u b l i c v i r t u a l ComponentCollection Components { g e t ; }
,
.
, Component C o n t a i n e r S i t e , .
Container S i t e ( ) . C o n t a i n e r , . s i t e ,
, . S i t e i s i t e . i s i t e :
icomponent Component { g e t ; }
iContainer Container { get; }
b o o l DesignMode { g e t ; }
s t r i n g Name { g e t ; s e t ; }

t r u e ,

CipherComp. ,
" ". S i t e . , Dispose (), . ( , using,
Dispose ().)
//
// .
using System;
using CipherLib; //
// CipherComp.
class UseContainer {
string str = " .";
Container cont = new Container ();
CipherComp cc2 = new CipherComp();
686
III. #
cont.Add(cc);
cont.Add(cc2f " ");
str = cc.Encode(str);
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
str) ;
str = cc.Decode(str);
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
str) ;
str = ", , ";
str = 2.Encode(str);
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
str) ;
str = 2.Decode(str);
Console.WriteLine(
" : " +
Console.WriteLine("\ 2: " +
2.Site.Name);
// ,
cont.Dispose();
:
: .
: !/
: .
: , ,
: -!-!
: , ,
2:
Dispose(True) -1
1
Dispose(True)

, Dispose ()
.
.
24.
687
-

,
. ,
, .
, , ,
. ,
, .

" ". . - " " (), , .
. :
,
, "" . - .
# :
" ?"
: "!"
688
III. #
Windows-
'
, , , .. , (
).
# , , , . , Windows GUI-
(graphics wser /nterface ),
, , # Windows.
Windows-
,
Windows. , # .NET Framework
. .NET- ,
Forms, Windows-. # System.Windows. Forms Windows- .
Windows- ,
. , .
" " Windows. , , , . ,
Windows-, .

Windows-
# .NET Framework
Windows-, .
Windows Windows
API- (Application Programming Interface ), ,
Windows. API- . API- ,
, , . , Windows .
, API-. , MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes Microsoft).
C++; MFC-
C++. - MFC Windows- . MFC-
, .. , . , MFC
" ", API-, Windows- -
.
690
III. #
# .NET Framework- Forms Windows-.

API Forms , Windows-.
#, . , # , " ".
API-
MFC, , #- . ( Windows) Windows , .
Windows-,

. Visual Studio ,
Windows-. , . Visual Studio ,
. Visual Studio
Windows-,
, Windows- , .
#, Visual Studio, Windows, , ,
, .
, ,
. , .
Windows
Windows-, ,
Windows,
Windows-. , , .
. , Read ()
WriteLine(). , , " ", , .
"" Windows : Windows . : , Windows. , . , ,
Windows, , -
25. Windows-
691
Windows. , Windows- , Windows.

, Windows
. ,
, .
,
. :
. Windows- , . , .
Windows-
Windows-, #, . , ,
. , , .
. , , . ,
Windows-.
, . ,
Windows-, .
.
Form
Form , Form. Form , , , .
System. ComponentModel. Component (.
24) System.Windows. Forms.Control. Control , Windows- . , Form
Control, .
Form Control .
Windows-,

Windows-, . ,
. ,
.
, Windows-. ,
Windows-:
// Windows-,
/ / .
692
III. #
using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
// WinSkel - Form,
class WinSkel : Form {
public WinSkel() {
// .
Text = " Windows-";
// Main() .
[STAThread]
WinSkel skel = new WinSkel(); // .
// .
Application.Run(skel) ;
, , . 25.1.
kJ^M^f^CTlfg^^.^ * iiBJglx|:
. 25.1. ,
WinSkel
. ,
: System System. Windows . Forms. System STAThread, Main(), a System. Windows. Forms
Windows Forms.
WinSkel, Form. ,
WinSkel .
() .
WinSkel :
I Text = " Windows-";
Text, . , Windows-. Text :
p u b l i c v i r t u a l s t r i n g Text { g e t ; s e t ; }
Text Control.
Main (),
Main (), . , ,
25. Windows-
693
. , Main{)
STAThread. Microsoft ,
Main () Windows-. STAThread (threading model), , .. ,
(single-threaded apartment STA). , ,
Windows- :
.
Main () WinSkel s k e l . Run (), A p p l i c a t i o n :
I Application.Run(skel);
. A p p l i c a t i o n
System.Windows. Forms ,
Windows-. Run():
public static void Run(Form ob)
. WinSkel
Form, WinSkel Run ().
, . 25.1.
(300 300 ).
. , , ,
. , ,
, .
: ,
Windows API, !
Windows, . , ,
, Form.
,
A p p l i c a t i o n . Run () .
/
Windows-
Windows- , , Visual Studio. ,
, ,
( ), IDE.
( , , , Visual Studio.) Windows-.

Windows- WinSkel. cs , :
1 esc /trwinexe WinSkel.cs
/ t : w i n e x e Windows-,
. , WinSkel.
694
III. #
(IDE)
Visual Studio IDE,
Windows Application. File^New1^Project
(^^). New Project (
) Windows Application (Windows-).
WinSkel. Forml.cs. . ,
WinSkel,
Add"=>Add New Item (1^ ).
, . 25.2.
Add New I t e m - WinSkei
Categories
liifil
Templates
_i local Project Items

Windows
Form
Component
Class
User Control Data Form

Wizard
XML
Schema
Data Set
! ]
* blank cocte file

Name
Cpen
. 25 2. Add New Item (

)
Templates () Code File (

) WinSkel.cs.
Windows- Builds
Build Solution (^ ).
Debugs Start Without Debugging (^ ).

:
. . . ,
.
Windows , , , .
, . ,
.
25. Windows-
695

Button, ButtonBase. ButtonBase , Control. Button :
public Button()
,
. , , , , Text .

Location . Location
Control :
p u b l i c Point Location { g e t ; s e t ; }
Point,
System. Drawing. :
public int X { get; set; }
public int Y { get; set; }
, " "
100, 200, :
I B u t t o n M y B u t t o n = new B u t t o n ( ) ;
1 M y B u t t o n . T e x t = " " ;
I M y B u t t o n . L o c a t i o n = new P o i n t ( 1 0 0 f 2 0 0 ) ;

. Add (), , . C o n t r o l s ,
Control. Add ():
public virtual void Add(Control cntl)
cntl .
,
.

.
, .
// .
using System;
using System.Drawing;
class ButtonForm : Form {
Button MyButton = new Button();
public ButtonForm() {
696
III. #
Text = " ";

MyButton = new Button();
MyButton.Text = "";
MyButton.Location = new Point(100, 200)
Controls.Add(MyButton);
[STAThread]
ButtonForm skel = new ButtonForm();
Application.Run(skel);
ButtonForm,
Form. Button MyButton.
ButtonForm , .
, . 25.3.
, .
- , ,
.
. 25.3.
1
( -
), , . ,
, . ,
,
. , ,
, . , ,
Click.
Click Button. ( Click
Control.) :
p u b l i c Event EventHandler C l i c k ;
25. Windows-
697
EventHandler :
public delegate void EventHandler(object who,
EventArgs args)
, , who, , , args.
args , EventArgs. ,
.
,
. .
// .
'
using System;
Button MyButton = new Button();
Text = " ";
MyButton.Text = "";
MyButton.Location = new Point(100, 200);
// .
MyButton.Click += new EventHandler(MyButtonClick);
}
[STAThread]
ButtonForm skel - new ButtonForm();
}
// MyButton.
protected void MyButtonClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
if (MyButton.Top === 200)
MyButton.Location = new Point (10, 10);
else
MyButton.Location = new Point (100, 200);
'
:
// MyButton.
if(MyButton.Top == 200)
else
}
698
HI. #
MyButtonClick () ,
EventHandler, ,
Click. ,
p r o t e c t e d . , ,
, .
.
( ):
public int Top { get; set; }
public int Bottom { get; }
public int Left { get; set; }
public int Right { get; }
, Left, Bottom Right, . (
Width Height.)
, , , , 200, : 10, 10.
100, 200. .
MyButtonClick () , , Click.
But ton Form :
I MyButton.Click + new EventHandler(MyButtonClick);
MyButtonClick ().

, MyButtonClick ()
-. , who
, . , , , . MyButtonClick () :
// ,
// .
p r o t e c t e d void MyButtonClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
Button b - (Button) who;
if(b.Top == 200)
b.Location = new Point(10, 10);
else
b.Location = new Point(100, 200);
}
who Button,
( MyButton) .

, , . , , .
25. Windows-
699

Windows- . , . ( ), , . ,
, MessageBox.
. Show ().
Show () . :
public s t a t i c DialogResult Show(
string msg,
string caption,
MebsageBoxButtons mbb)
, , msg;
caption. , , mbb. .
MessageBoxButtons , :
AbortRetrylgnore
OK
OKCancel
RetryCancel
YesNo
YesNoCancel
, . , mbb YesNo, .
, Show (), , . :
Abort
Cancel
Ignore
No
None
OK
Retry
Yes
, Show ( ) ,
, . ,
,
, ,
, .
, . , , , , . , . ,
^ .
// .
using System;
Button MyButton;
Button StopButton;
Text = " ";
700
III. #
// .
MyButton.Text = "";
StopButton = new Button();
StopButton.Text = "";
StopButton.Location = new Point(100, 100);
// .
MyButton.Click += new EventHandler(MyButtonClick);
StopButton.Click += new EventHandler(StopButtonClick)
Controls.Add(StopButton);
[STAThread]
ButtonForm skel = new ButtonFormO ;
// MyButton.
if(MyButton.Top == 200)
else
}
// StopButton.
protected void StopButtonClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
// Yes,
// .
DialogResult result = MessageBox.Show(
" ?",
"",
MessageBoxButtons.YesNo);
if(result == DialogResult.Yes) Application.Exit();
, . , ButtonForm . "",
StopButtonClick ().
StopButtonClick () :
// Yes,
// .
DialogResult result = MessageBox.Show(
" ?",
"",
MessageBoxButtons.YesNo) ;
25. Windows-
701
"". " ?" . Show (), ,

r e s u l t . , :
I if(result
== D i a l o g R e s u l t . Y e s )
Application.Exit ();
, .
A p p l i c a t i o n . Exit , . ,
.
. 25.4.
. 25.4. ,

Windows- , . . , , . , ,
. .
, , .
.
MainMenu , Menultem .
(, ), . MainMenu Menultem Menu.
Windows-,
, . , .
Click,
Menultem. , ,
Click, , .
Menu, :
p u b l i c MainMenu Menu { g e t ; s e t ; }
702
III. #
. , "" .
.
1. MainMenu.
2. MainMenu Menultem, . Menultems, .
3. Menu I t em- Menu I t em, ,
.
Menultems, .
4. .
5. MainMenu Menu, .
, ,
: , .
// .
MainMenu MyMenu = new MainMenu();
// .
Menultem ml = new Menultem("");
MyMenu.Menultems.Add(ml);
// "".
Menultem subml = new Menultem("");
ml.Menultems.Add(subml);
Menultem subm2 = new Menultem("");
ml.Menultems.Add(subm2);
ml.Menultems.Add(subm3);
.
MainMenu MyMenu.
.
ml "". MyMenu.
, .
, ml, . Menultem , , , Menu I t em-. , submlsubm3 ml,
File ,
, .
, . , Click. submlsubm3
.
// .
subml.Click += new EventHandler(MMOpenClick);
subm2.Click += new EventHandler(MMCloseClick) ;
subm3.Click += new EventHandler(MMExitClick) ;
25. Windows-
703
, , MMExitClick ().
, Menu MainMenu:
1 Menu = MyMenu;
,
.
, .
// .
using System;
class MenuForm : Form {
MainMenu MyMenu;
public MenuForm() {
Text = " ";
// .
MainMenu MyMenu = new MainMenu();
// .
Menultem ml = new Menultem("");
MyMenu.MenuIterns.Add(ml);
Menultem m2 = new Menultem("");
MyMenu.Menulterns.Add(m2);
// .
Menultem subml = new Menultem("");
ml.MenuIterns.Add(subml) ;
ml.Menulterns.Add(subm2) ;
ml.MenuIterns.Add(subm3);
// "".
m2.Menulterns.Add(subm4);
Menultem subm5 = new Menultem(" ");
m2.MenuIterns.Add(subm5);
Menultem subm6 ='new Menultem("");
m2.Menultems.Add(subm6);
// ,
subml.Click += new EventHandler(MMOpenClick);
subm2.Click += new EventHandler(MMCloseClick);
subm3.Click += new EventHandler(MMExitClick);
subm4.Click += new EventHandler(MMCoordClick);
subm5.Click += new EventHandler(MMChangeClick);
subm6.Click += new EventHandler(MMRestoreClick);
704
III. #
// .
Menu = MyMenu;
[STAThread]
MenuForm skel = new MenuFormO ;
// ,
protected void MMCoordClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
// , ,
string size =
String. Formate1 {0}: , {2}\n{3}: {4}, {5} ",
", ", Top, Left,
", ", Bottom, Right);
// .
MessageBox.Show(size, " ",
MessageBoxButtons.OK);
// ,
protected void MMChangeClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
Width = Height = 200;
}
// .
protected void MMRestoreClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
Width = Height = 300;
}
// .
protected void MMOpenClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
MessageBox.Show(" ", "",
}
// .
protected void MMCloseClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
MessageBox.Show(" ", "",
}
// .
protected void MMExitClick(object who, EventArgs e) {
DialogResult result = MessageBox.Show(" ?",
"",
MessageBoxButtons.YesNo);
if(result == DialogResult.Yes) Application.Exit();
. 25.5.
25. Windows-
705
. 25.5. ,
. (
, ) . ,
, .
.
, .
: ,
. .
, . .

, 200 .
Width Height:
public int Width { get; set; }
public int Height { get; set; }
300x300. Restore
.

, Windows- .
Windows , . Windows-,
.
, System
.Windows. Forms. Windows-,
, () .
, Windows. Drawing,
,
. Windows . Drawing , Windows GDI (Graphics Device Interface).
, .
706
III. #
, , , (10 5) * 3,
? , , , . , . (expression parsing),
,
, ,
.
,
, .
,
. ,
(recursive-descent
parser), , . , .
, ,
#.
" ". ,
GUI- - .
C++. ,
#, , #
.
-J
,
, .
, . , ,
:
;
+, -, /, *, , % =;
;
.
( ) (
" ", #), "" (=) .
.
:
10-8
(100 - 5) * 14
+ b -
10
= 10
, :
708
III. #
+ - ()

.
, , . , ( ,
26 , z). (
). -, ,
double, . , , .
LJ :
,
, . ,
:
10 - 2 * 3
, 4. , , ,
. :
=
while( ) {
=
b =
= a op b
, , ; .. , 10 2 * 3 24 (..
8 * 3), 4, .
,
, .
, , , . , , , , ..
, .
,
, . ( , ,
, .
.)
26.
709

. , , (recursive data structures),
.. , . ,
+ , - , * , / ,
:
-> [+ ] [- ]
-> [* ] [/ ]
-> , ()
, -> " ". . , : , , , . ,
.
10 + 5 *
: 10 5 * . : .
, .

14 * (7 - )
: 14 (7 - ) .
, .
: .
, , .
.
, ,
:
9/3 - (100 + 56)
.
1. , 9/3.
2. . 3.
3. , (100 + 56). .
4. . 156.
5. 156 3. -153.
, , .
, . "" .
-,
710
III. #
. -,
, .
.
( double),
.
. ,
.

,
. ,
* -
(W + 1 0 )
: , *, , -, (, W, +, 10 ). , .
,
, .
, ,

. " " . , , GetToken().
, , Parser.
,
, GetToken (). , P a r s e r :
c l a s s Parser {
// .
enum Types { NONE, DELIMITER, VARIABLE, NUMBER };
// .
enum E r r o r s { SYNTAX, UNBALPARENS, NOEXP, DIVBYZERO };
s t r i n g exp;
// ,
i n t expldx;
// ,
s t r i n g token; // .
Types tokType; // .
Types. . : , .
VARIABLE, NUMBER DELIMITER, Types. DELIMITER , . NONE
. E r r o r s ,
.
, , . , , "10+4". expldx . token,
tokType.
26.
711
GetTokenO.
, , ,
expldx, .. [expldx].
token, tokType. GetTokenO
i s D e l i m ( ) , , .
//
.
void GetTokenO
tokType = Types.NONE;
token = " " ;
if(expldx
== exp.Length)
r e t u r n ; / /
/ / ,
while(expldx < exp.Length &
&
Char.IsWhiteSpace(exp[expldx]))
++expldx;
/ / ,
if(expldx == exp.Length) r e t u r n ;
if(IsDelim(exp[expldx])) { / / ?
token += exp[expldx];
expldx++;
tokType = Types.DELIMITER;
else if(Char.IsLetter(exp[expldx]))
{ / /
/ / ?
while(!IsDelim(exp[expldx])) {
expldx++;
if(expldx >= exp.Length) break;
tokType = Types.VARIABLE;
e l s e if(Char.IsDigit(exp[expldx])) { / / ?
expldx++;
tokType = Types.NUMBER;
// true,
// ,
bool IsDelim(char )
{
if((" +-/*%A=()".IndexOf() != -1))
return true;
return false;
}
GetTokenO. , , expldx .Length.

712
III. #
expldx , ,
, , ( ).
, GetToken ()
. exp[expldx]
, , , ( ). , , token,
tokType DELIMITER. , , .
, token, tokType VARIABLE. , , , token,
tokType NUMBER. , , token
.
GetToken (), . , , .
,
.
.
, GetToken (), :
+ 100 -
( * ) / 2
GetToken () ( ):
VARIABLE
DELIMITER
100
NUMBER
DELIMITER
DELIMITER
VARIABLE
DELIMITER
VARIABLE
DELIMITER
DELIMITER
NUMBER
, ,

. , , . GetToken () , 26.
713
. , , "" .
/*

,
.
*/
using System;
// ,
class ParserException : ApplicationException {
public ParserException(string str) : base(str) { }
return Message;
class Parser {
// .
// .
enum Errors { SYNTAX, UNBALPARENS, NOEXP, DIVBYZERO };
string exp;
int expldx;
string token;
Types tokType;
//
//
//
//
,
,
.
.
// .
public double Evaluate(string expstr)
{
double result;
exp = expstr;
expldx = 0 ;
'
try {
GetToken();
if(token =- "") {
SyntaxErr(Errors.NOEXP); //
// ,
return 0.0;
}
EvalExp2(out result);
if(token != "") //
// null-.
SyntaxErr(Errors.SYNTAX);
return result;
} catch (ParserException exc) {
//
// .
714
III. #
return 0.0;
// .
void EvalExp2(out double result)
{
string op;
double partialResult;
while((op = token) == "+" || op == "-") {
GetTokenO ;
EvalExp3(out partialResult);
switch(op) {
case "-":
result = result - partialResult;
break;
case " + ":
result = result + partialResult;
break;
// .
void EvalExp3(out double r e s u l t )
{
string op;
double partialResult = 0.0;
while((op = token) == "*" ||
op == "/" II op == "%") {
GetTokenO ;
switch(op) {
case "*":
result = result * partialResult;
break;
case "/":
if(partialResult == 0.0)
SyntaxErr(Errors.DIVBYZERO);
result = result / partialResult;
break;
case "%":
result = (int) result % (int) partialResult;
break;
// .
{
double partialResult, ex;
26.
715
int
t;
EvalExp5(out r e s u l t ) ;
ll/4lf
i f (token ==
) {
GetTokenO ;
ex = result;
if(partialResult ==0.0) {
result = 1.0;
(
return;
}
for(t=(int)partialResult-l; t > 0; t )
result = result * (double)ex;
// + -.
string
op;
op = "";
if((tokType == Types.DELIMITER) &&
token == "+" || token == "-") {
op = token;
GetToken();
if(op == "-") result = -result;
// .
{
if((token =="(")) {
GetToken();
if(token != ")")
SyntaxErr(Errors.UNBALPARENS);
GetToken ();
}
else Atom(out result);
// ,
void Atom(out double result)
{
switch(tokType) {
case Types.NUMBER:
try {
result = Double.Parse(token)
} catch (FormatException) {
result = 0.0;
}
GetTokenO ;
return;
default:
716
III. #
result = 0.0;
break;
// .
void SyntaxErr(Errors error)
{
string[] err = {
" ",
" ",
" ",
" "
throw new ParserException(err[(int)error]);
// ,
void GetTokenO
token = "";
if(expldx == exp.Length) return; //
// ,
while(expldx < exp.Length &&
Char.IsWhiteSpace(exp[expldx])) ++expldx;
// ,
if(expldx == exp.Length) return;
if(IsDelim(exp[expldx])) { // ?
expldx++;
else if(Char.IsLetter(exp[expldx])) { //
// ?
expldx++;
else if(Char.IsDigit(exp[expldx])) { // ?
expldx++;
}
26.
717
// true,
// ,
bool IsDelim(char )
{
if((" +-/*%=()".IndexOf() != -1))
return true;
return false;
: +, - , *,
/ %. , ( ) , " " .
, Parser. E v a l u a t e ( ) ,
, . , E v a l u a t e ( ) . :
// .
using System;
class ParserDemo {
public s t a t i c void Main()
{
string expr;
Parser p = new Parser();
Console.WriteLine(
" .");
for(;;) {
expr = Console.ReadLine();
if(expr == "") break;
Console.WriteLine(": " + p.Evaluate(expr));
:
.
: 10-2*3
: 4
: (10-2)*3
: 24
: 10/3
: 3.33333333333333
: 10/3.5
: 2.85714285714 286
:
718
III. #

Parser.
GetTokenO , P a r s e r .
.
Evaluate (). , , #-. , ,
:
"10 - 5"
"2 * 3.3 / (3.1416 * 3 . 3 ) "
expldx.
expldx . expldx "" . token , tokType .
Evaluate ,
, , .
EvalExp2 ()-EvalExp6 () Atom() .
. ,
, .
EvalExpl ().
SyntaxErr () . GetTokenO i s D e l i m O , ,
. GetToken ()
.
, .
, , :
10 - 3 * 2
Evaluate () . (""), "
", Evaluate () 0.0.
10. EvalExp2 (). EvalExp2 ()
EvalExp3(), EvalExp4(), -
EvalExp5(). EvalExp5() , . ,
EvalExp6 (). EvalExp6 () EvalExp2 () ( , ), Atom () . , Atom() r e s u l t
10. , . , , (
), "" , .. , .
"-", EvalExp2 ().
.
"-", . ,
3, "" . AtomO 3 r e s u l t "*".
26.
719
EvalExp3 (), , 2.
, 2 3. EvalExp2(), .
4. ,
"" ; ,
, ,
.
SyntaxErr ( ) , P a r s e r E x c e p t i o n , . P a r s e r E x c e p t i o n ; , Parser. ,
,
.
, . .
I
,
,
. , .
. , Z. P a r s e r .
26- doubles. ,
P a r s e r :
1 d o u b l e [ ] v a r s = new d o u b l e [ 2 6 ] ;
P a r s e r ,
:
public Parser() {
// .
f o r ( i n t i = 0 ; i < v a r s . L e n g t h ; i++)
v a r s [ i ] = 0.0;
}
" " 0.0.

.
Z,
v a r s ASCII- . FindVar (). :
// ,
double FindVar(string vname)
{
if(IChar.IsLetter(vname[0])){
return 0.0;
}
return vars[Char.ToUpper(vname[0])-'A'];
720
III. #
, (.. ) , 12 t e s t , .
.
Atom(),
, . :
// ,
{
switch(tokType) {
case Types.NUMBER:
try {
r e s u l t = Double.Parse(token);
r e s u l t = 0.0;
}
GetToken();
return;
case Types.VARIABLE:
r e s u l t = FindVar(token);
GetToken();
return;
default:
r e s u l t = 0.0;
break;
, , , . , "" (=). Parser EvalExpl ().
. , ,
, Evaluate ()
EvalExpl (), EvalExp2().
JSvalExpl ():
// ,
void EvalExpl(out double result)
{
int varldx;
Types ttokType;
string temptoken;
if(tokType == Types.VARIABLE) {
// ,
temptoken = String.Copy(token);
ttokType = tokType;
// ,
varldx = Char.ToUpper(token[0]) -
Af;
GetToken();
if(token != "=") {
26.
721
PutBack(); //
/ / ,
// .
token = String.Copy(temptoken);
tokType = ttokType;
}
else {
GetToken(); // .
vars[varldx] = result;
return;
EvalExpl () , . ,
,
"" ,
. , = 100
, , "", /10 . EvalExpl () . ,
PutBack (), joporo :
// ,
void PutBack()
'
f o r ( i n t i = 0 ; i < t o k e n . L e n g t h ; i++) e x p l d x ;
:
/*

, .
*/
using System;
// ,
class ParserException : ApplicationException {
public ParserException(string str) : base(str) { }
return Message;
class Parser {
// .
// .
enum Errors { SYNTAX, UNBALPARENS, NOEXP, DIVBYZERO };
string ;
int expldx;
string token;
722
// ,
// ,
// .
III. #
Types tokType; // .
// ,
double[] vars = new double[26];
public Parser() {
// .
for(int i=0; i < vars.Length; i
vars[i] = 0.0;
// .
public double Evaluate(string expstr)
{
double result;
exp = expstr;
expldx = 0;
try {
GetToken();
if(token ~ "") {
SyntaxErr(Errors.NOEXP); // ,
return 0.0;
EvalExpl(out result); //
//
// EvalExpl().
if(token != "") //
// .
return result;
} catch (ParserException exc) {
// .
return 0.0;
// ,
void EvalExpl(out double result)
{
int varldx;
Types ttokType;
string temptoken;
if(tokType ~ Types.VARIABLE) {
// ,
temptoken = string.Copy(token);
ttokType = tokType;
// ,
varldx = Char.ToUpper(token[0]) - 'A';
GetToken();
26.
723
if(token != "=") {
PutBack(); //
/ / ,
// .
token = String.Copy(temptoken);
tokType = ttokType;
else {
GetToken(); //
// .
vars[varldx] = result;
return;
}
// .
{
string op;
double partialResult;
while((op = token) == "+" || op == "-") {
GetToken();
switch(op) {
case "-":
result = result - partialResult;
break;
case "+":
result = result + partialResult;
break;
// .
{
string op;
double partialResult = 0.0;
while((op = token) == "*" ||
op == "/" II op == "%") {
GetToken();
switch(op) {
case "*":
result = result * partialResult;
break;
case "/":
724
III. #
result = result / partialResult;

break;
ase "%":
if(partialResult = = 0 . 0 )
result = (int) result % (int) partialResult;
break;
// ,
{
double partialResult, ex;
int t;
IIA
if (token == ") {
GetToken();
ex = result;
'
if(partialResult ==0.0) {
result = 1.0;
return;
}
for(t=(int)partialResult-l; t > 0; t )
result = result * (double)ex;
// + -.
{
string op;
op = "";
if((tokType == Types.DELIMITER) &&
token == "+" || token == "-") {
op = token;
GetToken();
}
if(op == "-") result = -result;
// .
void EvalExp6(out double r e s u l t )
{
if((token =="(")) {
GetToken();
if(token != ")")
SyntaxErr(Errors.UNBALPARENS); *
GetToken();
}
else Atom(out result) ;
26.
725
// .
{
switch(tokType) {
case Types.NUMBER:
try {
result = Double.Parse(token);
result = 0.0;
}
GetTokenO ;
return;
case Types.VARIABLE:
result = FindVar(token);
GetTokenO ;
return;
default:
result = 0.0;
break;
// ,
double FindVar(string vname)
{
if(!Char.IsLetter(vname[0])){
return 0.0;
}
return vars[Char.ToUpper(vname[0] ) - f A ' ] ;
// .
void PutBackO
{
for(int i=0; i < token.Length; i++) expldx;
// .
void SyntaxErr(Errors error)
{
string[] err = {
" ",
" ",
" ",
" "
throw new ParserException(err[(int)error]);
// .
void GetTokenO
{
token = "";
726
III. #
if(expldx == exp.Length) return; // .

// .
while(expldx < exp.Length &&
Char.IsWhiteSpace(exp[expldx])) ++expldx;
// ,
if(expldx == exp.Length) return;
if(isDelim(exp[expldx])) { // ?
expldx++;
}
else if(Char.IsLetter(exp[expldx])) { //
// ?
expldx++;
}
}
else if(Char.IsDigit(exp[expldx])) { // ?
expldx++;
}
// true,
// -- .
bool IsDelim(char )
{
if ( +-/*%=() ".IndexOf () ! -1))
return truerreturn false;
, , .
, :
= 10/4
-
= * (F - 21)
26.
727

, .
(, ). , , :
10 ** 8
((10 - 5)
/8
* 9
, ,
. . "" , .
, ,
SyntaxErr (), .
, -
, Atom(), FindVarO EvalExp6(),
.
SyntaxErr () ParserException,
.
Evaluate (). , . .

, . , , , ,
. .

. , , ""
, ,
. , , :
STRING;
Get To ken ( ) , ;
case- Atoin()
STRING.
, :
= ""
b = ""
= + b
, ..
"".
728
III. #
: -,
. .
, P a r s e r . . P a r s e r Component.
Dispose (bool). ! .
26.
729

XML
# .
// /* */. XML- XML. (XML- .)
L- ///. XML-
, , , . XML-,
. XML-
XML-. XML-
IntelliSense Visual Studio.
XML
# XML-, . . ,
XML-, .
<list> (<>) . : . :
<listheader>
<term> </term>
<description> </description>
</listheader>
. .
:
<item>
<term> _ </term>
<description> </description>
</item>
_.
_ . <item>.
.1. XML
<> < / >

<code> </code>
<exampie>
</example>
< e x c e p t i o n c r e f = "">
explanation
</exception>
<include
file =
1
_' path =
' [_ =
"_"] ' />
< i i s t type = "">
_
_
lit>
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, XML- .
_. , ID
, , ID ,
~
. ,
: b u l l e t (),
number () t a b l e ()
. XML
733
. . 1
<> </>
<param name =
1
^
</param>
>
, _.
<paramref name
"__ " />
, ^
<permission cref -
, ,
. ,

"">
</permission>
<remarks>
, , ,
</remarks>
<returns>
</returns>
, , ,
<see cref
11
"
, />
<seealso cref =
11
" />
". "
<summary>
</summary>
, , ,

<value>
, ,
</value>
XML-
XML-, ,
/doc. , DocTest.cs, XML, :
e s c DocTest.cs
/docrDocTest.xml
XML-
Visual Studio IDE, Property Pages ( ), View^Property Pages (1^
). Configuration Properties1^Build (
^). XML- XML
Documentation File (XML- ).
XML-
XML-:
/1 XML-.
using System;
734
IV.
<remark>
/// XML-.
/// Test .
</remark>
class Test {
/// <summary>
/// Main().
/// </suinmary>
int sum;
sum = Summation(5);
5 + " " + sum);
<summary>
/// Summation() .
/// <param name = "val">
/// val.
</param>
<see cref="int"> </see>
<returns>
/// int-.
</returns>
</summary>
static int Summation(int val) {
int result - 0;
for(int i=l; i <= val; i
result += i;
return result;
, XmlTest.cs.
I esc XmlTest.cs /doc:XmlTest.xml
,
> XmlTest .xml, :
<?xml v e r s i o n = " 1 . 0 " ? >
<doc>
<assembly>
<name>t</name>
</assembly>
<members>
<member name="T:Test">
<remark>
XML-.
Test .
</remark>
</member>
<member name="M:Test.Main">
<summary>
Main().
. XML
735
</summary>
</member>
<member name="M:Test.Summation(System.Int32)">
J
<summary>
Summation() .
<param name="val">
val.
</param>
<see cref="T:System.Int32"> </see>
<returns>
int-.
</returns>
</summary>
</member>
</members>
</doc>
, .
, XML-.
736
IV.

, , , ,
,

, #
, , , C++ #
,
, , () , , ( )
#-
, ,

(,
), , 1,
-, , -, RS-232,
( , ) -,
,
1 ,
738
IV.
Hobbico Ml Abrams R/C. ( , R/C

.) - , () , .
Hobbico
; ,
. , ,
. 18, 8 .
. BASIC Stamp 2,
(- Parallax, Inc. (www.parallaxinc.com). RS-232, Parallax.
RS-232,
300 . , BASIC Stamp.
, .
. "" , , . , . ( RS-232). BASIC Stamp
. ,
"" BASIC Stamp , . . ,
,
.
, . ,
.
, .
, - C++. , #. ,
. "" , #-.
. #
739
BitArray, , 631
BitConverter, , 530
bool, 54; 61; 521
Boolean, , 521
Boxing, 315
break, 109, 120
BufferedStream, , 378
Button, , 694
ButtonBase, , 694
byte, 54; 376; 406
Byte, , 406
Bytecode, 25
#defme, 441
#elif, 441; 444
#else, 443
#endregion, 446
#error, 445
#if, 44/
#line, 445
#region, 445
#undef, 445
#warning, 445
.NET Framework, 27
A.D., 570
abstract, 309, 340
Access specifier, 39
Anno Domini, 570
API, 688
Application Programming Interface, 688
ApplicationException, , 350; 370
ArgumentException, , 384; 392; 641
ArgumentNullException, , 384; 392;
406
ArgumentOutOfRangeException, ,
617
Array, , 521
ArrayList, , 615
ArrayTypeMismatchException, , 365
as, , 450
ASCII, 60; 376
Assembly, 446
Assembly, , 465
AttributeTargets, , 480
AttributeUsage, , 473; 479
base, 286; 291

Binary Reader, , 394
BinaryWriter, , 394
BindingFlags, , 457
740
, , 24
C++, , 24
catch, 350; 357
char, 54; 60; 376
Char, , 516
checked, 372
class, 39; 127
Client, 669
CLR (Common Language Runtime), 27;
350
CLS (Common Language Specification), 29
COBOL, 31
Collection Base, , 634
CollectionsUtil, , 634
COM, 669, 670
COM (Component Object Model), 18
Common Language Runtime, 27; 350; 365
Common Language Specification, 29
Common Type System, 29
Component model, 669
Component Object Model, 18; 669
Component, , 670
Conditional, , 480
Console, , 40; 377
Console.Error, , 376; 382
Console. In, , 376; 380
Console.Out, , 376
const, , 498
Constructorlnfo, , 461
continue, 122
Control, , 694
Cookie, , 657
CookieCollection, , 657

CookieContainer, , 657
CTS (Common Type System), 29
Culturelnfo, , 519
D
DateTime, , 567
Deadlock, 596
decimal, 54; 58; 406
Decimal, , 406] 512
default, 446
Delegate, 410
delete, 149
Dictionary Base, , 634
DictionaryEntry, , 614
DirectoryNotFoundException, , 384
DivideByZeroException, , 350; 365
DLL, 470
double, 44; 54; 57; 406; 509
Double, , 406; 509
do-while, 119
Dynamic link library, 470
Encoding, , 541
enum, 345
Enumeration, 345
ESC-, 66
Event, 416
EventArgs, , 426
EventHandler, , 428
Exception, , 350; 363
explicit, 246
Expression parsing, 706
false, 61; 237

FIFO, 629
File Transfer Protocol, 646
FileNotFoundException, , 384; 392
FileStream, , 378; 383
finally, 350; 362
fixed, 487
float, 44; 55; 57; 406; 509
for, , 47; 110
foreach, 120, 168; 609; 634
Form, , 690
FormatException, , 406
Forms, , 688
FORTRAN, 31

FTP, 646
FullName, , 452
G C , , 534
goto, 123
GUI, 688
H
Hashing, 621
Hashtable, , 621
HTTP, 646
HttpWebRequest, , 646; 648
HttpWebResponse, , 646; 648
HybridDictionary, , 634
HyperText Transfer Protocol, 646
I
ICloneable, , 536
ICollection, , 610
I Comparable, , 535; 639
I Comparer, , 611; 613; 640
IComponent, , 670
I Convertible, , 536
IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), 34
IDictionary, , 610; 612
I Dictionary Enumerator, , 611;
613; 636
I Enumerable, , 609; 613
IEnumerator, , 609; 613
if, , 45; 103
if-else-if, 105
I Format Provider, , 538
IHashCodeProvider, , 611; 614
I List, , 6, 611
implicit, 246
Indexer, 257
IndexOutOfRangeException, , 158;
351; 365
Instance variable, 32
int, 42; 55; 406
Intl6, , 406
Int32, , 406
Int64, , 406
Integrated Development Environment, 34
interface, 320
internal, , 446
InvalidCastException, , 365
741
IOException, , 377; 384

is, , 449
IsAbstract, , 452
IsClass, , 452
Java, 25
Java Virtual Machine, 25
-, 28
JVM (Java Virtual Machine), 25
Length, , 165
LIFO, 627
List Dictionary, , 634
lock, 495; 587
long, 55; 406
NotSupportedException, , 377; 386;

611
NotSupportedExeption, , 385
null, 365
NullReferenceException, , 365
nybble, 251
object, , 313; 535; 609

ObjectDisposedException, , 385
Obsolete, , 481
OOP (-
), 24
operator, 225
out, , 191; 193; 207
OutOfMemoryException, , 365
OverflowException, , 365; 372; 407
override, 302; 481
M
Main(), 213
MainMenu, , 700
MarshalByRefObject, , 672
Math, , 58] 502
Memberlnfo, , 455
MemoryStream, , 378, 402
Menu, , 700
Menultem, , 700
Message, , 363
MessageBoxButtons, , 698
Method overloading, 203
MethodBase, , 455
MethodlmplAttribute, , 597
Methodlnfo, , 455
MFC, , 688
Microsoft Foundation Classes, 688
Microsoft Intermediate Language, 28; 446
Monitor, , 592
MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language),
28; 446
Multicasting, 413
Multiple indirection, 493
Multithreaded programming, 574
N
Namespace, 38; 432
NameValueCollect ion, , 634
new, 147; 291; 331; 340
742
params, , 197
Pascal, 23
Picture format, 563
Pluggable protocols, 645
Preprocessor, 441
private, , 39; 180
Process, , 606
protected, , 283; 340
ProtocolViolationException, , 652
public, , 39; 180
Queue, , 629
R
Random, , 532
readonly, 495
ReadOnlyCollectionBase, , 634
Recursive descent parser, 19
Ref, 414
Yef, , 191; 207
Reflection, 453
Reflection API, 454
return, 123; 137
RTTI, 449
Runtime type identification, 449
sbyte, 55; 406

Sbyte, , 406
Scope, 70
sealed, 313
Security Exception, , 384
SeekOrigin, , 400
short, 55; 406
Single, , 406; 509
Single-threaded apartment, 692
sizeof, 495
SortedList, , 623
Spaghetti code, 23
Sqrt(), , 57
STA, 692
Stack, 33
Stack, , 627
stackalloc, 496
StackOverflowException, , 365; 366
StackTrace, , 363
static, , 39; 218
Stream, 376
Stream, , 377
StreamReader, , 379; 391
Stream Writer, , 379
string, 540
string, , 172
StringBuilder, , 178; 540
StringCollection, , 634
StringDictionary, , 634
StringReader, , 379; 404
StringWriter, , 379; 404
struct, 340
switch, 106; 348
System, , 38; 406; 500
System.Attribute, , 473
System.AttributeUsageAttribute, , 479
System.Collections, ,
609; 610
System. Collections. ICollection,
, 334
System.Collections.IEnumerator,
, 334
System.Collections. Specialized,
, 634
System.ComponentModel.Component,
, 670, 690
System.ComponentModel.IComponent,
, 670
System.Delegate, , 415
System. Diagnostics, ,
606

System. Diagnostics.ConditionalAttribute,
, 480
System. Exception, , 350
System. IComparable, , 334
System. I Disposable, , 497
System.Net, , 644
System.Net.Sockets, ,
644
System.Object, , 313
System.ObsoleteAttribute, , 481
System. Reflection, ,
455
System.Reflection.Memberlnfo, , 453
System.String, , 175; 540
System.Text, , 178; 540
System.Threading, ,
575
System.Type, , 452
System.Windows. Forms, , 688
System.Windows.Forms.Control, ,
690
SystemException, , 350
Target Site, , 363

Text Reader, , 378
TextWriter, , 378
this, 151; 212
Thread, 574'
Thread, , 575
ThreadAbortException, , 602
Threading model, 692
ThreadState, , 604
throw, 350; 360
true, 61; 237
try, 350; 358
typeof, , 452
uint, 55; 406

UIntl6, , 406
UInt32, , 406
UInt64, , 406
ulong, 55; 406
Unboxing, 315
unchecked, 372
Unicode, 60; 376
Uniform Resource Identifier, 645
Uniform Resource Locator, 645
Universal Time Coordinated, 567
743
UNIX, 23
unsafe, 484] 486
Unsafe code, 484
URI, 645
URI, , 654
URL, 645
ushort, 55; 406
-, 25
#, 499
, 48
, 24
using, 39] 435] 497] 499
using, , 682
UTC, 567
, 596
Java, 25
, 301
value, 258] 266] 422
virtual, J07; 340

Visual Studio .NET,
, 34
void, 40, 134
volatile, , 498
w
WebClient, , 663
WebException, , 652
WebExceptionStatus, , 652
WebHeaderCollection, , 656
WebRequest, , 645] 646
Web Response, , 645] 648
while, 117
Windows. Drawing, ,
704
Windows-, 688
Windows-, 690
X
XML, 728
, 82
, 410
, 149

, 302
,
449
, 441
, 51
, 86
, 156
, 257
, 328
, 264
, 260
, 157
, 68
, 32
, 82
break, 109] 121
, 309
, 257
, 706
, 40] 140
, 213
, 473
AttributeUsage, 473] 479
Conditional, 480
MethodlmplAttribute, 597
Obsolete, 481
744
continue, 122
do-while, 119
for, 110
foreach, 120] 168
goto, 123
if, 45] 103
return, 123] 137

switch, 106
while, 117
, 320
ICioneable, 536
ICollection, 610
IComparable, 535] 639

IComparer, 611; 613; 640

IComponent, 670; 671
IConvertible, 536
IDictionary, 610; 612
I Dictionary Enumerator, 611; 613; 636
IEnumerable, 609; 613
IEnumerator, 609; 613
IFormatProvider, 538
IHashCodeProvider, 611; 614
IList, 610; 611
System.Collections. ICollection, 334
System.Collections.IEnumerator, 334
System. Component Model. IComponent,
670
System. I Comparable, 334
System.IDisposable, 497; 671
, 330
, 331
, 350
IndexOutOfRangeException, 158
, 350
, 32; 127
ApplicationException, 350
ArgumentException, 384; 392; 641
ArgumentNullException, 384; 392; 406
ArgumentOutOfRange Exception, 617
Array, 521
ArrayList, 615
Assembly, 465
BinaryReader, 394; 395
BinaryWriter, 394
BitArray, 631
BitConverter, 530
BufferedStream, 378
Button, 694
ButtonBase, 694
CollectionBase, 634
CollectionsUtil, 634
Component, 670, 671
Console, 40; 52; 377
Constructorlnfo, 461
Control, 694
Cookie, 657
CookieCollection, 657
CookieContainer, 657
Culturelnfo, 519
Dictionary Base, 634
Directory Not Found Exception, 384
DivideByZeroException, 350
Encoding, 541

EventArgs, 426
Exception, 350; 363
FileNotFoundException, 384; 392
FileStream, 378; 383
Form, 690
FormatException, 406
GC, 534
Hashtable, 621
HttpWebRequest, 646; 648
HttpWebResponse, 646; 648
HybridDictionary, 634
IOException, 384
ListDictionary, 634
MainMenu, 700
MarshalByRefObject, 672
Math, 58; 502
Memberlnfo, 455
MemoryStream, 378; 402
Menu, 700
Menultem, 700
MethodBase, 455
Methodlnfo, 455
Monitor, 592
NameValueCollection, 634
NotSupportedException, 386; 611
NotSupportedExeption, 385
object, 313; 340; 535; 609
ObjectDisposedException, 385
Overflow Exception, 372; 407
Process, 606
ProtocolViolationException, 652
Queue, 629
Random, 532
ReadOnlyCollectionBase, 634
SecurityException, 384
SortedList, 623
Stack, 627
Stream, 377
StreamReader, 379, 389, 391
StreamWriter, 379, 389
String, 540
StringBuilder, 178; 540
StringCollection, 634
^
StringDictionary, 634
StringReader, 379, 404
StringWriter, 379, 404
System.Attribute, 473
System.AttributeUsageAttribute, 479
System.ComponentModel.Component,
670, 690
System.Delegate, 415
System.Diagnostics.ConditionalAttribute,
480
745
System. Exception, 350

System.Object, 313
System.ObsoleteAttribute, 481
System.Reflection.Memberlnfo, 453
System. String, 175; 540
System.Type, 452
System.Windows.Forms.Control, 690
SystemException, 350
TextReader, 378; 389
TextWriter, 378\ 389
Thread, 575
ThreadAbortException, 602
URI, 654
WebClient, 663
WebException, 652
WebHeaderCollection, 656
WebRequest, 645; 646
WebResponse, 645; 648
, 278
, 278
, 669
#, 51
, 609
, 38
csc.exe,
34
, 669
, 669
, 446
, 65
, 144; 285
, 670; 683
, 495
, 551; 709
, 65
, 66
, 67
, 65
, 155; 491; 521

, 494
, 28; 446
, 123
, 32; 134
Compare(), 334
Main(), 213
Object.EqualsQ, 237
746
Object.GetHashCodeO, 237
Read(), 380
ReadLine(), 381
Sqrt(), 57
ToStringO, 364
Write(), 379
WriteLineO, 379
, 309
, 301
, 320
, 413
, 573
,
493
, 669
, 33; 277
, 330
, 279
, 634
, 70
, 70
, 349
, 32; 127
-
, 24; 31
, 31
, 484
&, 486
*, 486
1,99
[], 257
- > , 488
as, 450
is, 449
new, 147; 340
typeof, 452
XOR ( ), 94
, 48; 82
, 81
1, 95
, 92
, 93
, 48; 82
, 95

, 46
, 393
, 246
, 43\ 89
, 80
, 81
, 84
, 87
, 84
, 90
, 101
, 89
, 96
# , 109
# C++, 150, 155; 160, 172;
202; 280, 345; 410, 485; 540; 575; 609,
670
# Java, 484
, 453
, 629
, 140
, 476
, 476
, 134
, 226
, 208
, 240
, 203
, 224
true false, 237
, 236
, 228
, 42; 68
, 70
, 68
, 70
, 345
MessageBoxButtons, 698
SeekOrigin, 400
ThreadState, 604
UnicodeCategory, 517
WebExceptionStatus, 652
, 347
, 283
, 32; 302
, 708
, 557
, 376; 574

, 376
, 380
, 378
, 73
, 441
, 315
, 74
, 101
, 48
Microsoft, 28
, 431
System, 38; 431; 500
System.Collections, 609, 610
System.Collections.Specialized, 634
System. Diagnostics, 606
System. 10, 377
System.Net, 644
System.Net. Sockets, 644
System.Text, 178; 540
System.Threading, 575
Windows. Drawing, 704
, 645
, 646
, 646
, 574
, 215
, 266
Length, 165
Message, 363
StackTrace, 363
TargetSite, 363
, 327
, 208
, 60
, 586
-, 376
, 365
, 29
, 149
, 416
, 39, 128
, 62; 557
, 180
,
29
, 132
747
, 33; 627
, 66; 172; 540
, 340, 488
Boolean, 521
Char, 516
Decimal, 512
DictionaryEntry, 614
, 23
, 507
, 283
XML, 729
bool, 61
char, 60
decimal, 58
double, 44
int, 44
string, 172
, 57
, 54
, 42
, 54
, 55
, 55
, 55
, 54
, 55

, 54
, 54
, 55
, 55
, 484
,
645
, 60

, 66
, 446
, 563
, 556
, 567
, 571
, 32
, 621
-, 621
, 47
for, 47
, 116
, 116
, 66
, 728
, 670
748

Герберт Шилдт - Полный справочник по С#

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Герберт Шилдт - Полный справочник по С#

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

#

ISBN 5-8459-0563- (.)

ISBN 5-8459-0563- (.)

, Java C++. , C++.

"". Java, #. , Java, , #,

( polymorphism, " ")

# Visual Studio .NET. , , : c s c . e x e (Integrated Development Environment IDE). . (

csc.exe , , vcvars32 .bat, //Program

Visual Studio IDE

ASP.NET Web Control;:

' Visual Studio Solutions

;An empty projectforcreating a local application

Puc. 2.1. New Project ( )

User Control Data Form

2 3 Add New Item

5. Example.cs. (, , , Web Osborne : www.osborne.com.)

6. Build^Build Solution (1^ ).

. 2.5. Add New Item

dvar = 100.0; // dvar

for(@if = 0; @if < 10; @if++)

discounted_price = price - ( price * discount);

Console.WriteLine(" : $" + amount);

WriteLine (" ",

{0} {1} . " , 28, 2 9 ) ;

Console.WriteLine("L D: " + L + " " + D ) ;

decimal, TO " ", .. "

, b * b . , * b b "" i n t , .. b * b int-, byte . , , , , , .

c h a r c h l = f a ' , ch2 = ' b 1 ;

public s t a t i c void Main() {

for(n = 1.0; n <= 10; n++) {

# (, == !=) . , <, >, <=

>= j) Console.WriteLine(" .");

Console.WriteLine(d + " -- " + n ) ;

for{i = -5; i < 6;

+() -() ++()()

Console.Write(" " + i + ": " ) ;

public static void Main() {

j : " + i + " " + j);

Console.WriteLine(": " + mag);

num = num / 10;

, , for i 10 10, break "" , i .

goto case- d e f a u l t switch. , , case- default- . , "" , goto. goto

, "" (break) . , goto

public int floors;

, housel house2 , . , housel house2,

office.floors + " \ " +

, " ": void-

house.occupants + " \ " +

WriteLine (). , house. areaPerPerson () ,

I public int maxOccupant(int minArea) {

+ " " + t2.x);

100 000 , g e n e r a t o r ().

public Rect(int width, int height) {

I i n t [ ] sample = new i n t [10];

for(int i=0; i < 10;

int avg = 0;;

for(i=0; i < 10; i++) {

for(i=0, j=numsl.Length-1; i < numsl.Length; i++f j )

string str3 = "#-

Console.WriteLine("strl: " + strl);

public int getAlpha() {

// private- alpha beta

, MyClass alpha private-,

else return false;