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А. Алексеев. Хронография Европейской Скифии VII-IV веков до н.э PDF
А. Алексеев. Хронография Европейской Скифии VII-IV веков до н.э PDF
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ЭРМИТАЖ
_________________________________
А.Ю. Алексеев
ХРОНОГРАФИЯ
Европейской Скифии
VII–IV веков до н.э.
Санкт-Петербург
Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа
2003
THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM
__________________________________
THE
CHRONOGRAPHY
of European Scythia
(7th–4th centuries BC)
St. Petersburg
The Hermitage Publishing Housе
2003
Печатается по решению Редакционно-издательского совета
Государственного Эрмитажа
ЛП № 000023 от 09.10.98.
Подписано в печать 24.01.03. Формат 70×1001/16
Уч.-изд. л. 34. Тираж 700 экз. Зак. .
Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа
190000, Санкт-Петербург, Дворцовая наб., 34
Отпечатано в ОАО «Иван Федоров»
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ ........................................................................................................... 7
ВВЕДЕНИЕ ................................................................................................................... 10
Термины и задачи исследования ...................................................................... 10
Периодизация и хронология: тенденции изменения и современное
состояние........................................................................................................ 15
Глава первая
ХРОНОГРАФИЯ ДРЕВНЕЙШЕЙ ИСТОРИИ СКИФОВ......................................... 38
Появление скифов в Восточной Европе .......................................................... 38
Пространственная хронография Скифии ........................................................ 72
Синхронизмы в истории киммерийцев и скифов в древней литературной
и исторической традиции ............................................................................ 85
Скифы до и после своей гегемонии в Азии...................................................... 97
Скифы «первого поколения» (эпоха царей Ишпакая и Бартатуа) ......... 97
Скифы «второго поколения» (эпоха царя Мадия) ............................... 111
Археологический аспект киммерийско-скифской проблемы ................... 129
Глава вторая
«ДРЕВНЯЯ СКИФИЯ» В СЕВЕРНОМ ПРИЧЕРНОМОРЬЕ ................................. 153
VI в. до н.э.: «темное» время скифской истории .......................................... 153
Великая Скифия или две Скифии? ................................................................ 168
Глава третья
ЕВРОПЕЙСКАЯ СКИФИЯ В V–IV вв. до н.э. ........................................................ 194
Хронография Геродотовой Скифии ............................................................... 194
Приложение. Список находок больших ворворок в памятниках
скифской эпохи .................................................................................. 214
Скифские цари и «царские» курганы ............................................................ 218
Скифия в IV в. до н.э ....................................................................................... 236
Дополнение. О гробнице «Филиппа II» в Большом кургане близ
Вергины ................................................................................................ 252
Глава четвертая
ХРОНИКА СКИФСКИХ «ЦАРСКИХ» КУРГАНОВ V–IV вв. до н.э. .................. 255
Особенности и принципы датирования «царских» курганов ..................... 255
Хронология «царских» курганов ................................................................... 258
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ .......................................................................................................... 278
6 Оглавление
Приложения................................................................................................................ 281
1. Краткая хроника основных событий истории киммерийцев, скифов
и их соседей ............................................................................................. 281
2. Скифские цари и династии VII–IV вв. до н.э. ............................................ 288
3. Древние авторы, цитируемые или упоминаемые в работе ...................... 293
4. Даты опорных археологических памятников Скифии ............................. 294
Указатели.................................................................................................................... 357
1. Имена исторических и мифологических персонажей ............................ 357
2. Основные археологические памятники .................................................... 361
ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ
Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɦ ɩɨɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ, ɨɩ-
ɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ – ɫɤɢɮɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɜɟɞɨɜ, ɱɶɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ, ɡɚɦɟɱɚ-
ɧɢɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɠɟ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɟɨɰɟɧɢɦɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ. ɇɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ
ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɧɟ ɫɬɟɧ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ, ɝɞɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɩɨ-
ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɢ ɡɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ
ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɯɪɚ-
ɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɹ ɧɚɞ «ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ...», ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ
ɞɨɛɪɵɦɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɥ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ – Ʌ.Ʉ. Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɨɣ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶ-
ɧɢɤ ɜ 1980–1983 ɝɝ.) ɢ ɂ.ɉ. Ɂɚɫɟɰɤɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ɍ.Ɇ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɨɣ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ Ƚɢɚɝɢɧ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɊȺɇ) ɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫ-
ɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ 1989 ɢ 1990 ɝɝ., ɧɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɤɚɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ –
ȿ.Ɏ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɘ.ɘ. ɉɢɨɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ, ɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ȿ.Ⱥ. ɑɟɯɨɜɨɣ, ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɚɥɭɝɢɧɭ, ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɸ, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɇɚɣɨɪɨɜɭ, Ⱥ.Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɬɵɧɨɜɭ,
Ɋ.ɋ. Ɇɢɧɚɫɹɧɭ, ȼ.Ɇ. ɘɲɢɧɭ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚɦ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɥɟɬ
ɫɚɦɨɨɬɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɜɲɢɦ ɧɚɦ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɧɬɭɡɢ-
ɚɡɦɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ, ɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɟ, ɧɚɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɟ-
ɜɵɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ ɥɟɝɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɤɧɢɝɢ.
10 ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ɬɹɛɪɟ [Ƚɪɹɡɧɨɜ 1980: 46]. ɇɚ Ⱥɥɬɚɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɦɚɹ –
ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɢɸɧɹ [Ɇɚɪɫɚɞɨɥɨɜ 1996: ɬɚɛɥ. 1]. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɞɚɬɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟ-
ɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɦ
ɥɟɬɨɦ [Ʉɥɚɦɦ 1991: 310], ɚ ɟɝɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ, ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ, ɡɚ-
ɛɢɬɵɟ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɱɢɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ, ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɪɬ
[ɀɭɪɚɜɥɟɜ 1991: 363]. ɇɨ ɷɬɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɫ ɜɟɫɶ-
ɦɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ, ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ (ɞɥɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɚɥɬɚɣɫɤɢɯ
ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ) ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɢ
ɞɚɠɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ.
ɋɭɬɶ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɵ-
ɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ» ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ
ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɵɧɟ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ-
ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɟ ɛɚɡɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɇɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɨɫɨ-
ɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢɯ ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɰɢɣ
(ɫɦ. ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ [Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1998]).
ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚ-
ɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬ-
ɪɭɤɰɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɏɟɨɩɨɦɩɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɦ Ƚɨɦɟɪɚ ɫ Ⱥɪɯɢɥɨ-
ɯɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɨɷɬɚɦɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɩɨɦɢ-
ɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɚɦɢ Ɇɚɝɧɟɫɢɢ). ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ’ĮțµȒ Ⱥɪɯɢɥɨɯɚ (23-ɹ
Ɉɥɢɦɩɢɚɞɚ, ɬ.ɟ. 688–685 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ
Ƚɨɦɟɪɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫ-
ɰɜɟɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɪɯɢɥɨɯɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɨɤɨɥɨ
660–640 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ 1993: 9], ɚ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɦɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɷɦ – ɤ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ VIII
ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɉɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ,
ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɚɦɢ),
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɟɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɫ-
ɤɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ (ɫɦ. ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 1996: 110 ɢ ɫɥ.]). Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ
ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɭɞɪɟɰɚ Ⱥɧɚɯɚɪɫɢɫɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɨɤ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɚ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, – ɫ ɋɨɥɨɧɨɦ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɫ Ʉɪɟɡɨɦ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵ-
ɱɢɫɥɢɥ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɚɦɢ ɥɢɞɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ɋɚɪɞ ɩɪɢ ɰɚɪɟ Ⱥɪɞɢɫɟ
[Hdt. I. 15]. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɟɳɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ƚɢɝɟɫɚ, ɨɬɰɚ
Ⱥɪɞɢɫɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ, ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɟ-
ɪɨɞɨɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɥɢɞɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɰɚɪɟɣ ɫ ɦɢɞɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹɦ, ɚ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶ-
ɤɭ ɫɤɢɮɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɥɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɸ, ɩɨ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɭ ɠɟ, ɩɪɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɦɢɞɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɟ Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪɟ,
12 ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉȿɊɂɈȾɂɁȺɐɂə ɂ ɏɊɈɇɈɅɈȽɂə:
ɌȿɇȾȿɇɐɂɂ ɂɁɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɂ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɈȿ ɋɈɋɌɈəɇɂȿ
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.; 2-ɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.; 3-ɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ
VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɫɚɤɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧɚ [ɉɨɥiɧ 1987], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢ-
ɟɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ VII–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ,
ɫɞɜɢɧɭɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 50 ɥɟɬ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɣ
ɀɭɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɣ (ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɚɪɯɚɢɤɢ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ)
ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɥ ɧɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɰ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɤɢɮɨɥɨ-
ɝɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ2. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧɚ ɢ
Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɫɚɤɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ (ɤɚɤ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ,
ɞɥɹ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ
ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɫɚɤɚ – ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɢɮ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɤ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ), ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɬ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɥɢ.
ɇɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɫɚɤɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɧɧɟ-
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɪɢɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ [ɂɥɶɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1968;
1975; Ʉɨɜɩɚɧɟɧɤɨ 1981] ɨɩɢɪɚɥɚɫɶ ɂ.ɇ. Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɫɤɚɹ, ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɚɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ (ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɜɟɳɟɜɨɦɭ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ
ɰɟɥɵɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦ) ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɜɲɚɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɨɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɪɟɜɧɢɜ 1-ɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ 2-ɣ ɷɬɚɩɵ – 1-ɣ ɪɚɧɧɟ-
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ (ɊɋɄ-1): 750–700 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.; 2-ɣ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ (ɊɋɄ-2): 700–650 ɝɝ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ.; 3-ɣ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ (ɊɋɄ-3): 650–600 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɢ
ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɹɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɟɡ-
ɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɨɥɨ 150 ɥɟɬ.
ɗɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜ ɟɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɤ-
ɬɢɜɨɜ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɤɥɢɤ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧɚ [ɉɨɥiɧ 1996; ɉɨɥɢɧ
1998]. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɢɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɊɋɄ-2, ɨɬɧɟɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɢ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɢɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɥ ɊɋɄ-1 [ɉɨɥɢɧ 1998: 56]. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧ, ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜɚ 1993: 112]), ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɹɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɦɨɤ ɊɋɄ-3
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɉɨɥɢɧ 1998: 58], ɞɚɬɢɪɭɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ – ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɸ VI ɜ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. Ɉɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ «ɧɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɢɯ» ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɉɟ-
ɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɢɯ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣ-
ɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ-
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ, ɧɚ ɦɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɜɵɜɨɞɨɦ: «ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨ-
2
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧɚ [ɉɨɥiɧ 1987; Ȼɢɬɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɉɨɥɢɧ 1987] ɫɪɚɡɭ
ɠɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɤɥɢɤɢ. ɇ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɣɩɭɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ, ɫ ɟɟ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɯ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ Ɋɟɩɹɯɨɜɚɬɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ, ɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ
30/1940 ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ), ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ [Ʌɟɣɩɭɧɶɫɤɚ 1989]. ɋ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧɵɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ ɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɥɟɣɦɚɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɢ ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɚɰ
[1992].
20 ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ
Ⱦɚɬɚ,
ɜɜ.ɞɨ 1* 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ɧ.ɷ.
_
VIII _ ɇɚɱɚɥɶ- 1
ɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1 1
_ 1 2 Ia
_ ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ Iɚ ɉɟɪɜɨɟ 2
VII _ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ Ⱥɪɯɚɢ- ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ 3 Ib 3
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ= ɱɟɫɤɢɣ
2
_ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ Ɋɚɧɧɟ- 2 IIa
ɀɭɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ
_ Iɛ 3 IIb 4
VI _ IIc
5
_ 1
IIIa
_ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɋɪɟɞ- 4 ɋɪɟɞɧɟ- 6
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ
3
V _ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ= II ɫɤɢɮ- ȼɬɨɪɨɟ
ɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ IIIb
_ ɦɥɚɞɲɢɣ ɉɨɡɞ- 2 7
ɀɭɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɧɢɣ IVa
_ 4
IV _ ɫɤɢɮ- ɉɨɡɞɧɟ- 8
ɫɤɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ IVb
_ 5
_ ɉɨɡɞɧɢɣ III
III _ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɉɨɡɞɧɟɣ-
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɲɢɣ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɢɧɵɦɢ, ɜɵɛɟɪɢ ɨɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬ-
ɜɟ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɲɤɚɥɭ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 1), ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚ-
ɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɫ ɟɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ. ȼɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ (ɤɨɧɟɰ VI –
ɤɨɧɟɰ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɟ ɤ «ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ», ɚ ɤ «ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦɭ»
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ «ɩɚɥɟɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ» ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ «ɞɜɭɯ ɋɤɢɮɢɣ», ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɤɧɢ-
ɝɢ, ɇ.Ⱥ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɜɧɟɫɥɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɜ ɬɪɢ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ: 1) ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɪɯɚɢɤɢ
VII – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɝɪɚɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ); 2) Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɚ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ
ɤɨɧɰɚ VI – ɤɨɧɰɚ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ); 3) ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – ɜɫɟɝɨ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɤɨɬɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨ-
ɧɨɦɢɤɢ) [Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɇ.Ⱥ. 1999: 115–117]. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɝɨ-
ɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ,
ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɨɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ
ɨɬ «ɱɢɫɬɨ ɤɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ» ɤ «ɫɤɨɬɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨ-ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɭ»,
ɧɨɫɢɬ, ɧɚ ɦɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɹɦɢ, ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ,
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɪɭɛɟɠɟɣ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɤɨɪɨɝɨ [1996] ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɦ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɨ-
ɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɷɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɤɚɤ ɦɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ-
ɦɢ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ: 1) ɧɚɱɚɥɨ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.; 2) ɤɨɧɟɰ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ
3) ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɗɬɢ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ, ɢ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ, ɨɞ-
ɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɭɛɟɠɟɣ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɪɟ-
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ.
ȿɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ VII–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɪ-
ɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɪɭɝ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ-
ɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢ-
ɬɢɟɦ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [əɰɟɧɤɨ ɂ.ȼ. 1959; 1994; ɂɥɶɢɧɫɤɚɹ, Ɍɟɪɟɧɨɠɤɢɧ 1983;
Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ 1984] ɢ ɞɪ.). ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟ-
ɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ
ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɪɟɞɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɹ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ
ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ [Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ 1984].
ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ
ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ-
ɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ VI – ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ VI–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ȿɳɟ ɜ 1947 ɝ.
Ȼ.ɇ. Ƚɪɚɤɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɛɵɥɚ ɷɩɨɯɨɣ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦɚ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ [Ƚɪɚɤɨɜ 1947: 27]. ɉɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɭɥɶ-
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ 25
3
Ɋ. ɂɫɦɚɝɢɥ [1996] ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɩɨɯɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɜ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ-ɫɚɟɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ «ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ ɷɬɧɨɫɨɜ» Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɤɢ-
ɮɨɜ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɦ ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɟɰ 6-ɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨ
ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ 6-ɦ ɢ 7-ɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɦɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɜɲɢɣ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɱɭɬɶ ɩɨɡɞ-
ɧɟɟ – ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
26 ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ (ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɟɟ 3-ɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ) ɟɳɟ ɢ ɜ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɦ. ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸ,
ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɭɸ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ «Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ» ɜ 1992–1994 ɝɝ., ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɦɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɨɜ Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɇ.ɇ. ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɨɣ, Ƚ.ɂ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜɨɣ,
Ʌ.Ʉ. Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɨɣ, ə.Ⱥ. ɒɟɪɚ, Ƚ.ɇ. Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɢɧɚ; ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɂ.Ɇ. Ⱦɶɹɤɨɧɨɜɚ, ɋ.Ɋ. Ɍɨɯ-
ɬɚɫɶɟɜɚ, ɗ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ). ȼ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧɚ
[1987; 1996; 1998], ȼ.Ɋ. ɗɪɥɢɯɚ [1994], Ⱥ.ɘ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ [1992; 1996]. ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɢɡ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ-
ɥɢɛɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬ-
ɫɬɜɭɸɬ (Ɍ.Ɇ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ, ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɹɤɨ, ɇ.Ʌ. ɑɥɟɧɨɜɚ).
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ Ʌ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧɢ, ɂ.ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧɚ, ȿ.Ɇ. ɉɪɢɞɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ Ɇ.ɂ. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ-
ɰɟɜɚ, ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ
«ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɷɥɥɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɤɨɧɟɰ IV – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ III ɜɜ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ.) ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɇ.ɉ. Ʉɨɧɞɚɤɨɜɚ, ɂ.ɂ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ,
Ȼ.ȼ. Ɏɚɪɦɚɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɨ ɢɯ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ III–II ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɩɨ
Ȼ.ȼ. Ɏɚɪɦɚɤɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ, ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɚɜ, ɱɟɦ Ɇ.ɂ. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɰɟɜ), ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ.
ȼɵɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ, ɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɞɚɠɟ
ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ƚ.Ɇ. Ɋɢɯɬɟɪ, Ʉ. ɒɟɮɨɥɶɞ, ɨɬɱɚɫ-
ɬɢ Ɇ.ɂ. Ⱥɪɬɚɦɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ «ɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ» ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɹ
ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɚ V ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.; ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɵɥ Ⱥɥɟɤ-
ɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ, ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ Ɇ.ɂ. Ⱥɪɬɚɦɨɧɨɜɵɦ ɨɤ. 300 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɧɨ ɢ
ɷɬɚ ɞɚɬɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɬɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ
Ɇ.ɂ. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɰɟɜɵɦ (ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɂ.Ȼ. Ȼɪɚɲɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 1960-ɯ ɝɝ. ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ, ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɥɢ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɩɨ-
ɢɫɤɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɪɭɛɟɠɭ IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɋ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 1980-ɯ ɝɝ. ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɪɟɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɨɬɪɚɡɢɜɲɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɣɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɫɨɜ
ɢ ɤɨɫɧɭɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɵɥ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɚɛɫɨ-
ɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɨɣ (ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ȼ.ɇ. Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧɚ, ɘ.ȼ. Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤɚ,
Ⱥ.ɘ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ). ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɞɜɢ-
ɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɭɞɪɟɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɱɟɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɳɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɬɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ [ɉɨɥɢɧ 1991; 1993; 1994;
Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ 1993; Monahov 1995/1996]. ɇɨ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɯɪɨ-
ɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɠɟ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɭɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɤɚ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɚ4. Ɉɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɨ-
ɜɟɣɲɟɣ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ Ɋɵɠɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ə. ɏɨɯɨ-
ɪɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɤɨɪɵɦ [Chohorowski, Grigor’ev, Skoryj 1996; Chohorowski, Skoryi
1997] ɢ «ɭɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ» ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɋɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ
4
Ɉɬɦɟɱɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɋ.ɘ. Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɦ
ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɞɚɬɵ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɫ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
[Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ 1999: 438].
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ 27
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ
ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ
VII ɜ. ɞɨ V ɜ. ɞɨ
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɧ.ɷ. ɧ.ɷ.
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ Ⱦɨɫɤɢɮ. Ⱥɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ
ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɤ-ɪɵ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 2
VII ɜ. ɞɨ V ɜ.ɞɨ
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɧ.ɷ. ɧ.ɷ.
Ⱥ ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɤ ɨ ɱ ɟ ɜ ɧ ɢ ɤ ɢ ɋ ɟ ɦ ɢ ɪ ɟ ɱ ɶ ɹ, Ɍ ɹ ɧ ɶ - ɒ ɚ ɧ ɹ
Ⱥɡɢɹ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɚɤɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɚɤɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
10 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ [Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɇ.Ⱥ., Ɍɢɦɱɟɧɤɨ 1994: 35], ɧɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬ-
ɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ
ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (14C). ɗɬɨɬ
ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ
Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɢ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɟɫ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɟɳɚɸɳɢɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ [Ɇɚɪɫɚɞɨɥɨɜ, Ɂɚɣɰɟɜɚ, Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜɚ 1994; Ɇɚɪɫɚɞɨɥɨɜ 1996; Ɇɚɪɫɚɞɨɥɨɜ ɢ
ɞɪ. 1996; Ɂɚɣɰɟɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. 1996; Ɂɚɣɰɟɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. 1996ɚ]. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɹɯ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɭɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɚɬ.
ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ
ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɨɤ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜ ɪɹɞ
ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ ɨɬɫɵɥɨɤ. ɗɬɨ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɣ
ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɜ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ, ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ – «ɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ»
ɢ «ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ», ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 100–150 ɥɟɬ [ɒɭɥɶɝɚ 1998ɚ: 702,
703]. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ
Ʌ.ɋ. Ɇɚɪɫɚɞɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɯ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ – ɞɟɧɞɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
[Ɇɚɪɫɚɞɨɥɨɜ 1996], ɤɭɪɝɚɧ Ⱥɪɠɚɧ ɛɵɥ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧ ɨɤɨɥɨ 800 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., Ɍɭɷɤɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ
ɢ Ȼɚɲɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ – ɜ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɩɹɬɶ ɉɚɡɵɪɵɤɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ – ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ
V – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
«Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɚɹ» ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɦɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɬɵ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ Ⱥɪɠɚɧ ɜ
VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɇ.Ʌ. ɑɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ), ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɬ ɉɚɡɵɪɵɤɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ
ɪɹɞɨɦ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ (J. Lerner, T.S. Kawami, E.C. Bunker, A.L. Juli-
ano) ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ
ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ «ɨɦɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ» ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɧɰɚ IV – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Source.
Notes in the History of Art. 1991. Vol. X. No 4]. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɷɬɚ ɞɚɬɚ ɧɚɲɥɚ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɨɫ-
ɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ, ɩɨɞ-
ɱɚɫ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ
ɷɩɨɯɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ «ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ», ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɧɧɟ-
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɭɞɪɟɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ – ɬɟɧ-
ɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɨɦɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɤɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢ
32 ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
5
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɢ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɇ.Ʌ. ɑɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ [1996; 1997: 37, 38] ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ Ⱥɪɠɚɧ, ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ƚɂɇɟ (2610±30 BPo660±30 = 690–630 BC; 2620±40 BPo670±40 = 710–630 BC; 2600±40
BPo650±40 = 690–610 BC) ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪ-
ɞɢɥɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ – VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – ɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɞɚɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ Ⱥɪɠɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɤɚɪɛɨɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 1999ɛ: 190]. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɢ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ (C.I.O. Groningen Radiocarbon Calibration
Program. Stuiver et al. 1993. ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ CAL20), ɷɬɢ ɞɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɳɢɦɢ, ɩɨ
ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɬɵ Ⱥɪɠɚɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɰ IX–VIII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɤɚɥɟɧ-
ɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ: 1) 1 ı: 808–790 BC; 2 ı: 814–772 BC; 2) 1 ı: 816–784 BC;
2 ı: 892–882, 846–762, 628–596, 572–562 BC; 3) 1 ı: 810–770 BC; 2 ı: 828–760, 678–658, 636–552 BC.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ 33
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3
14
ɋ ɞɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ
ɂɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɧ-
14 ɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡ- Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨ-
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚ- ɋ ɞɚɬɚ, 13
G ɋ,
ʋ ɪɚɫɬɚ, ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɥɟɬ ɬ.ɧ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɩ/ɩ. 0 /00 (cal. BC) ɞɚɬɚ, ɥɟɬ
ɧɨɦɟɪ (BP)
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
1V 2V
Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 31 (ʋ 2, ɩɨ ɇ.ɂ. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ)
1 Ua-11671 2555r50 –17.72 Ʉɨɫɬɢ 800–760 812–516 650–580
ɫɨɛɚɤɢ
678–656
636–550
2 Ua-11672 2520r60 –27.29 Ⱦɟɪɟɜɨ 792–752 800–480 650–580
ɦɨɝɢɥɶ-
698–550 452–414
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ-
ɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
3 Ʌɟ-5185 2610r60 –2729 Ⱦɟɪɟɜɨ 836–762 902–752 650–580
ɦɨɝɢɥɶ-
672–666 728–714
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ-
ɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ 630–594 704–530
578–556
4 Ʌɟ-5229 2540r40 –17.72 Ʉɨɫɬɢ 794–760 802–750 650–580
ɫɨɛɚɤɢ
678–658 734–526
634–552
5 Ʌɟ-5231 2690r15 –17.72 Ʉɨɫɬɢ 1040–760 1200–410 650–580
0 ɫɨɛɚɤɢ
680–540
ɋɟɦɢɛɪɚɬɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 4 (ɫɬɚɪɲɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ)
6 Ua-11664 2440r40 –20.91 Ʉɨɠɚ 752–698 762–628 460–425
532–410 598–572
562–402
7 Ua-11668 2530r40 –25.37 Ɍɤɚɧɶ 790–760 800–744 460–425
680–654 742–522
640–548
6
Ɍɪɢ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɤɨɠɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɱɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ 2000 ɝ. ɜ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ ɝ. ɍɩɩɫɚɥɚ ɢ ɜ Ƚɪɨɧɢɧɝɟɧɟ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ, ɨɞɧɚ – ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶ-
ɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ, ɧɨ «ɫɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ» ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
34 ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3
ɂɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɧ-
14 ɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡ- Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨ-
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚ- ɋ ɞɚɬɚ, 13
G ɋ,
ʋ ɪɚɫɬɚ, ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɥɟɬ ɬ.ɧ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɩ/ɩ. 0 /00 (cal. BC) ɞɚɬɚ, ɥɟɬ
ɧɨɦɟɪ (BP)
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
1V 2V
8 Ua-11669 2255r35 –19.06 ɒɟɪɫɬɹ- 382–356 390–342 460–425
ɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ
294–242 326–200
234–208
9 Ua-11666 2710r40 –21.52 Ƚɭɛɤɚ 898–872 912–806 460–425
854–814
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 3
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ
7
ɋɚɦɨɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢ 6NROȩWRL, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɟ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɦ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɥɟɝɟɧ-
ɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ [Hdt. IV. 6], ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɢɧɨɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ
ɢɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɚɞɨɜ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦɭ ɝɪɟɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ 6NȪșĮȚ.
40 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
8
ȼ.ɋ. Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɢɚɞɵ», ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ
ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɷɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɥɨ, ɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ [Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1997: 94,
95].
42 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
9
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɋ.Ȼ. ȼɚɥɶɱɚɤ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɛɪɭɢ ɫ ɛɥɹɲɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɚɛɚɧɶɟɝɨ ɤɥɵɤɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɷɬɚɩɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ
ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (ɝɞɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɫɛɪɭɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ) ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ;
ɜ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ Ⱥɪɠɚɧ ([ȼɚɥɶɱɚɤ 1994:
51, 52], ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ [ȼɚɥɶɱɚɤ, Ɇɚɦɨɧɬɨɜ, ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ 1996]).
10
ɉɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɦɧɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɨɥɟɧɹ
(?), ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɂ.ȼ. ɋɟɪɝɚɰɤɨɜɵɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ-
ɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ [ɋɟɪɝɚɰɤɨɜ 1988: ɪɢɫ. 2].
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ 43
ɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɟ ɧɨɦɚɞɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɤɢɮɵ-ɲɤɭɞɚ, ɫɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɢ-
ɪɢɣɰɚɦ ɜ 70-ɟ ɝɝ. VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɧɨ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɭɦɟɧɢɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨ-
ɝɨɦ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨɣ ɭɬɪɚɬɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɭɠɟ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ –
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ – ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɥɢ-
ɧɢɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɧɢ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɧɚɯɨ-
ɞɨɤ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟɬ. Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɫɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ «ɫɤɢɮɨɢɞɧɵɦɢ», ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ
ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɚɱɟ.
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɜɨɞɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ [Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ 1994], ɞɥɹ ɘɠɧɨɝɨ ɍɪɚɥɚ
[Ƚɭɰɚɥɨɜ, Ȼɨɬɚɥɨɜ 1999; Ƚɭɰɚɥɨɜ, Ɍɚɢɪɨɜ 2000]) ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɷɬɧɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ [ɉɟɬɪɟɧɤɨ 1986; Ȼɟɥɨɡɨɪ 1996;
Kovalɺv 1998]. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ,
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1: 5, 6) ɢ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ,
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɪɚɫ-
ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɤɭɥɶ-
ɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ [ɉɨɩɨɜɚ
1976; Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1994: 147], ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɢ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɬɪɟ-
ɛɭɟɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɷɤɫɬɪɚɨɪɞɢɧɚɪɧɵɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ɇɭɫɚɫɢɪ (Ɇɭɰɚɰɢɪ) ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɂɪɚɤɟ [Boehmer 1998]. Ɉɬɥɢ-
ɱɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɛɥɢɡ-
ɤɢɣ ɢɦ ɬɢɩ: ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɬɵɟ (ɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚ-
ɬɭɹɯ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɵ) ɮɢɝɭɪɵ, ɪɭɤɢ ɫɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɞɢ, ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɹɫɚ; ɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɪɭɤɟ ɫɟɤɢɪɚ, ɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɚɹ
ɛɨɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɧɢɡ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɯɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɣ ɤɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɤɢɪɵ.
Ɋ.Ɇ. Ȼɺɦɟɪ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ
ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɨ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 630/625–590 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɷɬɭ ɞɚɬɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠ-
ɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢ-
ɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ [ɋɚɜɢɧɨɜ 1994: 165]. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɛ-
ɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɟɪ-
ɫɢɸ ɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ «ɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ» ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢɡ-
ɜɚɹɧɢɣ [Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ 1984: 86; Ȼɟɥɨɡɨɪ 1986: 11]. Ⱦ.Ƚ. ɋɚɜɢɧɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧ-
ɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɹɯ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɤɭɧɟɜ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ [ɋɚɜɢɧɨɜ 1993]. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɢ ɨɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɢ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɩɪɚɜɵ Ɇ.ɇ. ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɚ ɢ Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɸɳɢɟ «ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ...», ɢɦɟɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɜ ɞɚɧ-
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ 45
ɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɧɢ [ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɚ, Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1992: 67]. ȼ.ɋ. Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɭɫ-
ɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɧɹɦɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ
«ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɟ», ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɬ
[Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1994: 147]; ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨ-
ɠɞɟɧɢɸ «ɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ» ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɜɟɳɟɜɵɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɥɟɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɹɫɟɧ,
ɬɨ ɨɧ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ
ɘɠɧɨɦ ɍɪɚɥɟ [Ƚɭɰɚɥɨɜ, Ȼɨɬɚɥɨɜ 1999; Ƚɭɰɚɥɨɜ, Ɍɚɢɪɨɜ 2000].
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɪɟɬɶɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨ-
ɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ (1200–700 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.), ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɢɧɶɰɡɹɧɚ, ɪɹɞ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ [Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. 1998ɚ; Kovalɺv 1998]. ɗɬɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ, ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ.
ȼ.ɋ. Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢ-
ɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ ɨ ɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ «ɫɚ-
ɦɨɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ» ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɵɬɚɜ-
ɲɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɚ-
ɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ [Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ 2001: 33, 34].
Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɨɝɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɵ-ɲɤɭɞɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ (ɤɚɤ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ) ɩɪɨ-
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɦɚɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɫɤɭɥɶɩ-
ɬɭɪɵ, ɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɹ Ȼɚɪɬɚɬɭɚ ɜ
ɉɪɟɞɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ 660-ɟ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬ-
ɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟɬ.
ɄɈɌɅɕ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1: 7–10). ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɬɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ, ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ,
ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚɯ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɥɢɬɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ
Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
«ɛɟɲɬɚɭɝɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1: 7, 8), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɦ, ɱɟɦ «ɤɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɣ». ɗɬɢ
ɤɨɬɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ «ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɟ» ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɜ Ɇɢɧɭ-
ɫɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ [ɑɥɟɧɨɜɚ 1967: 94, 95; Ⱥɪɫɥɚɧɨɜɚ, ɑɚɪɢ-
ɤɨɜ 1980: ɪɢɫ. 1: 2].
46 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
11
ɇɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɤɨɬɥɵ, ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɤ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ (ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɱɚɲɢ, ɪɚɫɬɪɭ-
ɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɧɨɠɤɟ, ɚɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɭɱɤɚɦ) – ɜ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ VIII–VI ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Érdy 1995: Table 6. 6: 3, 4, 5], ɧɨ
ɢɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɢ.
12
ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ 1983 ɝ., ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɫɚɤ ɜ
1987 ɝ., ɷɬɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ [Kossack 1983: Karte 3]. Ɉ ɬɢɩɟ ɡɟɪɤɚɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨ ɪɢ-
ɫɭɧɤɭ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɬɫɵɥɚɟɬ Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɫɚɤ, – ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɟ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɭ ɫɬ. Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɣ.
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ 47
ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ; ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɚɯ ɫɦ. [Ȼɚɪɰɟɜɚ 1981: 65]), ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɯ «ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɣ» ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫ.
ɇȺȼȿɊɒɂə. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɭɜɟ-
ɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ Ɋ.Ȼ. ɂɫɦɚɝɢɥɨɜ [1993: 8], ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɭ ɲɚɪɨ-
ɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɧɵɦ ɛɭɛɟɧɰɨɦ, ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɧɟ-
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2: 2, 3), ɜ Ʉɨɪɫɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɤɥɚɞɟ ɢɡ ɉɪɢɛɚɣɤɚɥɶɹ [Ȼɟɪɞɧɢɤɨɜɚ,
ȼɟɬɪɨɜ, Ʌɵɯɢɧ 1991: ɪɢɫ. 3], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ 1-ɝɨ ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ⱥɜɬɨ-
ɪɵ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɞɚ ɞɚɬɭ VII–VI ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɧɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɬɨ ɤɨɬɟɥ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɤɥɚɞɚ, ɫɨ ɫɫɵɥ-
ɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ȼɨɤɨɜɟɧɤɨ, ɨɧɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɥɢ ɤ VIII–VII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟ-
ɫɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɫ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɨɛɧɹɤɨɦ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɹɫɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚ-
ɜɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ [ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɚ 1991: 206]. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ Ʉɨɪɫɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɞɚ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦ ȼ.ɘ. Ɂɭɟɜɵɦ ɢ Ɋ.Ȼ. ɂɫɦɚɝɢɥɨɜɵɦ [1995], ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɬɚ ɷɬɨ-
ɝɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɚɬɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ Ⱥɪɠɚɧ, ɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɤɪɭɝ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɚɧɚ-
ɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ 1-ɝɨ ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ȿ.ȼ. ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɨɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɜɲɚɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɢ ɭɧɢ-
ɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɣ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɚ ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ (ɨɥɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɧɵɯ ɛɭɛɟɧɰɚɯ) ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟ-
ɬɨɜ [ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɨɜɚ 1980: 44]. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɯ
ɛɥɢɠɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ [ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɚ, Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1992: 69, 70] ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ contra ɢɯ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ.
ɒɅȿɆɕ «ɄɍȻȺɇɋɄɈȽɈ» ɌɂɉȺ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɜɨɞɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ
ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ, ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɜ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ, ɧɨ ɨɫɨ-
ɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ, ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ. Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɨɣ
[1985: 178–181, 183, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 42; 1991: 25]. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɞɤɭ, ɧɚɫɱɢ-
ɬɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ 16 ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɲɥɟ-
ɦɚ ɫɨ ɋɬɚɪɨɤɨɪɫɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ ʋ 2 [Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ ɂ.ɂ. 1998], ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤ ɧɟɣ
ɟɳɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɲɥɟɦ «ɤɭɛɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ
Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɟɣ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɜ-
ɬɨɪɚ ɜ 1993 ɝ. ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ «ɪɚɧɧɟɦɟɨɬɫɤɢɯ» ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 16: 2), ɜɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ [ɇɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ
1997: 71, 79, ʋ 449]. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɲɥɟɦ ɧɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɧɟ ɢɫ-
ɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ), ɯɪɚɧɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ
Ɇɭɡɟɟ ȼɨɣɫɤɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ [Mielczarek 1995: fig. 10–13]. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ,
ɲɥɟɦ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɣ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɜ ɑɢɝɢ-
ɪɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɑɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪ. Ɍɹɫɦɢɧ [ɉɨɥɬɚɜɟɰ, Ȼiɥɟɰɶɤɚ, Ʌɟɝɨ-
ɧɹɤ 2000: 147–149, ɪɢɫ. 2]. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɞɟɠ-
ɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɚɪɟɚɥ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɲɥɟɦɨɜ. ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɲɥɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ
ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ʉɢɪɝɢɡɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ
48 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
13
ɇɚ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ «ɤɭɛɚɧɫɤɢɯ» ɲɥɟ-
ɦɨɜ, ɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ.
14
Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɑɭɧɶɰɸ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ – ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɏI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɨɜ 1988: 9]. ɒɥɟɦɵ ɠɟ,
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɧɧɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɑɠɨɭ. Ɉɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɧɚ-
ɱɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɧɶɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ [ȼɚɪɟɧɨɜ 1990: ɪɢɫ. 1–3], ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɭɸɫɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɏVI–ɏI ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɭɱɟɪɚ 1977: 95]. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɠɨɭɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɤɢɮ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɲɥɟɦɨɜ ɫɦ. [ȼɚɪɟɧɨɜ 1992, 1994].
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ 49
15
ɂ.ȼ. əɰɟɧɤɨ, ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ «ɤɭɛɚɧɫɤɢɯ» ɲɥɟɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚ-
ɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɹɯ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ [əɰɟɧɤɨ ɂ.ȼ. 1997].
50 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
16
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɟɧ, ɧɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, ɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɛɨɣɤɨɦ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɥɸɜɚ ɯɢɳɧɨɣ ɩɬɢɰɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ
«ɤɥɟɜɟɰ».
17
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɉɨɞɨɛɟɞɚ ɢ Ɇ.ɇ. Ʉɥɸɱɧɟɜɚ ɭɱɬɟɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟ-
ɧɢɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, VIII–VII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɋ.Ʌ. Ⱦɭɞɚɪɟɜ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ – «ɫ ɝɨɪɵ
Ɇɚɲɭɤ ɜ ɉɹɬɢɝɨɪɫɤɟ» [Ⱦɭɞɚɪɟɜ 1998: 88].
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ 51
18
ȼ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɦɟɱɟɣ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɫ ɩɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɢɟɦ,
ɛɪɭɫɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɟɦ, ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɧɤɨɦ) – ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɦ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɯɨɬɹ, ɛɵɬɶ
ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɤ ɪɚɧɧɟɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɱɚ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 103 ɫɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɬɚɟ ɜ ɧɟɹɫɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ [ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ɇɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1982:
ɪɢɫ. 1: 14]. ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɱ ɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ VI – ɧɚɱɚɥɭ V ɜ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. [Ɇɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ 1997: ɪɢɫ. 33: 5]. ȼ ɉɪɢɨɛɶɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɚɤɢɧɚɤ ɫ «ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪ-
ɧɭɬɵɦ» ɩɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɟɦ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɦ ɛɪɭɫɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɟɦ [Ʉɭɧɝɭɪɨɜ 1999: ɪɢɫ. 1].
19
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɭ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɨɠɚ ɫ ɤɨɥɶɰɟ-
ɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɚɪɟ ɫ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɦ ɧɨɠɨɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ «ɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ», ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɚɪɚɩɚɧɵ ɢɡɨ-
ɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 21 ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɍɣɝɚɪɚɤ ɜ ɉɪɢɚɪɚɥɶɟ [ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɚɹ 1973: ɬɚɛɥ. VI].
54 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
20
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɹɞ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ – ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ
ɹɦɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɫ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨ-
ɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ, ɜ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ, ɩɨɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ
ɦɚɥɨɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ
[Ɍɟɪɟɧɨɠɤɢɧ 1971: 18 ɢ ɫɥ.; Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1991ɚ: 42, 43; 1995: 93].
56 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɝɭɧɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɬɚɦ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ
ɝɭɧɧɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ [Ɂɚɫɟɰɤɚɹ 1994], ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ; ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱ-
ɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ [Ɂɚɫɟɰɤɚɹ 1983] ɢ ɤɨɬɥɵ [Ȼɨɤɨɜɟɧɤɨ, Ɂɚɫɟɰɤɚɹ 1993]. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɦɨɝɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɹɞɧɨɫɬɶ; ɬɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɪɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɹɞɚ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ – ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢ-
ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ – ɧɚ ɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɜ-
ɧɢɧɚɯ [ɋɢɦɨɧɟɧɤɨ 1994].
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ «ɩɪɚɪɨɞɢ-
ɧɵ» ɫɤɢɮɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɜ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ ɑɚɭɯɭɝɨɭ I ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɢɧɶɰɡɹɧɚ (ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɨ 14ɋ ~990–625 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɛɪɨɧ-
ɡɨɜɵɯ ɱɟɤɚɧɨɜ, ɫɬɪɟɦɟɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɭɞɢɥ, ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɟɥ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦ
ɡɜɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ, ɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ – ɤɨɫɬɹɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɯɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɯ ɩɫɚɥɢɟɜ (ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɭ ɛɚɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ), ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɪɶɹ Ɍɹɧɶ-ɒɚɧɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ
ɪɚɣɨɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ – ɤ ɛɟɪɟɝɚɦ Ⱥɦɭɞɚɪɶɢ [Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ.
1996]. ɗɬɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢ-
ɬɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɹɞ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɦɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɬɟ-
ɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɫɢɧɶɰɡɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɞɚ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɟɳɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɨɦɧɸ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɫɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨ-
ɥɨɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɜɟɪɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɍɹɧɶ-
ɒɚɧɟɦ ɢ ɋɚɹɧɨ-Ⱥɥɬɚɟɦ [Kossack 1987].
Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɤɥɢɧɨɩɢɫɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɞɚɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ɉɟɪɟɞ-
ɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ 670-ɯ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ, ɚ ɜɨɡ-
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɥɟɞɵ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ (ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɜɲɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ). ɇɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ VIII – ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɸ
VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɜɚ-
ɰɢɢ, ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɚɥɨ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ, ɬɟɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɟ-
ɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɥɶ-
ɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ: ɭ Ʌɟɪɦɨɧɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɴɟɡɞɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ ɉɹɬɢɝɨɪɫɤɚ (ɚɤɢɧɚɤ ɫ
ɩɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɢɟɦ); ɜ ɫɬɚɧɢɰɟ Ɇɚɯɨɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɧɚ Ʉɭɛɚɧɢ (ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɢ
ɛɢɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɹ)22; ɭ ɯɭɬ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɟ (ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ
ɫɬɪɟɥ, ɭɞɢɥɚ); ɜ ɩɨɝɪ. 21 Ʉɚɦɟɧɧɨɦɨɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ (ɤɥɸɜɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɶ).
ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɲɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɢ ɬɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ,
22
ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɯɨɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɢ [ɂɟɫ-
ɫɟɧ 1953: 62]. Ⱥɪɯɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ
ɬɪɟɯ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɣ, ɭɞɢɥ ɢ ɞɟɜɹɬɢ ɩɫɚɥɢɣ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɲɤɟ ɩɨɥɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ-
ɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ (Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɂɂɆɄ ɊȺɇ, ɮ. 1, ɞ. 1895/109, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ. 90).
58 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
27
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɫɚɥɢɟɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ: ɫ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ – ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ʋ 6
ɭ ɫ. əɫɧɨɡɨɪɶɟ ɑɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ; ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ʋ 2 ɭ ɫ. Ɇɟɞɜɢɧ, Ƚɨɪɱɚɤɨɜ ɥɟɫ, ɝɪɭɩɩɚ II; ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɭ
ɯɭɬ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ [Ʉɨɜɩɚɧɟɧɤɨ, Ȼɟɫɫɨɧɨɜɚ, ɋɤɨɪɵɣ 1994: ɪɢɫ. 6: 3; Ʉɨɜɩɚɧɟɧɤɨ 1981: ɪɢɫ. 31: 4, 5; ȼɢɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɨɜ ȼ.Ȼ., Ⱦɭɞɚɪɟɜ 1983: ɪɢɫ. 1: 25]. ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ.
60 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
28
ȼ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɇȺɇ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɇ.ɇ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɸɯɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ
ɩɨ ɤɨɫɬɹɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ: 2490r50 BP (ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ
782–412 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., 2 V) ɢ 2660r50 BP (ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ 906–778 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., 2 V), ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨ VIII–V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ IX – ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ, ɬɨ
ɜɬɨɪɚɹ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɧɧɹɹ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɬɵ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 15 ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
29
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ: ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ «ɫɤɢɮɫɤɭɸ» [IV. 5–7]; ɬɭ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫ-
ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ «ɷɥɥɢɧɵ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɉɨɧɬɚ» [IV. 8–10] ɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ «ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ» [IV. 11–13],
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɩɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ
«ɜɟɪɫɢɸ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɹ» ɨɬ «ɜɟɪɫɢɢ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ».
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ 61
30
Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ, ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɤ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɜ-
ɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɢɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɟɝɢɩɬɹɧɟ, ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɜɲɢɟ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɮɪɢɝɢɣɰɚɦ [II. 2].
31
Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɋɭɫɹɟɜɚ ɫɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ ȼ.ɘ. Ɇɭɪɡɢɧɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ
ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ VII, ɪɭɛɟɠɚ VII–VI ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [Ⱦɭ-
ɛɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1989; 1996]), ɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɥɸɛɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨ ɫ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
62 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
32
ȼ.ɂ. Ⱥɛɚɟɜ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɇ.ə. Ɇɚɪɪɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɥ ɞɜɚ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦɚ ȈțȪșĮȚ ɢ ȈțȩȜȠIJȠȚ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ skuta ɜ
skul-ta, ɝɞɟ ta – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1949: 244]. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɥɨɬɵ – ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢ; ɬɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɘ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɥɨɬɵ – ɷɬɨ
ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɢ, ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ VI – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ⱥ.
2001: 127].
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ 63
33
ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɜ Tabula Albana ɩɨɛɟɞɵ Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɚ ɧɚɞ Ⱥɪɚɤɫɨɦ, ɨɬɰɨɦ ȿɯɢɞɧɵ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ
ɢɦɟɥ ɫɵɧɨɜɟɣ Ⱥɝɚɮɢɪɫɚ ɢ ɋɤɢɮɚ [ȿɥɶɧɢɰɤɢɣ 1960: 49; Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1977: 25], ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɬɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
ɫɨ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ ɢ ɪ. Ⱥɪɚɤɫɨɦ [Diod. II. 43], ɢ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɫ ɬɨɣ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɜ ɞɨɝɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɭ ɷɩɨɯɭ.
34
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɥɨɝɨɫɚ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ: ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɡ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɹ ɢ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ; ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ-
ɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ, ɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ [Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ 1993: 22, ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɱ. 25].
64 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
36
ȼ ɷɩɨɯɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɦɚɫɫɚɝɟɬɵ ɠɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɹɯ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɋɨɝɞɨɦ [Arr. Anab. IV. 16, 17].
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ 67
37
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɦɚɫɫɚɝɟɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɯ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɟɤɢɪɵ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ
ɢɡ ɦɟɞɢ, ɚ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ, ɢɡ ɡɨɥɨɬɚ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɸ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɠɟ-
ɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ [Hdt. I. 215], ɬɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɢɦ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɜ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɫɚɤɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɟɟ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ – ɋɟɦɢɪɟɱɶɹ. ɇɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɘɠɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ.
68 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
38
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɫɟɞɨɧɨɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟɟ (ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧɟ) ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɦɚɫɫɚɝɟɬɨɜ [Ⱦɨɜɚɬɭɪ, Ʉɚɥɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɒɢɲɨɜɚ 1982: ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 39; Ʉɭɤɥɢɧɚ 1985: 79, 80].
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ 69
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4
ɉɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ɧɚɫɟɥɹɜɲɢɟ, ɩɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɜ VII–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 4
VIII–VII VI–V V IV–III ɩɨɫɥɟ II
ɗɬɧɨɫɵ 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
IV ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
Ⱥɝɚɮɢɪɫɵ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ
ɋɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɵ2, 6 ɯ ? ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ
Ȼɭɞɢɧɵ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ
Ƚɟɥɨɧɵ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ
Ⱥɪɝɢɩɩɟɢ ɯ ɯ
ɋɤɢɮɵ-ɨɬɳɟɩɟɧɰɵ ɯ
Ƀɢɪɤɢ[=ɬɭɪɤɢ] ɯ ɯ
Ɍɢɫɫɚɝɟɬɵ ɯ ɯ ɯ
Ɇɚɫɫɚɝɟɬɵ2 ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ
V ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ
ɋɤɢɮɵ-ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɯ ɯ
ɋɤɢɮɵ-ɧɨɦɚɞɵ ɯ ? ɯ
Ⱥɧɞɪɨɮɚɝɢ ɯ ɯ ɯ
ɋɤɢɮɵ- ɯ ɯ ɯ
ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɶɰɵ
ɇɟɜɪɵ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ
ɋɤɢɮɵ-ɩɚɯɚɪɢ ɯ ɯ ɯ
Ƚɟɪɪɵ ɯ ɯ
Ʉɚɥɥɢɩɢɞɵ5 ɯ ? ɯ ɯ ɯ
VI ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
Ʌɢɦɧɟɢ [ɫɤɢɮɵ] ɯ
ɋɢɪɦɚɬɵ8 ɯ
ɋɚɪɦɚɬɵ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 4 ɫɦ. ɧɚ ɫɬɪ. 76.
75
76 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥ. 4:
1
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ: 1 – Ƚɨɦɟɪ, 2 – ɋɬɚɫɢɧ, 3 – Ⱥɥɤɦɚɧ, 4 – Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɣ, 5 – Ƚɟɤɚɬɟɣ, 6 – ɗɫɯɢɥ, 7 – Ⱦɚɦɚɫɬ,
8 – Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ, 9 – ȿɜɪɢɩɢɞ, 10 – Ƚɟɥɥɚɧɢɤ, 11 – ɉɫɟɜɞɨ-Ƚɢɩɩɨɤɪɚɬ, 12 – ɉɫɟɜɞɨ-ɋɤɢɥɚɤ, 13 – ɋɢɦ-
ɦɢɣ, 14 – ɉɥɚɬɨɧ, 15 – Ʉɚɥɥɢɦɚɯ, 16 – Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɶ, 17 – ɗɮɨɪ, 18 – Ⱦɢɨɞɨɪ, 19 – ɉɥɭɬɚɪɯ, 20 –
ɉɨɦɩɨɧɢɣ Ɇɟɥɚ, 21 – ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧ, 22 – Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢɣ, 23 – Ʉɥ. ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟɣ.
2
ɍ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ.
3
ɍ Ⱦɢɨɞɨɪɚ ɋɢɰɢɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵ ɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ.
4
ɍ Ⱥɥɤɦɚɧɚ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ Ʉɨɥɚɤɫɚɟɜ, ɬ.ɟ., ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, «ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ» ɤɨɧɶ.
5
ɗɬɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
6
ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɨɬɨɜ.
7
ȼɫɬɪɟɱɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɨɥɢɢɫɬɨɪɚ [St. Byz. s.v. Iamoi].
8
1) ɉɚɥɟɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɟɢ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɉɥɢɧɢɟɦ [NH. VI. 50]; 2) ɋɢɪɦɚɬɵ ɱɭɬɶ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɜ
III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ȿɜɞɨɤɫɨɦ [St. Byz. s.v. Surmatai], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɉɥɢɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ [NH. VI. 48].
39
ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɩɫɢɢ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɪɚɫ-
ɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɇɟɣɯɚɪɞɬ [1982: 214–230], ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɜ
ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɢ Ʉɨɥɯɢɞɟ; ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ [Ɋɭɫɹɟɜɚ Ⱥ.ɋ. 1993].
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 77
40
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ MV–NUTSHELL (c) Copyright 1993–1994 by Richard Wright, ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟ-
ɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
78 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
Ɍɨɱɧɚɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɡɚ-
ɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ, ɢ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɢɯ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɲɢ-
ɪɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɨɬ ɍɪɚɥɚ ɞɨ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɢ Ⱥɥɬɚɹ (ɫɪ. [Ɋɚɫɫɚɞɢɧ
1997: 48 ɢ ɫɥ; Ɇɚɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ 1998: 57, 58]). ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɬɧɨɫɨɜ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɪɢɦɚɫɩɨɜ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɢ-
ɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɞɧɨɝɥɚɡɨɫɬɶ [Hdt. III. 116. 1; IV. 27], ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɦɢɮɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. [Ⱦɨɜɚɬɭɪ, Ʉɚɥɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɒɢɲɨɜɚ 1982: ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 249].
ȼ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɢɫɫɟɞɨɧɚɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɞɪɟɜ-
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 79
ɧɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ, ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɫɚɞɧɢɤɢ ɢ
ɩɚɫɬɭɯɢ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɭɸ
ɷɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ – ɝɟɧɟɚ-
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɚ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ
ɱɟɪɟɞɟ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɫɟɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɝɟɪɨɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɷɩɨɫɟ: ɭɚɞɦɢɪɵ – ɤɚɦɛɚɞɚ – ɝɚɦɟɪɵ – ɝɭ-
ɦɢɪɵ – ɭɚɢɝɢ – ɧɚɪɬɵ – ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ [ɇɚɪɬɵ 2 1989: 6–11; ɇɚɪɬɵ 3 1991:
6–8]41. ɇɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɞɚɧ-
ɧɵɟ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢ, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ. ȼɨ-
ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɝɭɦɢɪɵ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦɨɦ
«ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ» [Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ 1992: 129; Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1958: 530; ɉɨɩɨɜ 1973; ɋɬɪɢɠɚɤ
1988: 21], ɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ)
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɧɚɪɬɨɜɫɤɨɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ Ȼɢɛɥɢɢ: Ƚɨɦɟɪ
(ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ) ɬɚɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ Ⱥɲɤɟɧɚɡ (ɫɤɢɮɵ) [Ȼɵɬ. X. 2–3]. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ,
ɚɪɢɦɚɫɩɵ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɨɞɧɨɝɥɚ-
ɡɨɫɬɶ) ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵ ɫ ɨɫɟɬɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɚɢɝɚɦɢ42 (ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɢɦɚɫɩɚɦɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɩɨ ȼɚɥɟɪɢɸ Ɏɥɚɤɤɭ [VI. 131], ɫɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫ ɭɚɢɝɚɦɢ). ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɚ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɦ,
ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ.
Ʉ ɤɨɧɰɭ VIII–VII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɤɨɝɞɚ «ɫɤɢɮɵ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɹ», ɢ ɨɧɢ ɠɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, «ɫɤɢɮɵ
Ⱦɢɨɞɨɪɚ», ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ ɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ, ɚ
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ, ɜ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɬɚɜɪɵ, ɚ ɞɥɹ
Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ – ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ ɢ ɚɥɚɡɨɧɵ. ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ – ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ-
ɧɢɣ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɜɨɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤ Ʉɨɥɚɤɫɚɸ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɢɫ-
ɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɟɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɣ ɨ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɢ
ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɜ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ. Ⱥɥɚɡɨɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɚɥɢɡɨɧɚɦ Ƚɟ-
ɪɨɞɨɬɚ [ɉɶɹɧɤɨɜ 1994].
Ʉ VII – ɧɚɱɚɥɭ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɵ, ɧɚɱɚɥɶ-
ɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ (Ɇɢɞɢɟɣ), ɨɬɤɭɞɚ
ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ (ɜɟɪɫɢɹ Ⱦɢɨɞɨɪɚ), ɢɥɢ ɫ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟɦ –
ɉɪɢɚɡɨɜɶɟɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɯ ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɸɧɨɲɢ ɢ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɤɢ
41
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɪɬɚɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ,
ɧɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɭɚɢɝɨɜ – ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɥɚɡɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɨɜ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɬɚɦ
ɟɳɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɨɫɟɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ «ɋɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɨ Ⱦɚɪɟɡɚɧɨɜɵɯ», ɢɦɟɜɲɟɦ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɭɚɢɝɢ ɢ ɝɭɦɢɪɵ ɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɥɢ ɞɚɧɶ Ɋɨɫɬɨɦ-ɯɚɧɭ, ɬɨ ɨɬɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ
ɧɟɝɨ [Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ 1992: 149–151].
42
ɂɦɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɨɜ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢɧɞɨɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚ ɜɟɬɪɚ Vayu. Ɉ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚ-
ɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɛɨɝɚ ɜ ɧɚɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ «ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧ» ɫɦ. [Ⱦɸɦɟɡɢɥɶ 1976: 149–152]. Ɍɢɩɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɚɪɢɦɚɫɩɨɜ ɢ ɜɚɣɢɝɨɜ (ɭɚɢɝɨɜ) ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɢ Ⱥ.ȿ. ɂɜɚɧɟɫɤɨ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɫɟɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɚɪɢɦɚɫɩɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ «ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ», ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ, ɝɨɪɚɯ, ɛɨɝɚɬɵɪɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɹɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ [ɂɜɚɧɟɫɤɨ
1999: 35–38].
80 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
43
ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɷɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɢɧɨɦ
ɤɥɸɱɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɋ.ȿ. Ɋɚɫɫɚɞɢɧ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɫ ɛɭɞɢɧɚɦɢ ɸɯɧɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɥɚɧɯɥɟɧɵ
ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ. ɇɨ ɜɨɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɟɰɤɢɟ
ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɢɫɫɚɝɟɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɣɢɪɤɚɦɢ [Ɋɚɫɫɚɞɢɧ 1999: 17–23].
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 81
44
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɭ ɛɥɢɡ Ȼɭɝɭɪɭɫɥɚɧɚ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɫɚɥɢɹ ɫ ɚɪɚɦɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶɸ [ɑɟɠɢɧɚ 1989]. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, «ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ ɪɟɦɧɹ», ɯɪɚ-
ɧɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɧɚɩɫɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɭɡɟɟ [ɇɨɜɢɱɢɯɢɧ 1996].
82 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
45
ɗɬɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɭɦɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɟɪɪɨɜ
(ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɟɪɬɜɵɯ), ɞɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɢ, ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦɢ-ɥɢɛɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɝɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦɢ. ɇɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɧɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 83
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ⱥɧɞɪɭɯ 1995: 25]. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɪ, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɪɭɠɟɧɤɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɟɥɨɧɨɜ, ɛɭɞɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɯɥɟɧɨɜ ɧɚ
Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ, ɜ ɧɢɡɨɜɶɹ ɘɠɧɨɝɨ Ȼɭɝɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɧɚɹ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɨ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ ȼ.ɉ. əɣɥɟɧɤɨ, – ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɇɨɪɭɠɟɧɤɨ 1989: 27]. ȼɢɞɢɦɨ,
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɟ-
ɥɚɧɯɥɟɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɩɥɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ ɉɫɟɜɞɨ-ɋɤɢɥɚɤɭ [SC. I: 85; ȼȾɂ.
1988. 2: 260–269]. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɉɫɟɜɞɨ-Ɉɪɮɟɹ (IV ɜ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ.) ɢ ɉɭɛɥɢɹ ɉɚɩɢɧɢɹ ɋɬɚɰɢɹ (I ɜ. ɧ.ɷ.), ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɢɨɧɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢ-
ɤɚɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ Ȼ.Ⱥ. ɒɪɚɦɤɨ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ
ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɥɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɧɚ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ-
ɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɫ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ [ɒɪɚɦɤɨ 1987: 160]46. ɉɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤɢɟ-
ɥɢɛɨ ɹɫɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ.
Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ, ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ IV – ɧɚɱɚɥɭ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɉɪɢɤɭɛɚɧɶɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ) ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɪɚɤɢ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɬɨɦɤɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ «ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɨɜ»),
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɫɨɛɢɰɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɟɪɢɫɚɞɚ [Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ ɂ.ɂ. 1996: 113–
118]. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ «ɫɚɪɦɚɬɨɜ» (ɢɥɢ ɫɢɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ), ɬɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶ-
ɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɚɬɨɣ ɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɡɨɜɶɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟɟ Ⱦɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢ-
ɬɚɬɶ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɇɚɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ 1971], ɯɨɬɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɫɢɪɦɚɬɚɦɢ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵ [ɋɦɢɪ-
ɧɨɜ Ʉ.Ɏ. 1984: 37–65]. Ⱦɚɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɋɤɢɮɢɸ,
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ (ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚɛɟɝɢ) ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɟ Ⱦɨɧɚ ɢ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ IV – ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ., Ɋɨɝɨɜ
1991: 59; ɋɬɨɥɛɚ 1993: 58; ɓɭɤɢɧ 1994: 83–87; Ʉɥɟɩɢɤɨɜ 1994; Ȼɪɭɹɤɨ 1995; ȼɢɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ⱥ., Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ., Ɋɨɝɨɜ 1997; ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1997].
ɗɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɢɯ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ – ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɢ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫ-
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ƚ.Ɏ. Ⱦɟɛɟɰɚ, Ɍ.ɋ. Ʉɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɪɨɜɨɣ, Ȼ.ȼ. Ɏɢɪɲɬɟɣɧ, ȼ.ɉ. Ⱥɥɟɤ-
ɫɟɟɜɚ, Ɇ.Ɇ. Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜɨɣ, ɋ.ɂ. Ʉɪɭɰ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɡɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɥɨ-
ɠɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ (ɫɜɨɞɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɦ. [Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜɚ 1987]): ɩɨ
46
ȼ.Ɏ. ɒɟɥɨɜ-Ʉɨɜɟɞɹɟɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɥɚɧɯɥɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɝɟɥɨ-
ɧɨɜ ɧɚ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ [ȼȾɂ. 1988. ʋ 2: 266, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. 79, 80]. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹ
Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɦ ɝɟɥɨɧɚɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜɲɟɟɞɚɦ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɲɟɟɞɚɦɢ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɬɪɚɞɢ-
ɰɢɟɣ, ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɣ Ɇɟɥɨɣ, ɉɥɢɧɢɟɦ ɢ Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧɨɦ, ɜ Ʉɨɥɯɢɞɟ; ɉɫɟɜɞɨ-ɋɤɢɥɚɤ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɥ ɝɟɥɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ Ʉɚɜ-
ɤɚɡɟ, ɚ ɬɟ «ɩɨɬɹɧɭɥɢ» ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɟɥɚɧɯɥɟɧɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɥɨɧɵ ɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɯɥɟɧɵ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɫ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ, ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɉɫɟɜɞɨ-ɋɤɢɥɚɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
84 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
47
Ƚɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɡɢɧɰɟɜɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɤɥɢɤ [əɛɥɨɧɫɤɢɣ 1999; 2000], ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ: «…ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɢ-
ɮɵ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ (VI–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɬɭɜɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɤɭɧɟɜɰɚɦɢ
(2-ɟ ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɦ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ ɍɡɛɟɤɢɫɬɚɧɚ – Ⱦɠɚɪɤɭ-
ɬɭɧ ɢ ɋɚɩɚɥɥɢɬɟɩɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɬɚɝɚɪɰɚɦɢ» [əɛɥɨɧɫɤɢɣ 1999: 142].
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɦɵ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ… 85
Ʉɚɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɦɢɫɢɣɰɟɜ ɦɨɝ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ Ƚɨɦɟɪ ɜ ɏIII ɩɟɫɧɟ – ɟɜɪɨ-
ɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ? Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɬɟɫɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɢɫɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɬɟɜɤɪɨɜ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɭ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚ-
ɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɨɹɧɰɟɜ [II. 118]). Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɥ ɨ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɟ ɜ ȿɜ-
ɪɨɩɭ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ [VII. 20], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɥ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɨ Ɍɪɨɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɥ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɸ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɰɟɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɮɢɧɨɜ (ɞɨ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɪɢɦɨɧɢɹɦɢ [VII. 75]). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɫɢɣɰɟɜ
ɜ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɬɧɵɣ ɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɢ
Ʉɫɟɪɤɫɟ [Hdt. III. 90]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ
ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ «ɩɭɱɨɤ», ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ «ɂɥɢɚɞɟ», ɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɨɹɧɰɟɜ ɢ ɦɢɫɢɣɰɟɜ ɜ ɤɨɧ-
ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɢɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɜ
Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ [Ƚɢɧɞɢɧ 1993: 208, ɤɚɪɬɚ-ɫɯɟɦɚ ʋ 3]).
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɝɢɩɩɟɦɨɥɝɨɜ Ƚɨɦɟɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ,
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɟɜɟɪɨɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɳɟ ɤ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧɭ,
ɫɱɢɬɚɜɲɟɦɭ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɷɦɟ ɦɢɫɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɰɟɜ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ [Strab. VII. III. 2–4]. ɉɨɥɟɦɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɫ Ⱥɩɨɥɥɨɞɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɗɪɚɬɨɫɮɟɧɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɜɲɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɨɦɟɪ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɫɨ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ (ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-
ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɦɚɞɨɜ), ɚ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɩɟɦɨɥɝɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɷɦɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ
ɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɭɦɤɨɣ [VII. III. 7], ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧ ɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɱɟ-
ɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɟ ɨɛ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɢɩɩɟɦɨɥɝɨɜ ɜ ɋɟ-
ɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬ-
ɜɨɦ: «...ɉɨɷɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥ ɫ ɦɢɫɢɣɰɚɦɢ ɝɢɩɩɟɦɨɥɝɨɜ, ɝɚɥɚɤɬɨɮɚɝɨɜ ɢ ɚɛɢɟɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ
ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɱɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɢɛɢɬɤɚɯ ɫɤɢɮɵ ɢ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɵ», «ɤɚɤ ɠɟ Ƚɨɦɟɪ ɦɨɝ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɬɨ ɝɢɩɩɟɦɨɥɝɨɜ ɢ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɨɮɚɝɨɜ?» [Strab. VII. III. 7]. ɂɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ
Ƚɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɰɚɦɢ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɦɢɫɢɣɰɵ,
ɨɧ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧ ɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɉɨɫɢɞɨɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɝɨɦɟɪɨɜ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɷɬɧɨɫɨɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɦɢɫɢɣɰɟɜ (ɦɟɫɢɣɰɟɜ), ɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɭ ɂɫɬɪɚ [Strab. I. I. 10;
VII. III. 2]. Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɰɟɜ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ɍɪɨɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ [XIII. I. 23].
ȼɫɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ Ƚɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɚɠɧɨɦ ɡɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ –
ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ɂɟɜɫɚ. ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞ-
ɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ: «Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ɂɟɜɫ ɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɥ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɡɨɪɵ
ɨɬ ɬɪɨɹɧɰɟɜ ɤ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɰɟɜ, ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫ Ɏɪɚɤɢɟɣ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɦɢɫɢɣ-
ɰɟɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ “ɞɚɥɟɤɨ”, ɧɨ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ Ɍɪɨɚɞɨɣ, ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɢ
ɩɨ ɨɛɟɢɦ ɟɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɬ Ɏɪɚɤɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ Ƚɟɥɥɟɫɩɨɧɬɨɦ, – ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ
ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɷɬɚ» [Strab. VII. III. 2].
ɂ.ȼ. Ʉɭɤɥɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɤɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ «ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ»; «…ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ
ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧɨɦ ɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɜɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ɂɟɜɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟɦɨ-
ɝɭɳɟɦɭ ɛɨɝɭ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ Ɍɪɨɟɣ, – ɨɧ ɦɨɝ ɧɚɛɥɸ-
ɞɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɫ ɛɟɡɨɛɥɚɱɧɨɝɨ Ɉɥɢɦɩɚ» [Ʉɭɤɥɢɧɚ 1985: 50]. ɇɨ
ɩɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ Ɂɟɜɫ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥ ɡɚ ɬɪɨɹɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ,
ɦɵ ɜɫɬɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɢɯɨɜ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ
88 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
50
ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɢɫɚ» ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɛɚɬɢɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɏV–ɏII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɑɟɪɧɹɤɨɜ 1989: 165–
167].
51
ɉɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɢɡ ɝɟɫɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɦɵ «Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ» ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ
1993: 19].
90 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ Ƚɟɫɢɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɭɤ; ɨɫɨ-
ɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɣ ɢɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɢɡ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɦɵ
«Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ», ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨɷɦɚ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧ Ƚɟɫɢɨɞɭ [SC. I: 319,
ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 1; əɣɥɟɧɤɨ 1990: 29] ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ
VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɥɢɬ. ɫɦ. [Ɍɨɯ-
ɬɚɫɶɟɜ 1993: 19]), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɢ
ɜ ɫɬɢɯɢ Ƚɟɫɢɨɞɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɉɚɜɫɚɧɢɣ ɜ «Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɗɥɥɚɞɵ» [II. 26. 7]. ȼɨ-
ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɞɚɬɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ Ƚɟɫɢɨɞɚ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɥɢɲɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɠɢɥ ɨɧ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [əɣɥɟɧɤɨ 1990: 32].
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨ-ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɲɟɞɲɚɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ «Ⱥɪɢɦɚɫɩɟɹ» Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɹ ɢɡ ɉɪɨɤɨɧɟɫɫɚ,
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɟɳɟ ɫ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɨ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɜ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ: «Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɝɢɩɟɪɛɨ-
ɪɟɟɜ, ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɚɪɢɦɚɫɩɨɜ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɟɞɟɣ. ɂ ɤɚɤ
ɚɪɢɦɚɫɩɚɦɢ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢɫɫɟɞɨɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢɫɫɟɞɨɧɚɦɢ – ɫɤɢɮɵ. Ʉɢɦɦɟ-
ɪɢɣɰɵ ɠɟ, ɨɛɢɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɭ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɩɨɞ ɧɚɬɢɫɤɨɦ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ»
[Hdt. IV. 13]. ɇɟɹɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ (ɭ «ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ» ), ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɨ ɢɯ
ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɚ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɢ, ɫɜɹ-
ɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɷɬɧɨɫ ɧɟ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦ, ɚ ɫ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɦ ([Ʉɭɤɥɢɧɚ 1985:
71–79; ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 1987]; ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɫɦ. [Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ 1993: 17,18, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 16]). Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɵɧɟ
ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɞɚɬɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɹ (VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.), ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɢɧ-
ɯɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦ (ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɦ. [ɓɟɝɥɨɜ 2001: 5–17]).
Ȼɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ [ɂɜɚɧ-
ɱɢɤ 1989] ɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ
[Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ 1993: 28, 29], ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɷɦɵ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢ-
ɧɵ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ V ɜ., ɩɨ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤɭ). ȼ ɷɬɢɯ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɩɨ-
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɋɭɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ Ʉɪɟɡɚ ɢ Ʉɢɪɚ ɜ
50-ɸ Ɉɥɢɦɩɢɚɞɭ (580–577 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɢɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ
ɤɨɧɴɟɤɬɭɪɭ [Ⱦɨɜɚɬɭɪ, Ʉɚɥɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɒɢɲɨɜɚ 1982: 220, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. 181], ɜ 58-ɸ
(Q<K>) Ɉɥɢɦɩɢɚɞɭ (548–545 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.). ɋɦɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɹ ɫ ɝɢɩɟɪɛɨɪɟɟɦ
Ⱥɛɚɪɢɫɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɋɭɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɤɢɮɨɦ, ɫɵɧɨɦ ɋɟɜɬɚ [ɎɊȽɎ: 10b. A8; Ⱦɨ-
ɜɚɬɭɪ, Ʉɚɥɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɒɢɲɨɜɚ 1982: 220, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. 181], ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ «Ⱥɪɢɦɚɫɩɟɢ» VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ Ⱥɛɚɪɢɫ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɉɢɧɞɚɪɭ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɢɥ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ Ʉɪɟɡɚ ɢ, ɩɨ Ʌɢɤɭɪɝɭ, ɩɪɢ-
ɛɵɥ ɜ Ⱥɮɢɧɵ ɜ 53-ɸ Ɉɥɢɦɩɢɚɞɭ – 568–565 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɎɊȽɎ: 10b. A1, 4]. Ɉɫɨ-
ɛɟɧɧɨ ɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɨɤɫɢɪɢɧɯɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɩɢɪɭɫɨɜ ɢɦɹ
Ⱥɛɚɪɢɫɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦɨɦ ɢɫɫɟɞɨɧɨɜ [ɎɊȽɎ: 10b. B2], ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɹɤɨɛɵ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɣ. ɇɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɦɨɜ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɋɭɞɵ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɹɯ, ɫɵ-
ɧɨɜɶɹɯ Ⱦɟɦɨɯɚɪɢɞɚ ɢ Ʉɚɢɫɬɪɨɛɢɹ [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 1989: 42; ɓɟɝɥɨɜ 2001: 6, 7]. Ɉɡɧɚ-
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɦɵ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ… 91
52
ȼ.ɉ. əɣɥɟɧɤɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɜ VIII–VII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ʉɟɪɱɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɥɢɜ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɫɹ Ȼɨɪɢɫ-
ɮɟɧɨɦ, ɚ ɫ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɨɦ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ȿɜɦɟɥɚ ɨɧ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɹ
ɦɭɡɵ «ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ Ȼɨɪɢɫɮɟɧɚ – Ⱦɧɟɩɪɚ, ɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ Ȼɨɪɢɫɮɟɧɚ – Ƚɟɥɥɟɫɩɨɧɬɚ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟɦ Ȼɨɪɢɫɮɟɧɚ – Ⱦɧɟɩɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ȿɜɫɟ-
ɜɢɹ...» [əɣɥɟɧɤɨ 1991: 297, 298, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 1].
92 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
53
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ, Ⱦɢɨɞɨɪ ɧɚɡɵɜɚ-
ɟɬ ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫɚ [II. 43. 6–7]. ɋɟɜɟɪɨɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨ-ɩɪɢɚɡɨɜɫɤɚɹ
ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫ Ⱦɢɨɞɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Ⱦɨɧɨɦ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɢɞɟ-
ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɚɪɝɨɧɚɜɬɨɜ ɭ Ⱦɢɨɞɨɪɚ [IV. 56. 3].
54
ɍ ɂ.ȼ. Ʉɭɤɥɢɧɨɣ ɷɬɚ ɞɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢɧɚɱɟ – ɜ 30 ɝ. ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɋɢɦɚ [Ʉɭɤɥɢɧɚ 1985: 52],
ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɤɨɣ, ɩɟɪɟɲɟɞɲɟɣ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ [Ⱦɭɞɚɪɟɜ 1991:
25].
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɦɵ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ… 93
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɷɬɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ
ɚɦɚɡɨɧɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ, ɚ ɫɤɢɮɵ [Diod. IV. 28; SC. I: 462, 463].
ȼ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ ɩɨɫɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ, «ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɷɥɥɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɋɢɧɨɩɚ» [Hdt. IV. 32]55. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
VIII–VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɚɦɢ, ɩɨ
ɉɫɟɜɞɨ-ɋɤɢɦɧɭ, ɛɵɥ ɭɛɢɬ ɦɢɥɟɬɟɰ ɏɚɛɪɨɧ(ɞɚ), ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɋɢɧɨɩɵ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɋɢɧɨɩɨɣ I). ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɞɚɬɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ – ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ
ɞɢɫɤɭɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ [Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɚ 1956: 37–52; Hind 1988; Ivantchik 1998;
ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 2001]. ȼɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɋɢɧɨɩɚ I ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɢɡ-
ɜɟɫɬɧɚ [Huxley 1990: 199]. ɇɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɬ-
ɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ – ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟ-
ɬɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɚɬɵ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɭɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ
ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɢɧɨɩɵ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɧɚɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɹɹ. ɂɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɉɫɟɜɞɨ-ɋɤɢɦɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɋɢɧɨɩɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɹɥɢ ɫɢɪɢɣɰɵ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪ-
ɧɵɟ ɮɟɫɫɚɥɢɣɰɵ, ɟɳɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ – ɏɚɛɪɨɧ(ɞɚ), ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɦɢɥɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɧɢɤɢ
Ʉɨɣ ɢ Ʉɪɟɬɢɧ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ. ɇɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ
Ɇɢɥɟɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤɭ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɋɢɧɨɩɵ [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 2001: 139–151]. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɉɫɟɜɞɨ-ɋɤɢɦɧɚ ɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɢ ɋɢɧɨɩɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɜɚ ɢ
ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹɦɢ [ɉɚɪɤɟɪ 1998: 98].
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɧɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɜɟɪɫɢɹɯ «ɏɪɨɧɢɤɢ» ȿɜɫɟɜɢɹ, ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦ ɞɚɬɚɦ [Huxley 1990: 199]. Ⱦɚɬɚ ɠɟ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ȿɜɫɟɜɢɟɦ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɋɢɧɨɩɵ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɋɢɧɨɩɵ II),
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ [Hind 1988;
Huxley 1990], – 632/631 ɢɥɢ 631/630 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨ-
ɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɋɢɧɨɩɵ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɂɧɞɠɟɛɭɪɭɧ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɚɪ-
ɦɢɹ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɥɚ Ⱥɡɢɸ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɩɨɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ȿɜɫɟɜɢɹ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɪɟɱɶ ɩɨɣɞɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ terminus
ante quem ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɫɫɚɠ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ, ɤɚ-
ɫɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɸ ɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɋɚɪɞ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɞɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɟ
Ⱥɪɞɢɫɟ [I. 15]. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɥɢɞɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɢɞɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɣ. ɍ ȿɜɫɟɜɢɹ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɟ Ⱥɪɞɢɫɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ 663 ɢ 626 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ,
55
ɍ ɘɫɬɢɧɚ ɜ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɨɤ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɨ-
ɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɸ, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɸɧɨɲɚɯ ɢɡ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ – ɉɥɢɧɟ ɢ ɋɤɨɥɨɩɢɬɟ, ɭɜɥɟɤɲɢɯ
ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɩɚɞɨɤɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ. Ɉɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɤɢ [SC. II: 51–59].
94 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
56
ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɢɧɨɩɵ, ɂɫɬɪɢɢ, «ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ» ɘɠɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɧɬɚ ɫɦ.
[Ivantchik 1998].
57
ȼɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɟɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫɦ. [Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɚ, Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1997: 75
ɢ ɫɥ.]. Ɇ.ɇ. ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ Ƚɚɦɢɪ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ Ɂɚɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɹ, ɤ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɨɬ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɍɪɚɪɬɭ [ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɚ 1998: 75; 1998ɚ: 28].
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɦɵ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ… 95
58
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ Ɏɪɢɝɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɪɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣ-
ɰɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ
ɦɚɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵ [Young 1964]. ɇɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɫɧɵ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɨɤ.
Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ [Ʉohler 1964].
96 Глава первая. Хронография древнейшей истории скифов
Бит-Хамбану, Персиде [Starr 1990: № 24, 35–40]. А. Старр поддержал версию о со-
вместных действиях в это время скифов и киммерийцев, в то же время отметив и
их независимость друг от друга.
В данной связи важно наблюдение об отсутствии скифов, в отличие от кимме-
рийцев, в коалиции Каштарити во время мидийского восстания между 674 и
672 гг. [Starr 1990: LXII, 43–45, 48–51, 65]. Киммерийцы упоминаются среди мно-
гочисленных народов и по поводу вероятного восстания против Асархаддона в
запросах 671–670 гг. [Starr 1990: № 139, 140]. В одном из запросов, предположи-
тельно относящемся к эпохе Ашшурбанипала (но возможно, еще ко времени Асар-
хаддона [АВИИУ: № 68б]), в неясном контексте фигурируют киммерийцы и ман-
нейский царь Ахсери [Starr 1990: № 269; Иванчик 1996: Свод № 41].
При Ашшурбанипале, в начале его правления, уже упоминается отдаленный
район действий киммерийцев –на западе Малой Азии против Гигеса Лидийского.
Причем, если он не был ранее известен ассирийским царям, то киммерийцы были
хорошо знакомы Ашшурбанипалу. В начале 660-х гг. Гигес добивался поддержки
Ашшурбанипала в борьбе против киммерийского давления на Лидию [Cogan,
Tadmor 1977: 84; Spalinger 1978: 405]. В это же время, около 667 г. до н.э., кимме-
рийцы фиксируются и в Манне [Тохтасьев 1993а: 93]. Но уже через несколько лет,
когда опасность для Лидии уменьшилась, а киммерийцы были отброшены (между
665 и 660 гг. до н.э. [Иванчик 1989: 9]), Гигес предпочел союзу с Ассирией союз с
египетским фараоном Псамметихом I (662–658 гг. – [Spalinger 1978]; середина
660-х гг. – [Cogan, Tadmor 1977]). К 657 г. до н.э. обычно относят письмо с астро-
логическим содержанием от Акулану к царю Ашшурбанипалу, где упоминаются
могущественные киммерийцы [Иванчик 1989: 9; 1996: 284–286; Starr 1990:
ХХХ1V]. Письмо датируется благодаря упоминанию в нем солнечного затмения в
месяце нисане (15 апреля 657 г. до н.э.)59.
Вторая волна киммерийской атаки на Лидию привела к гибели самого Гигеса и
взятию Сард в 644 г. до н.э. В течение нескольких лет кочевники занимались по-
литическим урегулированием в Малой Азии, причем Ардис, сын Гигеса, вновь
призывает Ассирию на помощь, а киммерийцам удается получить поддержку Та-
бала. Передвижения киммерийцев в Малой Азии происходят стремительно и в
разных направлениях, как сообщает Страбон: «Лигдамис тем не менее дошел во
главе своих воинов до Лидии и Ионии и взял Сарды, но погиб в Киликии» [I. 3.
21]. Античные источники в связи с этим рисуют весьма впечатляющую картину:
киммерийцы упоминаются в Эолиде, Ионии, Пафлагонии, Лидии, Фригии, Кили-
кии. Город Антандр (Киммериду) киммерийцы населяли якобы 100 лет (Стефан
Византийский), нападали на Эфес (в котором то ли сожгли, по Гесихию, то ли нет,
по Каллимаху, храм Артемиды) и, возможно, на Магнесию на Меандре (Архилох).
Вообще, для ионийцев вторжение киммерийцев и впоследствии представлялось
чрезвычайно значительным событием и даже стало определенной хронологиче-
ской вехой в собственной истории [Паркер 1998: 96].
Не исключено, что следует иметь в виду другое затмение – 6 апреля 648 г. до н.э. (схему затме-
59
ния см. [Mucke, Meeus 1983: 693]), хотя эта дата требует астрологического подтверждения.
Cɤɢɮɵ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ 97
64
ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ. Ʌ.Ʉ. Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɜɲɚɹ ɩɨ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚɦ Ȼ.Ȼ. ɉɢɨɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɵɯ (ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ 23) Ʉɚɪɦɢɪ-Ȼɥɭɪɚ ɜ 1958 ɝ., ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɜɭɯɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ «ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ
ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ... ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ» [Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1995: 49, ɪɢɫ. 2: 10–20].
65
ɂɲɩɚɤɚɣ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɛɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 675/4 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ – ɦɟɠɞɭ 680/79 ɢ
677/76 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 1996: 82], ɤɨɝɞɚ ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣɰɵ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɸɡɧɵɦ ɦɚɧ-
ɧɟɣɫɤɨ-ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ [Ⱦɶɹɤɨɧɨɜ 1956: 272]. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ.
102 Глава первая. Хронография древнейшей истории скифов
66
Концентрация скифских памятников в Закавказье в основном приходится на западные и цен-
тральные районы [Погребова 1984: карта 1 на с. 35, карта 2 на с. 43]. М.Н. Погребова отрицает воз-
можность существования «скифского царства» в Юго-Восточном Закавказье, где его размещает
большинство исследователей (см. [Погребова 1984: 15 и сл.]).
67
При калибровке указанных дат (Seattle/Groningen Method, Stuiver et al. 1993, version Jan. 1995)
получены следующие интервалы: первая дата – (1 σ) 802–762 BC, 670–668 BC, 628–596 BC, 576–558
BC; (2 σ) 806–758 BC, 686–540 BC.; вторая дата – (1 σ) 802–760 BC, 676–662 BC, 632–590 BC, 584–
554 BC; (2 σ) 802–756 BC, 732–528 BC. Очевидно, что только предварительно полученное представле-
ние о возможной дате позволяет в данном случае предпочесть тот или иной интервал. Так, если опе-
реться на установленную общую археологическую дату, это мог бы быть небольшой отрезок времени
между 676 и 662 гг. до н.э. (1 σ) Но, разумеется, нет оснований исключать и другие вероятные, как
более ранние, так и более поздние, интервалы календарного времени.
68
Известны попытки идентифицировать предполагаемое захоронение в Зивие. По Т. Сули-
мирскому, здесь около 645 г. до н.э. был погребен Бартатуа. Р.М. Гиршман связывает «клад» с более
поздним временем, с эпохой Мадия [Sulimirski 1978: 21, 27; Ghirshman 1979: 36].
Cɤɢɮɵ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ 103
69
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ «ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ»
ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɫɤɢɮɨ-
ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɟɜɬɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɲɲɭɪɛɚɧɢɩɚɥɚ (669–
639/627 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.), ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ Ⱥɫɚɪɯɚɞɞɨɧɚ (681–669 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.). Ɍɚɤ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɳɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɭɞɪɟɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɬɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 650–
620-ɯ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɛɵɥɚ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɚ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɟɦ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ 1993 ɝ. [Ʉɢɫɟɥɶ 1993: 125, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 122].
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɨ 670–640-ɯ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɢɫɟɥɶ 1998: 13]. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɫɨɪɨɤɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɟɜɬɢɤɢ,
ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɢɫɟɥɶ 1998: 7–14].
Cɤɢɮɵ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ 105
70
ȼ.Ƚ. ɉɟɬɪɟɧɤɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɵɡɥɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ [ɉɟɬɪɟɧɤɨ 1983: 44]. ɇɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɯ ɭɞɢɥ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɭɡɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ
ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɧɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɥɨɲɚɞɟɣ.
71
Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ 1989 ɢ 1990 ɝɝ. ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ Ƚɢɚɝɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɂȺ ɊȺɇ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶ-
ɧɢɤ Ɍ.Ɇ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ) ɢ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ).
106 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
ɭɠ ɛɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 10: 19), ɚ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɟɬ ɤ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɭ; ɨɛɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɒɭɥɶɰɚ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ʋ 3 (ʋ 24 ɩɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ)72.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ-ɲɤɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬ-
ɪɨɜɟ Ɇɚɥɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɞɥɹ 70-ɯ ɝɝ. VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɟ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ
ɬɚɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ Ʉɚɩɩɚɞɨɤɢɢ, Ɏɪɢɝɢɢ ɢ Ɍɚ-
ɛɚɥɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɵ ɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-
ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɨɬ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɬɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜ ɪɭɤɢ ɤɨ-
ɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬ-
ɫɹ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɤ ɫɤɢɮɚɦ (ɟɫɥɢ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ
ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɢɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɛɟɞɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ) ɷɬɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɟɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɟɳɟ
ɨɞɢɧ ɩɭɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪ-
ɝɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɵɩɟɣ – ɩɥɚɧɢɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ
(ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ) ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɧɟ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ – ʋ 27, ɧɨ ɨɧ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɦ ʋ 1/ȼ). ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɒɭɥɶɰ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɚɥɢ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɞɜɚ ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɒɭɥɶɰɟɦ
(ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɣ 1-ɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɥɟɧɧɨɦ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ 1990 ɝ. ɦɵ ɫ Ʌ.Ʉ. Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɢɡ-
ɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɤɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɲɥɟɦ «ɤɭɛɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ»
ɬɢɩɚ, ɞɜɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɱɚ, ɫɟɤɢɪɚ, ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɚɹ ɩɚɧɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɦɨɝɥɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɩ-
ɩɟ «ɦɟɨɬɫɤɢɯ», ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚɦ (ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɣ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɶ, ɧɚ-
ɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ, ɜɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ). ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɸ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ
ɥɢɲɧɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ «ɦɟɨɬɫɤɢɯ» ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ, ɢɫ-
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɜ 1993 ɢ 1994 ɝɝ., ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɲɥɟɦ «ɤɭɛɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ, ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ
ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 13–20).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ, ɒɭɥɶɰ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɪɚɫɤɨɩɚɥ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ
(ʋ 5/ɒ ɢ 6/ɒ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɩɨɡɞ-
ɧɟɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɨɞ ʋ 8, 9, 10, ɪɚɫɤɨɩɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɬɵ ɢɦ, ɧɨ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɵ ɭɠɟ ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɢɦ (ʋ 8/ɒ=ȼ/1, ʋ ɒ/9=ȼ/3). ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɤɪɚɣ-
ɧɸɸ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɒɭɥɶɰɚ, ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɚɬɪɭɞ-
ɧɟɧɨ. ɋ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɞɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 2/ɒ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɦ ʋ 23 (ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶ-
ɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɥɨɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɠɟɧɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɵ), ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 3/ɒ – ɫ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɦ
72
Ʌ.ɋ. Ɇɚɪɫɚɞɨɥɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥ ɦɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɮɚɥɚɪɚɯ ɢɡ
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 1/ȼ ɫ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɢɡ ɮɪɢɝɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɭɦɭɥɭɫɚ G, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ a730 ɝ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. [Kohler 1995: fig. 17C]. ɗɬɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɚɹ ɢɡ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɣ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2: 4, 5). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɜɫɟ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ɇɚɥɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ, ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ.
Cɤɢɮɵ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ 107
73
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɜ 1988 ɝ. ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ
(ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɤɚɦɢ ɒɭɥɶɰɚ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɧɢ ɥɟɠɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɝɢɥɚɯ, ɪɹɞɚ-
ɦɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ [Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1997: ɪɢɫ. 14]. ɋɥɟɞɨɜ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɹɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ, ɧɨ ɛɵɥɢ
ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɩɚɧɰɢɪɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ, ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɭɡɞɵ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɨɛɥɨɦɨɤ ɹɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɨɬ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-
ɬɨ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ. ɒɭɥɶɰ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɫ-
ɬɹɤɚ (ɛɵɥ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɟɪɟɩ), ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ, ɛɪɨɧ-
ɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ – ɡɨɥɨɬɭɸ «ɨɛɢɜɤɭ ɝɨɪɢɬɚ» ɢ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɟ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɟ
ɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ. ȿɫɬɶ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ, – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨ-
ɝɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɹɦɵ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 29, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɒɭɥɶɰ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ «ɛɨɥɶ-
ɲɢɦ».
108 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
77
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ.Ɋ. Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜɚ, ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚ-
ɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɤɢɮɚɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɫɤɢɮɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ
ɩɨɤɢɧɭɬɶ ɪɚɣɨɧ Ɇɚɧɧɵ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɚɦɢ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɢ. ɋ.Ɋ. Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɨ ɫɤɢɮɚɯ ɜ 660–630 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɢɮɵ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɥɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɤ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɢ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɟ
ɤɥɢɧɨɩɢɫɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɨ ɫɤɢɮɚɯ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ Ⱥɲɲɭɪɛɚɧɢɩɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɤɭɞɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ [Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ 1993ɚ: 93–95].
Cɤɢɮɵ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ 111
Ⱦɨɧɰɚ [Ȼɚɧɞɭɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ȼɭɣɧɨɜ, Ⱦɟɝɬɹɪɶ 1998: ɪɢɫ. 4:1]. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɱɢɬɚ-
ɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɢɬɨɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɜ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɪɢɬɨɧ ɢɡ
Ɇɚɪɚɲɚ [Svoboda 1956: Taf. VIa; Ɇɨɲɤɨɜɚ 1981: ɪɢɫ. 5; ɪɢɫ. 10: 18]). ȼ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɟ ɛɥɸɞɨ ɫ ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɢɦ
ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ IX–VIII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɪ. ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɳɢɬɚɯ [Hrouda 1965:
Taf. 23: 27, 28; ɪɢɫ. 10: 11, 12]) ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɯ, ɬɪɟɯɥɨɩɚ-
ɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɟɯɝɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɥ «ɤɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɧɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ.
ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɝɢ Ʌɸɛɨɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧ-
ɧɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ – ɛɭɥɚɜɚ ɥɭɪɢɫɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ (ɢɥɢ ɢɪɚɧ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ Ɉ.ɍ. Ɇɚɫɤɚɪɟɥɥɵ) ɬɢɩɚ (ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢ ɟɟ
ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ) VIII–VII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 10: 9, 10), ɱɬɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɨ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɚɪɬɚɬɭɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ʌɭɪɢɫɬɚɧɚ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ
ɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɤ ɧɟɣ (ɫɪ. [Ȼɚɧɞɭɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ȼɭɣɧɨɜ, Ⱦɟɝɬɹɪɶ 1998:
ɪɢɫ. 3: 3; Vanden Berghe 1982: Afb. 49, kat. 190, 191etc.; ȼɚɧɞɟɧ-Ȼɟɪɝɟ 1992: ɤɚɬ.
ʋ 189–191]). ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɹ ɛɭɥɚɜ, ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɩɨ ɦɧɨ-
ɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɥɸɛɨɬɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɭ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɂɪɚɧɟ (ɏɚɫɚɧɥɭ IV)
[Muscarella 1988, ʋ 70]. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɛɟɥɢ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢ ɭɪɚɪɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦɢ [ɉɢɨɬɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1962: ɪɢɫ. 11, 12])79 ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɜ Ɇɟɥɶɝɭɧɨɜ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ [ɉɪɢɞɢɤ 1911: ɬɚɛɥ. 1; Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ 1958: ɪɢɫ. 1: 4–7, 3].
Ɉɛɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, Ɇɟɥɶɝɭɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɭ ɫ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɤɚ, ɜɧɟ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɥɠ-
ɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ Ʉɪɢ-
ɜɨɪɨɠɫɤɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ «ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ» ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɚ ɪ. Ʉɚɥɢɬɜɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɷɤɫ-
ɤɭɪɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɤɥɢɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɬɟɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜ-
ɧɨɫɬɟɣ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɹɤɨ [1981: 67, 68; 1990: 4
ɢ ɫɥ.; 2001: 62, 63] ɢ Ɍ.Ɇ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɨɣ [1998].
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ Ʉɪɢɜɨɪɨɠɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ: ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɧɚɫɵɩɢ – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɨɤ. 35 ɫɦ,
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɤ. 3,25 ɦ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚ-
ɪɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɪɟɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɨɝɨ (ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɦ
ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 23 (2/ɒ), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɵɩɶɸ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɠɠɟɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ, ɪɟɞɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɦɢ; ɩɨ ɒɭɥɶɰɭ, ɬɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɡɨɥɨɬɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢ ɜ 1986 ɝ. – ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɣ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ ɫɬɪɟɥɵ). Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɨɫɨ-
79
ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɪɚɪɬɫɤɭɸ ɫɤɚɦɟɟɱɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɝ, ɩɪɢɥɚ-
ɝɚɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɤ ɬɪɨɧɭ; ɤɪɢɜɨɪɨɠɫɤɭɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɭ ɛɵɱɤɚ ɨɧ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫ ɤ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦ ɜɚɜɢɥɨɧɫɤɢɯ
ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ [Ʉɢɫɟɥɶ 1998: 10, 11].
Cɤɢɮɵ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ 113
80
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɥɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ȼ.ɉ. Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɞɧɸɸ ɞɚɬɭ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ [Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ 1994].
114 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
ɇɚɞɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ɉ.Ɋ. Ⱦɭɛɨɜɫɤɚɹ [1997] ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɧɚ-
ɛɨɪ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ, ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ
Ɉ.Ɋ. Ⱦɭɛɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɥɤɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɲɥɵɦ ɞɥɹ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ
ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵ. Ⱦɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɜɨɣ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ,
ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɧɵɯ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɟɜɟɪɨɤɚɜ-
ɤɚɡɫɤɢɟ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ȼɥɢɡɤɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɤɢɮɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɥɟ-
ɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ (ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɢɪɚɧɫɤɨ-
ɝɨ) ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ82. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ – ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɞɧɟɫɬɪɨ-
ɜɶɹ – ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɞɪɟɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ VII – ɧɚ-
ɱɚɥɚ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɞɚɬɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ – ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭ ɫ. Ʌɟɧɤɨɜɰɵ,
Ʉɪɭɝɥɢɤ, Ⱦɨɥɢɧɹɧɵ, ɉɟɪɟɛɵɤɨɜɰɵ [ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜɚ 1990: 28–31; 1993]. ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠ-
ɧɭɸ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɷɬɚɩ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɸɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɉɪɢɤɭɛɚɧɶɹ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ [ɋɤɨɪɢɣ 1987: 42 ɢ
ɫɥ.]83. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɫɤɢɮɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ
Ʌɟɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɚ (ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ – ɜ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ ȼɨɪɫɤɥɵ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɋɭɥɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɜɨ-
ɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ [Ɇɨɪɭɠɟɧɤɨ 1989: 17; Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜ 1989]). Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ
ɤɨɱɟɜɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ȿɜɪɨ-
ɩɵ [ɏɨɯɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1991].
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɧ-
ɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɟ-
ɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɧɨɦɚɞɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟ-
ɩɢ (40–30-ɟ ɝɝ. VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.), ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ [ȼɚɯɬɢɧɚ 1984]84. Ʉɚɤ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ (Ȼɨɪɢɫɮɟɧ) ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ (ɩɨ-
ɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ) Ȼɟɪɟɡɚɧɶ ɜ 647/6 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1989:
33; ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ., Ⱦɨɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ, Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ. 1990]. ɗɬɚ ɞɚɬɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ
«ɏɪɨɧɢɤɢ» ȿɜɫɟɜɢɹ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ-ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɞɚɬɚɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
82
ɉɨ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɤɨɪɨɦɭ ɢ ɋ.ɋ. Ȼɟɫɫɨɧɨɜɨɣ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɧɨɦɚɞɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ VII–VI ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɋɤɨɪɵɣ, Ȼɟɫɫɨɧɨɜɚ 1987].
83
ɋɫɵɥɤɚ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɤɨɪɨɝɨ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɲɚɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɶɟ, ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɜ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɟ [ɋɤɨɪɢɣ 1987: 42] ɧɟ ɜɟɪɧɚ.
ȼ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ.
84
Ɋɚɧɧɢɟ ɞɚɬɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ «ɞɨ-
ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ» ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɥɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ [Ɋɭɫɹɟɜɚ Ⱥ.ɋ. 1999:
87]. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ [Tsetskhladze 1998: 10–13].
118 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
Ʌɢɞɢɹ
85
ȼɫɟ ɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɛɟɪɟɡɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɟɬ-
ɜɟɪɬɢ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ 1989: 7], ɯɨɬɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ VII ɜ. ɧɚ Ȼɟɪɟɡɚɧɢ
ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵ. ɇɨ ɷɬɚ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ.,
Ⱦɨɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ, Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ. 1990: 82–83].
Cɤɢɮɵ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ 119
Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ ɟɳɟ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɢɞɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ, ɩɨ ɂ.Ɇ. Ⱦɶɹɤɨɧɨɜɭ [1956: 20]:
ɐɚɪɢ ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ
Ⱦɟɣɨɤ 727–675 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɢɥɢ 767–716, 699–647 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɞɧɨ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɧɚɦ
ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ)
Ɏɪɚɨɪɬ 674–653 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. 646–625 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ɇɚɞɢɣ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɵ 652–625 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪ 624–585 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. 624–585 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
(ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ 28 ɥɟɬ Ɇɚɞɢɹ)
Ⱥɫɬɢɚɝ 584–549 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. 584–549 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
88
ɗɬɭ ɨɫɚɞɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ 614 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɇɚɡɟɬɬɢ 1979: 22]. ɇɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɜ
ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɦɢɞɹɧɟ ɜɡɹɥɢ Ⱥɲɲɭɪ [Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1994: 27]. Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪ ɫɨɛɪɚɥ «ɜɫɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɜɥɚ-
ɫɬɟɧ» – ɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ (ɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ) ɜ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɡɹɬɢɢ ɇɢɧɟɜɢɢ [Ⱦɚɧɞɚɦɚɟɜ, Ʌɭɤɨɧɢɧ 1980: 80], ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɚɦ Ƚɟɪɨ-
ɞɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢɧɚɱɟ. ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɢɯ «ɭɦɦɚɧ-ɦɚɧɞɚ» ɜ ɜɚɜɢɥɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɟ ɇɚɛɨɩɚɥɚ-
ɫɚɪɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ (ɥɢɬ. ɫɦ. [Ⱦɚɧɞɚɦɚɟɜ, Ʌɭɤɨɧɢɧ
1980: 80]; «ɭɦɦɚɧ-ɦɚɧɞɚ» – ɷɬɨ ɦɢɞɢɣɰɵ, ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣ-
ɰɟɜ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɦɢɞɢɣɰɵ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ Ɇɚɞɚɣ. ɋ. Ɂɚɜɚɞɫɤɢɣ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɚ-
ɥɢɰɢɢ (ȼɚɜɢɥɨɧ, Ɇɢɞɢɹ, ɫɤɢɮɵ) ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ, ɚ ɩɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ «ɭɦɦɚɧ-ɦɚɧɞɚ» ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟ ɫɤɢɮɵ, ɚ ɦɢɞɢɣɰɵ [Zavadzki 1988: 64–98]. Ʉ. Ɇɚɡɟɬɬɢ [1979] ɫɱɢɬɚɥ «ɭɦɦɚɧ-ɦɚɧɞɚ» ɷɥɚɦɢɬɚɦɢ ɢ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɥɱɚɬ ɨɛ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ, ɡɧɚɜɲɢɣ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɇɢɧɟɜɢɢ, ɧɟ ɨɛɦɨɥɜɢɥɫɹ ɧɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɨ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɫɤɢɮɨɜ.
Cɤɢɮɵ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ 123
89
Ʉ. Ɇɚɡɟɬɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ 614 ɢ 612 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɫɤɢɮɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ-
ɛɟɝ ɧɚ Ɇɢɞɢɸ [Ɇɚɡɟɬɬɢ 1979: 22], ɚ Ɇɚɞɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɵɥ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɢ.
90
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɉɫɚɦɦɟɬɢɯɚ, ɹɜɥɹɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ
ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɤɭɩɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɟɝɨɜ
ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ȿɝɢɩɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬɫɹ [Ⱦɚɧɞɚɦɚɟɜ 1999: 198].
91
ɉɨ Ʉ. Ɇɚɡɟɬɬɢ, Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɹ 28 ɥɟɬ, ɩɭɬɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ Ɇɢɞɢɢ ɫ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢ-
ɟɦ ɦɢɞɢɣɫɤɨ-ɥɢɞɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɜ 585 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɗɬɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɫɯɨɞɧɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɝɞɟ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɩɭɬɚɟɬ
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ. ɉɨ ɋ. Ɂɚɜɚɞɫɤɨɦɭ, ɫɤɢɮɫɤɚɹ
ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɹ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ Ɇɢɞɢɸ, ɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ Ɇɢɞɢɢ. ɋɤɢɮɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ȼɟɪɯɧɟɣ
Ⱥɡɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 28 ɥɟɬ (ɨɬɤɭɞɚ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɜɡɹɥ ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɹɫɧɵɦ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ – ɦɟɠɞɭ 630 ɢ 620 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Zavadzki 1988: 88–89].
92
ɗɬɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɦ ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɟ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɤ ɮɢɧɚɥɭ
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɞɢɣɫɤɨ-ɥɢɞɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣ-
ɧɵ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ Ⱥɫɬɢɚɝɚ.
ɗ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɞɢɣɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɢɞɢɣɰɚɦɢ
ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪɚ, ɟɳɟ ɞɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɇɢɧɟɜɢɢ [Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1998: 172], ɯɨɬɹ, ɧɚ
ɦɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ.
124 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɲɚɝ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ, ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɬɵ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɵ.
Ɏɢɧɚɥ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɫ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ ɧɨɦɚɞɵ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. Ɋɚɡɝɪɨɦ Ɇɢɞɢɢ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɫɬɢɚɝɚ ɩɟɪ-
ɫɢɞɫɤɢɦ ɰɚɪɟɦ Ʉɢɪɨɦ II ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɜ 550/549 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ([Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1998: 171];
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɫɦ. ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɢɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ). Ⱦɚɬɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ ɩɟɪɫɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ
ɥɟɬ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ.
ɂɡ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ Ⱥɫɬɢɚɝ, ɫɵɧ Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪɚ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥ 35 ɥɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɨɦ-
ɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ȿɜɫɟɜɢɸ, Ⱥɫɬɢɚɝ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 38 ɥɟɬ), ɝɨɞ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ʉɢɚɤ-
ɫɚɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ 588 ɢ 585 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɚɬɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ), ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ-
ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɢɪ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɭ [I. 107,108], ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɞɟɞɚ Ⱥɫɬɢɚɝɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ 585 (ɢɥɢ 588) ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɗɬɚ ɞɚɬɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɜɟɪɫɢɟɣ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ Ʉɢɪ ɩɨɝɢɛ (ɩɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ
Cɤɢɮɵ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ 125
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7
ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɦɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ VII – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ȼɪɟɦɹ
Ⱦɚɬɚ,
Ɏɚɡɚ
ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ
Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɹ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɹ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɹ
96
ɇɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɡɚɬɦɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɨɬɧɨ-
ɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ (ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ). ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ
ɡɚɬɦɟɧɢɟ, ɫɬɚɜɲɟɟ ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɣɧɵɦ, 1 ɦɚɹ 1185 ɝ., ɜ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ «ɋɥɨɜɟ ɨ ɩɨɥɤɭ
ɂɝɨɪɟɜɟ». ȿɝɨ ɮɚɡɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,6 [Mucke,
Meeus 1983: 817].
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨ-ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ 129
ȺɊɏȿɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ȺɋɉȿɄɌ
ɄɂɆɆȿɊɂɃɋɄɈ-ɋɄɂɎɋɄɈɃ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ
98
ɉɨ Ɉ.Ɋ. Ⱦɭɛɨɜɫɤɨɣ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɬɪɟɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, «ɛɟɥɨɡɟɪɫɤɨ-ɩɨɡɞɧɟɫɪɭɛɧɚɹ» ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
(47%), ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ [Ⱦɭɛɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1993: 145]. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢ-
ɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ «Ʉɢɦɦɟɪɢɢ»: 1) ɫɚɛɚɬɢɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ (XV–XII ɜɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.); 2) ɛɟɥɨɡɟɪɫɤɢɣ (XII–X ɜɜ.); 3) ɩɨɡɞɧɟɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɣ, ɢɥɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (IX–VIII ɜɜ.)
[ɑɟɪɧɹɤɨɜ 1994: 26–29].
99
Ɉ.Ɋ. Ⱦɭɛɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ: ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ, Ɉɪɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɭɸ, ɇɢɠɧɟɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ [Ⱦɭɛɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1993; 1994].
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɬɪɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ 1993 ɝ. [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, Ʉɚɱɚɥɨɜɚ 1993] ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ
ɧɚɦɢ ɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ Ɉ.Ɋ. Ⱦɭɛɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɟ-
ɬɵɪɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ.
100
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ «ɜɵɩɥɟɫɤɟ» ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɋɬɟɩɶ ɢ
Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶ [ȼɚɥɶɱɚɤ, ɗɪɥɢɯ 1993: 17–19]. Ɉ.Ɋ. Ⱦɭɛɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ «ɧɨ-
ɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɢɯ» ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɛɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭ-
ɪɵ [Ⱦɭɛɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1997].
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨ-ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ 131
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ 1994; ɗɪɥɢɯ 1994; Ⱦɭɞɚɪɟɜ 1999]). Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬ-
ɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɚɦ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɟ ɡɚ-
ɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ «ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢ-
ɦɢ» ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ.
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɟɫɫɟɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ-
ɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɜ VIII–VII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɟɫɫɟɧ ɧɟ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɥ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɟɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɟɫɫɟɧɚ ɨ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɱ-
ɬɢ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɜɭɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɤɢɦɦɟ-
ɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ. Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɟɫɫɟɧ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɚɥ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫ-
ɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦɚ «ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɣ» ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɭɸ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ, ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɦ ɧɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ
ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ VIII – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɩɨɞ ɤɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɦ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɟɫɫɟɧ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ
ɜɢɞɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ), ɨɧ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥ ɤ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɪɟ-
ɡɸɦɢɪɭɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ: «…ɱɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɬɨ ɟɟ ɧɚɦ ɟɳɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ». Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɟɫɫɟɧɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ – ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɫɤɨɦɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɦ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ: ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ – ɤɚɤ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ, ɢ ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ –
ɤɚɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.
ɇɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɥ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɭ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɟɫɫɟɧ, ɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɫɟɜɟɪɨɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ IX–VII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟcɤɢ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɹɫɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɫɭɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨ-
ɬɢɜ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ.
Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɍɟɪɟɧɨɠɤɢɧ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɪɟɲɚɥ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɟɟ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ. ɉɨ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɍɟɪɟ-
ɧɨɠɤɢɧɭ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɝɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɫ IX ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ VII ɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɦɵɤɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ. ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɭ-
ɠɢɥɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɫ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɦɢ ɧɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɫ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠ-
ɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɷɬɚɩɚɦɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɭ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɂɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ʌɟɫɤɨɜɵɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚ
132 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
Ⱦɚɬɚ, ɜɜ.
1* 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
_
X _
_
_
IX _
_
_
VIII _
_
_
VII _
_
* Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ: 1 – ɂɟɫɫɟɧ 1953; 2 – Ɍɟɪɟɧɨɠɤɢɧ 1976; 3 – Ʌɟɫɤɨɜ 1975; 1984; 4 – ɑɥɟɧɨɜɚ 1984;
5 – Ʉɥɨɱɤɨ, Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ 1987; 6 – Ʉɨɫɫɚɤ 1987; 7 – ɂɫɦɚɝɢɥɨɜ 1988; 8 – Ⱦɭɞɚɪɟɜ 1999. Ɍɟɦɧɨɣ ɡɚɥɢɜ-
ɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ; ɫɜɟɬɥɨɣ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɨɣ – ɧɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ.
102
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩ-
ɥɹɪɨɜ VIII–VII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɜɭɯɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫ ɥɚɜɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɦ, ɩɪɢɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ,
ɩɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɜɬɭɥɤɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ Ƚɨɪɞɢɨɧɟ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɢ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ Ɋ.ɋ. əɧɝ
ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɧɟɫ ɤ 550 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɬ.ɟ. ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɹ [Young 1953: 164, 166].
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɯɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɋɚɪɞɚɯ [Greenewalt
1997: fig. 5].
142 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
103
ɋ.ȼ. Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɢ ɮɪɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ
ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɋɚɪɝɨɧɚ II ɢɥɢ ɋɢɧɚɯɯɟɪɢɛɚ [Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ 2000: 192].
144 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
104
ɉɨɱɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɣ ɤ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɧɨɫɚɱɟɜɫɤɢɯ «ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ» ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɹɯ
ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɢ ɋ.ȼ. Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ [1992].
105
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɜ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɥɢɲɶ ɫ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɜɲɟɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ «ɏɪɨɧɢɤɟ» ȿɜɫɟɜɢɹ ɧɚɛɟɝ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɨɤ ɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɧɚ
Ⱥɡɢɸ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ (ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɵ) ɫ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦɢ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤ
IX ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [SC. I: 670, 671]. ɇɚɩɨɦɧɸ, ɱɬɨ ɉɚɜɥɨɦ Ɉɪɨɫɢɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɨ ɤ 30-ɦɭ ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɋɢɦɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɤ 783 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [SC. II: 397].
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨ-ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ 145
106
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, Ⱥɪɝɢɲɬɢ I (ɨɤ. 785/780–760 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɲɥɟɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɡɧɚɤɢ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɲɥɟɦ Ⱥɪɝɢɲɬɢ, ɫɵɧɚ Ɇɟɧɭɚ – ɢɡ Ʉɚɪɦɢɪ-Ȼɥɭɪɚ [ɉɢɨɬɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1952:
ɬɚɛɥ. II], ɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɨɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ, ɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɨ ɲɥɟɦɨɦ ɋɚɪɞɭɪɢ II, ɫɵɧɚ Ⱥɪɝɢɲɬɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ-
ɧɵɦ ɜ Ʉɚɪɦɢɪ-Ȼɥɭɪɟ.
107
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɬɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ ɇɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ʉ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɲɥɟɦɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɋɢɧɚɯɯɟɪɢɛɚ
ɫɤɥɨɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɋ.ȼ. Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ ɫ ȿ.ȼ. ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ [1995: 27]. ɇɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɢ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
Ⱥ.ɂ. ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɲɥɟɦɵ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ «ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɥɟɤɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ», ɞɚɬɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɷɩɨɯɨɣ, «ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.» [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 2000: 69, 70; 2000ɚ: 220].
146 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
ɩɥɚɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɦ [ɏɚɧɟɧɤɨ, ɏɚɧɟɧɤɨ 1900: ɬɚɛɥ. XLVII: 463, 464], ɤɚɤ ɭɤɪɚ-
ɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɛɪɭɢ, ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ
ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɋɚɪɝɨɧɚ II [Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ 1997: 14, 15, ɪɢɫ. 5; Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ, Ʉɨɥɟɫɧɢɤ
1998; 2000: 197–202]. ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ, ɬɨ ɪɨɡɟɬ-
ɤɢ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ «ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɦ» ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ
ɤɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ, ɬ.ɟ ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɜ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1997: ɬɚɛɥ.
27: 37, 29]. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɭɠ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦ (ɢɥɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɢɯ ɞɟɤɨɪɚ), ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɛɥɢɠɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ IX–VIII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɢɫɟɥɶ 1998: 11, 12], ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹ-
ɟɬ, ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɚɬɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ-ɪɨɡɟɬɨɤ, ɨɬɧɟ-
ɫɬɢɫɶ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɨ ɢɯ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ɟɣ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɤɨɧɰɚ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ «ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ» – ɧɨ-
ɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɨɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɇɨ ɧɟɞɨɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɹɹ ɫɤɭɞɨɫɬɶ
ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɵɲɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ-
ɟɧɧɵɯ «ɬɪɨɮɟɟɜ», ɫɬɨɥɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɯɨ-
ɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ, Ɇɟɥɶɝɭɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ
ɦɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ, ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɟɳɟ ɤ ɷɩɨɯɟ ɷɧɟɨɥɢɬɚ [Ʉɪɭɩɧɨɜ 1960:
343–350; Ɇɚɪɬɢɪɨɫɹɧ 1964: 258; əɤɨɜɟɧɤɨ 1980]. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ
ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɚ VIII ɢ VII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɟ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ «ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ» ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ ɢ Ɂɚɤɚɜɤɚɡɶ-
ɟɦ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɥ ȼ.Ɋ. ɗɪɥɢɯ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɜ ɜ «ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ», ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɩɪɹɦɨ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɢ
(ɩɚɧɰɢɪɢ ɢ ɲɥɟɦɵ)108 ɢ «ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɢɞɟɣ» (ɭɞɢɥɚ ɫ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɫɚɥɢɹɦɢ,
ɤɨɥɟɫɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɫɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɭɩɪɹɠɶ, ɩɟɤɬɨɪɚɥɢ) [ɗɪɥɢɯ 1994ɚ], ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɭɠ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɮɚɤɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ «ɧɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɨ-
ɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɧɢɰ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ (ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ [ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ 1997: 89]) ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱ-
ɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ [ɗɪɥɢɯ 1994: 36–50; ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ 1997: 87]), ɨɤɚ-
ɡɚɥɫɹ ɭɜɹɡɚɧ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɤɨɪɵɦ [ɋɤɨɪɢɣ 1996: 41], ɚ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɢ ɋ.ȼ. Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ
[1997: 13, 14] ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɪɨɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɂɫɚɣɢ (ɉɟɪɜɨɢɫɚɣɢ), ɜ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ: «ɂ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɟɬ ɨɧ ɡɧɚɦɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɞɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɡɨɜɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ
ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɢ ɜɨɬ, ɨɧ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɹɜɢɬɫɹ. ɇɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɢ ɢɡɧɟɦɨɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɧɢ
ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ; ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɪɟɦɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɚɬɶ; ɩɨɹɫ ɧɟ ɫɧɢɦɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɱɪɟɫɥ ɟɝɨ, ɢ
ɧɟ ɪɚɡɨɪɜɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɦɟɧɶ ɭ ɫɚɧɞɚɥɢɣ ɟɝɨ; ɫɬɪɟɥɵ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɵ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɥɭɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɧɭ-
ɬɵ; ɤɨɩɵɬɚ ɤɨɧɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ ɤɪɟɦɧɸ, ɢ ɤɨɥɟɫɧɢɰɵ ɟɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜɢɯɪɶ» [Ʉɧ. ɂɫɚɣɢ V.
108
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɢɡ «ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ» ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɧɨɠ ɢɡ ɤɭɪ-
ɝɚɧɚ ɍɚɲɯɢɬɭ I [Ɍɟɪɟɯɨɜɚ 1996: 146], ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɵ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦɢ.
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨ-ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ 147
110
ɇɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯɥɨ-
ɩɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ
ɮɪɢɝɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɭɦɭɥɭɫɚ J (a620–600 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɫɬɪɟɥ, ɩɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɫ ɲɢɩɚɦɢ [Kohler 1995: Pl. 35: G-L]. ɇɨ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɪɨɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɧɢɯ ɧɟɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɜ ɧɚɫɵɩɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɭɦɭɥɭɫɚ
B, ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ a 630 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
111
ɋɪ. [Boehmer 1972: pl. XXXI: 902; Ünal 1983: fig. 7: 247, 250]. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɬɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ «ɫɥɟɞɚ ɩɬɢɱɶɟɣ
ɥɚɩɵ» ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɚɪɨ-ɭɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɫɬɪɟɥɵ VIII–VII ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɋɦɢɪ-
ɧɨɜ Ʉ.Ɏ. 1964: ɪɢɫ. 8: 1], ɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ƚɭɦɚɪɨɜɨ ɜ ɉɪɢɭɪɚɥɶɟ [ɂɫɦɚɝɢɥɨɜ 1988: ɪɢɫ. 6: 36,
40, 54] ɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ [əɰɟɧɤɨ ɂ.ȼ. 1959: ɬɚɛɥ. II : 8].
150 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
112
ɂɡ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨ ɤɥɚɡɨɦɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɪɤɨɮɚɝɚɯ [Kirchner 1987: 119–161] ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ «ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ» ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɚɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɰɟɧ.
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨ-ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ 151
113
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ» ɢ «ɫɤɢɮɵ» ɛɵɥ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ
«Ʉɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɵ ɭ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ: ɷɬɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬ?», ɩɪɨɱɢ-
ɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ 1988 ɝ. ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ Ɇ.ɂ. Ⱥɪɬɚɦɨɧɨɜɚ ɜ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɟɝɨ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫ Ɇ.ɇ. ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬ (1992 ɢ 1993). Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ «ɫɤɢɮɚɦ»; ɜ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬ-
ɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɵɦ; ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɬɪɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɷɬɧɢɤɨɧɚ. ɗɬɨɬ
ɜɵɜɨɞ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ («Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨ-
ɪɶɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɢɤɰɢɸ» [Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ 1995: 20]).
152 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
114
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ (ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ
ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ 1994; ɗɪɥɢɯ 1994; ɋɤɨɪɵɣ 1999]). ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1980-ɯ ɝɝ. (Ⱥ.ɘ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɫ ɇ.Ʉ. Ʉɚɱɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ
ɋ.Ɋ. Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜɵɦ; ɂ.ɇ. Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɫɤɚɹ), ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ. Ɇ.ɇ. ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɚ ɢ Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠ-
ɧɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ [ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɚ, Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1994: 34–38]. Ⱥ.ɂ. ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɜɲɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨ «ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ» ɦɚɥɨɚɡɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 1995: 20;
1999: 90–97].
VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.: «ɬɟɦɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ 153
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ
«ȾɊȿȼɇəə ɋɄɂɎɂə»
ȼ ɋȿȼȿɊɇɈɆ ɉɊɂɑȿɊɇɈɆɈɊɖȿ
115
ɉɨ ɉɨɥɢɟɧɭ, ɫɤɢɮɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɪɚɛɚɦɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɤɢɮɹɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɠɢɥɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɦɭɠɶɹɦɢ ɧɚɛɟɝɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɡɢɸ [Pol. Strat. VII. 44. 2].
154 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. «Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɫɤɢɮɢɹ» ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
116
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɢ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ȼ.ɇ. Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɨ ɤ ɪɭɛɟɠɭ VI–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ [Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ 1990].
VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.: «ɬɟɦɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ 155
76/1910 – ɤɚɬ. ʋ 88; 54/1911 – ɤɚɬ. ʋ 113; 66/1911 – ɤɚɬ. ʋ 116 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 23: 4);
107/1911 – ɤɚɬ. ʋ 145 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 23: 5)], ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ (II ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ, ɩɨ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɨɣ) ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɸ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɉɨ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɜ ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɢ-
ɧɵ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɧɟɬ [ɋɤɭɞɧɨɜɚ 1988]. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩ-
ɧɵɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɬɟɦ ɨɥɶɜɢɣ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧ. Ɍɚɤ, ɫɜɟɪɧɭɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɡɜɟɪɶ ɧɚ ɤɪɟ-
ɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɠɤɟ (ɩɨɝɪ. Ɉɥ. 12/1910) ɫɯɨɞɟɧ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ
ɮɚɥɚɪɚɯ-ɩɪɨɧɢɡɹɯ ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 482 ɭ ɫ. Ȼɚɫɨɜɤɚ [Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1977: ɬɚɛɥ. 25: 2, 4],
ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɢɦ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 22:
1, 2)117. ɋɸɞɚ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ
ʋ 478 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 22: 3) ɭ ɫ. ȼɨɥɤɨɜɰɵ [Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1977: ɬɚɛɥ. 23]. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɬɪɟɯɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɹɧɵɯ
ɩɫɚɥɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɩɵɬɰɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɫɬɹɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɫɟ-
ɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ ɫ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɸɜɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɢ118.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɫ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚ-
ɛɨɪɨɦ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɬ-
ɜɟɪɬɢ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ – ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɝɢɥ. ɗɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɨ-
ɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ, ɧɨ ɡɚɬɨ ɜ ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ (ɦɨɝ. 15/1914: [ɋɤɭɞɧɨɜɚ 1988: ɤɚɬ. ʋ 243]), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɚ-
ɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ, ɜ
ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɚɦ «ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ» ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɨɝ. 15/1914 ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɝɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɣ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 22: 3), ɱɬɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ
ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ʋ 478 ɭ ɫ. ȼɨɥɤɨɜɰɵ
[Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1977: ɬɚɛɥ. 23: 7]. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨɝɨ, ɬɢɩɚ
Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɝɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ
Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɜ «ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ» ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ [Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1964: 22].
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɞɚɬɭ ɩɨɝɪ. 15/1914, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɨɱɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɝɢɥ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨ-
ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɯ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ-
ɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬ-
ɜɟɪɬɶɸ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ʉɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɹɞ ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 23: 6), ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɢ ɞɚɬɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧɵɦ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ VI – ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɉɨɥiɧ 1987: ɪɢɫ. 9], ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɨɬɧɨ-
ɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ 530–500 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɋɤɭɞɧɨɜɚ 1988: ɤɚɬ. ʋ 139, 150, 176, 224, 226].
117
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɛɵɥ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɢɡ ȼɨɥɝɨ-Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɛɥɹɯɚ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɦɨɝ. 12/1910, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɦɮɨɪɨɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɜɢɧɵ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɪɟɥ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɢɦ [Ⱦɶɹɱɟɧɤɨ ɢ ɞɪ.
1999: 96, 97, ɪɢɫ. 5]. ɋɦ. ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɥ. ɬɪɟɬɶɸ.
118
Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɯɞɵɪɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɹɧɵɯ ɩɫɚɥɢɟɜ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤ-
ɫɚɯ (ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ) ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɭ ɂ.ɇ. Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɫɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ 3-ɦ
ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ «ɤɨɫɬɹɧɵɟ ɩɫɚɥɢɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ» [Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɫɤɚɹ 1992: 93].
156 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. «Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɫɤɢɮɢɹ» ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
119
ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ Ƚ. ɉɚɪɰɢɧɝɟɪɭ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɋɦɨɥɟɧɢɰ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ HaC ɢ
ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ HaD, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ – ɤɨɧɰɨɦ VII, ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ VII–VI ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ 500 ɝ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɵ [ɉɚɪ-
ɰɢɧɝɟɪ 1998].
120
ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɭ ɫ. Ɉɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɪɧɵɦ. Ɂɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɫɬɹɤɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɨɥɟɧɶɟɝɨ
ɪɨɝɚ [ɋɭɛɛɨɬɢɧ, Ɂɚɝɢɧɚɣɥɨ, ɒɦɚɝɥɢɣ 1970: 151, 152].
VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.: «ɬɟɦɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ 157
ɱɟɫɬɶ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢ ɛɨɝɨɜ [IV. 76]121. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ – ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ «ɩɢɫɶɦɨ
ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɪɟɰɚ» ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛ
ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ Ȼɨɪɢɫɮɟɧɨɦ, Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɨɦ, Ɇɚɬɟɪɶɸ ɛɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɨ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɥɬɚɪɹɯ ɜ Ƚɢɥɟɟ [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ., Ⱦɨɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ, Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ.
1990: 90; Rusjaeva, Vinogradov 1991: 201, 202]. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
Ⱥɧɚɯɚɪɫɢɫ ɦɨɝ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɸ, ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɡɚɦɚɧɱɢɜɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, Ⱥ.ɂ. ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «“ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɠɪɟɰɚ” ɫɨ-
ɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ, ɱɬɨ “ɚɥɬɚɪɢ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɵ”, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɧɨ-
ɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɝɚɞɚɬɶ» [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 2001ɚ: 350].
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ Ⱥɧɚɯɚɪɫɢɫ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɸ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɧɟ
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɣɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɹɦɢ, ɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ
ɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɫ Ƚɪɟɰɢɟɣ
ɢ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ [Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ 1984; ɋɤɪɠɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1990]. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɫɨ-
ɸɡɧɢɤɨɜ (ɚ Ʌɢɞɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɤ ɫɤɢɮɚɦ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.)
ɞɥɹ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɚɦɢ [ɋɤɪɠɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1990: 169, 170].
ȼɪɟɦɹ Ⱥɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɝɪɟɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɰɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɫɨɥɢɞɧɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɵɫɬɨɪɢɸ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ Ȼɨɪɢɫɮɟɧɚ ɢ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ (ɥɢɬ. ɫɦ. [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚ-
ɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1989: 58]): ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɨɣɧ Ɇɢɥɟ-
ɬɚ ɫ Ʌɢɞɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ Ⱥɪɞɢɫɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ
ɋɚɞɢɚɬɬɟ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɥɢɚɬɬɚ [Hdt. I. 15–19]. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ
Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɭ, ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɋɚɪɞɵ ɢ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɂɨɧɢɢ. ɋ ɷɬɢɦɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɢɥɟɬɚ ɜ ɋɟɜɟ-
ɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɢɥɟɬɹɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɵ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɛɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ., Ⱦɨɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ, Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ.
1988: 29]. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ
ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɦ ɬɟɯ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ (ɝɢɦɢɪɪɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ
ɫɬɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɨɧɢɣɰɟɜ ɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ɸɠɧɨɛɭɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ
ɜɨɣɧɚɦɢ Ɇɢɥɟɬɚ ɢ Ʌɢɞɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1989: 59]. ɏɪɨɧɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
121
Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɟɬ ɰɚɪɟɣ ɪɨɞɚ Ⱥɧɚɯɚɪɫɢɫɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɋɩɚɪɝɚɩɢɮ – Ʌɢɤ –
Ƚɧɭɪ – ɋɚɜɥɢɣ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɛɪɚɬ Ⱥɧɚɯɚɪɫɢɫ – ɂɞɚɧɮɢɪɫ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɥ. 2). ɂɦɹ ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɢ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɭɯ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ: ɰɚɪɶ ɚɝɚɮɢɪɫɨɜ ɋɩɚɪɝɚɩɢɮ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ V ɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (6SDUJDSHȓTK9, [Hdt. IV. 78]) ɢ ɦɚɫɫɚɝɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɱ ɋɩɚɪɝɚɩɢɫ – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫɪɟɞ-
ɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɦɚɞɨɜ ɫ ɰɚɪɟɦ Ʉɢɪɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (6SDUJDSȓVK9, [Hdt. I. 211, 213]).
ɂɦɹ Ʌɢɤ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ /8.2 ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɦ ɤɢɥɢɤɟ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɝɚ-
ɧɚ ɋɨɥɨɯɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɦ. ɞɚɥɟɟ ɝɥ. ɬɪɟɬɶɸ). Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ
ɰɚɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ Ɇ.ɂ. Ⱥɪɬɚɦɨɧɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɦɟ-
ɳɚɥ ɋɩɚɪɝɚɩɢɮɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɢɡ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ [Ⱥɪɬɚɦɨɧɨɜ 1974: 140].
Ʌɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɉɪɨɬɨɬɢɹ, ɧɢ Ɇɚɞɢɹ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ, Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɸ ɧɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥ. ȼɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɠɞɢ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – ɂɲɩɚɤɚɣ, Ȼɚɪɬɚɬɭɚ ɢ Ɇɚɞɢɣ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ-
ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɬɟɯ, ɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɢɫɚɥ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɜ
ɋɤɢɮɢɸ.
160 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. «Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɫɤɢɮɢɹ» ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
122
Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɋɭɫɹɟɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɯɷɬɚɩɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ: ɜ 90–70-ɯ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ, ɜ 560–550-ɯ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɰɵ [Ɋɭɫɹɟ-
ɜɚ Ⱥ.ɋ. 1995: 74].
VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.: «ɬɟɦɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ 161
123
ɋɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ JȑUURL, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-
ɜɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ: ɧɟɦ. Heer ‘ɜɨɣɫɤɨ’, ‘ɚɪɦɢɹ’, ‘ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ’; ɚɧɝɥ. hero ‘ɝɟ-
ɪɨɣ’; ɮɪ. héros ‘ɝɟɪɨɣ’, guerrier ‘ɜɨɢɧ’, guerre ‘ɜɨɣɧɚ’; ɩɨɪɬ. herói ‘ɝɟɪɨɣ’; ɪɭɫ. ɝɟɪɨɣ.
124
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɚɤɫɤɨ-ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɧ 530 ɢ 519 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɩɨɩɚɥɢ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚ-
ɧɢɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ Ⱦɚɪɢɹ I, ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɟ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɦ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɬɟ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɜɢɧɟ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.: «ɬɟɦɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ 163
125
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ Ⱦɠ. Ȼɚɥɫɟɪɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ 527, ɧɨ Ⱥ.ɒ. ɒɚɯɛɚɡɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ
ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [Shahbazi 1982: note 43]. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ (?) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ TC,
ɫɩɭɬɚɜɲɟɝɨ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪ Ɏɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɫ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɨɦ Ʉɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɦ.
164 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. «Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɫɤɢɮɢɹ» ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
ɩɨɯɨɞɚ: (527 – 15) + 1 = 513 (ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.). ɉɪɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ ɒɚɯɛɚɡɢ («528 ɥɟɬ» ɞɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ
ɩɟɪɫɨɜ) ɞɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ – 514 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɢɥɢ 515/514 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.).
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɗɞɚɤɨɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɨɣ
ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɛɥɨɤɟ TC: «ɋ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɤɚɤ Ʉɚɦɛɢɡ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɢɥ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɢ
ɉɢɮɚɝɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɩɥɟɧɟɧ, ɩɪɨɲɥɨ 540 ɥɟɬ» [ɗɞɚɤɨɜ 1986: 16]. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧ ɩɟɪɫɚɦɢ ɜ 525 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ⱦɚɧɞɚɦɚɟɜ 1985: 59] ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɥ-
ɝɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɮɚɪɚɨɧɚ ɉɫɚɦɦɟɬɢɯɚ III, ɫɵɧɚ Ⱥɦɚɫɢɫɚ; ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɠɟ ɭɦɟɪ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
526 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ: 540 – 15 = ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 525 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɗɞɚɤɨɜ 1986: 16]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭ-
ɟɬɫɹ. ɇɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ-
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ TC. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ Ʉɚɦɛɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɤɨɦ Ⱥɦɚɫɢɫɚ,
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɫɚɦɦɟɬɢɯɚ III [Ⱦɚɧɞɚɦɚɟɜ 1985: 59], ɬ.ɟ. ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ȿɝɢɩɬɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ⱦ. Ȼɨɬɟɜɚ-Ȼɨɹɧɨɜɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 515 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɚɱɚɥ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ Ɇɟɝɚ-
ɛɚɡ, ɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɜ 512 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ȼɨɬɟɜɚ-
Ȼɨɹɧɨɜɚ 2000: 43–45].
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɝɪɚɧɞɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ, ɫɭɞɹ
ɩɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ, ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɦɚɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ.
ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧɵɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹɯ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ
ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɫɚɤɫɤɨ-ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ-
ɪɢɢ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɝɨ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ [ɉɨɥiɧ 1987: 52, ɪɢɫ. 9:1, 30, 38–40; ɉɨɥɢɧ 1994ɜ: 94, 95] ɢ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɂ.ɇ. Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɞɢɣɫɤɢɟ (ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɜ ɉɟɪɫɟɩɨɥɟ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɚɯɟɦɟɧɢɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ [Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɫɤɚɹ 1980:
35, 36, ɪɢɫ. 2]. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɸ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ-
ɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
(ɩɨɝɪ. Ⱥ-171: ɇɇɎ 77.37; ɩɨɝɪ. Ƚ-8: ɇɇɎ 76.229). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɭ «ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ» ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɥ, ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɭ ɞɟɪ. əɛɥɭɧɨɜ ɛɵɜɲ. Ʉɚɧɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɟɡɞɚ [Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1977: ɬɚɛɥ. 33: 17, 18].
ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɲɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɜɬɭɥɶɱɚɬɵɦ «ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 21: 4) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ). ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɹɫɧɵɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ
ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ («ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɫɤɨɣ»)
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [Chochorowski
1985: Abb. 25: 28, 33; 45: 4]).
ȿ.ȼ. ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɯɨɞɨɦ Ⱦɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞ-
ɤɨɣ ɜ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ (ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɪɭɤɨɹɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɝɨ
ɚɯɟɦɟɧɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɱɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 28: 1) [ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ 1984: 48–50]126. ɍ ɝ. Ʌɭɛɧɵ ɉɨɥɬɚɜ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɚɯɟɦɟɧɢɞɫɤɢɟ ɭɞɢɥɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɉɟɪɫɟ-
ɩɨɥɟ. ȿɳɟ ɞɜɨɟ ɭɞɢɥ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɝɨ ɉɨɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɶɹ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 21: 5–7), ɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (ɫɪ. [Ɍɢɬɟɧɤɨ 1954: ɪɢɫ. 1–3;
Shmidt 1957: 78])127. Ⱥ.ȼ. Ȼɚɧɞɭɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ ȿ.ȼ. ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɲɥɟɦ, ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ
126
Ɋɭɤɨɹɬɶ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1984ɚ], ɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ,
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. ɬɪɟɬɶɸ).
127
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɭɞɢɥɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ ɜ Ʉɫɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɭɳɟɥɶɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 21: 8), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɦɨ-
ɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ Ʉɪɚɫɧɵɣ Ɇɚɹɤ ɜ Ⱥɛɯɚɡɢɢ [Ʉɪɭɩɧɨɜ 1960: ɬɚɛɥ. XIV: 7; ȼɨɪɨɧɨɜ 1975: ɪɢɫ. 9: 2]. Ʉɫɚɧɫɤɢɟ
ɭɞɢɥɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɭɡɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ [Ȼɟɥɢɧɫɤɢɣ, ȼɚɥɶɱɚɤ
1998: ɪɢɫ. 8].
VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.: «ɬɟɦɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ 165
128
Ɍɚɤ, ɋ.Ʌ. Ⱦɭɞɚɪɟɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɉɢɫɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɞɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɥɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɥɭɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɋɢɝɟɹ ɜ Ɍɪɨɚɞɟ; ɨɛɥɢɤ ɠɟ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɚɡɚɯ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɡɚ-
ɤɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ [Ⱦɭɞɚɪɟɜ 1991: 71]. Ⱦɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɟɪɟ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɱɚɧɨɜ ɥɭɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɜɚɡɨɩɢɫɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ – ɭɡɤɢɯ ɢ ɜɵɬɹɧɭ-
ɬɵɯ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɥɭɤ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɤɪɟɩɢɥɫɹ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ; ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚ-
ɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɹɯ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɥɭɤ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɢɡ ɝɨɪɢɬɚ, ɤɪɟɩɢɥɫɹ ɫɛɨɤɭ ɢɥɢ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɥɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ [ȼɨɥɤɨɜ 1981: ɬɚɛɥ. 109]. ȿɫɬɶ ɬɚɦ ɢ ɤɢɫɬɢ, ɤɪɟɩɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɥɱɚɧɭ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ
ɜɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɱɚɧɚ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɹɯ – ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.
21: 9, 11). ɋ.Ⱥ. əɰɟɧɤɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɬɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢ «ɫ
ɤɨɫɬɸɦɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɪɚɧɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ Ɍɭɪɤɟɫɬɚɧɚ» [əɰɟɧɤɨ ɋ.Ⱥ. 2000: 25]. ɗɬɨ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɧɚ ɜɚɡɚɯ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɟɤɨɜ ɫ ɦɢɞɢɣɫɤɨɣ, ɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɟɣ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɜ
ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ «Ʉɟɦ ɛɵɥɢ „ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ” ɥɭɱɧɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɚɬɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɡɚɯ?», ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ
«Scythians and Greeks» (ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɗɤɫɟɬɟɪɚ, ɹɧɜɚɪɶ 2000 ɝ.).
166 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. «Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɫɤɢɮɢɹ» ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
129
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɋɤɢɮ, ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɵ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɬɪɟ-
ɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ VI–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɜ Ⱥɮɢɧɚɯ, ɋɩɚɪɬɟ, Ƚɚɥɢɤɚɪɧɚɫɟ,
Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɟɟ ɉɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ, ɧɚ ɨ. Ʉɨɫ [ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ 1997: 101].
130
ȼ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ – ɧɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɮɢ-
ɝɭɪɧɨɣ ɜɚɡɟ ɢɡ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɞɹɳɢɣ ɞɥɢɧɧɨ-
ɛɨɪɨɞɵɣ ɜɨɠɞɶ ɢ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɜɨɢɧ ɫ ɥɭɤɨɦ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 21: 9), ɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɟɝɨ
ɫɸɠɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
[Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1981ɚ: 41–43]. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ
ɤɚɤ «ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɥɭɤɚ», ɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɰɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɛɟɡɵɦɹɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɚ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɨɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɉɪɢɚɦɚ ɢ ɉɚɪɢɫɚ, ɨɞɟɬɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɨ-
ɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ «ɩɨ-ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢ».
VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.: «ɬɟɦɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ 167
131
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ɇ.ɇ. ɉɨɝɪɟɛɨɜɨɣ ɢ Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ [1992: 222,
223; 1993], ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɬɪɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɜɨ-
ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ, ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ. Ɍɨ
ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɘ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ Ʉ.Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ
ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ,
ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ VI – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ? 169
133
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɱɚɯ ɭɞɪɟɜɧɟɧɚ
ɋ.ȼ. Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ ɫ VI ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ VII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɇɚɯɨɪɬɵɯ 1995].
ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ? 171
134
Ʉ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɛɨɪ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤ
ȼ.ȼ. ɏɜɨɣɤɢ ɜ Ⱥɤɫɸɬɢɧɰɚɯ, ɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɦ ɜɟɳɟɣ (ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.), ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵ; ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɥɢ
ɨɧɢ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹɦ [ɂɥɶɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1968: 38]. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɣ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɡɚɪɨ-
ɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɜ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ.
135
Ɇ.ȼ. Ƚɨɪɟɥɢɤ ɩɨɞɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1-ɝɨ ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɭɤɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɭɤ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɤɪɵɬ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ, ɚ ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ
1-ɝɨ ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ: ɝɨɪɢɬɵ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɥɭɤɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ
ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɢ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ [Ƚɨɪɟɥɢɤ 1993: 75]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
ɜɫɟ ɠɟ, ɧɚɜɟɪɧɨɟ, ɧɚɥɭɱɢɹɦɢ) ɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɬɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ: ɩɟɪ-
ɜɵɟ – ɭɡɤɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɟ, ɜɬɨɪɵɟ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ [Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ
1994: ɬɚɛɥ. 17]. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɬɵ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢ-
ɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɩɟɬɪɨɝɥɢɮɚɯ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [ȼɨɥɤɨɜ 1981: ɬɚɛɥ. 109]).
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ: ɫɪ. ɩɨɡɞɧɟɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (?) ɢɡ-
ɜɚɹɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥ. [Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ 1994: ɬɚɛɥ. 17: 35] ɢ ɩɟɬɪɨɝɥɢɮ ɢɡ Ɍɚɥɚɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɨ-
ɥɢɧɵ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ Ɍɹɧɶ-ɒɚɧɟ [ɒɟɪ 1980: ɪɢɫ. 31] (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 21: 1–3).
174 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. «Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɫɤɢɮɢɹ» ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹɯ ɤɨɧɰɚ VI–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȿɜɞɨ-
ɤɢɦɨɜ 1994: ɬɚɛɥ. 14]136. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɢ ɢɡɨ-
ɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɥɥɨɫɨɜ. ɇɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸ-
ɳɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦɢ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬ-
ɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɥɢɲɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɮɚɥɥɨɫ, ɫɟɤɢɪɚ ɢ ɪɢɬɨɧ
[Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ 1994: ɢɥ. 10, 41, 44], ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɦɟɱɟɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɬɵ
[Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ 1994: ɢɥ. 19, 73]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮ-
ɧɨɣ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚ-
ɜɚ «ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ» ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ – ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧ ɫ ɩɨɥ-
ɧɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ
V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɥɢɲɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ
ɷɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɩɨɤɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɘɠɧɨɝɨ ɍɪɚɥɚ [Ƚɭɰɚɥɨɜ, Ɍɚɢɪɨɜ 2000], ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ-
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ
ɢɡ ɫ. ɇɨɜɨ-ɉɟɬɪɨɜɤɚ Ɉɪɟɧɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥ. [Ƚɭɰɚɥɨɜ, Ɍɚɢɪɨɜ 2000: ɪɢɫ. 8: 1]). ɉɪɢɱɟɦ
ɋ.ɘ. Ƚɭɰɚɥɨɜ ɢ Ⱥ.Ⱦ. Ɍɚɢɪɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ – VII–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɸɠɧɨɭɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɵ [Ƚɭɰɚɥɨɜ, Ɍɚɢɪɨɜ 2000: 247, 248]. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨ-
ɚɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɦɨɪɶɟ (ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɹ ɍɫɬɸɪɬɚ), ɧɨ ɩɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɨɧɚ
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦɭ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ VI–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Zuyev,
Ismagilov 1994: 57; Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ 2001].
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ
ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ
ɜɢɞɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ. Ɉɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɞɥɹ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɚɪɯɚɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɨɜ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɹɯ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ [Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ 1994: 55, 56; Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ
2001: 19]. Ɂɚɬɨ ɛɨɪɨɞɵ, ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ (ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɚ), ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɦ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɚ ɢɡ Ɂɚɦɧɢ-ɘɪɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢ-
ɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ 1994: ɢɥ. 83]. ȼɫɟ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ʉɚɤ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɯ
136
ɗɬɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɞɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ-ɪɨɝɨɜ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪ-
ɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ȿ.ȼ. ȼɥɚɫɨɜɨɣ [1995: 13–15; 2000: 46–67]. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ-ɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ (Ʉɟ-
ɥɟɪɦɟɫ, ɯɭɬ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɧɚ ɪ. Ʉɚɥɢɬɜɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ Ʌɸɛɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ), ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɱɭɠɟɡɟɦɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ VII–VI ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ? 175
137
ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɷɬɢ ɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ, ɫɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɲɟɣ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɫɟɜɞɨ-
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɝ Ȼɷɫ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢ
ɞɥɹ 1-ɝɨ ɉɚɡɵɪɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɋ.ɂ. Ɋɭɞɟɧɤɨ ɢ ɋ.ȼ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɟɜ.
176 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. «Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɫɤɢɮɢɹ» ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
138
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɘ.Ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɞɨɜɢɱɚ ɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɟ ɫɜɟɪɧɭɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɚ [ɉɨɥɢɞɨɜɢɱ 1994: 63 ɢ ɫɥ.] ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ
ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ – ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ. ȼ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɲɥɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɨɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ. ɉɨ ɘ.Ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɞɨɜɢɱɭ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ VI ɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ ɢɥɢ
ɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɫ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɫɚɦ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɢɡɦɟ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ, ɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ [ɉɨɥɢɞɨɜɢɱ 1994: 74–76].
ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ «ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ» ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ.
139
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɜɟɪɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ VII–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬ Ⱥ.Ɋ. Ʉɚɧɬɨɪɨɜɢɱɟɦ
[1994], ɤ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹ ɢ ɨɬɫɵɥɚɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹ, – ɷɬɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ, ɨɤɚ-
ɡɚɜɲɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ, ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɡɜɟɪɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɢ-
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ [Ʉɚɧɬɨɪɨɜɢɱ 1997; 1998]). Ʌɢɲɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟ-
ɧɢɣ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ [Ʉɚɧɬɨɪɨɜɢɱ 1994: 12].
ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ? 177
140
ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɟɟ – ɚɯɟɦɟɧɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɟɜɪɚ-
ɡɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɡɜɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɥɶɜɢɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɮɚɫ [Ʉɚɧɬɨɪɨɜɢɱ 1998], ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ [Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ ȿ.Ɏ. Ɇɨɬɢɜ ɥɶɜɢɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɨ-ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ.
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ X ɧɚɭɱ. ɤɨɧɮ. ɩɚɦɹɬɢ Ɇ.ȼ. Ⱦɨɛɪɨɤɥɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ «ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ».
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜ, ɋɉɛ., ɚɩɪɟɥɶ 1998 ɝ.].
178 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. «Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɫɤɢɮɢɹ» ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
141
ɗɬɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɋɬɚɪɲɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ – VII ɢ V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.;
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɒɭɦɟɣɤɨ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ
VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɦɭ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɭɡɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɭɛɨɪɨɜ, ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɞɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɚ [ɂɥɶɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1968: ɪɢɫ. 24]); ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 8 (1886) ɭ
ɫ. ȼɨɥɤɨɜɰɵ [ɂɥɶɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1968: ɬɚɛɥ. XXXV: 7–11], ɝɞɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɭɡɞɵ.
ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ? 183
142
ɗɬɢ ɜɟɳɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ «ɏɪɨ-
ɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ» ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ., ɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɜɨɪɜɨɪɨɤ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ
[Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1997]).
143
ɇɚɩɨɦɧɸ, ɱɬɨ ɚɥɬɚɣɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɋɚɹɧɨ-
Ⱥɥɬɚɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ: «ɞɥɢɧɧɨɣ» – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ VI–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ «ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ» – ɤɨɧɟɰ VI–V – IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɦ. ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ). ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ «ɬɭɷɤɬɢɧɫɤɨ-ɛɚɲɚɞɚɪɫɤɨ-ɩɚɡɵɪɵɤɫɤɚɹ» ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫ «ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ» ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ
ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɜɪɨ-
ɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
184 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. «Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɫɤɢɮɢɹ» ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
144
ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɢɥɟ «ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɨɤɤɨ» ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ [Ƚɪɭɛɧɢɤ-Ȼɭɣɧɨɜɚ, Ʉɨɫɢɤɨɜ 1985]; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ
[Ɍɪɟɣɫɬɟɪ 1998].
ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ? 185
145
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɫɧɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɹ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ
ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɧɨɠɟɧ ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɣɤɨ, Ɉɫɬɪɨɣ Ɍɨɦɚɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ;
ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɯ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɢɯ ɞɟɤɨɪɚ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1991: 49, 50].
186 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. «Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɫɤɢɮɢɹ» ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
149
ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ Ⱦɠ. Ƚɚɪɞɢɧɟɪɚ-Ƚɚɪɞɟɧɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ Ɍɢɦɧ, ɨɬɟɰ
Ƚɢɫɬɢɟɹ (ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɚ ɮɥɨɬɚ Ⱦɚɪɢɹ ɢ Ʉɫɟɪɤɫɚ: [Hdt. V. 37; VII. 98]), ɤɚɪɢɟɰ ɢɡ Ɍɟɪɦɟɪɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ
ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ Ɇɢɥɟɬɚ, ɢ ɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɨ ɋɤɢɥɟ ɫ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɨɦ ɢ ɨ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɫ Ⱦɚɪɢɟɦ
[Gardiner-Garden 1987: 349]. Ʉɨɝɞɚ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ, ɷɬɨɦɭ Ɍɢɦɧɭ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
60 ɥɟɬ, ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɠɟ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – ɨɤɨɥɨ 100. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɶ
ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ.
150
Ʉ.Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ ɢ Ɇ.ɘ. ȼɚɯɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫ Ⱥɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɟɣ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ VII–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɋɟ-
ɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɟ [Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ., ȼɚɯɬɢɧɚ 1996; 1997]. ɉɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɦɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ ɑɟɥɢɤ-Ⱦɟɪɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ɇɢɠɧɟɝɨ Ⱦɭɧɚɹ) ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭ-
ɸɬ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ, ɧɨ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ «ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨ-
ɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ» ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ.
ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ? 189
151
Ɉ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɚɧ-
ɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ, ɫɦ. ɜ ɝɥ. ɩɟɪɜɨɣ.
152
ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɞɥɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɬɚɦ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɢ
ɜɧɨɜɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ VI–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1997].
ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ? 193
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ
153
ɇɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɢ ɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɢ
Ⱥɧɚɯɚɪɫɢɫɚ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ [IV. 77].
196 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
154
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ «ɜɨɪɜɨɪɤɢ», ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɡɨɥɨɬɚ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɨ ɞɟɤɨɪɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɫɤɢɮ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ VI ɩɨ ɪɭɛɟɠ IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Cɜɨɞɤɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɨ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɦ. ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ.
198 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨ-
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ Ɋ. ɏɢɝɝɢɧɫ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɧɟ
ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɜ Ⱦɟɥɶɮɚɯ ɢ ɞɢɚɞɟɦɚ ɢɡ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɚ
[Higgins 1980: 24–26]. ɇɚɞɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɧ ɩɢ-
ɲɟɬ ɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɦɚɥɶɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɪɟɤɨ-ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɢɯ
ɜɨɣɧ – ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Higgins 1969: 19].
ȼ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɞɚ-
ɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɷɦɚɥɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɠɟɪɟɥɶɟ ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 17 ɇɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɣ I ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɚ-
ɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɦɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɞɥɹ I ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɠɟ ɩɨ-
ɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɠɭɪɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ʋ 400 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ
ɰɟɥɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ, II ɝɪɭɩɩɟ, ɬɨ «ɱɢɫɬɵɟ» ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ
I ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɝɨɞɚɦ VI – ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɋɭɞɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɭ ɝ. Ⱥɪɰɢɡ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ I ɝɪɭɩɩɭ,
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ – ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɸ V ɜ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ., ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɟɳɢ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɢɥɚɯ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ, Ɉɯɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, Ɋɟɞɢɧɚ 1997: ɪɢɫ. 3]. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɨɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ʋ 400, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɪɨɛ-
ɧɢɰɚɯ. ɇɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ, ɤɚɤ ɛɥɹɯɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɢɫɬɢ ɪɭɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɚɩɵ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟ-
ɟɜ, Ɉɯɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, Ɋɟɞɢɧɚ 1997: ɪɢɫ. 3: 7], ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ V ɜ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. Ɉɛɥɨɦɨɤ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 400 ɭ ɫ. ɀɭɪɨɜɤɚ:
ɢɧɜ. ʋ Ƚɗ Ⱦɧ 1903 3/150; ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 2 ɜ ɭɪɨɱ. ɋɬɚɣɤɢɧ ȼɟɪɯ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 26: 6); ɩɨɝɪ. 1 ɜ
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ʋ 1/1995 ɉɟɪɟɳɟɩɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ [Ɇɭɪɡiɧ, Ɋɨɥɥɟ, Ȼiɥɨɡɨɪ 1996: ɪɢɫ. 3].
Ʉɨɥɱɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ
V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɪ. [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ, Ɉɯɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, Ɋɟɞɢɧɚ 1997: ɪɢɫ. 4: 1–19; ɉɨɥiɧ 1987: ɪɢɫ.
11, 12]), ɯɨɬɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ, Ɉɯɨɬ-
ɧɢɤɨɜ, Ɋɟɞɢɧɚ 1997: ɪɢɫ. 4: 4, 5]. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɜ Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɦ
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ155 ɢ Ɉɫɬɪɨɣ Ɍɨɦɚɤɨɜɤɟ, ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɨɫɨɛɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɚ ɋ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɥɬɭɯɨɜɵɦ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɞɚɬɵ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɨɥɬɭɯɨɜ 1999: 16, 17].
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ
ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɚɦ) ɜɵɝɥɹɞɹɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɢɡ ɫ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɚ ɢ Ⱦɡɸɛɢɧɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢ-
ɥɵ. ɇɨ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ VI ɜ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɚɬɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪ. 66/ 1911 ɢɡ ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ ɢɡ Ⱦɡɸɛɢɧɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 23: 4). ȼ.Ɇ. ɋɤɭɞɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɧɟɫɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ VI ɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɚ [ɋɤɭɞɧɨɜɚ 1960: ɩɪɢɥ. I; 1988]. Ⱦɚɬɢ-
ɪɨɜɤɚ ɋ.ɂ. Ʉɚɩɨɲɢɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɢ ɦɟɱɚ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɢɛɨ
155
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ
ɦɧɨɝɨɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ
ɋ.Ƚ. Ʉɨɥɬɭɯɨɜɵɦ [1999].
202 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
156
ɋɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɸ Ɇ.ɘ. ȼɚɯɬɢɧɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ a560–
500 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɤɢɧɠɚɥ ɫ ɩɨɱɤɨɜɢɞ-
ɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɥ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɜɭɯ- ɢ ɬɪɟɯɥɨ-
ɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɬɭɥɶɱɚɬɵɟ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦ ɲɢɩɨɦ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ – ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ,
ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ȼ.ɉ. Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɦɮɨɪɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ
VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ 2001: 22].
ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 203
157
Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ ɇɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚ-
ɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ. Ʉɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɡɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɟɧɵɯ ɜɨɪɜɨɪɨɤ, «ɡɚɦɨɱɤɨɜ», ɛɥɹɯ-ɩɪɨɧɢɡɟɣ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɝɨɥɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, Ƚ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɫɚɥɢɣ, ɡɚɝɧɭɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɦɵ ɠɢɜɨɬ-
ɧɨɝɨ [ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ, ɉɚɜɥɢɱɟɧɤɨ, Ʉɚɫɩɚɪɨɜ 1999: ɪɢɫ. 7, 8]. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɞɜɟ ɫɬɟɥɵ ɫ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɹɦɢ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɜɢɧɨɣ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɱɬɨ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ terminus post quem. ɋɚɦɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɸ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɯɨɬɹ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɜɬɨɪɭɸ
ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɭ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ.
ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 205
158
Ⱦɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɪɟɯɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɣ, ɫɨ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɜɬɭɥɤɨɣ (?) ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ ɫɬɪɟɥɵ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ [ɋɚɦɨɤɜɚɫɨɜ 1892: ɬɚɛɥ. VII: 1635 – ɤɪɚɣɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɜɚ] ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧ ɢ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞ-
ɧɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 27:
6 – ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ).
ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 207
159
Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɫɤɢɮɨ-ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ VI–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɨɩɭɛ-
ɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚɯ, ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ 2001 ɝ. ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ» [Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɢɣ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ: ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɫɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ // Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɟɠɞ.
ɧɚɭɱ. ɤɨɧɮ. ɋɉɛ., 2001. ɑ. 1 ɢ 2].
208 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
160
ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɥɟɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ ɛɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɹɜɥɹ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɝɪɟɤɚɦɢ. ȼ 480 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ⱥɪɯɟɚ-
ɧɚɤɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥ status quo, ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɜ ɦɹɬɟɠɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ – Ɍɢɪɢɬɚɤɭ, ɉɨɪɮɦɢɣ, Ɇɢɪɦɟɤɢɣ [Ɇɨɥɟɜ 1997:
35–41].
161
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɉɨɪɮɦɢɹ, Ɇɢɪɦɟɤɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ VI ɜ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. [ȼɚɯɬɢɧɚ 1995; ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ⱥ. 1995]. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ [Ⱦɟɧɢɫɨɜɚ 1995].
ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 209
[Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ 2000: 19, 20]. ɇɨ ɷɬɚ ɞɚɬɚ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ
ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ
(ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ) ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɰɟɜ, ɤɟɦ ɛɵ
ɨɧɢ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ.
ȼ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ ɜ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɟɧ
[ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1981: 134]. ɉɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɝɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɷɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɩɚɥ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɬ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ([ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1981: 138;
Ⱦɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ... 1981: 177–178, 185], ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɫɦ. [Ʉɪɢɠɢɰɶɤɢɣ 2001:
21–35])162. ȼɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɶ
ɋɤɢɥ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨ [Hdt. IV. 78–80].
ȼ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ Ʉɪɵɦɭ Ʉɟɪɤɟɧɢɬɢɞɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ VI ɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɞɚɧɶ ɫɤɢɮɚɦ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ-
ɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ – ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ Ⱥɩɚɬɭɪɢɹ ɇɟɜɦɟɧɢɸ,
ɩɪɨɰɚɪɚɩɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɩɤɟ ɮɚɫɨɫɫɤɨɣ ɚɦɮɨɪɵ [Ɋɨɝɨɜ 1999: 131, ɫ ɥɢɬ.].
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 480-ɯ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ȼɨɫɩɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɥ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ
ɨɬ ɛɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɇɢɦɮɟɣ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ
ɩɭɧɤɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ Ʉɪɵɦɚ [Ɍɨɥɫɬɢɤɨɜ 1984: 42, 43; ɒɟɥɨɜ-Ʉɨɜɟɞɹɟɜ 1985: 81]. Ɉɛ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɟ ɇɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ, ɧɚɫɵɩɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɞ ɝɪɨɛɧɢ-
ɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.163.
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ [ɇɨɜɢɱɢɯɢɧ 2001: 125–128] ɨɬɧɨ-
ɫɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɚɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɤ ɫɢɧɞɚɦ ɧɚ ɇɢɠɧɸɸ Ʉɭɛɚɧɶ:
«ɂ ɫɤɢɮɵ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɜɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɥɶɞɭ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɵ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɹɸɬ ɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɩɨɜɨɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɛɟɪɟɝ, ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɫɢɧɞɨɜ» [IV.
28]. ɗɬɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɜɟɳɟɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɇɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɋɟɦɢɛɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹɯ
ɤɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɝɨɥɨɜɶɹ [ȼɥɚɫɨɜɚ 2001: 8]. ɗɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɋɟ-
ɦɢɛɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɫɢɧɞɫɤɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤ – ɪɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɤɥɚɞɛɢɳɟ
ɫɢɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɰɚɪɟɣ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ – Ƚɟɤɚɬɟɣ – ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ-
ɲɟɦ ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ʋ 3), ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ȼɭɬɹɝɢɧ 1996:
45; ȼɥɚɫɨɜɚ 2001: 9].
162
ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ [1989: 120, 121, ɬɚɛɥ.] ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɦɟɫɬ-
ɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ: Ⱥɪɢɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɰɚɪɟ ɋɤɢɥɟ (a470–450 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.), ɗɦɢɧɚɤɚ
ɩɪɢ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɟ (a 450–440 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.). ɂɧɚɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɉ.Ɉ. Ʉɚɪɵɲɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ: «ɚɫɫɵ» ɫ
ɢɦɟɧɟɦ Ⱥɪɢɯɚ ɨɧ ɨɬɧɟɫ ɤ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɟɪɵ ɗɦɢɧɚɤɚ – ɤ 460–440 ɝɝ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɚɪɵɲɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1988: 45, 50]. ɇ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɣɩɭɧɫɤɚɹ ɢ ȼ.ɂ. ɇɚɡɚɪɱɭɤ [1991: 54] ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ
ɦɨɧɟɬ ɗɦɢɧɚɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ 425 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɉɟɪɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɉɨɧɬ ɢ ɫ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɸɡ (ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 30-ɦɢ ɝɝ. V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.).
ɉɨ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧɭ, ɫɬɚɬɟɪɵ ɗɦɢɧɚɤɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ 440–430 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɥɢɬɶɟ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶɸ APIX – ɜ
430–410 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧ 1989: 15, 17]. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɞɚɬ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ.
163
ɘ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɛɨɫ-
ɩɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɉɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɟɟɦ, Ɏɚɧɚɝɨɪɢɟɣ, ɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɨɤɨɥɨ ɇɢɦɮɟɹ [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ⱥ. 1990: 10].
210 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
164
ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɋɟɦɢɛɪɚɬɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ IV ɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
165
ɗɬɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɜɨ
ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɞɥɹ ɤɪɵɦɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɟɤɨɜ; ɜ Ʉɪɵɦɫɤɨɦ ɉɪɢɚɡɨɜɶɟ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ [Ɇɚɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ 1995ɚ: 89], ɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪ ɜɟɥ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɫ Ɏɟɨ-
ɞɨɫɢɟɣ.
ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 211
166
Ⱦɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɯ ɬɨɪɟɜ-
ɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɚ V – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɦ. [Ɋɭɫɹɟɜɚ Ɇ.ȼ. 1995], ɝɞɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɬɟ ɢɡ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ ɢ ɧɚ
«ɤɨɧɭɫɟ» ɢɡ ɉɟɪɟɞɟɪɢɟɜɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɢɡ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ), ɚ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ «ɫɬɚɪɵɯ» ɢ «ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ» ɫɤɢɮɨɜ (ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɟɧɨ 4–5 ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ:
ɝɪɟɛɟɧɶ (?) ɢ ɝɨɪɢɬ ɢɡ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ, «ɤɨɧɭɫ» ɢɡ ɉɟɪɟɞɟɪɢɟɜɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ, ɢɫɱɟɡɧɭɜɲɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɞɥɹ «ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɜɨɪɜɨɪɤɢ» Ɋɨɦɚɧɨɜɢɱɚ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1993ɚ; 1994ɚ] ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɠɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɢɡ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ [ɂɥɶ-
ɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1978: ɪɢɫ. 2]), ɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɸɠɟɬɨɜ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɫɩɨɤɨɣ-
ɧɨɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɋɬɟɩɢ.
212 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
167
Ɉɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɨɧɧɵ, ɧɨ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɤɚɧɭɧɟ
ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɜ 409–405 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɱɟɤɚɧɤɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɵ ɫɟɪɢɢ 6$00$ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɋɚɦɦɚɤ [Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ 1992] ɢɥɢ
ɰɚɪɹ ɋɚɦɦɚ… [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ., Ɇɨɥɱɚɧɨɜ 2001: 18]. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɥɟɜɚ [1997: 73, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 62]. ȼ.Ɏ. ɋɬɨɥɛɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ 438/7–437/6 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɨɬ
ɢɦɟɧɢ ɛɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɪɚɧɚ, ɫɚɦɨɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ [Stolba 1998: 608, 609]. ɂɧɨɟ
ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɦ. [Anochin 1998]. ȼ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ Ɉ.ɇ. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɥ ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɥ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɜ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
[Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ 2001: 410–435]. Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ ȼ.Ɏ. ɋɬɨɥɛɵ ɢ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧɚ
ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ., Ɇɨɥɱɚɧɨɜ 2001].
214 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
168
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɚɦɮɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɣɦɚ, ɨɬ-
ɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ [Ȼɟɤɟɬɨɜɚ 1991: 8; Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɇ.Ⱥ.
1994ɚ: 119–121].
ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 215
Ɇɚɬɟ-
ʋ Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ (ɫɦ), Ⱦɚɬɚ,
ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ Ɍɢɩ ɪɢɚɥ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɩ/ɩ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬ ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɜɟɫ (ɝ)
1 Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɭ I–1 ȼɵɫ. 4, ɀɟɥɟɡɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ VI, Ⱥɧɞɪɭɯ 1988:
ɫ. ȼɢɲɧɟɜɤɚ ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 10 ɡɨɥɨɬɨ ɪɭɛɟɠ ɪɢɫ. 5: 20
VI–V
2 ȼɢɬɨɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ I–1 Ⱦɦ. ɨɫɧ. 9,5 Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ? Ʉɨɧɟɰ VI, Ʉɨɜɩɚɧɟɧɤɨ
ɪɭɛɟɠ 1967: ɪɢɫ. 48;
VI–V ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ, 1981:
ɪɢɫ. 27: 2
3 Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 6 ɭ I–2 ȼɵɫ. ɨɤ. 7 Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ VI, Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɫ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. ɨɤ. 259, 31 ɪɭɛɟɠ 1978:
12 VI–V ɪɢɫ. 3.1;
Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɚ, Ɇɭɯɨ-
ɩɚɞ 1982: ɪɢɫ. 5:
4;
Scythian Gold...
1992: ʋ 34
4 Ⱦɡɸɛɢɧɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ I–2 ȼɵɫ. 3,9, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ VI, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1991:
ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 11,1 122, 3 ɪɭɛɟɠ ɪɢɫ. 1: 1
VI–V
5 ɋ. ɋɚɪɵ, I–2 ȼɵɫ. ɨɤ. 2,5– ɀɟɥɟɡɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ VI, ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ 1961:
ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 7 3, ɡɨɥɨɬɨ ɪɭɛɟɠ ɪɢɫ. 42: 2;
ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. ɨɤ. 8 VI–V Cɦɢɪɧɨɜ 1964:
ɪɢɫ. 35ɚ: 9
6 Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ɉɫɬɪɚɹ I–2 ȼɵɫ. 5,8, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ VI – ȾȽɋ II,
Ɍɨɦɚɤɨɜɤɚ ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 13,8 318, 4 1-ɹ ɱɟɬɜ. V ɬɚɛɥ. XXVI: 14
7 ɀɭɪɨɜɤɚ, I–2 ȼɵɫ. 8,9, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ɋɭɛɟɠ 1-ɣ Ȼɨɛɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ
ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 400 ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 14,8 392 ɢ 2-ɣ ɱɟɬɜ. 1905: ɪɢɫ. 19
V
8 Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɭ I–2 Ɂɨɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ 2-ɹ ɱɟɬɜ. V Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ 1973;
ɝ. Ⱥɪɰɢɡ (ɩɬɢɰɚ ɫ ɪɵ- Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɟɪɯɨɜ,
ɛɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯ- Ɉɯɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ 1989:
ɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨ- ɪɢɫ. 3: 5
ɫɬɢ)
9 Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɭ II–1 ȼɵɫ. 13,3, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, 1-ɹ ɩɨɥ. V Ʌɟɫɤɨɜ 1968:
ɫ. ɂɥɶɢɱɟɜɨ ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 16 452 ɪɢɫ. 3
10 ɇɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɢɣ II–1 ȼɵɫ. 5, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ ɋɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɋɢɥɚɧɬɶɟɜɚ 1959:
ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 24 ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 5,5. V 56, ɪɢɫ. 24: 3
Ɋɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ
ɠɝɭɬ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ
ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ
ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ 217
Ɇɚɬɟ-
ʋ Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ (ɫɦ), Ⱦɚɬɚ,
ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ Ɍɢɩ ɪɢɚɥ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɩ/ɩ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬ ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɜɟɫ (ɝ)
11 Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɭ I ȼɵɫ. 5,8–6,5, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, V Ʉɭɛɵɲɟɜ,
ɫ. ɒɟɥɸɝɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 12 140,7 Ʉɭɩɪɢɣ 1992:
II–1 ɪɢɫ. 3;
Treasures 1998:
48
12 Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɫɤɢɣ I–2 ȼɵɫ. ɨɤ. 7,7, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ V (IV ?) ɉɲɟɧɢɱɧɸɤ
ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. ɨɤ. 1989: 6;
16,5 ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ:
Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ 1992
13 Ȼɪɚɬɨɥɸɛɨɜɫɤɢɣ II–1 ȼɵɫ. 18, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ɋɭɛɟɠ Ʉɭɛɵɲɟɜ, Ʉɨɜɚ-
ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 18,5. 625 V–IV ɥɟɜ 1994;
Ɂɨɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ Gold der Steppe...
(ɫɰɟɧɵ ɬɟɪ- 1991: Kat. 120d;
ɡɚɧɢɹ) Scythian Gold...
1992: Cat. 56;
Schiltz 1994:
fig. 112–115, 273;
Tesore... 1995–
1996: ʋ 54
14 ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ II–2 ȼɵɫ. 14,5, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, IV Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ 1995
ɤɥɚɞ, ɤɨɧɭɫ ʋ 1 ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 19,8 1061,8
15 ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ II–2 ȼɵɫ. 14,5, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, IV Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ 1995
ɤɥɚɞ, ɤɨɧɭɫ ʋ 2 ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 19,4 665,5
16 ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ II–2 ȼɵɫ. 11,7, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, IV Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ 1995
ɤɥɚɞ, ɤɨɧɭɫ ʋ 3 ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 13,7 386,4
17 Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɉɟɪɟɞɟ- II–2 ȼɵɫ. 16,7, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ IV Ɇɨɪɭɠɟɧɤɨ 1992:
ɪɢɟɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. ɪɢɫ. 3–6;
17, 9u16,6. Moroujenko 1994:
Ɋɨɡɟɬɤɚ, ɛɚ- pp. 22–24
ɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɸ- Schiltz 1994:
ɠɟɬ fig. 243, 277;
Tesore... 1995–
1996: ʋ 17
18 Ⱥɤ-Ȼɭɪɭɧ, II–2 ȼɵɫ. 14,4, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ IV ɈȺɄ ɡɚ 1876 ɝ.:
ɜɨɪɜɨɪɤɚ ʋ 1 ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 17,7– 824 ɬɚɛɥ. II, 1; Ⱥɪɬɚ-
(ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ, 19,5. ɦɨɧɨɜ 1966:
ɚɠɭɪɧɚɹ) Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ- ɬɚɛɥ. 272;
ɧɵɣ Skythische
Kunst...1986:
ʋ 229;
Gold der
Skythen.... 1993:
Kat. 63
19 Ⱥɤ-Ȼɭɪɭɧ, II–2 ȼɵɫ. 7,7 Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ IV ɈȺɄ ɡɚ 1876 ɝ.:
ɜɨɪɜɨɪɤɚ ʋ 2 202,22 ɬɚɛɥ. II, 2
218 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ɇɚɬɟ-
ʋ Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ (ɫɦ), Ⱦɚɬɚ,
ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ Ɍɢɩ ɪɢɚɥ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɩ/ɩ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬ ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɜɟɫ (ɝ)
20 Ⱥɤ-Ȼɭɪɭɧ, II–2 ȼɵɫ. 7 Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ IV ɈȺɄ ɡɚ 1876 ɝ.:
ɜɨɪɜɨɪɤɚ ʋ 3 210, 4 ɬɚɛɥ.II,2
21 Ʉɭɪɞɠɢɩɫɤɢɣ II–2 ȼɵɫ. 5,4, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ IV Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1980:
ɤɭɪɝɚɧ, ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 6,4. 72,8 ɤɚɬ. 51
ɤɨɥɩɚɱɨɤ ʋ 1 Ɋɨɡɟɬɤɚ,
ɛɚɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɫɸɠɟɬ
22 Ʉɭɪɞɠɢɩɫɤɢɣ II–2 ȼɵɫ. 3,8, ɋɟɪɟɛɪɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ IV Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1980:
ɤɭɪɝɚɧ, ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 5 ɡɨɥɨɬɨ, ɤɚɬ. 52
ɤɨɥɩɚɱɨɤ ʋ 2 56
23 Ʉɭɪɞɠɢɩɫɤɢɣ II–2 ȼɵɫ. 4, ɋɟɪɟɛɪɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ IV Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1980:
ɤɭɪɝɚɧ, ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 5 ɡɨɥɨɬɨ, ɤɚɬ. 52
ɤɨɥɩɚɱɨɤ ʋ 3 55
24 Ʉɭɪɞɠɢɩɫɤɢɣ II–2 ȼɵɫ. 4,7, Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ IV Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1980:
ɤɭɪɝɚɧ, ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 5, 2 17,2 ɤɚɬ. 53
ɤɨɥɩɚɱɨɤ ʋ 4
25 «ɑɚɫɬɵɟ ɤɭɪɝɚ- I–2 ȼɵɫ. 5 (2,5?), Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ V–IV Ʌɢɛɟɪɨɜ 1965:
ɧɵ», ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 22 ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 8 ɬɚɛɥ. 34: 10;
ɉɭɡɢɤɨɜɚ 1995:
25
26 ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ II–1 ȼɵɫ. 16,2, Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɂɂɆɄ,
Ɋɨɦɚɧɨɜɢɱɚ ɞɦ. ɨɫɧ. 16. Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ IV (?) ɮ.1/1896, ʋ 72,
Ɋɨɡɟɬɤɚ, ɪɚɫ- (?), ɥ. 3–5
ɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɨɤ. 384
ɛɚɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɫɸɠɟɬ
27 «Ɍɢɚɪɚ II–2 ȼɵɫ. 18 Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ, Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ Ȼɪɚɲɢɧɫɤɢɣ
ɋɚɣɬɚɮɚɪɧɚ» 443 IV (?) 1979: ɬɚɛɥ. XXIV
Ⱦɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɤɭɞɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɚ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɇɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ,
ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ, ɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣ-
ɲɢɦ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɬɪɚ-
ɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ», ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɵɩɚɥɶɧɢɰ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɨɝɚɞɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵ
ɩɪɢ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɫɨɲɥɸɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ
ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɰɚɪɢ ɢ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 219
169
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ɍ.Ɇ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ Ⱥɪɝɨɬ –
ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɠɪɟɰ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɶ ɋɤɢɥɚ [Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ 1986], Ʌ. Ⱦɸɛɭɚ – ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɰɚ ɋɤɢɥɚ, ɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ
ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ [Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ 1999ɚ: 169, 170, ɫ ɥɢɬ.; ɡɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɫɦ. ɨɛ ɢɦɟɧɢ
ǹȡȖȠIJĮȢ].
220 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɨ ɢ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɥɢ ɱɭɬɶ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ
ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɢ-
ɤɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɱɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟ-
ɝɢɨɧɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɨɦɚɞɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1987; 1989; 1992; Marþenko,
Vinogradov 1989: 807]. ɉɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 475 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Marþenko, Vinogradov 1989: 807, 808], ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ
ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ (?) ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ. ɉɨɥɚɝɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢ-
ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɰɚɪɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ.
Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɭ, ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ
ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɥɢɰ, ɱɟɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɢɬɭɥɨɦ
EDVLOHȪ9170, ɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɹɬɟɪɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɩɨɢɦɟɧɧɨ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɬɢɬɭɥɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɨɞɨɜ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɟɝɥɨɝɨ ɨɱɟɪɤɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɧɚ-
ɫɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɨ ɫɟɦɶɟ
ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ171, ɞɜɚ ɫɵɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɫɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɪɚɬɶɹ ɋɤɢɥ ɢ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞ, ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ ɨɬ ɪɭɤ ɰɚɪɹ ɚɝɚɮɢɪɫɨɜ ɋɩɚɪɝɚɩɢɮɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɰɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɋɤɢɥ ɛɵɥ ɭɦɟɪɳɜɥɟɧ ɛɪɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬɚ [Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ 1984: 11–15]. Ɉ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɫɵɧɟ
Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɠɟɧɵ Ɉɩɨɣɢ, Ɉɪɢɤɟ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ [Hdt. IV. 78–80]. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ
ɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɋɄɂɎɂə ɎɊȺɄɂə
ɋɩɚɪɝɚɩɢɮ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ʌɢɤ
Ƚɧɭɪ
ɋɚɜɥɢɣ Ⱥɧɚɯɚɪɫɢɫ
Ɍɚɤɫɚɤɢɫ ɋɤɨɩɚɫɢɫ ɂɞɚɧɮɢɪɫ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
170
Ɉ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɠɞɹɦɢ ɫɦ. [ɏɚɡɚɧɨɜ
1975: 198].
171
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɵɧɨɦ ɂɞɚɧɮɢɪɫɚ [Minns
1913: 116], ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ Ɍɢɦɧ, ɷɩɢɬɪɨɩ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ, ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɹ-
ɧɭɥ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡɥɚɝɚɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɭ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɸ ɰɚɪɟɣ Ⱥɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ
[Hdt. IV. 76].
ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɰɚɪɢ ɢ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 221
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ VI–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ⱦɚɬɚ,
Ȼɨɫɩɨɪ ɋɤɢɮɵ Ɏɪɚɤɢɹ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ ɉɟɪɫɢɹ Ʌɢɞɢɹ ɋɢɪɚɤɢ
ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
_
_
_ Ʉɢɪ Ʉɪɟɡ
VI _ ɋɚɜɥɢɣ
_ Ʉɚɦɛɢɡ
_ ɂɞɚɧɮɢɪɫ Ⱦɚɪɢɣ I
_ ɋɩɚɪɝɚ-
_ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮ ɩɢɮ, Ɍɟɪ Ʉɫɟɪɤɫ
_ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ I
_ Ⱥɪɯɟɚɧɚɤ-
_ ɬɢɞɵ
V
_ ɋɤɢɥ ɋɩɚɪɚɞɨɤ ɉɟɪɞɢɤɤɚ II Ⱥɪɬɚ-
_ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤ ɋɢɬɚɥɤ ɤɫɟɪɤɫ I
_ ɋɟɥɟɜɤ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞ
_ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤ? ɋɟɜɬ Ⱦɚɪɢɣ II
ɋɚɬɢɪ I Ⱥɪɯɟɥɚɣ
_ Ɇɟɞɨɤ
_ Ⱥɦɚɞɨɤ II Ⱥɪɬɚ-
_ Ɍɟɪ, Ɇɚɣ- ɤɫɟɪɤɫ II
_ Ʌɟɜɤɨɧ ɫɚɞ, ɋɟɜɬ ɉɟɪɞɢɤɤɚ III
_ Ⱥɬɟɣ Ʉɨɬɢɫ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩ II Ⱥɪɬɚ-
IV _ Ʉɨɪɫɨ- ɤɫɟɪɤɫ III
ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤ
ɛɥɟɩɬ
_ ɉɟɪɢɫɚɞ Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɵ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ III Ⱦɚɪɢɣ III
_ 1, 2, 3 Ɏɢɥ. Ⱥɪɪɢɞɟɣ
_ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ
IV
ȿɜɦɟɥ Ⱥɝɚɪ Ⱥɪɢɮɚɪɧ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɲɚɝ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɬɵ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɵ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɹɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɦ, – ɛɟɝɫɬɜɚ ɰɚɪɹ
ɋɤɢɥɚ ɤ ɨɞɪɢɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɰɚɪɸ ɋɢɬɚɥɤɭ, ɫɵɧɭ Ɍɟɪɚ, ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɟ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚ-
ɫɚɞɚ ɫ ɋɢɬɚɥɤɨɦ [IV. 80], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɞɪɢɫɨɜ Ɍɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɚ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ, ɢɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɞɚɬɢɪɨ-
ɜɨɤ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɬ. ɇɨ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɞɪɢɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɋɢɬɚɥɤɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɝɢɛ,
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɏɭɤɢɞɢɞɭ, ɜ 424 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɜ ɩɨɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɪɢɛɚɥɥɨɜ [IV. 101. 4], ɧɨ ɤɨ-
ɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɧɹɥ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ; ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
431 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɂɥɚɬɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1971: 25], ɧɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɷɬɨ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
ɧɚ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɢ ɋɢɬɚɥɤɚ Ɏɭɤɢɞɢɞɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɚ ɚɮɢɧɹɧ ɩɨɞ ɷɬɢɦ ɝɨɞɨɦ [II. 29].
ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɋɢɬɚɥɤ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ Ɍɟɪɭ (ɯɨɬɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɢ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɋɩɚɪɚɞɨɤ) ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ Ɍɟɪ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɥ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɵɧɨɜɶɹɦɢ [Ɂɥɚɬɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1971: 213–216; Ɏɨɥ 1972: 141, 142].
222 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
172
ɗɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɥ Ɉɥɶɜɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟ 431 ɝ. ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɜɫɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ
ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1980:
104, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 78]. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɋɭɫɹɟɜɨɣ [1993].
173
ɂ.ȼ. ɋɭɪɢɤɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ ɩɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ ɉɟɪɢɤɥɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɞɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɣ ɧɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɟ ɜ 438/37 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ [ɋɭɪɢɤɨɜ
1999: 107, ɤɚɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɫ. 112].
ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɰɚɪɢ ɢ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 223
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ terminus ante quem ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɋɤɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɚ174. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫ-
ɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɞɪɢɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɟɣ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɧɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɏɪɚɤɢɟɣ ɢ ɋɤɢ-
ɮɢɟɣ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1979; ȼɟɥɤɨɜɚ 1975: 139 ɢ ɫɥ.].
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɜɥɚ-
ɫɬɢ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɟ ɜ 438/7 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɗɬ-
ɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɚ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤɚ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɞɢɫɤɭɫ-
ɫɢɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ: ɷɥɥɢɧ,
ɮɪɚɤɢɟɰ, ɫɤɢɮ, ɫɢɧɞ, ɫɤɢɮɨ-ɮɪɚɤɢɟɰ [ɒɟɥɨɜ-Ʉɨɜɟɞɹɟɜ 1985: 83–85; Ⱦɟɫɹɬɱɢɤɨɜ
1985; Tohtasjev 1986]. ɂ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɨ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤɚ. ɋ.Ⱥ. ɀɟɛɟɥɟɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ Ɇ.ɂ. Ɋɨɫ-
ɬɨɜɰɟɜɵɦ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤ I, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɢɦɹ (ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, Ʉ. ȼɥɚɯɨɜ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɹ ɋɩɚɪɚɞɨɤ/ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɦ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɦ [ȼɥɚɯɨɜ 1976:
73]), ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ (ɤɚɡɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ
ɟɦɭ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ), ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤ ɛɵɥ ɨɞɪɢɫɫɤɢɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ, ɩɪɢɛɵɜ-
ɲɢɦ ɧɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ Ⱥɪɯɟɚɧɚɤɬɢɞɨɜ [ɀɟɛɟɥɟɜ 1953: 168]. Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɱɢɧ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤ – ɷɬɨ ɨɞɪɢɫɫɤɢɣ ɋɩɚ-
ɪɚɞɨɤ, ɛɪɚɬ ɋɢɬɚɥɤɚ ɢ ɞɹɞɹ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɚ [Ɇɚɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ 1993]. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɧɟ ɜɵ-
ɡɨɜɟɬ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɬɨ ɞɚɬɚ 438/7 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ terminus ante quem ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɣɧɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɫɨɛɢɰɵ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɚ ɢ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɢ
ȼ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧ [Anochin 1998: 41, 42], ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ Ⱥ.ɇ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝ ɷɬɭ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɤɪɢɬɢ-
ɤɟ [ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ 1999]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ Ⱥ.ɇ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟ-
ɜɵɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɲɚɬɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɟɦɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ «ɪɚɧɧɹɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɏɪɚɤɢɢ ɧɚɦ ɢɡ-
ɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɩɥɨɯɨ», ɢ «ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬ ɋɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɚ»,
ɢ «ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ
ɋɢɬɚɥɤɚ…», ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ [ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ 1999: 108, 109,110]. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ
ɧɟɹɫɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɜɟɪɫɢɹ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɱɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ (ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ
ɭɫɬɧɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧɚ – ɟɳɟ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 1970-ɯ ɝɝ.) ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɧɟ
ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟɣ ɞɨɝɚɞɤɨɣ, ɚ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɨɣ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ
ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɨ. ȼ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ Ⱥ.ɇ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɹ ɦɨɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ: «ɂ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɚ ɥɨɝɢ-
ɤɚ ɜ ɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ
Ȼɨɫɩɨɪ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɢɥ ɇɢɦɮɟɣ – ɨɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚ» [ȼɚ-
ɫɢɥɶɟɜ 1999: 108]. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɢɧɚɹ. ɇɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɇɢɦɮɟɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɛɥɢɡɢɥɚ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɫ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɨɦ, ɚ ɭɥɭɱ-
ɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɨ ɧɟɧɭɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɨɩɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɇɢɦ-
ɮɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢ Ⱥɪɯɟɚɧɚɤɬɢɞɚɯ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɞɜɭɦɹ ɚɛɡɚɰɚɦɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ
Ⱥ.ɇ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥ ɦɨɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɜɟɪɧɨ: «ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, ɫ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɢ ɧɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɨɜ-ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.
174
ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɋɤɢɥɚ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ skol-, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɦɨ-
ɥɨɠɟ [ɇɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ 1989: 236, 237] Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɚ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɚ ɛɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ (ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɫɦ. [ɏɚɡɚɧɨɜ
1975; Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ 1989]).
224 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
175
ȿɫɥɢ ɉ.Ɉ. Ʉɚɪɵɲɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥ ɷɬɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ [Ʉɚɪɵɲɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ
1987: 67], ɚ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɂɚɝɢɧɚɣɥɨ – ɤ ɪɭɛɟɠɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɂɚɝɢɧɚɣɥɨ 1989: 29], ɬɨ
ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ – ɤ 470–450 ɝɝ. [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1989: 120]. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɂɚɝɢɧɚɣɥɨ ɢ ɉ.Ɉ. Ʉɚɪɵɲ-
ɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɟɬ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɚ VI – ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɜɢɧɵ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 70-ɯ ɝɝ. V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɨɬɦɟɬɢɜ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɋɤɢɥɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɇɢɤɨɧɢɢ [Ɂɚɝɢɧɚɣɥɨ, Ʉɚɪɵɲɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1990: 3 ɢ
ɫɥ.]. ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋɹɛɨɜɚ ɢ ɂ.ɉ. Ʌɟɠɭɯ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɢɩɟ ɦɨɧɟɬ ɋɤɢɥɚ – ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɦɨɧɟɬɚɯ-ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɯ [Ɋɹɛɨɜɚ, Ʌɟɠɭɯ 2001: ɪɢɫ. 7: 1–6].
176
ɍ ɧɚɫ ɧɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɨɜ, ɚ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɤɭɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ Ʌɭɤɢɚɧɭ, ɰɚɪɶ Ⱥɬɟɣ
ɩɨɝɢɛ ɜ ɛɨɸ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ [Lucian. Makrob. 10]. Ⱦɢɧɚɫɬɭ ɠɟ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɟ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ, ɛɵɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 45–50 ɥɟɬ [Ʉɪɭɰ 1979: 232]. ɂɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ
ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɩɨɥ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ) ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɬ 25 ɞɨ 45 ɥɟɬ
[ɒɭɥɶɬɰ 1991: 331]. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɤɨɦɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɟɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ȼ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɛɵɥ
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 65 ɥɟɬ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ [ɒɭɥɶɬɰ 1991: 338], ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɢɧ-
ɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚ. ȼ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɱɟɪɟɩ ɢɡ ɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɟ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɫɬɚɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ [Ɏɢɪɲɬɟɣɧ
1966: 62–76]. ȼ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ Ʉɭɥɶ-Ɉɛɚ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧ «ɰɚɪɶ» ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30–40 ɥɟɬ [Ɋɨɯɥɢɧ 1965:
248–250].
ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɰɚɪɢ ɢ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 225
177
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɷɬɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɞɚɜɧɹɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ Ⱥɬɟɟ,
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ Ⱦ.ɉ. Ʉɚɥɥɢɫɬɨɜɭ [1969], ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ
([ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ 1987: 81; ɉɨɥɢɧ 1992: 84, 85; Ⱥɧɞɪɭɯ 1995], ɧɨ [ɉɚɜɥɟɧɤɨɜ 1999 ]).
178
ȼ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ȼ.ȼ. Ʌɚɬɵɲɟɜɚ ɨɬɪɵɜɨɤ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ: «…ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɭ ɉɷɪɢɫɚɞɚ ɜɨɣ-
ɧɵ ɫɨ ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ ɰɚɪɟɦ…» [SC. I: 367]. ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ: … ʌȩȜݵȠȞ IJY ȆĮȚȡȚıȐįȘ ʌȡoȢ IJoȞ
ȈțȪșȘȞ … («…ɭ ɉɟɪɢɫɚɞɚ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫɨ ɋɤɢɮɨɦ…»). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɪɟɱɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɱɟɥ ɧɭɠ-
ɧɵɦ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɢɦɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ. ɋɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɋɤɢɮ» ɛɵɥ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɪɭɩ-
ɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɵɦ, ɜɥɚɞɵɤɨɣ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ.
179
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɚɬɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɚɹ – 328 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɏɥɨɩɢɧ 1983: 154].
226 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
1971: 52, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 70]). ɂ.ȼ. ɉɶɹɧɤɨɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ» ɫɤɢɮɵ – ɷɬɨ ɞɚɯɢ ɢɥɢ
ɞɚɢ, ɨɛɢɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɨɬ ɋɵɪɞɚɪɶɢ ɢ Ⱥɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɪɹ, «ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ» ɠɟ ɫɤɢɮɵ – ɷɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɚɝɟɬɵ, ɢɥɢ ɫɚɤɢ [ɉɶɹɧɤɨɜ 1994; 1997: 227,
228]. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɠ.Ɋ. Ƚɚɪɞɢɧɟɪ-Ƚɚɪɞɟɧɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɤɢɮɵ ɡɚ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫɨɦ – ɋɵɪɞɚɪɶɟɣ – ɷɬɨ «ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ» ɫɤɢɮɵ, ɚ ɫɤɢɮɵ,
ɠɢɜɲɢɟ «ɜɵɲɟ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ» – ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ, ɧɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɪɟ-
ɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɦɚɞɵ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɣ
Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧ [Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɰɟɜ 1925: 103, 104], ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɟɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ [ɫɪ. Arr.
Anab. IV. 1; IV. 3. 6; IV. 15; Curt. VI. II. 13, 14]. Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫ əɤɫɚɪ-
ɬɨɦ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ, ɩɨɫɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɪɚ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ [Arr. Anab. IV. 4; IV. 5], ɡɧɚɟɬ ɫɤɢ-
ɮɨɜ-ɦɚɫɫɚɝɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɫ ɋɨɝɞɨɦ [IV. 16. 17], ɡɧɚɟɬ ɞɚɟɜ ɭ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫɚ [Arr. III. 28. 8;
III. 28. 10] ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧ ɨɛ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɫɤɢɮɚɯ ɢ ɢɯ
ɰɚɪɹɯ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɨ. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
«ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ» ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɨɬ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɦ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜ ɰɚɪɹ.
ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɨɞ 309 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɶ Ⱥɝɚɪ, ɜ ɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨ-
ɝɨ ɛɟɠɚɥ ɢɡ ɉɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɟɹ ɉɟɪɢɫɚɞ, ɫɵɧ ɋɚɬɢɪɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɹɞɢ ȿɜɦɟɥɚ ɜ
ɦɟɠɞɨɭɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ [Diod. XX. 24].
ɗɬɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɲɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɚɯ ɢ
ɞɢɧɚɫɬɚɯ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɬ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɵɤ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɩɨɪɵ
ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɚɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɨɛ-
ɧɢɰ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵ: ɰɚɪɶ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 470–460 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɰɚɪɶ ɋɤɢɥ – ɨɤɨɥɨ
450 ɝ., ɰɚɪɶ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɛɪɚɬ Ɉɪɢɤ – ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ 440/430 ɝɝ., Ⱥɬɟɣ – 339 ɝ., «Ⱥɧɨ-
ɧɢɦ 1» – ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ 339 ɢ 328 ɝɝ., «Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦ 2» – ɨɤɨɥɨ 328 ɝ., «Ⱥɧɨ-
ɧɢɦ 3» – ɩɨɫɥɟ 328 ɝ., ɰɚɪɶ Ⱥɝɚɪ – ɩɨɫɥɟ 309 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɇɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ
ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɜɨɟɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɫ ɉɟɪɢɫɚɞɨɦ, ɢ ɰɚɪɶ,
ɭɦɟɪɲɢɣ, ɩɨ Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧɭ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 328 ɝ., ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɥɢɰɨɦ. Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫɚ-
ɦɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨ ɛɪɚɬɟ-ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɟ («Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦ 3») ɢ ɰɚɪɟ Ⱥɝɚɪɟ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɟɱɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɞɬɢ ɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɞɚɬ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ
Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮ ɢ ɋɤɢɥ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɸɬ ɡɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ «ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ»
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ – ɋɨɥɨɯɢ, ɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɋɤɢɥɭ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɛ-
ɧɢɰ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ180. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɢ Ⱥɬɟɹ.
180
ɋɜɨɞɤɭ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ V – ɪɭɛɟɠɚ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɫɦ. [Ɍɟɪɟɧɨɠɤɢɧ, Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1988,
ɩɪɢɥ. 3]. ɂɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ Ɋɚɫɤɨɩɚɧɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
[Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1987ɛ], ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɇɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ʋ 1, 6, 17, 19, 24, 32), ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ-
ɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ 6 ɦ (ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 1), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ. ɂɡ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɫɬɟɩ-
ɧɵɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɬ.ɟ. ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ ɢ ɋɤɢɥɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ Ȼɚɛɵ (ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3,6 ɦ) ɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 13 ɭ ɫ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɤɚ (ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4 ɦ, ɪɚɫɤɨɩɤɢ
ȼ.ȼ. Ɉɬɪɨɳɟɧɤɨ 1984 ɝ.) ɫ ɩɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɸɞɚ ɠɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɪɵɦɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɧɟɤɪɨ-
ɩɨɥɹ ɇɢɦɮɟɹ [ɋɢɥɚɧɬɶɟɜɚ 1959; Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1991: ɪɢɫ. 2]. ɇɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ ɧɟɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵ ɩɨ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɨɣ
Ȼ.ɇ. Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɍɟɪɟɧɨɠɤɢɧ, Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1988: 194].
ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɰɚɪɢ ɢ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 227
ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ ɘ.ȼ. Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɟɣ ɦɨɝ
ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 7 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɭ ɫ. ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɤɚ, ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɨɝɪɚɛɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɚɧɧɵɣ Ⱦ.ə. ɋɚɦɨɤɜɚɫɨ-
ɜɵɦ ɜ 1884 ɝ. (ɪɹɞ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɟ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ
Ⱦɧ 1882 1/1–9) [Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤ 2001: 30]. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚ-
ɧɟ, ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍ.Ɇ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ ɫɱɢ-
ɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ [Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ 2001], ɧɨ ɩɨ-
ɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ.
ɇɟɞɚɜɧɨ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋɹɛɨɜɚ ɢ ɂ.ɉ. Ʌɟɠɭɯ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɛɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɟɩɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
Ɋɨɤɫɨɥɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ (ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɇɢɤɨɧɢɹ) ɜ 1994 ɝ. [Ɋɹɛɨɜɚ, Ʌɟɠɭɯ 2001]. ɗɬɨɬ
ɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ
ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɚɪɹ ɋɤɢɥɚ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ
ɫ ɇɢɤɨɧɢɟɦ. ɇɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɟɠ-
ɧɨɣ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɵɟ
ɧɚɲɢɜɧɵɟ ɛɥɹɲɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɪɚɤɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɝɨɧɟɣɨɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɞɪɟɜ-
ɧɨɫɬɹɯ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ: ɨɤɨɥɨ 440–390 ɝɝ. ɢ 335–300 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɫɚɦɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɟ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɩɢɫɤɚ. ɇɨ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɨɥɶ-
ɲɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɨɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɨ. ɇɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ V–IV ɜɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡ-
ɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɷɬɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ [Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ 1979: ɬɚɛɥ. 4; Ɍɟɪɟɧɨɠɤɢɧ, Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1988:
ɩɪɢɥ. 4; Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɢɧ 1980: 106, 107, ɬɚɛɥ. 1; Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ, Ɋɨɥɥɟ 1991: 143,
ɬɚɛɥ. 2].
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɫɨɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ,
ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ «ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɜ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ
ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɵɩɶɸ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨ-
ɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚ-
ɧɵ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢ-
ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɹɬɶ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɚ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɜ-
ɲɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɦ: Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 21 ɦ [ȾȽɋ I: 1] 181 ;
181
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ Ɇ. Ȼɭɯɬɟɟɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɟɟ ɜ
13 ɫɚɠ. (ɨɤɨɥɨ 28 ɦ), ɬɨ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɍɟɪɟɳɟɧɤɨ – ɜ 8 ɫɚɠ. (ɨɤɨɥɨ 17 ɦ). ɇɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ɇ. Ȼɭɯɬɟɟɜɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 18–19 ɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɍɟɪɟ-
ɳɟɧɤɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɹɥ ɢ ə. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ [ɂɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ …1855: 51; Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1894: 264 ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɱ.].
228 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɢɣ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 19,5–22 ɦ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ, Ɋɨɥɥɟ 1991: 26]; Ɉɝɭɡ – ɨɤɨ-
ɥɨ 21 ɦ [Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɂɂɆɄ ɊȺɇ, ɮ. 1, ɞ. 13, 1892, ɥ. 14ɚ]; ɋɨɥɨɯɚ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 18–19 ɦ
[Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ 1987: 9] ɢ ɇɟɱɚɟɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 17 ɦ [Rolle 1980, Foto; Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɶ-
ɤɢɣ 1990: 126, ɪɢɫ. 2]. ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɪɟɡɚɧɵ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɜ ɧɨ-
ɜɟɣɲɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɚɧɵ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
(Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶ, ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤ, Ɉɝɭɡ) ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ (ɋɨɥɨɯɚ). ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɢɫ-
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɟɪɢɢ «ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ
ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɇɟɱɚɟɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɤ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ [Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤ, Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ 1994].
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɋɨɥɨɯɚ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɪɚɧɞɢɨɡɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɜ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ, ɛɵɥ ɫɨ-
ɨɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ (ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ) ɟɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɝɪɚɛ-
ɥɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɬɪɨɧɭɬɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɤɨɥɨ 420–400 ɝɝ. (ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ
ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟɦ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.). ɑɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɩɭɳɟɧɚ
ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤ ɧɟɬɪɨɧɭɬɨɣ, ɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶ-
ɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɣ ɡɨɥɨ-
ɬɨɣ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɶ, ɮɢɚɥɚ, ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ-
ɞɟɥɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ, ɫɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɤ 400–375 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟ-
ɟɜ 1992: 147, 148]. ɇɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɧɵɯ
ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɚɬɵ [Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ 1987: 60, 82, 88, 100–102].
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ~30–40 ɥɟɬ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɨɧɭ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 70-ɦɢ ɝɝ. IV ɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ Ȼɟɪɞɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ [Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜ, ɉɨɥɢɧ, ɑɟɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɧɤɨ 1992: 39, 40],
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɋɨɥɨɯɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɋɨɥɨɯɟ ɢ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ, ɤɚɤ Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɐɢɦɛɚɥɤɚ, Ƚɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ,
ɑɦɵɪɟɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ – ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ
ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɨɪɞɢɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ – ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ,
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɨ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ 340–320 ɝɝ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. ɗɬɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɧɚ-
ɯɨɞɨɤ. Ⱥɦɮɨɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ 350–320 ɝɝ. [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ
1981; ɉɨɥɢɧ 1991: 365–374]. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɧɚɲɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱ-
ɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ IV ɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɢ
ɯɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɤɨɟ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɚɫɬɢɧɨɦɚ Ʉɫɚɧɮɚ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ, Ɋɨɥɥɟ 1991: 80, 130,
131], ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɟɫɹ, ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɚɰɚ, ɤ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ 1Ȼ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬɫɤɢɯ
ɤɥɟɣɦ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ 315–300 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɚɰ 1994: 51, 76]. ɋɢɧɨɩɫɤɨɟ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ
ɚɫɬɢɧɨɦɚ Ȼɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɤ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ [Ɏɟɞɨɫɟɟɜ 1994: 189;
1999: 18, ɬɚɛɥ. 1]. Ɉɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ, ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɟɪɬɨɦ-
ɥɵɤɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɟɣɦɟɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɦɧɹɯ ɤɪɟɩɢɞɵ. ȿɳɟ
ɨɞɧɨ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ – ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɨɟ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ, Ɋɨɥɥɟ 1991: ɤɚɬ. 215; ɉɨɥɢɧ
1994], ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɚ ɜ 1981 ɝ. ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸ-
ɳɟɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 350–325 ɝɝ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. Ȼɨɤɨɜɚɹ, ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɚɹ, ɦɨɝɢɥɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ
ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɰɚɪɢ ɢ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 229
182
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɘ.ȼ. Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤɚ ɢ ȿ.ȿ. Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ [1994], ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɩɨ-
ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ
ɞɥɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɨɦɨɫɚ (ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɫɹ «ɝɪɚɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ», ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɂ.ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧɵɦ), ɜɟ-
ɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɤɨɦɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɵɩɶɸ
ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɂ.ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɱɧɨ.
230 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10
ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɬ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɰɚɪɟɣ ɫ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ⱦɚɬɚ, Ⱦɚɬɚ,
ɐɚɪɢ Ʉɭɪɝɚɧɵ
ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
470/460 Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮ
450/440 Ȼɚɛɵ, ɇɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɨɤ. 450
Ɉɤ. 440 ɋɤɢɥ
n I Ɂɚɜɚɞɫɤɚɹ, Ɇɚɥɚɹ ɐɢɦɛɚɥɤɚ ɨɤ. 425
440–400 Ɉɪɢɤ ɋɨɥɨɯɚ 1 ɨɤ. 410
p Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞ ɋɨɥɨɯɚ 2, Ʉɭɥɶ-Ɉɛɚ 1 390/380
Ȼɟɪɞɹɧɫɤɢɣ, Ⱦɜɭɝɨɪɛɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɨɤ. 375
ɑɦɵɪɟɜɚ Ɇ., Ƚɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, 350
339 Ⱥɬɟɣ Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɐɢɦɛɚɥɤɚ 340
«Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦ 1» Ʉɭɥɶ-Ɉɛɚ 2–3 (?)
329/328 «Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦ 2» ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤ 1, Ɉɝɭɡ, ɨɤ. 330
«Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦ 3» Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶ 1 325
309 Ⱥɝɚɪ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤ 2, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶ 2, 3 300
183
ɉɨ Ȼ.ɇ. Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ [Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ 1979: 154; Ɍɟɪɟɧɨɠɤɢɧ, Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1988: ɬɚɛɥ. 4], ɟɫɬɶ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɝɢɥ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɟɣ.
ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ,
Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ, Ɋɨɥɥɟ 1991: 71–75]. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ Ȼ.ɇ. Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ-
ɪɟɱɚɬ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ Ȼ.ȼ. Ɏɢɪɲɬɟɣɧ [1966]. Ⱥ.ɉ. Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ
ɜ ɋɨɥɨɯɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɵ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ: ɥɢɛɨ ɛɪɚɬɶɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɟɰ ɫ ɫɵɧɨɦ [Ɇɚɧ-
ɰɟɜɢɱ 1987: 117, 118]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɨɛɪɹɞ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɡɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɹɦɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ [Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤ 1997]. ɇɨ
ɜɨɬ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ, ɜ ɩɚɡɵɪɵɤɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɵɱɚɣ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɤɚɦɢ 2-ɝɨ Ɍɭɷɤɬɢɧ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ (VI–V ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 1 ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ Ⱥɤ-Ⱥɥɚɯɚ 3 (V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɥɨɲɚɞɟɣ [Ɋɭɞɟɧɤɨ 1960; ɉɨɥɨɫɶɦɚɤ 1994].
ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɰɚɪɢ ɢ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 231
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ [Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ 1987: 35]. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨ-
ɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚɜɟɪɧɹɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɟɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɟ,
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɥɶɜɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɟ «ɚɫɫɵ» (ɛɥɢɠɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ – ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ $5,& [Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ
1951: ɬɚɛɥ. XXXI, 2], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɸ
V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɚɪɵɲɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1988: 45], ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ [ȼɢɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1989: 120], ɢɥɢ 430–410 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧ 1989: 17]). Ʉ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɣ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɥɢɬɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɵ ɋɤɢɥɚ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɥɨɯɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ
ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɰɚɪɚɩɚɧɚ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ «/», ɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ,
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 35). ɂ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɯ, ɢ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɚɯ ɢɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ: ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ – ɷɬɨ
ɱɚɲɢ-ɮɢɚɥɵ, ɤɭɜɲɢɧɱɢɤɢ, ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ – ɤɪɭɝɥɨɬɟɥɵɟ ɤɭɛɤɢ, ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɲɢ ɫ ɡɨɥɨ-
ɬɵɦɢ ɚɩɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɠɟ ɢɡ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɷɬɢ
ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɫ ɨɞɪɢɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɦɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ
Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵ.
ɂɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɨɝɢɥ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ Ɉɪɢɤɭ. Ɉɫɧɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɜ, ɨɞɢɧ
ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɰɚɪɶ – Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞ) ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ
ɪɚɧɝɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɨɛ-
ɳɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ.
ȿɫɬɶ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɥɢ-
ɤɚ, ɧɨ ɹ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɚɸɫɶ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɝɢ-
ɥɵ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɢɥɢɤ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɤɢɥɢɤ ɢɡ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ
Ȼɚɲɨɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ȼɟɧɟɞɢɤɨɜ, Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜ 1973: ɪɢɫ. 173, 174], ɯɨɬɹ ɨɛɚ
ɫɨɫɭɞɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɚɬɵ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɯ
ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɧɱɢɤɟ. ɇɚ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɤɢɥɢɤɟ ɷɬɨ
'$'$/(0(, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɟɥɶɰɚ [ɇɟɪɨɡɧɚɤ 1978: 31, 32; Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ 1987: 35], ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ ɧɚɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ [Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ 1977:
144 ɢ ɫɥ.; Ɂɥɚɬɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1971: 108 ɢ ɫɥ.]. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ /8.2 ɧɚ ɫɨɥɨɯɢɧɫɤɨɦ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɟ, ɬɨ Ⱥ.ɉ. Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ gen. ɥɢɱɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱ. OȪNR9 ‘ɜɨɥɤ’ [Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ 1987: 35]. Ʉɚɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɷɬɭ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ ɢ ɉ.Ɉ. Ʉɚɪɵɲɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ [1960: 182, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 33]. ȼ.ɂ. Ⱥɛɚɟɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ
ɢɦɹ /ȪNR9 [Hdt. IV. 76] ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɥɶɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ *Varka ‘ɜɨɥɤ’ [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979: 308].
Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢɦɟɧɢ '’2ULNR9 ɨɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɨɬ
ɫɤɢɮ. *Vara ‘ɹɝɧɟɧɨɤ’, ‘ɛɚɪɚɧ’, ɨɫɟɬ. wær, wærrik [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979: 307]. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ
ɢɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ: '’2ULNR9 = ɚɜɟɫɬ. vairya ‘ɥɭɱɲɢɣ’, ‘ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ’, ‘ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɧɵɣ’ [Zgusta 1955:
260, § 528]. ȼɫ. Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɧɹ *var («ɚɜɟɫɬ. var – ɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ,
ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ, ɢɥɢ var ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɶ, ɠɟɥɚɬɶ, ɥɸɛɢɬɶ» [Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ 1992: 629]). ɇɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ,
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ ’'2ULNR9 ɤ ɫɤɢɮ. *Varka, ɚɜɟɫɬ.
vԥhrko /vrka-s/, ɞɪ.-ɢɧɞ. vrkas, ɯɨɬɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɧ-
ɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶɸ /8.2 ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɟ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɪɟɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɯɢɳɧɢ-
ɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 35: 1); (ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɞɨɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɭ Ⱥ.ɉ. Ɇɚɧɰɟ-
ɜɢɱ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ [Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ 1987: 35]). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ (ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɦɟɤ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ,
ɩɪɨɰɚɪɚɩɚɧɧɵɣ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ), ɧɨ ɫɤɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɨ-
ɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. əɫɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ ɧɚ-
ɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɥɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ.
ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɰɚɪɢ ɢ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 233
184
ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɛɥɢɠɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɭɡɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɝɪɟɤɨ-ɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ [Ɋɨɫ-
ɬɨɜɰɟɜ 1926; Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1993].
185
ɗɬɭ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɭɫɬɧɨ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ,
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɪɤɚ 329/328 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɷɩɨɯɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɚ.
236 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɋɄɂɎɂə ȼ IV ȼ. ȾɈ ɇ.ɗ.
186
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɚɪɢɣ III (336–331 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɥ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɧɨɠɟɧ
ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɢɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ [Curt. III. 3. 6]. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɨɠɧɵ ɭ ɱɟɪ-
ɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɱɚ, ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɢɲɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɬɨɦ ɢ
ɧɨɠɧɚɦɢ «ɬɪɨɹɧɫɤɨɣ» ɫɟɪɢɢ.
ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. 237
187
Ɏ.ȼ. ɒɟɥɨɜ-Ʉɨɜɟɞɹɟɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɰɚɪɶ Ⱥɬɟɣ, ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɜɲɢɣ ɫɟɛɟ
ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɛɵɥ ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɚ
V ɜ. ɞɨ 60-ɯ ɝɝ. IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɧɟɭɪɹɞɢɰ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ [ɒɟɥɨɜ-Ʉɨɜɟɞɹɟɜ 1985: 147], ɱɬɨ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ (ɫɦ. ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ «ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚ-
ɮɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ»), ɯɨɬɹ, ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ 70-ɦɢ ɝɝ. IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
188
ɗɬɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɯɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɤɢɦ ɤɥɟɣɦɚɦ, ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɹ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨ-
ɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɚɰɚ [1994]. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ [1994ɚ: 120, 121] ʋ 35 –
ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɚɫɬɢɧɨɦɚ Ƚɟɪɨɤɫɟɧɚ – ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ 315–300 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ʋ 36 ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɟ Ⱥɩɨɥɥɨɞɨɪɭ,
ɫɵɧɭ ɇɢɤɢɹ, ɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, Ȼɨɥɥɢɨɧɭ, ɫɵɧɭ ɇɢɤɢɹ – 230–215 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ʋ 37 – ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɚɫɬɢɧɨɦɚ Ʉɫɟɧɨɧɚ –
300–285 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ʋ 37 – ɤɥɟɣɦɨ Ƚɟɪɨɤɪɚɬɚ – 285–272 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ
HPOKA(6), ɱɬɨ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɚ ɷɬɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬɚ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ; ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɦ. [Ɏɟɞɨɫɟɟɜ 1997: 225], ɝɞɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɬ ɞɥɹ
ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɯɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɟɣɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ) ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
238 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
189
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ «ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɦɨ-
ɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɫɨɲɥɸɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɘ.ȼ. Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ Ʉɚɪɚ-Ɍɸɛɟ
ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɚɡɨɜɶɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɸ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤ 1993]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ (ɧɟ-
ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɘ.ȼ. Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤɨɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɨɣ
Ɇɟɥɢɬɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ a340 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɟɬɟɥɟɤ (ɤɚɤ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ) ɧɚ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɵɯ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɨɣ ɪɨɡɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ
ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɦɮɨɪ ɬɢɩɚ ɋɨɥɨɯɚ I. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɚɦɮɨɪɵ
ɛɵɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [Ƚɚɪɥɚɧ 1992: 41]; ɜ ɉɪɢɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɶɟ
ɬɚɤɚɹ ɚɦɮɨɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ 330 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɜɩɭɫɤɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɢ
Ɋɵɠɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ). Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɚɦ ɬɢɩ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɟɧɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ. ɝɥ. ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɭɸ).
190
ɇɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɟɤɚɧɤɚ ɦɨɧɟɬ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɚɤɬɨɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɦ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɦ
Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ ɢ Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɟɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 350 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ Ɏɟɨɞɨɫɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ Ȼɨɫ-
ɩɨɪɚ? Ɏɟɨɞɨɫɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɞɨɥɝɨ ɱɟɤɚɧɢɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɦɟɞɧɭɸ ɦɨɧɟɬɭ [ɒɟɥɨɜ-Ʉɨɜɟɞɹɟɜ 1985: 138]. Ȼɵɬɶ
ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɟ ɫɤɢɮɵ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɩɨɦɨɳɢ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɭ. ɇɟ ɢɫɤɥɸ-
ɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.
ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. 239
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ – 364 ɝ., ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ, ɱɟɤɚɧɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜ Ʉɚɥɥɚɬɢɢ, – ɨɤ. 345–339 ɝɝ. [Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧ
1973: 38–40].
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɚɹ Ⱥɬɟɸ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɚ, ɫɤɨɥɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɟɦɭ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ. ɂɡ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɛ Ⱥɬɟɟ ɭɩɨɦɢ-
ɧɚɸɬ ɘɫɬɢɧ, ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧ, Ʌɭɤɢɚɧ, Ɏɪɨɧɬɢɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɇɟ ɤɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɵ Ⱥɬɟɹ, ɨɬɦɟɱɭ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ: 1) Ⱥɬɟɣ
ɛɵɥ ɜɥɚɞɵɤɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ [ɒɟɥɨɜ
1966; 1971: 54–63; ɉɚɜɥɟɧɤɨɜ 1999]; 2) ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ Ⱥɬɟɟɦ, ɟɝɨ ɛɚ-
ɫɢɥɟɹ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ [Ʉɚɥɥɢɫɬɨɜ
1969: 124–130; Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧ 1973: 39–41 ɢ ɞɪ.]. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ Ⱥɬɟɟ ɬɚɤ
ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɫ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɦ, ɫɵ-
ɧɨɦ Ⱥɦɢɧɬɵ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧɚ (VII.3.18), ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ȼ.ɂ. ɉɚɜɥɟɧɤɨɜɵɦ [1999: 194–196],
ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ Ⱦ.ɉ. Ʉɚɥɥɢɫɬɨɜɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ [ɑɟɪɧɟɧ-
ɤɨ 1987: 81; ɉɨɥɢɧ 1992: 84, 85; Ⱥɧɞɪɭɯ 1995]).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɬɚɩɚɦɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɛɵɥɢ: ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɪɢɛɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɫ ɧɟɤɢɦ «ɰɚɪɟɦ ɢɫɬɪɢɚɧ» (ɢɫɬɪɢɚɧɟ – ɬɨ ɥɢ ɝɟɬɵ, ɬɨ
ɥɢ ɬɪɢɛɚɥɥɵ, ɬɨ ɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɟɦɹ, ɬɨ ɥɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɝ. ɂɫɬɪɢɹ
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ; ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɟ, ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɂɫɬɪɢɢ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹ-
ɧɵɟ ɞɢɞɪɚɯɦɵ IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɛɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɝ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɟ-
ɬɨ ɝɟɬɨ-ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ [Preda 1964]), ɡɚɬɟɦ – ɫɨɸɡɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɹɧɚɦɢ191 ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɜ 339 ɝ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ., ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ Ⱥɬɟɣ ɩɨɝɢɛ.
ȼ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɭ, ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɟɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. ɇɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ»
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ
IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ», ɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – ɜ «ɚɬɟɟɜɨ» ɢ
«ɩɨɫɬɚɬɟɟɜɨ» ɜɪɟɦɹ – ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɹɪɤɢɟ ɡɚɯɨ-
ɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɬɢ. ɇɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ
ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ,
ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɡɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɣ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 29). ȼɟɪɨ-
ɹɬɧɨ, ɭɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ
ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ ɢ «ɫɚɪ-
ɦɚɬɫɤɢɦ» ɦɢɪɨɦ.
ȼ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ: ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɪɟ-
ɞɢɧɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɜ ɂɫɬɪɢɢ, ɜɬɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɜ ɨɪɛɢɬɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ II; ɞɨɫ-
ɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɦɨɧɟɬ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɵ-
ɧɟɲɧɟɣ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ; ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ Ɇ. Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤɨɫɨɦ ɩɨɞ ȼɟɪɝɢɧɨɣ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɯ
ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɚ
191
ȼ ɧɢɡɨɜɶɹɯ Ⱦɧɟɫɬɪɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧ ɠɟɪɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ
ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɨɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ ɢ Ⱥɬɟɹ [Ɋɹɛɨɜɚ, ɋɭɩɪɭɧɨɜ 1998: 69].
240 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
192
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ «ɡɚ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɬɢɜ» ɫɦ. [Riginos 1994: 103, note 1–3]. Ɉ.ə. ɇɟɜɟɪɨɜ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ-Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɚ, ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɣ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɭ II [ɇɟɜɟɪɨɜ 1990].
193
ȼ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɢɟ Ɍɪɨɢ, ɭ ɪɹɞɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ-
ɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ [Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤɨɫ 1990:
120]. ɂɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨ ɜɟɪɝɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɬɟ ɫɦ. [Stähler 1997]. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɧɚɞ-
ɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ II Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɭ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ 336 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.,
ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɢɡ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɢɬɚ [Stähler 1997: 88]. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ, ɬɨ ɨɧ
ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɢɮɨ-ɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ.
194
ɂɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨ ɧɨɠɧɚɯ ɢɡ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɫɦ. [Stähler 1997a; Ɋɭɫɹɟɜɚ Ɇ.ȼ. 1998;
ɇɟɮɟɞɤɢɧ 1998], ɨ ɝɨɪɢɬɚɯ ɫɦ. [ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ 1998], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 193 ɢ 195.
ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. 241
ɱɟɪɢ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɬɟɹ [Stähler 1997: 88], ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱ-
ɧɢɤɚɯ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɛɪɚɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɸɡɚɦ.
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɧɨɠɟɧ ɦɟɱɟɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɯ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ (ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ) ɫɟɪɢɸ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɦɢ Ɍɪɨɹɧ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ (ɠɢɡɧɶ Ⱥɯɢɥɥɚ, ɜɡɹɬɢɟ Ɍɪɨɢ, ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɚɦɢ [Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ
1980: 49 ɢ ɫɥ.])195, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ 340 ɢ 320 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1987:
36]. Ⱥ.ɇ. ɓɟɝɥɨɜ ɢ ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɚɰ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟ-
ɬɨɜ «ɬɪɨɹɧɫɤɨɣ» ɫɟɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 350 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ 340 ɝ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɷɬɢ ɜɟɳɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ
[Shceglov, Katz 1991]. Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ
ɧɨɠɧɚɯ ɤɚɤ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɵ Ɍɪɨɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɫ
ɚɦɚɡɨɧɤɚɦɢ (ɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɯ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɨɦɚɯɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɠɧɚɯ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɢɫɚɥ ɢ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ⱥɪɰɢ-
ɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ [1948]).
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɪɟ-
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ (ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ),
ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɧɨɠɟɧ, ɨɲɢ-
ɛɨɱɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜɨɫɶɦɚɹ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ – «ɪɚɧɟɧɚɹ ɉɟɧɬɟɫɢɥɟɹ» – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɧɟɫɨ-
ɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɛɨɪɨɞɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɢɧɚ; ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɩɶɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɢ-
ɧɚ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɬɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ, – ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ
ɤɨɩɶɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɤɚ, ɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ (ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɬɢɫɤɟ ɨɧ
ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ, ɢ ɦɚɫɬɟɪ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɜɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜ ɟɦɭ ɭɞ-
ɥɢɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ). ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɨɞɬɨɤ (ɫɦ. ɢɡɨ-
ɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɚɡɨɩɢɫɢ: [Pfhul 1923, Bd. 3: ʋ 492, 504, 505, 584 ɢ ɞɪ.]), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬ-
ɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɩɢɣ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɤɨɩɶɟ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɧɡɚɟɬ ɥɨɲɚɞɶ ɢ ɜɫɚɞɧɢɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɚ ɧɚɯɨ-
ɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɜɨɢɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ ɟɳɟ Ʌ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧɢ [ɈȺɄ ɡɚ 1864 ɝ.], ɚ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɂɚɦɵɤɚɟɬ ɜɫɸ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɭ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɱɚɳɚɹ-
ɫɹ ɥɨɲɚɞɶ, ɡɚ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɬɜɵɣ ɛɟɡɛɨɪɨɞɵɣ ɜɚɪɜɚɪ. Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ Ɍɪɨɢɥɚ, ɫɵɧɚ ɉɪɢɚɦɚ, ɧɨ ɜ
ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɚɱɟ
[Chamay 1980; Vellay 1957; Ⱥɧɚɧɶɢɱ 1998]. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɧɟɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɛɢɬɚɹ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɤɚ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ-ɧɟɝɪɟɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɨɠɧɚɯ ɫɢɧɤɪɟɬɢɱɧɵ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɢɤɨ-
ɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɷɥɥɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ V–IV ɜɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɤɚɤ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɤɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɚɦ. Ƚɪɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɜɨɣɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɬɪɨɹɧɰɟɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ: ɮɪɚɤɢɣɰɵ,
ɷɮɢɨɩɵ, ɚɦɚɡɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɦɚɫɬɟɪ ɧɨɠɟɧ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬ-
ɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɟɦɭ ɠɢɜɨ-
ɩɢɫɧɵɟ, ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɡɨɩɢɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
195
ɋɦ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ [Stähler, Nieswandt 1991/1992], ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɬɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟ-
ɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ Ⱥɯɢɥɥ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɫɸɠɟɬ, ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɤ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɦ Ɇɢɬɪɵ. ɇɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ (ɪɚɡ-
ɞɟɥ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ Ʉɥɚɭɫɭ ɒɬɟɥɟɪɭ) ɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ [1980], ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɚ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɣ.
242 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
196
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɫɨɲɥɸɫɶ ɧɚ ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɣɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɚɜɫɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
«Ɋɨɫɩɢɫɧɨɣ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɟ» ɜ Ⱥɮɢɧɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ: ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɮɢɧɹɧ ɫ ɚɦɚɡɨɧ-
ɤɚɦɢ; ɷɥɥɢɧɵ, ɜɡɹɜɲɢɟ Ɍɪɨɸ; ɛɢɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ Ɇɚɪɚɮɨɧɟ [Paus. I. XV]; ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɭ ɉɪɨɩɢɥɟɣ: ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɫ
Ⱦɢɨɦɟɞɨɦ ɢ Ɉɞɢɫɫɟɟɦ, ɡɚɤɥɚɧɢɟ ɉɨɥɢɤɫɟɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ [Paus. I. XXII. 6, 7]. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɉɨɥɢɝɧɨɬɚ «Ⱥɯɢɥɥ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɋɤɢɪɨɫɟ», ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɭɸ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɬɚɯ «ɱɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɣ» ɫɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɩɨɦɩɟɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɟɫɨɤ.
197
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɠɧɚɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɵ, ɫɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ-
ɫɹ ɫ ɝɪɟɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɚ Ɇ.ȼ. Ɋɭɫɹɟɜɨɣ [1998] ɢ Ⱥ.Ʉ. ɇɟɮɟɞɤɢɧɵɦ [1998]. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɷɩɨɯɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ, ɬɟɦ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɬɨ «ɬɪɨɹɧɫɤɚɹ» ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɢ.
198
ɋ.ɂ. Ⱥɧɞɪɭɯ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɚ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧɚ ɜɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨ-
ɯɨɞ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɞɭɧɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɩɚɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɵ, ɠɢɜɭ-
ɳɢɟ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɪɟɤɢ [Ⱥɧɞɪɭɯ 1994: 146]. ɇɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɢ ɹɡɢɝɢ, ɢ
ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɵ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ, ɞɜɭɦɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ), ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɹɫɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨ-
ɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.
ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. 243
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɢɥɢ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɛɚɫɢɥɟɣ ɦɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɶ
ɟɝɨ ɫɵɧ, ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɘɫɬɢɧɚ, – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɜɟ-
ɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɪɟɤɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɭ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 90 ɥɟɬ.
ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɟɣ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (350/340–
320 ɝɝ.) ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ»
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɑɦɵɪɟɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɐɢɦɛɚɥɤɚ, Ƚɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɚɬɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɇɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ
ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɵɩɹɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɚɯ Ⱥɬɟɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɥɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɟɦɭ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ-
ɱɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ Ɏɪɨɧɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɉɨɥɢɟɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ
Ⱥɬɟɸ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ «ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ» – ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɨɤ. 330–300 ɝɝ.). Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ-
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜ 331 ɢɥɢ 330 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ɂɨɩɢɪɢɨɧɨɦ, ɩɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ, ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ, ɨɤɨɧɱɢɜ-
ɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɟɣ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɨɞɰɚ [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ., Ʉɚɪɵɲɤɨɜ-
ɫɤɢɣ 1982: 22, 23, 25; Ƚɭɫɟɜɚ 1957: 94, 95; Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɇ.Ⱥ., ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ 1991; ɋɚɦɨɣ-
ɥɨɜɚ 1993]. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ, ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
[Just. ɏ11. 2. 16; Macrob. Saturn. I. 11. 33; Oros. 1V. 18. 4 ɢ ɞɪ.], ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ
ɩɨɯɨɞ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ (ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫ-
ɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ, ɢɦɟɜɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ) ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɝɟɬɨɜ, ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɢ Ɉɥɶ-
ɜɢɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ Ɂɨɩɢɪɢɨɧ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɣ 30-ɬɵɫɹɱɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɟɣ ɩɨ-
ɝɢɛ. ɗɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɫ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɹɧɚɦɢ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜ 329/328 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɣ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɹ ɜ Ȼɚɤɬɪɢɢ, ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫ «ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ» ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ [Ɇɚɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ
1971: 52, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 70], ɩɪɢɱɟɦ Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧ ɢ Ʉɭɪɰɢɣ Ɋɭɮ, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ (ɚ ɫɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ), ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɚɸɬ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ, ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫɵ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɭ Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧɚ, ɚ ɭ Ʉɭɪɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɟɤɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɥɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ [Ⱥrr. Anab. III. 30. 6–9; Curt. VII. VII. 3],
ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɉɥɭɬɚɪɯ [Alex. ɏ. IV. 7] ɢ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧ
[XI. 7. 4]. Ⱦɥɹ Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧɚ ɢ Ʉɭɪɰɢɹ Ɋɭɮɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɵ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɢ, ɠɢɜɲɢɟ
ɭ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɫ Ɏɪɚɤɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɫ Ɇɚ-
ɤɟɞɨɧɢɟɣ [Ⱥrr. Anab. IV. 1. IV. 15; Curt. VII. VI. 11, VII. VIII. 30. VIII. I. 1]. ȼ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɚɦɢ, ɭɦɢ-
ɪɚɟɬ ɰɚɪɶ ɢ ɟɦɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɛɪɚɬ. ɑɭɬɶ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɩɨ Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧɭ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɭɡɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ Ɂɨɩɢɪɢɨɧɚ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧɭ ɢ Ʉɭɪɰɢɸ, ɫɤɢɮɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɠɟɥɚɥɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɛɪɚɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɚɪɟɜɧɨɣ199 ɢɥɢ ɛɪɚɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɫɤɢ-
ɮɹɧɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɹɧɚɦɢ, ɨɬ ɱɟɝɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ.
ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ – ɪɚɡɜɟɞɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɫɫɢɢ [Ⱥrr.
Anab. IV. 1. 2] ɤ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɫɤɢɮɚɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟɦ ɨ ɝɢ-
ɛɟɥɢ Ɂɨɩɢɪɢɨɧɚ (ɷɬɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ
199
Ɉ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥ ɜ ɠɟɧɵ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɭ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɨɱɶ, ɩɢɲɟɬ ɢ ɉɥɭɬɚɪɯ
[Alex. 46].
244 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
200
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɟ «Ɏɨɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ» ɜ ɂɂɆɄ ɊȺɇ 13 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1995 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɢɟ
ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɟɪɱɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ – ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ȼɪɟɦɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɉɟɪɢɫɚɞɚ I ɫɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ ɰɚɪɟɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɉɪɢɚɡɨɜɶɟɦ.
ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. 245
201
Ɂɚɪɵɬɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɪɶɛɨɣ Ʌɢɫɢɦɚɯɚ ɢ Ⱦɪɨɦɢɯɟɬɚ [Ɂɥɚɬɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ɉɨɥɟɜɨɣ
1969: 59].
246 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
202
Ɉ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɯ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɟɬ ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɫɦ. [Mielczarek
1989].
ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. 249
203
Ɇ.ȿ. Ɍɤɚɱɭɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɭɡɞɟɱɟɤ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɝɢɥɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɢɛɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ
Ⱥɬɟɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 350–339 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɍɤɚ-
ɱɭɤ 1999: 292]. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦ-
ɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹɦ
IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
204
ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɇɨɥɟɜ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɭɠ ɨɱɟɜɢɞ-
ɧɨɣ [Ɇɨɥɟɜ 1992]. ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɟ (ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ, ɧɚ ɦɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɞɚɧɧɵɟ,
ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɨ-
ɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɡɚɜɟɪ-
ɲɢɥɚɫɶ.
250 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
[Ƚɚɣɞɭɤɟɜɢɱ 1949: 497, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 42]. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, Ɇ.ɂ. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɰɟɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɷɬɨɬ ɷɩɢɡɨɞ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɷɩɨɯɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɷɥɥɢɧɢɡɦɚ [Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɰɟɜ 1925: 108, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 4].
ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɪɚɤɨɜ (ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɤɨɧɴɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ
Ⱦɢɨɞɨɪɚ) ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɢ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɨɜ (ɢɥɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ «ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɨɜ», ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɪɚɤɢ – ɷɬɨ
ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɧɢɠɧɟɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɨɜ
ɧɚ Ɍɚɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟ-
ɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɫɢɪɚɤɚɦɢ [Ⱦɟɫɹɬɱɢɤɨɜ 1973: 79; Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ ɂ.ɂ. 1988: 13,
14; 1996]. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɢɞɚ ɉɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ɍɟɨɮɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ
Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɱɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɸ ɤ 330–310 ɝɝ. [Ɇɚ-
ɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ 1971: 46, 52]205. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɪɚɧɧɹɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ. ȿɳɟ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɨ-
ɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ – IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
[ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ Ʉ.Ɏ. 1984: 58 ɢ ɫɥ.], ɢɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɨɫɬɟɧɤɨ 1981], ɧɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ
ɞɚɠɟ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɬɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ [ɉɨɥɢɧ 1989; 1992]. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɤɨɧɰɚ IV ɢ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɗɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɋɥɚɞɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɒɨɥɨɯɨɜ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɜɲɢɟ Ʉ.Ɏ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜɭ ɢ ȿ.ȼ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɉɪɢɭɪɚɥɶɹ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɶ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɷɬɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɪɦɚɬɚɦɢ – ɜɵɯɨɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ
ɉɪɢɭɪɚɥɶɹ [Ʉɥɟɩɢɤɨɜ 1994]206.
ɇɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɋɤɢɮɢɸ? Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɦɨɝɥɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɟɝɨɜ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɠɟ-
ɧɢɣ [Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɟɧɤɨ 1986: 41]. Ʉɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɪɭɛɟɠɚɯ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɢɠɧɟɦ Ⱦɨɧɭ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ
ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ.
1991: 31, 32; Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ., Ɋɨɝɨɜ 1991: 59; ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ., Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ., Ɋɨ-
ɝɨɜ 1997]207. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɢɡ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ɫ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟ-
205
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɭɤ ɢ ɦɨɝ-
ɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ [ɋɬɨɥɛɚ 1993].
206
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɸ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɪɦɚɬɵ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɉɥɢɧɢɹ [NH. VI. 48] ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɧɚ-
ɪɨɞɨɜ, ɧɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ-
ɛɵ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢɯ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ.
207
ȿɫɥɢ ɘ.Ⱥ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, Ʉ.Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ ɢ ȿ.ə. Ɋɨɝɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɬɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪ-
ɜɵɣ ɭɞɚɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɲɟɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɋɤɢɮɢɸ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ – ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ, ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ [Ɍɭɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1996] ɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɤ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɧɚ
Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɟ ɢ ɤ ɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ [Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ, ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ 1991: 27 ɢ ɫɥ.]. ɇɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɢɥɚ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ: ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɯɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦ ıȣȡµĮIJȠȓ
[ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1997; 1999].
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɦɭ, ɫɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɢ ɧɚ Ʉɟɪɱɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɢɛɧɭɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ [Ɇɚɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ 1995: 39].
ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɜ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. 251
208
ɋɦ. ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ III ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ» [Ⱦɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɡɨɜ, 1997. ȼɵɩ. 5].
ȾɈɉɈɅɇȿɇɂȿ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ
ɏɊɈɇɂɄȺ ɋɄɂɎɋɄɂɏ
«ɐȺɊɋɄɂɏ» ɄɍɊȽȺɇɈȼ V–IV ȼȼ. ȾɈ ɇ.ɗ.
ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɂ ɉɊɂɇɐɂɉɕ
ȾȺɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə «ɐȺɊɋɄɂɏ» ɄɍɊȽȺɇɈȼ
209
ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ, ɯɨɬɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɦɨɝɢɥ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ «ɭɡɤɢɟ» ɢ «ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ» ɞɚɬɵ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ Ɇ.Ȼ. ɓɭɤɢɧɵɦ [1978].
256 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
210
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ «ɭɡɤɨɣ» ɞɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɚ ɬɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ Ɇ.Ȼ. ɓɭɤɢɧ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɡ-
ɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [ɓɭɤɢɧ 1978], ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɦɨ-
ɝɢɥ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɚɳɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɡɚɜɟɞɨɦɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɢ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ-ɬɨ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ 257
ɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɞɚɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɯ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ, ɩɪɹɦɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ-
ɦɢ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɪɹɞɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɣɦɟɧɨɣ ɬɚɪɵ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ, ɦɨɧɟɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɨɧ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɨɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.
Ⱦɚɬɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɚ-
ɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɟɳɚɦ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɪɟɡ-
ɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɢ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɬɶ ɞɚɬɭ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼɟɞɶ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞ-
ɫɬɜɭ, ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɸɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɟɝɨ ɩɨ-
ɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɱɟɬ ɢɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚ-
ɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɣ211
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɞɚɬɭ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɋɨɜɩɚɞɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɭɡɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ – ɜɚɪɢ-
ɚɧɬ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ.
Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ-
ɧɵɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɢ ɫ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦɢ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɣ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ
ɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɬɟɹ, ɩɨɝɢɛɲɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɨɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ.
ɋɬɨɥɶ ɩɪɟɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ: ɫ Ⱥɬɟɟɦ ɦɨɝ-
ɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨ-
ɠɟɬ ɛɪɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɚɬɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ212.
ȿɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ, ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɯɪɨ-
ɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɵɱ-
ɧɵɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ (ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɞɚɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɚɬɵ. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɹɦɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɚ ɬɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ: ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɣ, ɜɨɣɧ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɣ
ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢ ɩɨ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ
ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɪɟɠɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦ,
211
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɫɬɢɠɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ:
1) ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɸ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ; 2) ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɚɦ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ;
3) ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɚɦ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ.
212
ɗɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɘ.ȼ. Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤɨɦ ɢ ȿ.ȿ. Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ Ⱥɬɟɹ [Ȼɨɥɬ-
ɪɢɤ, Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ 1994: 49–52].
258 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
213
ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɉɚɧɫɤɨɟ I ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ Ʉɪɵɦɭ, ɝɞɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɢɚɯɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ [Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ,
Ɋɨɝɨɜ 1990: 130, 131]. ɋ.ɘ. Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɫɭɳɟɫɬ-
ɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ «ɧɚɤɥɚɞɨɤ», ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ «ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɤɟɪɚɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ» [Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ 1999: 20].
ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ 259
214
Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ȼɚɛɵ ɢ Ɋɚɫɤɨɩɚɧɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
Ⱦ.ɂ. əɜɨɪɧɢɰɤɢɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɭɬɚɧɢɰɚ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɚɯ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ Ɋɚɫɤɨɩɚɧɚ Ɇɨ-
ɝɢɥɚ ɦɨɥɨɠɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ Ȼɚɛɵ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1987: 28–31].
260 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɜɚɟɬ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɋɨɥɨɯɨɣ (ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɤɨɦɛɵ, ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦ ɤɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɛɨɪɚ),
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ – ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɩɨ ɡɨɥɨɬɵɦ ɧɚ-
ɲɢɜɧɵɦ ɛɥɹɲɤɚɦ-ɚɩɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɦ ɬɢɩɚ «ɛɨɝɢɧɹ ɫ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɫɤɢɮ»,
«ɥɟɜ, ɬɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɣ ɥɚɧɶ», «ɫɤɚɱɭɳɢɣ ɡɚɹɰ», «ɡɚɹɰ ɫ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɨɣ ɥɚɩɨɣ ɜɥɟɜɨ»). Ⱦɚɠɟ
ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɟɹɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚ-
ɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɇɨɫɚɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɬɨ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ ɜ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɡɞɟ-
ɥɢɹɦ ɢɡ Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ: ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ
ɧɚɧɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɟɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ-ɚɩɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬ-
ɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɞɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɲɟɫɬɨɩɟɪ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1987: 32, ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɱ. 3]). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɨɥɨɯɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɨɥɨɬɵɯ ɧɚɲɢɜɧɵɯ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ ɨɛɧɚɪɭ-
ɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ [Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ 1987: ɤɚɬ. 1912/2] ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɛɥɹɲɤɚɦ ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 5
(ɪɢɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ) ɍɥɹɩɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɜ Ⱥɞɵɝɟɟ, ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ-
ɤɭɞɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɋɨɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ⱥɞɵɝɟɢ
1985: ɤɚɬ. 308, 309; ɮɚɫɨɫɫɤɭɸ ɚɦɮɨɪɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɚ-
ɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɥɟɣɦɭ 370–360 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.: ɤɚɬ. 384]215. Ȼɥɹɲɤɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɨɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɣ
ɧɚɡɚɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ [Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ 1987: ɤɚɬ. 1913/39 ɫ ɚɧɚ-
ɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.] ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɛɥɹɲɤɚɯ ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ʋ 4 (ɪɢɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ) ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɍɥɹɩɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ [ɋɨɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ⱥɞɵɝɟɢ 1985: ɤɚɬ.
275, 276], ɝɞɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɥɢɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
[ɋɨɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ⱥɞɵɝɟɢ 1985: ɤɚɬ. 374].
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɤɢɮ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɚɬɭ a400–375 ɝɝ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. ɋ.ɘ. Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɥ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ 380-ɦɢ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
[Monahov 1995/1996; Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ 1999: 243]. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪ-
ɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ⱦɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ (2332r27 BP) ɞɚɥɚ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ 400–386 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (1 ı) ɢ 406–370 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (2 ı), ɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧ-
ɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ (2333r19 BP) – 398–389 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (1 ı) ɢ 402–383 ɝɝ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ. (2 ı).
Ȼɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɦ ɤ ɋɨɥɨɯɟ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
Ȼɟɪɞɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ [ȺɈ 1978 ɝ.: 419, 420; ɑɟɪɟɜɚɬɟɧɤɨ 1982; Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ 1987: 75–77;
ɑɟɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɧɤɨ, Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ 1988; Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤ, Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ, ɑɟɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɧɤɨ 1994: 140 ɢ ɫɥ.;
Ɇɭɪɡiɧ, Ɏiɚɥɤɨ 1998; Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ 1999: 284–289; ɉɨɥiɧ, Ʉɨɜɚɥɶɨɜ, ɑɟɪɟɞɧiɱɟɧɤɨ
2000]. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬɬɭɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨ-
ɝɢɢ ɜɟɳɚɦ ɢɡ ɫɨɥɨɯɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ: ɛɥɹɲɤɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɰɟɧɨɣ ɩɨ-
ɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɬɜɚ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ (ɨɞɢɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɟɧ), ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ
«ɧɚɭɲɧɢɤɨɜ» ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɠɟɧ
ɢɡ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ; ɝɪɟɛɧɢ, ɤɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɭɛɨɪɵ, ɡɨɥɨɬɵɟ ɛɪɚɫɥɟɬɵ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɞɧɵɟ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ,
215
ɗɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
ɤ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɦ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ: ɞɜɟ ɥɟɤɚɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ
V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɪɨɞɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɦɮɨɪɵ – ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɋɨɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ
Ⱥɞɵɝɟɢ 1985: ɤɚɬ. 375, 376, 384, 385].
262 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
216
ȼ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɤɥɟɩɟ Ʉɭɥɶ-Ɉɛɵ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɛɵɥ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɛɪɚɫɥɟɬ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢ-
ɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ – 475–450 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɍɢɥɶɹɦɫ, Ɉɝɞɟɧ 1995: 140, ɤɚɬ. 82].
ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ 263
ɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ ɨɬ ɭɡɞɟɱɟɤ» [Ɏɚɪɦɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1911: ɬɚɛɥ. I, III] 217. Ȼɥɢɠɚɣɲɚɹ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚɥɨɛɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɳɟɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ I ȼɨɥɤɨɜɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ [ɉɟɬ-
ɪɟɧɤɨ 1961: 80, 81; ɂɥɶɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1968: ɪɢɫ. 34]. ȼ ȼɨɥɤɨɜɟɰɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɣɞɟ-
ɧɵ 17 ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɛɥɹɯ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɥɨɲɚɞɢ, ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ
ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫ ɂɥɶɢɧɟɰɤɢɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɦ. ȼ.Ⱥ. ɂɥɶɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ȼɨɥɤɨɜɰɚɯ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɂɥɶɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1968: 79], ɧɨ ɤɢɥɢɤ, ɩɪɨɢɫ-
ɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɨɬɬɭɞɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ – ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ «ɹɞɪɚ» ɜɟɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ
ɂɥɶɢɧɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ 350–320 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɚ-
ɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɬɨɜ «ɱɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ.
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɐɢɦɛɚɥɤɚ [Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɂɂɆɄ ɊȺɇ, ɮ.1, 1866/6, ɥ. 34–36; ɈȺɄ ɡɚ
1867 ɝ.: XII–XVI]. ɉɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɤɨɦɛɵ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɝɢɥ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟ-
ɧɢɹɦ ɤɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɝɨɥɨɜɶɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɸ
Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ. [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1982]); ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɢɡ-
ɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɥɨɛɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ «ɡɦɟɟɧɨ-
ɝɨɣ» ɛɨɝɢɧɢ ɢ «ɧɚɭɲɧɢɤɨɜ» ɫ ɦɨɪɞɨɣ ɞɟɥɶɮɢɧɚ (ɫɪ. [Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ 1979: 31, 32,
ɪɢɫ. 17; Ⱥɪɬɚɦɨɧɨɜ 1966: ɬɚɛɥ. 186]).
ȼ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɧɚɫɵɩɢ ɂ.ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧɵɦ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜɲɢɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ, ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɣɞɟ-
ɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɩɤɢ ɢ ɪɭɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɵɯ ɚɦɮɨɪ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɪɭɱɤɢ
ɮɚɫɨɫɫɤɨɣ ɚɦɮɨɪɵ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɥɟɣɦɨɦ: 4$6,:1 / $5,67 ɫ
ɷɦɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɭɤɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɦɛɥɟɦɨɣ-ɡɜɟɡɞɨɣ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1982].
ɉɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɷɬɨ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ 5ɚ218, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
340–320 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1972]. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɫɨɫɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɥɟɣɦɟɧɢɹ ȼ. Ƚɪɷɣɫ ɢ Ⱥ.-Ɇ. ɢ Ⱥ. Ȼɨɧ ɨɬɧɟɫɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɣɦɚ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɜɢɧɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – ɞɨ 340 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Grace 1956: 129, ʋ 7; Bon, Bon 1957: ʋ 260].
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɜ ɰɟ-
ɥɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɞɚɬɵ ɮɚɫɨcɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɟɣɦɟɧɢɹ [Debidour
1986; Garlan 1986; Avram, Bordea 1988], ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɢɦɛɚɥɤɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɥɟɣɦɚ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɚɝɨɪɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ 340 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɚɰɚ
1999 ɝ. ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɚ 5ɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ 4, ɩɨ ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɭ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɤ 340–
330-ɦ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɚɰ 1999: 108, ɬɚɛɥ. 1]. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɟɪɧɚ, ɬɨ ɢ ɞɚɬɭ
ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ (ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ-
ɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɧɟɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ, ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɫɨɫɫɤɨɟ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ) ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɡɞɧɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ [Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ 1979]. Ɋɹɞ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 30) ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ – ɡɨɥɨɬɚɹ ɩɟɤɬɨɪɚɥɶ, ɬɪɟɯɪɭɱɧɚɹ ɚɦɮɨɪɚ, ɢɡ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ
217
ȼɟɳɢ ɢɡ ɂɥɶɢɧɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɵ ɢɡ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɟ-
ɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. ȼ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɩɢɫɢ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɧɨ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɟ ɛɥɹɲɤɢ ɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɚɬɫɹ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɯ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɫ ɭɲɤɚɦɢ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɤ. 5,5 ɫɦ), ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ, ɢ 13 ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɠɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ (ɛɵɜɲ. ɢɧɜ. ʋ Ⱦɧ 1902 2/ 13, 15, 16).
218
Ɏɚɫɨɫɫɤɚɹ ɚɦɮɨɪɚ ɫ ɤɥɟɣɦɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɟ Ƚɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɨɣ Ɇɨ-
ɝɢɥɵ. Ⱥɦɮɨɪɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ɇɭɡɟɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝ. Ʉɢɟɜɚ; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ [Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ
1999: ɬɚɛɥ. 172: 1]. ɋ.ɘ. Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ Ƚɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɭ Ɇɨɝɢɥɭ ɩɨ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ
30-ɯ ɝɝ. IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Monahov 1995/1996: 45; Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ 1999: 388].
264 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
219
Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɮɨɪɵ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ
ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɞɚɬɵ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɬɚɪɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵ.
ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ 265
220
ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɉɧɚɣɤɨ ɫɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ Ɇ.ɂ. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɰɟɜɚ [Ɉɧɚɣɤɨ 1970: 90, ʋ 57; Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɰɟɜ 1925: 423] ɨɬ-
ɧɟɫɥɚ ɤ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɦ ɢɡ ɑɦɵɪɟɜɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ ɨɛɥɨɦɨɤ ɪɭɱɤɢ ɫɢɧɨɩɫɤɨɣ ɚɦɮɨɪɵ ɫ ɤɥɟɣɦɨɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ
ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɇɨ ɧɢ Ɏ.Ⱥ. Ȼɪɚɭɧ, ɧɢ ɇ.ɂ. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɚɯ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ. ȼ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɩɢɫɢ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɡɧɚɱɚɬɫɹ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɤɥɟɣɦɨɦ.
221
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɤɥɟɩɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ
(ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɸɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɯ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɛɨɪɚ, ɥɟɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɭ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɪɨɦɨɫ; ɚɜɬɨɪ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤ ȼ.ɉ. ɒɢɥɨɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɱɟɪɟɩ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɝɪɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɜɲɢɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɦɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɟ). ɋ ɤɚɤɢɦ
ɢɡ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ 14 ɚɦɮɨɪ ɜ ɞɪɨɦɨɫ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɹɫɧɵɦ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ȼ.ɉ. Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ «ɩɨ-
ɜɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ» [Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ 2000: 9].
266 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ɇɟɥɢɬɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ – 340–330-ɟ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Monahov 1995/1996: 43, 44; Ɇɨ-
ɧɚɯɨɜ 1999: 405].
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ Ɇɟɥɢɬɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ. ɂ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɞɜɚ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɫɤɨ-
ɩɨɤ ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɤɢɮɨɥɨɝɨɜ [Ɍɟɪɟɧɨɠɤɢɧ, Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1988], ɬɨ
terminus post quem ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ a330 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ-
ɲɟɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɭɠɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɘ.ȼ. Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɚɧɚ-
ɥɢɡ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɱɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟɣ (ɢ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ «ɰɚɪ-
ɫɤɢɦ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ), ɬɨ ɞɚɬɭ «ɹɞɪɚ» ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ 350–325 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟ 330 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ⱦɟɟɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ [ɈȺɄ ɡɚ 1891, 1897 ɝɝ.; ɋɩɢɰɵɧ 1906: 168–172; Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɂɂɆɄ
ɊȺɇ, ɮ. 1, ɞ. 1897/51]. ȼɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɞɟɰ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ
ɩɨɞɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ – ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ. ȼ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɢ Ʉ.ȿ. Ⱦɭɦɛɟɪɝ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɜɲɢɣ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɸ ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨ-
ɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ: ɤɨɧɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɱɟɥɨ-
ɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɩɢ; ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶ-
ɲɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɫ ɡɚɩɥɟɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɢ
ɤɨɥɱɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɟɠɤɨɣ. Ʉ.ȿ. Ⱦɭɦɛɟɪɝ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɥ ɷɬɢ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɤɨɦɛɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ
ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɨɣ ɧɚɞ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɦ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɚɦɮɨɪ, ɞɜɟ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɤɥɟɣɦɚɦɢ (ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɩɫɤɨɟ)222. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨ-
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɥɟɣɦ ɧɚ ɚɦɮɨɪɚɯ, ɬɨ ɫɢɧɨɩɫɤɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ-
ɞɟɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɨɟ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɫɢɧɨɩɫɤɨɣ ɚɦɮɨɪɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ
ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɟɣɦ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɨɧɱɚɪɚ. Ɇ.Ɏ. Ɏɟɞɨɫɟɟɜ (ɩɢɫɶ-
ɦɨ ɨɬ 14. 02. 1991) ɨɬɧɟɫ ɤɟɪɚɦɟɜɫɚ ɤ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬɭ ɉɨɫɢɞɟɸ, ɫɵɧɭ Ƚɟɮɟɫɬɨɞɨɪɚ,
ɤɥɟɣɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ 333/332 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɋ.ɘ. Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ,
ɩɨɦɟɳɚɹ ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɢɡ Ⱦɟɟɜɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ 340-ɯ ɝɝ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ., ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɧɨɩɫɤɨɟ (ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɧɬɚ ɉɨɫɢɞɨɧɢɹ, ɫɵɧɚ ɇɟɜɦɟɧɢɹ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɬɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɚɫɬɢɧɨɦ ɉɨɫɢɞɟɣ, ɫɵɧ
Ƚɟɮɟɫɬɨɞɨɪɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɜ 320–310-ɯ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.; ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ-
ɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɬɬɢɫɤɭ [Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ 1999: 354]. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟ
ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɧɨɩɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɟɣɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɭɡɤɨɣ» ɞɚɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ terminus post
quem ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ Ⱦɟɟɜɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ. ɇɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɚɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɧɚ-
ɲɢɜɧɵɯ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ-ɚɩɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ «ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟ-
ɛɟɧɢɹ [ɈȺɄ ɡɚ 1897 ɝ.; ɮɨɬɨɚɪɯɢɜ ɂɂɆɄ ɊȺɇ: ɚɥɶɛɨɦ Q 708–93], ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ 330-ɯ ɝɝ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 329/328 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥ (ɨɬ-
ɥɢɬɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1984: 73, ɪɢɫ. 7]).
222
ɋ.ɘ. Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɵɦ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟɦ
Ⱦɟɟɜɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ [Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ 1999: 352, 353].
ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ 267
ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ, Ɋɨɥɥɟ 1991; ɪɢɫ. 31]. Ⱦɜɚ ɩɨɝɪɟ-
ɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɚɫɵɩɶɸ223, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɚɦɮɨɪ-
ɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɤɥɟɣɦɚɦɢ: ɯɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɤɢɦ, ɫɢɧɨɩɫɤɢɦ, ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɧɟɹɫɧɨɝɨ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ, Ɋɨɥɥɟ 1991: 80, 81, ɤɚɬ. 1–3, 215]224. ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɤɥɟɣɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɬɨɱɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ [ȾȽɋ
II: 85] ɨ ɯɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɤɨɦ ɤɥɟɣɦɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɩɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɛɢ-
ɬɵɯ ɚɦɮɨɪ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ «ɜ ɤɚɦɧɹɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɨɤɨɥɹ, ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɩɢ, ɩɨ
ɜɫɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ...». Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɟ ɂ.ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɡɚ
1863 ɝ. [ȽɂɆ, Ɉɉɂ, ɮ. 440, ɞ. 263, ɥ. 19], ɝɞɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ
ɜ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ «ɭɝɥɭ», ɜ ɤɚɦɧɹɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɣɦ: ɪɨɞɨɫɫɤɨɝɨ (?)
ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶɸ TIMAP... ɢ ɫɢɧɨɩɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɪɚɫɤɨ-
ɩɨɤ: ɩɟɪɜɨɟ – ɬɨ ɥɢ «ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ», ɬɨ ɥɢ «ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɟ» ɬɪɚɧɲɟɢ
[ȾȽɋ II: 84; ȽɂɆ, Ɉɉɂ, ɮ. 440, ɞ. 258, ɥ. 307]; ɜɬɨɪɨɟ – «ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɜ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɤɚɦɧɹɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ» [ȽɂɆ, Ɉɉɂ, ɮ. 440, ɞ. 258, ɥ. 307] ɢɥɢ «ɜ ɤɚɦ-
ɧɹɯ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɧɚɫɵɩɢ» [ȾȽɋ II: 84]. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɟɣɦɚ,
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɜ 1981 ɝ., ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ. Ɉɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤ, ɚ ɥɢɲɶ
ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɟ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɢɡ
ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɰɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɟɬ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɪɨɞɨɫɫɤɨɝɨ (?)
ɤɥɟɣɦɚ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶɸ TIMAP...), ɢɥɢ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɢ-
ɬɭɚɥɚɦɢ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɟɣɦ – ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.,
ɱɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɜɨ:
ɯɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɤɨɟ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɚɫɬɢɧɨɦɚ Ʉɫɚɧɮɚ – 315–300 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ʉɚɰ 1994: 51, 76]; ɫɢ-
ɧɨɩɫɤɨɟ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ ɚɫɬɢɧɨɦɚ Ȼɨɪɢɹ – 306–284 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɏɟɞɨɫɟɟɜ 1994: 189], 310–
285 ɝɝ. (ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɤɥɟɣɦ ɩɨ [Conovici, Avram, Bordea 1989]) ɢɥɢ 299 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
[Ɏɟɞɨɫɟɟɜ 1999: 18, ɬɚɛɥ. 1]; ɪɨɞɨɫɫɤɨɟ (?) – ɧɟ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ IV – ɧɚɱɚ-
ɥɨ III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.225; ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɉɢɫɢɫɬɪɚɬɚ – 350–325 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɉɨ-
ɥɢɧ 1994] ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ 340-ɯ – ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ 330-ɯ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ 1999: 20].
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫ
223
ɇɚɩɨɦɧɸ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨ ɘ.ȼ. Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤ ɢ ȿ.ȿ. Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɪɚɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɨɟɞɢ-
ɧɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ – ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ 1863 ɝ. ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ 1980-ɟ ɝɝ., ɪɟ-
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɨɦɨɫɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɚ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ
[Ȼɨɥɬɪɢɤ, Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ 1994]. ə ɠɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɫɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ,
ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɂ.ȿ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɦ ɥɟɬɨɦ [Ʉɥɚɦɦ 1991: 310], ɚ ɟɝɨ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ, ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ, ɡɚɛɢɬɵɟ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɱɢɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ, ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ,
ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɪɬ [ɀɭɪɚɜɥɟɜ 1991: 363].
224
ȼ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɂ.Ȼ. Ȼɪɚɲɢɧɫɤɢɣ, ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɫ ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɤɥɟɣɦɨɦ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤ
Ȼ.ɇ. Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɥ ɟɝɨ Ⱥɦɮɢɫɬɪɚɬɭ. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɜɨɟ, ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ – ɉɢɫɢɫɬɪɚɬ [ɉɨɥɢɧ 1994: 115–120].
225
ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɚɰ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ 2001 ɝ. ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ «Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɤɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧ ɜ ɑɟɪ-
ɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ?» [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 2001] ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɞɚɬɵ ɪɨɞɨɫ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ, ɯɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɩɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɟɣɦ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɭɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
268 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
226
ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɋ.ɘ. Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɣɦ ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɢɯ, ɮɚɫɨɫɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬɨɜ [Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ
1999: 635], ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɟɪɚɤɥɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬ ȆȚıȚıIJȡĮIJȠȢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧ ɤ 329 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (!), ɬ.ɟ. ɬɨɱɧɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɹ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɢɜɚɸ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ.
227
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ – ɪɨɡɟɬɤɚ ɢ ɥɢɱɢɧɚ Ɇɟɞɭɡɵ
[Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ, Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ, Ɋɨɥɥɟ 1991: ɪɢɫ. 78, 79; Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1987: 35, ɪɢɫ. 2]. Ɉɬɬɢɫɧɭɬɵɟ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɦ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɠɠɟɧɨɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɟ («ɚ») Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ Ȼɥɢɡɧɢɰɵ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɟ-
ɪɨɦ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟɦ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ 1945: 89].
ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ 269
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ 331 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɇɟɮɟɞɤɢɧ 1998: 76].
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɚ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɨɪɭ-
ɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ 329/328 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɭ ɞɚɬɭ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ.
ɂ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ Ɋɚɫɤɨɩɚɧɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ,
ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɤɨɬɟɥ, ɞɟɤɨɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ
ɢɡ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɚ, ɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ, ɹɜɥɹ-
ɹɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1991]. Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɡ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟ-
ɧɢɹ Ɋɚɫɤɨɩɚɧɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ «ɭɡɤɭɸ» ɞɚɬɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1987: 30, ɪɢɫ. 7]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɚ.
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ɉɝɭɡ [Ɏiɚɥɤɨ 1993; Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ 1994]. ȼ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɚɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɬɪɟɬɶ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1982]. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ȿ.ȿ. Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɜɲɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɞ-
ɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚ ɷɬɭ ɞɚɬɭ. ɉɨ ɟɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɹɞɪɨ ɜɟɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤɨ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ – ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɏiɚɥɤɨ 1993: 15]. Ⱦɚɬɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ, ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɚɬɵ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɬɚɪɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ IV ɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɪɚ-
ɧɟɟ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡ 330–325 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɋ.ɘ. Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ ɦɨɝɢɥɭ 330–320-ɦɢ ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [Ɇɨɧɚ-
ɯɨɜ 1999: 406]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ȿ.ȿ. Ɏɢɚɥɤɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ: ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤ – Ɉɝɭɡ – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨ-
ɩɨɥɶ [Ɏiɚɥɤɨ 1993: 16], ɯɨɬɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Ɉɝɭɡɚ ɢ ɑɟɪɬɨɦ-
ɥɵɤɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɡɪɵɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɵɥ, ɫɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦɭ.
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ Ɉɝɭɡɚ
ɦɚɥɨɝɨ – «ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɤɨɦɛɨɣ» [ɋɩɢɰɵɧ 1906: 167,168; Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɂɂɆɄ
ɊȺɇ, ɮ. 1, ɞ. 1898/51], ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ
ɧɚɲɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɚɹ ɛɥɹɲɤɚ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢ-
ɟɦ ɝɪɢɮɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɨɫɟ. ɗɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ ɩɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɪɨɜ,
ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɟ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɉɧɚɣɤɨ [1970: 50], ɪɚɧɧɟɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɢɮɨ-
ɧɚ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟ-
ɬɢ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɤɭɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ [Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1981]. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɶ ɢ ɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭ-
ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɨɦ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ-
ɥɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ IV ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
[Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1981: 105]. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ȼ ɚɪɯɢɜɟ ɂɂɆɄ ɊȺɇ [ɮ. Ɋ-I, ʋ 729, ɥ. 8] ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɚɤɜɚ-
ɪɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɚɦɮɨɪ ɢɡ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɤɭɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 33). ȼ ɷɪɦɢɬɚɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɷɬɢ ɚɦɮɨɪɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɢɯ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ
[Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1981: 103]. ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ, ɜ ɤɚɦɧɹɯ ɤɪɟɩɢɞɵ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 33: 2) ɢ ɜɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 33: 1) ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
270 Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
228
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɤɨɪɨɝɨ ɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɏɨɦɢɧɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ
ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɸ III ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. [ɋɤɨɪɵɣ 1998: 131], ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 300–285 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɦɨɝɢɥɚ ʋ 2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ
terminus ante quem ɞɥɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬ-
ɧɨ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɭ IV ɜ. ɢɥɢ ɪɭɛɟɠɭ IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ 273
229
ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɜɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸ-
ɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ.
ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ 275
ɪɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɚɪ-
ɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ «pro», ɧɨ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɪɚɤ-
ɬɨɜɤɢ.
Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɢɬɦɢɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɨɦɚɞɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ [Ɇɚ-
ɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ 1971: 50]. Ɉɧ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥ 200–300-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɟɦɭ ɭɤɪɟ-
ɩɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɨ ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɤ
ɛɵ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɝɨ 600-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɞɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɫ VIII ɩɨ II ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.). ɗɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸ-
ɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ: X–IX ɜɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ «ɩɪɨɬɨɫɤɢɮɨɜ»-ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɨɜɰɟɜ (ɩɨ ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɥɨɱɤɨ ɢ ȼ.ɘ. Ɇɭɪɡɢ-
ɧɭ); ɤɨɧɟɰ VIII ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ; ɤɨɧɟɰ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – (?),
ɪɭɛɟɠ IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɪɚɤɨɜ, ɫɚɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɬɧɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ; II ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. – ɪɨɤɫɨɥɚɧɵ; I ɜ. ɧ.ɷ – ɚɥɚɧɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ [Ɇɚɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ 1971: 50].
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɪɢɬɦɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɪɨɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ,
ɹɜɥɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ «ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ» [Ʉɥɟɣɧ 1974: 126 ɢ
ɫɥ.], ɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɭ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ «ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɟ» ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ.
Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɟɥɢ-
ɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟ-
ɥɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɧɨ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɤ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɸ [Ƚɭ-
ɦɢɥɟɜ 1993: ɤɚɪɬɵ ɧɚ ɫ. 308, 309, 312, 313].
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ «ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ» ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɨɣ «ɞɜɭɯ ɋɤɢɮɢɣ» ɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɧ-
ɬɪɚɦɢ; ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɩɪɟɞɤɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɪɶɹɦɢ ɫ
ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɶɸ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ – ɫɬɟɩɹɦɢ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ. Ʌ.ɇ. Ƚɭɦɢɥɟɜ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ «...ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɰɵ ɢɳɭɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɬɟɦ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɥɢ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɚ ɪɨ-
ɞɢɧɟ» [Ƚɭɦɢɥɟɜ 1993: 300]. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɠɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɬɟɩɧɹɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɦɚɞɨɜ
ɩɪɟɞɝɨɪɢɣ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ [ɋɨɪɨɤɢɧ 1961].
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨ-
ɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ (ȼ.ɘ. Ɇɭɪɡɢɧ), ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɟ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ, ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɂ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ
ɩɪɢɲɟɥɶɰɟɜ, ɨɫɜɨɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɧɢɲɢ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɪɨɞɢ-
ɧɵ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɟɪɬɢɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɣ (ɩɨɤɚ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ).
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚ-
ɬɢ V–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɫ ɦɨɝɢɥɚɦɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɦ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɰɚɪɟɣ. ɉɨɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɫɸ ɞɟɥɢ-
ɤɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɡɵɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɧ-
ɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɪɹɞɚ
ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚ ɦɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ:
280 Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɚɬɚ
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ
(ɜɜ./ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.)
Ʉɨɧɟɰ VIII x Ʉɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ-ɝɢɦɢɪɪɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ Ɂɚɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɟ-
ɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ɇɚɥɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ.
x ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɉɪɟɞɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɟ ɨɪɞɵ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ – ɧɨɫɢɬɟ-
ɥɟɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɜɲɟɣ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ; ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɢɟ «ɧɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɢɟ» ɢ ɪɚɧ-
ɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ; ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤ-
ɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɉɪɢɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɥɟɫɨ-
ɫɬɟɩɶ.
714 x ɐɚɪɶ ɍɪɚɪɬɭ Ɋɭɫɚ I ɬɟɪɩɢɬ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ga-
mir(ra), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ Ɂɚɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɟ.
x Ʉɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɧɚɛɟɝ ɧɚ ɍɪɚɪɬɭ (?)
713–709 x Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɶ ɋɚɪɝɨɧ II ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɍɪɚɪ-
ɬɭ.
x Ʉɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɢ ɫ Ɇɢɬɨɣ, ɰɚɪɟɦ ɦɭɲɤɨɜ (Ɏɪɢɝɢɹ),
ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɨɤɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ
ɋɚɪɝɨɧɭ II.
705 x ɋɚɪɝɨɧ II ɩɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɢ.
679 x Ʉɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫ Ɍɟɭɲɩɨɣ ɜɬɨɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɫɫɢ-
ɪɢɸ ɢ ɬɟɪɩɹɬ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ.
ɨɤ. 676/675 x Ʉɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ
Ɏɪɢɝɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ.
700–650 x ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ (ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ?) ɩɨɝɪɟ-
ɛɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɢ.
ɨɤ. 676–674 x Ɇɚɧɧɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɫɚɪɯɚɞɞɨɧɚ.
x ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ-ɲɤɭɞɚ,
ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɦɵɯ ɂɲɩɚɤɚɟɦ; ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɂɲɩɚɤɚɹ.
675–672 x Ʉɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɵ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɨɛɵ-
ɬɢɣ ɜ Ɇɚɧɧɟ ɢ Ɇɢɞɢɢ; ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ
ɫ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɟɣ.
x «ɐɚɪɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ» Ȼɚɪɬɚɬɭɚ (=ɉɪɨɬɨɬɢɣ, ɨɬɟɰ ɰɚɪɹ
Ɇɚɞɢɹ) ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɸɡ ɫ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɟɣ ɢ ɠɟɧɢɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ Ⱥɫɚɪɯɚɞɞɨɧɚ.
282 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɚɬɚ
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ
(ɜɜ./ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.)
x ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɞɢɣɰɚ Ʉɚɲɬɚɪɢɬɢ (ɫɤɢɮɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ).
ɨɤ. 670–665 x ɂɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ-ɲɤɭɞɚ ɢɡ ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.
x ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɨɬɬɨɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ
ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɨɬ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ.
664/663 x Ʌɢɞɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɶ Ƚɭɝɝɭ (Ƚɢɝɟɫ) ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɢ ɡɚ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɨɞɚɪɤɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ; ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ
ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ Ʌɢɞɢɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɟɬ.
662–658 x Ƚɢɝɟɫ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɟɝɢɩɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɮɚɪɚɨɧɨɦ
ɉɫɚɦɦɟɬɢɯɨɦ I.
660/659 x ɉɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɦɚɧɧɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɟɩɨ-
ɫɬɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɍɡɛɢɸ (Ɂɢɜɢɟ). ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɞ/ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ɂɢɜɢɟ, ɜɟ-
ɳɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ.
ɨɤ. 660–650-ɯ x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ
ɉɪɟɞɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɟ (Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫ, Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɟ Ɂɧɚɦɹ, ɇɚɪɬɚɧ ɢ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɢɟ).
x ɉɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ
ɉɪɢɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɶɹ.
ɨɤ. 660–630-ɯ x Ʉɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ-ɝɢɦɢɪɪɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ Ⱦɭɝ-
ɞɚɦɦɢ (Ʌɢɝɞɚɦɢɫɚ) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ ɋɚɧɞɚɤɲɚɬɪɭ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ
ɜɨɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɫ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɟɣ: ɜ ɂɨɧɢɢ, Ʌɢɞɢɢ, Ʉɢɥɢɤɢɢ.
ɨɤ. 658/657 x Ɉɱɟɪɟɞɧɚɹ ɚɬɚɤɚ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ ɧɚ Ʌɢɞɢɸ.
657, 15 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ x Ɂɚɬɦɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ ɜ ɦɟɫɹɰɟ ɧɢɫɚɧɟ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɭɪɨ-
ɱɟɧɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɟɜ (ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟ-
ɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɡɚɬɦɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ 6 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 648 ɝ. ɞɨ
ɧ.ɷ.).
ɨɤ. 647/646 x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɥɟɬɹɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɨɪɢɫɮɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ
(ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ) Ȼɟɪɟɡɚɧɶ.
ɨɤ. 644 x Ʉɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɰɵ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɭ Ʌɢɞɢɢ ɋɚɪɞɵ; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ
Ƚɢɝɟɫɚ, ɰɚɪɹ Ʌɢɞɢɢ.
644–640 x ɇɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɢ ɫ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɦ
ɜɨɠɞɟɦ Ⱦɭɝɞɚɦɦɢ (Ʌɢɝɞɚɦɢɫɨɦ); ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ
ɫɨɸɡ Ⱦɭɝɞɚɦɦɢ ɫ Ⱥɲɲɭɪɛɚɧɢɩɚɥɨɦ.
640–639 x ɋɦɟɪɬɶ ɜ Ʉɢɥɢɤɢɢ (?) Ⱦɭɝɞɚɦɦɢ; ɟɝɨ ɫɵɧ ɋɚɧɞɚɤɲɚɬɪɭ
ɭɝɪɨɠɚɟɬ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɢ.
640–625 x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝ. ɂɫɬɪɢɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ.
x ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɶ Ɇɚɞɢɣ, ɫɵɧ ɉɪɨɬɨɬɢɹ (Ȼɚɪɬɚɬɭɚ), ɩɨɹ-
ɜɢɥɫɹ ɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ Ɇɢɞɢɢ ɢ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɢ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ 283
Ⱦɚɬɚ
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ
(ɜɜ./ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.)
x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ Ⱥɫɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɵ (ɜ 626 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɨɬɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ȼɚɜɢɥɨɧɚ).
x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɭɞɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɪɨɤɚ ɂɟɪɟɦɢɢ.
632–629 x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɋɢɧɨɩɵ.
ɨɤ. 630–615 x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ; ɫɤɢɮɵ
ɞɨɲɥɢ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ȿɝɢɩɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɥɢ ɜ Ɇɚɥɭɸ Ⱥɡɢɸ;
«ɩɢɪ Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪɚ».
ɨɤ. 630–600 x ȼ ɬɭɦɭɥɭɫɚɯ B ɢ J Ƚɨɪɞɢɨɧɚ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɵ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɢ
ɫɬɪɟɥ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɟ ɧɨɠɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
616 x ɐɚɪɶ ȼɚɜɢɥɨɧɚ ɇɚɛɨɩɚɥɚɫɚɪ ɨɫɚɞɢɥ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɦɟɥ ɜɡɹɬɶ
Ⱥɲɲɭɪ.
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ x ɉɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ
VII –ɧɚɱɚɥɨ VI (?) (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢ-
ɤɨɜ) ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ.
614 x Ɇɢɞɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɶ Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪ ɨɫɚɞɢɥ ɇɢɧɟɜɢɸ ɢ ɜɡɹɥ Ⱥɲ-
ɲɭɪ; ɦɢɞɢɣɰɵ ɢ ɜɚɜɢɥɨɧɹɧɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɫɨɸɡ, ɫɤɪɟɩɢɜ
ɟɝɨ ɛɪɚɤɨɦ ɇɚɜɭɯɨɞɨɧɨɫɨɪɚ, ɫɵɧɚ ɇɚɛɨɩɚɥɚɫɚɪɚ, ɢ
Ⱥɦɢɬɢɪɵ, ɞɨɱɟɪɢ Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪɚ (ɢɥɢ Ⱥɫɬɢɚɝɚ).
612 x Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪ ɢ ɇɚɛɨɩɚɥɚɫɚɪ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɲɬɭɪɦɨɦ ɇɢɧɟɜɢɸ.
610, 30 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ x Ɂɚɬɦɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ.
Ʉɨɧɟɰ VII x ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɤ Ʉɢɚɤɫɚɪɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɛɟɠɢɬ ɜ Ʌɢɞɢɸ ɤ ɰɚɪɸ Ⱥɥɢɚɬɬɭ.
x Ⱥɥɢɚɬɬ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣ-
ɰɚɦ.
x ȼɚɜɢɥɨɧ ɢ Ɇɢɞɢɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɸ.
x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɥɟɬɹɧɚɦɢ Ɍɚɝɚɧɪɨɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɟ-
ɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɚɡɨɜɶɟ.
x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ əɝɨɪɥɵɰɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ Ʉɢɧɛɭɪɧɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɫɟ (ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ?) ɜ ɭɫɬɶɟ Ȼɨɪɢɫɮɟɧɚ.
608, 13 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ x Ɂɚɬɦɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ.
607, 30 ɢɸɥɹ x Ɂɚɬɦɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ.
603, 18 ɦɚɹ x Ɂɚɬɦɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ.
ɨɤ. 594 x ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɪɨɤɨɦ ɂɟɪɟɦɢɟɣ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɲɤɟɧɚɡ (ɢɫ-
ɬɨɱɧɢɤ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ-
ɧɢ).
590 x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱥɥɢɚɬɬɨɦ, ɰɚɪɟɦ Ʌɢɞɢɢ, ɢ Ʉɢɚɤ-
ɫɚɪɨɦ, ɰɚɪɟɦ Ɇɢɞɢɢ.
587, 14 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ x Ɂɚɬɦɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ.
585, 28 ɦɚɹ x Ɂɚɬɦɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɞɢɣɫɤɨ-
ɥɢɞɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ.
590–570 x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ, ɉɚɧɬɢ-
ɤɚɩɟɹ, ɇɢɦɮɟɹ.
575–550 x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɇɢɪɦɟɤɢɹ, Ɍɢɪɢɬɚɤɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɨɧɚɫɫɵ, Ʉɟɩ.
284 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɚɬɚ
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ
(ɜɜ./ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.)
ɨɤ. 550 x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɚɬɪɟɹ.
x ɉɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɱɚ Ⱥɧɚɯɚɪɫɢɫɚ ɜ Ƚɪɟ-
ɰɢɸ.
550–500 x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ʉɟɪɤɟɧɢɬɢɞɵ, Ɏɟɨɞɨɫɢɢ (?).
x ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɢ ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ (ɢ ɢɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ), ɫɜɹ-
ɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢ-
ɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ.
x ɉɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚɯ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɞ-
ɧɟɩɪɨɜɶɟ.
550–525 x ɇɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɜ Ɇɢɪɦɟɤɢɢ, ɉɨɪɮɦɢɢ, Ʉɟɩɚɯ;
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
x ɉɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ɍɚɝɚɧɪɨɝɫɤɨɦ
ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ.
x ɉɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɬɚɪɟɣ ɜ Ƚɢɥɟɟ.
x ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɱɚ Ⱥɧɚɯɚɪɫɢɫɚ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɸ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɢ-
ɛɟɥɶ ɨɬ ɪɭɤɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɋɚɜɥɢɹ, ɰɚɪɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ.
530 x ɉɨɯɨɞ ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ Ʉɢɪɚ II ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ.
528/7 x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɚ.
520/519 x ɉɨɯɨɞ ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱦɚɪɢɹ I ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ.
515–512 x ɇɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɩɚɞɨɤɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɬɪɚɩɚ Ⱥɪɢɚɪɚɦɧɚ ɧɚ
ɋɤɢɮɢɸ ɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɢɦ ɜ ɩɥɟɧ Ɇɚɪɫɚɝɟɬɚ – ɛɪɚɬɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨ-
ɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ.
x ɉɨɯɨɞ Ⱦɚɪɢɹ I ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ (ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ?) ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨ-
ɪɶɟ; ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ.
530–500 x ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɥɭɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ Ⱥɮɢɧɚɯ.
x ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɢɠɧɟɦ
Ⱦɨɧɭ.
496–494 x ɉɨɯɨɞ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɞɨ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɚ Ɏɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ; ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɡɚ-
ɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɨ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɉɟɪɫɢɢ.
x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ.
x Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɫ ɨɞɪɢɫɚɦɢ.
490–470 x ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɪɵ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ.
x Ɏɨɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ.
x ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ Ɍɢɪɢɬɚɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ.
490 x ɉɨɯɨɞ ɩɟɪɫɨɜ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɸ; Ɇɚɪɚɮɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɛɢɬɜɚ.
480 x ɇɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ Ⱥɪɯɟɚɧɚɤɬɢɞɵ.
x ȼɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɟ Ʉɫɟɪɤɫɚ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɸ; ɛɢɬɜɵ ɩɪɢ Ⱥɪɬɟɦɢɫɢɢ,
Ɏɟɪɦɨɩɢɥɚɯ ɢ ɋɚɥɚɦɢɧɟ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ 285
Ⱦɚɬɚ
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ
(ɜɜ./ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.)
ɨɤ. 480–470 x ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɶ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɰɚɪɟɦ
ɨɞɪɢɫɨɜ Ɍɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɠɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ, ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢ ɰɚɪɹ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɚ.
x Ȼɪɚɤ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ ɫ «ɢɫɬɪɢɚɧɤɨɣ», ɦɚɬɟɪɶɸ ɰɚɪɹ ɋɤɢɥɚ.
475–450 x ɋɦɟɪɬɶ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ ɨɬ ɪɭɤ ɰɚɪɹ ɚɝɚɮɢɪɫɨɜ ɋɩɚɪɝɚɩɢɮɚ.
480–425 x ɗɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɜ ɇɢɤɨɧɢɢ ɦɨɧɟɬ ɰɚɪɹ ɋɤɢɥɚ, ɚ ɜ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ «ɚɫ-
ɫɨɜ» Ⱥɪɢɯɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɟɪɨɜ ɗɦɢɧɚɤɚ.
x ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ȼɚɛɵ, I Ɂɚɜɚɞɫɤɨɣ
Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ, ɇɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.
x ɋɬɚɪɲɢɟ ɋɟɦɢɛɪɚɬɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɧɚ Ⱥɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɦ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɟ.
x ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ʉɟɪɱɟɧ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɢɧɞɨɜ.
x Ɉɥɶɜɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɨɦ (?).
460–430 x Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ; ɰɚɪɶ ɋɤɢɥ ɨɛɟɡ-
ɝɥɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɛɪɚɬɨɦ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɟɝɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ
Ɏɪɚɤɢɸ; ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɚ ɫ ɋɢɬɚɥɤɨɦ, ɰɚɪɟɦ ɨɞɪɢ-
ɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɞɚɱɚ ɢɡ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɋɢɬɚɥɤɚ – ɋɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɚ (?).
450–437 x Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɬ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ
(?).
438/437 x ɇɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤɢɞɨɜ
(ɋɩɚɪɬɨɤ=ɋɩɚɪɚɞɨɤ, ɛɪɚɬ ɋɢɬɚɥɤɚ?).
x Ⱥɮɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɮɥɨɬ ɉɟɪɢɤɥɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɑɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ (ɢ
ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ?).
x Ɉɥɶɜɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ Ⱥɮɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɸɡ.
431 x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɉɟɥɨɩɨɧɟɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ.
425–400 x ɋɨɨɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɪɚɧɞɢɨɡɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɜ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨ-
ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɢ: ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɋɨɥɨ-
ɯɚ – ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɬɨ Ʌɢɤ (?), ɢɥɢ Ɉɪɢɤ, ɛɪɚɬ Ɉɤɬɚ-
ɦɚɫɚɞɚ ɢ ɋɤɢɥɚ (?).
x ȼɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɟɪɢɨ-
ɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɫɨɛɢɰ; ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɹɠɟ-
ɥɨɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɢɧɨɜ.
x Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ.
x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɵ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ.
410–405 x ɑɟɤɚɧɤɚ ɜ ɇɢɦɮɟɟ ɦɨɧɟɬ ɫɟɪɢɢ 6$00$, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɬ
ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɋɚɦɦɚɤ ɢɥɢ
ɰɚɪɹ ɋɚɦɦɚ…
405–400 x ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɇɢɦɮɟɹ ɤ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɭ.
400–375 x ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ: ɜɩɭɫɤ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɨɥɨɯɟ (ɦɨɝɢɥɚ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɚ), Ȼɟɪ-
ɞɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ, Ⱦɜɭɝɨɪɛɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ ɢ ɞɪ.
x ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɬɨɪɟɜɬɢɤɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɩɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ.
286 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɚɬɚ
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ
(ɜɜ./ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.)
x ɋɨɸɡ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ.
x ȼɨɣɧɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ (ɩɪɢ ɋɚɬɢɪɟ ɢ Ʌɟɜɤɨɧɟ) ɫ Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɟɟɣ
ɉɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ.
x ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɭ Ɏɟɨɞɨɫɢɢ.
x Ɇɥɚɞɲɢɟ ɋɟɦɢɛɪɚɬɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ.
364–346 x ɑɟɤɚɧɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ ɰɚɪɟɦ Ⱥɬɟɟɦ ɦɨɧɟɬ (ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ) ɜ
Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɟɟ ɉɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ.
359 x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ II ɜ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɢ.
353–347 x Ʉɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ ɫ Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɟɟɣ ɉɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ.
ɨɤ. 350 x ɉɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɜ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɭ, ɜɨɣɧɚ ɫ ɬɪɢ-
ɛɚɥɥɚɦɢ, ɢɫɬɪɢɚɧɚɦɢ; ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɫ Ɏɢɥɢɩ-
ɩɨɦ II.
x ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧ ɭ ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ
ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ.
345–339 x ɑɟɤɚɧɤɚ ɰɚɪɟɦ Ⱥɬɟɟɦ ɦɨɧɟɬ (ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ) ɜ Ʉɚɥɥɚɬɢɢ.
360–320 x ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ» ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɑɦɵɪɟɜɚ Ɇɨ-
ɝɢɥɚ, Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɐɢɦɛɚɥɤɚ, Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, Ƚɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɚ
Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ.
350–330 x ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɚɪ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ
ɜɨɠɞɹɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ «ɬɪɨɹɧɫɤɨɣ» ɫɟɪɢɢ.
343/342 x ɉɨɯɨɞ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ II ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɤɢɸ, ɠɟɧɢɬɶɛɚ ɧɚ Ɇɟɞɟ, ɞɨɱɟ-
ɪɢ ɝɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ.
x ɇɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɟ ɉɟɪɢɫɚɞ I ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɟɦ.
ɨɤ. 340–330 x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɨɥɨɬɵɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹɯ-
ɚɩɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɛɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɧɟɬ.
339 x ȼɨɣɧɚ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɫ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɦ II. Ƚɢɛɟɥɶ Ⱥɬɟɹ ɢ
ɭɯɨɞ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɢɡ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɢ.
336 x ɋɦɟɪɬɶ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ II. ɐɚɪɟɦ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ III Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɣ; ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ I ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɜ ȼɟɪɝɢɧɟ (Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ).
336/335 x ɉɨɯɨɞ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤ Ⱦɭɧɚɸ.
334 x ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɉɟɪɫɢɸ.
331/330 x ɉɨɯɨɞ ɩɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤɚ Ɂɨɩɢɪɢɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɟɬɨɜ,
ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, Ɉɥɶɜɢɸ, ɲɬɭɪɦ ɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ (?) Ɍɢɪɵ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɧɢɹ;
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɟ ɜɨɣɫɤ Ɂɨɩɢɪɢɨɧɚ.
x Ɇɹɬɟɠ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ Ɏɪɚɤɢɢ Ɇɟɦɧɨɧɚ.
x ɉɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɪɢɫɨɜ ɜ Ⱥɮɢɧɵ.
343–328 x ȼɨɣɧɚ ɉɟɪɢɫɚɞɚ I c ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ
ɰɚɪɟɦ (ɜ Ʉɪɵɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɇɢɠɧɟɦ Ⱦɨɧɭ).
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ 287
Ⱦɚɬɚ
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ
(ɜɜ./ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.)
ɨɤ. 329–327 x Ɉɬɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜ ɜ Ȼɚɤɬɪɢɸ ɤ Ⱥɥɟɤ-
ɫɚɧɞɪɭ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɦɭ.
x ȼ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɭɦɢɪɚɟɬ ɰɚɪɶ; ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ
ɛɪɚɬ.
x ȼ ɋɤɢɮɢɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɢɫɫɢɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨ-
ɝɨ; ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞɚɪɤɚ ɫɤɢɮɚɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɵɣ
ɚɯɟɦɟɧɢɞɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɱ.
x ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪ-
ɝɚɧɚ (?).
ɨɤ. 330–300 x ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɉɝɭɡ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶ-
ɫɤɢɣ, Ʉɨɡɟɥ, Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɤɭɬɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ.
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ
(ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ – ɭɡɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ).
323 x ɋɦɟɪɬɶ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ; ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ Ɏɪɚɤɢɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ Ʌɢɫɢɦɚɯ.
x Ɉɞɪɢɫɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɶ ɋɟɜɬ III ɧɚɱɚɥ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ Ʌɢɫɢɦɚɯɨɦ.
317/316 x ɋɦɟɪɬɶ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ Ⱥɪɪɢɞɟɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟ-
ɧɵ ȿɜɪɢɞɢɤɢ; ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ II ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ ɜ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɭɪ-
ɝɚɧɟ ɛɥɢɡ ȼɟɪɝɢɧɵ.
313 x ɋɤɢɮɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɢ Ʌɢ-
ɫɢɦɚɯɚ.
311–309 x ɋɦɟɪɬɶ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ IV, ɫɵɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤ-
ɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ Ɋɨɤɫɚɧɵ; ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟ-
ɧɢɟ III ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɩɨɞ ȼɟɪɝɢɧɨɣ.
310/309 x Ɇɟɠɞɨɭɫɨɛɢɰɚ ɫɵɧɨɜɟɣ ɉɟɪɢɫɚɞɚ I.
x ɋɤɢɮɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɪɹɞɨɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɋɚɬɢɪɚ II.
x ɉɨɛɟɞɚ ȿɜɦɟɥɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ
ɧɚ «ɫɚɪɦɚɬɨɜ» (ɫɢɪɚɤɨɜ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɪɢɮɚɪɧɚ?).
ɨɤ. 310–290 x Ⱥɧɬɢɥɢɫɢɦɚɯɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ȿɜɦɟɥɚ (309–304);
ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɉɨɧɬɟ;
ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɭ ɱɚɫɬɢ «ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ».
x ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ (ɫɚɪɦɚɬɨɜ?)
x ɋɤɢɮɵ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɸɬ ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɇɢɠɧɟɦ
Ⱦɨɧɭ.
x Ɂɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɟ «ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ» ɫɟɦɶɢ ɜ Ɋɵɠɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ.
x ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɉɟɪɟɤɨɩɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ
Ʉɪɵɦɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ (?)
x ɂɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ «ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ».
288 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
230
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɫ «ɰɚɪɫɤɢɦ» ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ Ɍɚɦɚɪɵ Ɍɚɥɛɨɬ Ɋɚɣɫ (ɨɩɭɛ-
ɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ), ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɩɚɥ ɧɟɤɢɣ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɚɝɨɪ (Aristagoras), ɩɪɚɜɢɜɲɢɣ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ 495 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ
ɹɜɥɹɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɬɢɪɚɧɨɦ Ɇɢɥɟɬɚ [Hdt. V. 49–51], ɢ ɧɟɤɢɣ Aertes – ɜɦɟɫɬɨ Ateas [Rice 1958: 203, 204].
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ 289
Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɚɹ ɷɩɨɯɚ
ɋɤɢɮ (6NȪTKQ) [Hdt. IV. 10; Diod. II. 43].
Ɍɚɪɝɢɬɚɣ (7DUJȓWĮȠ9) [Hdt. IV. 5]231.
Ȼɪɚɬɶɹ Ʌɢɩɨɤɫɚɣ (/LSó[Dȧ9) Ⱥɪɩɨɤɫɚɣ (c$USó[Dȧ9) Ʉɨɥɚɤɫɚɣ (.ROȐ[Dȧ9)
[Hdt. IV. 5]232.
Ȼɟɡɵɦɹɧɧɵɣ ɰɚɪɶ, ɋɤɢɮ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɢ ɛɪɚɬɶɹ ɉɚɥ (3ȐORQ) ɢ ɇɚɩ (1DSKQ)
[Diod. II. 43]233.
Ⱥɪɢɚɧɬ (’$ULȐQWD9) [Hdt. IV. 81]234.
ɗɦ ($ȧPR9) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɵɧ ȿɪɢɞɢɣ (’(UȓGLR9) [Arr. Vif. fr. 54 = Eust. ad Dion. 783; SC
I: 522]235.
ɋɢɪɢɥ (6LULOR9) [Diod. III. 55. 10]236.
ɋɚɧɟɜɧ (6DQHXQR9) [P. Oxyr. X. 1241, col.V]237.
Ⱥɝɚɷɬ (’$JDȒWR9) [St. Byz. Etn., s.v. 3DQWLNDSȐLRQ; SC I: 264]238.
ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ, ɷɬɢ ɫɤɢɮɵ ɛɟɠɚɥɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɠɟɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɦɭɠɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɤɚɦɢ.
1. ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɋɤɨɥɨɩɢɬ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɢɦɟɧɚɦ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɥ- ‘ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ’, ‘ɦɥɚɞɲɢɣ’ [ɇɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ
1989: 235]. 2. ɉɨ ɗ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ, *skula-pita ‘ɨɬɟɰ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ’ [Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1970: 90, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 15].
241
ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ «ɚɦɚɡɨɧɫɤɢɦ» ɫɸɠɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ.
242
ɉɨ Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧɭ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɟ ɢ ɟɝɢɩɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɪɚɨɧɟ ɋɟɫɨɫɬɪɢɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɚɪɮɹɧ. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɮɚɪɚɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ [Ⱦɨɜɚɬɭɪ, Ʉɚɥɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɒɢɲɨɜɚ 1982:
ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 81]. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɋɟɫɨɫɬɪɢɫɚ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ, ɫɦ. [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 1999ɚ ]. ȼ ɚɧ-
ɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɋɟɫɨɫɬɪɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɚɦɢ
(Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ), ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɢɞɢɣɰɚɦɢ (Ɇɚɧɟɮɨɧ).
243
Aspaka – «ɤɨɧɧɵɣ» ɨɬ ɫɤɢɮ. *aspa ‘ɥɨɲɚɞɶ’ ɫ ɫɭɮ. -ka [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979: 281; Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1970: 266].
Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɹ: *Spakaya ɨɬ spaka 'ɫɨɛɚɤɚ' [Ⱦɶɹɤɨɧɨɜ 1956: 245, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 5], ɯɨɬɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ
ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ *kuti- [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979: 294].
244
ɉɨ ɗ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ, ɢɦɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ‘ɦɨɝɭɱɢɣ ɜ ɛɢɬɜɟ’, ‘ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɛɨɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɶɸ’
[Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1970: 204].
Ȼɚɪɬɚɬɭɚ ɫɜɚɬɚɥɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ ɚɫɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɫɚɪɯɚɞɞɨɧɚ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɡɹɥ ɟɟ ɜ ɠɟɧɵ [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ
1996: ɋɜɨɞ ʋ 21].
245
1. ɂɡ ɫɤɢɮ. *madu- ‘ɦɟɞ’, ɩɨ ȼ.ɂ. Ⱥɛɚɟɜɭ [1979: 294].
2. ɉɨ ɗ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ, ɢɦɹ Ɇɚɞɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɢɧɞɨɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤ-
ɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦ ɦɢɞɹɧ Mada ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ «ɯɦɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɨɩɶɹɧɹɸ-
ɳɢɣ ɧɚɩɢɬɨɤ», «ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɷɤɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɨɞɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɢɢ» [Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1970: 181].
3. Ʌ.ɋ. Ʉɥɟɣɧ [1975: 17] ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɹ Ɇɚɞɢɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɟɝɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɫɤɢɮɫɤɚɹ ɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɤɚ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦɚ ɦɢɞɹɧɟ).
Cɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɰɚɪɢ ɂɲɩɚɤɚɣ, Ȼɚɪɬɚɬɭɚ, Ɇɚɞɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɢɦɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɰɚɪɟɣ Ɍɟɭɲɩɵ
(ɚɤɤ. Teušpa), Ⱦɭɝɞɚɦɦɢ/Ʌɢɝɞɚɦɢɫɚ (ɚɤɤ. Dugdammei, ɝɪɟɱ. /ȪJGDPL9) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ ɋɚɧɞɚɤɲɚɬɪɭ (ɚɤɤ.
Sandakšatru, ɜɚɪ. Sandakurru [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 1996: 127 ɢ ɫɥ.]).
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ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɪ.-ɢɪɚɧ. sparga-paisa ‘ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɨɛɟɝɭ, ɨɬɩɪɵɫɤɭ’ [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979:
304]. ȼɫ. Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɥ ɤ ɚɜɟɫɬ. spareJa 'ɡɭɛɟɰ ɫɬɪɟɥɵ', ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɤ ɚɜɟɫɬ.
paisa 'ɜɢɞ, ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɶ' [Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ 1992: 629].
ɉɨ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɭ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɢɦɹ ɧɨɫɢɥ ɰɚɪɶ ɚɝɚɮɢɪɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢ ɭɛɢɜɲɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢ-
ɮɚ [Hdt. IV. 78], ɢ ɦɚɫɫɚɝɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɱ, ɫɵɧ ɰɚɪɢɰɵ Ɍɨɦɢɪɢɫ [Hdt. I. 211–213].
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ 291
247
Ƚɪɟɱ. 'ɜɨɥɤ'. Ɍ.Ɇ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ [1994; 2001] ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ Ʌɢɤɚ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɚ
ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɥɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ – ɤ VI ɢɥɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɫ ɰɚɪɟɦ
Ʌɢɧɤɨɦ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɢɡ Ɉɜɢɞɢɹ [Ɇ. V. 642–661]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɢɦɟɧɢ: ‘Lyncus’ <’lynx’ – ɪɵɫɶ> [Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ 2001: 143].
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Ɉ.ɇ. Ɍɪɭɛɚɱɟɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɋɩɚɪɝɚɩɢɮɚ ɧɟɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ
Ƚɧɭɪ – ɢɧɞɨɚɪ. gandira ‘ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ’ [Ɍɪɭɛɚɱɟɜ 1979: 35]. Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɫɦ. [Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1984]. ɋɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 253.
249
1. *ana-hvarti ‘ɧɟɜɪɟɞɢɦɵɣ’ [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979: 292]. 2. ɉɨ Ɉ.ɇ. Ɍɪɭɛɚɱɟɜɭ, ‘ɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɦɭɞɪɟɰ’ [Ɍɪɭ-
ɛɚɱɟɜ 1979: 35]; ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦ. [Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1984: 56].
250
Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ ɜ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɦ. [ɂɜɚɧɱɢɤ 1999ɚ: 29]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɟɨɧɢɦ ,GĮQ-, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɞɬɢ ɨ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɨɮɨɪɧɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɧɨ ɋ.Ɋ. Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɥɟɝɚɥɚ ɢɧɚɱɟ: ’,GȐQT-XUVR9, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɨɧɟ [Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ 1999ɚ: 180].
251
Ⱦɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ Ɍɚɤɫɚɤɢɫ ɢɪɚɧ. taka-sak ‘ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɨɥɟɧɶ’ [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979: 305]. Ɋɚɧɟɟ
ȼɫ. Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɥ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɤɨɪɧɸ taFs 'ɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɛɟɠɚɬɶ' ɢɥɢ ɤ ɚɜɟɫɬ. tas 'ɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɪɟɡɚɬɶ, ɬɟɫɚɬɶ',
ɚɜɟɫɬ. taksaka 'ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ' [Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ 1992: 629].
Ʌ.Ⱥ. ȿɥɶɧɢɰɤɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɋɤɨɩɚɫɢɫ ɢ Ɍɚɤɫɚɤɢɫ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ-
ɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɬɭɥɨɜ, «ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɬɢɬɭɥɨɜ» [ȿɥɶɧɢɰɤɢɣ 1977: 180, 181, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 44]. ɋɦ., ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɝɪɟɱ. ıțȠʌĮȡȤȠȢ ‘ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɥɚɡɭɬ-
ɱɢɤɨɜ’, ıțȠʌȩȢ ‘ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶ, ɫɬɪɚɠ, ɥɚɡɭɬɱɢɤ’, IJĮȟȓĮȡȤȠȢ ‘ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɨɬɪɹɞɚ’, IJȐȟȚȢ ‘ɨɬɪɹɞ, ɩɨɥɤ’.
252
ɉɨ Ɉ.ɇ. Ɍɪɭɛɚɱɟɜɭ, ɢɦɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ‘ɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ’, ‘ɡɧɚɸɳɢɣ’ [Ɍɪɭɛɚɱɟɜ 1984: 150].
253
Ƚɪɟɱ. ‘ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ, ɦɨɪɤɨɜɶ, ɩɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɤ’; ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɤɚɥɶɤɚ ɫ ɢɧɞɨɚɪ. ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ
Ƚɧɭɪ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 248; [Ɍɪɭɛɚɱɟɜ 1979]; ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦ. [Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ɋɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1984]).
254
ɂɦɹ Ⱥɪɝɨɬ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ «ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟ ɋɤɢɥɚ» [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1980] ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɫ
ɨɫɟɬ. argud ‘ɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɣ’, ‘ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ’ [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979: 279], ɢɥɢ ɫ ɞɪ.-ɢɪɚɧ. arga-uta ‘ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɢɣ
292 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɰɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ’ [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1980: 98, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 31]. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ Ⱥɪɝɨɬɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɟɞɚ ɢɥɢ
ɞɹɞɢ ɋɤɢɥɚ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ (ɫɦ. ɝɥɚɜɭ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ). Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɧɨɫɢɥ ɜɨ II ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ
ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ Ⱥɪɝɨɬ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɭɠ ɛɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɰɚɪɢɰɵ Ʉɚɦɚɫɚɪɢɢ [ɄȻɇ 75; ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1980: 97;
Ɂɚɣɰɟɜ 2000ɚ].
255
Ⱦɪ.-ɢɪɚɧ. arga-paisa ‘ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɣ (ɚɪɢɣɫɤɢɣ) ɨɛɥɢɤ’ [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979: 280]. ɗɬɨɬ ɰɚɪɶ ɢɦɟɥ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɠɟɧ (ɫɤɢɮɹɧɤɚ Ɉɩɨɣɹ, ɧɟɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɪɢɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɞɨɱɶ ɰɚɪɹ ɨɞɪɢɫɨɜ Ɍɟɪɚ [Hdt. IV. 78]) ɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɵ-
ɧɨɜɟɣ.
ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ Ɍɢɦɧ, ɷɩɢɬɪɨɩ ɰɚɪɹ Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮɚ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɦ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɨ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɥ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ [IV.7 6], ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɦɟ-
ɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ?) ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ ɜ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1989: 120, 121].
256
1. ɂɦɹ ɋɤɢɥ [*skula/*skula-] ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦɨɦ «ɫɤɢɮɵ» *skuGa- [Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1970: 89, ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɱ. 15]. 2. *skol- ‘ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ’, ‘ɦɥɚɞɲɢɣ’ [ɇɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ 1989]; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ [ɋɬɪɢɠɚɤ 1988: 50–53].
Ȼɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɨɧɟ: ɋɤɨɥɨɩɢɬ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 240) ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɢ; ɋɤɢɥɭɪ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (II ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.). ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɥɸ-
ɛɨɩɵɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ. ɇɚ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɤɢɮɨɫɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪ-
ɬɢ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ Ʉɥɢɬɢɟɦ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɤɚ ɋɤɢɥɟɣɹ [ɋɤɪɠɢɧɫɤɚɹ 1991: 44]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ, ɜ ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɋɤɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ⱥɪɢɯɚ – ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ ([ȼɢ-
ɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1989: ɬɚɛɥ. ɧɚ ɫ. 120, 121]. ɇɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ Ⱥɪɢɯɚ ɱɟɤɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ
ɩɨɡɠɟ. ȼ.ɉ. əɣɥɟɧɤɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɹ c'$ULFR9 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢɥɥɢɪɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɚ «ɟɝɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ
ɤ ɤɚɪɩɚɬɨ-ɞɭɧɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɨ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɇɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɛɭɠɶɹ» [əɣɥɟɧɤɨ
1998: 104]. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɠɟɧɚɯ ɰɚɪɹ ɋɤɢɥɚ – ɫɤɢ-
ɮɹɧɤɟ Ɉɩɨɣɟ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ ɢɡ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ȼɨɪɢɫɮɟɧɚ (Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ) [Hdt. IV. 78].
257
ɋɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ Ɍɚɝɢɦɚɫɚɞ (ĬĮȖȚµĮıȐįĮȢ), ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨ-
ɦɭ ɉɨɫɟɣɞɨɧɭ, ɢ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ; ɩɨ Ʉ. Ɇɸɥɥɟɧɯɨɮɮɭ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ «ɩɪɨ-
ɫɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɥɚɞɵɤɚ» [ɉɟɬɪɨɜ 1968: 68]. ɉɨ ȼɫ. Ɇɢɥɥɟɪɭ, ɷɬɨ ɢɦɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ «ɫɥɚɜɧɨɦɭɞɪɵɣ» [Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ
1992: 629].
ȼ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɚ ɜ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ, ɩɨ ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɗɦɢ-
ɧɚɤ [ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɘ.Ƚ. 1989: ɬɚɛɥ. ɧɚ ɫ. 120, 121]. ɂɦɹ ɗɦɢɧɚɤ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ȼ.ɉ. əɣɥɟɧɤɨ ɫ «ɬɭɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɧɢɠɧɟɛɭɝɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ» [əɣɥɟɧɤɨ 1998: 104].
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧ ɜɨ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɋɨɥɨɯɚ (400–375 ɝɝ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.)
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢɦɹ ’2NWDPDVȐGK9 ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ (ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɫɢɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ) ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɢ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɥɟ ɋɟɦɢɛɪɚɬɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ ɧɚ Ɍɚ-
ɦɚɧɢ [Ȼɥɚɜɚɬɫɤɚɹ 1993; Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ 1998]. ɘ.Ƚ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɝɪɚɮɮɢɬɨ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɨɧɚɫɫɵ [ɰɢɬ. ɩɨ: Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɶɟɜ 1998: 288].
258
ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɤɢɮ. *vara, ɨɫɟɬ. wær, wærrik ‘ɹɝɧɟɧɨɤ’, ‘ɛɚɪɚɧ’ [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979:
307]; ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɥɭɱɲɟ *varka ‘ɜɨɥɤ’? ɇɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ ɋɨɥɨɯɢ ɧɚɱɟɪɬɚɧɨ ɢɦɹ /8.2;
ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ Ʌɢɤ, /ȪNR9 (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ) ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɤɚɥɶɤɨɣ ɫɤɢɮ. *varka [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979]. ȼɫ. Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɧɹ *var, ɚɜɟɫɬ. var 'ɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ,
ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ' [Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ 1992: 629].
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, Ɉɪɢɤ, ɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɦ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (Ɋ.Ȼ. ɂɫɦɚɝɢɥɨɜ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɞɨ-
ɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ Ɉɪɢɤ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɰɚɪɟɦ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɉɤɬɚɦɚɫɚɞɚ [ɂɫɦɚɝɢɥ 2001: 33]),
ɛɵɥ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɋɨɥɨɯɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. ɬɪɟɬɶɸ).
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ 293
ɋɤɢɮɢɹ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
259
ɉɨ ȼ.ɂ. Ⱥɛɚɟɜɭ, ɢɦɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ‘ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɵɣ’, ‘ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ’ [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979: 291].
260
ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ȼ.ɂ. Ⱥɛɚɟɜɵɦ ɤ ɫɤɢɮ. *a-gar ‘ɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ’ (?) [Ⱥɛɚɟɜ
1979: 289].
294 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɹ.
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ VI – ɪɭɛɟɠ IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.
ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ Ⱦɚɬɚ
ɇɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɶ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ (ɋɉ): ɦɨɝ. 6/1909; 12/1910; 550–525 (575–550 ɩɨ «ɞɥɢɧ-
76/1910; 54/1911; 66/1911; 107/1911 ɧɨɣ» ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ)
ɇɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɶ Ɉɥɶɜɢɢ (ɋɉ): ɦɨɝ. 100/1911; 1/1912; 530–500 (2-ɹ ɩɨɥ. VI – ɧɚɱ.
48/1912; 87/1912; 91/1912 V)
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧɵ Ɉɩɢɲɥɹɧɤɚ ɢ ȼɢɬɨɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ (Ʌɋɉ) 525–500
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɚ (ɋɉ) 525–500
ɉɨɝɪ. Ⱦɡɸɛɢɧɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ (ɋɉ) 525–500
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ɉɫɬɪɚɹ Ɍɨɦɚɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ (Ʌɋɉ) Ʉɨɧɟɰ VI – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ V
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɒɭɦɟɣɤɨ (Ʌɋɉ) Ɉɤɨɥɨ 500
ɉɨɝɪ. ɜ Ɏɟɬɬɟɪɫɮɟɥɶɞɟ–ȼɢɬɚɲɤɨɜɨ (ɐȿ) 525–475
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɀɭɪɨɜɤɚ 400 (Ʌɋɉ) 500–475
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɀɭɪɨɜɤɚ 401 (Ʌɋɉ) Ɉɤɨɥɨ 475
Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ (Ʉɪ.) Ɉɤɨɥɨ 475
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ȼɚɛɵ (ɋɉ) 470–450
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɤɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 13 460–450
ɇɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ (Ʉɪ.) 475–425
ɋɟɦɢɛɪɚɬɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ (ɋɁɄ) 460–425 («ɫɬɚɪɲɚɹ» ɝɪɭɩɩɚ)
425–375 («ɦɥɚɞɲɚɹ» ɝɪɭɩ-
ɩɚ)
I Ɂɚɜɚɞɫɤɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ (ɋɉ) 450–425 (ɨɤɨɥɨ 430?)
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɋɨɥɨɯɚ (ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ) (ɋɉ) 420/410–400
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɋɨɥɨɯɚ (ɜɩɭɫɤɧɨɟ) (ɋɉ) 400–375
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ʉɭɥɶ-Ɉɛɚ (ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɫɤɥɟɩɨɦ) (Ʉɪ.) ɇɚɱɚɥɨ IV
Ȼɟɪɞɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ (ɋɉ) Ɉɤɨɥɨ 380–365
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɉɚɬɢɧɢɨɬɢ (Ʉɪ.) Ɉɤɨɥɨ 375–350 (?)
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ⱦɨɪɬ-Ɉɛɚ (Ʉɪ.) 400–350
Ɍɚɥɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ (Ʉɪ.) 400–350
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɑɦɵɪɟɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ (ɋɉ) 360–325
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ƚɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ (ɋɊ) 360–325
ɂɥɶɢɧɟɰɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ (Ʌɋɉ) 350–320
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɐɢɦɛɚɥɤɚ – ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɪɟ- 350–340
ɛɟɧɢɟ (ɋɉ)
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ – ɬɪɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ (ɋɉ) 350/340–320
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ʉɭɥɶ-Ɉɛɚ – ɞɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɜ 350–300
ɫɤɥɟɩɟ (Ʉɪ.)
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ 297
ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ Ⱦɚɬɚ
Ɇɟɥɢɬɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ – ɞɜɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ (ɋɉ) 350–320
ȼɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɉɹɬɢɛɪɚɬɧɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ (ɋɉ) 350–320
Ⱦɟɟɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ – ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɋɉ) Ɉɤɨɥɨ 330
ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ – ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɋɉ) 350–325 (329/328 ?)
ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ – ɛɨɤɨɜɨɟ (ɋɉ) 325–300 ?
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ Ɉɝɭɡ – ɞɜɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ (ɋɉ) Ɉɤɨɥɨ 330
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ – ɞɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɝɢɥɵ 320–300
(ɋɉ)
Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɤɭɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ (ɋɉ) Ɉɤɨɥɨ 330–320
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ Ɋɵɠɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ (Ɋɵɠɚɧɨɜɤɚ) – ɞɜɟ 330–300, ɨɤɨɥɨ 300,
ɦɨɝɢɥɵ (Ʌɋɉ) 300–275/250 ?
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɋɈɄɊȺɓȿɇɂɃ
Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1949 – Ⱥɛɚɟɜ ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫɤɢɮ» // Ɉɫɟɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪ. Ɇ.; Ʌ.,
1949. I.
Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1958 – Ⱥɛɚɟɜ ȼ.ɂ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɨɫɟɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵ-
ɤɚ. Ɇ.; Ʌ., 1958. Ɍ. I.
Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1979 – Ⱥɛɚɟɜ ȼ.ɂ. ɋɤɢɮɨ-ɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɢɹ // Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨ-
ɡɧɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ. Ɇ., 1979.
Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1980 – Ⱥɛɚɟɜ ȼ.ɂ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ //
ɇɚɪɨɞɵ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ. 1980. ʋ 5.
Ⱥɛɚɟɜ 1990 – Ⱥɛɚɟɜ ȼ.ɂ. Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɨɜɫɤɢɟ Skythai Georgoi // ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɵ.
Ɋɟɥɢɝɢɹ, ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ȼɥɚɞɢɤɚɜɤɚɡ, 1990.
Ⱥɝɛɭɧɨɜ 1987 – Ⱥɝɛɭɧɨɜ Ɇ.ȼ. Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɥɨɰɢɹ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ. Ɇ., 1987.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1997 – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.Ʌ. ɋɬɟɩɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɜ ɝɨ-
ɥɨɰɟɧɟ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɥɟɨɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ // ɋɬɟɩɢ ɢ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ (ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ). Ɇ., 1997.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ. 1997 – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.Ʌ., ɑɢɱɚɝɨɜɚ Ɉ.Ⱥ., ɉɭɫɬɨɜɨɣ-
ɬɨɜ Ʉ.ȿ., ɒɢɲɥɢɧɚ ɇ.ɂ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ // ɋɬɟɩɶ ɢ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ (ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ). Ɇ., 1997 (Ɍɪɭɞɵ ȽɂɆɚ. ȼɵɩ. 97).
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1980 – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ɉ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɦ Ⱥɪɟɫɟ // ȺɋȽɗ. 1980. ȼɵɩ. 21.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1981 – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɞɚɬɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ (ɩɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ) // ȺɋȽɗ. 1981. ȼɵɩ. 22.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1981ɚ – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ. ɋɰɟɧɚ ɜɪɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɬɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɦɮɨɪɟ VI ɜ.
ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. // ɋȽɗ. 1981. ȼɵɩ. 46.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1982 – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɐɢɦɛɚɥɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ // ɋȽɗ. 1982.
ȼɵɩ. 47.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1982ɚ – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɨ-
ɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ IV – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.: Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. … ɤɚɧɞ. ɢɫɬ.
ɧɚɭɤ. Ʌ., 1982.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1984 – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ɉ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɩɨ ɛɥɹɲɤɚɦ-
ɚɩɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɦ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɬɪɟɥ) // ȺɋȽɗ. 1984. ȼɵɩ. 25.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1984ɚ – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ɋɭɤɨɹɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɯɟɦɟɧɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɱɚ ɢɡ
ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ // ɋȽɗ. 1984. ȼɵɩ. 49.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1985 – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ. Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɑɦɵɪɟɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ ɢ ɞɚɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ //
ɋȽɗ. 1985. ȼɵɩ. 50.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1986 – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ. Ƚɪɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɢɡ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪ-
ɝɚɧɚ // ɋȽɗ. 1986. ȼɵɩ. 51.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 301
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɇ.Ⱥ. 1999 – Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɍɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ // Ɇɚɬɟɪiɚɥɢ ɦiɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨï ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝiɱɧɨï ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰiï
«ȿɬɧiɱɧɚ iɫɬɨɪiɹ ɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɟɩɭ ɬɚ ɥiɫɨɫɬɟɩɭ ȿɜɪɚɡiï (ɜiɞ ɤɚɦ’ɹɧɨɝɨ
ɜiɤɭ ɩɨ ɪɚɧɧɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜiɱɱɹ)». Ⱦɧiɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɫɶɤ, 1999.
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɇ.Ⱥ., Ɍɢɦɱɟɧɤɨ 1994 – Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɇ.Ⱥ., Ɍɢɦɱɟɧɤɨ ɇ.ɉ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɱɢɫ-
ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ // ɉɚɥɟɨɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɤɢɮ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ. Ʉɢɟɜ, 1994.
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɇ.Ⱥ., ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ 1991 – Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɇ.Ⱥ., ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ ȿ.ȼ. «ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɩɨ-
ɯɨɞ» Ɂɨɩɢɪɢɨɧɚ // ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ. ɏɟɪɫɨɧ, 1991.
Ƚɚɜɪɢɲ 1995 – Ƚɚɜɪɢɲ ɉ.ə. Ȼɪɨɧɡɨɜɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɡ Ʉɧɢɲiɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ
// ɉɨɥɬɚɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝiɱɧɢɣ ɡɛiɪɧɢɤ. ɉɨɥɬɚɜɚ, 1995. ȼɵɩ. 3.
Ƚɚɣɞɭɤɟɜɢɱ 1949 – Ƚɚɣɞɭɤɟɜɢɱ ȼ.Ɏ. Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ɇ.; Ʌ., 1949.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1965 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ. Ƚɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɨɠɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ //
ȺɋȽɗ. 1965. ȼɵɩ. 7.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1977 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ. ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɨɞɧɟɩɪɨɜɶɹ (ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɧɚɹ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ Ȼɪɚɧɞɟɧɛɭɪɝɚ) // ɋȺɂ. Ɇ., 1977. Ⱦ1–33.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1980 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ. Ʉɭɪɞɠɢɩɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ. ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢ-
ɤɭɛɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ IV ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. Ʌ., 1980.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1983 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ. Ɋɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɞɟɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ (ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-
ɥɚɦ ɤɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ) // ȺɋȽɗ. 1983. ȼɵɩ. 24.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1985 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ. ɒɥɟɦɵ ɤɭɛɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ) // Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ. Ʌ., 1985.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1991 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ. Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɫ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ
(ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ) // ȺɋȽɗ. 1991. ȼɵɩ. 31.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1994 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ. Ʉ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ
// ɊȺ. 1994. ʋ 1.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1995 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ. Ɋɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɢɡ Ʉɟɥɟɪ-
ɦɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ // ȺɋȽɗ. 1995. ȼɵɩ. 32.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ 1997 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ. Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ. «ɐɚɪɫɤɢɟ» ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ. Ɇ., 1997. (ɋɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ. Ɍ. 1).
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1987 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ., Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ (ɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɂɚɤɭɛɚɧɶɹ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ) // Ʉɢɋ. 1987. ɑ. 1.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1990 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ., Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɂɚɤɭɛɚɧɶɹ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ // ȺɋȽɗ. 1990. ȼɵɩ. 30.
Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ, Ʌɟɫɤɨɜ 1996 – Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ʉ., Ʌɟɫɤɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɍɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ // ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɧɵɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ Ȼ.Ȼ. ɉɢɨɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ: Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ.
ɋɉɛ., 1996.
Ƚɚɥɶ 1997 – ɮɨɧ Ƚɚɥɶ ɏ. ɋɰɟɧɚ ɩɨɟɞɢɧɤɚ ɜɫɚɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɣ ɜɚɡɟ ɢɡ Ʉɨɫɢ-
ɤɢ (ɢɫɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ) // ȼȾɂ. 1997.
ʋ 2.
Ƚɚɪɥɚɧ 1992 – Ƚɚɪɥɚɧ ø. ɉɪɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɚɦɮɨɪ ɬɢɩɭ «ɋɨɥɨɯɚ» // Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝiɹ.
1992. ʋ 4.
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ 1977 – Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ ȼɥ. Ɍɪɚɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɹɬ ɹɡɢɤ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1977.
Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜɚ 1987 – Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜɚ Ɇ.Ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɛ
ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ (Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ)
// Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜɚ Ɇ.Ɇ., Ɋɭɞɶ ɇ.Ɇ., əɛɥɨɧɫɤɢɣ Ʌ.Ɍ. Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟ-
ɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ɇ., 1987.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 311
Ɂɚɦɹɬɧɢɧ 1946 – Ɂɚɦɹɬɧɢɧ ɋ.ɇ. ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɑɚɫɬɵɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɨɞ ȼɨ-
ɪɨɧɟɠɨɦ // ɋȺ. 1946. VIII.
Ɂɚɪɚɣɫɤɚɹ, ɉɪɢɜɚɥɨɜ 1992 – Ɂɚɪɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɇ.ɉ., ɉɪɢɜɚɥɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢ-
ɤɢ ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ // Ⱦɨɧɟɰɤɢɣ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ. Ⱦɨɧɟɰɤ,
1992. ʋ 2.
Ɂɚɫɟɰɤɚɹ 1979 – Ɂɚɫɟɰɤɚɹ ɂ.ɉ. ɋɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɇɢɤɨɥɶ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɇɢɠɧɟɦ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ // Ɍɪɭɞɵ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ. Ʌ.,
1979. Ɍ. XX.
Ɂɚɫɟɰɤɚɹ 1983 – Ɂɚɫɟɰɤɚɹ ɂ.ɉ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɥ ɝɭɧɧɫɤɨɣ
ɷɩɨɯɢ (ɤɨɧɟɰ IV–V ɜɜ. ɧ.ɷ.) // ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɫɚɪɦɚɬɨɜ. ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜ, 1983.
Ɂɚɫɟɰɤɚɹ 1994 – Ɂɚɫɟɰɤɚɹ ɂ.ɉ. Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɸɠɧɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɜ
ɝɭɧɧɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ (ɤɨɧɟɰ IV–V ɜɜ.). ɋɉɛ., 1994.
Ɂɛɪɭɟɜɚ 1952 – Ɂɛɪɭɟɜɚ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɢɤɚɦɶɹ ɜ ɚɧɚɧɶɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ //
ɆɂȺ. Ɇ., 1952. ʋ 30.
Ɂɥɚɬɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1971 – Ɂɥɚɬɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɍ.Ⱦ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɰɟɜ.
Ɇ., 1971.
Ɂɥɚɬɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ɉɨɥɟɜɨɣ 1969 – Ɂɥɚɬɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɍ.Ⱦ., ɉɨɥɟɜɨɣ Ʌ.Ʌ. Ƚɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ ɉɪɭɬ-
ɫɤɨ-Ⱦɧɟɫɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɹ IV–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɝɟɬɨɜ // Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɰɵ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ // ɆɂȺ. Ɇ., 1969. ʋ 150.
Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ 1945 – Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ Ⱥ.ɇ. ɋɬɚɬɟɪɵ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɟɪɱɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɬɚɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɯ // Ɍɪɭɞɵ Ɉɬɞɟɥɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ Ƚɨɫ. ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ. Ʌ., 1945. Ɍ. I.
Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ 1951 – Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ Ⱥ.ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ. Ɇ.; Ʌ., 1951.
Ɂɭɟɜ 1993 – Ɂɭɟɜ ȼ.ɘ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɚɛɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɡɜɟɪɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ VII–VI ɜɜ. ɞɨ Ɋ.ɏɪ. // ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɟɫɬɧɢɤ. ɋɉɛ., 1993. ʋ 6.
Ɂɭɟɜ 1994 – Ɂɭɟɜ ȼ.ɘ. Ɉɛɪɚɡ ɫɜɟɪɧɭɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ IV ɋɟɦɢɛɪɚɬ-
ɧɟɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ (ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ) // ȼɡɚɢɦɨ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ: Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɟ-
ɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ. ɋɉɛ., 1994.
Ɂɭɟɜ 1996 – Ɂɭɟɜ ȼ.ɘ. ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɦɢɮ ɨ «ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɠɪɢɰɚɯ» // ɀɪɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɲɚɦɚɧɢɡɦ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ: Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɟɠɞ. ɤɨɧɮ. ɋɉɛ., 1996.
Ɂɭɟɜ 1998 – Ɂɭɟɜ ȼ.ɘ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɟɜɪɚɡɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ I ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɘɠɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɭɪɚɥɶɹ)
// ɋɤɢɮɵ. ɏɚɡɚɪɵ. ɋɥɚɜɹɧɟ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹ Ɋɭɫɶ / Ɇɟɠɞ. ɤɨɧɮ., ɩɨɫɜɹɳ. ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɸ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ
ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮ. Ɇ.ɂ. Ⱥɪɬɚɦɨɧɨɜɚ: Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ. ɋɉɛ., 1998.
Ɂɭɟɜ 1999 – Ɂɭɟɜ ȼ.ɘ. ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɜ ɘɠɧɨɦ ɉɪɢɭɪɚɥɶɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ: Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. … ɤɚɧɞ. ɢɫɬ. ɧɚɭɤ. ɋɉɛ.,
1999.
Ɂɭɟɜ, ɂɫɦɚɝɢɥɨɜ 1995 – Ɂɭɟɜ ȼ.ɘ., ɂɫɦɚɝɢɥɨɜ Ɋ.Ȼ. Ʉɨɪɫɭɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɞ // ɘɠɧɚɹ
ɋɢɛɢɪɶ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɉɛ., 1995.
Ɂɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. 1994 – Ɂɵɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ɉ., Ʉɨɤɲɚɪɨɜ ɋ.Ɏ., Ɍɟɪɟɯɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ɇ., Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɚ ɇ.ȼ.
ɍɝɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-
ɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 1994.
ɂɜɚɧɟɫɤɨ 1999 – ɂɜɚɧɟɫɤɨ Ⱥ.ȿ. ɇɚɪɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɷɩɨɫ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɚɹ ɦɢɮɨ-
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ // Ⱦɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. 1999. ʋ 2.
ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ɇɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1982 – ɂɜɚɧɨɜ Ƚ.ȿ., Ɇɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɗ.Ɇ. ɇɨɜɨɨɛɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ
// Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɷɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ⱥɥɬɚɹ. Ȼɚɪɧɚɭɥ, 1982.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 317
Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ, ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ 1991 – Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ ȼ.ɉ., ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ Ⱥ.Ⱦ. Ȼɨɫɩɨɪ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɵ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ
Ⱦɨɧɚ (ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ IV – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ.) // ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ
Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ; Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞ, 1991.
Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ, Ʌɚɪɟɧɨɤ 1994 – Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ ȼ.ɉ., Ʌɚɪɟɧɨɤ ɉ.Ⱥ. Ɍɚɝɚɧɪɨɝɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ
(Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɨɤ ɭ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ, ɝ. Ɍɚɝɚɧɪɨɝ, ɫɛɨɪɵ 1988–
1994 ɝɝ.). Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ-ɧɚ-Ⱦɨɧɭ, 1994.
Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ, Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ. 1986 – Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ ȼ.ɉ., Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ Ʉ.Ʉ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɇɢɠɧɟɦ Ⱦɨɧɭ ɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ
ɉɪɢɚɡɨɜɶɟ ɜ V–III ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. (ɨɛ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟ-
ɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ) // Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ
ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ-ɧɚ-Ⱦɨɧɭ, 1986.
Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ, əɧɝɭɥɨɜ 1992 – Ʉɨɩɵɥɨɜ ȼ.ɉ., əɧɝɭɥɨɜ ɋ.ɘ. Ⱦɨɫɩɟɯ ɜ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹɯ
ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɧɭ // Ʉɢɋ 2. 1992.
Ʉɨɪɟɧɹɤɨ 1981 – Ʉɨɪɟɧɹɤɨ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ɭ ɫ. ɇɨɜɨɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ
ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɟ // Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɫ ɨɤ-
ɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ: Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ. ɤɨɧɮ. Ɇ., 1981.
Ʉɨɪɟɧɹɤɨ 1990 – Ʉɨɪɟɧɹɤɨ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɉ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢ-
ɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɟ // Ⱦɨɧ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ.
Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ-ɧɚ-Ⱦɨɧɭ, 1990.
Ʉɨɪɟɧɹɤɨ 2001 – Ʉɨɪɟɧɹɤɨ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɭɪɝɚɧ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɇɨɜɨɡɚ-
ɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚɟ // ɆɂȺɊ ʋ 3. 2001.
Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ 1992 – Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ ȿ.Ɏ. Ɉ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ // Ɍɟɡ.
ɞɨɤɥ. ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮ. «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ Ɇ.ɉ. Ƚɪɹɡɧɨɜɚ». Ɉɦɫɤ, 1992.
Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ 1993 – Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ (ɑɟɠɢɧɚ) ȿ.Ɏ. ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ // 2-ɹ Ʉɭɛɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥ. ɤɨɧɮ.: Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɞɚɪ,
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Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ 1995 – Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ (ɑɟɠɢɧɚ) ȿ.Ɏ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɛ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɢ ɋɬɚɜɪɨ-
ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ (Ʉɚɡɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ) ɤɥɚɞɚ // ȺɋȽɗ. 1995. ȼɵɩ. 32.
Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ 1996 – Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ ȿ.Ɏ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ
ɢ «ɡɜɟɪɢɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ» ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ. Ʉ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɥɨɫɫɚɪɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢ-
ɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. ɋɉɛ., 1996.
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ɘɠɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɭɪɚɥɶɹ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ. Ɋɭɤɨɩɢɫɶ ɞɢɫ. ɧɚ ɫɨɢɫɤ. ɭɱɟɧ. ɫɬɟɩ. ɤɚɧɞ.
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɉɛ.,1997.
Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ 1998 – Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ ȿ.Ɏ. ɂɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɯɢɳɧɨɣ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɜ ɫɤɢɮ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɡɜɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ VI–IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. // ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ / ɋɛ. ɧɚɭɱ. ɫɬ., ɩɨɫɜɹɳ. 100-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɪɨɠɞ. Ɇ.ɂ. Ⱥɪɬɚɦɨɧɨɜɚ.
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Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ (ɑɟɠɢɧɚ), Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ 1994 – Ʉɨɪɨɥɶɤɨɜɚ (ɑɟɠɢɧɚ) ȿ.Ɏ., Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ
Ⱥ.ɘ. Ɉɥɟɧɶ ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ Ʉɭɥɶ-Ɉɛɚ // ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬ-
ɜɚ. ɋɉɛ., 1994. (ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼɵɩ. 3).
Ʉɨɪɱɟɥɥɚ 1994 – Ʉɨɪɱɟɥɥɚ Ⱥ. ɋɤɢɮɵ $527+5(6 ɢ ɫɤɢɮɵ *(:5*2, // ȼȾɂ.
1994. ʋ 1.
Ʉɨɫɢɤɨɜ 1991 – Ʉɨɫɢɤɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɉ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɜɟɪɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ-
ɪɢɢ ɸɝɚ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ // ȾɈɁɋɋɉ I. 1991.
Ʉɨɫɬɟɧɤɨ 1981 – Ʉɨɫɬɟɧɤɨ ȼ.ɂ. ɋɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɹ Ⱦɨɧɚ ɢ
Ⱦɧɟɩɪɚ: Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. ... ɤɚɧɞ. ɢɫɬ. ɧɚɭɤ. Ʉɢɟɜ, 1981.
324 Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1964 – Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ // ɋȺɂ. Ɇ., 1964. Ⱦ1–4.
Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1976 – Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɹɯ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɪɚ-
ɤɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ // ɋɤɢɮɨ-ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɡɜɟɪɢɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ȿɜɪɚ-
ɡɢɢ. Ɇ., 1976.
Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1979 – Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɋɤɢɮɢɹ ɢ ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɪ. Ɇ., 1979.
Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1981 – Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɤɭɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ. Ɇ., 1981.
Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1988 – Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɇɚɪɨɞɵ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɧɚɤɚɧɭɧɟ
ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ // ɆɗɈɉ. 1998.
Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1989 – Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɤɢɮɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ // ɋɬɟɩɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɨ-ɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɨɟ
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Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1989ɚ – Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɱɟɪɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ //
ɋɬɟɩɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɨ-ɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɇ., 1989.
Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1991 – Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɇɨɜɨɟ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɤɢɮɨ-
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Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1995 – Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɫɤɢɮɨ-ɮɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬ-
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Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ 1999 – Ɇɟɥɸɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɚɯ
ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ // ɋɤɢɮɵ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢ-
ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ (ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɚɥɟɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ): Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ.
ɦɟɠɞ. ɤɨɧɮ., ɩɨɫɜɹɳ. 100-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɪɨɠɞ. Ȼ.ɇ. Ƚɪɚɤɨɜɚ. Ɇ., 1999.
Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ 1992 – Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ ȼɫɟɜɨɥɨɞ. Ɉɫɟɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɷɬɸɞɵ. ȼɥɚɞɢɤɚɜɤɚɡ, 1992. (Ɋɟ-
ɩɪɢɧɬɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫ «ɍɱɟɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɤ ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟ-
ɬɚ». ȼɵɩ. ɩɟɪɜɵɣ (1881); ɜɬɨɪɨɣ (1882); ɬɪɟɬɢɣ (1887).
Ɇɢɧɚɫɹɧ 1986 – Ɇɢɧɚɫɹɧ Ɋ.ɋ. Ʌɢɬɶɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ȿɜɪɚ-
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Ɇɢɧɚɫɹɧ 1994 – Ɇɢɧɚɫɹɧ Ɋ.ɋ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɥɢɬɶɹ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɭɞɢɥ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɢ
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ // ɗɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɜ ɫɤɢɮɨ-ɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ:
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ «Ʉɪɭɝɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɚ». ɋɉɛ., 1994.
Ɇɢɧɠɭɥɢɧ 1988 – Ɇɢɧɠɭɥɢɧ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɂɚɳɢɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɢɧɚ-ɥɭɱɧɢɤɚ V–
IV ɜɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ. ɢɡ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɭ ɫ. Ƚɥɚɞɤɨɜɳɢɧɚ (ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ)
// ɋȺ. 1988. ʋ 4.
Ɇɢɳɟɧɤɨ 1888 – Ɇɢɳɟɧɤɨ Ɏ.Ƚ. (ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ) // Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ.
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Ɇɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ 1986 – Ɇɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉ ɷɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɬɚɟ ɜ
ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ // ɋɤɢɮɫɤɚɹ ɷɩɨɯɚ Ⱥɥɬɚɹ: Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ. ɤɨɧɮ. Ȼɚɪɧɚɭɥ, 1986.
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Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1973 – Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ Ȼ.ɇ. ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɫ. ɇɚɝɨɪɧɨɟ
ɛɥɢɡ ɝ. Ɉɪɞɠɨɧɢɤɢɞɡɟ ɧɚ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɨɩɟɬɪɨɜɳɢɧɟ // ɋɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɢɟɜ, 1973.
Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1975 – Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ Ȼ.ɇ. Ɏɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɭɡɞɚ ɢɡ Ɏɨɦɢɧɨɣ Ɇɨɝɢɥɵ //
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Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ 1979 – Ɇɨɡɨɥɟɜɫɶɤɢɣ Ȼ.ɇ. Ɍɨɜɫɬɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ. Ʉɢʀɜ, 1979.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 331
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ɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɇɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɛɭɠɶɹ // Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨ-
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ɦɵ ɬɨɪɟɜɬɢɤɢ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɷɥɥɢɧɢɡɦɚ // ȼȾɂ. 1990. ʋ 1.
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ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɚ // ɋɤɢɮɵ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ. Ʉɢɟɜ, 1987.
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ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɚ ɷɥɥɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ // ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɩɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ. Ɇ., 1971.
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ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɵ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ // ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɂɪɚɧɚ: Ⱦɨɤɥ.
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ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɝɪɟɤɨ-ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ) // ȼȾɂ. 1980. ʋ 1.
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ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ: Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ. 1–3
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ɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ʌɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɜ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ) // ȼȾɂ. 1999. ʋ 4.
Ɋɭɫɹɟɜɚ Ɇ.ȼ. 1995 – Ɋɭɫɹɟɜɚ Ɇ.ȼ. Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ Ƚɟɪɨɞɨɬɚ ɨ ɛɢɬɜɟ ɫɬɚ-
ɪɵɯ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɫɤɢɮɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɨɪɟɜɬɢɤɢ // ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɞɪɟɜ-
ɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ: Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ. 1–3 ɦɚɪɬɚ 1995 ɝ. ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜ, 1995.
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ɥɨɬɢɯ ɨɤɭɬɬɹɯ ɦɟɱɚ ɡ ɑɨɪɬɨɦɥɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɭ // Ɇɭɡɟɣɧi ɱɢɬɚɧɧɹ: Ɇɚɬɟɪiɚɥɢ ɧɚɭ-
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ɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɡɟɸ iɫɬɨɪiʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ 17–18 ɝɪɭɞɧɹ 1996 ɪ. Ʉɢʀɜ, 1998.
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ɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɹ ɋɤɢɥɚ // ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2001
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ɤɚɦɧɟɣ-ɨɛɟɥɢɫɤɨɜ // ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ. Ɇ., 1977.
ɋɚɜɢɧɨɜ 1991 – Cɚɜɢɧɨɜ Ⱦ.Ƚ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɪ-
ɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɬ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɘɠɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɫɤɢɮɨ-ɫɚɪɦɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɢ // ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɘɠ-
ɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ: Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ. ȼɫɟɫɨɸɡ. ɧɚɭɱ. ɤɨɧɮ. 3–5 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1991 ɝ. Ȼɚɪɧɚɭɥ, 1991.
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ɬɚɥɨɝ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ Ⱦ.ə. ɋɚɦɨɤɜɚɫɨɜɚ. ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ, 1892.
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ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ // ɋɤɢɮɫɤɚɹ ɷɩɨɯɚ Ⱥɥɬɚɹ: Ɍɟɡ. ɞɨɤɥ. ɤɨɧɮ. Ȼɚɪɧɚɭɥ, 1986.
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ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɰɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ ɛɥɢɡ ɦ. ɂɥɶɢɧɰɵ // ɋɛ. ɜ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɚ
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356 Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ɂɦɟɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ
Ⱥɛɚɪɢɫ 65, 90 Ⱥɪɝɢɲɬɢ 124, 145
Ⱥɜɯ 78 Ⱥɪɝɨɬ 188, 219, 220, 291, 292
Ⱥɝɚɪ 221, 226, 230, 249, 262, 276, 293 Ⱥɪɞɢɫ 11, 93, 94, 96, 118, 122, 124, 159
Ⱥɝɚɮɢɪɫ 63, 76, 233 Ⱥɪɟɬɨɧ 262
Ⱥɝɚɷɬ 289 Ⱥɪɢɚɧɬ 188, 289
Ⱥɞɪɚɫɬ 245 Ⱥɪɢɚɩɢɮ 15, 161, 188, 219, 220–222, 224–
Ⱥɢɞ 88, 89 227, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235, 276, 279,
Ⱥɤɚɦɚɧɬ 86 285, 291, 292
Ⱥɤɭɥɚɧɭ 96 Ⱥɪɢɚɪɚɦɧ 163, 284
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ I 221 Ⱥɪɢɟɧɢɫ 125
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ III Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɣ (ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ) 14, Ⱥɪɢɫɬɚɝɨɪ 288
66, 212, 221, 225, 235, 240, 242–244, Ⱥɪɢɫɬɟɣ 27, 63–65, 68, 72, 76, 79, 90, 91,
246–249, 251, 252, 268, 271, 279, 286, 189, 293
287 Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɝɢɬɨɧ 163
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ IV 221, 252, 287 Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɧ 262
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɉɨɥɢɢɫɬɨɪ 76, 293 Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɶ 76, 293
Ⱥɥɢɚɬɬ 71, 98. 118, 119, 123–126, 128, 153, Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɮɚɧ 168
159, 160, 283 Ⱥɪɢɮɚɪɧ 213, 221, 246, 287
Ⱥɥɤɦɚɧ 63, 65, 76, 91, 98, 99, 293 Ⱥɪɢɯ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ APIX) 209, 233, 285, 292
Ⱥɦɚɞɨɤ 221 Ⱥɪɩɨɤɫɚɣ 289
Ⱥɦɚɫɢɫ 164 Ⱥɪɪɢɚɧ 83, 212, 225, 226, 235, 242–244, 248,
Ⱥɦɢɧɬɚ 239, 253 268, 290, 293
Ⱥɦɢɬɢɪɚ 283 Ⱥɪɬɚɤɫɟɪɤɫ 221
Ⱥɦɮɢɫɬɪɚɬ 267 Ⱥɪɬɟɦɢɞɚ 96
Ⱥɧɚɯɚɪɫɢɫ 11, 158, 159, 187, 188, 195, 220, Ⱥɪɯɟɚɧɚɤɬ 208
276, 284, 291 Ⱥɪɯɟɚɧɚɤɬɢɞɵ 208, 210, 221, 223, 284
Ⱥɧɞɨɤɢɞ 167 Ⱥɪɯɟɥɚɣ 221
Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤ 258 Ⱥɪɯɟɥɨɢɞɚ 91
Ⱥɧɬɢɩɚɬɪ 252 Ⱥɪɯɢɥɨɯ 11, 96, 293
Ⱥɩɚɬɭɪɢɣ 209 Ⱥɫɚɪɯɚɞɞɨɧ 15, 94–96, 99–101, 104, 111,
Ⱥɩɨɥɥɨɞɨɪ 87, 237, 293 124, 281, 290
Ⱥɩɨɥɥɨɧ 61, 68, 91 Ⱥɫɬɢɚɝ 118, 119, 121, 124–126, 285
Ⱥɩɨɥɥɨɧɢɞ 270 Ⱥɬɟɣ 82, 191, 221, 224, 225, 228, 230, 236–
Ⱥɩɨɥɥɨɧɢɞɚ 91 239, 241–243, 249, 257, 268, 276, 286,
Ⱥɩɫɨɝ 270 293
Ⱥɪɚɤɫ 63 Ⱥɯɢɥɥ 241, 242, 245, 246
358 ɍɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɏɚɛɪɢɣ 265 ɘɫɬɢɧ 13, 61, 62, 92, 93, 121, 153, 225, 239,
ɏɚɛɪɨɧ(ɞɚ) 93 243, 294
ɏɚɪɢɛɞɚ 89
APIX 232, 233
ɐɢɰɟɪɨɧ 126, 294 Berdes 225
.,0(5,26 151
ɒɚɦɚɲ 15, 95, 99, 100 /2&2 231
/8.2 159, 230–232, 292
ȉȅȄǹȇǿȈ 151
ɗɜɛɢɨɬ 249 72&$0,6 151
ɗɦ 289 ȈǹȂȂǹ 213, 285
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 156, 169, 196–198, Ƚɭɦɚɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 32, 43, 135, 148, 149,
201, 210, 216, 296 295
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 26, 224, 227–
230, 235, 251, 269, 270, 273–275, 276, Ⱦɡɸɛɢɧɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ 196, 201, 202,
287, 296 216, 296
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɧɚ ɪ. Ʉɚɥɢɬɜɟ (Ʉɪɢɜɨɪɨɠɫɤɢɣ Ⱦɟɟɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 211, 258, 262, 266, 274, 275,
ɤɭɪɝɚɧ) 111–114, 174, 276, 295 277, 296
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɟ 57, 59, 109, Ⱦɨɪɬ-Ɉɛɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 207, 238, 296
135, 137, 295
ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 85, 237, 258, 265,
Ⱥɪɠɚɧ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 10, 31, 32, 42, 47, 133, 136,
270
143, 295
ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ (ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɟ) 208,
244, 250, 270, 284, 286, 287
Ȼɚɛɵ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 203, 204, 226, 230, 259, 276,
285, 296 ɀɟɥɬɨɤɚɦɟɧɤɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 265, 275, 277
Ȼɚɲɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 31, 183 ɀɭɪɨɜɤɚ (ɀɭɪɨɜɫɤɢɟ), ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 16, 19, 116,
Ȼɚɲɦɚɱɤɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 264, 274, 277 172, 197–201, 216, 296
Ȼɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɟ 58, 165, 265
Ȼɟɪɞɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 207, 228–230, 238, 261, Ɂɚɜɚɞɫɤɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ I, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 17, 183, 203,
262, 275, 276, 285, 296 204, 207, 210, 211, 230, 259, 276, 285,
Ȼɟɪɟɡɚɧɶ, ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ 61, 117, 118, 282 296
Ȼɟɲɬɚɭɝɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɞ 58, 295 Ɂɢɜɢɟ (ɋɚɤɤɵɡɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɞ) 102, 109, 219, 276,
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɤɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ ʋ 13 203, 226, 282, 295
296 Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 170, 178, 181, 196, 198, 200,
276, 296
ȼɢɬɨɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 180, 216, 296
ɂɥɶɢɧɟɰɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 240, 246, 262, 263, 275,
Ƚɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 228, 230, 243, 277, 296
263, 270, 276, 277, 286, 296 ɂɦɢɪɥɟɪ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ 50–52, 148, 276
362 ɍɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɳɟ 214, 237, 245, 285 ɉɚɬɢɧɢɨɬɢ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 238, 262, 296
Ʉɚɪɦɢɪ-Ȼɥɭɪ (Ɍɟɣɲɟɛɚɢɧɢ) 101, 109, 113, ɉɟɪɟɩɹɬɢɯɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 17, 46, 109, 295
139, 141, 145 ɉɹɬɢɛɪɚɬɧɢɣ ȼɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 240, 245, 246,
Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 7, 17, 18, 25, 33, 35, 265, 270, 271, 273, 275, 277, 296
45, 46, 49, 51, 69, 103–107, 109, 110,
112, 114–117, 129, 146, 157, 160, 174, Ɋɚɫɤɨɩɚɧɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 226, 259, 269
201, 276, 282, 295 Ɋɟɩɹɯɨɜɚɬɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 18, 19, 53, 295
Ʉɨɪɫɭɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɞ 47, 295 Ɋɵɠɚɧɨɜɤɚ (Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ Ɋɵɠɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ)
Ʉɨɫɬɪɨɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 104, 115 26, 27, 31, 238, 248, 251, 271–273, 277,
Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɟ Ɂɧɚɦɹ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤ 25, 287, 296
58, 69, 104, 109, 137, 152, 262, 276,
282, 295 ɋɟɦɢɛɪɚɬɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 33–36, 178, 183, 197,
Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɤɭɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 231, 249, 251, 262, 209, 219, 285, 286, 292, 296
269, 270, 274, 275, 277, 287, 296 ɋɨɥɨɯɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 26, 34–37, 159, 189, 196, 207,
Ʉɭɥɶ-Ɉɛɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 177, 224, 229, 230, 248, 211, 226, 228–234, 237, 238, 259–262,
259, 262, 274–277, 296 264, 273, 275, 276, 280, 285, 292, 293,
296
Ʌɟɪɦɨɧɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɴɟɡɞ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ 57, 58, ɋɬɚɪɲɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 17, 53, 154, 182,
109, 137, 295 200, 205, 295
ɋɬɟɛɥɟɜ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 59, 207
Ɇɚɯɨɲɟɜɫɤɚɹ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ (?) 57, 295
Ɇɟɥɢɬɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 17, 238, 240, 245, Ɍɚɝɚɧɪɨɝɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ 160, 161, 165, 283,
246, 265, 266, 275, 277, 296 284
Ɇɟɥɶɝɭɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 109, 116, 146, 160, Ɍɚɥɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 207, 238, 296
178, 197, 276, 295 Ɍɟɦɢɪ-Ƚɨɪɚ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ 55, 116, 160, 295
Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 224, 228, 230, 243,
261, 263, 264, 273, 275–277, 286, 296
ɇɚɪɬɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤ 25, 107– Ɍɭɷɤɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 31, 183
109, 154, 171, 276, 282, 295
ɇɢɦɮɟɣ, ɝɨɪɨɞ 160, 209, 210, 213, 223, 224, ɍɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɶɧɢɤ 104, 109,
283, 285 115, 157, 171, 182, 295
ɇɢɦɮɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 164, 201, 203, 204, ɍɥɹɩɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɣ ɢ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɝɢɥɶ-
209, 216, 226, 230, 276, 285, 296 ɧɢɤ 157, 203, 261
ɇɨɜɨɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ II, ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 37, 54, 58, 110,
136, 295 Ɏɟɬɬɟɪɫɮɟɥɶɞɟ – ȼɢɬɚɲɤɨɜɨ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ 197,
ɇɨɜɨɱɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɚɞ 1939 ɝ. 38, 59, 129, 198, 296
132, 148, 295
ɐɢɦɛɚɥɤɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 211, 228, 230, 243, 263,
Ɉɝɭɡ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 228, 229, 231, 236, 245, 249, 264, 273–277, 286, 296
264, 269, 274–277, 287, 296 ɐɢɦɛɚɥɤɚ Ɇɚɥɚɹ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 203, 204, 211, 230,
Ɉɝɭɡ ɦɚɥɵɣ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 245, 269 274, 275
Ɉɥɶɜɢɹ, ɝɨɪɨɞ 43, 61, 76, 184, 208, 209, 222, ɐɭɤɭɪ-ɥɢɦɚɧ, ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ 154, 160, 276, 295
231, 232, 244, 245, 283–286, 292
Ɉɥɶɜɢɹ, ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɶ 154–156, 164, 196, 201,
202, 296 ɑɚɫɬɵɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 205, 218
Ɉɩɢɲɥɹɧɤɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 180, 202, 296 ɑɟɪɬɨɦɥɵɤɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 11, 35–37, 164, 211,
Ɉɫɬɪɚɹ Ɍɨɦɚɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 185, 224, 228–230, 235, 236, 240, 246, 248,
196–198, 216, 296 251, 255, 257, 262, 264, 266–270, 273–
277, 280, 286, 296
ɉɚɡɵɪɵɤɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɵ 31, 32, 175, 178, 182, ɑɦɵɪɟɜɚ Ɇɨɝɢɥɚ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 206, 228, 230, 243,
183 264, 265, 271, 273, 275–277, 286, 296
ɉɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɟɣ, ɝɨɪɨɞ 160, 161, 209, 213, 226,
229, 244, 283 ɒɭɦɟɣɤɨ, ɤɭɪɝɚɧ 182, 185, 198–200, 296
Рисунки 363
РИСУНКИ
ɉɈȾɉɂɋɂ Ʉ ɊɂɋɍɇɄȺɆ
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɉɪɟɞɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ:
1–4 – ɨɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɧɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ (1 – ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɯɭɬ. Ɂɭɛɨɜɫɤɢɣ,
2 –ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɫɬ. ɍɫɬɶ-Ʌɚɛɢɧɫɤɚɹ [Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜ 2000], 3 – ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ,
Ʉɵɡɛɭɪɭɧ [ɋɚɜɢɧɨɜ 1994], 4 – ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, Ⱥɪɦɚɜɢɪ [Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜ 2000]);
5, 6 – ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɹ [Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ 1994]
(5 – ɂɧɝɭɥɨ-Ʉɚɦɟɧɤɚ, 6 – Ɉɥɶɯɨɜɢɱɢ); 7, 8 – ɤɨɬɥɵ «ɛɟɲɬɚɭɝɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ» ɬɢɩɚ
(7 – Ʉɵɡɛɭɪɭɧ [Ȼɚɬɱɚɟɜ 1985], 8 – ɝ. Ȼɟɲɬɚɭ [Ɍɟɪɟɧɨɠɤɢɧ 1976]); 9, 10 – ɤɨɬɥɵ
ɪɚɧɧɟɫɤɢɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡ Ʉɟɥɟɪɦɟɫɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ [Ɇɚɧɰɟɜɢɱ 1961]
Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ
Ɋɢɫ. 33. Ⱥɦɮɨɪɵ ɢɡ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɤɭɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɚ [Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɂɂɆɄ ɊȺɇ, ɮ. Ɋ-I, ʋ 792, ɥ. 8]:
1 – ɢɡ «ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɵ» (ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɹɦɵ); 2 – ɢɡ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɤɪɟɩɢɞɵ; 3, 4 – ɢɡ «ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɡɟɦɟɥɶɹ» (ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɤɨɦɛɵ)
SUMMARY
The development of European Scythia through the millennium of its history (from ca. 700 BC
to 300 AD) was not a continuous and fluent evolution of a certain single-ethnic culture, but an
intermittent process. It is nowadays possible to imagine no less than three clusters of
archaeological cultures and groups of monuments that successively existed in the same region
within the limits of steppe, forest-steppe and the foothills of western and northern Pontic area and
northern Caucasus: (1) Archaic Scythia (ca. 700–525 BC); (2) Herodotus’ Scythia (ca. 530/500–
300 BC); (3) Scythae Minores in the Crimea and western Pontic area (ca. 300 BC–300 AD). The
book presents the first and the second clusters that cover a historical phenomenon known as
Scythia Magna.
The essence of chronographic research lies in finding out the sequence and conjunction of the
events in antiquity, and in clearing up chronological intervals between those and present times.
Chronography as quite a special notion is seldom used in modern literature. It should be
differed from the notion of “chronology”, which is generally used in archaeological literature. The
principal difference mainly consists in the special purpose of chronographic research, in which
comparative study and matching of various ancient and numerous modern timekeeping systems
are taken for an object. While chronology in its broad sense is a set of methods that help dating
certain phenomena, chronography compares dates obtained with the specific methods of various
scholarly disciplines, and considers events regarded to date back to them, including the selfsame
events, but differently dated, and those simultaneous, but spaced out ones. In fact, chronography is
just an aspect of chronological research, though an extremely important one, especially significant
for letting scholars come to sweeping historical and archaeological generalisation.
Applied to the up to date Scythological research, chronography helps (1) to synchronise dates
obtained with traditional archaeological and scientific methods like stratigraphy, typology,
radiocarbon, dendrochronology etc., (2) to reach mutual or exclusive amendment of certain
historical and archaeological dates, and also (3) to study history of various ethnic formations in
Eurasia and north Pontic area in parallel. In the course of studies one should take into
consideration that certain conditions and emergent hardship may occur. The most significant
among them are: (1) possible tardiness of large-scale archaeological occasions like constitution of
a new real complex or alteration of a cultural habitat in relation to historical events that had
stimulated the changes; (2) ambiguous interpretation of the same events.
sources, b) arrival of “the first generation of Scythians” to Transcaucasia and Iran (Akkad.
Ašguzāia, Iškuzāia – the Kings’ Išpakāi and Bartatua = Προτοθύης period) and c) their
subsequent outflow to northern Caucasus.
3. Ca. 650–600 BC (about 60–70 years, as long as two or three generations): the final period
of Cimmerian and Scythian stay within Central Asia and “supremacy” of the second generation of
Scythians (the reign of king Madius = Μαδύης). It is also the time when full-scale developing of
northern Caucasus foothills and the Dnieper forest-steppe territories started.
4. Ca. 600–550/525 BC (about 60–70 years, as long as two or three generations): to a great
extent “dark age” in the history of archaic Scythia, which in its later period was characterised with
unstable situation in northern Pontic area and long-distance movements of tribes. Greek and the
forest-steppe cities were now and then attacked, life in some of them came to an end. The period
may be possibly prolonged up to 515/512 BC, till the parry of the blow that king Darius had struck
against western and northern parts of Pontic region.
5. Ca. 525–480 BC (about 30–40 years, as long as one or two generations): this period should
be regarded as a frontier one between the existence of two Scythian cultures – the ancient and the
classical one, also known as Herodotus’ Scythia. It is characterised with circulation of a new set of
artefacts in the Caucasus and Pontic area possibly caused by the afflux of a new group of nomads
from the east. Local hearths of Scythian-like cultures appeared in the Volga and the Don basins as
well as in some other regions.
6. Ca. 480–430 BC (about 50 years, as long as two generations): the period of formation of
the new Scythian society characterised with the military and political pressure put upon Greek
poleis.
7. Ca. 430/420–360 BC (about 70 years, as long as two or three generations): the dawn of
stable co-existence of Scythia and Greek cities from time to time shortly interrupted by instability
within Scythia proper and in some Greek territories (mainly in the Crimea).
8. Ca. 360–300/290 BC (about 60–70 years, as long as two or three generations): the final
stage in the history of Scythia Magna, the period of wars and conflicts outside Scythia, marked
with a new afflux of another nomadic group from the east.
The Introduction also presents the existing tendency of opinion changes regarding absolute
archaeological dates, especially the dates of certain burial mounds of nobility that serve a support
for chronology of European Scythia. The general tendency used to aim at older dates, though
being settled concerning archaic period, the opinions about the classical Scythia (mainly in respect
of the so-called royal barrows of the 4th century BC) proved to swing like a pendulum. After the
material had been considered completely, in the 1980s it became possible to set out a system of
relative chronology for the burials of Scythian nobility and bind it to the absolute scale. As a result
archaeological memorials of the type we mainly placed within the period of 350–300 BC.
Chapter 1, “Chronography of the Oldest History of Scythians”, contains five sections. The
first one tells how Scythians appeared in East Europe. The author does not identify penetration of
the culture carriers who had come from the outside and dynamic formation of the early-Scythian
culture within Europe, though it was the “Asian” component that became the principal one for the
latter. When analysed, archaeological data and historical tradition allowed the author present a
model of the earliest history of Scythians in the terms of “the steppe pulsation” theory – in the late
8th century BC a wave of nomads consisting of several ethnic groups moved from Central Asia
towards Europe. Certain categories of artefacts (some are very likely to be of Central Asian origin)
formed the image of culture that was new for East Europe and should be regarded as evident
archaeological innovations.
Further on the most indicative elements of the Scythian ware complex are given in accordance
with their chronological position: the Kuban’ helmets, iron/bronze battle axes, mirrors with central
knob/handle, stone “dishes”, bronze sacral knifes, some variants of bronze standards or pole-tops,
“pre-Scythian” type of sculpture known as balbals («stag stones» of European type). Still, up to
now certain categories cannot be definitely considered to originate from either Central Asia or
412 Summary
eastern Europe – those are bronze arrowheads, horse-bits, Scythian type of sculpture (balbals),
some variants of standards or pole-tops, swords-acinaces, bone fastens etc. Other elements of the
early Scythian cultural complex, such as bronze cauldrons, seem to be much more probable to
originate from Asia. There are categories of thing, which could be worked out as an answer to the
heroic character of the epoch – those are symbolic phallus looking swords-acinaces (see fig. 24).
The section also presents legendary tradition of both, the Greeks and Scythians, about their
oldest history. Comparison of the two versions about Scythians’ emerge in Europe urged on by
Issedones (Aristeas) or Massagetai (Herodotus) is of special significance. Though usually both
versions are considered to be identical, they should not be regarded as such, because most likely
describe the events that had occurred at different times. While Aristeas actually told about the
oldest period in Scythian real history (ca. 700 BC), Herodotus created an artificial construction by
the combination of certain political events of 550–500 BC and oral tradition, which stated that
Scythians had come from Asia in “Cimmerian times”. Here lies the explanation why Herodotus
placed certain “Scythians, who in the old days had separated from the Tsar Scythians” (Hdt. IV.
22–27), on his map. It is also possible that ethnic cluster of Arimaspi–Issedones–Scythai was
mentioned by the earliest among ancient authors (Aristeas, Damastus, Hellanicus and Herodotus).
The second section mainly devoted to the space chronography, presents the analysis of the
opinion tendency regarding ethno-geography of European Scythia as treated by Graeco–Roman
sources.
In the third section of the chapter the author, on the assumption of ancient literary and
historical tradition, attempts to synchronise the history of Cimmerians and Scythians. He points
that no exact and reliable evidence that is either simultaneous or near to the time of Scythians’
penetration to Europe and especially concerning their contacts with Cimmerians can be found in
antique sources. He pays special attention to the fact that neither Diodorus Siculus nor Pompeius
Trogus, two ancient historians, who, like Herodotus, have presented a well-composed earlier
history of Scythians, regarded Cimmerians as their predecessors in northern Pontic area.
In the fourth section titled “Scythians before and after their “supremacy” in Asia” the author
discusses the history of Išpakai’s and Bartatua’s Scythians and presents archaeological material of
the period, especially the material that comes from fundamental complexes like Nartan and
Kelermes barrows. The principal subjects of the section are as follows:
archaeological material at our disposal evinces that real complex, which might equally belong
to either Cimmerians or Scythians, appeared in Europe in the late 8th–early 7th century BC;
political events, into which Cimmerians or Scythians were involved, despite of being
conjugate, prove the destiny of these two groups of nomads to be different;
it is possible to reconstruct two large periods of Scythians’ stay in Central Asia – the first of
them, that covered the generation of Scythians led by Išpakai and Bartatua (ca. 680–670 BC),
came to an end after the nomads had left for northern Caucasus; as a result of the move numerous
burial grounds of the Kelermes type appeared there (660/650–620 BC).
The next section – “Archaeological aspect of the Cimmerian–Scythian problem” – is closely
connected with the previous two. Archaeological situation in northern Pontic area and Asia Minor
that dates back to the times of Cimmerians and Scythians is summed up in this section. This
material allowed the author come to certain conclusions.
The up-to-date archaeological conception of the monuments dating from pre-Scythian period
(9th–early 7th century BC) in South Russian steppe does not conform to the historical scheme
constructed by archaeologists on the basis of the works left by ancient writers. According to this
scheme, the only native ethnos that had forerun the arrival of Scythians in the above-mentioned
territory were Cimmerians identical to Cimmerians of Asia Minor.
Archaeological culture of Cimmerians and Scythians in eastern Europe and western Asia can
be referred to as a small sprout on a strong branch of Chernogorovka-Arjan, which, in its turn,
grew on a trunk of cultures that had developed in Central Asia.
Archaeological materials of nomadic type in Asia Minor (certain finds and burial assemblages)
dating back to the times of Cimmerian invasions into the region are not identical to
Summary 413
Chernogorovka and Novocherkassk 1939 antiquities of South Russia steppe, but exactly
correspond and find continuation in early-Scythian complexes of northern Pontic area and northern
Caucasus of 650–600 BC.
In archaeological sense material culture of historical Cimmerians in Asia Minor and that of the
earlier Pontic and Asian Scythians appear to be actually identical.
In the course of stay of Cimmerians and Scythians in western Asia three surges of different
groups of warriors from the North are fixed, each case separated from another with about 30–35
years:
the country of Gamir(ra) dating back to the epoch of Sargon II,
Cimmerians and Scythians of the epoch of Asarghaddon and Ashurbanipal (for Cimmerians
the period lasted as long as during two generations – till the late 7th century BC),
Scythians of king Madius’ time.
Archaeological material helps discover the only case of the backward movement – after the
second surge the nomads (Scythians proper) partly moved to the areas northwards from the
Caucasus.
Chapter 2, “Ancient Scythia in northern Pontic area”, comprises two sections. The first one –
“6th century BC: “dark age” of Scythian history” – presents several separate subjects (this proves
that our knowledge about the period is especially fragmentary). Even the earliest events of this
period, usually bound to the departure of Scythians from Central Asia, have no reliable basis for
reconstruction. Written sources (Hdt. IV. 1; Just., Epitom. II. 3–5) evince that the legendary return
of Scythians to their homeland should be dated back to either the final stage of “the first
campaign” (670/660 BC), or the end of “the second campaign” (king Madius’ epoch).
As to the latter, it seems unlikely that a group of people could appear or, more exactly, return
to the region with no sign of their arrival – they could not but leave certain traces of their being
there (new burial grounds or ritual burials of war trophies should have been left).
Anyhow, some events are known that were of great significance for the history of European
Scythia. Those are:
the destiny of prince Anacharsis – the preferred version is the one, according to which he was a
contemporary of Croesus, and his tragic death should be dated back to 550–525 BC;
the process of the Great Greek colonisation in northern Pontic area, and, thus, the importance
of Greaco-Scythian relations in their chronological aspect;
the passage from Herodotus telling about “the detached Scythians” is discussed in view of
ethnic-geographical problems.
The final stage in the history of Ancient Scythia is a well-known war of Pontic nomads against
Persian king Darius I. Two ways of researching the event are worth consideration nowadays: on
the one hand, it is the study in the scale of military operations and the distance of Persians’
penetration into Scythian steppe, on the other hand, it is the study in the problem of the war date.
Concerning the first problem, there exist two variants of archaeological reconstruction: the “short”
one and the “long” one. The first variant (till the area between the Danube and the Dniester, not as
far as northern Azov region) seems to be more probable, though scanty material evidence of the
campaign is known even within remote parts of northern Pontic area (finds of Achaemenian bits in
forest-steppe regions, arrowheads of the Saka–Persian type in certain burials of the Olbia
necropolis, traces of fire that burst in 550–500 BC in several forest-steppe city-sites). Still, the
latest information seems more likely to blend with the supposition about the arrival of a new group
of nomads from the East. The date of the campaign at present cannot be decidedly more precise
than 515–511 BC.
The events of Scythian history of the late 6th century BC are synchronised with an
extraordinary phenomenon – the presence of Scythian military contingent in Athens during the
period of 530–490 BC. Attic painted vases, mainly those dating from 520–500 BC, present
numerous images of barbarians.
414 Summary
The second section of the chapter – “Scythia Magna or the two Scythiae?” – presents another
principal chronological aspect of the history of European Scythians. It seems probable that the
whole set of characteristics that help us describe the culture of Pontic nomads of 700–300 BC falls
into two almost discontinuous groups, different in their chronological limits: 1) 700–530 BC and
2) 530/500–300 BC. One finds radical changes in general appearance and the complete set of
horse trappings, shooting equipment like arrowheads and gorytoi. Separate changes in
characteristic features or decor touched bronze cauldrons, top-heads and partly offensive (swords)
and protective (helmets) armament. Changes that are distinguished in anthropomorphic sculpture
and burial ritual are not as evident as the above-mentioned, though irregular development is also
noticeable convincing of real cultural changes. Here it is especially important to point that new
categories appear, which do not generate from archaic culture. At the same time some clear
indications of the most ancient Scythian culture disappear. Principal innovations fixed in
decorative art of numerous local hearths in European Scythia do not go back straight to particular
features of archaic “animal style”. The source of the new artistic phenomenon seem to be found in
the art of eastern parts of “Scythian world”.
The idea of Scythia as of a single whole, seemingly originating from antiquity also appears to
be to some extent inexact. Anyhow, certain indirect information obtained from various sources,
including written ones, shows a lacuna about 500± BC and proves discontinuity of European
Scythia’s development.
Formation of classical Scythia could have been caused by a certain impulse from the eastern
zone of Eurasian steppe. It is known that in the second half of the 6th century BC in nomadic
boundary regions of Persian empire the situation would not remain stable because of military
activities of Cyrus I and Darius I. This served a sort of catalyst that provoked reaction from the
nomads and as a result led to various great movements of people, thus westwards from the Volga
and in the basin of the river there appeared new local groups of archaeological monuments.
Archaic and classical Scythiae might correspond in two ways: either there was no straight
genetic continuity between them (the author of the book supports this point of view) or those were
not two cultures, but just chronological variants of one and the same super-culture.
Chapter 3, “European Scythia in the 5th–4th centuries BC”, comprises three sections. The first
one – “The Chronography of Herodotus’ Scythia” – presents periodic system for archaeological
material that forms a new culture in northern Pontic area. There are no transitional monuments
fixed for the period between archaic and classical Scythia (550–500 BC). Partly to this time belong
such barrows as Ostraja Tomakovskaja Mogila, Zolotoy kurgan, Iljichevskoe, Alexandrovka
kurgan, Dziubina Mogila etc., all of them being similar to each other in certain elements (group I).
Precise chronology of some steppe and forest-steppe monuments makes it possible to widen
chronological limits of the group till about 525–475 BC. Starting from 475–450 BC in the steppe
zone there appear monuments characterised with the items formerly unknown in Scythia – first of
all, those are bit pieces and shooting set (group II). From the late 5th century BC new cultural
tradition generated by the previous one spread in the steppe zone (group III). It covers another
series of monuments, the “Royal” barrows including.
Chronography of Scythia and Greek poleis of northern Pontic area makes synchronism of
many significant events evident.
The second section of the chapter is titled “Scythian Kings and Royal barrows of the 5th–4th
centuries BC”. Dynastic history of Scythia knows five kings – Ariapeithes, Scyles, Octamasades
(Hdt. IV. 78–80), Ateas (Just. IX. 1. 9, 2. 1–16, 3. 1–3; Strab. VII. 3.18 etc.) and Agarus (Diod.
XX. 24). Three of them perished outwards Scythia, the destiny of Octamasades and that of Agarus
remain unknown.
Apart from these five kings Herodotus casually mentions another person by name – this one is
Oricus, son of Ariapeithes and the younger (?) brother of Scyles and Octamasades, a member of
royal dynasty who, most likely, did not rule.
Summary 415
As for the 4th century BC, it is known that little earlier than 328 BC king Paerisades I led a war
against a Scythian king (Anonymous 1), and about 329/328 BC, according to Arrian, replacement
of the rulers took place in European Scythia – instead of the dead king his brother took the reins of
government (Anab. IV. 15), though the names of the persons are also unknown (Anonymous 2 and
Anonymous 3). In the last case one can only suppose, still in all probability, that the sources tell if
not about the supreme rulers, then about the leaders of some large-scale elements of Pontic
Scythians at wide authority to carry on talks with the king Alexander. The powers of Ateas (ca.
430 – 339 BC) and Agarus (ca. 310/309 BC) in Scythia up to now remain uncertain.
The author attempts to identify some of the famous barrows of Scythian nobles with the burials
of Scythian kings known from written sources. Comparison of the available exact and approximate
dates of the death of Scythian kings with the dates of archaeological complexes has enabled the
author single out two most probable chronological periods. The first one covers the late 5th – early
4th century BC. It is the time when the royal barrow of Solokha (the only known for the period,
two graves in it dating back to different time) was constructed, and the two sons of king
Ariapeithes, Oricus and Octamasades, must have died. The second period falls to the date about
329/328 BC when a certain Scythian king died (Arr. IV. 1; IV. 15; Curt. VII. VI. 12; VIII. 1. 1–
10), and European Scythians exchanged ambassadors with Alexander the Great. The time of the
construction of the unique central burial complex in the Chertomlyk barrow corresponds to this
date (ca. 335–320 BC). Observations over the finds from the said “royal” barrows (a silver cylix, a
gold comb from the Solokha barrow, the gold hilt of an Achaemenian sword from the Chertomlyk
barrow) have led to certain indirect conclusions based on chronological analysis. It is supposed
that in the earlier grave of the Solokha (ca. 410–400 BC) Oricus, the younger brother of
Octamasades, was buried, whereas Octamasades was buried in the same barrow, but much later in
the period of 400–375 BC.
It is also possible to suppose that the battle scene on the famous Solokha comb presents the
legendary (and it became such up to that time) intestine conflict between the two brothers – sons
of the king Ariapeithes, where the rider is supposedly Octamasades, the foot warrior with a
crescent-shaped shield (pelta) is Scyles, and the rest young bearded infantryman is Oricus.
Considering the second half of the 4th century BC, one can suppose that an unknown Scythian
king was buried either in the late 329 BC or in the early 328 BC in the Chertomlyk barrow.
Diplomatic gifts given to him, the Achaemenid sword and the gorytos with the scabbard of the so-
called Trojan series among them, were put into his grave.
The last section of the chapter is titled “Scythia in the 4th century BC”. The first half of the 4th
century BC up to now remains the most uncertain period in the history of the steppe Scythia. Quite
remarkable for the period was the alliance between Scythians and the Bosporan ruler Leucon. In
comparison with the succeeding five brilliant decades these lose being characterised with scanty
monuments that can be surely dated. Just several regions, like the Don basin, demonstrate a
different situation, but this may occur from the lack of the worked out criteria for dating. Dynastic
history of the period is unknown as well. There is a lacuna of 25–30 years between Scythian king
Octamasades, who died no later than the early 380s BC, and the kind Ateas, who appeared in
political scene, as written sources say, about mid-4th century BC.
There is no direct information proving the two dynastic members to be relatives, but one
cannot ignore that Ateas, though being a long-liver (born about 430 BC), was left beyond the
vision of Greek observers till his declining years, when in the end of his life he got involved into a
conflict with Macedonian king Philip II.
A group of burials of Scythian nobility that dates from the second half of the 4th century BC
includes monuments of three chronological stages partly covering each other. This makes it
possible to distinguish in a quite reliable way the earlier and the later complexes among them. The
earlier complexes date back approximately to 350 –320 BC, those are – Tolstya Mogila, Chmyreva
Mogila, Gaimanova Mogila and Tsymbalka. The later group dating from about 330–300 BC
comprises such tombs as the Chertomlyk barrow, Oguz, Kozel, the Krasnokutskii and the
Alexandropol barrow etc. Burials in Scythian aristocratic barrows are not only asynchronous, but
416 Summary
are in a certain sense quite special. Apart from ceremonial (but yet customary for Scythia) toreutic
pieces of Hellenic–Scythian work originating from Pontica, the burials contain things, unique in
their significance. They appeared there due to the political situation of the time and various
diplomatic contacts of Scythians: such are Iranian sword of the 5th century BC in the Chertomlyk
barrow and decoration for harness from the Alexandropol barrow.
Numerous ceremonial pieces of Thracian origin found in Scythian barrows of 335–300 BC
evince in favour of the allied relations between Scythians and Thracians.
The so-called Scythia Magna that covered a vast territory of the steppe and forest-steppe zone
declined sharply about 300 BC for the reason, which still remains mysterious. None of the reasons
taken by itself (Sarmatian military pressure, natural and climate changes paleo-ecological factors
and economic crisis) explains the phenomenon comprehensively. One can only suppose that
concourse of several unfavourable circumstances led to the new situation that emerged in northern
Pontic area. The principal, if not conclusive, importance should be attributed to the attack of the
new nomads, who came from the East on the edge of the 4th–3rd centuries BC and little later
developed new territories in between the Don and the Dnieper rivers.
The situation in the late 4th–early 3rd century BC is typologically close to that of the 6th century
BC: the decline of the former cultural tradition, desolation of the steppe zone, concentration of
hearths of Scythian culture outwards steppe and partial outflow of people from the region. It
needed time for a new nomadic culture to form in the territories between the Don and the Dnieper,
now possible to be distinguished and fixed by archaeology.
Chapter 4, «The chronicle of Scythian “royal” barrows of the 5th–4th centuries BC», presents
those burials of Scythian nobility that are universally recognised as reference points for historical
and cultural complexes of the period.
The dates of “royal” barrows are rather complicated – they are compiled of several elements:
the “wide” date, the dated “core” of the complex, the “particular” date, the date of the funeral and
the date of commemorating ritual.
In this chapter the author provides the grounds for newly elaborated and formerly confirmed
exact dates (worked out by him and other scholars) for many Scythian barrows. Accepted relative
chronology of certain Scythian “royal” burials of the 4th century BC was based on the analysis of
the exact dates and co-existence of some categories of finds. This allowed the author suggest
periodical system consisting of 4 stages:
A: late 5th–1st half of the 4th century BC
B: ca. 360/350–330/325 BC
C: ca. 340–315 BC
D: ca. 330–300/285 BC
It sholuld be taken into consideration that certain burials may be actually dated back to the
earlier decades of the 3rd century BC, because the year of 300 BC should be referred to as just a
conventional frontier date.
In the Conclusions the whole research is reviewed and summed up. Apart from the suggested
outlines of the development of European Scythia, which is the principal result of the work (Plate
11 presents fundamental synchronised items), two more theses are of great importance, though
both cases are particular enough:
within chronological limits of 7th–4th centuries BC there existed two archaeological cultures
that had been formed successively, and thus they should be recognised as two Scythiae, each of
which lived through its independent historical destiny, unlike the other one;
certain archaeological monuments, mainly those belonging to the group of “royal” barrows of
the 5th–4th centuries BC are chronologically and historically attributed, and in particular the
deceased buried in the Solokha and the Chertomlyk barrows are most likely identified.