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ISBN 5'94074'122'3
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, 2005


........................................................................ 10
I
................................ 13
1
.......................................... 15
2
................................ 67
II
MATLAB ...................................................... 165
3
) MATLAB .... 167
4

WAVELET TOOLBOX ....................................... 247

WAVELET TOOLBOX ......... 295

........................................ 299
................................................... 302


........................................................................ 10
I
................................ 13
1
.......................................... 15
1.1. ............................................ 16
1.2. ........................................................................... 17
1.3. .................................................. 21
1.3.1. L1(R) ..................................................
1.3.2. L2(R) ..................................................
1.3.3. ..............................................
1.3.4. ....................................................................................
1.3.5.  ...............................................................
1.3.6.
...............................................
1.3.7. ............................................
1.3.8. ...............................................
1.3.9. ..........................

22
23
24
26
27
28
28
29
30

1.3.10. .................................................................................. 33

1.4. ....... 33
1.4.1. ..........................................................................
1.4.2. N ............................
1.4.3. ............
1.4.4. Z ....................................................................

33
36
38
40

1.4.5. .................................................................................... 41

1.5. .................................................................................. 44
1.5.1. .......................................... 44
1.5.2. .................................................................... 46
1.5.3. ................................................................... 48
1.5.4. ................................................... 49

1.6.
................................... 52
1.6.1. ........................................
1.6.2. ..................................
1.6.3. ............................................................................
1.6.4. ....................................................................................
1.6.5. .............................................

53
56
57
61
64

2
................................ 67
2.1. .................................................................. 68
2.1.1. .......... 68
2.1.2. ...................................................... 70
2.1.3. ........................................................... 72

2.2. .......................................... 76
2.2.1. ........................................ 76
2.2.2. .................................... 80

2.3. ........ 86
2.3.1. ........................
2.3.2. ...................................................................................
2.3.3. ................................
2.3.4. ...........................................................

86
90
95
96

2.3.5. ................................................ 99

2.4.
.................................................................................. 101

2.4.1. ......................................... 101
2.4.2. .................................................................... 104

2.5. . B ............... 110

2.5.1. B 1 ............................... 110
2.5.2. B ............................................................................... 114
2.5.3. ................................................................................. 116

2.6.  ........................................... 118

2.6.1.  ............................................................... 118
2.6.2.  .......................................... 121
2.6.3. ....................................... 122
2.6.4. ...................................................................... 123
2.6.5.  ....................................................................... 125

2.7. ........................... 129

2.8.
...................................................... 134
2.8.1. .................................................................. 135
2.8.2. .................................................................................. 142

2.9. ............................................................................ 144

2.10. ..................................... 147
2.10.1. ................................................. 147
2.10.2. (x) ....................................................... 149
2.10.3. (x) ......................................................................... 149
2.10.4.
2.10.5. (x)

.................................................................. 150
................................................................ 152

2.10.6. .................................................... 154

2.10.7. .......................... 154
2.10.8. ................................................................................ 155

2.11.  ........... 159

2.12. ................................................... 161

II
MATLAB ...................................................... 165
3
) MATLAB .... 167
3.1. MATLAB ..................................... 168
3.2. ......................................................... 178
3.2.1. ..................................................... 180
3.2.2. .................................. 181

3.3.
 ..................................................... 183
3.4.
 .......................................................................... 187
3.5.  cwt ..... 194
3.6.  ................................................................ 198
3.7.  ................... 208
3.7.1. MATLAB ........................................................... 208
3.7.2.  ....................... 210
3.7.3.  ....... 211

3.8. , ...................................... 216

3.8.1.  ........ 217
3.8.2. MATLAB ...................................... 218

3.9. MATLAB ...................................... 227

3.9.1. ............................................... 227
3.9.2. ........................................................................... 228
3.9.3. ......................................................... 228

3.10.  ............................ 231

3.10.1. ...............................
3.10.2.  .......................
3.10.3. , ...
3.10.4. ...................................

232
238
243
245

4

WAVELET TOOLBOX ....................................... 247
4.1. (Wavelet Display) .................. 248
4.2. 
(Wavelet 1D) ................................................................................ 250
4.2.1.  ...............................................................
4.2.2. (Display mode) ...............
4.2.3. ..
4.2.4. (Histogram) .........................................................
4.2.5. .......................................................................

251
251
253
256
256

4.2.6. ........................................................................ 259

4.3.  ............... 260

4.3.1.  ............................................................... 261
4.3.2. ........................ 261

4.4. 
(Continuous Wavelet 1D) ........................................................ 264
4.4.1. ......................................................................... 264
4.4.2. ................................................................. 266

4.5.
 (Complex Continuous Wavelet 1D) .... 267
4.6.
(SWT Denoising 1D) ............................................. 270

4.6.1. ................................................................... 270

4.6.2. SWT Denoising 1D .................................................... 272

4.7. (Density Estimation 1D) ......... 276

4.7.1. ....................................................................... 276
4.7.2. Density Estimation 1D ................................................ 278

4.8. (Regression Estimation 1D) ... 280

4.8.1. ................................................................... 280
4.8.2. Regression Estimation 1D .......................................... 281

4.9. 
(Wavelet Coefficients Selection 1D) ................................... 282
4.10. 
(Wavelet 2D) ................................................................................ 285
4.11.  ............... 288
4.12.
(SWT Denoising 2D) ................................................................ 289
4.13. 
(Wavelet Coefficients Selection 2D) ................................... 291
4.14.
(Signal extension, Image extension) ................................... 293

WAVELET TOOLBOX ......... 295

........................................ 299
................................................... 302


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38

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39

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x(t) y(t). x(t) , '
y(t) .
L: x(t) y(t) , '
:
, L( x1 + x2) = L(x1) + L(x2), , ;
, . . y(t) = L(x (t)),

L(x(t + u)) = y(t + u).

'
. ' X() Y(), '

'
. ,
u R
.
,
'
X() HL():
Y() = HL() X().
(1)
,
1. HL(). , '
(1) '.
2. . |HL()| '
HL().
3. () = arg HL().
4. . 0, '
.
5. () . ,
HL().

45

6. . hL(t), , '
HL().
hL(t), L
x(t) :
.

(2)

(1) ,
.
hL(t) , hL(t)
, $ '
, L: (t) hL(t). ,
.
, ' (t u) ,
f(t) u.
, .
. , '

,
2, '
0. 0 = 0, .
().

.

. 1.5.1.

46

1.5.2.
1. . u R, y(t) = xu(t) = x(t u).
, H() = eiu.
' , h(t) = (t u).

'
:
y(t) = xu(t) = x(t + u).
2. . h(t) R.
x(t) h(t):
.

(3)

H() h(t) , '

, h(t) .
:
.
:
.
3. . h(t) = 1 | t | a h(t) = 0 t,
a > 0 .

.
x(t) '
[t a, t + a].
h(t)/2a:
.
: 0 = 0. Y() = H()X()
, , , X() '
, , ,
X() ,
. '
: , '
. '
x(t).

47

4. . h(t) = sign(t), | t | a h(t) = 0

t, a > 0 .

x(t u) x(t + u),

u [0, a]. :
.
Y() = H()X() ,
, , X() '
,
. ,
t0 = 1,1656 tg t = 2t.
5.  . a > 0 . '
:
.
:
,

.

k Z.

.
6. . ,
x(t).
,

(4)

b . , (4) '
, Y() = i X() + bX() = (i+b)X().
H() = i + b.

48

,
. '

. '
$ : h(t) = + b .
7. . , '
x(t)
,

(5)

y(t) (5) ( ,
). '
,
.
( ) (5) '
.
1.
n , '
H() n .
, y(t) n '
, H() '
, ,
n .
, '
.
, ,
, '
. , 6 7 ,

.

(6)

1.5.3.
{xn} {yn} .
, {xn} x(t).
x(t) , , t > 0 '

x n = x(nt),
n Z.
, t .
, t = 1.

49

,
{xn}. ,
2 ' '

.
2 ',

{hn},
,
.
'
H():
Y() = H()X().

.

(7)

'
{hn}, n Z, {xn} (7).
, , '
{hn}.
.
' ' . '
, {hn} ,
: x0 = 1 xn = 0 n 0.
2.
X() {xn} H(),
H() .

1.5.4.
1. .
, k .
hk = 1
. yn = xn + k

.
2. .
N :
.

50

:
:

. '

.
z$, ei z,
.

.
3. . yn = xn xn 1. h0 = 1
h 1 = 1. :
.


yn = xn xn+1.

4. .
,

(8)

ak b . , '
yn yn 1.
.

, yn , '
yn + b yn 1 = zn. '
1' (. 7 '
). :

51

5.
,

(9)

ak , bk . H(), z$'
H(z), :

'
.
7. .
. '
, , 50
. ,
'
. ,
, ,
.

, . '
'
.
{xn} {yn} , n = 1, 2, .
, yn = xn an, an '
. , an = A sinn, A '
'
.
an+1 = A sin(n+ ), an = A sinn , an 1 = A sin(n ),
sin ( + ) = 2cos sin sin( )
an+1 = 2cos an an 1.
,
.
.
, F0 ( )
Fd . , F0 = 50
Fd = 1000 , = 0,1 cos = 0,9510565162951535721.
. , n'
xn 1 an 1, an. :
yn = xn an , yn 1 = xn 1 an 1 .

52

y = yn yn 1 = (xn an) (xn 1 an 1).
, an 1,
an, y . '
a0, a1 a.
.
1. n : = 1; 2. a0 : = 0; 3. a1 : = 0; 4. x0 : = 0.
5. y : = (xn an) (xn 1 an 1).
6. y = 0, 9, .
7. y > 0, , an : = an a 9.
8. an : = an + a.
9. yn : = xn an .
10. an+1 = 2cos an an 1 .
11. n : = n +1 .
12. , , . 5.
13. .
'
a. a ,
, a ,
.

1.6.

2 ' '
. [, ].
,

. , '
{xn}, ,
t=1. ( ) .
{hn}, n Z, , '
. {gn}, n Z,
H()
, G()

.
1.

,
.
:

53

2.

[ , ]

'

(1)

, :

,
G0() = 1 H0().

(2)

. 1.6.1.

{xn}, n Z . '


. '
, , , '
{xn} .
.

1.6.1.
{xn}, n Z . '
:
.

54

{xn}:
.
H0() G0() ,
H0() + G0() = 1
X()= H0()X() + G0()X() = XH() + XG().
, . '
, ,
{xn},

XH() = H0() X()

(3)

, . . ,

(4)

(5)

H0().
H0()
,
,

.
.
x(t), x(n) = xn '

. ,

.
.

.

x(t) ,


. '
xH(t)
xH(nt),
. , xH(t)

(5) 4:
.

(6)

55

,
'

. '

. .
2.

. XH() = H0()X()

2 '
. '

, XH()

' . '
(. (6) 1.4)
,

.
H
X ()
.

.

'
G
x (t). G0()
X().
XG() = G0()X()

,

(7)

G0().
XG() 2 ' (/2, /2).
,

, 2 . , '
.
.

(8)

, x G(t),
. , XG() '

,
(6). .

' , '

XG(). '
(. (6) 1.4) ,

. '

56

,
. xG(t)

, ,

:

,
.

(9)

:
.

1.6.2.

{xn} {n} {Dn} '
:

{xn} . H0() + G0() 1,

X() = XH() + XG()

x(t) = xH(t) + x G(t).

(10)

57

(2) H0 G0,
(10) :
.

(11)

. ,

,
p = 2k. {n} {Dn},
:

(11)
:
,

'
(12)

.
, {xn} ' '
{n} {Dn} :
{n} {Dn};

2H0 2G0.
'
2.

1.6.3.
, '
H0 G0 (

). ,

.
,
, '
, , ,
.
, '
hn gn. ,

x (t) = x H(t) + x G(t) .
,
H() G():

58

. '
(11). '
, .
, H() G()
{xn} {n} {Dn},

, . ,

{hn} , , '
{gn}. {xn}, n Z
X() . z$'
:
,
z .
,
H(), G(), X().
. {xn} :
,

(13)

'
X(z) H(z) G(z):
,

(14)

(15)

'
: ,

,
z2 = w. {n},
'
A(w),
.
{Dn},
D(w),
.

(16)

(17)

59

,
.

(18)

,
{n} {Dn}:

(18)
.

(19)

'

, .
z'.
{n} {Dn},
.
w = z2.
, A(z2) D(z2).

, ,

(20)
2

(20) A(z ) D(z ) (14) (17),

.
X(z) ,

(21)

:
.

(21)

(21),

. '

:
(22)

60

, H(z) G(z) '

(22),

(21). ,

, , '
H(z) G(z). '
.
1. . H(z) '
{hn}. :
.
(23)
, (21) ,

.
,
H(z)
.
,
{hn} , :

(24)
. , H()
, '

.
,

. H(z) = H( + ). (24) '

,

(25)

:
.

(26)

(21) (25), '

H().
2. , . '
'
. (21)
. (21),
,
p(z) .
.
(27)
p(z)
'
,
( '
, ). H(z)
G(z). '

61

. P1(z), P2(z) R(z) n, m k < n + m,

P1(z), P2(z) . $
Q1(z) Q 2(z) m 1, n 1, ,
P1(z) Q1(z) + P2(z) Q 2(z) = R(z).
.
P1(z).
Q 2(z) , n 1, n '

, z i s '
s 1. Q1(z) '
. n + m
. n + m 1,
.
1. (27) H(z) G(z) '
. ,
(27) z k.

1.6.4.
1. . h g '
:
.
:
,
.
:
,
G() = H( + ),

H() + G() =1.

H() G() .
, h , g .
{xn} X() '
. X() H() {xn},
, , ,
, . , {xn} ,
.

{an}, :
.

62

, h {xn} '
{an} , {xn}. '
.
g G(), '
( ) .


,
' x
(, ). {dn} '
{xn}.
, xn = an + dn . , {xn}
{n} {dn}.
, .

.
, H() G()
.
.

,
.

.
:
.
2. h g :
,
.
H() G() '
:
.

G() = H( + ),
H() + G() =1.
'
H() . G() '
.

63

, :
,
.
{xn}
, ' '
{xn} ( 1/4). , xn = an + dn . '
, {xn} '
{n} {dn}.
(25),
.
3. . h g '
:
,
.
:
,
.
H(z) G(z) z':
,

,
.

(26):
.

.
(28)

(21) . '

.

64

. {hn} '
,
.
.

. 1.6.2.

(28)

'

:
,
.

1. h g :
,
.
H() G().
.

. an dn, '
. .
an + dn . (25) (26).

1.6.5.
{xn} ('
) ' .

65

, , '
4 :
{hn} ,
{gn} ,
,
.
' ,
, . x = { xn} '
{hn} '
A = {Ak}, {gn} '
D = {Dk}, .
A = {Ak}
A1 = {A1,k}. D ={Dk} '
'
D1 = {D1,k}.
A1,
A2 = {A2,m} D2 = {D2,m}. '
, A '
D . '
j , x = {xn}

{ A j , D j , D j 1 , , D 1 }.
' '
. '

.
:

. 1.6.3. 

Aj , Dj. '
,
x = {xn}. ,
. ,

66

, ,
.

(0,0)

(1,0)
(2,0)
(3,0)

(3,1)

(1,1)
(2,1)

(3,2)

(3,3)

(2,3)

(2,2)
(3,4)

(3,5)

(3,6)

(3,7)

. 1.6.4.

3. , , '
,
MATLAB ' .
, .
MATLAB ('
):
[Lo_D,Hi_D,Lo_R,Hi_R] = wfilters(wname),
wname , Lo_D {hn},
Hi_D {gn}, Lo_R

, Hi_R
.
, '
MATLAB. '
, '
,
, .

2.1. ................. 68
2.2.
.................................... 76
2.3.
....... 86
2.4.
............... 101
2.5. .
B! .............................. 110
2.6. ! .. 118
2.7.
................ 129
2.8.

........ 134
2.9. ........................ 144
2.10.
................................ 147
2.11.
! ....... 159
2.12. ..... 161

(
), 
L2(R), 
.


. 



. 

. 

,

,
L2(R).

68

2.1.
L2(R) . 

. 
L2(R),
L2(R). 
.

2.1.1.

, (x) :
n Z.
(1)
0,n (x) = (x n),
2
V0 L (R),
(V0 { 0,n(x), n Z}).
, { 0,n(x)} V0.
(2x n).
(2x) n/2:

, .
(2)

V1, . {1,n(x)} 
V1.
, V0 V1. , (x) 
V0 V1:
(x) = (2x) + (2x 1).

69

hn :
.
V2, :
2 (4x) n/4 Ox. ,
supp( 2,n) = [n/22,(n + 1)/22], 1/4. { 2,n(x)}
V2. , V1 V2.
y = (x)
y = 2 (2x 3), y = 2 (4x 11).

. 2.1.1.

, j N :
.

(3)

, supp( j,n) = [n/2j , (n + 1)/2j], 

n/2j Ox. Vj

,
:
V0 V1 V2 Vj .

. 

70

.
Vj L2(R):
V0 V1 V2 Vj .
Vj { j,n (x)}. 


. L2(R),

.
Vj j.
,
:
V1 V0 V1 V2 Vj .
,

2.1.2.
j Z 
L2(R) Vj :

, , . .
x R , ,
j,n(x) , n . 
,
.
, j Z
.
. f(x)
L2(R).

f(x) [n, n +1). ,

71

0,n(x) [n, n +1), ,

P0(f)  , f0n
[n, n +1).
P1(f)

f1n f(x) [n/2, (n + 1)/2].

, f1n 
[n/2, (n + 1)/2].

P1 P2 f(x) = (sin x)/x [0,3].

. 2.1.2. f (x) P1(f )

. 2.1.3. f (x) P2(f )

72

f(x) , ,
Pj(f ) f(x). 
L2(R),

, f L2(R)

2.1.3.
Pj (f ) f(x),
j. .

Pj+1(f ) Pj(f ).
Vj + 1 Vj Vj + 1, . . 
Wj Vj Vj + 1.

(4)

. 
Pj+1(f ) Vj+1 Pj(f ) 
, Pj(f ) Pj+1(f ):

.

(5)

,
, , 
Wj . Vj V0
, W0 
V0 V1 :
.
W0 . { 1,n (x)} 

. V0, n : (, 0,n) = 0.
V0 V1 , , 0,n (x) 
{ 1,n(x)}
:

.
,
(6)

V0

73

{ 1,k} , :

. ,
:

,
. , (x n) 
W0 . , 
y = (x) y = 2 (2x 3),
y = 2 (4x 11).

. 2.1.4.

74

W0. , 0,n
0,k. 0,n(x) W0. {0,n(x) , 0,n (x)} n Z
() V 1.
, 1,n V1
0,n(x) 0,n(x):
.
1,n(x) n.
, , W0
0,n = (x n).
,
Wj
.

(7)

1. Wj .

.
(x) . (x)
.



. 
Vj , 
, Pj(f ) Pj + 1(f ).
P2(f )
P1(f ) f(x) = (sin x)/x 
.
P2(f ) P1(f)

75

. 2.1.5.

( j+1) 
,

aj,k j ,
,
dj,k ,

Vj ,

, Vj + 1 

, j 
2
L (R)
.
Wj
,

L2(R). .
1. , 
L2(R). 

76

f L2(R).
:

Vj V0,
. (x), , j Z

, 
Vj . j Z
Wj
,
(x).
, .
, L2(R).
Pj(f ) f(x) () 
. , 
(x) (x).
.

2.2.
, (x) , , 
. 

V0 (x), V1
(2x n),
,
, . . (x)
(2x n). 
.
1. (x) L2(R) ,

,

(1)

hn, n Z
.

(2)

(1) . {hn}n Z %
(1) .

2.2.1.
1. , 1. , 
(x) = 1 [1/2, 1/2) (x) = 0 
[1/2, 1/2) .

77

2. . B (x) 1:
.

(3)

[1, 1] 

.

(4)

. 
(4). 
0,5 (2x + 1), (2x), 0,5 (2x 1).
, { (x n), n Z} V0,
.

. 2.2.1. B 1.

3. B 2(x) 2.

(5)

78

. 2.2.2. B 2.

4. (x) = (sin x)/ x. {hn}

n hn = 0 n. . 4
.
1. (x) 
, N, (1) 
, N + 1 . 
1 3.
(x) . :
.

(6)

, .
1. j, k Z :
.

(7)

,
,

(8)

.
:

79

(2x n) = (2(x n/2)), F [ (2x n)] = 1/2 ein/2F [](/2).

.

(9)

(10)

(10) .
H0() 
(x).
2. (2) {hn} ,
H0() . H0() 2 , 
L2[0,2]. (2)
, (9) , H0()
2  . 

, {hn}n Z
4.
3. H0() . 
, , 
. [6] m0() 
, [18] H0()
{hn}n Z . 
, .
4. (10) ,
.
(x)
, , (10) = 0,
.
,
.

(11)

(x) ,
.

(12)

5. {hn}n Z

80

.
6. {hn}n Z

.
.

2.2.2.

.
. , {hn}n Z
( ).
(x) . 
(1) , , (10).
(x).
1. .
,
hn
.
. :
1. A2 ,
.
2. Tn/2 n/2, Tn/2(f )(x) = f(x n/2), n Z.
, (2x n) = Tn/2 o A2( (x)).

F : L2(R) L2(R) Tn/2 o A2,

. ,
(x) = F( (x)),
, (x)
F. (x) 

n+1(x) = F( n(x)), n ,
, , (x)
. 
. hn. 

81

, 
.
7. :

(x) .
. (x)
.

. 2.2.3. (x)

, (x)

5. MATLAB 
n(x) . 2.2.3.
function
for
if x(k)

y=Ha01(x);
%

k=1:length(x);
< 0; y(k)=0; elseif x(k) < 1; y(k)=1;

else

y(k)=0;

82

end
end
Function
y=Ha1(x);
%

for
k=1:length(x);
h0=(1+sqrt(3))/4;
h1=(3+sqrt(3))/4;
h2=(3-sqrt(3))/4;
h3=(1-sqrt(3))/4;
y0(k)=Ha01(2*x(k));
y1(k)=Ha01(2*x(k)-1);
y2(k)=Ha01(2*x(k)-2);
y3(k)=Ha01(2*x(k)-3);
y(k)=h0*y0(k)+h1*y1(k)+h2*y2(k)+h3*y3(k);
end

y=Ha2(x) y=Ha01(x)
y=Ha1(x) y=Ha1(x).
6. 
,
.
2. . , hn
(x) [0,N]. 

(13)
hn . ,
, 

,
. . (x)
x = k/2j, k Z, j = 1,2, .
x 
k/2j ,
(x) x .
(x) x = k/2j
x.
(x) .
x = k, (13) :
.

(14)

(x) [0,N], 
: = ( (0), (1), , (N)).
H = , (N + 1) (N + 1)
H
. ,
, 1. 
:

83

, (x) 
H, 1.
:
(
(x)). 
(13) (x) , . .
, (x) 
[0,N], , (0) = 0, (N) = 0, H
(N 1) (N 1).
8. :
.

(x)
[0,3], (0) = 0 (3) = 0,

:
.

(x) :

, 

84

3. . 

.

,
.
,
H0(),
, c

.

, c = 1 :

.

H0().
1.
H0(0) = 1,
(15)
R.
. H0(0) = 1,

.
, (15) 
{hn} .
, {hn}
, (x) .
7. ,

H0() (15). , 
f()
H0(). ,

85

e H0(/2)
(15).
9. H0() = cos /2. ei/2 
. H0(0) = 1 
.
, ,
.
i/2

.
1.
.
:
.

N :

9, 1
,

.
(x), 1/2 .
, .
, 1, , , 
{hn} .
, 1 (x) L2(R).

86

H0(), (x) L2(R).

.
V0 L 2(R),
0,n(x) = (x n), n Z, V1 L2(R),
(x), . .

(1) , (x) V1.

V0 V1. j Z
Vj, Vj Vj+1.

L2(R), : f(x) Vj f(2x) Vj+1.
:
1. 0,n(x) = (x n), n Z (x) 
V0?
2.
, 
, L2(R)?
?
3. V0 
V1?
.

2.3.



L2(R), 
Vj , 
. .

2.3.1.


L2(R) .
1. %
L2(R)

,
:

87

1) L2(R),

2) ,
;
3) f(x) Vj f(2x) Vj+1;
4) (x) V0 , ,
0,n(x) = (x n), n Z V0.
%
(multiresolution analysis), .
, (x)
. , (x)
, 3 

.
4.
:
,

(1)

(x). H0() 2  
, L2[0,2].
1. n(x) = (x n)
V0 L2(R) ,
(2)
. ( k, m)
( , n). :

{ein} 
[0,2], 0n , 
1 ,

88

1.
[0, 2]
. . , , 
(

). . ,
.
1.

(3)

.
2.

Vj j. {hn}n Z 

,

(4)

0,k(x) = n hn2k 1,n(x) ( 2.2)

, ( 0,0, 0,k) = 0,k. ,
.

(5)

1 2.2 
{hn}. 
, {hn}
(4) (5). , 1 2.2
(x) L2(R).
H0(), (x) L2(R).
2. n(x) = (x n) (x) %
V0 , H0()
:
. .

(6)

89

. (2) 
(1) /2= .
. .
.
.
2  H0() (2), :
,
. .
, (6) . ,
H0()

.

(7)

3. 2 % H0()
. .,
(7) ,
%
L2(R)
.
. [6], . 245.
( ). 13 ,
H0()
. .

(*)

(7) , , 

. .,

(**)

(x) .
3. 1 2
, [6], . 203 205, .
(x) L2(R) 
V0
.

2
(x) L (R) 

V0 , ,
= 0,

90

2.3.2.
3 4 1 , j Z
Vj. j Z 
. Wj

Vj Vj+1,
.

(8)

,
.
2 , 
Vj+1:
.

(9)

1 L2(R) 
Wk:
.
2.

(10)

, j Z %
Wj Vj Vj + 1 %
, .
4. :

;
(x) W0 , ,
(x n) 
W 0,

Wj j Z.
.
(x) W0 . , n(x) = (x n)
V0 L2(R) ,
. .

. .
, H0()

(. 1.6 1). 
:

91

, .
.

L2(R) Vj:
.

Vj+1

. 


H() G().
H()
:
.
, W0 
(x),

.
, .
4. %

L2(R), %
(x), (x n) %
W0.
,

(11)

:
.

(12)

. 1. (11) (12).
,

92

,
(12),
.
2.
. 
,
, , (12) 
L2(R), (x)

. (12) , (x) V1.

.

. 1 (*) (**)
(x). ,

[ ]
[ 2  H]

[ (**)]

3. V0 W0. , 
0, n(x) = (x n), n Z V0.
0,0(x) = (x) V0:

93

[ (1) (11)]

[ 2  H 1]

, n.
4. . 
{0, k(x) = (x k)} , W0. V0
{ 0,n(x) = (x n)}. ,
{ 0,n(x), 0, k(x)} n, k Z V1.
, { 1,n(x)} V1
{ 0,n(x), 0, k(x)} n, k Z.
H0() (x). 
:
,
(11).

,
,
,
.

z = e i, z = e i = e i( + )
.
|H0()|2 + |H0 ( + )|2 = 1 , |H()|2 + |H ( + )|2 = 2, 
H(z), G(z),

(. 1.6)

94

.
(. .) |z| = 1
.

:

.
z = ei/2 , ,

.
, , z = ei/2:

.
( n):
,

(13)

{ 1, n(x)} V1
{ 0, n(x), 0, k(x)} n, k Z.
5. {hn}n Z {gn}n Z

95

(x) (x) 1, n(x) V1.

1,n(x) { 0, k(x), 0, k(x)} k Z, V1.
1. j Z
(14)
Wj.
6. , (x) W0 
. (x) 
(x N ), . 

(15)
(x) V1 , 
3. , , :

.
(16)
, G()

.
.

2.3.3.

, (x), 
V0.
, f(x) g(x), 
fn(x) = f(x n) gn(x) = g(x n), n Z,
V L2(R).
. ,
,
, .
,
,
, .
5. fn(x) = f(x n) gn(x) = g(x n), n Z,
V L2(R).
g(x) {fn(x)}

.
|C()| = 1

96

. g(x) V {fn(x)} ,

. 

,
,
2 .
{fn(x)} {gn(x)} (. 2):
.
|C()| = 1.
2. {cn}n Z %
|C()| = 1, cn = cnn0 n0 Z.
. {cn}n Z
, , {cn}
(. 1.4 1). , k
.
p q {cn}, . . cn = 0
.
n < p cp 0, cn = 0 n > q cq 0.
p q,

, . q p 0 0, 
, p = q. n0 .
6. f(x) g(x)
f n(x) = f(x n), gn(x) = g(x n), n Z,
V L2(R), g(x) = c f(x n0), c
, n0 Z.
,
.
{fn(x)} {gn(x)} ,
.
f(x) g(x) ,
, , cn .
, cn0 = c, |c| = 1.
g(x) = cn0 f(x n0) = cf(x n0).
7. [6] , %
%
. ,
.

2.3.4.
1, { (x n), n Z} 
 V0.

97

,
, .
3. {un}n Z H %
, A1 A2, ,
{cn}n Z,
, %

(17)

7. ,
, .

. , (17),
: f H
.

(18)

4. L2(R) %

V1 V0 V1 V2 ,
:
1) L2(R),

2) ,
;
3) f(x) Vj f(2x) V j + 1;
4) (x) V 0 , ,

0, n(x) = (x n), n Z
V0.
8. { (x n)}n Z ,
(x) L2(R), V0 ,
A1 A2, ,
. .

(19)

. {cn}n Z ,
. (19) 
:

98

. ,
 C(), (19) 

,
.
C() 
,
. .
1. 1
.

. :
.

2 , (19) .
.
,
.

99

(3) 1. , ,
= 2/3
. .
(x) , , 
, 0,n(x) = (x n), n Z, 
V0. ,
.

, |H0()|2 + |H0( + )|2 = 1.

8. Vj
V0, j Z
Vj , (19)
7.
, [6], . 203 205.
9. { (x n)}n Z (x) L2(R) %
V0 (. . (19)),

10. (x) L2(R)

(19) , ,

= 0,

,

2
L (R) V1 V0 V1 V2 ,
[12].

2.3.5.

, . 2 
, [6, . 413
418]. , hn 
. , , 
:
,

100

. , 
[0,1]. 
: , , 
(x) (x).
, , 3 (x)
,
,
{ (x n)}
V0. V1 (3x) ,
1/3, . . { (3x n)}. V1 
(3x), (3x 1) (3 x 2). 
V1 , V0. 
, V0, V0 V1. ,
, 
V0
1(x) 2(x). :
,
.
:
,

i = 1,2.

2 H0() G0()
|H0()|2 + |H0( + )|2 = 1
,
.
3
:

. [6, . 413].

101

2.4.


. .

2.4.1.
(x) 

,
sin(/2)/(/2). 
.
,

.
, (x) ,
,
(. 1.3.5).
f(x) L2(R) , 

[, ].
,

f(z) > 0.

.
, 
.
V0 f(x) L2(R),
[, ]. 
f(x) :
.
, (x n) = sin( x n) / ( x n)
V0. ,

,
. .

102

Vj, 
V0. , V1 
f(2x), f(x) V0.
,
V1 [2, 2].
V0 V1. Vj , 
[2j , 2j ].
, (x) = sin( x)/( x) .

V1 V0 V1 V2
L2(R). Vj 
[2j , 2j ]. 
. Vj
C 
2j , . . ,
.
, 
, Vj .

L2(R), 
j
j
[2 , 2 ].
:
1) L2(R),

2) ,
.
2
2
F: L (R) L (R) ,
Vj 
. 
. :
.

(1)

.
(x) W0. 

.

[2, 2] ,
[2, 2],
[, ].
.

[, ] H0() .

(2)

103

(x) W0 

.

.
,
.

(3)

.
(x) (x).

. 2.4.1. (x) (x)

1. 
H0() G0() = 1 H0().

104

(x) (x)
. 
. , (x)
.
{hn}
.
,

, {hn}
n1. 
.

2.4.2.

.



. ,
,
(x n). , 
.
(x)

(4)
v (x) , :
v (x) + v (1 x) = 1.

(5)

105

, , v (x) = x [0, 1]. 

0 1. v (x)
0 1 [0, 1]:
v (x) = x4(35 84x + 70x2 20x3).

v (x).

. 2.4.2.

, [4/3, 2/3]
[2/3, 4/3]. v (x) 
. cos
(x n).
V0 L2(R), (x).
, (x n) 
V0.
.

[2/3, 4/3]. , 

[ v (1 x) = 1 v (x)]
.

106

. V0 L2(R),
(x). f(x) V0
,

.
f(x) V0
,

(6)

2  , 
2
(6)
L [, ].
[4/3, 4/3]. , f(x) V0
= 4/3. 
V0 
V0 . ,
f(x) V0 ,
[4/3, 4/3]. (6) ,

[4/3, 4/3]. ,


(. . 2.4.2):
,
F0() 2  , L2[, ].
Vj , 
V0. , V1 
g(x) = f(2x), f(x) V0. 
V1 .
,
g(x) V1
[8/3, 8/3] , 

:
,

(7)

F1() = 1/2 F0(/2) 4  , 

L2[2, 2].
, f(x) V0, V1.
, f(x) V0, ,
(7), V1.

(6).
[4/3, 4/3],

, (6)
.
,
L2[2, 2].
, Vj g(x),

107

,
Fj() 2  , L2[2 j , 2 j ].

V1 V0 V1 V2
j

L2(R). ,
, , 
.
(x). 

.

[4/3, 4/3],

[4/3, 4/3],
[4/3, 4/3],
[2/3, 2/3],
.

(8)

[, ] H0() .
.
(x) W0 

.
[8/3, 8/3], 

:
.

(9)

( ) 
( ) [4, 4].
( ).

(8) ,
:

(10)

108

. 2.4.3.


:
,

.
.
,
, , . 
MATLAB:
[PHI,PSI,XVAL] = wavefun('wname',ITER), [phi,psi,x] = meyer(a,b,n).
.  [8, 8] n
.

109

a = 8;
subplot(211),
subplot(212),

= 8; n
plot(x,psi);
plot(x,phi);

1024;

[phi,psi,x] =
title('Meyer
title('Meyer

meyer(a,b,n);
wavelet')
scaling
function').

. 2.4.4.

{hn} H0():

.
n ,
2.
() (x) n. 
n
2/3 4/3,
, v(x) ( )
v(x) = xn +1(c0 + c1x + + cnxn). cn
v(x) + v(1 x). v(x):
v(x) = x;
v(x) = x 2(3 2x);
v(x) = x 3(10 15x + 6x 2);
v(x) = x 4(35 84x + 70x 2 20x 3),
v(x) = x 5(126 420x + 540x 2 315x 3 + 70x 4).

110

2.5. .
B"

[0, 1). 
. 
. ,
, , , .
,

. 
. , 
, B, . 
V1 V0 V1 V2
. ,
0, n(x) = (x n), n Z.
, . 
B.
B 1.

2.5.1.
B' 1

.

(1)

[1, 1]

.

H0()

(2)
. 

.
(3)
2
V0 L (R), 0, n(x) = (x n),
n Z. V0, . 
, (x) (x 1) , 
[0, 1] , ( (x), (x 1)) =
.
Vj V0. , 
V1 f(2x), f(x) V0. (2)
, V0 V1, j Z Vj Vj + 1.

 . 

111

V1 V0 V1 V2 ,
, 
{ (x n)}.
, ,
, . ,
, .
, {un}n Z H %
, A1 A2, ,
f H
.

(4)

, { (x n)} n Z,
(x) L2(R), V0 
, A1 A2,,
. .

(5)

{ (x n)} n Z 
, [19] [22], . [23].
. 0, n(x) = (x n), n Z 
, V0 L2(R). ,
V0 ,
, . .

(6)

(7)


. ,
L2(R), 
(7) .

(8)

B() L() , 2 ,
L2[0, 2].

112

1.
V0. ,
L() , :


. 

. (x) V0

.
 (x) 1. 
(x) V0 :
.

(9)

.
. :

.
.
n = 1, 0, 1. c1 = 1/6, c0 = 2/3, c1 = 1/6.
.

.

(10)

, , 
. { (x n)} 
.
(7)
.

(11)

.
,
*(x) L()

 . 

113

, 
. , 

: 0 = 1.2917; 1 = 1 = 0.1747; 2 = 2 =0.0352; 3 = 3 = 0.0079; 4 = 4 = 0.0018;

5 = 5 = 0.0004.
L()
1/2, 
. *(x)
(x). 
, k 
.

*(x) ( ) B (x) 
( ).

. 2.5.1. B

, 
. *(x)
0 5 : c0 = 1.2917; c1 = 0.1747; c2 = 0.0352; c3 = 0.0079;
c4 = 0.0018; c5 = 0.0004;
*(x).
, 

(12)

114

.
.
.

(13)

(12) (13) (11), :

.

(14)

*(x)

. *(x) 
C()
*(x)
. *(x)
.
*(x) *(x) .

2.5.2. B'
Sn f(x) n
. , n 
f(x), , n
[k, k+1), n 1 
, . .
, n = 0, S0  
. ,
S0,  
S0 .
0(x) , B
, B , .
n =1 S1 1 
.
1 .
S1 .
S1 , 
. 
S1 S0 :
.

 . 

115

.
.

. 2.5.2. B

B 1(x) 1 [0, 2].

0(x) :
.
B .
B n(x), B n +1
n + 1 = n * 0.
(15)
B n(x) n [0, n +1], n(x)
(n +1)/2.
,
n
.

(16)

B n(x), 
, n(x) [(n +1)/2, (n +1)/2]
n, n [n/2, n/2 +1].

(17)

K = 0 n K = 1 n.
, H0n() 
:
.

(18)

116

1. B 2(x) 2.

(19)

. 2.5.3. B 2

,

B 2(x) 2 :
,
,

.
*(x) .
B [6] [18]. 
, . 213 [6] B
.

2.5.3.
, B n(x),
, B 1(x) 1.

 . 

117

B n(x)

[18], 
.
,
n:

.

.
, . ,

(20)

2() , 
0(x). , B 0(x) 
.
.

,
.

(21)

, n(),
(20) (21).

.
Ln() , 
1/2,
. , , , 
n(x)
n*(x) . , 
,
n*(x). 
[6], k
.

118

n*(x)
,
.
2. , . . 
n, 
n 1 . 
, , . [6], . 214216.

2.6. "
. 
f(x), . . cn ,
f(x) , , 
cn. .

2.6.1. '
, .
: (x) (x). 
j Z
, 
2
Vj L (R). Vj , j Z, 

V1 V0 V1 V2 Vj ,
,

Pj : L2(R) Vj Pj(f )
f L2(R), j,
.

(1)

j . j, 
j, n(x). (f, j, n) 
f(x).
cA0 :
.

(2)

cA0 = {aj, n} f L2(R),

. , 
an bn
. , f(x) 

119

cos nx, sin nx. (

, j, n(x) j,n(x)
). , . 
cA0 = {aj, n} 
.
f(x) , .
. Vj
Vj = Vj 1 Wj 1.
j Pj(f )
.

(3)

Vj 1 ,
, Pj 1(f ) Pj(f ). Vj 1
Wj 1 :
,

(4)

aj 1,k ( j 1) ,
,
dj 1,k ,
.
cA1 cD1:
cA1 = { aj 1,k}, cD1 = { dj 1,k },
(5)
, .
cA1 cD1 
, cA0 . 
cA1 cD1 , .
cA1 () 
f(x) Vj 1, cD1 
f(x) Pj 1(f ).
cA1 cD1 ,
cA1, Pj 1(f ), 
Pj 2(f )
:
,

(6)
.

:
cA2 = { aj 2,k} 2;
cD2 = { dj 2,k } 2;
cD1 = { dj 1,k } 1.

120

N ,  j
Pj(f )
Pj(f ) = { cAN, cDN, cDN 1, ... , cD1},

(7)

cAN = { a j N,k} N
cDm = {dj m,k} m = 1, 2, , N.
 
:

. 2.6.1.  Vj

, ,
.

. 2.6.2. 

% f(x) 

{cAN, cDN, cDN 1, ... , cD1}.

% :
1. j, , 
Pj(x) f(x). 
, f(x) .
Pj(f ).
2. N :
{cAN, cDN, cDN 1, ... , cD1}.
.
3. f(x), , , 
:
.

(8)

121

2.6.2. '
 f(x) 
{cAN, cDN, cDN 1, ... , cD1}. :
,

(9)
, = 1, 2, , N.

(10)


. , j
j, k(x) j, k(x) 1/2j.
, [23], 
. 
 , 
.
, f(x)
j, . . cA0 = { aj, n}. ,

(11)
.
j 1,k(x) j 1,k(x), 
, j,k(x) Vj :
,

{hn}n Z {gn}n Z (x) (x). :

,

.

,

(12)


( , ).
, (12) ,
, 
, .
, 
{cAN, cDN, cDN 1, ... , cD1}  N.

122

2.6.3.
cA0 = { aj, n}. 

, , 
, , , j
( ).
.
1. f(x) yn = f(xn)
x = xn, x
h.
cA0 f(x), aj, n = yn.
MATLAB Wavelets Toolbox.
2. f(x) yn = f(xn)
x = xn, f(x) , f(xn) = yn, x [xn, xn + 1).
, , xn = n f(x) = yn, x [n, n + 1).
j, k(x) 0, k(x). 
(x) [0, N ], (
) :

(13)

cs .
3. ( ) f(x) 
yn = f(n). ak = (f, 0,k)
. ,
.
.
,

m = n k,

. . ak = (f, 0,k)
.

123



.

:
.
4. 9 , (x), (x) 
ajk
.

2.6.4.
f(x)
{cAN, cDN, cDN 1, ... , cD1} . 
cA0 {cA1, cD1}. ,
1.6 .
(x) (x) :
{hn}
{gn}
.
, 
,

n n ,

. 
cA1 = { aj 1, n} cD1 = { dj 1, n}
(14)
cA0 = {aj, n}
,
.
, 
1.6.

(15)

124

,
.

(16)

,
cA1 = { aj 1, k} cD1 = { dj 1, k}:

(16) :
.

(17)


, 1.6.
( z)

, ,

(18)

1.6, ,

.

(19)

. 
H0()
|H0()|2 + |H0( + )|2 = 1.
H() 
H0() :

:
.

(20)

, H() G() 
{hn}n Z {gn}n Z 
,

. 

, H()

125

G() (x) (x).

:
,

,
,

2.6.5. '
(x) (x) 
hn gn :
,

V0 , (x n) (x), V1
, (2x n) (2x). ,
V1 = V0 W0 W0 
(x n). 
V1 = V0 W0, 
{ (2x% n)} V1
{ (x n), (x k)}. ,
() . ,
, 
{f(x n)}, ,
f(x) L2(R) . [6, . 423].

Vj: Vj = Vj 1 Wj 1.
Wj.
, , V2. , 

V2 = V1 W1 = V0 W0 W1,
, 
(x n), (x k), 
, (2x k). 
W1,
W1 = W10 W11,

,

V2 = V0 W0 W10 W11
.

126

V3. ,
V3 = V0 W0 W1 W2,
W2 W1,
f(x) W1 f(2x) W2. , W1 = W10 W11
, w2(x n), w3(x k)
w2(x), w3(x) . W2 
W1, W2 w2(2x n),
w3(2x k) w2(2x), w3(2x).
W2 = 2W1 = 2W10 2W11.
2W10 2W11

2W10 = W100 W101 2W11 = W110 W111.

,

V3 = V0 W0 W10 W11 W100 W101 W110 W111
, , 
, . 
V3 .
, L2(R) 

L2(R) = 0 + 1 + 2 + ,
0 1 V0 W0.
n wn(x). 
wn(x) . w0(x) = (x) w1(x) = (x)
% n
:
,

(21)

, 
.

.
w2n(x) = wn(2x) + wn(2x 1)

w2n + 1(x) = wn(2x) wn(2x 1),

127

w0(x) = (x) w0(x) = (x)

.
(Walsh).
( w0(x)).
 .

. 2.6.3. w6(x)

. 2.6.4. w7(x)

f(x) wn(x k) % %
.

. 
.
, 
. , 
.
 
. , , 
hn gn.  
.

128

(0,0)

(1,1)

(1,0)
(2,1)

(2,0)
(3,0)

(3,1)

(3,2)

(3,3)

(2,2)
(3,4)

(2,3)
(3,5)

(3,6)

(3,7)

. 2.6.5.

, 
. ,
.
 
.  ,

. ,

. ,
. ,
. 
, 
, . . ,

 .

.
, . 9
() 
. .
. s si
. ,
.

: 0*log(0) = 0.
, 
.
, 
. , , , 
,

129

. , 
, (. . ),
. 
, ,

, N , 
, log 2 N.
. , ,
.

. ,
, ,
, , 
( ) .

2.7.

. .
, ,
. 
, . , 
. 
, .
, , . 
. ,
.
, , 
. 
, .
1. (x) N ,
k = 0, , N 1
.

(1)

1. (x) N , 
N 1. , 

N .
. ,
(x) N ,
djk j. .
djk = (f, jk). , f(x) CN 1(R), . . f(x) N 1
R. 
x0, jk(x):

130

(x) 0 x x0. (x) N ,

djk = (f, jk) (x) 

djk = (f, jk) = ( (x)(x x0)N 1, jk(x)).
(x) , j
( 2 j
). x0 . 
, ,
(x x0)N 1, , djk = ( (x)(x x0)N 1, jk(x)) ,
jk(x). , djk
j. , 
, .
, [6], ,
.
1.
, %
N1
, , f(x) C (R) f (l)(x) l N 1,


, > N.

(2)

,
,

(3)

.
.
. n. n = 0 

.
i (
, ). , 
n < l, n = l.
,
. f (l)(x) 
(l N 1), J, K, , f (l)(xJK) 0.
f (l)(x) 0, f(x) = const, ,
f(x) l 1, , ,
.
f(x)
xJK:

131

(x) 0 x xJK. > 0 > 0, ,

|x xJK| < .
,
(4)
Tl(xJK, x xJK) .
j > J. 2jxJK = 2jK / 2J = p .
(3)
.
, f00(x) = f(x) :

.
, 
l . , 
y = 2j x 2jxJK:

(5)

. I .
,

|x xJK| < (4). |x xJK| >

(x), 
f(x) l. 
, (x)
.
|x xJK| > . |x xJK| >
:

132

, I (5) ,
, |x xJK| < |x xJK| > . y = x xJK.
, (2) ,

+,

,

t .
0.

.
> 0 , > 0 
j, . 
,

1, .
2. (x) CN 1
(l)(x) l N 1
.

L2(R),

.
1. (x) CN 1 .

L2(R),

133

, (x) 
CN 1 N . , 
(x) , . , 

2. , jk(x) . %
(x) , %
.
. (x) ,

|Im(z)| < . (x)
n N.
, 2,
,

n N. ,
. (x) = 0,
jk(x).
3. , (x)
W0, . (x)
CN 1, (l)(x) l N 1
,
H0() (x)
,
(6)
N1
L () 2 % C .
. (x) (x) ,
CN 1. 2 ,
(x) N 1 . , 2,

243],

n N 1.
[6, . 207,
( ,
). ,
.

n = 0, 1, N 1, , H0() 
N 1 = :

n N1.

, H0() = N.
z = ei, , z H0(z) z = 1
N.

134

.
N1

H0() C , L () CN 1.
4. , (x) (x) %
, . %
(x) N
,

(7)

{hn}n Z (x) :

. (7) (x) (x) ,

CN 1. (x)
N ,
k N 1. 3.

,
.
, H0(0) = 1.


,
,
H0() N 1 =
:

k N 1.

H0(0) = 1,

;
.

2.8.

,
. (1988 ., . [6]), 
m . , 
.
(x) (x) 
m .
.
1. {hn}

.
.

135

(x) N, N + 1 
hn.
R 
2.
. ,

C.
3.
[6, . 207, 243],
. 

: H0(0) = 1.
N (x), 
H0()
,

(1)

T() .
, {hn}n Z (x) 
:
,
.
(x) H0()
,

(2)


H0().
.

(3)

1. 
H0(), (x) (x), 
[6, . 253, 259, 263].

2.8.1.
H0() (1), (3). 
M0() = | H0()|2,
.
(4)
:

136

L() = |T()|2 cos. ,

T() ei 
,
, L() = |T()|2 = T()T()
2  , , cos .
1 + cos = 2sin2(/2), P(sin2(/2)).
.
:
.
, M0()
,
(5)
2
(4). y = sin /2.
(4)
.
(6)
y [0,1], , y R.
P(y) (6) ,
1.6 1.
1 (). P1(y) P2(y) n m
, Q1(y) Q2(y) m1, n1

P1(y) Q1(y) + P2(y) Q2(y) = 1.
P1(y) = (1 y)N, P2(y) = yN . 
Q1(y) Q2(y) N,
(1 y)N Q1(y) + y N Q2(y) = 1.
y 1 y. y N Q1(1 y) + (1 y) N Q2(1 y) = 1. 
Q1(y) Q2(y) Q2(y) = Q1(1 y).
(1 y) N Q1(y) + y N Q1(1 y) = 1.
(7)
P(y) P(y) = Q1(y). Q1(y)
(7):
.
:
,

.
,

137

Q1(y) N 1. , P(y) 
(6) N 1
.

(8)

2. PN 1 (y) 
N 1. . 
. P(y) , P(y) PN 1 (y)

.
N

(9)

(1 y) y , P(y) PN 1 (y)
y N, , P(y) PN 1 (y) = y N R(y). 
(9), R(y):
R(y) + R(1 y) = 0.
1/2,
, R ,
1/2 y. (6)
,

(10)

R(z) .
.

,
2
L() = |T()|
L() = P(sin2(/2), P(y) (8) (10), R(z) 
, P(y) 0 [0,1].
M0() = | H0()|2. H0()
M0() = | H0()|2. 

. A()

.
B()
,
, | B()|2 = A().

138

. A()
cos, A() = pA(cos) N. | B()|2 = A(), 
A() B(). z = ei,
.
.
z 
p(z) = p(z1), 

,
.

,
, 2,
. z = ei
.
,

B()
.

(11)

, z = ei 
.
3. B() A() ,
B() eik, k . 
zj

.
4. B()
| B()| 2 = A() . 
A() 
A()
, j
.


5.

139


, ,
(. ).

. 2.8.1. .

6.

, , ,
.
, , 

.

.
.
7. (x)
H0() ,

. N 
(x), H0()
,

140

T() . M0() = | H0()|2, 

, P(y) () 
N 1 (8). H0()

,
, z = ei. H0() :
,
j .
db2. 
, N = 2, 1.
(x). 
H0() 3,
{hn } 4 , 3. 
, (x) 
[0,3]. H0() 
3. :
,
T() 1.
M0() = | H0()|2. (8) P P(y) = 1+2y.
.

(11)
.

141

c = 1/4. ,
, z = ei,
,

.
 (x) (2). 
2 db2.

. 2.8.2. db2.

. {hn} db2, 
:

;
;

H0(0) = 1,
.

8. , H0() 
. H0() , 
. , 

.
.

142

2.8.2.
H0() (x) 
, 
M0() = | H0()|2. , H0()
0() , H0()
eib, b .
M0().
H0() , , 
, 
. 
.
(, )
. , 
{hn} = {h0, h1, hN} 
, . . hk = hN k,
.
{hn} = {h0, h1, hN}
, . . hk = hN k, ,
.

,
, () = a + b.
, .
, , (x) (x)
.
, , . 
H0() .
, H0() H0()
|H0()|. 
T(). , ,
.
, , , 
.
H0() .

143

, 
. H0()
(z rj), 
, z = ei

,
,

, ,
.
(z rj), , rj ,

,
, :
.
H0() 
.

. , ,
H0() . , ,
.
9.
,
. N = 4. . .

. 2.8.3. db4.

144

. 2.8.4. sym4.

2.9.
2.7 , (x) 
 djk = (f, jk) j , .

, ajk = (f, jk).

:
.

(1)

(. 2.7), 
. , f(x)

x0, jk(x), (1)

, (x) x0 = 0.

2j , (x). 
ajk = (f, jk) 
x0 = xjk = k / 2j. J f(x)

145

(2)

, 
f(x) cA0 .
(x), (x).
. ,
.
(x) (x) 
,
,

(3)

(4)

N . , (3)
(4) :
,

(5)

.
(6)
(5) 3 2.7 ,
H0()
,

(7)

T() .

(6) ,

(8)

, H0() 1 = 0 N.
z = ei, , z H0(z) z = 1
N.

(9)

S() . , 

.
(10)
, ,
. N = 2K.
,

146

(7) (9)
,

(11)

P1() P2() .
. (10) ,
P1()
,

(12)

R() . 
(10).


(10), 
Rn. . [20].
.
,
P1() (12), K. ,
,
, N = 2K (3) (4), 
:
,
.
{hn} [6] . 347.
, ,
[20]. , 
. , . , . . 
, (Wavelets,
Approximation and Statistical Applications),
http://www.quantlet.de/scripts/wav/html [21]. 
http://www.matlab.ru.

147

. 2.9.1. coif1.

2.10.
j,n j,n 
. . 

, . ,
, , , 
. 
f(x) . .

2.10.1.
{j,n(x)}  L2(R), 
. f(x) L2(R), , :
.

(1)

f(x) ,

,

(2)

{ j,n(x)} . 
, (2)

, , j,n(x)
. , B 
 .
f(x) dj,n
L2(R) . 
V. 
( ) e1 , e2 , , en V. f V
ci = ( f , ei ) , i = 1, 2, , n.

148

f ci. 
, ci {ei},
.
,
.

(3)

, ( 
ei (3)):

i = 0, 1, 2... n. ,

. , ,

, . 
V, . .
,
.
V , 


. 
V. , 
.
1. (x), (x)

,
, , j,n(x) j,n(x) Vj
Wj Vj + 1 = Vj Wj,

. , j, k, l, n
(4)
, (x) (x) 
L2(R). ,

. , ,

.
(4) ,
(x), (x)

, . [18] . 221276 [6] . 348378. 

 (x), (x)
.

149

2.10.2. (x)
(x) 

. ,
(x) . (x) ,
. , (x) 

, . . V j
,
.
,
{hn} .

.
, (x)
,
.

(5)


z. z = ei
H0().

2.10.3. (x)
(x), 
Wj. , W0 V1, (x)

. ,
(x) ,
gn.
(6)
(x) . 
.
V0 V1, { (x n)}n Z, W0
V1, { (x n)}n Z . ,
V1, . .,
V0 W0 = V1 V0 W0 = {0}
(7)

150

(x),
? .
1. %
(7) , ()
(8)
i
z = e .

|z| = 1,
{ (x n)}n Z W0
.

4 2.3. [18],
. 225.
Vj+1
V0 , V1 =V0 W0 Vj+1 =Vj Wj
j. Wj
.
L2(R).
[18] : (x)
L2(R)
,
(x) :
.

(9)

2.10.4.
,

, . , ,

. , , 


.


, (x), , .
2. (x)
%
,
,

n, k Z.

1. (x)
,
. .

(10)

(11)

151

. (10) 
,
:

, (11).
,

(12)

(13)

.
2. (x)

,
. .
(14)
z = ei.
.
k k = 2m k = 2m+1 2 
H0()

. z = ei/2 = /2.

.
, (14).

152

1. 2 H0(z)
. , (x)

H0(z)
, 2
.
(x)
, (x)

, H0(z)
. , 
(x) H0(z),

. 

,
,

(15)

(16)

(17)

2.10.5. (x)
, (x)

H0(z)
. (x)
.

,
.  
{fn}
,

. 
:

.
6 1
,
,

, 

):
.

(17)

, H0(z)
, 
. G0(z)
, 

153

(17), (x)

.
(x), (x)


. H0(z), G0(z)
,

.
. (17)
,
,
p(z) . p(z) = z.
.

(18)

,
,
, ,
.
. ,

,
,
, (x)
G0(z)

, 

( 1) Wj
i( + )

z = e , z = e

. (18)
.

(19)
, (x)

,
(x)
2

(20)

L (R),
, :
,
.

154

2.10.6.
{hn}
.
1.
:

, 
z = ei,

(21)

2. {hn}
,

(22)

3. (x)
L2(R):
,

(23)

2.10.7.

(x) 
. {hn}
. N, (x) N 1.
(x)
, 
. , 
{hn} k 
{hn} ( ).
. H0()

(24)

p0(x) .

(25)

. (14), ,
:
,
, z = e

z = e

i( + )

(26)
,

.
(27)
p0(x) p0(x) ,

.

.

155

(x), (x)
,
, 
, H0()
(1 + ei)l
l > 0. (24), (25) H0()
, 
p0(x),
cos, , l . 
, 
,
.
, ,

,

(28)

. (28)

(27)
,

(29)

L = l + s L = l + s +1 .
,
, ,
=
=
, (29)

(1 x)LP(x) + xLP(1 x).
(30)
2.8,
,

(31)

R .

2.10.8.
,
. (28), (28), ,
q0 1. , ,
.

(32)

, R 1,
. 

, (28) q0 1,
.

(33)

156

, (28):
.

(34)

, (x),
(x) .


(14). (x)

(20) (x)

(19).
1. 
(x), (32), 
N(x). ,
,
,

.
1. (x),
, (x)

, (x) 1. N = 2.
.
1. 2(x). (32) H0:
H0 = cos2/2.
(1 + ei) = 4 ei cos2/2, z = ei
.

(35)

:
.

(36)

2(x)  1,
.
2(x) .
2.
. (33)
. L=1+1=2, m = 0, 1,
.

157

(37)

:
.

(38)



.

,
.

. 2.10.1. 2(x)

3. 22(x).
,

gk:

(39)

158

(40)

, 22(x) 1
[1, 2]. 22(x) .
4.

.
,

.
:
.

(41)

. 2.10.2. 22(x)

(42)

1. (x) (x) ,

. (, Matlab)

, 
(x) (x).
2. 
Matlab, wavemenu ,
. [6] . 367368

.

159

2.11.
"
 , 

j k 
, .
(x) . , (x) L2(R) 

.

(1)

. , (1)
, (x) L1(R),
. 
(1) .
,
b.
.

(2)

()  f(x) L2(R)

.

(3)

,  f


:
.

, 
b.
1. ( .) f(x) L2(R),
.

(4)

. g(x) L2(R) . 
:

160

.
(4). 
(4) ,
.
, 
:
.

. :
.

(5)

161

.
. W [f(x%b0)] = W[f](a,b b0).
.

2.12.
,
. 
L2(R2) .

( ). 

. , L2(R2)

L2(R2) = L2(R) L2(R)
L2(R) . , 
f(x)g(y)
L2(R2) . . 
.
(x) (x) 
L2(R):
.

(x)
V0. Vj 

. , Vj 

,

W0 V0
V1.
V1 = V0 W0
. W0 

(x). 
j Z

Vj +1 = Vj Wj.
Wj W0, 
Wj

162

V0 :
= V0 V0.
,

, 
.

:
.

,
.
V1 = V0 W0,
:

. 

. :

V0 W0
;

W0 V0
;

W0 W0
.

.

:

. 

.
j Z.
.
,
:
,
,
,

163

,  f(x,y) . 

.
.
 f(x,y)

x (x),
, , f(x,y) x. 
y (y)
, y. 
cH1, 
. . 
cH1 .
, cV1 , cD1 :
,

.
0
C0 (cA1, cH1, cV1, cD1) (cA2, cH2, cV2, cD2, cH1, cV1, cD1)
, 
C0 ( Matlab) :

. 2.12.1. .

164

,
. C0 n n,
cA1, cH1, cD1, cV1 n/2 n/2.
 
cAj , . 
. , 
.

1.
d
R 
:
,
,
A d d .
2.
[6], . 406.

 II

MATLAB

3

MATLAB ................................ 167
4

Wavelet Toolbox ............ 247


MATLAB

,
.
, MATLAB

.



MATLAB. 
MATLAB Wavelet
Toolbox. 

MATLAB



.
,

(GUI). 


GUI
MATLAB Wavelet Toolbox.


MATLAB
3.1.
MATLAB .................. 168
3.2. ......... 178
3.3.

 ....... 183
3.4.
 .. 187
3.5.
 cwt .. 194
3.6.  ............... 198
3.7.
 ....... 208
3.8. ,
............................ 216
3.9.
MATLAB ................................ 227
3.10. 
........................ 231


MATLAB
.

MATLAB, 
.
,

,


. 
Wavelet
Toolbox MATLAB
, ,
.
 
.

168

 MATLAB

3.1. MATLAB
, MATLAB, 
.
Wavelet Toolbox (User GUI), 
wavemenu. 
:
waveinfo ;
wavefun  ;
intwave  ;
centfrq ;
meyer ;
meyeraux ;
gauswavf ;
mexihat ;
morlet ;
cgauwavf ;
cmorwavf ;
fbspwavf  ;
shanwavf .
.
1. waveinfo .
waveinfo, waveinfo('wname').
waveinfo , Wa
velet toolbox. waveinfo('wname') 
wname. MATLAB
.

3.1.1. MATLAB

Haar
Db
Sym
Coif
Bior
Rbio
Meyr
Dmey
Gaus
Mexh
Morl
Cgau
Shan
Fbsp
Cmor

 MATLAB

169

MATLAB.
. (gaus), ,
(mexihat). :
;
;
;
.
.
: , .
: .
(meyr) (dmey).
(meyr):
phi ;
;
.
: , .
: , .
: .
(dmey) 
(FIR) .
.
(dbN), (symN), (coifN). :
phi ;
psi phi ;
psi .
: ,
c .
: ,
, FIR.
: .
:
dbN ;
symN ;
coifN , , ,
.
. 
(biorNr.Nd rbioNr.Nd).
:
;
, , 
;
;
.
: ,
c .

170

 MATLAB

: , FIR.
: .
. (cgauN), 
(cmorFbFc), (shanFbFc),
 (fbspMFbFc).
:
;
;
;
.
: .
: , .
: .
2. wavefun  . ,
. 

, , , .
.

[phi,psi,X] = wavefun('wname',N).
:
wname ;
N , .
:
X . , 
1/2N. 
S, X S 2N + 1, . .
;
phi (), X;
psi (), X.
:
[phi1,psi1,phi2,psi2,X] = wavefun('wname',N).
:
X ;
X;
phi1
psi1
X;
phi2 (x) X;
psi2 (x) X.
(Morlet, Mexican Hat, Gaussian
):
[psi,X] = wavefun ('wname',N),
wavefun ('wname') wavefun ('wname',8).

 MATLAB

171

. 
(. wrcoef).
. = 00,
:
 (x). 
, ,
, 1 n = 0. 
wrcoef (x).
( ),
x 2N, N 
.
,

,
.
.
.
1. db4.
[phi,psi,x]
subplot(121);
subplot(122);

wavefun('db4',10);
plot(x,phi);
title('y=\phi(x)');
plot(x,psi);
title('y=\psi(x)');

2. sym4.
for i = 1:10
[phi,psi,x]
=
plot(x,psi);
hold
end

wavefun('sym4',i);
on

. 3.1.1. db4

172

 MATLAB

. 3.1.2. sym4

3. 44.
[phi1,psi1,
subplot(221);
subplot(222);
subplot(223);
subplot(224);

phi2,
psi2,X]
plot(X,
plot(X,
plot(X,
plot(X,

=
phi1);
psi1);
phi2);
psi2);

wavefun('bior4.4',10);
title('y=\phi1(x)');
title('y=\psi1(x)');
title('y=\phi2(x)');
title('y=\psi2(x)');

. 3.1.3. ,

173

MATLAB

3. centfrq . 
FREQ 'wname'.
FREQ = centfrq('wname'), FREQ = centfrq('wname',N),
[FREQ,X,RECFREQ] = centfrq('wname',N,'plot').
N , wavefun 
( N = 8).
[FREQ,X,RECFREQ]=centfrq('wname',N,'plot') 
RECFREQ, 
. 
RECFREQ.
4.
wname
=
'db2';
cfreq =
0.6667

iter

8;

cfreq

centfrq(wname,8,'plot')

. 3.1.4. db2

4. intwave  . 
'wname' 
x.
[integ,X] = intwave('wname',N),
[integ,X] = intwave('wname').
:
N ( N = 8);
X x. , 
1/2N. S, 
X S 2N + 1, . . ;

174

 MATLAB

integ x X. 
S 2N + 1 X. integ 
.
[intdec,x,intrec] = intwave('wname',N)
intdec intrec 

().
[integ,X] = intwave('wname') [integ,X] = intwave('wname',8).
5.
[phi,psi,xval]
subplot(211);
[integ,xval]
subplot(212);
title(['Wavelet

wavefun('db4',7);
plot(xval,psi);
title('Wavelet');
=
intwave('db4',7);
plot(xval,integ);
integrals
over
[Inf
x]
for
each

value

of

xval']).

. 3.1.5. db4

5. meyer .
 n X 
[a,b].
[phi,psi,x] = meyer(a,b,n),
[phi,x] = meyer(a,b,n,'phi'),
[psi,x] = meyer(a,b,n,'psi').
n .
[8, 8]. ,
.

175

MATLAB

6.  [8, 8] 
.
a = 8; b = 8; n = 1024;
[phi,psi,x]
=
meyer(a,b,n);
subplot(211);
plot(x,psi);
title('Meyer
subplot(212);
plot(x,phi);
title('Meyer

wavelet')
scaling

function').

. 3.1.6. 

6. meyeraux .
Y = meyeraux(X).
Y = meyeraux(X) X
, .
MATLAB :
.
() = 4(35 84 + 702 203),
, 
, wavefun.
7. gauswavf .
[psi,x] = gauswavf(a,b,n,p).
p

176

 MATLAB

n [a,b]. Cp ,
L2 p F 1. 
psi, x.
[5, 5].
[psi,x] = gauswavf(a,b,n) [psi,x] = gauswavf(a,b,n,1).
8. mexihat .
[psi,x] = mexihat(a,b,n).

n [a,b]. psi,
x. [5,5].
.
9. morlet .
[psi,X] = morlet(a,b,n).

n
[a,b]. psi, 
X X.
[4, 4].
7. [4, 4].
lb = 4; ub = 4; n = 1000;
[psi,x]
=
morlet(lb,ub,n);
plot(x,psi),
title('Morlet

wavelet').

. 3.1.7.

10. cgauwavf .
[psi,X] = cgauwavf(a,b,n,p).

177

MATLAB

p
n [a,b]. Cp ,
L2 p F 1. 
psi, X.
[5, 5].
[psi,X] = cgauwavf(a,b,n) [psi,X] = cgauwavf (a,b,n,1).
11. cmorwavf .
[psi,X] = cmorwavf(a,b,n,B,C).
,
B, C :

n [a,b].
psi, X.
8. cmor11.5 
[8, 8] .
fb = 1; fc = 1.5; a = 8; b = 8; n = 1000;
[psi,x]
=
cmorwavf(a,b,n,fb,fc);
subplot(211);
plot(x,real(psi));
title('Complex
Morlet
xlabel('Real
part');
grid
subplot(212);
plot(x,imag(psi));
xlabel('Imaginary

wavelet

cmor11.5')

part');

grid.

. 3.1.8.

178

 MATLAB

12. fbspwavf  .
[psi,X] = fbspwavf(a,b,n,M,B,C).
 
, M (M , 1), B,
C :

n [a,b]. B C
, C > B/2 > 0. psi, 
X.
9.  fbsp 210.5
[10, 10] .
m = 2; fb = 1; fc = 0.5; a = 10; b = 10; n = 1000; [psi,x] = fbspwavf(a,b,n,m,fb,fc);
subplot(211);
plot(x,real(psi));
title('Complex
Frequency
BSpline
wavelet
fbsp210.5')
xlabel('Real
part'),
grid
subplot(212);
plot(x,imag(psi));
xlabel('Imaginary
part'),
grid.

13. shanwavf .
[psi,X] = shanwavf(,b,n,B,C).
, 
B, C :

n [a,b]. B C
, C > B/2 > 0. psi, 
X.
10. shan11.5.
fb = 1; fc = 1.5; a = 10; b = 10; n = 1000;
[psi,x]
=
shanwavf(a,b,n,fb,fc);
subplot(211);
plot(x,real(psi));
title('Complex
Shannon
wavelet
xlabel('Real
part')
subplot(212);
plot(x,imag(psi));
xlabel('Imaginary
part').

shan11.5')

3.2.
. , , 
W,
,
. , MATLAB

179

. 3.1.9.

.
MATLAB, 2,

. 
, 
W. 
,
W.
,
W , 
.
:
dbwavf  ;
symwavf ;
coifwavf ;
biorwavf ;
rbiowavf .
:
orthfilt
;
biorfilt ;

180

 MATLAB

wfilters ;
qmf .

3.2.1.
.
1. dbwavf  .
W = dbwavf('dbN').
W 'dbN', N = 1, 2, ...,
45. . dbaux.
2. symwavf .
. 
H0( ).
W = symwavf('symN')
W , 'symN'. 
N: 2, 3, ..., 45. . symaux.
3. coifwavf .
W = coifwavf('coifN').
coifwavf W Coiflet, 
'coifN'. N: 1, 2, 3, 4 5.
4. biorwavf .
[RW,DW] = biorwavf('biorNr.Nd').


(x) .
(x)
. (x) (),
. ,
, (x). 

(x)
.
[RW,DW] = biorwavf(biorNr.Nd)
:
RW (x), ;
DW
, .
biorNr.Nd, 
Nr Nd , . 3.2.1.
5. rbiowavf 
.
[RW,DW]= rbiowavf('rbiorNr.Nd').

181

3.2.1.
Nr

Nd

Nr = 1
Nr = 2
Nr = 3
Nr = 4
Nr = 5
Nr = 6

Nd = 1, 3, 5
Nd = 2, 4, 6, 8
Nd = 1, 3, 5, 7
Nd = 4
Nd = 5
Nd = 8

,
(x) 
.
: (x),
Nr Nd .

3.2.2.

, ,
.
6. orthfilt 
.
[Lo_D,Hi_D,Lo_R,Hi_R] = orthfilt(W).
, W
:
Lo_D ;
Hi_D ;
Lo_R ;
Hi_R .
.
,
,
. 
2N 1, {wn} 2N . 
1
.
{wn}
.
: Lo_R = W/norm(W).
: Lo_D = wrev(Lo_R), . . Lo_ D
Lo_ R.
Hi_R = qmf(Lo_R)
Lo_R, . . Hi_R(k) = (1)k Lo_R(2N + 1 k),
k = 1, 2, 2N.

182

 MATLAB

: Hi_D = wrev(Hi_R) , . . Hi_ D 

. , Hi_D Lo_D
. . . 1 . 2.
7. biorfilt .
[Lo_D,Hi_D,Lo_R,Hi_R] = biorfilt(DW,RW),
[Lo_D1,Hi_D1,Lo_R1,Hi_R1,Lo_D2,Hi_D2,Lo_R2,Hi_R2] = biorfilt(DW,RW,8').
, ,
. [Lo_D,Hi_D,Lo_R,Hi_R] =
= biorfilt(DW,RW) c 
DW RW. 
, 
DW
, RW
(x).
8. wfilters .
[Lo_D,Hi_D,Lo_R,Hi_R] = wfilters('wname'),
[F1,F2] = wfilters('wname',type).
[Lo_D,Hi_D,Lo_R,Hi_R] = wfilters('wname')

wname. wname .

3.2.2.

Daubechies
Coiflets
Symlets
Discrete Meyer
Biortogonal

db1 or haar, db2, ... ,db10', ... , db45

coif1, ... , coif5
sym2, ... , sym8, ... ,sym45'
dmey
bior1.1, bior1.3, bior1.5
bior2.2, bior2.4, bior2.6, bior2.8
bior3.1', bior3.3, bior3.5, bior3.7,bior3.9',
bior4.4, bior5.5, bior6.8
rbio1.1, rbio1.3, rbio1.5
rbio2.2, rbio2.4, rbio2.6, rbio2.8
rbio3.1, rbio3.3, rbio3.5, rbio3.7, rbio3.9,
rbio4.4, rbio5.5, rbio6.8

Reverse Biortogonal

[F1,F2] = wfilters('wname',type) , 
. 3.2.3.
9. qmf . F0 F1 
(QMF), 
x l2:

183

3.2.3.

Lo_D Hi_D
Lo_R Hi_R
Lo_D Lo_R
Hi_D Hi_R

If type = d
If type = r
If type = l
If type = h

,
y0 , . . x0 = F0(x),
y0(n) = x0(2n), y1, y1(n) = x1(2n), x1 = F1(x).

Y = qmf(X,P), Y = qmf(X).
Y = qmf(X,P) 
X, . . Y(k) =
= (1)kX(2N + 1 k), k = 1, 2, , 2N, P . P ,
, .
Y = qmf(X) Y = qmf(X,0).

3.3.

 
:
dwt ;
idwt 
;
dwtmode .
1.  dwt. 
cA cD
 , s.
s Lo_D
Hi_D 
, . :
Hi_D(s)

(2)

cA

Hi_D(s)

(2)

cD

. 3.3.1. 

184

 MATLAB

dwt :
[cA,cD] = dwt(s,'wname'), [cA,cD] = dwt(s,'wname', 'mode', MODE),
[cA,cD] = dwt(s,Lo_D,Hi_D), [cA,cD] = dwt(s,Lo_D,Hi_D, 'mode', MODE).
[cA,cD] = dwt(s,'wname') 
cA cD s. wname
, . haar, db, sym, coif,
bior, rbio, dmey.
[cA,cD] = dwt(s,Lo_D,Hi_D) , 
,
Lo_D Hi_D.
MODE 
. , [cA,cD] = dwt(s, 'db2', 'mode' 'sym'). 
dwtmode.
1. s. , 
, db4.
n=1:20;
s=sin(0.5*n);
[ca1,cd1]
=
dwt(s,haar);
%.
subplot(311);
plot(s);
title('Original
signal');
subplot(323);
plot(ca1);
title('Approx.
coef.
for
subplot(324);
plot(cd1);
title('Detail
coef.
for
[ca2,cd2]
=
dwt(s,db4');
subplot(325);
plot(ca2);
title('Approx.
coef.
for
subplot(326);
plot(cd2);
title('Detail
coef.
for

haar');
haar');
db2');
db2').

, 
.

. 3.3.2.

185

2.  idwt. 
.
, cA 
cD idwt 
s, , .
. cA cD
,
Lo_R Hi_R.
idwt :
s = idwt(cA,cD,'wname'), s = idwt(cA,cD,Lo_R,Hi_R).
s = idwt(cA,cD,'wname',L), s = idwt(cA,cD,Lo_R,Hi_R,L).
s = idwt(...,'mode',MODE).
:
wname ;
Lo_R ;
Hi_R ;
L , , s 
L, idwt;
MODE .
s = idwt(cA,[], ) 
s cA1.
s = idwt([],cD, ) 
s cD1.
2. , s , 
. ca1, cd1
ca2, cd2 db4. 
idwt .
ss
=
idwt(ca2,cd2,'db4');
err
=
norm(sss);
subplot(212);
plot([s;ss]').

,
err = 4.0459e012.
3.  dwtmode.

dwtmode('mode'),
mode .
dwtmode dwtmode('status') .
ST = dwtmode ST = dwtmode('status') 
ST .
. ,
,

186

 MATLAB

.
yn = 1/2 xn1 + xn + 1/2 xn+1, n = 0, , N.
, x1 xN+1, 
y0 yN. , 
.
( x1 = 0, xN+1 = 0), x .
y.
 
.  
. ()
, .

3.3.1.
mode

'sym'

, ,
(default mode)

1 (
)
(
)

'zpd'
'spd' 'sp1'
'sp0'
'ppd' 'per'

, , DWTMODE.DEF,
. DWTMODE.CFG
(toolbox/wavelet/wavelet directory).
dwtmode('save',MODE) MODE , 
DWTMODE.DEF ( ).
dwtmode('save') dwtmode('save',CURRENTMODE).
.
, IDWT, ,
.
3. dwtmode.
:
******************************************
** DWT Extension Mode: Symmetrization **
******************************************

.
dwtmode('per')
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
! WARNING: Change DWT Extension Mode !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

187

*****************************************
** DWT Extension Mode: Periodization **
*****************************************

Wavelet Toolbox\Using the

Wavelet Toolbox\Advanced Concepts\Dealing with Border Distortion: Signal Ex
tensions: ZeroPadding, Symmetrization and Smooth Padding. . :
wavedec, waveinfo, dwt2, idwt2, wextend, uplew.

3.4.

.
 
:
wavedec ;
waverec ;
appcoef 1D ;
detcoef 1D ;
upwlev ;
wrcoef ;
upcoef ;
swt  ;
iswt  .
1. wavedec .
wavedec  s (
) N, . . cAN
cD1, , cDN.
. . s 
: cA1 
cD1. s 
Lo_D Hi_D
, .
cA1 ,
, s cA1 cA2 cD2, . ., , 
. 3.4.1.

, . 3.4.2.
 s, N, ,
:
[cAN, cDN, ..., cD1].

188

 MATLAB

Hi_D(aj,n)

(2)

{aj1,k} = cA1

Hi_D(aj,n)

(2)

{aj1,k} = cD1

{aj,n}

Lo_D

(2)

cAN+1

Hi_D

(2)

cDN+1

cAn

. 3.4.1.

cA1

cA2

...

cAN

cD1

cD2

...

cDN

. 3.4.2.

wavedec.
[C,L] = wavedec(s,N,'wname'), [C,L] = wavedec(s,N,Lo_D,Hi_D).
:
s ;
N ;
'wname' ;
Lo_D Hi_D .
:
C = [cAN, cDN, ..., cD1].
L
L = [length (cAN), length (cDN), , length (cD1), length (s)].
N + 2.
1. sumsin 
3 db1.
load
sumsin;
[c,l]
=
subplot
211;

s
=
sumsin(1:400);
wavedec(s,3,'db1');
plot(s);
subplot
212;

plot(c).

, ,
, cA3, cD3,

189

. 3.4.3. 3

cD2, cD1. cA3 ( 50) 

.
2. waverec .
s, 
[C,L]. 
Lo_R, Hi_R. 
, idwt, .
waverec :
s = waverec(C,L,'wname'), s = waverec(C,L,Lo_R,Hi_R),
C, L , 'wname' Lo_R,
Hi_R .
s = waverec(C,L,'wname') s = appcoef(C,L,'wname',0).
3. appcoef . 
appcoef 
N, 
[C,L]. C L
N0, N0 = length(L)2 C C = [A(N0), D(N0), ...,
D(1)]. N = N0, A(N0); N < N0,

. :
A = appcoef(C,L,'wname',N),
A = appcoef(C,L,'wname'),
A = appcoef(C,L,Lo_R,Hi_R),
A = appcoef(C,L,Lo_R,Hi_R,N).

190

 MATLAB

. A = appcoef(C,L,'wname', N) 
N, 0 N N0, ( )
 [C,L] (. wavedec) N0, 'wname' .
A = appcoef(C,L,'wname') 
N0 = length(L)2. 
:
A = appcoef(C,L,Lo_R,Hi_R) A = appcoef(C,L,Lo_R,Hi_R,N).
2. , s = leleccum(1 : 3920).
[c,l]
ca3

=
=

wavedec(s,4,'db1');
appcoef(c,l,'db1',3);

4. detcoef . 
detcoef 
N, 0 N N0 = length(L)2, 
[C,L] N0. C
C = [A(N0), D(N0), ..., D(1)].
D = detcoef(C,L,N), D = detcoef(C,L),
DCELL = detcoef(C,L,N,'cells'), [D1, ..., Dp] = detcoef(C,L,[N(1), ..., N(p)]).
. D = detcoef(C,L) 
N0. N , , 1 N( j ) N0,
DCELL = detcoef(C,L,N,'cells') ,
DCELL{ j } N( j ). length(N) > 1,
DCELL = detcoef(C,L,N) DCELL = detcoef(C,L,N,'cells').
DCELL = detcoef(C,L,'cells') DCELL = detcoef(C,L,[1: N0]).
[D1, ..., Dp] = detcoef(C,L,[N(1), ..., N(p)]) 
[N(1), ..., N(p)].
3. s = leleccum 3,
1, 2, 3.
load
leleccum;
s
=
leleccum(1:3920);
%
[c,l]
=
wavedec(s,3,'db1');
[cd1,cd2,cd3]
=
detcoef(c,l,[1
2
3]).

leleccum

5. upwlev 
.  [C,L] 
N0, upwlev  [NC,NL]
N0 1, . . . ,
cA, . . N0.
[NC,NL,cA] = upwlev(C,L,'wname'),
[NC,NL,cA] = upwlev(C,L,Lo_R,Hi_R),
[C,L]  [C,L] N0,
'wname' , [NC,NL]  

191

N0 1. 
Lo_R Hi_R.
4.
load sumsin;
[c,l]
=
subplot(311);
subplot(312);
[nc,nl]
=
subplot(313);

s = sumsin(1:1000); % sumsin
wavedec(s,3,'db1');
plot(s);
title('Original
signal
s.');
plot(c);
title('Wavelet
decomposition
structure,
level
upwlev(c,l,'db1');
plot(nc);
title('Wavelet
decomposition
structure,
level

3')
2').

. 3.4.4.

,
cA2, cD2, cD1.
6. wrcoef 
.  [C,L] 
N0, wrcoef 
N N0.
X = wrcoef('type',C,L,'wname',N), X = wrcoef('type',C,L,'wname'),
X = wrcoef('type',C,L,Lo_R,Hi_R,N), X = wrcoef('type',C,L,Lo_R,Hi_R).
'type' :
'type' = 'a' ;
'type' = 'd' .
N , N0.

192

 MATLAB

5.
load

sumsin;

[c,l]

sumsin;

wavedec(s,5,'sym4');

a5

wrcoef(a,c,l,'sym4',5).

7. upcoef .
upcoef Y X 
N, N .
X (O = 'd'), 
.
Y = upcoef(O,X,'wname',N),
Y = upcoef(O,X,'wname',N,L),
Y = upcoef(O,X,'wname').
O = 'a', X .
O = 'd', X .
Y = upcoef(O,X,'wname',N,L) N
X L.
Y = upcoef(O,X,'wname') Y = upcoef(O,X,'wname',1).
Lo_R Hi_R.
Y = upcoef(O,X,Lo_R,Hi_R,N) Y = upcoef(O,X,Lo_R,Hi_R,N,L).
Y = upcoef(O,X,Lo_R,Hi_R) Y = upcoef(O,X,Lo_R,Hi_R,1).
6.
db6 1 3. db6
[0,10] 10. (
, 1) 
Lo_R Hi_R 10. 
( ) ,
. ,
X
,  db6.
zeropadding (. dwtmode), . .
cfs = [1] .
cfs

for

[1];

rec
ax

essup

=
=

10;

upcoef(a,cfs,db6',i);
subplot(3,1,i),h

set(ax,xlim,[1
essup
end

i=1:3

plot(rec(1:essup));

50]);

essup*2;

subplot(311)
title(['Approximation
to

3'])

signals,

obtained

from

single

coefficient

at

levels

193

. 3.4.5.

, 
( )
1 3 .
8.  . s
t.
s(t) ( ),
, M[s(t)] = ms, 
= t2 t1. :
swt  ;
iswt  .
swt.
1. 
dwt.
2.  dwt wavedec,
Lo_D Hi_D
. cA1 cD1
, s. cA1
. 
Wavelet Toolbox\Using the Wavelet Toolbox\Advanced
Concepts\Discrete Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT).
3. length(s) 2N, N 
. SWC, 
: 1 i N, SWC (i,:) 

194

 MATLAB

i SWC(N + 1,:)
N.

SWC = swt(s,N,'wname'), SWC = swt(s,N,Lo_D,Hi_D),

[SWA,SWD] = swt(s,N,'wname'), [SWA,SWD] = swt(s,N,Lo_D,Hi_D).
:
N ;
'wname' ;
Lo_D Hi_D .
:
SWA 1
N.
: SWA(i,:) = cAi;
SWD ,
: SWD(i,:) = cDi , 1 i N.
iswt 
. :
s = iswt(SWC,'wname'), s = iswt(SWA,SWD,'wname'),
s = iswt(SWC,Lo_R,Hi_R), s = iswt(SWA,SWD,Lo_R,Hi_R).
'wname' , Lo_D Hi_D
. SWC, SWA, SWD 
 swt N.
X = iswt(SWC,'wname') X = iswt(SWA,SWD,'wname')
X = iswt(SWA(end,:),SWD,'wname').

3.5.
 cwt
cwt  , 
.
s . 
s, a 
b, :
.
s(t) , {sk},
s(t)  , 
: s(t) = s(kt) = sk , t [ kt, (k +1) t). b
t, s, . . b = 1 : ls, ls = length(s).
, a
, SCALES.

  cwt

195

cwt 
wavedec , cwt
a, wavedec .
cwt 
 s,  .
cwt:
COEFS = cwt(s , SCALES,'wname'),
COEFS = cwt(s, SCALES,'wname','plot'),
COEFS = cwt(s, SCALES,'wname',PLOTMODE),
COEFS = cwt(s, SCALES,'wname',PLOTMODE,XLIM).
COEFS = cwt(s,SCALES,'wname') 
s, a 
SCALES, 'wname'. s , 
.
a 
SCALES  Ca,b b = 1 : ls 
 COEFS(i,:), i
a = SCALES (i).
COEFS lals, la
SCALES, ls = length(s). COEFS 
.
COEFS = cwt(s, SCALES,'wname','plot') 
 s.
COEFS = cwt(s,SCALES,'wname',PLOTMODE) 
 s. COEFS lals
, , 
la ls .

. PLOTMODE, 
.

3.5.1.
PLOTMODE
lvl
glb
abslvl lvlabs
absglb glbabs

, ,
, lvl,

, glb,

absglb, . .
COEFS = cwt(...,'plot') COEFS = cwt(...,'absglb').
COEFS = cwt(s,SCALES,'wname',PLOTMODE,XLIM)
 s
XLIM = [x1 x2] , 1 x1 < x2 length(s).

196

 MATLAB

. s(t) {sk}. s(t)

 , : s(t) =
= s(kt) = sk , t [kt, (k +1) t). b t,
b = 1 : ls, ls = length(s).
0(t) [0, N] (t)
. t t,

[0, Nt].

[b, b + aNt].

b = nt:

(t) 0(t). ,

b = nt ck :

, 0(t) MATLAB, (t) 

intwave.
MATLAB 
, ,

(t). 0(t)
[0, N]. t t, 

[0, Nt]. 
, Ck,n , k = 1,2, , K
n = 1, 2, , N. W[f](a,b) 
 :

197

 cwt

W[f](a,b) = Ck,n , a [ka, (k+1)a) b [nt, (n+1)t),

t a 
. a b ,
W[f](a,b) = 0. .
1. .
t
c
c
c

linspace(1,1,512);
s
=
1abs(t);
%
cwt(s,1:32,'cgau4');
=
cwt(s,[64
32
16:2:2
1.5],'morl');
=
cwt(s,1:64,'sym4','abslvl',[100
400]);

2. ( V2) SmV2.txt 
4096 . 
gaus1, 
1 200 2.
load
SmCh4.txt;
SV2=SmCh4(601:4696);
w='gaus1';
Fr
=
centfrq(w)
subplot
211;
plot(SV2);
%

subplot
212;
Sc
=
cwt(SV2,1:2:200,w,'plot');

QRS ( a), P,
T U ( a).

. 3.5.1.

198

 MATLAB

. MATLAB
.
1. cgau p

. p.
2. cmor B
C. . , cmor11.5 
B = 1 
C = 1.5.
3.  fbsp, 
M, B, C.
. , fbsp 210.5.
4. shan, B, 
C. . ,
shan11.5.
. cwt
, 
. ,
x

cwt(SV2,1:2:64,'cgau4','plot')

x 32 3700,
. 
. , 
. MATLAB x = cwt(SV2,1:2:64,'cgau4','plot') 
.

3.6. 
 

,
.
.
 ,
, (.
dwt wavedec). : 
, s(0,0) (. 3.6.1).

, .
 wn(x) .
(x) (x)
hn gn . w0(x) = (x) w1(x) = (x)
n

199


(0,0)

(1,1)

(1,0)

(2,1)

(2,0)

(3,0)

(3,1)

(3,2)

(3,3)

(2,3)

(2,2)

(3,4)

(3,5)

(3,6)

(3,7)

. 3.6.1.

n , 
wn(x). 0 1 
V0 V1. , wn(x k) k 
n L2(R).
L2(R) = 0 + 1 + 2 + ...
L2(R)
. f(x) wn(x k) 
 .
:
wpdec  ;
plot ;
allnodes ;
wpcoef ;
wprec  1 D;
wprcoef ;
wpsplt  ;
wpcutree ;
wpjoin ;
tnodes ;
write (read) () ;
wentropy ;
entrupd ;
besttree ;
bestlevt  .
.
1. wpdec  .
T N.
T = wpdec(X,N,'wname',E,P), T = wpdec(X,N,'wname').

200

 MATLAB

:
X ;
N ;
E ,
(. wentropy). 
: 'shannon', 'threshold', 'norm', 'log energy', 'sure',
'user';
P .
'shannon' 'log energy' P , 'threshold'
'sure' P , P 0, 'norm' P
(P 1), 'user' P , 
.
T = wpdec(X,N,'wname') T = wpdec(X,N,'wname','shannon').
2. plot . plot(T)
, . 
, , ,
.
1. x 3 
db1, 'shannon', 
. (3,1) .
load noisdopp; x = noisdopp; %
wpt
=
wpdec(x,3,'db1','shannon');
plot(wpt).

noisdopp

(0,0)

(1,1)

(1,0)

(2,0)

(2,1)

(3,0) (3,1)(3,2) (3,3)

(2,2)

(2,3)

(3,4) (3,5)(3,6) (3,7)

. 3.6.2. (2,0)

201

3. allnodes .
: .
. (
) 0. .
N= allnodes(T), N= allnodes(T,deppos).
N = allnodes(T) T
N. N = allnodes(T,deppos)
N .
(i,j), i , j
i ,
j = 0 (. ).
4. wpcoef .

N . , X = [ ].
X = wpcoef(T,N), X = wpcoef(T),
X = wpcoef(T) X = wpcoef(T,0).
N N =[i j] 
.
5. wprec . 
wpdec. X  
T
X = wprec(T).
6. wprcoef 
.
 N . ,
.
X = wprcoef(T,N),
X = wprcoef(T) X = wprcoef(T,0).
2. x,
N = (2,1), ( ) 
, x21, x21,
N = (2,1) x21
.
load noisdopp; x = noisdopp; %
t
=
wpdec(x,3,'db1','shannon');
cfs
=
wpcoef(t,[2
1]);
x21
=
wprcoef(t,[2
1]);
tr21
=
wpdec(x21,3,'db1','shannon');

noisdopp

202

 MATLAB

cfs21
=
wpcoef(tr21,[2
figure(1);
subplot(411);
subplot(412);
plot(cfs);
subplot(413);
plot(x21);
subplot(414);
plot(cfs21);
plot(tr21).

1]);
plot(x);
title('Original
signal');
title('Packet
(2,1)
coefficients');
title('Reconstructed
packet
(2,1)');
title('Packet
x21
(2,1)
coefficients');

. 3.6.3. (2,1)

7. wpsplt  . 
1 2 .
 N.
T1 = wpsplt(T,N),
[T1,cA,cD] = wpsplt(T,N),
[T1,cA,cH,cV,cD] = wpsplt(T,N).
T1 
N. cD
N.

[T1,cA,cH,cV,cD] = wpsplt(T,N).

203


3.
load noisdopp; x = noisdopp; %
wpt
=
wpdec(x,2,db1');
%plot(wpt)
wpt1 = wpsplt(wpt,[2 0]); %
plot(wpt1).

N=(2,0),

noisdopp

wpsplt(wpt,3)

(0,0)

(1,0)

(2,0)

(2,1)

(1,1)

(2,2)

(2,3)

(3,0) (3,1)

. 3.6.4 (2.0) (3,1)

8. wpcutree .
T1 = wpcutree(T,L), [T1,RN] = wpcutree(T,L).
T1 T L.
[T1,RN] = wpcutree(T,L) RN, 
.
9. wpjoin .
T N.
T1 = wpjoin(T,N), [T1, RN] = wpjoin(T,N),
T1 = wpjoin(T), [T1, RN] = wpjoin(T).
[T1, RN] = wpjoin(T,N) RN
. T1 = wpjoin(T) T1 = wpjoin(T,0), . .
, .
10. tnodes .
N = tnodes(T), N = tnodes(T,'deppos').
[N,K] = tnodes(T), [N,K] = tnodes(T,'deppos').

204

 MATLAB

N = tnodes(T) N , . . ,
T. . 0.
N = tnodes(T,'deppos') N ,
i , j
i , . . N(n,1) n
. N(n,2) n .
[N,K] = tnodes(T) [N,K] = tnodes(T,'deppos') 
K . 
T.
11. write (read) ()
. ,
write T1
.
T1 = write(T,'cfs',NODE,COEFS),
T1 = write(T,'cfs',N1,CFS1,cfs,N2,CFS2, ...).
COEFS (
) NODE . CFS1,
CFS2, ... () N1, N2, ... .
1 .
. 
.
read 'sizes'
S = read(T,'sizes',NODE) S = read(T,'sizes',[N1;N2; ...]),
. read
.
'cfs':
cfs = read(T,'cfs',NODE), cfs = read(T,'data',NODE).
. read read.
4. 4 5, 
.
load noisdopp; x = noisdopp;
t
=
wpdec(x,3,db3');
t
=
wpjoin(t,[4;5]);
plot(t);
sNod
=
read(t,sizes,[4,5,7]);
cfs4
=
zeros(sNod(1,:));
cfs5
=
zeros(sNod(2,:));
cfs7
=
zeros(sNod(3,:));
t1
=
write(t,cfs,4,cfs4,cfs,5,cfs5,cfs,7,cfs7);
.
plot(t1).

205

12. wentropy .
.
 
. 
. ,
. , 

. 
. ,
, .

, 
()
.
. 
s , si s.
, 
, .
1. ('shannon')
: 0 log(0) = 0.
2. l p , p 1 ('norm')
3. ('log energy')
: log(0) = 0.
4. ('threshold') E4(si) = 1, | si | > 0
, E4(s) , 
.
5. SURE E5(s). Help
Matlab: Wavelet Toolbox\Using the Wavelet Toolbox\Advanced Concepts\Choosing
the Optimal Decomposition.
wentropy.
E = wentropy(X,T,P), E = wentropy(X,T).
E = wentropy(X,T,P) E X,
T : 'shannon', 'threshold', 'norm', 'log energy', 'sure', 'user'.
P :
'shannon' 'log energy' P ;
'threshold' or 'sure' P , P > 0;
'norm' P (P 1);
'user' P , .
E = wentropy(X,T) E = wentropy(X,T,0).

206

 MATLAB

5. x = randn(1,200).
x
=
e =
e
e =

randn(1,200);

wentropy(x,'shannon')

142.7607
=
wentropy(x,'threshold',0.2)

162
e
=
wentropy(x,'norm',1.1)
e =
160.1583

13. entrupd .
T = entrupd(T,E), T = entrupd(T,E,P).
T, E 
P.
6.
load noisdopp; x = noisdopp;
t
=
wpdec(x,2,'db1','shannon');
nodes
=
allnodes(t);
ent
=
read(t,'ent',nodes)
ent =
1.0e+04 *
5.8615 6.8204 0.0350 7.7901
t
=
entrupd(t,'threshold',0.5);
nent
=
read(t,'ent')
nent =
937 488 320 241 175 170 163

0.0497

0.0205

0.0138

14. besttree .

, 
wpdec. wpdec.
.  
j,n(x) j,n(x).
() , ,
.

. . ,
. N N1 N2,
N1 N2 , N. 
, N.
besttree.
T1 = besttree(T), [T1,E] = besttree(T), [T1,E,N] = besttree(T).

207

T1 = besttree(T) T1,
.
[T1,E] = besttree(T) T1 
E. , E(j) 
j1 (. allnodes) 
T1.
[T1,E,N] = besttree(T) T1,
E N, 
() T.
7. .
load noisdopp; x = noisdopp;
wpt
=
wpdec(x,3,db1');
[bt,e,n]
=
besttree(wpt);
plot(bt).

(0,0)

(1,0)

(2,0)

(1,1)

(2,1)

(3,0) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3)

. 3.6.5.

2, (1,1). 
.
15. bestlevt 
. T1 
T .
besttree , 
.
, , .

208

 MATLAB

T1 = bestlevt(T), [T1,E] = bestlevt(T).

E
T1.
8.
load
wpt
wpt

noisdopp;
=
=

noisdopp;

wpdec(x,3,'db1');
wpsplt(wpt,[3

0]);

plot(wpt)
blt

bestlevt(wpt);

plot(blt).

3.7.

MATLAB.

3.7.1. MATLAB
MATLAB .
() ,
0 1.
(grayscale) ,
0 1 
.
X map.
map , (R),
(G) (B) . X 
map, ,
X.
(RGB)
n m 3. (n m),
(R), (G) (B) .
map . 
colormap. 
(). , map = colormap, map =
= colormap(hsv(256)), map= colormap(jet), map = pink(255), map = jet(1000). 
. Help MATLAB.
imshow . imshow(I,n) 
I n
. n , 256 24 
. :

209

imshow(BW) () BW;

imshow(X,map) X map;
imshow(RGB) RGB;
imshow filename .
image .
image .
MATLAB 
, .
X (X,map),
, .
, 
X
wcodemat, ( ).
Y = wcodemat(X,n) Y
1 n X. 
:
Y = wcodemat(X, n,mat,ABSOL),
ABSOL = 0, X; ABSOL = 1,
X, :
ABSOL = 1, n = 16.
, Y = wcodemat(X). image(Y) 
16 . 
, colormap(pink(n)) 
image.
1.
load
woman;
x=X(100:200,100:200);
n
=
size(map,1);
colormap(pink(n));
image(wcodemat(x,n)).

imread .
A=imread(file.fmt), [X,map]=imread(file.fmt).
file.fmt , . fmt 
: bmp, jpg, pcx, tif, hdf, png, xwd.
, A ; ,
A nm3.
[X,map]=imread(file.fmt) 
X map.
imwrite .
imwrite(A,file.fmt), imwrite(X,map,file.fmt).
bmp, jpg, pcx, tif, hdf, png, xwd. A ,
, A , 
.
X map.

210

 MATLAB

:
[X,map] = gray2ind(I,n) 
. map n ;
I = ind2gray(X,map) ;
RGB = ind2rgb(X,map) ;
I = mat2gray(A) A ;
I = rgb2gray(RGB) ;
[X,map] = rgb2ind(RGB,tol) 
,
tol;
[X,map] = rgb2ind(RGB,n) 
, n ;
X = rgb2ind(RGB,map) 
.

3.7.2. 

s(x,y) . 
, .
(x)  (x) . ,
j,n(x) j,k(x). s(x,y) 
L2(R2) j,n(x) j,m(y), j,n(x) j,m(y), j,n(x) j,m(y)
j,n(x) j,m(y).
.
cAj 
 j,n(x)j,m(y).
cHj 
 j,n(x) j,m(y).
cVj 
 j,n(x) j,m(y).
cDj 
 j,n(x) j,m(y).
s. 
. , 
cH1
s
. 

C0 (cA1, cH1, cV1, cD1) (cA2, cH2, cV2, cD2, cH1, cV1, cD1) ...
, 
C0 ( MATLAB)

211

. 3.7.1.

,
. C0 n n,
cA1, cH1, cD1, cV1 n/2 n/2.

3.7.3.

:
dwt2 ;
idwt2 ;
wavedec2 ;
waverec2 ;
appcoef2 ;
detcoef2 ;
wrcoef2 2D ;
upcoef2 2D ;
upwlev2 2D ;
swt2 2D ;
iswt2 2D ;
wpdec2 ;
wprec2 .
.
1.  dwt2. 
X dwt2 cA 
: cH, 
cV cD,
w(x)w(y) w(x). 
, X.
[cA,cH,cV,cD] = dwt2(X,'wname'), [cA,cH,cV,cD] = dwt2(X,Lo_D,Hi_D).

212

 MATLAB

: 'wname' , Lo_D Hi_D .

 MODE:
[cA,cH,cV,cD] = dwt2(...,'mode',MODE).
, [cA,cH,cV,cD] = dwt2(x,'db1','mode','sym').
DWT 'per' (),
size(cA) = size(cH) = size(cV) = size(cD) = ceil(sx/2),

size(cA) = size(cH) = size(cV) = size(cD) = floor((sx + lf 1)/2),
sx = size(X) lf . , ceil(y)
y , floor(y) .
2. detail ( ).
X , map .
. 
.
load
detail;
nbc
=
size(map,1);
[cA1,cH1,cV1,cD1]
=
dwt2(X,db1');
colormap(pink(nbc));
cod_X = wcodemat(X,nbc); cod_cA1 = wcodemat(cA1,nbc);
cod_cH1 = wcodemat(cH1,nbc); cod_cV1 = wcodemat(cV1,nbc);
cod_cD1
=
wcodemat(cD1,nbc);
dec2d
=
[cod_cA1,cod_cH1;cod_cV1,cod_cD1];
I=
mat2gray(dec2d);
imshow(I);
%image(dec2d).

. 3.7.2.

213

, cH1 (
) , 
cV1 ( )
. , 
cD1.
2. idwt2 .
dwt2. 
cA cH, cV, cD idwt2 
X, , 
. .
X = idwt2(cA,cH,cV,cD,'wname'), X = idwt2(cA,cH,cV,cD,Lo_R,Hi_R),
X = idwt2(cA,cH,cV,cD,'wname',S), X = idwt2(cA,cH,cV,cD,Lo_R,Hi_R,S),
X = idwt2(...,'mode',MODE).
:
'wname' ;
Lo_R ;
Hi_R ;
S , 
idwt2;
MODE .
X = idwt2(cA,[],[],[],...) 
s 
cA.
X = idwt2([],cH,[],[],...) 
s cH. 
X = idwt2([],[],cV,[],...) X = idwt2([],[],[],cD,...).
3. wavedec2 .
wavedec2
[C,S] = wavedec2(X,N,'wname'), [C,S] = wavedec2(X,N,Lo_D,Hi_D)
 X N,
'wname' Lo_D,Hi_D. C
S.
C :
C = [ A(N), H(N), V(N), D(N), H(N1), V(N1), D(N1), ..., H(1), V(1), D(1) ],
A, H, V, D , , :
A ;
H ;
V ;
D .
.

214

 MATLAB

S (N + 2) 2 :
S(1,:) [p,q] pxq 
N;
S(i,:) 
N i + 2 i = 2, ...N + 1;
S(N + 2,:) = size(X) [n, m]
.
, 
. ,
j : 
j + 1 (, 
).
3. X. 2,
db1. .
load
[c,s]
sizex
sizex

woman;
=
wavedec2(X,2,'db1');
=
size(X)
=
256 256
sizec
=
size(c)
sizec
=
1 65536
s =
64 64
64 64
128 128
256 256

4. waverec2 .
X = waverec2(C,S,'wname'), X = waverec2(C,S,Lo_R,Hi_R).
wavedec2. X,
 [C,S] (. wavedec2). , X = waverec2(C,S,'wname')
X = appcoef2(C,S,'wname',0).
5. appcoef2 .
A = appcoef2(C,S,'wname',N), A = appcoef2(C,S,'wname'),
A = appcoef2(C,S,Lo_R,Hi_R), A = appcoef2(C,S,Lo_R,Hi_R,N).
[C,S] , wavedec2,
N , 'wname' . N ,
size(S,1)2. , X = appcoef2(C,S,'wname',0) 
X = waverec2(C,S,'wname'). [C,S]
, N.

215

6. detcoef2 .
D = detcoef2(O,C,S,N).
 [C,S] (. wavedec2) 
, N
O = 'h', 'v', 'd' .
[H,V,D] = detcoef2('all',C,S,N)
N , .
7. wrcoef2 
.  [C,S]
N0, wrcoef2 X
 N N0.
X = wrcoef2('type',C,S,'wname',N), X = wrcoef2('type',C,S,Lo_R,Hi_R,N),
X = wrcoef2('type',C,S,'wname'), X = wrcoef2('type',C,S,Lo_R,Hi_R).
'type' :
'type' = 'a' ;
'type' = 'h' 'v', 'd' 
, , 
.
N , N0.
8. upcoef2 2D 
. upcoef Y X
N, N .
X (O = 'd'), 
, .
Y = upcoef2(O,X,'wname',N,S), Y = upcoef2(O,X,Lo_R,Hi_R,N,S),
Y = upcoef2(O,X,'wname',N), Y = upcoef2(O,X,Lo_R,Hi_R,N),
Y = upcoef2(O,X,'wname'), Y = upcoef2(O,X,Lo_R,Hi_R).
Y = upcoef2(O,X,'wname',N,S) N 
X S. 'wname' .
O = 'a', X.
O = 'h', 'v' 'd', X. 
Lo_R Hi_R.
Y = upcoef2(O,X,'wname') Y = upcoef2(O,X,'wname',1).
9. upwlev2 2D 
.  [C,S] (see wavedec2) 
N0, upwlev2 
[NC,NS] N0 1, . . . ,
cA, . . 
N0.

216

 MATLAB

[NC,NS,cA] = upwlev2(C,S,'wname'), [NC,NS,cA] = upwlev2(C,S,Lo_R,Hi_R).

'wname' Lo_R
Hi_R.
10. swt2 2D .
SWC = swt2(X,N,'wname'), [A,H,V,D] = swt2(X,N,'wname'),
SWC = swt2(X,N,Lo_D,Hi_D), [A,H,V,D] = swt2(X,N,Lo_D,Hi_D).
swt2 X N > 0,
'wname' . size(X,1)
size(X,2) X 2N, N .
[A,H,V,D] .
1 i N A(:,:,i)
i, H(:,:,i), V(:,:,i) D(:,:,i)
(, ) i.
SWC = [H(:,:,1:N) ; V(:,:,1:N) ; D(:,:,1:N) ; A(:,:,N)].
11. iswt2 2D .
X = iswt2(SWC,'wname'), X = iswt2(A,H,V,D,'wname'),
X = iswt2(SWC,Lo_R,Hi_R), X = iswt2(A,H,V,D,Lo_R,Hi_R).
iswt2 ,
'wname',
SWC [A,H,V,D] (. swt2).
12. wpdec2 .
T = wpdec2(X,N,'wname',E,P), T = wpdec2(X,N,'wname').
wpdec2 T, 
X N, 'wname'.
E , (. wentropy): E = 'shannon', 'threshold',
'norm', 'log energy', 'sure', 'user'.
P . E = 'shannon' 'log energy', P
; E = 'threshold' 'sure', P ; E = 'norm', P
.
T = wpdec2(X,N,'wname') T = wpdec2(X,N,'wname','shannon').
13. wprec2 . 
wpdec2. X = wprec2(T), 
 T.

3.8. ,
, s(n) =
= f(n) + e(n), f(n) , e(n)

217

, . . 
, ,
. , e(n)
, 
. ,
e(n) f.

3.8.1. 

 
, , 
, . , 
cDj .
.
, , 
, . 
, , 
.
() . 
, .

, , 
. 
, , ,
.
:
, ()
.
( ) 
, /. 

/.
,
. 0 
, 
/.
(Steins unbiased risk estimation)
0,
j , Rj( ),
.
( /)
. 
:

218

 MATLAB

,
,
;
, ,
;
, , 
,
.
, 
.
1. . N. 
 N.
2. . 
1 N ( 
) .
3. . ,
N 
1 N.
Denoising Chap
ter 6, Advanced Concepts (Wavelet Toolbox\Using the Wavelet Toolbox\
Advanced Concepts\Wavelet Applications\Denoising). . [1].

3.8.2. MATLAB
:
thselect 1D;
wthresh (1D, 2D);
wthcoef ;
wthcoef2 ;
wpthcoef (1D, 2D);
wden 1D;
wdencmp (1D, 2D);
wnoisest 1D ;
wbmpen 1D 2D ;
wpbmpen ;
wdcbm 1D BirgeMassart;
wdcbm2 2D BirgeMassart;
ddencmp (1D, 2D);
randn .
1. thselect 1D.
THR = thselect(X,TPTR).
X, ,
TPTR. :

219

TPTR = 'rigrsure' ,
;
TPTR = 'heursure' ;
TPTR = 'sqtwolog' sqrt(2*log(length(X)));
TPTR = 'minimaxi'  .
y = f(t) + e, e 
N(0,1). , 
, THR (.
SCAL wden).
1. . 
.
init
=
2055415866;
randn('state',init);
thr
=
thselect(x,'rigrsure')
thr =
1.8065
thr
=
thselect(x,'sqtwolog')
thr =
3.7169
thr
=
thselect(x,'minimaxi')
thr =
2.2163

randn(1,1000);

2. wthresh (1D, 2D).

Y = wthresh(X,SORH, THR).
( SORH = 's') ( SORH = 'h')
X. THR .
3. wthcoef wthcoef2 
. .
 [C,S] (. wavedec2) N0,
wthcoef2
[NC,S].
NC = wthcoef2('t',C,S,N,T,SORH),
NC = wthcoef2('type',C,S,N,T,SORH),
NC = wthcoef2('type',C,S,N),
NC = wthcoef2('a',C,S).
NC = wthcoef2('t',C,S,N,T,SORH) 
,  [C,S]
(SORH = 's'), (SORH = 'h') ,
N T. N ,
, T . N 
, 1 N(i) size(S,1)2.

220

 MATLAB

[NC,S] .
NC = wthcoef2('type',C,S,N,T,SORH) 'type' = 'h', 'v' 'd' 
, 
,  [C,S]
(SORH = 's'), (SORH = 'h') ,
N T.
NC = wthcoef2('type',C,S,N) 'type' = 'h', 'v' 'd' 
, ,
 [C,S], 
N.
NC = wthcoef2('a',C,S) , 
.
4. wpthcoef 
(1D, 2D). wpthcoef 
. NT,
T .
NT = wpthcoef(T,KEEPAPP,SORH,THR),
:
NT ;
T ;
KEEPAPP = 1, ,
;
SORH = 's', ,
SORH = 'h', ;
THR .
5. wden (1D). wden
X, . 
:
[XD,CXD,LXD] = wden(X,TPTR,SORH,SCAL,N,'wname'),
[XD,CXD,LXD] = wden(C,L,TPTR,SORH,SCAL,N,'wname').
XD
X, . 
 [CXD,LXD]
XD.
:
X ;
TPTR , :
rigrsure' , 
(SURE);
heursure' ;
qtwolog' sqrt(2*log(length(X)));
'minimaxi'  ;

221

SORH = 's' 'h' ;

SCAL , 
. [0,1] , 
. 
:
'one' , ;
'sln' 
;
'mln'
, ;
N  'wname' .
wden ,
 [C,L] N 
'wname'.
2. wnoise. 
SURE. x 
5 sym8.
snr = 3; init = 2055615866;
[xref,x]
=
wnoise(3,11,snr,init);
xd
=
wden(x,'heursure','s','one',5,'sym8');
subplot(311),
plot(xref),
axis([1
2048
10

10]);

. 3.8.1.

title('Original

signal');

222
subplot(312),
plot(x),
subplot(313),
plot(xd),
heuristic
SURE').

 MATLAB
axis([1
axis([1

2048
2048

10
10

10]);
10]);

title('Noisy
signal');
title('Denoised
signal

6. wdencmp
(1D, 2D).
[XC,CXC,LXC, PR0, PRL2] =
wdencmp('gbl',X,'wname',N,THR,SORH,KEEPAPP),
[XC,CXC,LXC, PR0, PRL2] = wdencmp('lvd',X,'wname',N,THR,SORH),
[XC,CXC,LXC, PR0, PRL2] = wdencmp('lvd',C,L,'wname',N,THR,SORH).
. 'gbl'. :
XC X (1D 2D);
[CXC,LXC]  XC;
PR0 X ;
PRL2 L2 
. PRL2 = 100 (norm(CXC)/ norm(C))2 , [C,L] 
X. X 'wname' ,
PRL2 = 100 ||XC||2/||X||2.
:
X , ;
wname' N ;
THR ;
SORH = 's' 'h' ;
KEEPAPP = 1, 
, .
wdencmp('gbl',C,L,'wname',N,THR,SORH,KEEPAPP)
,  [C,L] N.
'lvd'. , 
, THR (THR
N). , .
'lvd'. THR 
3 N, : 
, .
, wden ( ), wdencmp

. Chapter 2, Using Wavelets.
3. woman = (X, map). 
x n = 5; w = 'sym2'. wdencmp .
load
woman;
x=X(100:200,100:200);
nbc = size(map,1); n = 5; w = 'sym2';
[c,l]
=
wavedec2(x,n,w);
thr=20;
[xd,cxd,lxd,perf0,perfl2]=wdencmp('gbl',c,l,w,n,thr,'h',1);
colormap(pink(nbc));

223

,
subplot(221),
image(wcodemat(x,nbc)),
title('Original
subplot(222),
image(wcodemat(xd,nbc)),
title('Denoised
xlab1
=
['2norm
rec.:
',num2str(perfl2)];
xlab2
=
['%

zero
cfs:
',num2str(perf0),
'%'];
xlabel([xlab1
xlab2]).

image')
image')

. 3.8.2.

4. , 'lvd' 
. .
x 2, , :
thr_h = [17 18]; % ;
thr_d = [19 20]; % ;
thr_v = [21 22]; % ;
thr = [thr_h ; thr_d ; thr_v].
[xd,cxd,lxd,perf0,perfl2] = wdencmp('lvd',x,'sym8',2,thr,'h').
7. wnoisest 1D . 

, S.
STDC = wnoisest(C,L,S).
[C,L]  .
C (cell array), STDC = wnoisest (C)
, STDC(k) 
C{k}.
C (), STDC = wnoisest (C) 
, STDC(k) k
C(k,:).

224

 MATLAB

,
0.6745, (.
thselect).
5. ,  
1 2. 
x 1,
1.
init

[c,l]

2055415866;
=

randn('seed',init);

randn(1,1000);

wavedec(x,2,'db3');

wnoisest(c,l,1:2)
ans

1.0111,

1.0763

8. wbmpen 1D 2D .

THR = wbmpen(C,L,SIGMA,ALPHA).
THR . :
[C,L]  
;
SIGMA 
(. wnoisest);
ALPHA .
, 1. ALPHA = 2.
THR , : crit(t) =
sum(c(k)^2,k<=t) + 2*SIGMA^2*t*(ALPHA + log(n/t)) , c(k) 
 n
. t* , THR = |c(t*)|.
6. .
tire ( ), 
3 coif2. wbmpen 
. wdencmp ,

.
load
Y

tire;
=

nbc

imnoise(X,

[c,s]

det1

size(map,1);
'salt

&

wname

detcoef2('compact',c,s,1);

sigma
alpha

=
= 5;

median(abs(det1))/0.6745;

thr

xd

'coif2';

lev

wavedec2(Y,lev,wname);
=

keepapp

pepper',0.1);

wbmpen(c,3,sigma,alpha)
=

1;
=

wdencmp('gbl',c,s,wname,lev,thr,'s',keepapp);

colormap(gray(nbc));

3;

225

,
subplot(331),
subplot(332),
subplot(333),

image(wcodemat(X,nbc));
image(wcodemat(Y,nbc));
image(wcodemat(xd,nbc));

title('Original
title('Noised
title('Denoised

image');
image');
image').

. 3.8.3.

9. wpbmpen .
THR = wpbmpen(T,SIGMA,ALPHA),
THR = wpbmpen(T,SIGMA,ALPHA,ARG).
THR ,
BirgeMassart. :
T  , 
;
SIGMA
;
ALPHA . 
, , 1. ALPHA = 2;
THR . t*
crit(t) = sum(c(k)^2,k<=t) + 2*SIGMA^2*t*(ALPHA +
log(n/t)), c(k) ,
, n . THR = |c(t*)|.
wpbmpen(T,SIGMA,ALPHA,ARG)
:
2*SIGMA^2*t*(ALPHA + log(n/t));
sum(c(k)^2,k<=t);
crit(t).
10. wdcbm wdcbm2 1D 2D , 
BirgeMassart.
[THR,NKEEP] = wdcbm(C,L,ALPHA), [THR,NKEEP] = wdcbm(C,L,ALPHA,M).
[THR,NKEEP] = wdcbm2(C,S,ALPHA), [THR,NKEEP] =
wdcbm2(C,S,ALPHA,M).
THR N 
NKEEP N.

226

 MATLAB

11. ddencmp 
(1D, 2D).
,
 , . 
:
;
thr = sqrt(2*log(n))*s, s , n = prod(size(x)).
:
;
thr = median(abs(cD1)), ,
thr = 0.05*max(abs(cD1)).
 (
):
;
thr = sqrt(2*log(n*log(n)/log(2))), n = prod(size(x)), 
1;
'sure'.
wdencmp.
[THR,SORH,KEEPAPP,CRIT] = ddencmp(IN1,IN2,X),
[THR,SORH,KEEPAPP] = ddencmp(IN1,'wv',X),
[THR,SORH,KEEPAPP,CRIT] = ddencmp(IN1,'wp',X).

X.
:
X  ( );
IN1 'den' 'cmp' ;
IN2 'wv' 'wp' .
:
THR ;
SORH ;
KEEPAPP = 1, 
, ;
CRIT , .
: THR, SORH, KEEPAPP. 
: THR, SORH, KEEPAPP, CRIT .
7. .
('wv'), . 
wdencmp 'wv'.
.
init

2055415866;

[thr,sorh,keepapp]
thr

3.8593

randn('seed',init);
=

ddencmp('den','wv',x)

randn(1,1000);

227

MATLAB
sorh = s
keepapp = 1
.
[thr,sorh,keepapp]

[thr,sorh,keepapp,crit]

ddencmp('cmp','wv',x);
.
=

ddencmp('den','wp',x).

3.9. MATLAB
MATLAB
. , wnoise,
.

3.9.1.
*.mat 
load, . 
, vonkoch.mat 8192, 510

load vonkoch; s= vonkoch(1:510); plot(s).
, ( 
Wavelet Toolbox matlab.ru):
vonkoch ;
wcantor ;
sinfract ;
leleccum ;
nearbrk ;
sumsin ;
noisdopp , x*sin(1/x) ;
ndoppr1 ;
noisbloc ;
whitnois ;
wstep ;
brkintri ;
noispol ;
wnoislop ;
wntrsin ;
freqbrk ;
noissin ;
qdchirp ();
sumlichr  ;
sumsin .

228

 MATLAB

3.9.2.
MATLAB *.mat. 
, X
map, map , X
map, , 
X. 
imshow(X,map) image(X), X
wcodemat .
load, load woman.
( MATLAB) X map.
:
detail ;
woman ();
detfingr ;
tire ;
chess ;
wbarb ;
facets ;
geometry ;
sinsin f(x,y)= sin(ax) sin(ay);
tartan ;
mandel ;
julia ;
wifs ;
noiswom ( );
noissi2d sin(ax) sin(ay) ;
mandril ;
belmont1 1;
belmont2 2.

3.9.3.
, .
1. randn 
. randn
, 2 = 1 =1.
:
Y = randn(n), Y = randn(m,n), Y = randn([m n]),
Y = randn(size(A)), randn, s = randn('state').
Y = randn(n) nn 
.
Y = randn(m,n) Y = randn([m n]) mn
.

229

MATLAB

Y = randn(size(A))
, A.
randn 
, .
s = randn('state') ,
() .
:
randn('state',s) s;
randn('state',0) ;
randn('state',j) j, j ;
randn('state',sum(100*clock)) .
1.
R

randn(3,4).

34.

2. x = .6 + sqrt(0.1) * randn(5)
5 5, 0.6, 2 = 0.1,
= sqrt(0.1).
3.
y

sin(x)+sqrt(0.1)

randn(size(x));

2. wnoise . 
, .
X = wnoise(FUN,N),
[X,XN] = wnoise(FUN,N,SQRT_SNR).
X = wnoise(FUN,N) 
, FUN ( FUN ),
2N [0,1].
[X,XN] = wnoise(FUN,N,SQRT_SNR) X
, , std(X)
X , SQRT_SNR.
XN X
N(0,1). XN SNR = (SQRT_SNR)2.
[X,XN] = wnoise(FUN,N,SQRT_SNR,INIT) X
XN , INIT.
Donoho Johnstone. 
.
FUN = 1
'blocks',
FUN = 2
'bumps',
FUN = 3
'heavy sine',
FUN = 4
'doppler',
FUN = 5
'quadchirp',
FUN = 6
'mishmash'.
4. .
ind

linspace(0,1,2^10);

230

 MATLAB

. 3.9.1. Donoho Johnstone

for i = 1:6
subplot(6,1,i),
end

wnoise(i,10);
plot(ind,x)

3. imnoise .
. I 
, . I uint8, uint16
double. J .
J = imnoise(I,type), J = imnoise(I,type,parameters).
(type) :
'gaussian' ;
'salt & pepper' ;
'speckle' , .
J = imnoise(I,type,parameters),
. , .
J = imnoise(I,'gaussian',m,v) 
m v. m = 0, v = 0.01.

231

J = imnoise(I,'salt & pepper',d) , d 

. d = 0.05.
J = imnoise(I,'speckle',v) 
J = I + n*I, n
m = 0 v. v = 0.04.
5. facets ()
d = 0.5.
load
facets;
nbc
=
size(map,1);
Y
=
imnoise(X,'salt
&
pepper',0.5);
colormap(gray(nbc));
subplot(221),
image(wcodemat(X,nbc));
subplot(222),
image(wcodemat(Y,nbc));

title('Original
title('Noised

image');
image').

. 3.9.2.

3.10. 

 MATLAB 
.
, 
, , 
. .
, X,
x1, , xN . : 
, QRS
, X. 
:

232

 MATLAB

()

;
;

.

, .

. 
. [8]
.
, ( ) 
, , 100 .
100 .
 ,
, , 
.

3.10.1.

( V2), 
1024 .
 db4,
[0,7].
( ) SmCh4. 
70 000 . 4096. 
N = 3 
.
load

SmCh4.txt;

SV2=SmCh4(601:4696);
Fr

[c,l]

wavedec(SV2,3,w);

w='db4';

centfrq(w)

%cA3=appcoef(c,l,w,3);

[cD1,cD2,cD3]=detcoef(c,l,[1,2,3]);

figure(1);
plot(SV2);title('ECG

3;

V2');

figure(2);
subplot

311;

plot(cD3);

title('Detail

coefs.

lev.

subplot

312;

plot(cD2);

title('Detail

coefs.

lev.

3');
2');

subplot

313;

plot(cD1);

title('Detail

coefs.

lev.

1').

233

. 3.10.1. Sm

. 3.10.2. Sm

(t) db4 [0,7] 

Fr = 0.7143 . t = 1/1024,
[0, 7t]
, , Fr1 = 0.7143*1024 =
= 734.30 .
, Fr2 = 367.15 , Fr3 = 183.57 . 
 cD1, cD2, cD3
.
,
 cD1, cD2, cD3. 
183.57 , 367.15 734.30 .

234

 MATLAB


. , 734.30 , ,
, 512 . ,
.

.
figure(3)
ScD1=upcoef('d',cD1,w,1);
ScD2=upcoef('d',cD2,w,2);
ScD3=upcoef('d',cD3,w,3);
subplot
311;
plot(ScD3);
title('ECG
subplot
312;
plot(ScD2);
title('ECG
subplot
313;
plot(ScD1);
title('ECG

Frec.
Frec.
Frec.

183
367
734

Hz')
Hz')
Hz').

. 3.10.3.

(
V2) , 
.
, (
Sm), ( 
Th).

235

. 3.10.4. V2 Th

. 3.10.5. Th

. .
.
1. . 
, , 
. ( 
), .
( std)  cD1, cD2, cD3 
ScD1, ScD2, ScD3 Sm Th .
Sd1=std(cD1)
Sd2=std(cD2)
Sd3=std(cD3)
Sd1S=std(ScD1)
Sd2S=std(ScD2)
Sd3S=std(ScD3)

236

 MATLAB

3.10.1. 


cD1
cD2
cD3

ScD1 ScD1 ScD1

Sm
Th
Sm/Th

0.0047 0.0186 0.0448

0.0025 0.0092 0.0281
1.88
2.02
1.59

0.0033 0.0093 0.0168

0.0018 0.0046 0.0099
1.83
2.02
1.60

,  
. 
.
2. . 
cD1, cD2, cD3 ScD1, ScD2, ScD3
, . 
, ScD1,
ScD2, ScD3.
N1=length(ScD1)
YS1=fft(ScD1);
PS1=YS1.*conj(YS1)/N1;
M1=length(TScD1)
YT1=fft(TScD1);
PT1=YT1.*conj(YT1)/M1;
figure(1)
subplot
211;
plot(PS1);title('ScD1
subplot
212;
plot(PT1);title('ScD1

for
for

Sm');
Th').

. 3.10.6. Sm

237

. 3.10.7. Th

, 
.
, , 
ScD1 TcD1.
3. . 3.10.2, 3.10.3.
3.10.5,  
, .
.
,
, 
.
[25] 1981 .
.
.
[24], 1971 ., 
. 
. , , .
(). ,
.
, 
() 
.

238

 MATLAB


, , , 
.
DF n

M() n ,
[16]. DF
.
H , ,
. H = 2 DF .

, 
.
D 
C(r)
, , r : 
C(r) ~ rD, D .
Fractan.
. . http://impb.psn.ru/~sychyov/
.
, 
[15].
, ,
Sm Th, 
Fractan, . 
. ,
Fr2 = 367.15 ( ) :

3.10.2.

Sm
Th

0.2280
0.3103

1.7669
1.68972

3.829
6.423

32
17

3.10.2. 

( V2) SmCh4.txt,
4096 .
,

239

, 
.
, .
, 0,25 .
t = 1/1024, 
, ( 
a = 1), Fr = 0.25*1024 = 256 . a = 100
256/100 = 2,56 . a = 200 
1,28 . , a 1 200, 

256 1,28 . , 
a, ,
.
: Fr(db2) =0.667 , Fr(db4) = 0.7143 ,
Fr(morl) =0.8125 , Fr(haar) =0.9961 .

db4, a 1 600 4, 
Sm, Th. ,
734.3 1,22 :
load
SmCh4.txt;
SV2=SmCh4(601:4696);
w=db4';
Fr
=
centfrq(w);
subplot
211;
plot(SV2);
%
;
subplot
212;
Sc
=
cwt(SV2,1:4:600,w,'plot');
734.3 1,22 .

%,

. 3.10.8. Sm

240

 MATLAB

. 3.10.9. Th

QRS , T
. P,
U, . 
, .
. 
, . 
,
.
Sc =
= cwt(SV2,1:4:600,w,'plot') .

. , 
. 1
1200 1 300, 734.3 2,44 .
, 
.
for
k=1:1200;
for
l=1:75;
Sd(l,k)=Sc(l,k);
end
end
surfl(Sd)
colormap(gray);
shading
interp.

241

. 3.10.10.  Sm

.
 db4 Fw = 0.7143 .
1 600 4. 
F0 = 0.7143 1024 = 734.3 F0/600 = 1,22 .

. , 
a = 1 F0 = 0.7143 1024 = 731.4 ,

a = 2 F1 = 731.4/2 = 365.7 ,
a = 3 F1 = 731.4/3 = 243.8
. . , 
, , . 
, 
.

,
. 

242

 MATLAB

, a = k,
k = 1, , N ak, k = 0, 1, , N a.
a.
F0 ( 
a = 1) F () .
F1 = F0 F.
a, . F1 = F0/a.
F0/a = F0 F a = F0/F1 = F0/(F0 F). 
ak, k = 0, 1, , N, a.

MATLAB. db4 
0.7143, gaus3
, 0.4, F0 = 409.6 
DF= 10, a = 1.025.
w='gaus3';
F0
=
centfrq(w)*1024;
DF=10;
N=270;
a=F0/(F0DF).
for
k=1:N;
A(k)=a^(k1);
end
load
SmCh4.txt;
SV2=SmCh4(601:4696);
Sc = cwt(SV2,A,w,'plot'); %

410

. 3.10.11.

10.

243

,
. a = 4 (100 ) 
QRS. ,

.

3.10.3. ,


. 
. . 
. 
. ,
( ) , 
, 100 ( . 3.10.11).
100
. .
, db4. 
Fr = 0.7143 . t = 1/1024, 
db4, , Fr1 = 0.7143
1024 = 734.30 , Fr2 = 367.15 ,
Fr3 = 183.57 Fr3 = 91.8 .

cD1, cD2, cD3 cD4. 
24 = 16 .
load
w='db4';

SmCh4.txt;

SV2=SmCh4(601:4696);

[c,l]

cA4=appcoef(c,l,w,4);

wavedec(SV2,4,w);
ScA4=upcoef(a,cA4,w,4);

subplot

211;

plot(SV2);title(ECG

subplot

212;

plot(ScA4);title(Approx.

V2);
at

level

4).

. , 
wdencmp, . 
Wavelets Toolbox .
1. . THR =
= thselect(X,TPTR) , ,
TPTR. 
: 'rigrsure' , 
, 'heursure' ,
'sqtwolog' sqrt(2*log(length(X))) 'minimaxi'  .
SV2 
Sm.

244
thr
thr
thr
thr

 MATLAB
=

thselect(SV2,'rigrsure')

2.1746
=

thselect(SV2,'sqtwolog')

=
4.0787

thr
thr

thselect(SV2,'minimaxi')

=
2.5884

2. . STDC =
= wnoisest(C,L,S), 
, . 
, 0.6745,
(. thselect).
load
SmCh4.txt;
SV2=SmCh4(601:4696);
%
;
w='db4'; Fr = centfrq(w) % ,
[c,l] = wavedec(SV2,4,w); % 3;
STDC = wnoisest(c,l,[1 2 3 4]);
STDC =
0.0042 0.0165 0.0351 0.0648.

3. . [XC,CXC,LXC,
PR0, PRL2] = wdencmp('gbl',X,'wname',N,THR,SORH,KEEPAPP)
gbl:
;
 ;
;
L2 .
 N, THR, 
SORH = 's' 'h' KEEPAPP = 1 
.
wdencmp 
. wdencmp.
load
SmCh4.txt;
SV2=SmCh4(601:4696);
thr=4.1;
[Sd,cxd,lxd,perf0,perfl2]
=wdencmp('gbl',SV2,'db4',4,thr,'h',1);
subplot(211),
plot(SV2);
title('Original
signal');
subplot(212),
plot(Sd);
title('Compressed
signal');
%
Plot
original
and
compressed
signals.
xlab1
=
['2norm
rec.:',num2str(perfl2)];
xlab2
=
['%

zero
cfs:',num2str(perf0),
'%'];
xlabel([xlab1
xlab2]).

245

. 3.10.12.

, 10 .
, .

. 

.

3.10.4.


, 3.10.1. T = wpdec(X,N,'wname') 
, X = wprcoef(T,N) 
N.

.
 

. . 
Sm, 3 
db4
, (3,0), .
load
SmCh4.txt;
X=SV2;
w='db4';

SV2=SmCh4(601:4696);
N=3;
P='shannon';

246

 MATLAB

T = wpdec(X,N,w);
for
k=1:(2^N1);
XI=wpcoef(T,[N,k]);
E(k)=wentropy(XI,P);
end
E

Th. 
.

3.10.3. 

Sm
Th
Sm/Th

(3,1)
5.3781
2.2253
2.4

(3,2)
0.5496
0.1811
3.0

(3,3)
1.9093
0.5132
3.7

(3,4)
0.0084
0.0048
1.7

(3,5)
0.0446
0.0261
1.7

(3,6)
0.2365
0.0731
3.2

(3,7)
0.1373
0.0400
3.4

 Sm
Th , . 3.10.1.
.
,
N.
.
Sm Th 12 
, . , 
, 
V2. ,

.
, 
.  
, . 
.

, 
MATLAB, , 
Wavelet Toolbox MATLAB .
.

 4

Wavelet Toolbox
4.1. ........ 248
4.2.
 ....................... 250
4.3.
 ...................... 260
4.4.
 ...................... 264
4.5.
 ... 267
4.6.
............. 270
4.7. ............ 276
4.8. ............ 280
4.9. 
......... 282
4.10.
 ... 285
4.11.
 ....... 288
4.12.
.................. 289
4.13. 
... 291
4.14.
........ 293

, 

,



 .


Graphical
User Interface (GUI). 



MATLAB.

248

Wavelet Toolbox

Wavelet Toolbox
( MATLAB). MATLAB 
wavemenu. ,
.

. 4.0.1.

. 
,

. , 
. 
Graphical User Inter
face (GUI). .
Wavelet Display.

4.1.
(Wavelet Display)
Wavelet Display
, MATLAB. Wavelet Display 
wavemenu Wavelet Display. 

 (Wavelet Display)

249

. 4.1.1. Wavelet Display

, Windows , 
.
. (Wavelet)
. Refi
nement N, , 1/2N.
N = 8. Display,
 (x) (x) .
.
,

(x) (x) 

(x) =

,
. {hn} ,
{gn} .
{hn} {gn} (x) (x),  

250

Wavelet Toolbox

() .
. 
{hn} (x) db2:
W
H

=
=

dbwavf('db2'); H = sqrt(2)*W
0.4830 0.8365 0.2241 0.1294.

gn = (1)n h3n (x):

G

0.1294

0.2241

0.8365

0.4830.

{hn} {gn}.
, 
MAT
LAB (All Wavelet Families).
.

. 4.1.2.


. , Wiev Axes 
, 

. (. 4.1.1)
, Wiev Axes
.

X+, X, Y+, Y, XY+, XY 
. 4.1.3. Wiev Axes

X Y . History 
.
Info .
Center On , 
. ,
(. 4.1.1), Wiev Axes.
Wavelet Packet Display .
.

4.2.
 (Wavelet 1D)
Wavelet 1D  
. Wavelet 1D
wavemenu Wavelet 1D.

  (Wavelet 1D)

251

, .
,
, 
.
. , Windows
. File, ,
. ,
. File/Demo Analysis.
,
. 
, .
,
Wavelet Display.
.
, .
, 
, , 
 : 
, , .

.

4.2.1. 
, QRS ( ECG.mat). 
, .
(Wavelet), (Level) 
( 5). Analyse,
. 
.
4.2.1
sym3 . s 
, 3
d1, d2, d3. 3, 
, QRS, P T .

4.2.2.
(Display mode)
( )
:
Full Decomposition Mode ,

(. 4.2.1);

252

Wavelet Toolbox

. 4.2.1.  3

Separate Mode
;
Superimpose Mode
,
.
More Display Option;
Tree Mode  , 
, 
. ,
(. 4.2.2);
Show and Scroll Mode . 
, . 
.
;

  (Wavelet 1D)

253

. 4.2.2. 

Show and Scroll Mode (Stem Cfs) Show and Scroll Mode,
, 
, .

4.2.3.

Wavelet 1D
.
Statistic . Wavelet 1D Statistics, 
. 
, .
, 
,
. X
F(x), , X
, , x: F(x) = P{X < x},
.
, F(x) , , F() = 0 F(+) = 1. 
X [x1 , x2)
F(x), P{ x1 x < x2} = F(x2) F(x1).

254

Wavelet Toolbox

X 
, p(x) = F (x).
X [x1 , x2) p(x)
.
, , P 
X x p(x)x, x 
.
X:
,
;

X M[x],
;
,
;
x0, 
y = p(x). , x0
F(x) = 1/2;
xm, 
p(x) .
, ,
, x1, , xn. 

. .

.
.

.
.

s . ,

.

. 
, . 
m
x, 
pk = nk/(nx) 
. 
. , k

  (Wavelet 1D)

255

P = pkx = nk/n. 
pk 
k pk.
n.
m : m 5 ln n, MATLAB m = n/4.
. 

, 
.
 ,

. , 
.
, ,
Statistic . Wavelet 1D Statistics, 
( ). 
, 

. 4.2.3.

256

Wavelet Toolbox

.
, . Approximation
, Detail 
. 
(Level). Show Sta
tistics.

.
30 .
Number of Bins.
, ,
, , , , 
.
,  
,
, .

4.2.4. (Histogram)
,
.

4.2.5.
Compression .
Wavelet 1D Compression,
. 
(Global Thresholding) , 
.
.
, , (Select
Global Threshold),
 . 
( ) 
.
( ) . 
.
(. 4.2.4), sym4 5
, 20 95,5% 
. , 95,4% 
.
Residuals
: , , 
,

  (Wavelet 1D)

257

. 4.2.4.

, , , , 
(. . 4.6.4).
.

(By Level Thresholding). , 
d1, d2, d3.
Select
Thresholding.
, , (Select, Sparsity),

.
View Axes. Interval Depend
Threshold Setting, , 
.

258

Wavelet Toolbox

. 4.2.5.

5 
. 4.2.6, ,
, 100% 
 5% . 
, . 
, ,
. .
20 ,
 .
Residuals
.

  (Wavelet 1D)

259

. 4.2.6.

4.2.6.
Denoise Wavelet
1D. Wavelet 1D Denoise,
. , 
Select Thresholding Method.
: .
.
. Denoise ,
. .
, , 
, ,
 .
Residuals
, , ,
.
. 
.
XY+ ,  
.

260

Wavelet Toolbox

Int. dependent threshold settings ( )

, .
Level .
(), , 
. Select Number of Intervals
,
. ( )
, .

. 4.2.7.

. 
Windows.

4.3.

Wavelet Packet 1D 
. Wavelet Pa
cket 1D wavemenu

261

Wavelet Packet 1D. ,

. 
, 
, .
, . 
, .

4.3.1. 
, File/Example Analysis, sumsin.mat MAT
LAB toolbox/wavelet/wavedemo. ,
.
(Wavelet) , db4, (Level)  (
3) (Entropy). s.
1. ('shannon'),
2. l p , p 1 ('norm'),
p.

.
. 

3. ('log energy'),
, 
: log(0) = 0.
4. ('threshold') E4(si) = 1, | si | > e 0
, E4(s) , 
e. .
5. SURE (Steins Unbiased Risk Estimate). ,

, n .
shannon. 
Analyse,
.
(. 4.3.1). 
. ,
( ) 
(. Node Action).
, 
, , 
.

Full Size.

4.3.2.

, .
.

262

Wavelet Toolbox

. 4.3.1. 

. 4.3.2.

263

1. . Compress Denoise
, , ,

Wavelet 1D.
2. . , 
:
Initial Tree ;
Best Tree ;
Wavelet Tree  ();
Best Level ;
Cut Tree at Level .
3. (Node Label). 
, 
, , ,
.
4. (Node
Action). .
Visualize . , 
.
Split/Merge /.
, .
.
Recons. , ,
.
Select On/Off /. ,
.
,
Reconstruct .
. ,
.
Statistics . 
,
, .
View Col. Cfs. 

.
5. (Select Nodes and).
, Reconstruct
.
6. Full Size. 
.
7. , Cfs. Col.
(NAT) 
 (FRQ).

264

Wavelet Toolbox

, , Wj,n,k. j k
, :, j , k
. n . 
, Wj,n,k 2jk, 2j
n.

n,
. FRQ.

4.4.

(Continuous Wavelet 1D)
Continuous Wavelet 1D
 . , s 
,  s, 
a b,
:
.
s(t) {sk}. s(t)
 , s(t) = s(kt) = sk , t [kt, (k +1)t).
b t, b = 1 : ls, ls = length(s).
a , .

4.4.1.
Continuous Wavelet 1D
wavemenu Continuous Wavelet 1D.
, .
,
, 
.
, . 
( MATLAB toolbox/wavelet/wavedemo)
, .
. , 
QRS. ,
. (Wavelet) .
Sampling 1 (),
0.002,
500 .

  (Continuous Wavelet 1D)

265

( a) Step by Step Mode: Min, Step,

, Max. 
,
. Analyse,
.
.
 .

gaus 3 0.4.

. 4.4.1. 

1 = 1 = 100.
, , 
= 50

266

Wavelet Toolbox

1 100. 
QRS, P T , 
20 10 ,
. ,
4 . 2 , 200 50
.

4.4.2.

.
1. . 
Coloration Mode.
, .

. (abs) 
. 
. Help MATLAB, Controlling the Colo
ration Mode.
.

, 
Selected Axes. ,
. View Axes
.
, 
, (X) (Sca) Info
( ).
. .
Frequencies Scales.
(X) (Frq) . 
, 
. 
. How to Connect Scale
to Frequency? MATLAB Help.
, 
, , .
2. .
.
,
. 
New Coefficients Line Refresh Maxima Line. New
Coefficients Line, ,
. 

267

(X) (Y) Info (

).
View Axes .
3. . 
. (
), Refresh Maxima Line
, 
.
Info (X) 
(Sca).
View Axes.
4. . ,
. 
, X+ ( ), 
, XY+,
. ,
20 10 .

. 4.4.2.

,
,  
.
 
0.996.

4.5.

(Complex Continuous Wavelet 1D)
Complex Continuous Wavelet 1D 

,

268

Wavelet Toolbox

. 4.4.3.

. 4.4.4. 

269

s .

, .

wavemenu Complex Continuous Wavelet 1D. 
,
. ,
, 

.
Modulus, Angle Both
,
. ,
.
, QRS. 
(Wavelet) . 
.
cgauwavf p

. p.
cmorwavf B 
C.
. 
. , cmor11.5
B = 1 C = 1.5.
 fbspwavf, 
M, B, C :
.
. , fbsp 210.5.
shanwavf, B, 
C :
.
. , shan11.5.
1 (). 
.
Analyse, . 
.
 .

2. 
1 = 1 = 64.

270

Wavelet Toolbox

. 4.5.1. 

4.6.

(SWT Denoising 1D)

, . SWT
Denoising 1D  .

4.6.1.
, .
, , 
.

271

X(t) t, 
t = t0
X = X(t0). t
xt = X(t), 
. ,
, , mX, DX

. t1, t2
. X(t1), X(t2) .
X Kx(t1,t2) =
= M[X(t1)X(t2)], X
Rx(t1,t2) = M[(X(t1) mx)(X(t2) mx)] = Kx(t1,t2) mx2.
1. X(t)
( ), 
, M[X (t)] = mX, Kx(t1, t2)
:
Kx(t1, t2)= Kx(t1 t2) = KX( ).
RX = t2
t1, RX = RX( ). ,
X(t) , RX(0) = DX, , KX(0) = DX + mX 2. 
KX( ) RX( ) 
X(t) X(t + ).
. , ,
. , , 
, .
.


.
k.

. 
.
e(t).
.
S( ) 
K( ):
.
X0(t) = X(t) mX
S0( ). R( )
,

272

Wavelet Toolbox
.

K( ) = R( ) + mX2 S( ) = S0( ) + mX2 ( ).

S( ) S0( ) 
, . 
R( ) S0( ), , ,
S0( ), 
R( ).
X(t) X(t + ) . , S0( ),
, R, , 
, . . 
X(t1) X(t2) 
t1 t2. .
2.
e(t) 

S( ) = N0.
,
,
.

( )
DX = . S( )
. 
xk = X(tk). : 
m, 2, 
R( ) = 0 >0.

4.6.2. SWT Denoising 1D

wavemenu
SWT Denoising 1D. ,
 . 
,
, .
( ECG.mat). , 
File/Example Analysis : Noisy
Signals Noisy SignalsInterval dependent Noiste Variance.
.
,
. (Wavelet), 
(Level)  ( 5, 3).

273

Decompose Signal, 
. ,
 ,
. .

. Fixed form threshold (soft)
. Select noise structure 
.
(unscaled white noise). , , 
.

. 4.6.1.

. , 
. ,
.
Denoise .
.
 ,
. 
( ).
, 
Residuals. , ,

(Int. dependent threshold settings).

274

Wavelet Toolbox

. 4.6.2.

View Axes,
.

. 4.6.3.

275

,
. ,
Wavelet 1D. , 
. (Re
siduals) ( ).

. 4.6.4.

mat
. .
, , ,
. ,

276

Wavelet Toolbox

. , 
0.3 0.1.
, , 
File/Example Analysis/ Noisy SignalsInterval dependent Noiste Variance, 

.
, mat.

4.7.
(Density Estimation 1D)
Density Estimation 1D
.

4.7.1.
, , 
,
. 
X [a,b] 
. X 
F(x), , X
.
, , x, F(x) = P{X < x},
X 
, p(x) = F '(x). 

. , .
:
,
m 2 ( ).

.
, 
s, s1, s2, ..., sn. 

.
, .
m 
x, 
pk = nk/(nx). ,
k 

 (Density Estimation 1D)

277

, P = pkx = nk/n.
pk .
n, MATLAB m = n/4.
. 

, 
.
n, m
. 
pi = ni/(nx) .
,

. 
pi 
.
Density Estimation 1D. . 
, .
, p(x) 
, .
.
1. m . ,
m = n/4.
i = 1, 2, , m. ni , i , pi
= ni/(nx). n x , 
ni pi.
2.  ni.
3.  ,
.
4.

p(x).
, . 
s1, s2, ..., sn 
p = p(x). p(x) , 
. , p(x) L2(R).
(x) (x) .
J , . p(x).

p(x) , 
.

278

Wavelet Toolbox

M[J,k(s)] J,k(s).
dj,k. ,
, :

j0 ,
:

n k 
. 
,
, T. 

p(x).

, J,k(si) J,k(si) si
. MATLAB . 
Help MATLAB.

4.7.2. Density Estimation 1D

wavemenu 
Density Estimation 1D. ,

.
, , 
.
, QRS ( ECG.mat). 
(Wavelet), (Level) 
( 5). Nb bins 
. 
64, . 
, m = n/4. .
Decompose, 
. 
. .
. 
, . . 4.6.1. Select
thresholding method 
. Global thresholding
. 
. ,
. 
.

 (Density Estimation 1D)

279

. 4.7.1.

, Estimate. ,

. , 
,
. 
,
Select thresholding method, ,
.
, 
, .
. Int. dependent threshold settings
, 
. Level .
(), , 
. Select Number of Intervals
,
. ( )
, (. . 4.6.2).

280

Wavelet Toolbox

4.8.
(Regression Estimation 1D)
Regression Estimation 1D 
.

4.8.1.

. 
Y = f(X), x 
y Y,
x X
yi Y. yi
x .
, y = f(x) :
f(x) M[Y | X = x] Y 
, X x.
.
, 
Y X 
Y X. Y = f (X) + e. f
. e 
. Y () , 
X , .
.
X Y.

Y = f(X). Y = aX+b+e. f 
, 
,
, . ,
Y = f(X)
, 
. (,
, ), y = T(x),
Y , , 
M[(Y T(x))2] . 
T(x)
f(x).
Y = f (X)
. e Y = f (X) + e.
.

 (Regression Estimation 1D)

281

X
: .
(FixedDesign Regression). ,
X , , , , ,
. . X .
(Stochastic Design Regression). 
, X , 
. X . 
,
, , X.
f . 
.
.
1. (X, Y) (Xb, Yb), 
. Xb
. i

0/0 = 0.
2.  Yb, .
, Xb 1, 2, ..., nb, nb 
.
3.  ,
.
4. f1 f 
, .
5. f1, 1, 2...,
nb Xb, f1 ,
f(x).
, 
. .
: X Y
.

4.8.2. Regression Estimation 1D

wavemenu 
Regression Estimation 1D. , 
.
, , 
.
: 
(Data for Fixed Design Regression) (Data for
Stochastic Design Regression). ,

282

Wavelet Toolbox


.
Example III
( ex3nsto.mat MATLAB toolbox/wavelet/wavedemo).
(xi, yi) 
X Y , .
. ,
.
(Wavelet), (Level)  ( 5),
Nb bins 
X. , 
.
Decompose, . 
.
.

. Fixed form threshold (soft)
. Select noise structure 
.
(unscaled white noise). , , 
.

. , 
. ,
.
Estimate.
, .
.
, .
,
Residuals. , 
, 
(Int. dependent threshold
settings). View Axes,
.

4.9.

(Wavelet Coefficients Selection 1D)
Wavelet Coefficients Selection 1D 
 .

283

. 4.8.1.

wavemenu Wavelet
Coefficients Selection 1D.
:
( );
;
;
.

, dwtmode('sym') MATLAB.
, File/Load Signal.
, ,
.
ECG.mat.
. Wavelet
db3 5 Level, Analyze.

284

Wavelet Toolbox

: 
A5 D5
D1 . :
( ,
) .

. 4.9.1.

. 
Global Select All. Kept (). 
: 1045. 
, , 1024.
, 1045 .
40 Enter.
( , Global

  (Wavelet 2D)

285

). Apply.
. 
, 
Show Original Signal. .
, App. cfs (
). Unselect Apply.
.
App. Cfs Selectable. 
, . 
.
. Define
Selection method By Level.
, 
, , .
. Define Selection method
Manual. 
. 

.
.
. Apply
. 
. ,
, ( ), 
Select/Unselect ,
. 
View Axes.
.
Define Selection method Stepwise movie ( ).
. ,
,
. ,
Start. , 
.
mat. 

, dwtmode('zpd').

4.10.
 (Wavelet 2D)
Wavelet 2D  
. 

286

Wavelet Toolbox

wavemenu Wavelet 2D. ,

.
. , File/Load
Image. wbarb.mat MATLAB toolbox/wavelet/wavede
mo. (Wavelet), (Level) 
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292

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294

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Wavelet Toolbox

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LAB .

296

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297

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Wavelet Toolbox

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