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Part 1/Часть 1
Part 2/Часть 2
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Предисловие
Пособие состоит из 2 частей. Первая часть пособия разработана на базе
учебника Е. Л. Карловой “Be a Leader!”, содержит разнообразный спектр тем в
сфере финансов, бизнеса и посвящена формированию навыков
экономического перевода. Во второй части содержится богатый языковой и
информационный материал об истории Чувашии, ее столице,
достопримечательностях, символике, необходимый для подготовки студентов
к профессии гида-переводчика.
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PART 1
Unit I. At the Train Station
Task 1. Study and learn the following vocabulary.
Task 2. Listen and translate the polylogue “At the Train Station”
from English into Russian.
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Russia in the past ten years. Mr. Rogers, Head of the group, (to live) and (to work)
in London. Mr. Stensler, a famous American businessman, (to plan) to start mass
production of his goods in Russia in the future. Mr. Dillan (to sell) dairy products
and he (to work/already) in Russia for 3 years. Mr. den Broeder (to run) a freight
forwarding business. He (to be/never) to Russia and (not/to speak) Russian. Marie
Fleur (to be) to Russia before. She is shrewd and sharp and (to work) in her
company for several years. They (to sell/already) a lot of perfume in Russia this
year. Pamela John is a reporter, she's interested in Russia and (to collect)
information for her new book now. Vicky Watson, professor of economics, (to
study) our country for 7 years, she (to dedicate) her thesis to new Russia. Stefania
Monti and Irma Kaufman both (to specialize) in accounting and finance. They
(never/to visit) Saint Petersburg before. The group (to find/already) two suitable
candidates for their program: Mr. Bistrov and Mr. Sazonov and they (to be going) to
visit their enterprises soon.
Task 5. Translate into English using the active vocabulary.
Task 5. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the list
given below. Then translate the text into Russian.
“Impulse” was founded in the 19th ____________. It was a ____________. After the
revolution it was____________ and became a ____________. Now “Impulse” is
being transformed into a _____________. It used to belong to the _____________.
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The plant used to produce __________ and ____________. Everything:
_____________, ____________, ___________, was provided by the state, and it
was taken for granted by the administration. “Impulse” was a big company with
____________ in different regions. It had ___________ in many regions of the
former USSR and 10,000____________. Now the factory administration is planning
to produce __________and they must rely entirely on themselves. The factory
occupies the ___________ of 10 acres. The __________ is old and is not big enough
so the factory is always short of space. It has a __________ with the ____________
and the__________. Next year the administration is planning to purchase a new
__________. There are many _________, ___________ and ___________ in the
workshops. Last year they installed new ___________ and ___________. As a result
“Impulse” doubled its __________. The ___________ are strict, all necessary
__________ are taken to protect the workers. The experienced __________ monitor
and oversee their work. In the __________ the equipment is sprayed and given the
finishing touch. Now the factory is building an ___________. There will be a new
__________ and new _________. If the ___________ are efficient it will be finished
in two months. The administration is looking for a ___________ now. If “Impulse”
finds an _________ it will become a __________ and will __________ in the future
because the market is booming.
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Task 7. Translate the sentences into English orally.
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Task 3. Answer the following questions.
Task 4. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the list
given below. Then translate the text into Russian.
Quotation, receipt of payment, items of low profit margin, meet the delivery dates,
FOB, sound, letter of credit, bulk delivery, middle man, package deal, loan, discount,
honor, shipping agency, skeletons, items of high profit margin, FOR, penalty clause,
credit line, in detail, pro forma invoice, clinch a deal, purchase.
Yesterday Mr. Stensler received a proposal from Mr. Bistrov for a __________ of his
products. He didn’t like the fact the Mr. Bistrov asked for a big _______. He believed
that as a result the price of the contract would be rather low. But as it was a
________ he decided to group together_________ and ___________ and let the
ones subsidize the sale of the others. Still Mr. Stensler wasn’t sure he would be able
to _______ the contract and ____________ in the present economic situation. Yezi
recommended him sending goods through a ____________ or __________ already
operating in Russia. As the contract isn’t signed yet and the __________ isn’t
included into it Jan advised to sign the contract on _________ or _________ terms.
Jan also wasn’r sure if Mr. Bistrov had enough cash for such a big _________ but Mr.
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Stensler assured him that he rated Mr. Bistrov’s enterprise as __________. Mr.
Stensler wanted Mr. Bistrov to open a _______ or to pay by a __________. He
wanted to cost the contract in ________ and fax the _________ through
immediately. Yezi recommended sending Mr. Bistrov a ________ to make sure that
the goods would be delivered only upon __________. Jan believed that Mr. Bistrov
could have some __________ in his closet and he advised Mr. Stensler to try to learn
more about the firm. Mr. Stensler knows that Mr. Bistrov is going to apply for a
________ and will have to provide all the necessary information about his firm. If
Mr. Stensler is satisfied with the results of his interview he will _______ with him.
Task 6. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the list
given below. Then translate the text into Russian.
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Premium, proposal form, cover, blanket insurance, underwriter, insurance company,
claim, compensation, policy/ insurance certificate.
INSURANCE
Mr. Bistrov wanted to insure his cargo so he went to ASKO, one of the biggest
insurance companies in the region. He wanted a cover against fire, theft and loss. He
filled out a proposal form and arranged insurance with an underwriter. After he
paid a premium (in our case 2,5 % of the cost of the cargo) he received an insurance
certificate. On arrival of the consignment to its destination one box was found
missing. Mr. Bistrov submitted a claim for a compensation. The insurance
company honored the contract and paid Mr. Bistrov the full amount for the stolen
goods. As you can see, his insurance was worth it. Next time he’ll ask for a blanket
insurance.
1. Если г-н Стенслер даст г-ну Быстрову большую скидку, цена контракта
будет довольно низкой.
2. Если бы г-н Стенслер сгруппировал менее прибыльные товары с более
прибыльными, контракт стал бы более доходным.
3. Если бы Сэм послал товары через посредника или транспортное
агентство, он смог бы выполнить контракт и доставить товар в срок.
4. Если товар не будет доставлен в срок, Сэму придется платить штраф.
5. Если бы Сэм послал товар на условиях ФОБ или ФОР, транспортировка
товара была бы проблемой покупателя.
6. Если бы у Алекса было достаточно средств, ему не пришлось бы
открывать кредитную линию.
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7. Если бы Сэм рассчитал стоимость контракта, он бы уже послал по факсу
расценки.
8. Если Сэм объединит свои нематериальные активы (связи, торговую
марку и качество работы) с дешевой рабочей силой и сырьем
«Импульса», он обязательно добьется успеха.
9. Если бы Алекс получил машину на условиях СИФ, он мог бы попросить о
ее замене или возврате денег.
10.Если станок нельзя починить, его списывают.
11.Если эксперты решат, что машину можно починить, Алексу возвратят
только стоимость ремонта.
1. If Mr. Stensler gives Mr. Bystrov a big discount, the contract price will be
quite low.
2. If Mr. Stensler grouped items with low profit margin with items with high
profit margin, the contract would become more lucrative.
3. if Sam sent the goods through a middle-man or transport Agency, he would
be able to honor the contract and deliver the goods on time.
4. If the item is not delivered in time, Sam will have to pay a fine.
5. if Sam had sent the goods under FOB or FOR terms, the transportation of
the goods would be the buyer's headache.
6. if Alex had enough funds, he would not have to open a credit line.
7. If Sam had calculated the cost of the contract, he would have sent by Fax
the quotation.
8. if Sam combines his intangible assets (connections, trade mark and quality
of work) with cheap labor and raw materials of "Impulse", he will definitely
succeed.
9. if Alex had received the machine on CIF terms, he could have asked for a
replacement or refund.
10. if the machine cannot be repaired, it is written off.
11. If the experts decide that the machine can be repaired, Alex will only
return the cost of repairs.
Task 2. Listen and translate the polylogue “At the Bank” from
English into Russian.
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Credit – loan, assets – liabilities, takeover – merger, legal entity – natural entity,
wholesale – retail, lessor – lessee, profit – income.
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Корпорация (предприятие, уставный капитал которого разделен на
акции, форма акционерного общества, объединение нескольких фирм); то же
самое, что Incorporated и Limited.
LLC – Limited Liability Company
Компания, общество или товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью
по обязательствам. В общем смысле означает компанию, имеющую
ограниченную ответственность, но не выпускающую акции для
неограниченного круга лиц; отвечает только по своим обязательствам и только
принадлежащим ей имуществом и не несет ответственности по обязательствам
акционеров, равно как и акционеры не несут ответственности по
обязательствам компании. В США, а также в некоторых оффшорных центрах,
живущих по американским законам, означает особый тип предприятия —
среднее между товариществом и корпорацией.
LDC – Limited Duration Company
Компания с ограниченным сроком. Такая компания может быть создана
почти во всех оффшорных юрисдикциях, использующих английскую правовую
модель; в частности наиболее распространен данный тип на Каймановых
островах. Компания создается на определенный срок, по истечении которого
должна ликвидироваться либо перерегистрироваться.
IBC – International Business Company
Международная коммерческая компания. Введена как особая форма в
некоторых оффшорных зонах (Багамы, Британские, Виргинские о-ва, Белиз и
др.). Не имеет права вести дела в государстве, в котором она зарегистрирована,
или с его резидентами. Такие компании очень редко используют аббревиатуру
«IBC» в названии, а чаще именуются «LTD», «Inc.» или, другим словом,
указывающим на ограниченную ответственность.
...& Со – and Company
Если после этих слов не идет указание на ограниченную ответственность
(например, аббревиатура Ltd.), то это — полное товарищество.
LP – Limited Partnership
Коммандитное товарищество (иначе называемое товариществом на
вере). Объединение физических и/или юридических лиц с целью создания
коммерческого предприятия, включающее по крайней мере одного партнера с
полной ответственностью и по крайней мере одного партнера с ограниченной
ответственностью.
SA – Sosiedad Anonima по-испански, Societe Anonyme по-французски
В переводе — акционерное общество. Во Франции, Бельгии, Швейцарии
и некоторых других странах континентальной Европы употребление этой
аббревиатуры ограничено только непосредственно акционерными обществами
(предприятиями, выпускающими акции для широкого круга инвесторов);
однако во многих оффшорных зонах этим сокращением пользуются обычные
предприятия для указания на свою ограниченную ответственность. Из-за
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доминирования в регионе испанского языка эту аббревиатуру часто используют
панамские компании. Английский эквивалент – PLC (Public Limited Company),
немецкий эквивалент - AG (Aktiengesellschaft).
SARL – Societe a Responsidilite Limitee
Во Франции означает общество с ограниченной ответственностью без
права на свободную продажу акций. В оффшорных зонах эта аббревиатура
иногда используется так же, как и "SA", просто для указания на ограниченную
ответственность, хотя и весьма редко. Итальянский эквивалент SARL - SRL.
BV – Vennootschap Met Beperkte Aansparkelij kheid
В Голландии и на Нидерландских Антильских островах — общество с
ограниченной ответственностью. В некоторых оффшорных зонах допускается
использование этого словосочетания просто для указания на ограниченную
ответственность.
Gesellschaft mit beschrakter Haftung
В Германии, Австрии, Швейцарии — общество с ограниченной
ответственностью. В некоторых оффшорных зонах допускается использование
этой аббревиатуры просто для указания на ограниченную ответственность.
Существуют также варианты mbH (используется, когда термин Gesellschaft
является частью названия компании), и gGmbH (gemeinnützige GmbH) для
некоммерческих компаний.
AG – Aktiengesellschaft
В Германии и Австрии означает акционерное общество. В некоторых
оффшорных зонах допускается использование этой аббревиатуры просто для
указания на ограниченную ответственность.
Приведенные выше аббревиатуры можно найти в различных словарях,
однако, использовать данные варианты не рекомендуется, так как формы
собственности разных стран существенно отличаются. Любая форма
собственности определенным образом отражается в законе страны, т.е.
описываются права и ограничения, накладываемые на компанию
соответствующей формы собственности. Коротко говоря, использование
английских аббревиатур при переводе форм собственности русских компаний
неверно с юридической точки зрения и искажает реальное значение русских
аббревиатур. В пользу этого свидетельствует и Комментарии к Письму Банка
России от 20.04.2005 № 64-Т: SWIFT BIC (международный стандарт ISO 9362):
«форма собственности и организационно-правовая форма приводятся в
сокращенном виде после указания наименования заглавными латинскими
буквами — ООО, ZAO, OAO, AKB».
Веским доводом к данному правилу можно считать и то, что из-за
несовпадения законодательств, аббревиатура формы собственности сразу же
дает возможность определить страну регистрации компании: PLC (ОАО) –
Великобритания; GmbH (ООО), AG (АО) – Германия; SpA (АО) – Италия, A/S (АО)
- Дания, OY (АО) - Финляндия и т.д. Следовательно, если компания
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зарегистрирована в России, из-за использования нероссийской аббревиатуры
страна регистрации будет не понятна.
Иногда логично указать в скобках название компании с аналогом
аббревиатуры в языке перевода, например: ЗАО «Моторола» - ZAO Motorola
(Motorola, JSC)
Аббревиатуру направления деятельности предприятий также следует
транслитерировать, дав в скобках расшифровку, например: НПП «Спецкабель»
- NPP Spetskabel (Spetskabel Research and Production Enterprise)
2. То же самое правило распространяется и на перевод английских форм
собственности, с единственной поправкой: формы собственности не
транслитерируются, а остаются на языке оригинала, например: Honda Motor
Co., Ltd. - Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
3. Что касается самих названий компаний (предприятий), то они
подлежат практической транскрипции. Причем форму собственности (сферу
деятельности) нужно транслитерировать.
При переводе иностранного названия компании рекомендуется
следующая модель:
иностранное название (иностранное название, транскрибированное на
русском языке), например:
Honda Motor Co., Ltd. - Honda Motor Co., Ltd. (Хонда Мотор Ко., Лтд.)
Hans Weber Maschinenfabrik GmbH (Ханс Вебер Машиненфабрик ГмбХ)
Ferroli S.p.A (Ферроли СпА)
Кроме того, так как та или иная компания является уникальной в своем
роде (для нас важно уникальное название), то ее различное звучание и
написание на разных языках (при переводе аббревиатур и названий) будет
выглядеть неудачно.
4. Российские названия также обычно не переводятся, а
транскрибируются (практическая транскрипция). Хотя в отдельных случаях
можно указать перевод названия компании в скобках. Кроме того, обратите
внимание, что при переводе российских компаний кавычки не ставятся,
например:
«Вертолеты России» - Vertolety Rossii или Vertolety Rossii (Helicopters of
Russia)
ОАО «Топаз» - OAO Topaz
Исходя из всего выше сказанного, можно выделить следующие основные
правила перевода форм собственности, направлений работы предприятий и
названий компаний.
ПРАВИЛО 1: Аббревиатуры российских форм собственности следует
транслитерировать, неприемлем их непосредственный перевод с
использованием иностранных аббревиатур.
ПРАВИЛО 2: Аббревиатуры иностранных форм собственности при
переводе на русский язык следует оставлять на языке оригинала.
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ПРАВИЛО 3: Названия иностранных компаний при переводе на русский
язык следует либо транскрибировать (практическая транскрипция), либо
оставлять на языке оригинала, в некоторых случаях с указанием в скобках
транскрибированного варианта.
ПРАВИЛО 4: Названия российских компаний следует транскрибировать
(практическая транскрипция), в некоторых случаях с указанием в скобках
перевода.
Task 5. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the list
given below. Then translate the text into Russian.
Bank "Saint-Petersburg" is the second largest and the first jointstock bank in
the city. Despite the ongoing inflation and the deepening economic crisis the bank
has strengthened its position on the market. Since the time it was founded it has always
been paying its depositors the highest dividends boosting the growth of the private
sector and supporting free enterprise. It's clear that in the present economic
environment the bank is unlikely to survive without strategic planning, widening
the range of services, perfecting its infrastructure and consolidating ties with the
West.
The shares of the bank are highly prestigious and are distributed only among
the shareholders. Last year the equity of the bank grew by 20% as a result the value
of shares increased by 25%. The lion's share of profits comes from crediting
-lending money to borrowers. In the bank you can get a long term credit, a short term
credit, a loan or a documentary credit. The rest of the money comes from
commissions and fees for services and Stock Exchange speculations. The bank "Saint-
Petersburg" is a joint-stock company ruled by the general meeting of the
shareholders who elect the Board of Directors who in their turn appoint
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the President. The structure of the bank is dynamic and transparent. There are
fifteen divisions in the bank and it has subsidiaries in all districts of the city. The
bank provides the whole spectrum of banking services which enables it to
generate profits and to earn a living.
Words to use: supervise, oversee, look after, be responsible for, be in charge of.
PRESIDENT
Board of Directors
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3. Эти меры наверняка вызовут всплеск на рынке.
4. Не думаю, что правительство сумеет предотвратить растущую инфляцию
и сократить удушающие налоги.
5. В сложившейся политической ситуации нам вряд ли удастся укрепить
связи с Западом.
6. Я не считаю, что эти акции стоит приобретать.
7. Полагаю, львиную долю доходов приносит выдача ссуд заемщикам.
8. Я считаю высокую процентную ставку основной помехой на пути
экономического развития.
9. Не думаю, что наша прибыль достигнет рекордного уровня в этом году.
10.Уверен, что Совет директоров назначит нового президента на следующей
неделе.
11.Маловероятно, что эта сделка принесет нам доход.
12.Вряд ли вы сможете снять такую крупную сумму со счета сегодня.
13.Похоже, они постепенно переводят средства с одного счета на другой.
14.Он считается очень динамичным и гибким менеджером.
15.Он просил нас прислать счет-проформу.
16.Фирма заставила страховую компанию возместить убытки.
17.Они заставили нас внести в контракт пункт о штрафных санкциях.
18.Сэм хочет, чтобы Алекс заплатил аккредитивом.
19.Я надеюсь, что вы доставите груз вовремя.
1. Maybe we will get good dividends.
2. Shareholders are sure to attend the General annual meeting.
3. These measures are sure to cause a boom in the market.
4. I think that the government is unlikely to prevent rising inflation and reduce suffocating
taxes.
5. In the current political situation, we are unlikely to be able to consolidate ties with the West.
6. I don't think these shares are worth buying.
7. I Believe that the lion's share of income comes from issuing loans to borrowers.
8. I consider a high interest rate to be the main obstacle to economic development.
9. I do not think that our profit will reach a record level this year.
10. I am sure that the Board of Directors will appoint a new President next week.
11. It is unlikely that this deal will yield us profit.
12. it is unlikely that you will be able to withdraw such a large amount from your account
today.
13. They seem to be gradually transferring the funds from one account to another.
14. He is considered to be a very dynamic and flexible manager.
15. He asked us to send a proforma invoice.
16. The firm made the insurance company to pay damages.
17. They forced us to add a penalty clause in to the contract.
18. Sam wants Alex to pay with a letter of credit.
19. I hope you will deliver the goods on time.
25
Task 1. Study and learn the following vocabulary.
1. to stay in the black – остаться с 26. envisage – видеть, предвидеть
прибылью 27. to make savings – сэкономить
2. a renovation program – программа 28. a walk-out – демонстрация
реконструкции 29. a sit-in strike – сидячая
3. a financial report – финансовый забастовка
отчет 30. a profit-sharing scheme – схема
4. a source of capital – источник участия в доходах
капитала 31. labour regulations – трудовой
5. to raise money – собирать деньги договор
6. Stock Exchange – фондовая биржа 32. to be Greek to smb – быть
7. controlling interest – контрольный непонятным, Китайская грамота
пакет 33. an income statement –
8. to run a risk – рисковать декларация о доходах
9. a take-over – поглощение 34. gross profit – валовая прибыль
10. a merger – слияние 35. net profit, net income – чистая
11. preference shares – прибыль
привилегированные акции 36. earnings before interest and taxes
12. founder’s stock – учредительские – доход до уплаты процентов и
акции налогов
13. outstanding debts – 37. provision for extraordinary
непогашенный долг circumstances – резерв для
14. overdue accounts – просроченные непредвиденных случаев
счета 38. growth rate – уровень прироста
15. to be in the red – превысить 39. net sales – реализация
кредит продукции, чистые продажи
16. to ask for a security – просить 40. gross margin percentage – валовая
гарантии прибыль
17. collateral – обеспечение кредита 41. net margin percentage – чистая
18. to mortgage – закладывать прибыль
19. return on investment – прибыль с 42. to be up to one’s eyes in work – по
инвестиций уши в работе
20. direct costs – прямые издержки 43. record – послужной список, опыт
21. operating costs – операционные работы
расходы 44. to beat about the bush –
22. overheads – накладные расходы заговаривать зубы
23. fixed costs – постоянные 45. exhausted overdraft –
издержки исчерпанный овердрафт
24. rent and deprecation – аренда и 46. long-term assessment of
износ profitability – оценка доходности на
25. variable costs – переменные долгий срок
издержки
26
47. consumer survey – 59. to cash a check – получить деньги
покупательский опрос по счету
48. feasibility study – анализ 60. initial deposit – первоначальный
экономической выполнимости взнос, депозит
49. stale debts – просроченные долги 61. a current account – текущий счет
50. to chase up stale debts – вернуть 62. to pay a service charge – платить
просроченные долги за обслуживание
51. on credit basis – на условиях 63. a savings account –
торгового кредита сберегательный счет
52. a cash-based scheme – денежный 64. to pay in installments – платить в
расчет рассрочку
53. to declare insolvent – объявить 65. a monthly account – месячный
себя неплатежеспособным кредит
54. to go into liquidation – быть 66. a revolving account – кредит в
распроданным за долги рассрочку
55. a debtor – должник 67. unpaid balance – неоплаченная
56. to pay off debts – выплачивать часть счета
долги 68. a deposit ticket – приходный
57. bad debts – безнадежные долги ордер о внесении вклада
58. to default on payment – не
выполнить обязательства по счетам
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1. If you get a loan you will be able to upgrade your machinery.
2. If you mortgage the factory building you will get an additional source of
income.
3. If you change your accounting system it will improve payments.
4. If you cut your fuel and electricity consumption you will save a lot of cash.
5. If you freeze salaries you will make considerable savings.
6. If you use cheaper raw materials you will reduce your overheads.
7. If you raise your unit price you will improve your margins.
8. If you start producing against orders you will save a lot of warehouse space.
9. If you find new customers you will widen your customer base.
10.If you issue new shares and sell them your equity will grow.
1. Если вы получите кредит, вы сможете обновить свою технику.
2. Если вы заложите здание фабрики, то получите дополнительный источник
дохода.
3. Если вы измените свою бухгалтерскую систему, это улучшит платежи.
4. Если вы сократите потребление топлива и электроэнергии, вы сэкономите
много денег.
5. Если вы заморозите зарплаты, вы сделаете значительную экономию.
6. Если вы будете использовать более дешевое сырье, вы уменьшите свои
накладные расходы.
7. Если вы повысите цену за единицу товара, вы улучшите свою прибыль.
8.Если вы начнете производить продукцию под заказ, то сэкономите много
складских площадей.
9. Если вы найдете новых клиентов, вы расширите свою клиентскую базу.
10. если вы выпустите новые акции и продадите их, ваш капитал вырастит.
Task 5. Read and translate the text, then answer the questions.
1. What is the highest-yielding asset of a bank?
2. What is the principal economic function of a bank?
3. Where do the problems of a bank spring from?
4. What is the traditional method of providing funds?
5. Which is the cheapest form of borrowing?
6. What is the latest tendency in banking concerning lending?
7. What are the advantages of leasing?
8. What loans in the real estate category do you know?
BANK LENDING
Loans are among the highest-yielding assets a bank can add to its portfolio,
and they provide the largest portion of operating revenue. That is why granting
credits to qualified borrowers is the principal economic function of banks. For most
banks in the United States, loans account for half or more of their total assets and
28
about two-thirds of their revenues. Moreover, risk in banking tends to be
concentrated in the loan portfolio. When a bank gets into serious financial trouble,
its problems usually spring from significant amounts of loans that have become
uncollectible due to mismanagement, illegal manipulation of loans, misguided
lending policy, or from an unexpected economic downturn. No wonder, then, that
when examiners appear at a bank they make a thorough review of the bank's loan
portfolio. Usually this involves a detailed analysis of the documentation and
collateral for the largest loans, a review of a sample of small loans, and an
evaluation of the bank's loan policy to ensure that it is sound and prudent in order
to protect the public's funds.
One of the most difficult tasks in lending to business firms is deciding how to
price the loan. The rate of interest at which a loan is raised may be thought of as the
"price" of borrowing money. The lender wants to charge a high enough rate to
ensure that each loan will be profitable and compensate the bank for the risk
involved. However, the loan rate must also be low enough to accommodate the
business customer in such a way that he or she can successfully repay the loan and
not be driven away to another lender or into the open market for credit.
The traditional method of providing funds is the granting of overdrafts. With
the overdraft facility, a company opens an account with the bank, and an overdraft
with a specified limit is granted on the account. The overdraft is by far the cheapest
form of borrowing, but it can only be obtained if the bank manager considers the
customer to be creditworthy. Before agreeing practically any loan, a bank asks for
some security, i.e. a kind of insurance. Thus a perfect advance is not only profitable
and liquid, it is safe too. Many business loans are of such large denomination that
the bank itself is at risk if the loan goes bad. Banks need to take special care,
particularly with business loans because they often carry large risk exposure.
Moreover, it doesn't take many business loans defaults to create bank earnings
losses instead of profits. Most loan officers like to build several layers of protection
around a business loan agreement to ensure the return of interest earnings to the
bank. Typically, this requires finding two or three sources of funds which the
business borrower could draw upon to support the loan which may be the following:
the borrower's profits; assets pledged as collateral behind the loan; a strong balance
sheet with ample amounts of marketable assets and net worth; guarantees given by
the borrower, such as drawing on personal property.
Banks provide credits to a wide variety of customers and for many different
purposes. Banks make loans of reserves to other banks through the federal funds
market and to securities dealers through repurchase agreements. Far more
important in dollar volume, however, are direct loans to both businesses and
individuals. These loans arise from negotiation between the bank and its customer
and result in a written agreement designed to meet the specific credit needs of the
customer and the requirements of the bank for adequate security and income.
29
Most bank credit is extended to commercial and industrial customers.
Historically, commercial banks have preferred to make short-term loans to
businesses, principally to support purchases of inventory. In recent years, however,
banks have lengthened the maturity of their business loans to include term loans
(which have maturities over one year) to finance the purchase of buildings,
machinery, and equipment. As the longer-term loans carry greater risk due to
unexpected changes in interest rates, banks have also required a much greater
proportion of new loans to carry variable interest rates than can be changed in
response to shifting market conditions.
Moreover, longer-term loans to business firms have been supplanted to some
extent in recent years by equipment leasing plans available from larger banks and
the subsidiaries of bank holding companies. These leases are the functional
equivalent of a loan: the customer not only makes the required lease payments for
using the equipment but is responsible for repairs and maintenance and for any
taxes due. Lease financing carries not only significant cost and tax advantages for
the customer but also substantial tax advantages for a bank because it can
depreciate leased equipment.
Commercial banks are also important lenders in the real estate field,
supporting the construction of residential and commercial structures. Major types of
loans in the real estate category include farm real estate credit, residential loans,
and mortgage loans on non-farm commercial properties. Indeed, commercial banks
are the most important source of construction financing in the economy.
30
13. to produce against orders – 22. common stock – обыкновенные
производить товары по заказам акции
14. to lease – сдавать в аренду 23. to issue new shares – выпустить
15. business incubator – центр новые акции
освоения бизнеса, бизнес-инкубатор 24. a profit and loss account – отчет о
16. real estate market –рынок прибылях и убытках
недвижимости 25. recovery – прирост
17. market multiples – рыночные 26. to reach the break-even point –
показатели достичь безубыточного уровня
18. to tighten the budget – снизить, производства
сократить бюджет 27. a dilapidated building –
19. heavy capital spending – большие разрушенное здание
капиталовложения 28. quick turn-around of orders –
20. controlling block – контрольный быстрая обработка заказов
пакет 29. inventory – материально-
21. a proprietor – собственник техническая база
Task 4. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the list
given below. Then translate the text into Russian.
Total assets, approach, balance sheet, electricity, current liabilities, raw materials,
inventories, unused facilities, working capital, costs, accounts receivable, real estate
31
market, properties, investment, return on equity, long-term debt, market multiples,
capital investment, annual recession, potential investor, debt repayment, total
capital, cash flow, pressures, debts, budget, loss, heavy capital spending, value of
shares, productivity, profit and loss account, competitive, break-even point, at a loss,
bankrupt, production, prosperous, flexibility, logistics, orders, customers, customer-
orientated, cash, dilapidated, environmental, overheads
Task 6. Read and translate the text, then answer the questions.
1. Do you believe in a possibility of winning a fortune in a casino?
2. Have you ever bought a lottery ticket?
3. Have you ever won anything in a lottery?
4. Have you ever gambled?
5. Do you like playing cards?
6. Do you avoid taking risks?
7. Have you ever tried speculating at the Stock Exchange?
8. Have you got an insurance policy? Why? Why not?
9. Have you ever invested money in a financial pyramid?
HIGH RISK
We all take risks every day of our lives – driving to work, catching a plane,
even crossing the road. These sorts of risk are qualified by actuaries and covered by
insurance policies. The insurance company, working on the past record of many
hundreds of thousands of instances, calculates the probability of a particular
accident befalling the individual seeking a cover and sets the premium for the policy
accordingly, plus a healthy margin to take care of its operating costs and profits.
Exactly as the casinos do. But whereas most prudent people would take out an
insurance policy as a basic part of their game-plan for living, gamblers choose to
take a wholly unnecessary and avoidable risk, seeking risk for its own sake, as a
diversion.
Part of the attraction, I feel sure, is the physical sensations offered. Consider
simply the case of someone like you or me, planning to spend a night out at the
casino. First comes the pleasure of anticipation, thinking through the day about
33
going out to gamble; then perhaps comes the agreeable social pleasure of making
arrangements to meet friends, other gamblers; not forgetting the important point of
ensuring that you have the money to gamble... That may well be a nervous-making
element, especially if you can't really afford it or can't afford to lose; then comes the
physical sensation, the pitter-patter of excitement as you walk through the doors of
the casino, the sight and sound of action in the gambling-rooms... twitches of
nervous tension... finally the see-saw sensations of each coup, one after the other in
rapid succession, as the wheel spins or the dice roll or the cards fall; the exhilaration
of winning and the depression of losing.
The same sequence of sensations applies to any other kind of bet, or, for that
matter, an investment in the stock market. Currency speculation, which I have tried,
is much the best for round-the-clock action: as soon as the market in London closes,
the dealing starts up in New York, and then moves to the Far East, and so back to
London again. All bets are essentially the same, it is the time scale that's different.
However, this amalgam of sensations, of anticipation, excitement and resolution,
may be described, the impact is in the body, physical.
Such feelings are not limited to gamblers. The same sort of sensations, I
suppose, are felt by glider pilots, racing drivers, deep-sea divers, to name but three
(operating as it were above, on and below the level of everyday living). The
difference is in the pay-off: the thrill of trusting to the wind, speed around the track,
piercing the darkness of deep water. When you come to think about it, almost all
human activities carry an emotional charge, in varying degrees – the actor going on
stage, the politician at a public meeting, the salesman trying to close a deal. In this
sense gamblers are not so different. The emotional charge is a common experience,
known colloquially as "getting the adrenalin going." There is one key difference,
though, which distinguishes the activity of gambling from gliding, racing, diving and
all the other things that people do when they are enjoying themselves. In all these
activities, the pilot, driver, swimmer, or whoever, has trained or practiced or worked
out the right and the wrong way of doing it, has been taught and tested at some
length how to perform and has, in sum, established that he or she is in a position to
carry through the action successfully. There may be accidents – freak winds, oil on
the track, oxygen failure – but the chances are very strongly in their favor. In
gambling it is exactly the opposite! The odds are against the player and everyone
knows it. The risk is worse than fifty-fifty. Gamblers who manage to get a fifty-fifty
break count themselves lucky!
After all, you cannot win at gambling in the long run, and that is the basic
truth and the basic point about it. The very point that makes the motive for
gambling such a mystery. Put it this way: suppose you're walking down the street
and you meet some fellow who offers to toss a coin with you, heads or tails: the only
snag is, when you lose you pay a dollar, when you win, you get paid only 99 cents.
You wouldn't do it, would you? You'd be out of your mind to do it. But that is what
34
happens, exactly what happens, when you bet in a casino. I do it, you do it, and
everybody does it. That is how the casinos make their huge profits.
So why gamble? The reasons are as many and various as the stars in the sky. I
prefer to take the question the other way round. Why do some people not gamble?
It's such a widespread trait of human conduct that it might be considered abnormal
not to do it. The thought is not new. Gaming in all its forms – casinos, horse-racing,
lotteries, card-games – is simply too large an industry to be based on services
catering for a deviant sub-group of the population. As the great gambler and early
student of probability, Geronimo Cardano (1530) observed, "Even if gambling were
altogether an evil, still on account of the very large number of people who play, it
would seem to be a natural evil."
35
24. a free enterprise – частное предпринимательство
Task 3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the list
given below. Then translate the text into Russian.
Family company, nationalize, family concern, branches, merger, parent company,
denationalize, privatize, hostile take-over, state-owned, shareholders, joint venture,
stakeholders, controlling interest, subsidiaries, warehouses, partnership, shares,
products
36
6. Если бы вы доставили товар в прошлом году, мы бы тогда указали цену
СИФ.
7. Если вы продлите курс обучения, мы подпишем контракт.
8. Если бы вы продлили курс обучения, мы бы подписали контракт.
9. Если бы вы тогда продлили курс обучения, мы бы подписали контракт.
10. Мы откроем аккредитив в Лондонском банке, если вы согласны.
11. Мы бы открыли аккредитив в Лондонском банке, если бы вы были
согласны.
12. Мы бы уже давно открыли аккредитив, если бы вы были тогда согласны.
13. Я заинтересован в ведении бизнеса в России.
14. Занимаясь бизнесом в России, Сэм многое понял.
15. Ежи начал понимать принцип биржевых операций.
16. Поняв принцип биржевых операций, Ежи решил заняться игрой на
бирже.
17. Покупая дорого и продавая дешево, он сколотил себе состояние.
18. Купив товар дешево, он продал его дорого.
19. Инвесторы боятся покупать акции наших предприятий.
20. Купив акции этих предприятий, он заработал много денег.
21. Курс рубля перестал падать, и инфляция понизилась.
22. Стабилизировав курс рубля, правительство понизило инфляцию.
23. Инвесторы боятся потерять деньги в России.
24. Потеряв деньги, инвесторы покинули Россию.
25. Администрация гордится тем, что улучшена материально-техническая
база.
26. Улучшив материально-техническую базу, мы начали искать инвестора.
27. Мы достигли успехов в достижении безубыточного производства.
28. Достигнув безубыточного производства, мы увеличили выпуск
продукции.
29. У Сэма привычка самому вести дела.
30. У администрации есть причина, чтобы взять кредит.
Task 5. Read and translate the text, then answer the questions.
1. What is the rate of exchange?
2. What is the basic idea of foreign exchange dealing?
3. What is the difference between the spot rate and the forward rate?
4. How can a forward deal protect a company?
5. When is the settlement due for a spot transaction?
6. Where will the traded currency be delivered?
7. What does the foreign exchange dealer fill?
8. What does the bank send to the dealer?
37
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
Foreign exchange dealing is, as its name implies, the exchange of the currency
of one country for the currency of another. The rate of exchange is the value of one
unit of the foreign currency expressed in the other currency concerned.
With the growth of global trade, many companies need foreign currencies to
pay producers in other countries. A British company with a supplier in Germany, for
example, will probably use sterling to buy Deutsche marks from its bank in order to
pay an invoice from the German company. The bank buys the Deutsche marks from
another bank at a particular rate and provides them to its customer at a higher rate,
thus making a profit. Similarly, a bank may make gains on buying and selling
currencies on the inter-bank market. Making a profit on the transaction is the basic
idea of foreign exchange dealing.
Currencies can be bought or sold in the foreign exchange market either for
immediate delivery, that is at the spot rate, or for delivery later (e.g. two weeks,
three months, etc.) at a forward rate. The forward market is useful for companies,
since if a company knows that it will need a particular foreign currency to pay a bill
in four weeks' time, for example, a forward deal enables it to protect itself against
future adverse movements in the exchange rate which would have otherwise had
the effect of making the foreign goods more expensive.
When dealing in foreign exchange, normally by telephone, the bank quotes
both the selling and buying rate of a currency at which it is prepared to transact
business. Settlement for a spot transaction is two working days later. Thus if a
contract is made on Monday, the seller delivers the amount sold and receives
payment on Wednesday. Similarly if the contract is made on Tuesday, the seller
delivers the amount sold and receives payment on Thursday.
Currency traded in this way is delivered to the buyer's account with a bank in
the main center, or one of the main centers, for the currency in question. In the case
of sterling, for example, this is London, for Dutch guilders it is Amsterdam and
Rotterdam, and for Belgian francs it is Brussels and Antwerp. The buyer decides on
the bank where his or her account is to be credited.
The foreign exchange dealer fills in a dealing slip containing basic information
such as the date and time of the deal, the contracting party, the amount and rate
agreed on, the date of settlement, and the place of delivery of the currency dealt in.
As soon as a foreign exchange transaction is carried out, both banks send a written
confirmation containing the basic information mentioned above. Any discrepancies
may thus be detected quickly.
Task 6. Read the text and find Russian equivalents for the
italicized words.
38
time for some exports, it can make sure of how many pounds it is going to get by
selling the $1 million forward in the currency futures market. It then gets Jx now for
the promise to deliver $1 million in three months' time.
This method of forward cover eliminates the risk that a decline in the value of
the dollar will wipe out the company's profit before it ever sees a payment. It also
eliminates the chance that a decline in the value of sterling will make the value of
the $1 million higher in three months' time than it is now. The more volatile an
exchange rate, the wiser it is for a company not in the business of dealing in
currencies to take out forward cover.
Futures. Contracts to buy something in the future at a price agreed in
advance. First developed in agricultural commodity markets, like those for potatoes
and pork bellies, futures have now spread into financial and foreign exchange
markets, eurodollar deposits, government bonds and stock indices.
Most innovative new contracts come out of Chicago and New York, but non-
American financial centres like London, Hongkong, Singapore and Sydney have set
up financial futures markets, often vying with each other to be the first to introduce
new contracts. The London international financial futures exchange opened in the
old Royal Exchange building in the city of London in 1982.
Option. A contract which gives the holder the right to buy or sell an
underlying security, commodity or currency before a certain date. For example, an
option to buy ICI shares at 100 pence before the end of April can be purchased for a
small down-payment. If the share looks as if it will be below that price as the end of
April approaches, then the option will not be exercised and the down-payment will
be sacrificed. If the ICI share price is above 100 pence, then the option can be
exercised and the shares delivered to the option holder. He can then sell them in the
spot market at a profit.
Options are growing like mushrooms in the United States, with new contracts
being devised almost daily. They enable investors to hedge their exposure to price
movements and allow speculators to have a good old fling.
Spot price. The buying or selling price quoted for a transaction to be made on
the spot, usually referring to transactions in the foreign exchange markets. Spot
prices contrast with prices for futures or options contracts.
Task 7. Read the text, find Russian equivalents for the italicized
words and answer the question: “What method of payment would
you prefer when dealing with a new client, your regular client,
your partner, a Russian client, a customer from a developing
country?”
TERMS OF PAYMENT
Payment in foreign trade may be made in cash and on credit. There are
different methods of cash payment:
39
1. By cheque (but it is not practicable as a cheque is payable in the country of
origin and its use is time-wasting to say the least. That's why cheques are mostly
used for payment in home trade).
2. By telegraphic or telex transfers or post (main) remittances (which is
made from the Buyers' bank account to the Sellers' in accordance with the Buyers'
letter of instruction). Actually this method of cash payment may sometimes take
several months, which is naturally very disadvantageous to the Sellers. The transfer
is carried out at current rates of exchange.
3. By letter of credit (or just by credit) – L/C – (in our commercial practice
the following types of letters of credit are usually used: irrevocable, confirmed and
revolving. An irrevocable L/C is one which can neither be modified nor cancelled
without the consent of the party in whose favor it has been opened. A confirmed
L/C is an irrevocable L/C payment under which is guaranteed by a first class bank in
case the opener of the L/C (i.e. the Buyers) or the bank effecting payment defaults,
or is unable to make a payment. A revolving L/C is one under which its value is
constantly made up to a given limit after payment for each shipment; which saves
the charges on multiple letters of credit).
The letter of credit is the most frequently used method of cash payment
because it is advantageous and secure both to the Exporter and to the Importer
though it is more expensive than payment by transfer. It overcomes the gap
between delivery and payment and gives protection to the Sellers by making the
money available for them on the fulfillment of the transaction and to the Buyers
because they know that payment will only be made against shipping documents
giving them the title for the goods. This method of payment is often used in dealings
with developing countries.
4. For collection (payment for collection does not give any advantage to
the Exporter because it does not give any guarantee that he will receive payment in
time or at all. That's why the Exporter usually requires that the importer present a
guarantee of a first class bank that payment will be effected in due time. Also, there
is a long period of time between the delivery of the goods and actual payment. But
it is advantageous to the Importer because there is no need to withdraw from
circulation big sums of money before actually receiving the goods.)
Payment for collection against documents (with subsequent acceptance or
very often telegraphic collection with subsequent acceptance) is mostly used in
trade with developing countries. The costs involved in effecting payment for
collection are twice or three times lower than those by letter of credit.
Most part of modern business is done on a credit basis which may be:
1) by drafts (by Bills of Exchange – B/E) – the Exporter credits the Importer which is
advantageous to the latter. A draft (a bill of exchange) is an order in writing from a
Creditor to a Debtor to pay on demand or on a named date a certain sum of money
to a company, named on the Bill, or to their order. It is drawn by the Sellers on the
Buyers and is sent through a bank to the Buyers for acceptance (i.e. for
40
acknowledging the debt). The draft becomes legally binding when signed and dated
by the Buyers on its face (front) and is to be met when due, i.e. 30, 60 or 90 days
after presentation. The draft may be negotiable, i.e. it may be used by the Sellers to
pay their own debts but in this case the Sellers are to endorse it by signing it on its
back then they can pass it on to the new holders. If the exporter wants immediate
payment, he can discount the draft in return for a cash advance with a bank for a
commission, i.e. sell it to a bank for its face value less interest, and by supplying a
document (a letter of hypothecation) giving the bank the legal right to claim the
goods if necessary. Besides, he may leave it with a bank as security for a loan. All this
makes the Draft a very practical method of payment in foreign trade. To sum up its
advantages one should say that it simplifies the financing of export and import,
forcing trade and cuts down innumerable movements of currency. There may be
two main types of drafts: Sight Drafts, which are payable on presentation (at sight)
or on acceptance and Terms Drafts, which are drawn at various periods and are
payable at a future date and not immediately after they are accepted. Term drafts
may pass through several hands before maturity and require endorsement by the
Sellers.
2) in advance (the Importer credits the Eixporter, for example, the contract may
stipulate a 10 or 15% advance payment, which is advantageous to the Sellers). This
method is used when the Buyers are unknown to the Sellers or in the case of a
single isolated transaction or as part of a combination of methods in a large-scale
(transaction) contract.
3) on an open account. Open account terms are usually granted by the Sellers to the
regular Buyers or customers in whom the Sellers have complete confidence, but
sometimes they are granted when the Sellers want to attract new Buyers, then they
risk their money for that end. Actual payment is made monthly, quarterly or
annually as agreed upon. This method is disadvantageous to the Exporter, but may
be good to gain new markets.
The two methods of payment (in cash and on credit) are very often combined
in a contract. Drafts, for example, may be presented under a letter of credit and
there may be other, sometimes very complicated combinations of various methods
of payment stipulated in a contract.
The form of payment to be used, i.e. in dollars, pounds sterling or other
currency, is a matter for arrangement between the counterparts.
Task 8. Read the text, find Russian equivalents for the italicized
words and answer the question: " What are the best terms of
delivery for the transportation of Doug's butter, Marie's perfume,
Yezy's electronics, Sam's fitness-units?"
TERMS OF DELIVERY
41
The contract of sale stipulates, apart form the object of the agreement (the
goods), the price and the terms of delivery (price and transport clauses), which
constitute the framework of the subsequent agreements on financing, insurance
and transport.
In accordance with the responsibilities of the parties in respect to the
expenses of delivery and the risks of accidental damage to or loss of the goods there
may be various terms of delivery.
Details of mutual obligations of counterparts referring to terms of delivery are
given in the official issue of the Incoterms which determine the meaning and effects
of certain transport clauses used in international trade. Over past years certain
transport clauses have been adapted to the demands caused by container
transportation.
Most frequently used terms of delivery in international trade are CIF (cost,
insurance, freight) and FOB (free on board).
A CIF price includes apart from the value of the goods the sums paid for
insurance and freight (and all other transportation expenses up to the place of
destination), which an f.o.b. price does not, that means the latter must be lower
than the former since in only includes the value of the goods, transportation and
other expenses until the goods are on board the vessel. On FOB and CIF terms the
Sellers bear the risk of accidental loss of or damage to the goods until the goods
pass the ship's rail.
Other terms of delivery that may be used in foreign trade are:
1. EXW – free on works (ex works, ex mill, ex factory), which means delivery of
the goods from the factory gates of the Sellers, with all charges thereafter to be paid
by the Buyers and the risk of accidental damage to or loss of the goods to be borne
by them. Similar terms are ex mine – free on mine and free on plantation. Also ex
warehouse – free on Sellers' warehouse. The above terms are very seldom applied in
our foreign trade practice.
2. FOR – free on rail (FOC – free on car, FOT – free on truck), which means that
the Sellers pay all charges up to and including the placing of the goods on a railway
train (in cars or on trucks). The risk of accidental damage due to or loss of the goods
passes when the goods have been entrusted to the carrier.
3. FAS – free alongside ship, which means that the Sellers pay for all the charges
up to and including the placing of the goods alongside ship (on the quay where the
ship is docked), but does not pay for loading. The risk passes when the goods have
been effectively placed alongside the vessel in the named port of shipment.
4. CAF – cost and freight (C&F) which means that the Sellers undertake to pay
for the cost of transport of the goods to a specified destination, having allowed for
this in their sales price. The risk passes when the goods have crossed the ship's rail
at the port of loading. If the goods are carried by liners, the Sellers have to unload
them at the port of destination for their account. If not by liners, the counterparts
may agree to this effect, then it is indicated "C&F landed".
42
5. Ex ship with port of destination indicated, which means that the Sellers pay
for all charges up to, and including the placing of the goods at the disposal of the
Buyers on board the vessel at the port of destination. The risk passes accordingly.
6. Ex quay with port of destination indicated, which means that as compared
with the previous terms, the Sellers pay for unloading the goods and the risk does
not pass until the goods are placed on the quay in the port of destination.
In the revised Incoterms some new clauses have been introduced: "Free
carrier (named point)". The clause has been designed with regard being given to
modern forms of carriage, such as multimodal transports with containers, or roll-on,
roll-off traffic with trailers. The new clause is based on the same principles as the old
FOB clause, but there is an important distinction in that the risk passes from the
Sellers to the Buyers at the place where the goods have been delivered to the
contracting carrier. Thus the vessel's rail will no longer play a decisive role in this
respect when the new clause is used. Similarly "Freight or carriage (sometimes
written "freight/carriage") and insurance paid to" or "Freight or carriage paid to"
may be substituted for the old CIF and C&F clauses respectively in cases where
container or trailer traffic is involved. The choice of the terms of delivery and the
terms of payment as a rule remains with the Buyers, so they can insist, while
negotiating a contract, on choosing those which they find most suitable for them.
When choosing the terms of delivery, for instance, the Buyers should be guided by
the availability or absence of transportation facilities and by the interests of their
country as in the case with the Russian state since payment for both the Insurance
Policy and the Charter Party made with our corresponding organizations remains
within the boundaries of our country.
Oral Exam
Task 1. Simulate the following situations working together with
your partner.
1. You are shown around a factory by your partner. Ask questions about its history,
structure, machinery and products.
2. A Russian company wants to import your products. Discuss with your friend the
advantages and disadvantages of this proposal.
3. You are taking a visitor around your bank. Tell him/ her about its history,
structure, departments, services.
4. Your friend wants to open an account at your bank and become your client. Tell
him/ her about different types of accounts, interest rates and services for the
general public.
43
5. You want to get a loan from your bank. You are asked questions about your
financial situation. Present your enterprise as a good credit risk.
6. You are in the red, explain why. Discuss with your friend the possible ways out of
this situation.
7. You are a foreign investor and you are interested in Russia. Ask your friend, an
expert in Russian economy, to give you an idea about the present economic and
political situation.
PART 2
Урок 1. Край Чувашский. The Chuvash Land
1. Прослушайте и устно переведите на английский язык
следующие предложения:
1) Наша республика в числе 89 субъектов Российской Федерации является
одним из самых маленьких по площади территориальных образований
России.
44
2) Площадь Чувашской Республики составляет 18,3 тыс. кв. км. Меньшую
площадь имеют лишь республики Адыгея, Северная Осетия, Ингушетия и
Чеченская Республика, а также два города федерального значения Москва и
Санкт-Петербург.
3) С востока Чувашия граничит с Татарстаном, который является крупным
производителем нефтехимической и машиностроительной продукции, с
юго-востока - с Ульяновской областью - производителем гражданской и
военной техники, а также сельскохозяйственной продукции.
4) С юго-запада республика граничит с Мордовией, славящейся
сельскохозяйственной продукцией, с запада - с Нижегородской областью,
имеющей развитое наукоемкое и трудоемкое машиностроение, химическую
и нефтехимическую промышленность, и с севера - с Республикой Марий Эл,
богатой лесным сырьем.
5) Чувашская Республика входит в состав Волго-Вятского экономического
района. Она разделена на 21 административный район, имеется 9 городов, 7
поселков городского типа, 1723 сельских населенных пункта.
6) По плотности населения республика занимает четвертое место в стране
среди других субъектов РФ: на квадратный километр приходится более 70
человек. Численность населения Чувашской Республики на 1 января 2009 года
составила 1279,4 тыс. человек.
7) По данным Всесоюзной переписи населения 2002 г. татарская диаспора
занимает третье место среди основных этносов Чувашии (ср.: чуваши - 906,9
тыс. или 67,8%; русские - 367,1тыс. или 26,7%; татары - 35,1 тыс.или 2,7%,
мордва -18,7 тыс.или 1,4%).
8) Уменьшение численности населения Чувашии идет не только за счет
естественного движения (рождаемости и смертности), но и за счет миграции
населения. Основными регионами выбытия населения Чувашии являются
Москва и Московская область, Татарстан, Нижегородская область,
Ульяновская область.
9) 24 июня 1920 г. на карте страны появилась Чувашская автономная область. В
1925 г. она преобразована в АССР. С 1992 г. наш край зовется Чувашской
Республикой.
10) На территории Чувашии обитает более 60 видов млекопитающих, около
260 видов птиц, более 40 видов рыб, 16 видов земноводных и
пресмыкающихся, около 4500 видов позвоночных.
45
The population of the Chuvash Republic as of January 1, 2008 is 1,282,600
people; 61.3% live in urban areas. The average population density is 70 people per
km2.
47
массивами широколиственных лесов, прежде всего дубрав: в настоящее время
вся эта площадь почти вся превращена в обширные поля с посевами
сельскохозяйственных культур. Все левобережье Волги до границы с респ.
Марий - Эл и юг Сурского лесного массива занимают сосновые боры. В южных
и юго-восточных районах Чувашии распространены степи, на настоящий
момент также преимущественно распаханные в поля: здесь растут чабрец,
шалфей, полынь, ковыль. Типичные представители лесной фауны: лось,
медведь, волк, кабан, рысь, заяц, лиса, куница, белка. На территории Чувашии
обитает более 60 видов млекопитающих, около 260 видов птиц, более 40 видов
рыб, 16 видов земноводных и пресмыкающихся, около 4500 видов
позвоночных.
48
4) В 17-18 вв. чуваши и русские крестьяне участвовали в крестьянских войнах С.
Разина и Е. Пугачева.
The ancestors of the Chuvash were Hunnish Bulgars and Suars residing in the
Northern Caucasus in the 5th to 8th centuries. In the 7th and 8th centuries, a part of
the Bulgars left for the Balkans, where, together with local Slavs, they established
the state of modern Bulgaria. Another part moved to the Middle Volga Region,
where the Bulgar population that did not adopt Islam formed part of the ethnic
foundation of the Chuvash people. During the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria the
steppe-dwelling Suar migrated north, where Finnic tribes, such as the Mordvins and
Mari lived. The Chuvash claim to be descendants of these Suars who assimilated
with the Mari.
49
They became vassals of the Golden Horde in 1242, after a bloody uprising
which the Mongols brutally suppressed with an army of 40.000 warriors. Later
Mongol and Tatar rulers did not intervene in local internal affairs as long as the
annual tributes were paid to Sarai. The Tokhtamysh–Timur war (1361–1395)
devastated 80% of the Suar people. When the power of the Golden Horde began to
diminish, the local Mişär Tatar Murzas from Piana and Temnikov tried to rule the
Chuvash area.
During Ivan IV's war of conquest against the Khanate of Kazan, in August 1552
The Chuvash Orsai and Mari Akpar Tokari Princes swore their loyalty to the Grand
Duchy of Muscovy at Alatyr on the Suvarlej River. This ended nearly 120 years within
the rule of the Khanate of Kazan. In return, Ivan IV promised to honour all historic
land rights of the Chuvash and Maris on both sides of the Volga River from the
Kerzhenets to the Sviyaga River. In addition, Ivan IV freed the Chuvash and Mari
leaders of tributes for the period of 5 years. The Chuvash provided 15,000 soldiers,
the Mari 10,000 warriors to Ivan's army for the final attack against Kazan, giving the
Muscovites a force of 100,000 warriors against the Khanates 30,000 Nogai Tatars
defending the fortified city.
In Imperial Russia, the territory of modern Chuvashia was divided over two
administrative districts: the northern part was under the Kazan Governorate and the
southern part was under the Simbirsk Governorate. The border ran roughly from
Kurmish to Buinsk.
The Chuvash and Mari joined the Stenka Razin and Pugachev rebellions in
1667–1671 and 1773–1775, when the Volga area from Astrakhan to Nizhni
Novgorod was in open revolt against Moscow rule. During these years, many
Chuvash escaped east to the Southern Urals.
During the period 1650–1850 the Russian Orthodox Church sent Chuvash-
speaking missionaries to work with the Chuvash and convert them to the Orthodox
faith. A group of these missionaries created a written Chuvash language. The first
Chuvash grammar was published in 1769. Chuvash had earlier been written with a
Runic script or the Arabic alphabet. A revised Cyrillic alphabet for Chuvash was first
introduced in 1873 by Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev. The Latin alphabet has been used
50
as well, though there is no standard transcription. Most of the Chuvash who stayed
in the area became Orthodox Christians, but some remained pagan.
During the 19th and early 20th century, national feelings started to rise
among the Chuvash intelligentsia. They connected with other minority pro-
independence movements in the middle Volga area. Marxist ideology arose among
the poorest peasant population and industrial workers. On May 15, 1917, the
Chuvash joined the Idel-Ural Movement and in December 1917 joined the short
lived Idel-Ural State, when an agreement was reached with Tatar representatives to
draw the eastern border of Chuvashia at the Sviaga River.
The Chuvash promised to respect the Islamic Tatars' religion and grant them
local and cultural autonomy inside the League of Idel Ural States. The southern
border with the Mordvins was set along the Sura River with equal rights guaranteed
to the Chuvash living west of the Sura. In the south the border went along the
Barysh, Bolshoi Akla and Tsilna Rivers between Sura and Sviaga. In the north there
was a dispute with representantives of Mari populated Tsykma (Kozmodemyansk)
and other areas in Chuvashia.
In 1918–1919, there was a bitter civil war in the area between the Red Army
and the White Movement. This battle ended with victory for the Bolsheviks, who
were mainly of ethnic Russian origin, with strong support from Nizhny Novgorod
troops. The local Chuvash independence oriented politicians were executed by the
Bolsheviks.
To gain support from the local population, Lenin ordered a Chuvash State to
be created inside the Soviet Union. On June 24, 1920, the Chuvash Autonomous
Oblast was formed, which was transformed into the Chuvash ASSR in April 1925.
51
The 1930–1931 Communist campaign against the rich Kulak peasant class,
which resulted in their deportation to Gulag prison camps and the elimination of
independent peasant farms, hit the Chuvash ASSR agricultural production hard. The
Great Purge in 1936–1938 dealt a great blow to the Chuvash intelligentsia. Many
were shot or deported to prison camps. Most of the local Chuvash teachers were
shot, making it difficult to teach Chuvash, as the Russian replacements did not know
the language. Ethnic Russians kept control of the area and the Russification of the
Chuvash and Mari peoples intensified.
During the period 1930–1940 the change from mainly agriculture to industry
was initialled. By 1940 the Chuvash ASSR produced 35,000,000 kWh electricity,
848,000 m2 raw timber, 369,000 m2 sawn timber, 40,000 m Cotton cloth, 200,000
pairs of hosiery, 184,000 pairs of leather footwear, and 600 tons of animal fats.
During the Great Patriotic War and the post war industrialization period more
and more Russians moved into Chuvashia. They populated the expanding towns, but
the rural population remained mostly agriculturally oriented Chuvashians and Maris.
In the south of the Republic, Russians and other minority people like Ukrainians,
moved in to work in the newly created Chuvash Forest Industry Combinate.
The Chuvash Republic in its present form was formed in 1992 by the first
President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin (источник:
http://en.wikipedia.org).
52
Государственные символы Чувашии
53
пурпуровое поле - чувашскую землю. В геометрической середине полотнища
флага расположена композиция, состоящая из древнечувашских эмблем
"Древо жизни" и "Три солнца".
54
Национально-государственные символы Чувашской Республики - одни из
немногих, которые помимо своего официального значения являются также
художественно-поэтическими образами Родины. Поэтому государственный
праздник символов республики имеет большое воспитательное значение.
Через них мы соприкасаемся к богатству нашей истории и традициям, они
подпитывают нашу любовь к родной земле, укрепляют патриотические чувства
(источник – gov.cap.ru).
1) Промышленность и энергетика
2) Машиностроение и электротехника
55
оптического оборудования и производство транспортных средств и
оборудования.
производство автомобилей;
производство автомобильных кузовов, производство прицепов,
полуприцепов и контейнеров, предназначенных для перевозки одним
или несколькими видами транспорта;
производство частей и принадлежностей автомобилей и их двигателей.
3) Химическая промышленность
4) Легкая промышленность
56
В 2009г. объем отгруженной продукции составил 3137млн. рублей, или 3,7% от
общего объема отгруженной продукции обрабатывающих производств
республики.
Основные производства:
производство зерна
картофелеводство
хмелеводство
мясомолочное скотоводство
свиноводство
птицеводство
пчеловодство
В 2010 году в республике намолочено 127,7 тыс.тонн зерна в весе после
доработки (22,3% к объему 2009 г.).
Валовой сбор овощей открытого и защищенного грунта составил 99,2 тыс. тонн
(90,6% к объему 2009 года).
57
Производство основных видов продукции животноводства в хозяйствах всех
категорий в 2010 году составило: мяса (скот и птица на убой в живом весе)
110,8 тыс. тонн, молока 491,8 тыс. тонн (99,4% к 2009 году), яиц 288,8 млн. штук
(100,8% к 2009 году).
Привлечено кредитных ресурсов на развитие АПК в 2010 году 3,4 млрд. рублей
или 137,5% к 2009 г., из них на развитие малых форм хозяйствования – 1,4
млрд. рублей, долгосрочных инвестиционных кредитов – 0,8 млрд. рублей,
краткосрочных кредитов – 1,2 млрд. рублей (www.tppchr.ru).
Промышленность
Общая характеристика:
58
Предприятия машиностроительной отрасли заняты производством
промышленных тракторов большой мощности, электротехнического
оборудования, измерительной аппаратуры, физических приборов,
автоприцепов, бесчелночных станков-автоматов для выпуска тканей,
кабельных изделий;
Химическая промышленность - это производство каустической соды,
красителей, ядохимикатов для сельского хозяйства, дубильных экстрактов,
пластмасс, предметов бытовой химии;
Легкая промышленность производит хлопчатобумажные ткани, пряжу,
швейные, трикотажные, чулочно-носочные изделия.
59
свои представительства в странах Европы, Ближнего Востока, Азии и Латинской
Америки, поставляет свою продукцию в 35 стран мира.
60
изделия детского и взрослого ассортимента, АО "Лента", основной продукцией
которого является лента из синтетических и хлопчатобумажных нитей.
61
Company Profile
Machinery & Industrial Group N.V. is a leading producer of facilities and spare
parts for light and heavy engineering and off-road machinery. M&IG N.V. has a
leading presence not only in key sectors of Russian and CIS countries economy but
also worldwide. Its production is used in the oil & gas, fuel-and-energy,
infrastructure, agriculture, construction and road-building sectors as well as in
mining, metallurgical, transport and defense industries.
Mission
Primary Tasks
- промышленное машиностроение,
63
- сельскохозяйственное машиностроение, запасные части и ОЕМ-
комплектующие,
- железнодорожное машиностроение,
Основные задачи
Источник: www.tplants.com/ru
Внешнеэкономическая деятельность
Экспорт
65
Объем в 2010 году - 172,7 млн. долларов США
Импорт
66
Крупнейшими участниками ВЭД по импортным операциям являются:
ЗАО «Дюпон-Химпром»
ОАО «Химпром»
ОOО "Керамика"
ОАО «Акконд»
ЗАО "Промтрактор-Вагон"
ОАО «Чебоксарская птицефабрика»
Наиболее крупные импортные поставки производились из (в процентах
от стоимостного объема импорта) : Китая (21,5%), Германии (13,4%), Японии
(10,3%), Дании (8,2%), Швеции (6,1%), Соединенных Штатов (5,1%)
(www.tppchr.ru).
http://www.bakutoday.net
In Chuvashia, estimated the economic effect from the Day of the Republic.
“The direct economic effect of the IV Economic Forum will be over 40 billion rubles,”
– said at a morning planning meeting with government Economic Development
Minister Ivan Motorin Chuvashia. As previously reported BakuToday, in 2010, when
the republic celebrated the 90th anniversary of the economic effect was estimated
at 90 billion rubles in 2009 – 70 billion rubles, and in 2006 the figure was only 16
billion rubles.
Put into operation a number of sites that have “significant economic and
social benefits.” In particular, started sports and sports complex “Kĕtne” in
67
Komsomolsk district (highlighted in more than 95 million rubles), laid the first stone
in the construction of shopping mall “METRO Cash & Carry” (the volume of
investment will be around 20-22 million euros), opened its first Shop the Republican
network of shops “Organic” (cost of the project – 3 million rubles), commissioned
agricultural cooperative market in Tsivilsk (project cost – 11.5 million rubles),
Morgaushskom area laid a commemorative capsule in the foundation of a dairy
complex under construction by 1000 cows (in 2011 implemented the first phase of
the project on the 500 heads with the cost of 185 million rubles). In p.Urmary
commissioned a 24-apartment house on the street. Porfireva (estimated
construction cost of the order of 23.3 million rubles).
The forum was held June 23-26, XVIII Interregional Exhibition “Regions –
cooperation without borders”, which was attended by 300 exhibitors, including 219
organizations, including 189 enterprises of the Chuvash Republic. Exhibition was
visited by 750 participants from 28 regions of Russia and 10 foreign countries. Has
signed contracts to supply goods, services in the amount of 750 million rubles, and
the agreement of intent for more than $ 1.5 billion. Republican Exhibition and
demonstration of “Field Day-2011″ (Tsivilsk District) gathered experts from 15
regions of Russia. It was presented over 100 vehicles, energy-and resource-saving
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equipment. The preliminary amount of the contracts, according to the Ministry of
Economic Development of Chuvashia was 156 million rubles.
In the XVIII All-Russian Festival of Folk Art “Springs of Russia” took part in
creative teams from 24 regions of Russia and two foreign countries in the contest
“Rus Masterovaya” – 49 artists from 19 regions of Russia, including Chuvashia. The
winner of the contest was a master of traditional weaving from Cheboksary
Gennadiy Stepanov.
07/05/2010
http://praxis.marketcenter.ru
In the ministry emphasize, that the given rating allows to estimate the
contribution of organizations - leaders to economy of republic. The volume of
production shipped by Open Society "Акконд " in foreign countries (and the
enterprise today exports confectionery production to 10 foreign countries, including
USA, Canada, Germany and) makes the countries of Baltic about 8 % from total
amount of shipped production of confectionery factory. Definition of the best
exporter of Chuvashia was carried out(spent) with the purpose of stimulation of
manufacture экспортоориентированной production, assistance to the further
development of foreign trade and increase of prestige of commodity producers of
the Chuvash Republic in the world market.
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Урок 5. Чувашия в новостях. Chuvashia in News
1. Выполните реферативный перевод следующих новостных
сообщений о сотрудничестве Чувашии с зарубежными
партнерами.
_____________________________________________________________________
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сотрудничестве двух регионов. Стороны также достигли договоренности о
заключении контракта с ОАО «Химпром» на поставку продукции в Тамбовскую
область на один миллиард рублей в год. В дальнейшем также запланирована
модернизация и увеличение мощностей производства с привлечением
партнеров из Германии», - рассказала Ильина.
_____________________________________________________________________
B. Планы РОСНАНО в Чувашии
29.06.09
___________________________________________________________________
Роснано планирует создать в Чувашии кластеры для развития
высокотехнологичных производств.
_____________________________________________________________________
C. Завершились Дни Германии в Чувашии
1.12.10
Министерство экономического развития, промышленности и торговли
Чувашской Республики информирует, что с 22 по 26 ноября т.г. в городе
Чебоксары в третий раз прошли «Дни Германии в Чувашии». В программе
мероприятия состоялись «круглые столы» по проблемам преподавания
немецкого языка, фестиваль немецкого кино и анимации, концерт немецкой
музыки, фотовыставки, награждение победителей конкурсов среди
школьников и студентов высших учебных заведений на лучшее знание
немецкого языка.
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В рамках проведения «Дней Германии в Чувашии 2010» г.Чебоксары
посетила региональный уполномоченный Посольства Федеративной
Республики Германия в Москве по Чувашской Республике г-жа Диана Хустер.
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международных программ IB в г.Кельне Катарина Акстманн, руководитель
заведения в г.Клингенберг отделения IB в г.Дрездене Андреас Кот. В ходе
беседы представители IB поделились с сотрудником посольства своими
планами открыть представительство IB в Чувашии.
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образования, дорожной и транспортной инфраструктурой, существующей
поддержкой бизнеса, предоставляемыми льготами, реализацией
инвестиционных проектов, в частности строительством завода по производству
солнечных батарей, международным сотрудничеством. Кроме того,
обсуждались перспективы дальнейшего сотрудничества: установления
побратимских отношений, проведения ежегодных «Дней Германии» и
расширения программы мероприятий в рамках этих Дней.
___________________________________________________________________
D. Сотрудничество Польши и Чувашии продолжается
31.05.2010
____________________________________________________________________
Полномочный представитель Чувашской Республики при Президенте
Российской Федерации Г. Федоров встретился с Послом Республики Польша в
Москве Ежи Баром и передал ему поздравления Президента Чувашии Н.
Федорова по случаю Дня Независимости Польши. В ходе заинтересованной
беседы стороны обсудили состояние торгово-экономических отношений,
высказались за дальнейшее укрепление сотрудничества между Польшей и
Чувашией.
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внешнеторговый оборот между территориями составил 1494,7 тыс. долларов.
Это в 2,3 раза больше по сравнению с аналогичным периодом 2010-го. За 4
месяца этого года предприятия Чувашии экспортировали в Испанию товаров на
120,7 тыс. долларов. Импорт увеличился в 2,2 раза и составил 1374 тыс.
долларов. В Испанию выводятся химические продукты, импортируются
пластмассы и изделия из них, оборудование и механические устройства,
электрические машины и оборудование, керамические изделия.
_____________________________________________________________________
F. Чувашия и Иран расширяют горизонты сотрудничества
27.07.11
_____________________________________________________________________
Сегодня в Чувашию прибыл с официальным визитом Генеральный Консул
Исламской Республики Иран в Казани господин Расул Багенержад Шаян.
77
____________________________________________________________________
G. Компания "Рубениус" из Дании подписала с Чувашским
госуниверситетом соглашение о сотрудничестве
15.09.2011
_____________________________________________________________________
Акцент на совместное решение проблем энергосбережения и внедрение
высоких технологий в энергетику сделан в Соглашении о сотрудничестве,
заключенном сегодня в Чебоксарах между Чувашским госуниверситетом и
датской компанией "Рубениус".
78
2. Выполните двусторонний перевод представленных
ниже интервью.
Сегодня могу лишь вновь подтвердить свои слова: главной целью на посту
президента вижу, прежде всего, укрепление стабильности, сохранение
динамики социально-экономического развития, повышение качества жизни
населения. Это и легло в основу программы первоочередных действий
кабинета министров республики, стало ориентиром для глав муниципальных
образований, руководителей организаций и учреждений, малого бизнеса,
представителей предпринимательского сообщества и общественных
объединений. На первом месте стоит привлечение инвестиций в республику и
создание новых рабочих мест. Например, сегодня в Чувашии около 15 тысяч
безработных, и этот показатель надо уменьшать. Задача сложная. С другой
стороны, миссия президента республики простой быть не может. Прежде всего
это вызвано ответственностью перед жителями республики. Если не
переживать за ту работу, которую выполняешь, не будет и хороших
результатов.
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Жизнь не стоит на месте и постоянно ставит перед нами новые задачи. XXI век –
эпоха высоких технологий, инновационного развития, информационных
прорывов. Чувашия никогда не стояла и не будет стоять в стороне от этих
процессов, наоборот, мы должны прибавлять обороты.
Rossyiskaya gazeta: There have been a lot of changes in the republic recently,
including those in the administrative staff. How difficult is it to make decisions about
what managerial positions are to be refilled and what are your guiding principles
when you choose a candidate for this or that position?
Rossyiskaya gazeta: Despite the positive statistics, the industrial rate of growth in
the republic causes a lot of concerns. One reason for that is that there is only a
group of enterprises which are the talk of the town, when it comes to progress.
What new enterprises are to be launched in Chuvashia? Are there any top priority
projects?
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основе государственно-частного партнерства в Чебоксарах планируется
строительство ледового дворца стоимостью 1,2 миллиарда рублей.
Rossyiskaya gazeta: What can be done to make the republic more attractive for
foreign investors?
Rossyiskaya gazeta: Not a long time ago, when you visited one of the local
hospitals, you raised a very serious, burning healthcare issue – queues. What are
82
the urgent problems in other spheres, say, in education? Are you planning any visits
to schools and kindergartens?
83
В моем рабочем графике предусмотрены выезды во все муниципальные
образования и различные учреждения республики, в том числе, разумеется, в
школы и детские сады.
Rossyiskaya gazeta: How do you monitor if your orders are being fulfilled?
84
Роза Лизакова: Создание собственного телевидения - это не столько
амбициозный проект, а прежде всего необходимый всей республике и
чувашской диаспоре как в российских регионах, так и за рубежом. Двухлетняя
работа национального радио ещё раз доказала - насколько важно для
республики и всего чувашского народа наличие собственных
телерадиоканалов.
REGNUM: What is the budget of the National Tele- and Radio Company for 2011?
How much has been spent? It is not a matter of curiosity: the tele-and radio
company uses the budget money and the principle of financial transparency is of
paramount importance.
85
выделенных средств будет расходоваться на закупку телевизионного
оборудования.
REGNUM: One last question. Head of the Chuvash National Congress expressed his
grievances about the fact that the National Tele- and Radio Company will be
managed by a native Russian. As a minister of national affairs, how do you react to
such criticism?
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1. Выполните перевод с листа следующих текстов о
некоторых выдающихся деятелях культуры и науки
Чувашской Республики.
87
В честь поэта названа улица в Чебоксарах, его имя носит Чувашский
академического театра драмы.
88
В 1960 году был зачислен в отряд советских космонавтов (1960 Группа
ВВС № 1). Прошел полный курс подготовки к полетам на кораблях типа Восток.
Являлся дублером Г. С. Титова во время полета корабля Восток-2 (август 1961
г.).