лингвистические основые рки

РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК КАК ИНОСТРАННЫЙ
Е. Г. Борисова, А. Н. Латышева
ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ РКИ

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАМАТИКА РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Учебное пособие
2-е издание, стереотипное
« »
2014
rdj 373.167.1:811.161.1(0.054.6)
aaj 81.2p3“-96
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Несколько слов
для будущих преподавателей русского языка
как иностранного
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РАЗДЕЛ I
ПРИНЦИПЫ СОЗДАНИЯ
ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО ОПИСАНИЯ
РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Глава I
ЗАДАЧИ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ И ОПИСАНИЕ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА
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ã!=ìì=2,*å C%ä!%K…åLø,ì %K!=ƒ%ì ,ƒë=ã=þ2“ “"åäå…, %
“C%“%K=. ãë=ã%ëü…%ã% äåL“2", , = " 3÷åK…,*å äë ,…%“2!=…öå" "“å
,ƒë%›å…,å C%“2!%å…% “%"å!øå……% ,…=÷å , “%äå!›,2 2?=2åëü…/L
Г л а в а I . ЗАДАЧИ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ И ОПИСАНИЕ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА 9
Cå!å÷å…ü ì…%ã%÷,“ëå……/. C!=",ë 3C%2!åKëå…, ãë=ã%ë%" 2%ã% ,ë,

,…%ã% ",ä=.
p=ƒë,÷=þ2“ ä=›å C!åä“2="ëå…, % ã!=…,ö=. ã!=ìì=2,*,: "
ã!=ìì=2,*, äë ,…%“2!=…öå" (= …å " C%“%K, C% ëå*“,*å) "“åãä=
".%ä,2 2åì= &cë=ã%ë/ ä",›å…, [.
`*=äåì,÷å“*%å (…=ƒ/"=åì%å 2=*›å 2å%!å2,÷å“*,ì, = C%
ƒ=ä=÷=ì O “2!3*23!…%-“,“2åì…%å) %C,“=…,å “2=",2 öåëüþ
%K…=!3›,2ü *=* ì%›…% K%ëüøå ƒ/*%"/. åä,…,ö , 3“2=…%",2ü
“,“2åì…/å “" ƒ, ìå›ä3 …,ì,.o%.2%ì3 " 2!3ä=. .2%ã% …=C!="ëå…,
O = .2% K%ëüø,…“2"% ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,. “2=2åL , ì%…%ã!=-,L O
öå…,2“ "/ "ëå…,å !=ƒë,÷…/. ã!3CC (2,C/ “ë%"%,ƒìå…å…, ,
“.åì/ C!åäë%›å…, , ÷=“2…%",ä%"/å ƒ…=÷å…, , 2.C.). nä…=*%
-3…*ö,%…,!%"=…,å åä,…,ö %*=ƒ/"=å2“ …= ƒ=ä…åì Cë=…å.o%.2%ì3
" …å*%2%!/. “ë3÷= . =*=äåì,÷å“*%å %C,“=…,å …å C%ì%ã=å2 …=3÷,2ü
C!=",ëü…% 3C%2!åKë 2ü “ë%"% ,ë, ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*3þ -%!ì3.
m=C!,ìå!, ä=›å ƒ…=…,å …=K%!= ÷=“2…%",ä%"/. ƒ…=÷å…,L …å
C%ì%ã=å2 C!=",ëü…% "/K!=2ü ãë=ã%ëü…/L ",ä, * C!,ìå!3, C!,
“%%K?å…,, % -=*2å äåL“2", : “ C!%“,ë %K .2%ì , “ C%C!%“,ë %K
.2%ì. (qì.%C,“=…,å -3…*ö,%…,!%"=…, ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,. åä,…,ö "
[o!=*2,÷å“*= ã!=ìì=2,*=, 1985] , [Givon, 1992].)
hìåå2 “"%, %“%Kå……%“2, , *%ìCüþ2å!…= ë,…ã",“2,*=:
ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*%å %Kå“Cå÷å…,å “,“2åì ì=ø,……%ã% Cå!å"%ä=,
="2%ì=2,÷å“*%ã% !å-å!,!%"=…, , 2.C. gäå“ü * ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,ì
%C,“=…, ì C!åäA "ë þ2“ 2=*,å "=›…/å 2!åK%"=…, , *=* C%ë…%2= ,
%ä…%ƒ…=÷…%“2ü C!=",ë (C3“2ü ä=›å " 3?å!K *%ìC=*2…%“2,). m=C!,ìå!,
…åëüƒ “*=ƒ=2ü, ÷2% …å*%2%!/å “ë%"= ,ìåþ2 " C!åäë%›…%ì C=äå›å
%*%…÷=…,å -,: …=ä% ,ë, ƒ=ä=2ü C!=",ë%, C% *%2%!%ì3 .2, “ë%"= ì%›…%
…=L2, " “ë%"=!å, ,ë, ƒ=ä=2ü ,. “C,“*%ì. må*%2%!/å ä%“2,›å…,
*%ìCüþ2å!…/. ,““ëåä%"=…,L ì%›…% C!,ìå…,2ü " C!åC%ä="=…,,,
C%“*%ëü*3 %…, 2%›å %!,å…2,!%"=…/ …= -3…*ö,%…,!%"=…,å ƒ/*=.
nä…=*% ÷åë%"å* O …å *%ìCüþ2å!.n… …å “ì%›å2 ƒ=C%ì…,2ü äë,……/å
“C,“*, ,“*ëþ÷å…,L , C!åäC%÷2å2, ÷2%K/ C!=",ë= K/ë, C3“2ü …å
“2%ëü 2%÷…/å, …% K%ëåå ƒ=C%ì,…=þ?,å“ .
j=*= ã!=ìì=2,*= C!="=, *=*= C!=",ëü…åå %C,“/"=å2
%“%Kå……%“2, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=?
n2"å÷= …= .2%2 "%C!%“, ì/ .%2åë, K/ å?å !=ƒ C%ä÷å!*…32ü,
÷2%, ã%"%! %K pjh, ì/ ã%"%!,ì % C!,*ë=ä…%ì …=C!="ëå…,,
ë,…ã",“2,*,, = " C!,*ë=ä…/. …=3*=. %C,“=…,å ƒ=",“,2 %2 2å.
ƒ=ä=÷, *%2%!/å “2=",2 Cå!åä “%K%L ,““ëåä%"=2åëü.bƒ=",“,ì%“2, %2
10 Р а з д е л I . ПРИНЦИПЫ СОЗДАНИЯ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО ОПИСАНИЯ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА
.2%ã% 2%, ÷2% …3›…% äë !åøå…, ƒ=ä=÷,, O "/.%ä,2 …= Cå!"/L

Cë=…, = C!%÷åå %“2=å2“ " 2å…,, %2!=›=å2“ …åC%ë…%, ,ë, ›å …=
…åã% “%"“åì …å %K!=?=þ2 "…,ì=…, .
b “" ƒ, “ …=ø,ì, !=““3›äå…, ì, "%ƒ…,*=å2 å?å %ä,… "%C!%“.
e“ë, pjh O .2% “-å!= C!,*ë=ä…%L ë,…ã",“2,*,, 2% …= *=*,å
%C,“=…, " %Kë=“2, -3…ä=ìå…2=ëü…%ã% ƒ/*%ƒ…=…, %…= %C,!=å2“ ?
1. Лингвистические концепции XX века

и их влияние на лингводидактику
g=ìå2,ì, ÷2% ëþK3þ 3÷åK…3þ ã!=ìì=2,*3 “%ƒä=å2 ÷åë%"å*,
,ìåþ?,L "ƒãë ä/ …= 2%, *=* "%%K?å 3“2!%å… ƒ/*, , ,ƒ3÷å…,å
!=ƒ…/. C%“%K,L C%*=ƒ/"=å2, ÷2% "ë, …,å ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*%L
*%…öåCö,,, "…32!, *%2%!%L &…=.%ä,2“ [ ="2%! ã!=ìì=2,*,,
%*=ƒ/"=å2 …= …åã% “,ëü…åLøåå "ë, …,å.)2%K/ C% “…,2ü “*=ƒ=……%å,
!=““ì%2!,ì …å“*%ëü*% !*,. C!,ìå!%" ,ƒ ,“2%!,, “2=…%"ëå…,
Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%L ã!=ìì=2,*, =…ãë,L“*%ã% ƒ/*=.
1.1. b2å÷å…,å öåë%L ÷å2"å!2, ä"=äö=2%ã% "å*= "åä3?åå C%ë%›å…,å

" ƒ/*%ƒ…=…,, ƒ=…,ì=ë= “2!3*23!…= ë,…ã",“2,*= [n“…%"…/å
…=C!="ëå…, “2!3*23!=ë,ƒì=, 1964], " %“…%"3 *%2%!%L C%ë%›å…/
2!3ä/ t. äå q%““þ!=, m.q. Š!3Kåö*%ã%, p. “*%K“%…=. l…%ã,å
C!,…ö,C/ “2!3*23!=ë,ƒì= K/ë, !=ƒ!=K%2=…/ " qx` [aë3ì-,ëüä,
1968], ãäå “ë%›,ë=“ü ø*%ë= äå“*!,C2,",ƒì=. qC!="åäë,"%“2,
!=ä, ƒ=ìå2,ì, ÷2% , !=K%2/ …å*%2%!/. !3““*,. 3÷å…/., C!å›äå
"“åã% m.q. Š!3Kåö*%ã%, p. “*%K“%…=, Kë,ƒ*, * .2%ì3 …=C!="ëå…,þ
[“*%K“%…, 1985]. n…% %“…%"/"=å2“ …= C!åä“2="ëå…,, % ƒ/*å
*=* % “2!3*23!å, " *%2%!%L ãë="…/ì "ë þ2“ %2…%øå…, ìå›ä3
åä,…,ö=ì, ƒ/*= (-%…åì=ì,, ì%!-åì=ì,, “ë%"=ì,, = 2=*›å
“,…2=*“,÷å“*,ì, åä,…,ö=ì,). dë ë,…ã",“2%" .2%ã% …=C!="ëå…,
.=!=*2å!å… ,…2å!å“ * ƒ"3÷=?åL !å÷, C!, C!=*2,÷å“*, C%ë…%ì
%2“32“2",, ,…2å!å“= * “åì=…2,*å. “ƒ/* äë “2!3*23!=ë,“2%" .2%ã%
…=C!="ëå…, O .2% ì…%›å“2"% “2!3*23!, ì%äåëåL C%“2!%å…,
!å=ëü…/. C!åäë%›å…,L. n“…%"…/å C!,…ö,C/ “2!3*23!=ë,ƒì=
K/ë, C%ë%›å…/ " %“…%"3 &…%"%ã% C%ä.%ä= * C!åC%ä="=…,þ[
,…%“2!=……/. ƒ/*%". g=ìå2,ì, ÷2% "“å *!3C…/å ë,…ã",“2/ .2%L
ø*%ë/ “%"ìå?=ë, …=3÷…3þ !=K%23 “ C!åC%ä="=…,åì !%ä…%ã%
ƒ/*= (2.å. =…ãë,L“*%ã%) ,…%“2!=…ö=ì. hƒ"å“2…= !=K%2= k.

aë3ì-,ëüä= &nK?åå !3*%"%ä“2"% * C!=*2,÷å“*%ì3 ,ƒ3÷å…,þ
,…%“2!=……%ã% ƒ/*=[ [Bloomfield, 1942], “2="ø= %“…%"%L äë
!=ƒ!=K%2*, ì…%ã%÷,“ëå……/. C!=*2,÷å“*,. *3!“%" %K3÷å…,
,…%“2!=……/ì ƒ/*=ì, " 2%ì ÷,“ëå ƒ…=ìå…,2%ã% &`!ìåL“*%ã%
*3!“= =ãë,L“*%ã% ƒ/*=[.
j=*%"/ %“…%"…/å C!,…ö,C/ .2,. *3!“%"? o!,…ö,C Cå!"/L
ãë=“,2, ÷2% %K3÷å…,å “ëåä3å2 …=÷,…=2ü “ 3“2…%L !å÷,, C%“*%ëü*3
C,“üìå……= !å÷ü, K=ƒ,!3þ?= “ …å!åä*% …= 2!=ä,ö,%……%ì
…=C,“=…,,, ì%›å2 ,“*=›=2ü “%"!åìå……3þ ƒ/*%"3þ “,“2åì3.
b2%!%L C!,…ö,C 32"å!›ä=å2, ÷2% ,ƒ3÷å…,å ƒ/*= C!%,“.%ä,2
…= %“…%"å !=K%2/ “% “2!3*23!=ì,, ì%äåë ì, C!åäë%›å…,L.
m=*%…åö, 2!å2,L C!,…ö,C C!åäC,“/"=å2 ì…%ã%*!=2…%å C%"2%!å…,å
%2!=K=2/"=åì/. ì%äåëåL, 2.å. “,“2åì= 3C!=›…å…,L “2!%,2“
ãë="…/ì %K!=ƒ%ì …= ìå.=…,÷å“*,. C!,åì=. %K3÷å…, . (qì.,
…=C!,ìå!, [Fries, 1952], = 2=*›å 3÷åK…,* =…ãë,L“*%ã% ƒ/*= [Lado,
Fries, 1964], ,“C%ëüƒ%"="ø,L“ " C%“ëå"%å……/å ã%ä/ " ë3÷ø,.
"3ƒ=. …=øåL “2!=…/).
1.2.m=÷,…= “ C 2,äå“ 2/. ã%ä%" " ë,…ã",“2,*å, " Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü

=ìå!,*=…“*%L, "åä3?,ì …=C!="ëå…,åì K/ë= ãå…å!=2,",“2,*=,
2.å. ,ƒ3÷å…,å C!%öå““= C%!%›äå…, ƒ/*=. o% ,ìå…, %“…%"=2åë
m. u%ì“*%ã% …=C!="ëå…,å C%ë3÷,ë% …=ƒ"=…,å .%ì“*,=…“2"%.
o%“2="ëå……= " …åì ƒ=ä=÷= %C,“=2ü "“å C!=",ë=, C% *%2%!/ì
ì%ã32 K/2ü C%ë3÷å…/ C!=",ëü…/å C!åäë%›å…, %C,“/"=åì%ã%
ƒ/*=, C%*=ƒ=ë=“ü %÷å…ü Kë,ƒ*%L C!åC%ä="=2åë ì [Thomas, 1965].
o%.2%ì3, …=÷,…= “ øå“2,äå“ 2/. ã%ä%" , "Cë%2ü ä% …=“2% ?åã%
"!åìå…,, ƒ…=÷,2åëü…%å ÷,“ë% Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*,. %C,“=…,L ƒ/*%", "
Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü =…ãë,L“*%ã%, …% 2=*›å …åìåö*%ã%, -!=…ö3ƒ“*%ã%
, …å*%2%!/. ä!3ã,., %!,å…2,!3å2“ …= C!=",ë= C%!%›äå…,
[Roulet, 1972], [Hawkins, 2000].
b ìå…üøåL “2åCå…, .2% %2…%“,2“ * *%…*!å2…/ì 3÷åK…,*=ì,
C%“*%ëü*3 ,. ="2%!/ " Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü 3÷,2/"=þ2 C%2!åK…%“2,
3÷=?,.“ .` ,ì C%!%›äå…,å C!=",ëü…/. -!=ƒ …3›…% äë %K?å…, ,
2.å. Cå!åä=÷, *=*%ã%-2% “ì/“ë=. b .%ì“*,=…“*%L ã!=ìì=2,*å 2=*,å
C!%öå““/ …å %C,“/"=þ2“ .
1.3. p=ƒ%÷=!%"=…,å C!åC%ä="=2åëåL …å!%ä…/. ƒ/*%" " 2!=…“-

-%!ì=ö,%……%ì C%ä.%äå *=* %“…%"å C!=*2,÷å“*%L ã!=ìì=2,*,
ƒ=“2=",ë% %K!=2,2ü "…,ì=…,å …= 2å …=C!="ëå…, " ë,…ã",“2,*å,

*%2%!/å "% ãë="3 3ãë= “2=" 2 %C,“=…,å -3…*ö,%…,!%"=…,
ƒ/*=, 2.å. ,ƒ3÷=þ2 !å÷åì/“ë,2åëü…3þ äå 2åëü…%“2ü [Givon, 1989].
lå2%ä,*= C!åC%ä="=…, ƒ/*= ,…%-%…=ì ,“C/2=ë= “,ëü…åLøåå
"ë, …,å -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ã% …=C!="ëå…, " ë,…ã",“2,*å. (g=ìå2,ì,
÷2% " %Kë=“2, C!åC%ä="=…, pjh .2% "ë, …,å %*=ƒ=ë%“ü “2%ëü
›å “,ëü…/ì, *=* , " C!=*2,*å C!åC%ä="=…, =…ãë,L“*%ã% ƒ/*=.
}2%ì3 "%C!%“3 K3äå2 C%“" ?å… "å“ü “ëåä3þ?,L !=ƒäåë.)
1.4. b 70O80-å ã%ä/ C!åC%ä="=2åë,-C!=*2,*, …=÷,…=þ2 ã%"%!,2ü

% 2%ì, ÷2% %“%Kå……% "=›…/ì “2=…%",2“ %K3÷å…,å %K?å…,þ.
hìå……% " .2, ã%ä/ " ë,…ã",“2,*å K3!…% !=ƒ","=å2“ 2å%!,
å“2å“2"å……%ã% ä,“*3!“= “ åå ,…2å!å“%ì * %C,“=…,þ 2=*,.
*=2åã%!,L, *=* ,…2å!=*2,"…/å .%ä/, ä,“*3!“…/å “2!=2åã,,,
“2=23“…/å "ƒ=,ì%%2…%øå…, . }2= 2åì= K3äå2 %“"å?å…= " "2%!%ì
!=ƒäåëå C%“%K, .
)2% ›å C!%,“.%ä,2 " “=ì/å C%“ëåä…,å ã%ä/? bë,…ã",“2,*å …= …=ø,.
ãë=ƒ=. C!%,“.%ä,2 “,ëü…åLø= 2!=…“-%!ì=ö, ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*%L
2å%!,,, C%ë3÷,"ø= …=ƒ"=…,å &*%ã…,2,"…%ã% C%"%!%2=[ [m%"%å,
XXIII]. h “åL÷=“ ì%›…% ã%"%!,2ü, ÷2% -3…*ö,%…=ëü…/L C%ä.%ä
, *%ã…,2,"…= ë,…ã",“2,*= "ë þ2“ 2å%!å2,÷å“*%L %“…%"%L
Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%ã% %C,“=…, ƒ/*%". b ƒ=*ëþ÷å…,å %2ìå2,ì, ÷2%
, ë,…ã",“2,*= ,“C/2/"=å2 ì%?…%å "ë, …,å C!åC%ä="=2åëåL-
C!=*2,*%". må “ë3÷=L…% " …åä!=. C!åC%ä="=…, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=
,…%“2!=…ö=ì “%ƒ!åë% …%"%å %C,“=…,å ƒ/*=.
2. О влиянии функционального подхода

на педагогическое описание в сфере РКИ
2.1. О функциональном подходе к описанию языка

j=* 3›å ã%"%!,ë%“ü "/øå, “=ì%å “,ëü…%å "ë, …,å …= C!åC%ä="=…,å
pjh %*=ƒ=ë, ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,å ,““ëåä%"=…, , "%Cë%?=þ?,å
-3…*ö,%…=ëü…/L C%ä.%ä * %C,“=…,þ ƒ/*=.
häå -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ã% %C,“=…, ƒ/*= "%“.%ä,2 * !=K%2=ì
t. a!þ…% &“ƒ/* , ì/“ëü[ [Brunot, 1955]. t3…*ö,%…=ëü…=
ã!=ìì=2,*= C%…,ì=å2“ *=* ã!=ìì=2,*= "/K%!= C!, ä",›å…,, %2

ƒ…=÷å…, * -%!ìå ,ë, *=* %C,“=…,å C!%öå““= &-3…*ö,%…,!%"=…, [
ƒ/*=.
b !=ì*=. -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ã% …=C!="ëå…, " ë,…ã",“2,*å ì%›…%
"/äåë,2ü …å“*%ëü*% !=ƒ…/. …=C!="ëå…,L, C!,÷åì “3?å“2"å……/å
!=ƒë,÷, “" ƒ=…/ , “ C%…,ì=…,åì 2å!ì,…= &-3…*-ö,%…=ëü…/L[.
nä…% ,ƒ .2,. …=C!="ëå…,L “" ƒ=…% “ ,ìå…=ì, `.b. a%…ä=!*%
, c.`. g%ë%2%"%L, ä!3ã%å O “ l.b. b“å"%ë%ä%"%L , 2%L ø*%ë%L,
*%2%!= "%ƒ…,*ë= " “2å…=. lcr ,ì. l.b.k%ì%…%“%"=. (qì. %K
.2%ì C%ä!%K…åå [b“å"%ë%ä%"=, o=…*%", 1999], 2=ì ›å C!,"åäå…=
%Kø,!…= K,Kë,%ã!=-, .)
hìåþ2“ , ä!3ã,å C%ä.%ä/, %KAåä,… åì/å …=ƒ"=…,åì
&-3…*ö,%…=ëü…= ë,…ã",“2,*=[. j .2%ì3 …=C!="ëå…,þ C!,… 2%
%2…%“,2ü ì…%ã,å !=K%2/ b.c. c=*= [c=*, 1998], ! ä= ƒ=!3Kå›…/.
,““ëåä%"=2åëåL (`. l=!2,…å, o. `ä=ìö= , ä!.).
m= ø*%ë3 C!åC%ä="=…, pjh, C%-",ä,ì%ì3, “=ì%å “,ëü…%å
"%ƒäåL“2",å %*=ƒ=ë o!=›“*,L -3…*ö,%…=ë,ƒì. e“ë, ã%"%!,2ü %
C!åC%ä="=…, ,…%“2!=……/. ƒ/*%" "%%K?å (= …å 2%ëü*% !3““*%ã%
ƒ/*= *=* ,…%“2!=……%ã%), 2% %ä…,ì ,ƒ Cå!"/. Cå!å“=ä,ë …= .23
C%÷"3 ,äå, -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%L ã!=ìì=2,*, ƒ=C=ä…%ãå!ì=…“*,L
ìå2%ä,“2 u. u=ì=……. o=!=ä,ãì/ , C!=",ë=, C% åã% ì…å…,þ,
…3›…% ƒ=ìå…,2ü 3C!=›…å…, ì, &" *%2%!/. -%!ì= 2!å…,!3å2“ *=*
-3…*ö, ì/“ë,2åëü…%ã% C!%öå““=[. u. u=ì=…… %ä…,ì ,ƒ Cå!"/.
C!åäë%›,ë ä="=2ü 3C!=›…å…, …å …= !%ä,2åëü…/L C=äå›, = …=
-%!ì/ "/!=›å…, C!,…=äëå›…%“2,, "ë=äå…, , 2.C.
e“ë, ã%"%!,2ü % C!åC%ä="=…,, pjh, 2% Cå!"/å !=K%2/ "
%Kë=“2, -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ã% %C,“=…, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= “" ƒ=…/ “
l.b. b“å"%ë%ä%"%L. qC%“%K/ "/!=›å…, "!åìå……/., C!,÷,……/.,
öåëå"/., C!%“2!=…“2"å……/. %2…%øå…,L “2=ë, C%C3ë !…%L 2åì%L
…å 2%ëü*% 3÷åK…/. C%“%K,L, …% , …=3÷…/. !=K%2 2å., *2% !=K%2=å2
“ ,…%“2!=…ö=ì,. påƒ3ëü2=2/ .2,. ,““ëåä%"=…,L ä%"%ëü…% K/“2!%
"…åä! þ2“ " C!=*2,*3. hìå……% .2% …=C!="ëå…,å , "ë å2“
" …=“2% ?åå "!åì ä!%ì "“å. ƒ…=÷,2åëü…/. !=K%2 " %Kë=“2,
C!åC%ä="=…, pjh.
t3…*ö,%…=ëü…/L C%ä.%ä * %C,“=…,þ ƒ/*= “" ƒ=… “
,ƒìå…å…,åì …=øåL 2%÷*, ƒ!å…, …= 2%, ÷2% 2=*%å ƒ/*. må
-3…*ö,%…=ëü…%å (2=*“%…%ì,÷å“*%å) %C,“=…,å C!åä“2="ë å2 “%K%L
*ë=““,-,*=ö,þ åä,…,ö, *%2%!/å ì/ ",ä,ì " 2å*“2å, O -%…åì,

ì%!-åì, “ë%", C!åäë%›å…,L. e“ë, ì/ ã%"%!,ì % -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ì
%C,“=…,,, 2% .2% "“åãä= %C,“=…,å %2 ƒ…=÷å…, * -%!ì=ì åã%
"/!=›å…, . a%ëüø%å ƒ…=÷å…,å " !=ì*=. .2%L ø*%ë/ C%“" ?å…%
"/ "ëå…,þ “!åä“2", *%2%!/å “ë3›=2 äë "/!=›å…, %ä…%ã% , 2%ã%
›å ƒ…=÷å…, . m=C!,ìå!, "!åì ì%›å2 %K%ƒ…=÷=2ü“ …=!å÷,åì
(ä="…%, "÷å!=), “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì “ C!åäë%ã%ì (" 2%2 äå…ü),
*=2åã%!,åL "!åìå…, ãë=ã%ë= (äåë=ë) , ! ä%ì ä!3ã,. “C%“%K%". b“å
.2, “!åä“2"= %2…%“ 2“ * %ä…%L -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%-“åì=…2,÷å“*%L
*=2åã%!,,.
o%ä "ë, …,åì -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ã% C%ä.%ä= " %Kë=“2, C!åC%ä="=…,
!3““*%ã% ƒ/*= *=* ,…%“2!=……%ã% “2=ë% !=ƒ!=K=2/"=2ü“ …%"%å
%C,“=…,å !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=. e“ë, `*=äåì,÷å“*= ã!=ìì=2,*=
C!åä“2="ë å2 “%K%L 2=*“%…%ì,÷å“*%å %C,“=…,å, 2% " …åä!=.
pjh ƒ!åå2 %C,“=…,å ä,…=ì,÷å“*%å, C/2=þ?åå“ %C,“=2ü,
*=* -3…*ö,%…,!3å2 ƒ/* [b“å"%ë%ä%"=, 2000]. t=*2,÷å“*, ì/
"ë åì“ “",äå2åë ì, ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*%L !å"%ëþö,,. o%ä -ë=ã%ì
÷,“2% C!=*2,÷å“*%L …=C!="ëå……%“2, C%“2åCå……% “-%!ì,!%"=ë%“ü
…%"%å %C,“=…,å ƒ/*=, " 2%L ›å “2åCå…, -3…ä=ìå…2=ëü…%å, ÷2% ,
[c!=ìì=2,*=, 1980] (2.å. "/.%ä ?åå ƒ= !=ì*, ÷,“2% C!=*2,÷å“*,.
ƒ=ä=÷), 2%ëü*% "%Cë%?=þ?åå ä!3ã%å C!åä“2="ëå…,å % 2%ì, ÷2%
2=*%å ƒ/*: “!åä, C3Kë,*=ö,L C!åC%ä="=2åëåL !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= *=*
,…%“2!=……%ã% C% "ë å2“ ì…%ã% !=K%2 C!%ìå›32%÷…%ã% .=!=*2å!=,
Kë,ƒ*,. * ,““ëåä%"=…, ì ÷,“2% 2å%!å2,÷å“*,ì. o%ä÷å!*…åì å?å
!=ƒ: ì…%ã,å .ëåìå…2/ -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ã% %C,“=…, !3““*%ã%
ƒ/*=, “%ƒä=……%ã% C!åC%ä="=2åë ì, pjh, "/øë, ä=ëå*% ƒ=
!=ì*, C%2!åK…%“2åL C!åC%ä="=2åëåL-C!=*2,*%".
t3…*ö,%…=ëü…/L C%ä.%ä !=ä,*=ëü…% ,ƒìå…,ë ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%å
%C,“=…,å " %Kë=“2, pjh. 0å…2!=ëü…/ì " …åì “2=ë% C%… 2,å
-3…*ö,%…=ëü…%-“åì=…2,÷å“*%ã% %2…%øå…, .
2.2. О функционально-сематических отношениях

j%ãä= ã%"%! 2 % -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%-“åì=…2,÷å“*,. %2…%øå…, ., 2%
%K/÷…% "/äåë þ2 %2…%øå…, C!%“2!=…“2"å……/å [b“å"%ë%ä%"=,
bë=ä,ì,!“*,L, 1982], "!åìå……/å [b“å"%ë%ä%"=, 1975], [l=*%"=,
Š!3K…,*%"=, 2000], %K3“ë%"ëå……%“2, (C!,÷,……%-“ëåä“2"å……/å
[b“å"%ë%ä%"=, 2000, “. 89O96], [b“å"%ë%ä%"=, “?å…*%, 1998],

[a=K=ë%"=, 1974], 3“23C,2åëü…/å , 2.C.), = 2=*›å “3KAå*2…/å , ! ä
ä!3ã,. [o!=*2,÷å“*= ã!=ìì=2,*=, 1985]. n2…%øå…,å ì/“ë,2“
*=* %“…%"= äë %C,“=…, -3…*ö,%…,!%"=…, ƒ/*%"/. åä,…,ö,
*=* ".%ä, %2 *%2%!%ã% ì%›…% Cå!åL2, * …3›…%ì3 “ë%"3 ,ë,
ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%L -%!ìå.bC%“ëåä…åå "!åì , %“%Kå……% " ƒ=!3Kå›…%L
!3“,“2,*å, ÷=?å ã%"%! 2 C!%“2% % “C%“%K=. "/!=›å…, "!åìå…,,
ìå“2=, C!,÷,…/, “ëåä“2", , 3“ë%", , öåë,, = 2=*›å !=ƒ…/.
“C%“%K=. "/!=›å…, “3KAå*2=, 2,C=. C!åä,*=2= , 2.C. h…%ãä=
ã%"%! 2 …å %K %2…%øå…, ., = % -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%-“åì=…2,÷å“*,.
C%ë . [a%…ä=!*%, 1995], [Šå%!, -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%L ã!=ìì=2,*,,
1985, 1988, 1996], [b“å"%ë%ä%"=, 2000].
c%"%! % -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%-“åì=…2,÷å“*,. %2…%øå…, ., ì/
.%2åë, K/ “äåë=2ü %ä…% %÷å…ü "=›…%å, …= …=ø "ƒãë ä, ƒ=ìå÷=…,å.
m=ì .%2åë%“ü K/ %K!=2,2ü "…,ì=…,å ë,…ã",“2%" , ìå2%ä,“2%" …=
2%, ÷2% C%ä ø=C*%L &%2…%øå…, [ “*!/"=þ2“ C!,…ö,C,=ëü…%
!=ƒ…/å ì…%›å“2"= .ëåìå…2%":
O h…%ãä= %2…%øå…,å “" ƒ/"=å2 åä,…,ö/ O = .2% ëå*“åì/
!=ƒ…/. ÷=“2åL !å÷,, ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,å -%!ì/, “,…2=*“,÷å“*,å
*%…“2!3*ö,,, O *%2%!/å "/!=›=þ2 %ä…% %K?åå …=ìå!å…,å.
(}2% ì%›…% “*=ƒ=2ü % C!,÷,……%-“ëåä“2"å……/., 3“23C,2åëü…/.,
3“ë%"…/. %2…%øå…, ., %2…%øå…, . öåë,. }ëåìå…2/ 2=*%ã%
ì…%›å“2"= "/!=›=þ2 !=ƒ…/å %22å…*, -=*2,÷å“*, %ä…%ã% , 2%ã%
›å %2…%øå…, ).
O må*%2%!/å %2…%øå…, (C%ë ) "*ëþ÷=þ2 åä,…,ö/, *%2%!/å
…= “=ì%ì äåëå “%%2"å2“2"3þ2 !=ƒë,÷…/ì …=ìå!å…, ì ã%"%! ?åã%.
(b ÷=“2…%“2,, %2…%øå…,å ìå“2= "*ëþ÷=å2 " “åK ìå“2%…=.%›äå…,å
"…32!,, …= C%"å!.…%“2,, ä",›å…,å C% ì=!ø!323 (2,C,÷…/L !=ƒäåë
C%“%K,L &cäå? j3ä=? n2*3ä=?[), *=›ä%å ,ƒ *%2%!/. ä%ë›…% K/2ü
C%-!=ƒ…%ì3 "/!=›å…% “!åä“2"=ì, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=. Š% ›å ì%›…%
“*=ƒ=2ü , % *ë=““å "!åìå……/. ƒ…=÷å…,L.)
h…%ãä= ã%"%! 2 å?å , % “3KAå*2…%-C!åä,*=2,"…%ì %2…%øå…,,.
m= …=ø "ƒãë ä, ƒäå“ü ì/ ,ìååì äåë% “ ä!3ã,ì "ëå…,åì. eã%
ì%›…% %C,“=2ü *=* !=ƒ…/å “C%“%K/ "/!=›å…, “3KAå*2= " !3““*%ì
ƒ/*å. q2=…ä=!2…%å “!åä“2"% "/!=›å…, O .2% C%äëå›=?åå
" ,ìå…,2åëü…%ì C=äå›å, %ä…=*% 3÷=?,ì“ …å%K.%ä,ì%
ƒ…=*%ì“2"% , “ ä!3ã,ì, “!åä“2"=ì,, C%“*%ëü*3 " …å*%2%!/.
%÷å…ü !=“C!%“2!=…å……/. “ë3÷= . “3KAå*2 “2=…ä=!2…% "/!=›=å2“
ä!3ã,ì, “!åä“2"=ì,.
b%K?åì ! ä3 “ %2…%øå…, ì, ,…%ãä= …=ƒ/"=þ2 -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%-

“åì=…2,÷å“*,å *=2åã%!,,: ì%ä=ëü…%“2ü, =“Cå*23=ëü…%“2ü, ,…%ãä=
*"=…2,2=2,"…%“2ü , ! ä ä!3ã,. (“ì., …=C!,ìå!, [b“å"%ë%ä%"=,
2000]).h. %“%Kå……%“2üþ "ë å2“ 2%, ÷2% -%!ì,!3þ?,å ,. “ì/“ë/
“" ƒ=…/ “ ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,ì, *=2åã%!, ì,.
2.3. Когда функциональное описание отличается

от структурно-системного?
n2*=ƒ/"=þ2“ ë, C!åC%ä="=2åë, pjh %2 "“å. C%ä.%ä%", …å
C%C=ä=þ?,. " !=ƒ! ä -3…*ö,%…=ëü…/.? må2.må*%2%!/å -!=ãìå…2/
%K/÷…%L ã!=ìì=2,*, ".%ä 2 " &Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%å %C,“=…,å[. }2%
“"åäå…, % C=äå›…%L “,“2åìå “3?å“2",2åëü…%ã% , C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%ã%,
% “C! ›å…,, ãë=ã%ë= , ä!.j%…å÷…%, "% ì…%ã,. “ë3÷= . &“,“2åì…%ã%[
%C,“=…, …åä%“2=2%÷…%, , 2%ãä= ì/ %K!=?=åì“ * -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%L
ã!=ìì=2,*å. o%.2%ì3 " .%!%øåL 3÷åK…%L ã!=ìì=2,*å ì/ ",ä,ì …å
÷,“2% “2!3*23!…%å , …å ,“*ëþ÷,2åëü…% -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%å %C,“=…,å,
= “%"ìå?å…,å 2%ã% , ä!3ã%ã%.
j%ãä= C!,.%ä,2“ %2.%ä,2ü %2 “2!3*23!…%ã% %C,“=…, ?
n÷å",ä…% 2%ãä=, *%ãä= “2!3*23!…/. “"åäå…,L …åä%“2=2%÷…%, ÷2%K/
%“3?å“2",2ü Cå!å.%ä %2 ƒ=ì/“ë= ã%"%! ?åã% * åã% "/!=›å…,þ.}2%
C!%,“.%ä,2 " “ë3÷=å =“,ììå2!,, ìå›ä3 “%äå!›=…,åì , …=ë,÷,åì
ƒ/*%"/. “!åä“2", “C%“%K…/. åã% "/!=›=2ü, O 2%ãä=, *%ãä=
C!,.%ä,2“ ƒ…=2ü ÷2%-2% ä%C%ë…,2åëü…%, ÷2%K/ C%… 2ü, *=*=
åä,…,ö= ,ƒ …å“*%ëü*,., " C!,…ö,Cå “%%2"å2“2"3þ?,. …=ìå!å…,þ
ã%"%! ?åã%, K3äå2 "/K!=…=: “%þƒ C%2%ì3 ÷2%, “%þƒ 2=* *=*,
C!åäë%ã C!, ,ë, ÷2%-2% å?å. b%2 .2,-2% ä%C%ë…,2åëü…/å “"åäå…,
, “%“2="ë þ2 ãë="…%å “%äå!›=…,å -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ã% %C,“=…, .
)=?å "“åã% ì/ .2% ",ä,ì 2=ì, ãäå …å*%2%!/L “ì/“ë ì%›å2
"/!=›=2ü“ ì…%ã,ì, “!åä“2"=ì,, , …3›…% ƒ…=2ü, C!, *=*,.
3“ë%", . "/K,!=å2“ 2% ,ë, ,…%å “!åä“2"%, *=* " C!,"åäå……%ì
"/øå ƒ…=÷å…,, C!,÷,……%“2,.
nä…=*% K/"=þ2 , ä!3ã,å “ë3÷=,, *%ãä= …=!3ø=å2“ “%%2"å2“2",å
ìå›ä3 …=ìå!å…,åì ã%"%! ?åã% , …=ë,÷,åì “!åä“2" äë åã%
"/!=›å…, , , "/K%! ƒ=2!3ä… å2“ . e“ë, ,ìåå2“ ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*=
*=2åã%!, , 2% %ä…= ,ƒ ã!=ììåì ä%ë›…= K/2ü"/K!=…=: “3?å“2",2åëü…%å
ä%ë›…% K/2ü " åä,…“2"å……%ì ,ë, "% ì…%›å“2"å……%ì ÷,“ëå,
ãë=ã%ë O " “%"å!øå……%ì ,ë, …å“%"å!øå……%ì ",äå , 2.C. nä…=*%

…å "“åãä= " …=ìå!å…, ã%"%! ?åã% ".%ä,2 Cå!åä=÷= ƒ…=÷å…,
%ä…%L ,ƒ ã!=ììåì; …=C!,ìå!, å“ë, %… “%%K?=å2 % "å?å“2"å, åì3
…å .%÷å2“ …,÷åã% 32%÷… 2ü % ÷,“ëå (%2“þä= "“åãä= åä,…“2"å……%å
÷,“ë% 3 ì…%ã,. "å?å“2"å……/. “3?å“2",2åëü…/. O ì%ë%*%, öåìå…2 ,
2.C.). n“%Kå……% ƒ=ìå2…% …å›åë=…,å äåë=2ü "/K%! ã!=ììåì/, *%ãä=
…3›…% “%%K?,2ü % -=*2å: .2% ì%›å2 “äåë=2ü ãë=ã%ë , “%"å!øå……%ã%,
, …å“%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä= (“ 23ä= .%ä,ë ,ë, “ 23ä= “.%ä,ë). b .2%ì
“ë3÷=å "/K%! C!=",ëü…%L ã!=ììåì/ 2%›å 2!åK3å2 ä%C%ë…,2åëü…/.
“"åäå…,L, *%2%!/ì, !=“C%ë=ã=å2 -3…*ö,%…=ëü…= ã!=ìì=2,*=.
b%ƒì%›…= , “,23=ö, , *%ãä= …3›…% ƒ…=2ü %“%Kå……%“2,
*=›ä%L ,ƒ …å“*%ëü*,. …å “,…%…,ì,÷…/. O = ,…%ãä= , %÷å…ü
ä=ëå*,. C% ƒ…=÷å…,þ åä,…,ö, C%“*%ëü*3 ìå›ä3 …,ì, “ëåä3å2
äåë=2ü "/K%!, *%ãä= ã%"%! ?,L ì%›å2 C%-!=ƒ…%ì3 %öå…,2ü
%ä…3 , 23 ›å “,23=ö,þ. }2% C!%,“.%ä,2, …=C!,ìå!, C!,
"/K%!å ìå›ä3 “!åä“2"=ì, "/!=›å…, ì%ä=ëü…%“2,: …3›…%,
ä%ë›å…, “ëåä3å2, .%!%ø% K/ C%-!=ƒ…%ì3 %C,“/"=þ2 “,23=ö,þ,
*%ãä= ã%"%! ?,L C!åäC%ë=ã=å2 *=*%å-2% “%K/2,å , ì%›å2
%öå…,2ü åã% *=* …å%K.%ä,ì%å, …% …å›åë=2åëü…%å (ä%ë›å…),
›åë=2åëü…%å, …% …å ã=!=…2,!%"=……%å (.%!%ø% K/) , 2.C. nöå…*=
“,23=ö,, ƒ=",“,2 %2 2å. “!åä“2", *%2%!/å C!åäë=ã=å2 ƒ/*.
Šå, *2% ƒ…=å2 ƒ/* …å %÷å…ü .%!%ø%, ì%ã32 C%…=äå 2ü“ …= 23
%öå…*3, *%2%!3þ C!åäë=ã=å2 ,ì !%ä…%L ƒ/*. o%“*%ëü*3 "åë,*=
"å!% 2…%“2ü …å“%"C=äå…,L (“!="…,2å “,“2åì3 …=*ë%…å…,L
, ì%ä=ëü…/å ãë=ã%ë/ " ,ƒ"å“2…/. "=ì ,…%“2!=……/. ƒ/*=.
O %…, "“å ä%"%ëü…% !=ƒë,÷…/), …å%K.%ä,ì% %K!=2,2ü“ *
-3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ì3 %C,“=…,þ: %…% "/äåë å2 2å -=*2%!/, *%2%!/å
…3›…% 3÷,2/"=2ü äë C!=",ëü…%ã% "/K%!= ƒ/*%"/. “!åä“2".
bä=……%L *…,ãå "=ì "“2!å2 2“ !=ƒë,÷…/å “ë3÷=, %K!=?å…, *
-3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ì3 %C,“=…,þ !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=.
3. Педагогическое описание языка и дургие науки

Š=*%å %C,“=…,å, *%2%!%å ì/ 3“ë%",ë,“ü %2…%“,2ü * %Kë=“2,
Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%L ë,…ã",“2,*, (%C,“=…,å äë %K3÷å…, …å!%ä…%ì3
ƒ/*3), ä%ë›…% %!,å…2,!%"=2ü“ …= “C%“%K…%“2ü ÷åë%"å*= *
!å÷å"%L äå 2åëü…%“2, , * ƒ=C%ì,…=…,þ. o%.2%ì3 ã!=ìì=2,*=
&äë C!åC%ä="=…, [ ä%ë›…= 3÷,2/"=2ü …å 2%ëü*% %“%Kå……%“2,

3C%2!åKëå…, ƒ/*%"/. åä,…,ö " !å÷,, …% , C“,.%ë%ã,÷å“*,å
%“%Kå……%“2, ÷åë%"å*= [k3!, , 1979], [kå%…2üå", 1969], [g,ì… ,
1989], [që%K,…, c!,…, 1976], [p%›*%"=, 1986]. h“.%ä ,ƒ .2%ã%
%C,“=…,å ä%ë›…% K/2ü ä%“2=2%÷…% ƒ=C%ì,…=þ?,ì“ ("%ƒì%›…=
ì,…,ì,ƒ=ö, , %2K!=“/"=…,å !åä*,. “ë3÷=å" , ,“*ëþ÷å…,L),
ä%“2=2%÷…% “…/ì äë ÷åë%"å*= (ä%ë›…% K/2ü C%… 2…%, *=*
C!,ìå…,2ü C!=",ë=). o!=",ë= ä%ë›…/ %!,å…2,!%"=2ü“ …å 2%ëü*%
…= C%…,ì=…,å, …% , …= ã%"%!å…,å (C,“üì%), 2.å.…= 2=* …=ƒ/"=åì3þ
=*2,"…3þ !å÷å"3þ äå 2åëü…%“2ü.
lå… å2“ , ì=“ø2=K %C,“/"=åì/. "ëå…,L.k,…ã"%Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%å
%C,“=…,å ä%ë›…% 3÷,2/"=2ü %“%Kå……%“2, -!=ãìå…2%" 2å*“2%"
K%ëüø,., ÷åì C!åäë%›å…,å, = 2=*›å 2å*“2%" " öåë%ì, 2.å.2å“…åLø,ì
%K!=ƒ%ì “" ƒ=…% “ 2=*,ì, ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,ì, ä,“ö,Cë,…=ì,, *=*
ë,…ã",“2,*= 2å*“2=, ä,“*3!“, O ì/ "å!…åì“ * .2%L 2åìå " ãë="å VI
!=ƒäåë= II.aåƒ .2%ã% …å"%ƒì%›…% %K3÷,2ü, …=C!,ìå!, 3C%2!åKëå…,þ
2=* …=ƒ/"=åì/. 2å*“2%"/. ì=!*å!%" (÷=“2,ö, “%þƒ%", ""%ä…/. “ë%"
, ä!.), “!. ` *“2=2,, *%ãä= 3 …=“ .*ƒ=ìå…?
må%K.%ä,ì% 3÷,2/"=2ü %“%Kå……%“2, !å÷å"%L äå 2åëü…%“2,
O "ƒ=,ì%%2…%øå…, 3÷=“2…,*%" !å÷å"%ã% =*2= ã%"%! ?åã% ,
“ë3ø=þ?åã%, %“%Kå……%“2, ,. C%"åäå…, , 2.C., 2.å.2%, ÷2% ,ƒ3÷=å2
C!=ãì=2,*= [m%"%å, XVI], [Givon, 1989]).h…=÷å …åëüƒ %KA “…,2ü,
C%÷åì3 " %ä…,. “ë3÷= . ì/ ã%"%!,ì q äü2å, C%›=ë3L“2=, = "
ä!3ã,. q=ä,2å“ü, C%›=ë3L“2=.
m=*%…åö, " C!=",ë=., C!åä…=ƒ…=÷å……/. äë %K3÷å…,
…å!%ä…%ì3 ƒ/*3, ä%ë›…/ %2!=›=2ü“ %“%Kå……%“2, …å 2%ëü*%
!å÷å"%L, …% , ì/“ë,2åëü…%L äå 2åëü…%“2, ÷åë%"å*=: 3÷,2/"=2ü“
"%ƒì%›…/å "/"%ä/, *%2%!/å äåë=å2 “ë3ø=þ?,L, =““%ö,=ö,,,
"/ƒ/"=åì/å “ë%"=ì, , 2.C., 2.å. 2%, ÷2% ,ƒ3÷=å2 *%ã…,2,"…=
ë,…ã",“2,*= [m%"%å, XXIII], [Langaker, 1990], [)å…*,, 1997].
4. Проблемы моделирования языка и

речевой деятельности с позиций лингводидактики
p=““ì%2!,ì …å*%2%!/å ,…2å!å“…/å %“%Kå……%“2, 2%L ì%äåë,
ƒ/*= , !å÷å"%L äå 2åëü…%“2,, …= *%2%!3þ ä%ë›…% %C,!=2ü“
ë,…ã"%ä,ä=*2,÷å“*%å %C,“=…,å.
`"2%!/ “=ì/. !=ƒ…/. ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,. *%…öåCö,L, *=*

C!=",ë%, ,“.%ä 2 ,ƒ 2%ã%, ÷2% ƒ/*%"/å åä,…,ö/ ì%ã32 K/2ü
%2…å“å…/ * %ä…%ì3 ,ƒ 3!%"…åL ƒ/*= O -%…%ë%ã,÷å“*%ì3 (ƒ"3*,,
-%…åì/), ì%!-%ë%ã,÷å“*%ì3 (ì%!-åì/), “,…2=*“,÷å“*%ì3
(“ë%"=, “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, , C!åäë%›å…, ). h…%ãä= “þä= ä%K="ë þ2
“åì=…2,÷å“*,L 3!%"å…ü, ãäå C!åä“2="ëå…/ “åì/ O .ëåìå…2=!…/å
ƒ…=÷å…, . bìå“2% …åã% ,…%ãä= ""%ä 2 ëå*“,÷å“*,L 3!%"å…ü,
*%2%!/L " …å*%2%!/. ì%äåë . ƒ=ìå… å2“ %2äåëü…/ì %2 ã!=ìì=2,*,
“ë%"=!åì.
b “=ì/. “%"!åìå……/. ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,. 2å%!, . ã%"%!å…,å
C%…,ì=å2“ *=* C%“ëåä%"=2åëü…%å ä",›å…,å C% 3!%"… ì %2
“åì=…2,÷å“*%ã% * -%…%ë%ã,÷å“*%ì3, = “ë3ø=…,å O *=* ä",›å…,å
" %K!=2…%ì …=C!="ëå…,, [låëü÷3*, 1974], [b“å"%ë%ä%"=, 2000].
nä…=*% ä=›å 2=*%å C!åä“2="ëå…,å "/ãë ä,2 “ë,ø*%ì %ã!3Këå……/ì,
*%ãä= !å÷ü ,äå2 % C!åC%ä="=…,, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= ,…%-%…=ì.
q3?å“2"3þ?,å ì%äåë, %C,“=…, C%!%›äå…, !å÷, …å %2!=›=þ2
2%ã%, ÷2% ã%"%! ?,L 3÷,2/"=å2, ÷2% “ë3ø=2åëþ ,ƒ"å“2…%, % ÷åì %…
ì%›å2 ä%ã=ä=2ü“ . h…/ì, “ë%"=ì,, …å C!,…,ì=þ2“ "% "…,ì=…,å
C!=ãì=2,÷å“*,å , *%ã…,2,"…/å -=*2%!/. ` " “-å!å C!åC%ä="=…,
pjh %*=ƒ/"=þ2“ "%“2!åK%"=……/ì, “=ì/å “%"!åìå……/å
C!åä“2="ëå…, % *%ã…,2,"…%L K=ƒå ÷åë%"å*= [j!=“…/., 1998],
[c3ä*%", 1999] , !å÷å"%L äå 2åëü…%“2, [b=… dåL*, 1989].
o%"2%!,ì å?å !=ƒ, äë ë,…ã"%ä,ä=*2,*, "=›…%, ÷2% ã%"%!å…,å
O .2% …å C!%“2% C%äK%! åä,…,ö äë "/!=›å…, *=*%ã%-ë,K%
“ì/“ë= ,ë, ä=›å "/K%! ,ƒ …å“*%ëü*,. åä,…,ö ë3÷øåã%, …=,K%ëåå
C%ä.%ä ?åã% äë "/!=›å…, ƒ=ì/“ë= ã%"%! ?åã% "=!,=…2=:
ã%"%! ?,L *=* K/ "“2=å2 …= C%ƒ,ö,þ “ë3ø=þ?åã% , C/2=å2“
…=L2, 2%, ÷2% K3äå2 ë3÷øå "“åã% C%… 2% [x=ë C,…=, 1991], =
C!, C%…,ì=…,, …= “ë3ø=þ?åã% "ë, å2 , 2%, ÷2% K/ë% “*=ƒ=…%
" C!%öå““å ä=……%L !å÷å"%L “,23=ö,,, , %K?,å &ƒ…=…, % ì,!å[.
Š= ì%äåëü !å÷å"%ã% C%"åäå…, , *%2%!= “*ë=ä/"=å2“ " pjh,
3÷,2/"=å2 , ä!3ã,å ä=……/å ë,…ã"%C!=ãì=2,*,: ÷=“2% " !=K%2=.
å“2ü, …=C!,ìå!, ““/ë*, …= C%“23ë=2/ c!=L“= [c!=L“, 1985]
(ã%"%! ?,L ä%ë›å… “2!åì,2ü“ * ì=*“,ì=ëü…%L C%… 2…%“2,,
,ƒKåã=2ü ë,ø…åã%, K/2ü ä!3›åëþK…/ì * “ë3ø=2åëþ).g=ìå2,ì, ÷2%
C!=*2,*= C!åC%ä="=…, pjh %C,!=å2“ …= ì%äåëü ƒ/*=, *%2%!=
“=ì= C% “åKå " ë,…ã",“2,*å 2%ëü*% “*ë=ä/"=å2“ , C!,÷åì C%ä
ì%?…/ì "%ƒäåL“2",åì C!åC%ä="=2åëåL-C!=*2,*%", , …=ì, " “"%þ
%÷å!åäü, .%2åë%“ü K/ ä%K=",2ü " …åå C%… 2,å ƒ=ì/“ë=. o% “…,ì,
÷2% ì/ ,ìååì " ",ä3.

bC!%öå““å !å÷, ã%"%! ?,L C%äK,!=å2 “ë%"= , ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,å
-%!ì/, …å%K.%ä,ì/å äë "/!=›å…, “"%åã% ƒ=ì/“ë=. e“ë,
,ìåå2“ 2%ëü*% %ä…% 2=*%å “!åä“2"%, %… åã% ,“C%ëüƒ3å2. e“ë, ä"=
,ë, K%ëüøå, %… ä%ë›å… "/K!=2ü ,ƒ …,. …=,K%ëåå C%ä.%ä ?åå
[Rappaport, 1985]. Š=*,ì %K!=ƒ%ì, " ì%äåëü C%!%›äå…, , …=
…=ø "ƒãë ä, …å%K.%ä,ì% ""å“2,, *!%ìå C%… 2, &ƒ…=÷å…,å
“ë%"=[, å?å %ä…% C%… 2,å O &%K%K?å……/L “ì/“ë[, *%2%!/L
ì%›…% …=ƒ"=2ü ƒ=ì/“ë%ì ã%"%! ?åã%. hìå……% “ …,ì ã%"%! ?,L
“!="…,"=å2 ƒ…=÷å…, “ë%" (,ë, ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,. *=2åã%!,L),
*%ãä= "/K,!=å2 …3›…3þ ƒ/*%"3þ åä,…,ö3 [a%!,“%"=, 1996].
m=C!,ìå!, “ë%"= ëþK,2ü, …!=",2ü“ , C!åäC%÷,2=2ü ,ìåþ2 !=ƒ…/å
ƒ…=÷å…, , …% %…, ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ äë "/!=›å…, %ä…%ã% ƒ=ì/“ë=:
*2%-2% ,ë, ÷2%-2% C!åäC%÷2,2åëü…åå ä!3ã,.. b -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%L
ã!=ìì=2,*å C%… 2,þ %K%K?å……%ã% “ì/“ë= “%%2"å2“2"3å2 C%… 2,å
-3…*ö,%…=ëü…%-“åì=…2,÷å“*%ã% C%ë [a%…ä=!*%, 1996].j ,. ÷,“ë3
%2…%“,2“ , …=C!,ìå!, C%ëå C!,÷,……%“2,. b/!=›=2ü C!,÷,……/å
%2…%øå…, ì%ã32 !=ƒ…/å “%þƒ/, C!åäë%ã,, ÷=“2,ö/, %K%!%2/
(…=C!,ìå! äååC!,÷=“2…/å) , C%ë…%ƒ…=÷…/å “ë%"= [o!=*2,÷å“*=
ã!=ìì=2,*=, 1985].
bëå*“,*å %K?åå …=ƒ…=÷å…,å …å!åä*% ,ìåþ2 “ë%"=, %2…%“,ì/å
* %ä…%ì3 ëå*“,*%-“åì=…2,÷å“*%ì3 C%ëþ, * %ä…%L !3K!,*å
2åƒ=3!3“=.
g=ìå2,ì, ÷2% ÷=“2%2=, “ *%2%!%L 3C%2!åKë þ2“ !=ƒ…/å
“!åä“2"= "/!=›å…, %ä…%ã% , 2%ã% ›å ƒ=ì/“ë=, …å%ä,…=*%"=.
m=C!,ìå!, “%þƒ C%2%ì3 ÷2% "ë å2“ …=,K%ëåå 2,C,÷…/ì
“!åä“2"%ì "/!=›å…, C!,÷,……%“2,. b åã% ƒ…=÷å…,, …å “%äå!›,2“
ä%C%ë…,2åëü…/. “åì, *!%ìå C!,÷,……%L “" ƒ,, 2%ãä= *=* "
ƒ…=÷å…,, “%þƒ= Kë=ã%ä=! 2%ì3 ÷2% “%äå!›,2“ å?å %22å…%*
Kë=ã%C!, 2…%ã% !åƒ3ëü2=2=: Kë=ã%ä=! ì%›…% “*=ƒ=2ü 2%ëü*% 2%ãä=,
*%ãä= C!%,ƒ%øë% ÷2%-2% .%!%øåå.
që%"% C%2%ì3 ÷2% …å ,ìåå2 ä!3ã,. ƒ…=÷å…,L, = ÷=“2,ö=
"åäü, C!åäë%ã %2, *=* , ì…%ã,å ä!3ã,å “!åä“2"= "/!=›å…,
C!,÷,……%“2,, ì…%ã%ƒ…=÷…/, , C!,÷,……%å ƒ…=÷å…,å ä=ëå*% …å
ãë="…%å äë …,.. q%þƒ C%2%ì3 ÷2% “2,ë,“2,÷å“*, …åL2!=ëå…, "
%2ë,÷,å %2 *…,›…/. C%“*%ëü*3, ,K%, %2 !=ƒã%"%!…%ã% !=ƒ.
Š=*,ì %K!=ƒ%ì, *=*,å-2% “!åä“2"= "/!=›å…, …=ìå!å…,
%*=ƒ/"=þ2“ K%ëåå 2,C,÷…/ì,, = ä!3ã,å O ìå…åå 2,C,÷…/ì,,
“" ƒ=……/ì, “ .2,ì …=ìå!å…,åì *%“"å……%. }2% “%%2"å2“2"3å2
äåëå…,þ “!åä“2" …= ä!% , Cå!,-å!,þ, C!,… 2/å "

-3…*ö,%…=ëü…%L ã!=ìì=2,*å [a%…ä=!*%, 1996].
`…=ë%ã,÷…%å äåëå…,å ä%“2=2%÷…% ÷=“2% ì%›…% %“3?å“2",2ü
, “!åä, “ë%" %ä…%L ëå*“,*%-“åì=…2,÷å“*%L ã!3CC/, ƒ…=÷å…,L
%ä…%ã% “ë%"= ,ë, %ä…%L ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%L *=2åã%!,,. m=C!,ìå!, "
ëå*“,*%-“åì=…2,÷å“*%L ã!3CCå 3÷,2åëü, C!åC%ä="=2åëü, Cåä=ã%ã,
2!å…å! %ä…% “ë%"% ,ìåå2 ìå…üøå "“åã% 32%÷… þ?,. C!,ƒ…=*%"
, ì%›å2 ƒ=ìå… 2ü “%K%L ä!3ã,å. }2% Cåä=ã%ã. aë,ƒ*,ì "ë å2“ ,
“ë%"% 3÷,2åëü O %…% ,ìåå2 “"%, %“%Kå……%“2,, …% 2%›å ÷=“2% ì%›å2
3C%2!åKë 2ü“ "ìå“2% ä!3ã,. “ë%" ,ƒ ã!3CC/, C!åä“2="ë 2ü åå; “!.
j2% K/ë, 2"%, Cå!"/å 3÷,2åë " “C%!2å? d!3ã,å ›å “ë%"= K%ëåå
“Cåö,=ë,ƒ,!%"=…/ , C!åä“2="ë þ2 *=* K/ Cå!,-å!,þ .2%L ã!3CC/.
q2%÷*, ƒ!å…, C!åC%ä="=…, , " Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü “ëåä3å2 ,ƒ3÷=2ü
äå!…/å åä,…,ö/, = C%“ëå .2%ã% Cå!å.%ä,2ü * Cå!,-å!,L…/ì.
5. Правила в педагогическом описании

l/ %2ìå2,ë,, ÷2% “C%“%K %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, ì=2å!,=ë= " Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%ì
%C,“=…,, "% ì…%ã%ì %C!åäåë å2“ C“,.%ë%ã,÷å“*,ì,
%“%Kå……%“2 ì, 3÷=?åã%“ .}2% %C!åäåë å2 , “C%“%K -%!ì3ë,!%"*,
C!=",ë, *%2%!/å ì/ "“2!å÷=åì " 3÷åK…,*=..
5.1. o!=",ë= " Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%ì %C,“=…,, ä=ëå*% …å "“åãä=

"ë þ2“ C%ë…/ì,: …å!åä*% …å*%2%!/å %“%K/å “ë3÷=, %“2=þ2“ ƒ=
C!åäåë=ì, ,. äåL“2", . m=C!,ìå!, C!=",ë% &,ìå…= “ %*%…÷=…,åì
=/ %2…%“ 2“ * ›å…“*%ì3 !%ä3[ ,ã…%!,!3å2 ã!3CC3 “ë%" “!åä…åã%
!%ä=: ,ì , "!åì , ƒ…=ì , ä!., = 2=*›å “ë%"= ì3›“*%ã% !%ä=:
C=C=, q=ø= , 2.C. n÷å",ä…%, ÷2% 2=*= …åC%ë…%2= “%%2"å2“2"3å2
C!åä“2="ëå…,þ % C%“ëåä%"=2åëü…%ì !=“ø,!å…,, ƒ…=…,L % ƒ/*å.
nä…=*% “ëåä3å2 ,ìå2ü " ",ä3, ÷2% 3›å “-%!ì,!%"="ø,å“ ƒ/*%"/å
ìå.=…,ƒì/ K/"=å2 2!3ä…% ë%ì=2ü. o%.2%ì3 ìå“2%, ãäå &“C! 2=…=[
…åC%ë…%2= “"åäå…,L, ë3÷øå %2ìå2,2ü. b C!,"åäå……%ì C!,ìå!å .2%
ì%›…% “äåë=2ü 2=*: &,ìå…= “ %*%…÷=…, ì, =/ , *!%ìå …å*%2%!/.,
*%2%!/å ì/ K3äåì ,ƒ3÷=2ü C%ƒ›å, %2…%“ 2“ * ›å…“*%ì3 !%ä3[.
5.2. q÷,2=å2“ , ÷2% " …=3*å C!=",ë= ä%ë›…/ K/2ü %ä…%ƒ…=÷…/ì,.

e“ë, 32"å!›ä=å2“ , ÷2% äë "/!=›å…, ì…%›å“2"å……%ã% ÷,“ë=
,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ %*%…÷=…, O //,, =, å, 2% "“åãä=, ›åë= "/!=ƒ,2ü

ì…%›å“2"å……%“2ü, ì/ ä%K="ë åì %ä…% ,ƒ .2,. %*%…÷=…,L
(!=“C!åäåëå……/. C% %“%K/ì C!=",ë=ì). nä…=*% ,ìåþ2“
ƒ=*%…%ìå!…%“2,, …å 3“2=…="ë,"=þ?,å %ä…%ƒ…=÷…%L “" ƒ,.
m=C!,ìå!, ì/ ƒ…=åì, ÷2% “3--,*“/ *, %*/å*, ,* , …å*%2%!/å
ä!3ã,å %ƒ…=÷=þ2 3ìå…üø,2åëü…%“2ü, %ä…=*% …å ì%›åì “*=ƒ=2ü,
*=*%L ,ƒ .2,. “3--,*“%" K3äå2 "/K!=… äë %K!=ƒ%"=…, …%"%ã%
3ìå…üø,2åëü…%ã% “ë%"=.
dë …å*%2%!/. öåëåL 2=*,å C!=",ë= …å …3›…/ O C!%?å
"/C,“=2ü …%"/å 3ìå…üø,2åëü…/å “ë%"= öåë,*%ì. nä…=*% "
C!åC%ä="=…,, , 2=*,å “"åäå…, C%ëåƒ…/.n…, …å 2%ëü*% C%ì%ã=þ2
C%… 2ü …%"/å “ë%"=, "“2!å÷å……/å " 2å*“2å. q ,. C%ì%?üþ
3÷=?,å“ ëåã÷å ƒ=C%ì,…=þ2 …%"/å “ë%"=. dåL“2",2åëü…%, ,ì "“å
!="…% C!,äå2“ 3÷,2ü “ë%"% ä%ì,* öåë,*%ì. m% å“ë, %…, ƒ…=þ2
…=K%! 3ìå…üø,2åëü…/. “3--,*“%", ,ì …3›…% ƒ=C%ì…,2ü …å …%"%å
“%÷å2=…,å ƒ"3*%", = "“åã% ë,øü: *=*%L “3--,*“ ,ƒ ,ƒ"å“2…/.
"/K!=… " .2%ì “ë3÷=å. o%.2%ì3 " Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%ì %C,“=…,, "
K%ëüø%ì *%ë,÷å“2"å ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ , 2=*,å “"åäå…, , *%2%!/å " ÷åì-
2% ä3Kë,!3þ2 ,ƒ3÷å…,å K%ëåå *!3C…/. åä,…,ö. }2% %2…%“,2“ ,
* …å“"%K%ä…/ì “%÷å2=…, ì. )2%K/ ëåã÷å ƒ=C%ì…,2ü “%÷å2=…, “
ãë=ã%ë%ì, …=C!,ìå!, “%"å!ø=2ü O “%"å!ø=2ü C32åøå“2",å, C%ä",ã
, 2.C., “2%,2 %2ìå2,2ü, ÷2% .2%2 ãë=ã%ë “%÷å2=å2“ “% “ë%"=ì,,
*%2%!/å %K%ƒ…=÷=þ2 ",ä/ Cå!åä",›å…, ,ë, "=›…/å äåL“2", .
l/ …å “%%K?=åì “23äå…2=ì %ä…%ƒ…=÷…%ã% C!=",ë=, "åäü …å "“å
“ë%"= “% ƒ…=÷å…,åì C%åƒä*, ,ë, "=›…%ã% äåL“2", “%÷å2=þ2“
“ .2,ì ãë=ã%ë%ì (…åëüƒ “*=ƒ=2ü *“%"å!ø,2ü *=2=…,å, “Cë=" …=
Cë%23). nä…=*% äë ƒ=C%ì,…=…, C%ëåƒ…= , 2=*= ,…-%!ì=ö, .
5.3. b%%K?å, " Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%ì %C,“=…,, "/ "ë å2“ K%ëüø%å

*%ë,÷å“2"% “,“2åì…/. “" ƒåL. hƒ"å“2…%, ÷2% C=ì 2ü "ìå?=å2
%C!åäåëå……%å ÷,“ë% åä,…,ö. nä…=*% åä,…,ö/ ì%ã32 K/2ü
!=ƒ…%ã% !=ƒìå!=.e“ë, “ë%"= ƒ=C%ì,…=þ2“ *=* Kå““ì/“ëå……/L
…=K%! ƒ"3*%", 2% ,. ì%›…% ƒ=C%ì…,2ü %÷å…ü ì=ë%. q,“2åì…/å
%2…%øå…, %KAåä,… þ2 K%ëåå ìåë*,å åä,…,ö/ " K%ëåå *!3C…/å
(ƒ"3*, " ì%!-åì/ , 2.C.), , ,ìå……% %…, , ƒ=C%ì,…=þ2“ ,
" !åƒ3ëü2=2å %K?åå *%ë,÷å“2"% 3“"%å……%ã% ì=2å!,=ë= !åƒ*%
3"åë,÷,"=å2“ .
oåä=ã%ã,-C!=*2,*, "/ "ë þ2 *=*,å-2% ƒ=*%…%ìå!…%“2,

ä=›å 2=ì, ãäå " ƒ/*å “,“2åì…/. “" ƒåL …å C!%“ëå›,"=å2“ .
m=C!,ìå!, ""%ä “ë%"% !3÷*= C!, %C,“=…,, C%“3ä/ (!3÷*=
÷=ø*,, ÷=L…,*=), %2ìå÷=þ2 åå “.%ä“2"% “ !3*%L ÷åë%"å*=,
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6. О коммуникативной правильности речи

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Итак, описание языка, предназначенное для использования на

уроке или в учебнике, имеет много особенностей. Оно содержит
немало информации, которую нельзя найти в академических
грамматиках, построенных по структурно-системному принципу.
В то же время многие сведения из этих грамматик вполне могут

использоваться и в преподавании.
Описание языка, применимое в преподавании, опирается на соб-
ственную модель речевой деятельности. Оно учитывает такие ее
аспекты, как взаимодействие говорящего и слушающего, органи-
зация диалога и текста.
Такое описание отражает представление о правильности речи,
учитывающее не только грамматические и семантические, но и
коммуникативные аспекты. Поэтому педагогическое описание
языка имеет большую ценность и для теоретического языкозна-
ния. Однако главные критерии для такого описания — удобство
при обучении языку, возможность на его основе научить языку
быстро и адекватно.
1. Почему для преподавания русского языка
Вопросы и как неродного недостаточно знать академи-
задания ческую грамматику?
2. Что влияет на особености педагогического

описания языка, вызывает его отличие от
академического описания, компьютерной
лингвистики?
3. Какие науки и направления лингвистики осо-

бенно тексто связаны с педагогическим опи-
санием языка?
4. Какую роль в модели речевой деятельности

играет выбор нужных единиц? От чего зави-
сит этот выбор?
5. Какие аспекты правильности фразы нужно

учитывать в преподавании?
Обязательная литература
Бондарко А. В. Основы функциональной грамматики. – Спб.,1999

Всеволодова М. В. Теория функционально-коммуникативного
систаксиса. – М., 2000.
Глава II
ОБ УЧЕТЕ РОДНОГО ЯЗЫКА УЧАЩЕГОСЯ
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Г л а в а II. ОБ УЧЕТЕ РОДНОГО ЯЗЫКА УЧАЩЕГОСЯ 27
1. Фонетика
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, -!=…ö3ƒ“*%ì ì%›å2 “"%ä,2ü …å*%2%!/å ƒ"3*, (C!å,ì3?å“2"å……%
å " *%…å÷…%L C%ƒ,ö,,) ä% …3ë . m% …åì=ë% ƒ/*%", " 2%ì ÷,“ëå
Kë,ƒ*%!%ä“2"å……/. !3““*%ì3 “ë=" …“*,., …å ƒ…=þ2 !åä3*ö,, “
C%2å!åL %ã3Këå……%“2, (Cå!å.%ä % Kåƒ3ä=!…%ã% " =).
)2% *=“=å2“ ,…2%…=ö,,, 2% 232 !åä*,ì "ë å2“ ä,=C=ƒ%…,
.=!=*2å!,ƒ3þ?,L C%…,›å…,å ã%ë%“= " *%…öå C%"å“2"%"=2åëü…%ã%
C!åäë%›å…, (hj 1) O " K%ëüø,…“2"å ƒ/*%" …å %C3“*=þ2 ã%ë%“
2=* …,ƒ*% " …,“.%ä ?åL ,…2%…=ö,,.
p3““*%å 3ä=!å…,å, .=!=*2å!,ƒ3þ?åå“ C%ä",›…%“2üþ , “,ë%L,
…å "åƒäå ,ìåå2 “%%2"å2“2", . b ! äå ƒ/*%" 3ä=!å…,å ì3ƒ/*=ëü…%å,
2.å. “" ƒ=……%å “ C%"/øå…,åì , C%…,›å…,åì 2%…=. }2% (“ !=ƒ…/ì,
C!% "ëå…, ì,) …=Këþä=å2“ " “å!K“*%ì, ë,2%"“*%ì, ÷åø“*%ì,
“ë%"=ö*%ì, *%!åL“*%ì, C%…“*%ì ƒ/*=.. b *,2=L“*%ì ,
"üå2…=ì“*%ì ì/ "“2!å÷=åì“ “ 2%…=ì, O ,ƒìå…å…,åì "/“%2/ ƒ"3*=
…= *=›ä%ì ãë=“…%ì ,ë, ä,-2%…ãå. b% "üå2…=ì“*%ì øå“2ü 2%…%", "
*,2=L“*%ì ÷å2/!å. o!, .2%ì 3ä=!å…, " ",äå %“%K%ã% "/äåëå…,
ƒ"3*= …å2. q%%2"å2“2"å……% C!=*2,÷å“*, …å2 ,…2%…=ö,%……/.
C%äAåì%" , C%…,›å…,L. b%C!%“,2åëü…= ,…2%…=ö, Cå!åä=å2“
%K?,ì C%äAåì%ì "“åã% C!åäë%›å…, …= …å“*%ëü*% 2%…%".
2. Морфологическая система
Š%, ÷2% " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,å *=2åã%!,, "/!=›=þ2“
C!å,ì3?å“2"å……% -ëå*“, ì, (%*%…÷=…, ì,), …å "ë å2“ %“%K%L
…%"%“2üþ äë …%“,2åëåL C%÷2, "“å. ƒ/*%" O ä=›å å“ë, %“…%"…/å

ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,å C!,…ö,C/ 3 …,. ä!3ã,å (*=* " =!=K“*%ì, *
C!,ìå!3), -ëå*“,, 3 …,. ÷=?å "“åã% 2%›å "“2!å÷=þ2“ . d=›å "
,ƒ%ë,!3þ?åì *,2=L“*%ì å“2ü %2äåëü…/å ì%!-åì/, *%2%!/å
÷åì-2% …=C%ì,…=þ2 %*%…÷=…, , …=C!,ìå!, -%!ì=…2 ì/…,
%K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,L ì…%›å“2"å……%“2ü. n“%Kå……%“2ü !3““*%ã%,
%2ë,÷=þ?= åã% %2 2þ!“*,., "å…ãå!“*%ã% , ì…%ã,. ä!3ã,. ƒ/*%",
O 2%, ÷2% äë %ä…%ã% ƒ…=÷å…, ì%›å2 K/2ü …å“*%ëü*% ì%!-åì
("“C%ì…,2å, “*%ëü*% " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å %*%…÷=…,L ì…%›å“2"å……%ã%
÷,“ë= “3?å“2",2åëü…/.) , %ä…= ì%!-åì= %ä…%"!åìå……%
"/!=›=å2 …å“*%ëü*% *=2åã%!,L O C=äå›…%å %*%…÷=…,å …= “=ì%ì
äåëå "/!=›=å2 å?å , *=2åã%!,þ ÷,“ë= (2=*%L “C%“%K "/!=›å…,
…=ƒ/"=å2“ “,…*!å2,÷å“*,ì).
e“ë, ã%"%!,2ü % ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,. *=2åã%!, ., 2% K%ëüø,…“2"%
ƒ…=÷å…,L ì%›å2 K/2ü "/!=›å…% " ä!3ã,. ƒ/*=. .%2 K/ ëå*“,÷å“*,
(÷2% ì%›å2 “2=2ü %C%!%L C!, %KA “…å…,,).
2.1. hì “3?å“2",2åëü…%å. j=2åã%!, ÷,“ë= å“2ü C!=*2,÷å“*,

"% "“å. ƒ/*=., *!%ìå "üå2…=ì“*%ã%, ãäå ,äå ì…%›å“2"å……%“2,
"/!=›=å2“ 2%ëü*% ëå*“,÷å“*,. m% " C%…“*%ì , *,2=L“*%ì .2%
…åã!=ìì=2,÷å“*= *=2åã%!, (*!%ìå ìå“2%,ìå…,L, 3C%2!åKëå…,å
“3--,*“= ì…%›å“2"å……%“2, …å%K ƒ=2åëü…% , ƒ=",“,2 %2 2%ã%,
…=“*%ëü*% ã%"%! ?,L “÷,2=å2 …3›…/ì C%ä÷å!*…32ü .23 ,äåþ).
nä…=*% , " 2å. ƒ/*=., ãäå ÷,“ë% ã!=ìì=2,÷…%, åã% 3C%2!åKëå…,å
ì%›å2 !åƒ*% %2ë,÷=2ü“ %2 !3““*%ã%. Š=*, " 23!åö*%ì, "å…ãå!“*%ì
, …å*%2%!/. ä!3ã,. C%“ëå ÷,“ë,2åëü…/. , …=!å÷, &ì…%ã%[
3C%2!åKë å2“ åä,…“2"å……%å ÷,“ë%.n“%Kå……% ì…%ã% …å“%"C=äå…,L
äë “ë3÷=å" ,ìå… “3?å“2",2åëü…/., ,ìåþ?,. 2%ëü*% %ä…%
÷,“ë% O 2%ëü*% åä,…“2"å……%å ,ë, 2%ëü*% ì…%›å“2"å……%å. Š=*,
"% -!=…ö3ƒ“*%ì ƒ/*å C=!…/å C!åäìå2/ …å %2…%“ 2“ * ã!3CCå
&2%ëü*% ì…%›å“2"å……%å[, , å“ë, C=!= K!þ* %ä…=, 2% 3C%2!åKë å2“
åä,…“2"å……%å ÷,“ë%: Le pantalon. j!%ìå .2%ã%, " *ë=““,÷å“*%ì
=!=K“*%ì , “ë%"å…“*%ì å“2ü ä"%L“2"å……%å ÷,“ë%.
a%ëüøå !=ƒë,÷,L “" ƒ=…% “ *=2åã%!,åL !%ä= “3?å“2",2åëü…/.,
*%2%!= å“2ü ä=ëå*% …å "% "“å. ƒ/*=. O !%ä= …å2 " =…ãë,L“*%ì
(2=ì %… å“2ü 2%ëü*% 3 ìå“2%,ìå…,L), "å…ãå!“*%ì, -,…“*%ì,
23!åö*%ì, C%…“*%ì, ì…%ã,. =-!,*=…“*,. ƒ/*=.. g=ìå2,ì,
%ä…=*%, ÷2% “.%›,å -3…*ö,, ,ìåþ2“ 3 “%ãë=“%"=2åëü…/.
*ë=““%" " *,2=L“*%ì , …å*%2%!/. ä!3ã,. ƒ/*=.. Š=ì %2 *ë=““=
“3?å“2",2åëü…/. (*%2%!/. %*%ë% äå“ 2*=) ƒ=",“,2 "/K%! “÷å2…%L

÷=“2,ö/. b =!=K“*%ì, -!=…ö3ƒ“*%ì, ,2=ëü …“*%ì , ,“C=…“*%ì
*=2åã%!, !%ä= ,ìåå2 2%ëü*% ä"å ã!=ìåìì/ O ì3›“*%L , ›å…“*,L.
m% K%ëüøå "“åã% “ë%›…%“2åL "/ƒ/"=å2 !=“C!åäåëå…,å ,ìå…
(%“%Kå……% …å%ä3øå"ëå……/.) C% 2!åì !%ä=ì.hìå……% ƒäå“ü !3““*,L
ƒ/* “,ëü…% %2ë,÷=å2“ ä=›å %2 2å. ƒ/*%", ãäå 2=*›å “3?å“2"3þ2
2!, !%ä=: ì3›“*%L, ›å…“*,L , “!åä…,L, O .2% …åìåö*,L, ì…%ã,å
“ë=" …“*,å ƒ/*,.
o=äå› ,ƒ"å“2å… “ë=" …“*,ì ƒ/*=ì (*!%ìå K%ëã=!“*%ã%),
…åìåö*%ì3, *ë=““,÷å“*%ì3 =!=K“*%ì3 (åã% ƒ…=þ2 "“å “23äå…2/-
=!=K/), 23!åö*%ì3, "å…ãå!“*%ì3 , …å*%2%!/ì ä!3ã,ì. nä…=*%
…å 2%ëü*% …å “%"C=ä=å2 ÷,“ë% C=äå›…/. ã!=ììåì (" =!=K“*%ì ,.
2!,, " …åìåö*%ì ÷å2/!å, " -,…“*%ì 14, = " "å…ãå!“*%ì %*%ë%
ä"3. äå“ 2*%"), …% , Cë%.% “%%2…%“ 2“ ƒ…=÷å…, C=äå›åL, 2åì
K%ëåå C!=",ë= % "/K%!å C=äå›= C!, “,ëü…%ì 3C!="ëå…,,. gäå“ü
"%ƒì%›…/ %2ë,÷, ä=›å %2 Kë,ƒ*%ã% …=ì C% ã!=ìì=2,*å C%ëü“*%ã%.
b%-Cå!"/., 2=ì “åìü C=äå›åL, å“2ü å?å , ƒ"=2åëü…/L. b%-"2%!/.,
C%“ëå ãë=ã%ë=, * C!,ìå!3, Kë=ã%ä=!,2ü 2=ì 2!åK3å2“ ä=2åëü…/L, =
…å ",…,2åëü…/L C=äå›, , 2=*,. …å“%"C=äå…,L …åì=ë%.
b% ì…%ã,. ƒ/*=. 2å %2…%øå…, , *%2%!/å " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å
"ë þ2“ C=äå›…/ì,, "/!=›=þ2“ C!åäë%ã=ì, (=…ãë,L“*,L,
!%ì=…“*,å ƒ/*,, K%ëã=!“*,L) ,ë, C%“ëåë%ã=ì, ( C%…“*,L).
l=ë% =…=ë%ã,L ,ìåå2 å?å %ä…= !3““*= “%ãë=“%"=2åëü…=
*=2åã%!, O %ä3øå"ëå……%“2ü. u%2 " =…ãë,L“*%ì , ì…%ã,. ä!3ã,.
ƒ/*=., …å ,ìåþ?,. *=2åã%!,, !%ä=, %…= 2%›å "/!=›=å2“ , "ë,
…= "/K%! ìå“2%,ìå…,L ( it O …å%ä3øå"ëå……%å), "/K%! C=äå›…%L
-%!ì/ " ƒ=",“,ì%“2, %2 .2%L *=2åã%!,, C!=*2,÷å“*, …,ãäå
K%ëüøå …å "“2!å÷=å2“ .
b% ì…%ã,. ƒ/*=. ì,!= (ƒ=C=ä…%å"!%CåL“*,å, =!=K“*,L,
K%ëã=!“*,L , …å*%2%!/å ä!3ã,å) “3?å“2",2åëü…%å %Kë=ä=å2
*=2åã%!,åL %C!åäåëå……%“2,, "/!=›=åì%L C!, C%ì%?, =!2,*ë
(" "å…ãå!“*%ì O %“%K/ì “C! ›å…,åì ãë=ã%ë=). b !3““*%ì .2%
ƒ…=÷å…,å "/!=›=å2“ ëå*“,÷å“*, O C!, C%ì%?, 3*=ƒ=2åëü…/.
ìå“2%,ìå…,L, , “,…2=*“,÷å“*,: C!, C%ì%?, C%! ä*= “ë%",
*%ãä= …= Cå!"%å ìå“2% (" 2åì3) %K/÷…% “2=",2“ ,ƒ"å“2…%å
, %C!åäåëå……%å, = " *%…åö C!åäë%›å…, (" !åì3) O …%"%å,
…å%C!åäåëå……%å.
2.2. hì C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%å. p3““*%å C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%å " %“…%"…%ì

%Kë=ä=å2 2=*,ì, ›å “%ãë=“%"=2åëü…/ì, “"%L“2"=ì,, ÷2%

, C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/å "% ì…%ã,. ä!3ã,. ƒ/*=. O " …åìåö*%ì,
-!=…ö3ƒ“*%ì, ,“C=…“*%ì, ,2=ëü …“*%ì, “ë=" …“*,.. b ÷åì-
2% %…% ä=›å Kåä…åå: " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å …å "/!=›å… !%ä "%
ì…%›å“2"å……%ì ÷,“ëå. nä…=*% "% ì…%ã,. ä!3ã,. ƒ/*=. O ä=›å
2=ì, ãäå “3?å“2",2åëü…/å ,ƒìå… þ2“ C% ÷,“ë=ì , C=äå›=ì,
O C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/å …å ,ƒìå… þ2“ “ öåëüþ “%ãë=“%"=…, . }2%
2þ!*“*,å ƒ/*,, "å…ãå!“*,L, = 2=*›å =…ãë,L“*,L.
q2åCå…, “!="…å…, 2=* ,ë, ,…=÷å "/!=›=þ2“ "% ì…%ã,.
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äåL“2",2åëü…% !åä*%å "ëå…,å. nä…=*% ƒäå“ü C!%Këåì/ “*%!åå
"…32!,“,“2åì…%ã% “"%L“2"=. ` "%2 *!=2*= -%!ì= C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/.
"å?ü ä%“2=2%÷…% 3…,*=ëü…= O %…= …å "“2!å÷=å2“ ä=›å " ä!3ã,.
“ë=" …“*,. ƒ/*=.. e“ë, !=““ì=2!,"=2ü C!%Këåì3 ø,!å, 2% %“%K= ,
C!åä,*=2,"…= -%!ì= C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/. ì%›å2 K/2ü %K…=!3›å…= "
*,2=L“*%ì ƒ/*å , …å*%2%!/. ä!3ã,., %ä…=*% "“å !="…% .2% "ëå…,å
!åä*%å.
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*=›å2“ !3““*,L ãë=ã%ëü…/L ",ä O ä=›å " “ë=" …“*,. ƒ/*=.
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ìå…üøå !=“C!%“2!=…å… …å“%"å!øå……/L ",ä " %K?å-=*2,÷å“*%ì
ƒ…=÷å…,,. nä…=*% “ëåä3å2 ,ìå2ü " ",ä3, ÷2% ",ä%"/å (,ë,, *=*
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ƒ/*å “,“2åì= C!%ã!å““,"= (Continius) , Cå!-å*2= -=*2,÷å“*,
"ë å2“ …å "!åìå……%L, = ",ä%"%L, .%2 “%%2"å2“2", “ !3““*,ì,
",ä%"/ì, ƒ…=÷å…, ì, ä=ëå*% …å %ä…%ƒ…=÷…/, %“%Kå……% äë
Cå!-å*2=. b !%ì=…“*,. ƒ/*=. " C!%øåäøåì "!åìå…, ,ìCå!-å*2
"/!=›=å2 ƒ…=÷å…,å C!%2 ›å……%“2, , C%"2%! åì%“2,, ÷2% Kë,ƒ*%
* %“…%"…/ì ƒ…=÷å…, ì !3““*%ã% …å“%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä=. aë,ƒ*=
* =…ãë,L“*%ì3 C!%ã!å““,"3 -%!ì= å“2ü " 2þ!*“*,. ƒ/*=. (“
“3--,*“%ì Oyor). b "å…ãå!“*%ì =…=ë%ã “%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä=
3“ì=2!,"=þ2 " ãë=ã%ë=. “ C!,“2="*%L meg-.b*,2=L“*%ì ì%!-åì= lai
Cå!åä=å2 (C!,Kë,ƒ,2åëü…%) ƒ=*%…÷å……%“2ü äåL“2", , = ì%!-åì=
zhe O äë,2åëü…%“2ü. që%›…åå …=L2, =…=ë%ã, " …åìåö*%ì ƒ/*å,
232 äë,2åëü…%å C!%øåäøåå (C!å2å!,2) " ƒ…=÷,2åëü…%L “2åCå…,
C%2å! ë% “"%þ =“Cå*23=ëü…3þ %*!=“*3. nä…=*% ,ƒ"å“2…%, ÷2%

C!,“2="%÷…/å …åìåö*,å ãë=ã%ë/ ÷=?å Cå!å"%ä 2“ “%"å!øå……/ì
",ä%ì, = Kå“C!,“2="%÷…/å O …å“%"å!øå……/ì.
g=ë%ã%"= “,“2åì= !3““*%ã% ãë=ã%ë=, …=C!%2,", "/!=›å…=
“ë=Kåå, ÷åì " K%ëüø,…“2"å ä!3ã,. ƒ/*%". u%2 …=ø=
ƒ=ë%ã%"= %CC%ƒ,ö, O äåL“2",2åëü…/L / “2!=ä=2åëü…/L O
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ƒ=ë%ã= …å%ä…%!%ä…/ (,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ …å 2%ëü*% “2!=ä=2åëü…/å
C!,÷=“2, , …% , "%ƒ"!=2…/å ãë=ã%ë/ *…,ã= ëþK,ì=, ä%ì “2!%,2“ .
j!%ìå 2%ã%, C!=",ë= 3C%2!åKëå…, “2!=ä=2åëü…%ã% ƒ=ë%ã= "
!3““*%ì ƒ/*å ,…/å, , …å!åä*% “2!=ä=2åëü…/å *%…“2!3*ö,,
" =…ãë,L“*%ì ,ë, -!=…ö3ƒ“*%ì K3ä32 Cå!å"%ä,2ü“ !3““*,ì,
Kåƒë,÷…/ì, ,ë, …å%C!åäåëå……%-ë,÷…/ì, C!åäë%›å…, ì,.
b 2þ!*“*,., *%!åL“*%ì , C%…“*%ì ƒ=ë%ã%"= “,“2åì= K%ëåå
!=ƒ",2=, " åå *!3ã C%C=ä=þ2 *=3ƒ=2,"…/å *%…“2!3*ö,, (ƒ=“2=",2ü
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b !3““*%ì ƒ/*å "/äåë þ2“ 2!, …=*ë%…å…, , .%2 …å "“å
“%ãë=“…/ “ 2åì, ÷2% …=*ë%…å…,å …=ä% !=““ì=2!,"=2ü *=* %K?3þ
*=2åã%!,þ, = …å "/äåë 2ü " !=ƒ…/å %CC%ƒ,ö,, ,ìCå!=2,"
, “%“ë=ã=2åëü…%å …=*ë%…å…,å. hìCå!=2," !=“C!%“2!=…å…
C%"“åìå“2…%. må“%%2"å2“2", ì%ã32 K/2ü “" ƒ=…/ “ %2!,ö=…,åì "
,ìCå!=2,"å, äë ÷åã% " …å*%2%!/. ƒ/*=. ,ìåþ2“ %“%K/å -%!ì/
(…=C!,ìå!, " “å!K“*%ì ƒ=C!å2 "/!=›=å2“ %“%K/ì ãë=ã%ë%ì). h,
*%…å÷…%, 2!3ä…% …=L2, “%%2"å2“2", 2%ì3 !=ƒë,÷å…,þ !å÷å"/.
=*2%", *%2%!%å ì%›…% %“3?å“2"ë 2ü " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å “ C%ì%?üþ
“ìå…/ ",ä%" ãë=ã%ë= " ,ìCå!=2,"å (“=ä,“ü O C!,ãë=øå…,å, “ äü
O 2!åK%"=…,å ,ë, C!%“üK=).
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!=ƒ…%ã% !%ä= 3“ë%"…%“2ü, C!åäC%ë%›,2åëü…%“2ü , ›åë=2åëü…%“2ü
"/!=›=å2“ !=ƒ…/ì, …=*ë%…å…, ì, (%“%Kå……% !=ƒ"å2"ëå……=
“,“2åì= " ,2=ëü …“*%ì). ` " K%ëã=!“*%ì , 23!åö*%ì ,ìåå2“
%“%K%å …=*ë%…å…,å äë Cå!åä=÷, “%K/2, , *%2%!%å ã%"%! ?,L
…å ",äåë. p3““*,L "=!,=…2 “ %ä…,ì …=*ë%…å…,åì C!%?å, .%2
ì…%ã,ì K/"=å2 2!3ä…% %“%ƒ…=2ü, ÷2% .2% …=*ë%…å…,å ä=›å …å
"“åãä= !=ƒë,÷=å2 !å=ëü…%“2ü , ,!!å=ëü…%“2ü “%K/2, (e“ë, K/ 2/
C!,øåë ì%›å2 %2…%“,2ü“ , * …å!å=ëü…%ì3 C!åäC%ë%›å…,þ, , *
›åë=2åëü…%L "%ƒì%›…%“2,).
b!åìå……= “,“2åì= " !3““*%ì C!%?å ì…%ã,. ä!3ã,.,

" *%2%!/., *=* C!=",ë%, K%ëüøåå ÷,“ë% "!åìå…, *!%ìå
*,2=L“*%ã%, …å ,ìåþ?åã% *=2åã%!,, "!åìå…,, , C%…“*%ã%, "
*%2%!%ì "ìå“2% K3ä3?åã% "!åìå…, 3C%2!åKë å2“ ì%ä=ëü…%“2ü
…=ìå!å…, . j!%ìå 2%ã%, " …å*%2%!/. ƒ/*=. (…åìåö*%ì,
-,…“*%ì) ø,!%*% !=“C!%“2!=…å…% 3C%2!åKëå…,å …=“2% ?åã%
"!åìå…, " ƒ…=÷å…,, K3ä3?åã%. qC! ›å…,å *=›å2“ …å%K/÷…/ì
2%ëü*% " C!%øåäøåì "!åìå…,, *%ãä= "ìå“2% ,ƒìå…å…,
C% ë,ö=ì C!%,“.%ä,2 ,ƒìå…å…,å C% !%ä=ì. nä…=*% .2%
…å 3…,*=ëü…%å "ëå…,å: 2=*%å ,ƒìå…å…,å .=!=*2å!…% äë
“C! ›å…, =!=K“*%ã% ãë=ã%ë=, , %2äåëü…/å C!% "ëå…,
,ƒìå…å…, C% !%ä=ì "“2!å÷=þ2“ "% -!=…ö3ƒ“*%ì.
o!,÷=“2,å, äååC!,÷=“2,å, ,…-,…,2," ,ìåþ2 =…=ë%ã, "%
ì…%ã,. ƒ/*=., = " …å*%2%!/. ,. ä=›å K%ëüøå; 2=*, " =!=K“*%ì
" ãë=ã%ëü…3þ “,“2åì3 ".%ä,2 %2ãë=ã%ëü…%å ,ì ì=ƒä=! (Kë,ƒ*=
* .2%ì3 “,23=ö, " ÷åø“*%ì, ãäå %2ãë=ã%ëü…/å ,ìå…= %2
ãë=ã%ë= " “%"å!øå……%ì , " …å“%"å!øå……%ì ",äå !=ƒë,÷=þ2“ ).
m% -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%, 2.å. “,…2=*“,÷å“*,, .2, *=2åã%!,, "
ä!3ã,. ƒ/*=. “,ëü…% %2ë,÷=þ2“ %2 !3““*%ã%. b =…ãë,L“*%ì,
…=C!,ìå!, ,ìåþ2“ *%…“2!3*ö,, “ ,…-,…,2,"%ì, …å,ƒ"å“2…/å
!3““*%ì3. b K%ëã=!“*%ì, …=C!%2,", ,…-,…,2,"= …å2 "%"“å. b öåë%ì
3C%2!åKëå…,å .2,. -%!ì ä%“2=2%÷…% “Cåö,-,÷…% " *=›ä%ì ƒ/*å.
2.4. lå“2%,ìå…, . q,“2åì= ë,÷…/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L O 2!, ë,ö=, ä"=

÷,“ë=, ,ƒìå…å…,å C% !%ä=ì " 2!å2üåì ë,öå O " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å
ä=›å C!%?å, ÷åì "% ì…%ã,. ä!3ã,. (…=C!,ìå!, " !%ì=…“*,. ƒ/*=.
“%.!=… å2“ ,ƒìå…å…,å C% !%ä=ì , "% ì…%›å“2"å……%ì ÷,“ëå,
= " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å åã% …å2). m% ,…2å!å“…%, ÷2% ,ìå……% “,“2åì=
ìå“2%,ìå…,L “%.!=… å2 ì…%ã,å *=2åã%!,, " ,ƒ%ë,!3þ?,. ƒ/*=.:
" =…ãë,L“*%ì %…, “%.!=…,ë, “*ë%…å…,å , !=ƒë,÷=þ2 2!, !%ä=,
" K%ëã=!“*%ì , !%ì=…“*,. ƒ/*=. %…, “*ë%… þ2“ " %2ë,÷,å %2
“3?å“2",2åëü…/.. d=›å " *,2=L“*%ì ìå“2%,ìå…, ,ƒìå… þ2“
C% ÷,“ë=ì, = " C,“üìå……%ì ",äå ìå“2%,ìå…,å 2!å2üåã%
ë,ö= !=ƒë,÷=å2“ C% !%ä=ì (C!%,ƒ…%øå…,å …å !=ƒë,÷=å2“ ).
lå“2%,ìå……= “,“2åì= “ë%›…åå , " “ë=" …“*,. ƒ/*=., ãäå
C%÷2, "åƒäå “%.!=…,ë,“ü C%ë…/å , *!=2*,å "=!,=…2/ *%“"å……/.
C=äå›…/. -%!ì, (“!. K%ëã=!“*%å 2åKå O 2,).
nC!åäåëå……3þ “ë%›…%“2ü C!åä“2="ë å2 "%ƒ"!=2…%å
ìå“2%,ìå…,å “åK , 2.*. " ä!3ã,. ƒ/*=. (*!%ìå “ë=" …“*,.)
%2äåëü…/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L äë 3*=ƒ=…, …= “3KAå*2= …å2.

rC%2!åKëå…,å ì…%›å“2"å……%ã% ÷,“ë= "2%!%ã% ë,ö= *=*
"å›ë,"%L -%!ì/ “%%2"å2“2"3å2 -!=…ö3ƒ“*%L 2!=ä,ö,,. b ä!3ã,.
ƒ/*=. "%ƒì%›…% 2!å2üå ë,ö% (…åìåö*%å Sie), “Cåö,=ëü…/å
ìå“2%,ìå…, (,“C=…“*%å Usted, *,2=L“*%å nin). qCåö,=ëü…/å
ìå“2%,ìå…, äë "/!=›å…, "å›ë,"%“2, 3C%2!åKë þ2“ "
C%…“*%ì , *%!åL“*%ì ƒ/*=., ãäå ,. “,“2åì= ä%“2=2%÷…% “ë%›…=.
b “,“2åìå C!,2 ›=2åëü…/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L (ìå“2%,ìå……/.
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/.) " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å …å2 .=!=*2å!…%ã% äë
=…ãë,L“*%ã% , !%ì=…“*,. ƒ/*%" C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…, …åƒ=",“,ì%L
-%!ì/ (my O mine). nä…=*% *=›å2“ “2!=……/ì, C%“*%ëü*3 …å
"“2!å÷=å2“ C%÷2, …,ãäå, %2“32“2",å “Cåö,=ëü…%ã% ìå“2%,ìå…,
äë C!,…=äëå›…%“2, * 2!å2üåì3 ë,ö3, "ìå“2% ÷åã% 3C%2!åKë å2“
!%ä,2åëü…/L C=äå› O åã%, åå, ,..
r*=ƒ=2åëü…/å ìå“2%,ìå…, " !3““*%ì C!%2,"%C%“2="ë þ2“
C% ä"3ì “2åCå… ì Kë,ƒ%“2,: .2%2 O Kë,›… , 2%2 O ä=ëü… .
nä…=*% 3C%2!åKëå…,å "2%!%L “2åCå…, %÷å…ü %ã!=…,÷å…% O
%K/÷…% C!, C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,, ,ë, " -3…*ö,, “%%2…%“,2åëü…/.
“ë%" " “ë%›…%ì C!åäë%›å…,,, ÷2% %2ë,÷=å2 åã% %2 ì…%ã,. ä!3ã,.
ƒ/*%". b …å*%2%!/. ›å, *=* " *,2=L“*%ì, ,ìåå2“ 2!, “2åCå…,
C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…, : Kë,›…,L, …åä=ëå*,L, ä=ëå*,L.
må%C!åäåëå……/å ìå“2%,ìå…, %K!=ƒ3þ2 “ë%›…3þ “,“2åì3 "%
ì…%ã,. ƒ/*=.. o!,÷åì .2, “,“2åì/ …å “%"C=ä=þ2 ä!3ã “ ä!3ã%ì
C% -3…*ö, ì ä=›å " “ë=" …“*,. ƒ/*=.. o%.2%ì3 C!, ,ƒ3÷å…,,
!3““*,. …å%C!åäåëå……/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L ë3÷øå ,. …å “%C%“2="ë 2ü
“ !%ä…/ì ƒ/*%ì 3÷=?,.“ . qëåä3å2 K/2ü %“2%!%›…/ì , “
ìå“2%,ìå…,åì %ä,… (" C!åäë%›å…, .2,C= nä,… ÷åë%"å* “*=ƒ=ë).n…%,
*%…å÷…%, …å "ë å2“ …å%C!åäåëå……/ì =!2,*ëåì (.%2 "% ì…%ã,.
ƒ/*=. ÷,“ë,2åëü…%å %ä,… 2=*%"/ì "ë å2“ ) , 3C%2!åKë å2“ äë
"/!=›å…, …å%C!åäåëå……%“2, ã%!=ƒä% !å›å.
2.5. ),“ë,2åëü…/å. q,“2åì= !3““*,. ÷,“ë,2åëü…/. "/äåë å2“

2åì, ÷2% 2=ì %“%Kå……% "åä32 “åK ÷,“ë,2åëü…/å %ä,… (,ƒìå…å…,å
C% ÷,“ë=ì , !%ä=ì), ä"= (,ƒìå…å…,å C% !%ä=ì). bC!%÷åì,
÷,“ë,2åëü…%å %ä,… %Kë=ä=å2 .2,ì, *=2åã%!, ì, , " ä!3ã,. ƒ/*=.,
ãäå å“2ü 2=*,å *=2åã%!,, “3?å“2",2åëü…/..må "C%ë…å %K/÷…%, ÷2%
C%“ëå “2= äë %K%ƒ…=÷å…, ÷,“åë ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ “3?å“2",2åëü…/å
(2/“ ÷=, ì,ëë,%…). nä…=*% " …å*%2%!/. ƒ/*=., …=C!,ìå! "
=…ãë,L“*%ì, "%%K?å …å "/äåë þ2 ÷,“ë,2åëü…%å *=* %2äåëü…3þ
*=2åã%!,þ. b %K!=ƒ%"=…,, “%“2="…/. , “ë%›…/. ÷,“ë,2åëü…/.

K!%“=å2“ " ãë=ƒ= …å%K/÷…%å “%!%* äë 40 (.2= =…%ì=ë, å“2ü 2%ëü*%
" "%“2%÷…%“ë=" …“*,. ƒ/*=.), , …å "“åãä= C%… 2…/L “3--,*“
-…=äö=2ü, ƒ= *%2%!/ì …å 3ã=ä/"=å2“ ,“2%!,÷å“*, ,ƒìå…å……%å
3*=ƒ=…,å …= äå“ 2ü, ÷2% “äåë=ë% K/ .2%2 “C%“%K %K!=ƒ%"=…,
%K/÷…/ì (ì/ 2=*%å "“2!å÷=åì " =…ãë,L“*%ì, …åìåö*%ì , ä=›å
*,2=L“*%ì ƒ/*=.).
2.6. që3›åK…/å “ë%"=. h. “%C%“2="ë 2ü “ë%›…%, 2=* *=* ,…%ãä= C!,

"…åø…åì “.%ä“2"å ,ë, ä=›å “%"C=äå…,, (%“%Kå……% 3 ìå›ä%ìå2,L)
%…, ƒ=",“ 2 %2 -3…*ö,%…=ëü…/.“,“2åì “"%,. ƒ/*%".l%›…% %2ìå2,2ü
2%ëü*%, ÷2% %K?åå *%ë,÷å“2"% ÷=“2,ö " !3““*%ì C!å"%“.%ä,2 ì…%ã,å
ä!3ã,å ƒ/*,, .%2 " C!,…ö,Cå ÷=“2,ö/ å“2ü "% "“å. ƒ/*=..
3. Синтаксис
3.1. n“%Kå……%“2üþ !3““*%L “,…2=*“,÷å“*%L “,“2åì/ “÷,2=þ2
C%! ä%* “ë%". dåL“2",2åëü…%, %… " ìå…üøåL “2åCå…, %C!åäåë å2“
“,…2=*“,÷å“*,ì, ƒ=*%…%ìå!…%“2 ì,, = " K%ëüøåL O
*%ìì3…,*=2,"…/ì,, ÷åì, * C!,ìå!3, 2þ!*“*,å , C%…“*,L (ãäå
“*=ƒ3åì%å "“åãä= …= C%“ëåä…åì ìå“2å) ,ë, …åìåö*,L “ %K ƒ=2åëü…/ì
ìå“2%ì “*=ƒ3åì%ã% " ãë="…%ì , " C!,ä=2%÷…/. C!åäë%›å…, ..nä…=*%
…=ä% ,ìå2ü " ",ä3, ÷2%, "%-Cå!"/., , " !3““*%ì ì…%ã,å C!=",ë=
%C!åäåë þ2“ “2!3*23!…/ì, .=!=*2å!,“2,*=ì, “ë%", …=C!,ìå!,
!=“C%ë%›å…,å C!åäë%ã= Cå!åä ƒ=",“,ì/ì “ë%"%ì. ` “ ä!3ã%L
“2%!%…/, ä=›å " 2=*,. ƒ/*=., ,ƒ"å“2…/. &“2!%ã,ì[ C%! ä*%ì “ë%",
*=* =…ãë,L“*,L ,ë, *,2=L“*,L, "“2!å÷=å2“ ,…"å!“, , "/ƒ"=……=
*%ìì3…,*=2,"…/ì, ƒ=ä=÷=ì,.
3.2.nC!åäåëå……%å …å“%%2"å2“2",å ìå›ä3 !3““*,ì , K%ëüø,…“2"%ì

ä!3ã,. ƒ/*%" ì/ …=Këþä=åì " C%“2!%å…,, %2!,ö=2åëü…/.
C!åäë%›å…,L. b%-Cå!"/., " !3““*%ì %2!,ö=2åëü…= ÷=“2,ö=
“2=",2“ " %“…%"…%ì Cå!åä “"%åL “-å!%L äåL“2", , 2%ãä= *=* "%
ì…%ã,. ä!3ã,. ƒ/*=. %…= ƒ=…,ì=å2 C%ƒ,ö,þ Cå!åä “*=ƒ3åì/ì,
ä=›å å“ë, “-å!= äåL“2", åã% …å "*ëþ÷=å2, “!.=…ãë.He has not met
him in the garden O ì%›å2 %ƒ…=÷=2ü , %… …å "“2!å2,ë åã% " “=ä3, ,
%… "“2!å2,ë åã% …å " “=ä3.
e?å %ä…%L %“%Kå……%“2üþ "ë å2“ ä"%L…%å %2!,ö=…,å O "

%2!,ö=2åëü…%ì C!åäë%›å…,, 3C%2!åKë å2“ , %2!,ö=2åëü…%å
ìå“2%,ìå…,å: n… …,*%ã% …å ",äåë, 2%ãä= *=* " K%ëüø,…“2"å
ä!3ã,. ƒ/*%" "2%!%å ìå“2%,ìå…,å ä%ë›…% K/2ü …å%C!åäåëå……/ì,
2.å. ä%“2=2%÷…% %ä…%ã% %2!,ö=…, . nä…=*% å“2ü , ƒ/*, “ ä"%L…/ì
%2!,ö=…,åì. nK ƒ=2åëü…% ä"%L…/ì (ä=›å Kåƒ ìå“2%,ìå…,L) %…%
"ë å2“ "% -!=…ö3ƒ“*%ì ƒ/*å: Je ne sais pas.
qëåä3å2 ,ìå2ü " ",ä3, ÷2% " …å*%2%!/. ƒ/*=., " ÷=“2…%“2,
" -,…“*%ì, %2!,ö=2åëü…%å C!åäë%›å…,å %K!=ƒ3å2“ C!, C%ì%?,
%“%K%L %2!,ö=2åëü…%L -%!ì/ ãë=ã%ë=.
3.3. o!åäë%›å…, “ ,ìå……/ì “*=ƒ3åì/ì " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å

%2ë,÷=þ2“ %2“32“2",åì “" ƒ*, " …=“2% ?åì "!åìå…,. nä…=*%,
.%2 " K%ëüø,…“2"å ƒ/*%" “" ƒ*= %K ƒ=2åëü…=, å“2ü , ƒ/*,
(=!=K“*,L, 2þ!*“*,å), 2%›å %K.%ä ?,å“ Kåƒ …åå.b*,2=L“*%ì Kåƒ
“" ƒ*, 3C%2!åKë å2“ “*=ƒ3åì%å-C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%å.
e“2ü ƒ/*, “ K%ëåå ƒ…=÷,2åëü…/ì, %2ë,÷, ì, " %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,
C!%“2%ã% C!åäë%›å…, . }2% *="*=ƒ“*,å, " 2%ì ÷,“ëå ã!3ƒ,…“*,L.
Š=ì ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ %ä,… C=äå› äë C%äëå›=?åã% …åCå!å.%ä…%ã%
ãë=ã%ë= , C! ì%ã% %KAå*2= Cå!å.%ä…%ã%, 2%ãä= *=* äë C%äëå›=?åã%
Cå!å.%ä…%ã% ãë=ã%ë= å“2ü %“%K/L C=äå›, åã% …=ƒ/"=þ2 .!ã=2,"…/ì.
nä…=*% K%ëüø,…“2"% ƒ/*%", …%“,2åë, *%2%!/. ,ƒ3÷=þ2 !3““*,L,
3“2!%å…/ " .2%ì “ì/“ëå 2=* ›å, *=* !3““*,L.
b !3““*%ì, *=* , " K%ëüø,…“2"å ƒ/*%", " %C!åäåë,2åëü…%ì
%2…%øå…,, %“%K3þ -%!ì3 ,ìåå2 %C!åäåë,2åëü ä%ì %2ö=, =
%C!åäåë åì%å “ë%"% …å ƒ=",“,2 %2 %C!åäåëå…, . nä…=*% *%å-ãäå,
…=C!,ìå!, " 2þ!*“*,. , Cå!“,ä“*%ì, %C!åäåë åì%å “ë%"% 2%›å
%2ìå÷=å2“ (.2= *%…“2!3*ö, …=ƒ/"=å2“ ,ƒ=-å2).
3.4. që%›…%å C!åäë%›å…,å. oå!"%å, ÷2% …=ä% %öå…,2ü

C!åC%ä="=2åëþ, …=÷,…=þ?åì3 !=K%2=2ü " ã!3CCå “23äå…2%"-
,…%“2!=…öå", O .2% 2%, …=“*%ëü*% “ë%›å… K3äå2 äë …,.
!3““*,L C%ë,C!åä,*=2,"…/L “,…2=*“,“. m= 3!%*=. C!åC%ä="=2åëü
“2=ë*,"=å2“ “% “2!=……/ì, %ø,K*=ì,, *%2%!/å ÷=“2% C!%“2% …å
ì%›å2 %KA “…,2ü. Š,C%ë%ã,÷å“*,å ,““ëåä%"=…, ì%ã32 C%ì%÷ü "
%KA “…å…,, 2=*,. %ø,K%*.
b“å !=ƒ…%%K!=ƒ,å “ë%›…/. C!åäë%›å…,L " ƒ/*=., ä=›å
2,C%ë%ã,÷å“*, ä=ëå*,. %2 !3““*%ã%, ì%›…% “"å“2, * 2!åì
%“…%"…/ì 2,C=ì.
I. oå!"/L 2,C “2!%å…, 2,C%ë%ã, %K/÷…% …=ƒ/"=þ2

&å"!%CåL“*,ì[. )=“2, “ë%›…%ã% C!åäë%›å…, C%“2!%å…/ C% 2,C3
C!%“2/., “,…2=*“,÷å“*= ƒ=",“,ì%“2ü , “ì/“ë%"%L .=!=*2å! “" ƒ,
"/!=›å… “%þƒ%ì. Š=* “2!% 2“ “ë%›…/å C!åäë%›å…, " !3““*%ì
ƒ/*å. m% …å 2%ëü*% " …åì. }2%2 2,C “2!%å…, 2,C,÷å… äë ƒ/*%"
,…ä%å"!%CåL“*%L “åìü,, “åì,2“*,., -,……%-3ã%!“*,.. q23äå…2/,
ã%"%! ?,å …= -!=…ö3ƒ“*%ì, =!=K“*%ì, "å…ãå!“*%ì, .,…ä, C!,
,ƒ3÷å…,, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= ,“C/2/"=þ2 "% ì…%ã%ì %ä…, , 2å ›å
2!3ä…%“2,, , .2, 2!3ä…%“2, …=.%ä 2“ …å " %Kë=“2, “2!%å…,
“%K“2"å……% “2!3*23!/ “ë%›…%ã% C!åäë%›å…, , = ÷=?å "“åã% "
%Kë=“2, *%…*!å2…/. “åì=…2,÷å“*,. ƒ…=÷å…,L !=ƒ…/. “%þƒ%".
dë “23äå…2%", " !%ä…%ì ƒ/*å *%2%!/. “ë%›…%å C!åäë%›å…,å
,ìåå2 &å"!%CåL“*,L 2,C “2!%å…, [, “,…2=*“,÷å“*= “2!3*23!=
!3““*%ã% C!åäë%›å…, …å …å“å2 C!%Këåì C!,…ö,C,=ëü…%ã%
.=!=*2å!, 2=* *=* " ,. !%ä…%ì ƒ/*å “ë%›…%å C!åäë%›å…,å
“2!%,2“ C%.%›,ì …= !3““*,L “C%“%K%ì.
II. g…=÷,2åëü…/å 2!3ä…%“2, ,“C/2/"=þ2 , 2å “23äå…2/,
*%2%!/å C!,"/*ë, " !%ä…%ì ƒ/*å “2!%,2ü “ë%›…/å C!åäë%›å…,
C% 2=* …=ƒ/"=åì%ì3 &=ë2=L“*%ì3 2,C3[. dë …,. C!,"/÷…/ì
"ë å2“ “2!%,2ü C!åäë%›å…, “ …å-,…,2…%L -%!ì%L ãë=ã%ë=
(C!,÷=“2,åì, äååC!,÷=“2,åì, ,…-,…,2,"%ì), C!,÷åì ,ìåþ?åL
“"%L “%K“2"å……/L “3KAå*2. q 2=*,ì, “ë%›…/ì, C!åäë%›å…, ì,
ì/ “2=ë*,"=åì“ " ì%…ã%ëü“*%ì, *%!åL“*%ì, 23!åö*%ì ƒ/*=..
o!åC%ä="=2åëü, !=K%2=þ?,L “% “23äå…2=ì, ,ƒ l%…ã%ë,,,
…=C!,ìå!, ì%›å2 …å C%… 2ü “3?å“2"3þ?åL C!%Këåì/, !=ä3 “ü
2%ì3, ÷2% 3÷=?,L“ "“å "!åì “2!åì,2“ “2!%,2ü &“ë%›…/å[ -!=ƒ/.
dë 2=*,. “23äå…2%" *=* !=ƒ …åC!,"/÷…/ 2=*,å C!åäë%›å…, , *=*
oå2 ,ã!=å2, = l=ø= C%å2.
III. q=ì/å K%ëüø,å “ë%›…%“2, K3ä32 ,“C/2/"=2ü “23äå…2/,
!%ä…%L ƒ/* *%2%!/. %2…%“,2“ * ,ƒ%ë,!3þ?åì3 2,C3.}2% …%“,2åë,
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ƒ/*%" `-!,*,. q,…2=*“,÷å“*%å “2!%å…,å !3““*,. -!=ƒ …=“2%ëü*%
%2ë,÷=å2“ C% .=!=*2å!3 %2 2%ã%, * ÷åì3 %…, C!,"/*ë,, ÷2% “=ì%
C%“2!%å…,å !3““*,. C!åäë%›å…,L, ä=›å C!%“2/., *=* C!=",ë%,
C!åä“2="ë å2 äë …,. K%ëüø3þ C!%Këåì3.o!,ä=2%÷…%å C!åäë%›å…,å "
ƒ/*=.2=*%ã% 2,C= C%“2!%å…% “ ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…,åì 2=*%ã% “,…2=*“,÷å“*%ã%
ìå.=…,ƒì=, *%2%!/L ì%›…% …=ƒ"=2ü &"*ëþ÷å…,åì[: -3…*ö,
“,…2=*“,÷å“*%ã% C%ä÷,…å…, *%ä,!3å2“ …å “%þƒ%ì, *=* " Cå!"%ì
2,Cå, …å ,…-,…,2…%“2üþ “*=ƒ3åì%ã% (2.å. -%!ì%L “,…2=*“,÷å“*,
ƒ=",“,ì%L O C!,÷=“2,åì, äååC!,÷=“2,åì , 2.ä.), = !=“C%ë%›å…,åì "

C!åäë%›å…,,. o!,ä=2%÷…%å C!åäë%›å…,å " 2=*,. ƒ/*=. "ë å2“ *=*
K/ ÷ëå…%ì ãë="…%ã%.q23äå…2/, C!,"/*ø,å * 2å.…,*å &"*ëþ÷å…, [ "
!%ä…%ì ƒ/*å, C!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, !3““*%ã% ,“C/2/"=þ2 C!%Këåì/ ä=›å “
2=*%L, *=ƒ=ë%“ü K/, …å“ë%›…%L %Cå!=ö,åL, *=* C%“2!%å…,å &*=!*=“=[
!3““*%ã% “ë%›…%ã% C!åäë%›å…, (2% å“2ü C%“2=",2ü ! ä%ì ä"å ë,÷…/å
-%!ì/ , “" ƒ=2ü ,. “%þƒ%ì).
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, …= Kå““%þƒ…/å C!åäë%›å…, , ƒ…=÷å…,å *%2%!/. O C!,÷,……%å,
“ëåä“2"å……%å, 3“ë%"…%å O 32%÷… å2“ Kë=ã%ä=! ÷=“2,ö=ì. }2%
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“ë%›…/ì C!åäë%›å…,åì C!åC%ä="=2åëþ C!,.%ä,2“ &äåë=2ü
!=ƒ…/å =*öå…2/[.
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…%“,2åë ä!3ã%ã% ƒ/*=) 3ä,",2åëü…/ì %K!=ƒ%ì “ë%›…% (.2%
,…-,…,2,"…/å, Kåƒë,÷…/å , ä!.), C!,÷åì …=“2%ëü*%, ÷2% ÷=“2%
,. ,ƒ3÷å…,å %2*ë=ä/"=þ2 ä% “!åä…åã% (= äë …å*%2%!/. 2,C%" , ä%
C!%ä",…32%ã%) .2=C=, " 2% "!åì *=* “ë%›…/å C!åäë%›å…, ì%ã32
K/2ü " C!%ã!=ììå …=÷=ëü…%ã% .2=C=.Šå!ì,…/ C!%“2%å , “ë%›…%å "
*ë=““,-,*=ö,, C!åäë%›å…,L O ë,øü ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,å 2å!ì,…/,
…å %2!=›=þ?,å !å=ëü…%L “ë%›…%“2, ,ë, C!%“2%2/.
4. Лексика
)2% *=“=å2“ “%C%“2="ëå…, ëå*“,*,, 2%2 232, *%…å÷…%, ,ìåå2“
%÷å…ü ì…%ã% !=ƒë,÷,L " *=!2,!%"=…,,, 2.å. "/K%!å ëå*“,÷å“*,.
ƒ…=÷å…,L äë C!åä“2="ëå…, !å=ëü…%“2,. b !åƒ3ëü2=2å .2%ã%
%ä…%ì3 !3““*%ì3 “ë%"3 ì%›å2 “%%2"å2“2"%"=2ü …å“*%ëü*% “ë%"
…= ä!3ã%ì ƒ/*å, , …=%K%!%2, “!. -!. court O *%!%2*,L, *!=2*,L,
*!=2*%"!åìå……/L, "…åƒ=C…%. b …å*%2%!/. “ë3÷= . ì%›…% ä=›å
3“ì%2!å2ü %C!åäåëå……/å 2å…äå…ö,,. m=C!,ìå!, b.c. c=* %2ìå÷=å2
2å…äå…ö,þ * 3C%2!åKëå…,þ K%ëåå *%…*!å2,ƒ,!%"=……/. ãë=ã%ë%"
ä",›å…, C% “!="…å…,þ “ -!=…ö3ƒ“*,ì O !3““*,å 32%÷… 2:
,äå2, C%ëƒå2 ,ë, ëå2,2 %KAå*2, 2%ãä= *=* -!=…ö3ƒ/ C!åäC%÷232
K%ëåå %K%K?å……/L ãë=ã%ë 4ä",›å2“ ’. nä…=*% " öåë%ì 2=*,å

“%C%“2="ëå…, …%“ 2 %÷å…ü ÷=“2…/L .=!=*2å!. [c=*, 1997].
o!, “%C%“2="ëå…,, -!=ƒå%ë%ã,÷å“*%L “,“2åì/ !=ƒ…/. ƒ/*%"
ì/ 2%›å "“2!å÷=åì %÷å…ü K%ëüø%å !=ƒ…%%K!=ƒ,å, C%“*%ëü*3
ìå2=-%!=, %÷å…ü ÷=“2% "“2!å÷=þ?= “ "% -!=ƒå%ë%ã,ƒìå, …å!åä*%
…å ,ìåå2 “%%2"å2“2",L " ä!3ã,. ƒ/*=.. nä…=*% C!=*2,÷å“*, "%
"“å. ƒ/*=. ,ìåþ2“ 2=*,å %“…%"…/å 2,C/ -!=ƒå%ë%ã,ƒì%", *=*
,ä,%ì/ (“2!åë …/L "%!%KåL), *%ëë%*=ö,, (%*=ƒ/"=2ü "ë, …,å), =
2=*›å “%“2="…/å …=,ìå…%"=…, (›åëåƒ…= ä%!%ã=) , !å÷å"/å *ë,øå
(K3äü2å ä%K!/, " “" ƒ, “ "/øå,ƒë%›å……/ì , 2.C.). b K%ëüø,…“2"å
“ë3÷=å" "…32!å…… -%!ì= -!=ƒå%ë%ã,ƒì%" (%“…%"…/å ƒ…=÷å…,
“ë%"-*%ìC%…å…2%") %*=ƒ/"=þ2“ !=ƒë,÷…/ì, (“!. =…ãë. make sense
,ìå2ü “ì/“ë, K3*". 4äåë=2ü “ì/“ë’), %ä…=*% K/"=þ2 , “%"C=äå…, ,
%“%Kå……% C!, “%C%“2="ëå…,, “ -!=…ö3ƒ“*,ì ƒ/*%ì, %2*3ä=
K/ë, "ƒ 2/ ì…%ã,å *%ëë%*=ö,,.
o!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, ëå*“,*, %K!=?=å2“ "…,ì=…,å …= “C%“%K/
“ë%"%%K!=ƒ%"=…, .dë !3““*%ã% .=!=*2å!…% ø,!%*%å ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…,å
C!,“2="%* , “3--,*“%".t,…“*,L , 2þ!*“*,å ƒ/*, …å ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2
C!,“2="%*. q3--,*“/ ì/ "“2!å÷=åì C!=*2,÷å“*, "% "“å. ƒ/*=.,
ä=›å " *,2=L“*%ì. nä…=*% ,. ÷=“2%2= " !=ƒ…/. ƒ/*=. !=ƒ…= .
q%C%“2="ëå…,å “ =…ãë,L“*,ì , !%ì=…“*,ì, C%*=ƒ/"=å2, ÷2% "
!3““*%ì “3--,*“/ ÷=?å ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ äë Cå!åä=÷, …þ=…“%"
ƒ…=÷å…,L.
dë !3““*%ã% %÷å…ü …å.=!=*2å!å… 2=*%L “C%“%K, *=* *%…"å!“,
O ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…,å %ä…%ã% “ë%"= " -3…*ö,, !=ƒ…/. ÷=“2åL !å÷,. må
2=* ,…2å…“,"…%, *=* " …åìåö*%ì, " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“
%K!=ƒ%"=…,å …%"/. “ë%" ƒ= “÷å2 “ë%›å…, %“…%".m=*%…åö, C%÷2, …å
,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ =--,*“/ "…32!, “ë%"= O ,…-,*“/ , ,…2å!-,*“/,
*%2%!/å !åã3ë !…% ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ , * C!,ìå!3, " =!=K“*%ì.
Итак, при преподавании русского языка очень полезно учитывать

особенности родного языка учащегося, хотя список «трудностей»
определяется не столько несовпадениями с родным языком,
сколько особенностями русской языковой системы.
В фонетической и грамматической системах русского языка есть
элементы, аналоги которым в языках мира очень редки. В звуко-
вой системе это твердое л, мягкое р, щ и некоторые другие звуки.
Кроме того, далеко не во всех языках есть смягчение согласных.

В морфологии особенным представляется русский глагольный
вид. Не имеют точных аналогий краткие прилагательные (преди-
кативная форма), неопределенные местоимения. В синтаксисе
редкими явлениями оказываются характерные для русского язы-
ка двойное отрицание и коммуникативный порядок слов.
1. Какие звуки русского языка имют меньше

Вопросы и всего аналогов в других языках мира?
задания 2. Какие артикуляционные признаки, смыс-
ло-различительные в русском языке, не яв-
ляются смыслоразличительными в некото-
рых других языках?
3. Ответитьте письменно, какие русские грам-

матические китегории не имеют аналогов
в грамматической системе: а) английского
языка, б) немецкого, в) китайского г) япон-
ского языков? Сравните грамматические ка-
тегории в этих языках (не совпадает число и
значение граммем и т.п.
4. В чем отличие русского порядка слов от ан-

глийского, немецкого, французского?
5. Приведите примеры идиомы и коллокации в из-

вестном вам иностранном языке. Сравните их
внутреннюю форму с русскими эквивалентами.
Плугян В. А. Почему языки такие разные? – М., 1996

РАЗДЕЛ II
ЯЗЫКОВАЯ СИСТЕМА В КУРСЕ РКИ
Глава I
ФОНЕТИКА В КУРСЕ РКИ
b C%“ëåä…,å äå“ 2,ëå2, " C!=*2,*å C!åC%ä="=…, -%…å2,*, "

*3!“å pjh “ë%›,ë“ %“%K/L C%ä.%ä. n“…%"/ .2%ã% C%ä.%ä= K/ë,
ƒ=ë%›å…/ , "% ì…%ã%ì !=ƒ!=K%2=…/ " 2!3ä=. e.`.a!/ƒã3…%"%L.
1. Специфика лингвопедагогического описания фонетической системы

русского языка
k,…ã"%Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%å %C,“=…,å -%…å2,÷å“*%L “,“2åì/ !3““*%-

ã% ƒ/*= “å!üåƒ…% %2ë,÷=å2“ %2 %C,“=…, =*=äåì,÷å“*%ã%. b%-
Cå!"/., " ë,…ã"%Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%ì %C,“=…,, (C!,÷åì C!åä“2="ëå……%ì
ä%“2=2%÷…% C%ë…% 3›å …= …=÷=ëü…%ì 2=Cå %K3÷å…, ) å“2ü “"åäå…,
%K %“%Kå……%“2 . C!%,ƒ…%øå…, , *%2%!/å " =*=äåì,÷å“*,.
ã!=ìì=2,*=. %2!=›å…/ ã%!=ƒä% .3›å. qì., …=C!,ìå!, [`…2%…%"=,
1988]. b =*=äåì,÷å“*,. ã!=ìì=2,*=. %K/÷…% " %C,“=…,, !3““*,.
ƒ"3*%" %K!=?=å2“ "…,ì=…,å …= 2å %!ã=…/ =!2,*3ë ö,,, *%2%!/å
&%2"å÷=þ2[ ƒ= C!%,ƒ…%øå…,å ä,--å!å…ö,=ëü…/. C!,ƒ…=*%" -%…åì
(“ì/÷*= ã3K C!, C!%,ƒ…%øå…,, ã3K…/. [K], [C], [ì], ",K!=ö,
ã%ë%“%"/. “" ƒ%* C!, C!%,ƒ…%øå…,, ƒ"%…*,. , 2.C.). nä…=*% äë
C%“2=…%"*, C!=",ëü…%ã% C!%,ƒ…%øå…, C!,.%ä,2“ %K!=?=2ü
"…,ì=…,å …= K%ëåå 2%…*,å , …= Cå!"/L "ƒãë ä …åƒ…=÷,ì/å äå2=ë,.
b%-"2%!/., “3?å“2"å……%å ,ƒìå…å…,å " %C,“=…,å "…%“,2 , 2%, ÷2%
" C!åC%ä="=…,, ì%›…% %C,!=2ü“ 2%ëü*% …= %?32,ì/å ì%ìå…2/
=!2,*3ë ö,, (2=*, %ã3Këå……%“2ü O .2% %?32,ì/L äë “23äå…2=
ì%ìå…2, = …=C! ›å…,å ã%ë%“%"/. “" ƒ%* O …å2.).
42 Р а з д е л II . ЯЗЫКОВАЯ СИСТЕМА В КУРСЕ РКИ
j!%ìå 2%ã%, .%2 “%“2=" -%…åì !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= " C!=*2,÷å“*,.

%C,“=…, . …å %2ë,÷=å2“ %2 C!,… 2%ã% " 2å%!å2,÷å“*,. !=K%2=., .2%
%C,“=…,å %K/÷…% &=““,ìå2!,÷…%[: …å*%2%!/å -!=ãìå…2/ %K?åL
“,“2åì/ .=!=*2å!,ƒ3þ2“ Kåãë%. m= …,. %K!=?=þ2 "…,ì=…,å,
2%ëü*% *%ãä= " !%ä…%ì ƒ/*å 3÷=?,.“ “%%2"å2“2"3þ?,. -%…åì
…å2, C%“*%ëü*3 %“…%"…/å “"åäå…, % ƒ"3*%"%L “,“2åìå %K/÷…%
ä=þ2“ " “!="…å…,, “% ƒ"3*%"%L “,“2åì%L !%ä…%ã% ƒ/*= 3÷=?,.“ .
o%.2%ì3, …=C!,ìå!, %“%Kå……%“2, C!%,ƒ…%øå…, ã3K…/. C%ä!%K…%
!=““ì=2!,"=þ2“ …= ƒ=… 2, . “ *%!åLö=ì,, ,“C=…ö=ì, O " ,. ƒ/*å
“.%›,å ƒ"3*, C!%,ƒ…%“ 2“ ,…=÷å, …% C%÷2, …å ƒ=2!=ã,"=þ2“ 3
=…ãë,÷=… , -!=…ö3ƒ%", …åìöå" , “ë=" ….
o!åC%ä="=2åë, pjh %K!=2,ë, "…,ì=…,å …= 2%, ÷2% äë !3““*%ã%
ƒ/*= .=!=*2å!…% …=C! ›å…,å 2å. ã!3CC ì/øö, *%2%!/å ì%ã32 K/2ü …å
ƒ=äåL“2"%"=…/ C!, ã%"%!å…,, …= !%ä…%ì ƒ/*å “23äå…2=.dë “23äå…2%"-
,“C=…öå" 2!3ä…/ì %*=ƒ/"=å2“ C!%,ƒ…%øå…,å "“å.“ì/÷…/.“%ãë=“…/.,
2=* *=* " !%ä…%ì ƒ/*å .2% C!%,“.%ä,2 “ ìå…üø,ì …=C! ›å…,åì ì/øö.`
C!, %K3÷å…,, -!=…ö3ƒ%", …=%K%!%2, C!åC%ä="=2åëþ C!,.%ä,2“ “…,ì=2ü
,ƒë,ø…þþ …=C! ›å……%“2ü, “"%L“2"å……3þ -!=…ö3ƒ“*%L =!2,*3ë ö,,.
b=›…% “ “=ì%ã% …=÷=ë= %K!=2,2ü "…,ì=…,å …= %K?,å “"%L“2"= !3““*%ã%
C!%,ƒ…%øå…, , …=ƒ/"=åì/å &C%“2=…%"*= =!2,*3ë ö,%……%ã% =CC=!=2=[,
, 2!å…,!%"=2ü åã%.
nK3÷å…,å C!%,ƒ…%øå…,þ “" ƒ=…% “ %K3÷å…,åì ÷2å…,þ.
b !åƒ3ëü2=2å %“%Kå……%“2åL Kåƒ3ä=!…/. “ë%ã%", = 2=*›å %ãë3øå…,
*%…å÷…/. ƒ"%…*,. “%ãë=“…/. , 3C%ä%Këå…, “%ãë=“…/. C% ƒ"%…*%“2,
, C=ë=2=ë,ƒ%"=……%“2, " C%2%*å !å÷, C!%,ƒ…%øå…,å ì%›å2 ƒ=ìå2…%
%2ë,÷=2ü“ %2 …=C,“=…, , % ÷åì “ëåä3å2 C!åä3C!åä,2ü " “=ì%ì
…=÷=ëå %K3÷å…, . (n2äåëü…= “ë%›…%“2ü O “ë,2…%å C!%,ƒ…%øå…,å
“%÷å2=…, 2“ O [ö=] " "%ƒ"!=2…/. ãë=ã%ë=..) Š=*,ì %K!=ƒ%ì,
""%ä…%--%…å2,÷å“*,L *3!“ “%äå!›,2 “"åäå…, , C% ã!=-åì,*å, ÷2%
" *=*%L-2% “2åCå…, “%%2"å2“2"3å2 %K!=?å…,þ * -%…%ë%ã,÷å“*%ì3
3!%"…þ, "“2!å÷=þ?åì3“ " =*=äåì,÷å“*,. ã!=ìì=2,*=..
2. Особенности фонетической системы русского языка
n“…%"…/å 2!3ä…%“2, C!, %“"%å…,, -%…å2,÷å“*%L “,“2åì/

!3““*%ã% ƒ/*= “" ƒ=…/ “ 2=*,ì, åå %“%Kå……%“2 ì,, *=* !åä3*ö,
Kåƒ3ä=!…/. ãë=“…/., C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,å 2"å!ä/. , ì ã*,.
Г л а в а I. ФО НЕТ И К А В К У Р С Е Р К И 43
“%ãë=“…/., = 2=*›å 2,C%ë%ã,÷å“*, !åä*,å ƒ"3*,, "“2!å÷=þ?,å“

" …åK%ëüø%ì ÷,“ëå ƒ/*%" ì,!=. j!%ìå 2%ã%, C!,.%ä,2“ 3äåë 2ü
K%ëüøå "…,ì=…, ä%C%ë…,2åëü…/ì =!2,*3ë ö, ì, = 2=*›å
=““,ì,ë ö,, “%“åä…,. ƒ"3*%".
2.1. påä3*ö, ãë=“…/.
q=ì/ì 2!3ä…/ì -%…å2,÷å“*,ì "ëå…,åì äë ,…%“2!=…öå" "ë å2“

!åä3*ö, ãë=“…/..
nK/÷…% ã%"%! 2 % ä"3. “2åCå… . !åä3*ö,, ãë=“…%ã%. “"ëå…,å
!åä3*ö,,, 2.å. “%*!=?å…,å äë,2åëü…%“2,, C!%,“.%ä,2 “% "“åì,
ãë=“…/ì,, …% " %C!åäåëå……/. “ë3÷= . %…% C!,"%ä,2 * *=÷å“2"å…-
…/ì ,ƒìå…å…, ì:
1) e“ë, Kåƒ3ä=!…%å % …=.%ä,2“ " Cå!"%ì C!åä3ä=!…%ì “ë%ãå,

2% %…% C!%,ƒ…%“,2“ *=* [] (ƒ"3* K%ëåå ƒ=ä…,L , ƒ=*!/2/L,
÷åì [=]), = å“ë, å?å ä=ëüøå %2 3ä=!å…, ,ë, ›å " ƒ=3ä=!…%ì,
2% !åä3ö,!3å2“ å?å K%ëüøå , C!å"!=?=å2“ " ƒ"3*
…å%C!åäåëå……/L C% *=÷å“2"3 , %K/÷…% %K%ƒ…=÷=åì/L *=*
[A]: l%“*"= [ì“*"=T], %*…% [*…%T], ì%ë%*% [ìAë*%T], *%“ì%“
[*%T“ìA“], 32!% [3T2!A].
2) e“ë, Kåƒ3ä=!…%å å …=.%ä,2“ " Cå!"%ì C!åä3ä=!…%ì “ë%ãå, 2%
%…% C!%,ƒ…%“,2“ *=* [,] ìå2!% [ì’,2!%T], = å“ë, å?å ä=ëüøå
%2 3ä=!å…, ,ë, ›å " ƒ=3ä=!…%ì, 2% !åä3ö,!3å2“ å?å K%ëüøå
, C!å"!=?=å2“ " ƒ"3* %÷å…ü *!=2*,L, …å…=-C! ›å……/L
,-%K!=ƒ…/L C% *=÷å“2"3. }2%2 ƒ"3* " 2!=…“*!,Cö,, %K/÷…%
%K%ƒ…=÷=å2“ *=* [ü]: 2åëå-%… [2’üë’,-%…], ì%!å [ì%!’ü].
2.2. o!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,å 2"å!ä/. , ì ã*,. “%ãë=“…/.
n2*ë%…å…, " !å÷, ,…%“2!=…öå" ÷=“2% “" ƒ=…/ “ …åC!=",ëü…/ì

C!%,ƒ…å“å…,åì 2"å!ä/. , ì ã*,. “%ãë=“…/. C!, ã%"%!å…,, ,
…å!=ƒë,÷å…,åì ,. C!, =3ä,!%"=…,,.
qì ã÷å…,å (C=ë=2=ë,ƒ=ö, ) O .2% ÷=“2ü %K?åL =!2,*3ë ö,,,
*%2%!= ƒ=*ëþ÷=å2“ " C%äAåìå “C,…*, ƒ/*=, *=* C!, C!%,ƒ-
…å“å…,, L. b ÷=“2…%“2,, 2=*= =!2,*3ë ö, C% "ë å2“ C!,

C%“ëåä%"=2åëü…%ì C!%,ƒ…å“å…,, “%ãë=“…%ã% , L, C%.2%ì3
C!åC%ä="=2åë, %K/÷…% ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2 2=*,å “%÷å2=…, äë C%“2=…%"*,
C=ë=2=ë,ƒ%"=……/. (%K/÷…% “%÷å2=…,å …ü ), ÷2%K/ “23äå…2 “…=÷=ë=
C%÷3"“2"%"=ë 2=*3þ =!2,*3ë ö,þ. nä…=*% .2% ì%›å2 C!,"å“2, *
C% "ëå…,þ C!,ƒ"3*= L "ìå“2% C=ë=2=ë,ƒ=ö,, (C!%,ƒ…%øå…,å Š=…ü
"ìå“2% Š=… ), C%.2%ì3 2!åK3å2“ %2äåëü…= !=K%2= C% C%“2=…%"*å
C!%,ƒ…%øå…, C=ë=2=ë,ƒ%"=……/. “%ãë=“…/. " !=ƒ…/. C%ƒ,ö, ..
2.3. cë3.,å , ƒ"%…*,å “%ãë=“…/å
Š!3ä…%“2üþ äë ì…%ã,. “23äå…2%"-,…%“2!=…öå" "ë å2“ …å%K-

.%ä,ì%“2ü %ãë3øå…, ƒ"%…*,. “%ãë=“…/. " *%…öå “ë%"= (*ë3K [C], ä!3ã
[*]), Cå!åä ãë3.,ì, “%ãë=“…/ì, ("÷å!= [-÷,!=´], " *,…% [-*,…%´]), =
2=*›å %ƒ"%…÷å…,å ãë3.,. Cå!åä ƒ"%…*,ì, “äåë=2ü [ƒä’å´ëA2’].
h…%ãä= C!%Këåì%L %*=ƒ/"=å2“ C!%,ƒ…%øå…,å ƒ"%…*,. “%ã-
ë=“…/.. g"%…*= =!2,*3ë ö, "/ƒ/"=å2 ",K!=ö,þ “" ƒ%*, ÷2%
ì%›…% *%…2!%ë,!%"=2ü, C!,ë%›," C=ëåö * ã%!ë3.
2.4. Š,C%ë%ã,÷å“*,å !åä*,å -%…åì/ !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=
C!åä, !3““*,. -%…åì å“2ü …å“*%ëü*% 2=*,., *%2%!/å C!åä“2="ë þ2

“ë%›…%“2ü äë …%“,2åëåL “=ì/. !=ƒ…/. ƒ/*%", C%“*%ëü*3 " .2,.
ƒ/*=. %…, …å C!åä“2="ëå…/.
o%÷2, "“åãä= "/ƒ/"=å2 2!3ä…%“2, “%ãë=“…/L [ë], *%2%!/L
%2ë,÷=å2“ …å 2%ëü*% %2 Kë,ƒ*%ã% åì3 &“!åä…åå"!%CåL“*%ã%[, …% , %2
K%ëåå Kë,ƒ*,. * !3““*%ì3 ƒ"3*%" =…ãë,L“*%ã% , ,2=ëü …“*%ã% ƒ/*%".
b C!=*2,*å C!åC%ä="=…, “3?å“2"3å2 2=*%L !åöåC2: 3C,!=2ü (“ “,ë%L)
*%…÷,* ƒ/*= " …,›…,å ƒ3K/, ÷2% C!åC 2“2"3å2 %ø,K%÷…%L =!2,*3ë ö,,
“ 3C%!%ì …= =ëü"å%ë/ (.%2 …%“,2åë, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= ÷=“2% =!2,*3ë,!3þ2
.2% ƒ"3* C!, C%ì%?, "å!.…,. ƒ3K%").
)=“2/ %ø,K*, C!, C!%,ƒ…å“å…,, ø,C ?,.[ø], [›], [?], = 2=*›å
[÷] ,, " ìå…üøåL “2åCå…,, [ö].}2% “",äå2åëü“2"3å2 % !åä*%“2, , ä=›å
3…,*=ëü…%“2, .2%ã% -!=ãìå…2= !3““*%L -%…å2,÷å“*%L “,“2åì/.
dåL“2",2åëü…%, ø,C ?,å , [÷], %2“32“2"3þ?,å " ! äå ƒ/*%",
2=ì, ãäå %…, å“2ü (" C%ëü“*%ì, …åìåö*%ì, =…ãë,L“*%ì, *,2=L“*%ì

, …å*%2%!/. ä!3ã,.), C!%,ƒ…%“ 2“ …å 2=* ,ë, …å “%"“åì 2=*, *=*
" !3““*%ì. o!=",ëü…= =!2,*3ë ö, [÷] 2!åK3å2 C%äAåì= “C,…*, ,
%C3“*=…, ƒ/*= "…,ƒ (…3›…%, ÷2%K/ %… K/ë %*%ë% …,›…,. ƒ3K%").
g"3* [ø] …=ä% C!%,ƒ…%“,2ü “ ƒ=ã…32/ì …=ƒ=ä *%…÷,*%ì ƒ/*=.
b=›…/L C!,ƒ…=* O ä%C%ë…,2åëü…= %ã3Këå……%“2ü, Kåƒ .2%ã% ƒ"3*,
*=* ì/ 3›å %2ìå÷=ë,, 2å! å2 …å*%2%!/å “"%, %“%Kå……%“2,.
o%C!%K3L2å C!%,ƒ…å“2, [ø], !=“2 …3" ã3K/ " 3ë/K*3. o%ë3÷,2“
,…%L ƒ"3*, K%ëåå Kë,ƒ*,L * =…ãë,L“*%ì3.e“ë, C!, %C,“=…,, .2%ã% ƒ"3*=
ã%"%!,2ü 2%ëü*% % ä",›å…,, *%…÷,*= ƒ/*= , ƒ=K/2ü % ã3K=., 3÷=?,å“
“2=…32 ã%"%!,2ü “ =*öå…2%ì.
b %2ë,÷,å %2 …åìåö*%ã% ,ë, =…ãë,L“*%ã% !3““*,å Cå!åä…å ƒ/÷…/å
[ä], [2], [“], [ƒ] ƒ3K…/å, *%…÷,* ƒ/*= ä%ë›å… 3C,!=2ü“ " ƒ3K/ (äë
…=÷=ë= %K ƒ=2åëü…% …,›…,å), = …å " äå“…/ ,ë, =ëü"å%ë/.
hƒ ãë=“…/. “=ì/ì “ë%›…/ì %*=ƒ/"=å2“ ƒ"3* [/]. n… …,›å C%
C%äAåì3, ÷åì å"!%CåL“*%å [i] , …å 2=*%L Cå!åä…,L.
o!, C%“2=…%"*å [/] ì%›…% C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ “ëåä3þ?,ì C!,åì%ì:
C!%,ƒ…å“2, [3], ÷2%K/ C%÷3"“2"%"=2ü ìå“2% C!%,ƒ…å“å…, ƒ"3*=, = C%2%ì
!=“2 …32ü ã3K/, *=* C!, C!%,ƒ…å“å…,, [,].
nø,K*, C!%,ƒ…%øå…, C!%,“.%ä 2 …å 2%ëü*% ,ƒ-ƒ= 2%ã%, ÷2%
3÷=?,L“ …åC!=",ëü…% C%… ë, *=*,å ä",›å…, ƒ/*%ì , ã3K=ì,
%… ä%ë›å… “%"å!ø,2ü.r …å*%2%!/. “23äå…2%" "/ƒ/"=å2 “ë%›…%“2,
C!%,ƒ…%øå…,å !3““*%ã% [!]. }2% “" ƒ=…% “ …å2!å…,!%"=……%“2üþ
ì/øö ƒ/*=, %Kå“Cå÷,"=þ?,. ",K!=ö,þ. o%.2%ì3 ›åë=2åëü…/
C!åä"=!,2åëü…/å 3C!=›…å…, 2,C= ë%ã%Cåä,÷å“*,..
e?å %ä…= %“%Kå……%“2ü ë,…ã"%ä,ä=*2,÷å“*%ã% %C,“=…, !3““*%L
-%…å2,*, “" ƒ=…= “ 2åì, ÷2% ! ä ƒ"3*%" C!%,ƒ…%“ 2 “ …åK%ëüø,ì
"=!ü,!%"=…,åì ìå“2= “ì/÷*,. m=C!,ìå!, [!] C=ë=2=ë,ƒ%"=……%å
ì%›å2 C!%,ƒ…%“,2ü“ , “ ƒ=ã…32/ì …=ƒ=ä *%…÷,*%ì ƒ/*=
(!å2!%-ëå*“…/L ƒ"3*) , “C,…*%L (ä%!“=ëü…/L).b3÷åK…/.%C,“=…, .
%K/÷…% "/K,!=þ2“ "=!,=…2/, *%2%!/å C%ƒ"%ë þ2 ä=ëüøå 3L2, %2
"%ƒì%›…/. …åC!=",ëü…%“2åL.
m=C!,ìå!, !3““*,å ì%ã32 C!, C!%,ƒ…å“å…,, ƒ"3*= [ë] 3C,!=2ü“ ƒ/*%ì ,
" "å!.…,å, , " …,›…,å ƒ3K/.nä…=*%, å“ë, 3÷=?,L“ "/Kå!å2 Cå!"/L "=!,=…2,
åã% ƒ/* ì%›å2 &“%“*%ëüƒ…32ü[ …= “!åä…åå"!%CåL“*%å ,ë, =…ãë,L“*%å
C!%,ƒ…%øå…,å [ë], *%ãä= ƒ/* 3C,!=å2“ " =ëü"å%ë/ ,ë, " …‘K%.
o!, 3C%!å …=ä% ƒ=“2=",2ü ƒ/* .…å!ã,÷…% ä=",2ü …= …,›…,å ƒ3K/,
,…=÷å "%ƒ…,*…å2 ä!3ã= %ø,K*=: 3÷=?,L“ …=C! ›å2 …å *%…÷,* ƒ/*=, =
åã% “!åä…þþ ÷=“2ü, , C%ë3÷,2“ [ë] C=ë=2=ë,ƒ%"=……%å.

nK3÷å…,å C!=",ëü…%L C%“2=…%"*å ƒ"3*%" ƒ=“2="ë å2 %K!=?=2ü
"…,ì=…,å …= “.%ä“2"% " =!2,*3ë ö,, !=ƒë,÷…/. ƒ"3*%", C%“*%ëü*3
%…% ì%›å2 C%ì%ã=2ü C%“2=…%"*å C!=",ëü…%ã% C!%,ƒ…%øå…, .
m=C!,ìå!, å“ë, 3›å ,ƒ"å“2…% C!%,ƒ…%øå…,å [/], 2% C!, %K3÷å…,,
C!%,ƒ…%øå…,þ [ë] ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2 “%÷å2=…, .2%ã% ãë=“…%ã% “ [ë]:
K/ë, ë/›, , 2.C.}2% äåì%…“2!,!3å2 “.%ä“2"% " ìå“2å =!2,*3ë ö,,
.2,. ƒ"3*%" C!, 2%ì, ÷2% %ä,… ƒ"3* ãë=“…/L, ä!3ã%L “%ãë=“…/L).
q ä!3ã%L “2%!%…/, C!,.%ä,2“ %K!=?=2ü "…,ì=…,å …= C%.%›,å
ƒ"3*,, *%2%!/å 2!3ä…% !=ƒë,÷=2ü …å!3““*%ì3. n“%K%å "…,ì=…,å
3äåë å2“ !=ƒë,÷,þ ƒ"3*= [÷] , [2] C=ë=2=ë,ƒ%"=……%ã%, *%2%!/L
C!%,ƒ…%“,2“ “ ƒ=ìå2…/ì C!,ƒ"3*%ì, Kë,ƒ*,ì * [÷] ,ë, [ö].n÷å",ä…%,
÷2% 2=*%å ›å “.%ä“2"% ,ìåå2“ , 3 “%÷å2=…, C=ë=2=ë,ƒ%"=……%ã% “
“%ãë=“…/ì , C=ë=2=ë,ƒ%"=……%ã% “ [j] # 2 [2’=] , 2ü [2’j=].
3. Интонация
p3““*= ,…2%…=ö, C%ë3÷,ë= %“%Kå……% C%ë…%å %C,“=…,å "

pjh. hìå……% !=ƒ!=K%2*, C!åC%ä="=2åëåL-C!=*2,*%" “/ã!=ë,
K%ëüø3þ !%ëü C!, -%!ì,!%"=…,, …=3÷…%ã% "ƒãë ä= …= ,…2%…=ö,þ.
a/ë, "/äåëå…/ %K%K?å……/å 2,C/ ,…2%…=ö,,, …=ƒ"=……/å
,…2%…=ö,%……/ì, *%…“2!3*ö, ì, (hj).}2% C%… 2,å K/ë% ""åäå…%
" …=3÷…/L %K,.%ä e.`.a!/ƒã3…%"%L.
b 2å%!å2,÷å“*,. ,““ëåä%"=…, . ä% !=K%2 e.`. a!/ƒã3…%"%L
" %“…%"…%ì %2ìå÷=ë%“ü 2%ëü*% ä",›å…,å ã%ë%“= ""å!. ("%“.%ä ?=
,…2%…=ö, ) ,ë, "…,ƒ (…,“.%ä ?= ), …% äë C!åC%ä="=…, .2%
“ë,ø*%ì ã!3K%. h…%ãä= C!,"%ä,ë=“ü *=!2,…= ä",›å…, ã%ë%“=
…= "“åL -!=ƒå, %ä…=*% .2% C!åC 2“2"%"=ë% %K%K?å…, ì O -!=ƒ
Kå“*%…å÷…% ì…%ã%, ,. …åëüƒ ƒ=C%ì…,2ü. dë “"åäå…, "“åã%
ì…%ã%%K!=ƒ, ä",›å…, ã%ë%“= * …å“*%ëü*,ì 2,C=ì K/ë% !=ƒ!=K
%2=…% C%… 2,å ,…2%…=ö,%……%L *%…“2!3*ö,,, *%2%!= 3÷,2/"=å2
"/“%23 ã%ë%“= " C!åä3ä=!…%ì , ƒ=3ä=!…%ì “ë%ã=. , …=C!="ëå…,å
ä",›å…, " 3ä=!…%ì.
o%"å“2"%"=2åëü…= ,…2%…=ö, hj 1 "*ëþ÷=å2 …,“.%ä ?åå
3ä=!å…,å …= C%“ëåä…åì 3ä=!…%ì “ë%ãå -!=ƒ/ (å“ë, …å2 %“%K/.
"/äåëå…,L %2äåëü…/. “ë%"), C%“ëå ÷åã% ƒ=3ä=!…/å C!%,ƒ…%“ 2“
…å“*%ëü*% …,›å, ÷åì C!åä3ä=!…/å.
n… C!,øåë *% ì…å.
e“ë, “ì/“ë%"/ì öå…2!%ì %*=›å2“ …å C%“ëåä…åå “ë%"%, 2% ,
,…2%…=ö,%……/L öå…2! K3äå2 …= …åì.
o% *%ìì3…,*=2,"…%L öå……%“2, “ëåä3þ?åL "ë å2“ ,…2%…=-
ö, …åƒ="å!øå……%“2, hj 3, ,“C%ëüƒ3åì= " %K?,. "%C!%“=.
(Š/ C!,øåë?), " “å!åä,…å C!åäë%›å…, , C!, “%C%“2="ëå…,, ,
Cå!å÷,“ëå…,,.}2% "%“.%ä ?= ,…2%…=ö, …= 3ä=!…%ì “ë%ãå, C%“ëå
*%2%!%ã% ƒ=3ä=!…/å C!%,ƒ…%“ 2“ ƒ=ìå2…% …,›å.
n… C!,øåë * "=ì? n… C!,øåë “åã%ä… "å÷å!%ì.

n÷å…ü "=›…= 2=*›å ,…2%…=ö, ÷=“2…%ã% "%C!%“= ,
C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…, hj 2, *%2%!= C!åä“2="ë å2 “%K%L K%ëåå
"/“%*,L !%"…/L 2%… , !åƒ*%å C=äå…,å ã%ë%“= (“ K%ëåå “,ëü…/ì
3ä=!å…,åì) …= C%“ëåä…åL “,…2=ãìå ,ë, …= "/äåë åì%ì “ë%ãå.
j2% "=“ C!%“,2? n… ì%“*",÷ (= …å, * C!,ìå!3, !%“ë="åö).

p,“3…%* ,…2%…=ö,, ƒ=C%ì…,2ü …å“ë%›…%.m% …=ä% ,ìå2ü " ",ä3,
÷2% ä,=C=ƒ%… C%äAåì= , C=äå…, " !3““*%ì %÷å…ü ƒ…=÷,2åëå… (ä%
%*2="/), ÷2% …å "“åãä= C%ë3÷=å2“ 3 3÷=?,.“ .
Š=*›å …= …=÷=ëü…%ì .2=Cå 3“"=,"=å2“ hj 4 " “%C%“2=",2åëü…/.
"%C!%“=. (` oå2 ?), = 2=*›å " …å*%…å÷…/. “,…2=ãì=. (.2% K%ëåå
*…,›…/L "=!,=…2, ÷åì “ hj 3) , " C!%“üK=. 2,C= b=ø K,ëå2.o!,
.2%ì C%…,›=å2“ 2%… …= 3ä=!…%ì “ë%ãå, = ƒ=2åì C%"/ø=å2“ :
` oå2 ?
b=›…= äë %K?å…, (, C%.2%ì3 !=…% ,ƒ3÷=å2“ ) ,
"%“*ë,ö=2åëü…= ,…2%…=ö, hj 5 (j=*%L *!=“,"/L!), C!, *%2%!%L
2%… C%ä…,ì=å2“ …= ìå“2%,ìå…,,, äå!›,2“ "/“%*% , %C3“*=å2“
*=* " hj 1.
j=*%L *!=“,"/L!
o!, %K?å…,, “ !3““*,ì, “23äå…2/ “ë/ø=2 , hj 6 (%2ë,÷=å2“
%2 hj 52åì, ÷2% C%“ëå C%äAåì= ã%ë%“ …å %C3“*=å2“ ).h“C%ëüƒ%"=…,å
" "%“*ë,ö=…, . hj 6 …å !å*%ìå…ä3å2“ , 2=* *=* .2% C!,ä=å2 !å÷,
!=ƒã%"%!…/L .=!=*2å!.nä…=*% hj 6 …3›å… äë Cå!å“C!%“=: j=*%L
.2% ="2%K3“? (“ …å !=““ë/ø=ë, ÷2% "/ “*=ƒ=ë,). m=! ä3 “ hj 3 ,
hj 4, hj 6 ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ " …å*%…å÷…%L “,…2=ãìå, 2=*›å "…%“
!=ƒã%"%!…/L %22å…%*.
j=*%L *!=“,"/L! j2% .2% ã%"%!,ë?

dë C%ë…%2/ *=!2,…/ “ëåä3å2 …=ƒ"=2ü , hj 7 (,…2%…=ö, C!åƒ!å…,
j=*%L %… 3÷å…/L!), *%2%!= ,ƒ3÷=å2“ …= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå.
j=* ì/ ",ä,ì, C%… 2,å ,…2%…=ö,%……%L *%…“2!3*ö,,

“%äå!›,2 " “åKå %K%K?å…,å: %“…%"…/å “ë3÷=, ,…2%…,!%"=…,
3*ë=ä/"=þ2“ " “åìü 2,C%". h .%2 …å*%2%!/å äå2=ë, ,…2%…=ö,,
C!, .2%ì 3C3“*=þ2“ (,ƒ-ƒ= ÷åã% C!, K%ëåå 2%…*%ì %K3÷å…,,
""%ä 2 "=!,=…2/), 2=*= “2åCå…ü %K%K?å…, C%ƒ"%ë å2 ƒ=C%ì…,2ü
%“…%"…/å %“%Kå……%“2, , …=3÷,2ü“ ,. "%“C!%,ƒ"%ä,2ü.
nC,“=…,å ,…2%…=ö,, C!, C%ì%?, hj K/ë% “%÷2å…% "å“üì=
3ä%K…/ì,“2=ë%,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ ,"2å%!å2,÷å“*,.!=K%2=..(}2%%ä,…,ƒ
…åì…%ã,. C!,ìå!%" ƒ…=÷,2åëü…%ã% "ë, …, ë,…ã"%ä,ä=*2,÷å“*%ã%
…=C!="ëå…, …= 2å%!å2,÷å“*3þ ë,…ã",“2,*3.)
1. На какие особенности произнощения звуков

Вопросы русского языка обращают особое внимание
и задания при преподавании русского языка как нерод-
ного?
2. Как звуки описаны в прктических пособиях бо-

лее полно и подробно, а какие менее? Чем объ-
ясняется это различие?
3. Есть ли в лингводидактическом описании фоно-

логический уровень?
4. Как в практических пособиях описываются раз-

ные типы интонации?
5. Возьмите вводно-фонетический курс какого-ни-

будь ученбника для начинающих. Отметьте, ка-
кие сведения по фонетике там предстаставле-
ны, а какие (по сравнению с описанием в академ
Брызгунова Е.А. Звуки и интонация русской речи. — М., 1977.

Антонова Д.Н., Щетинина М.И. Фонетика. — М., 1977.
Г л а в а II. Г Р АМАТ И К А В К У Р С Е РК И 49
Глава II
ГРАММАТИКА В КУРСЕ РКИ
o!, ëþK%ì 3!%"…å "ë=äå…, ƒ/*%ì 3 “23äå…2= ä%ë›…% K/2ü

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“ .2,ì, ƒ=ä=÷=ì, "/K,!=å2“ “,“2åì…/L ,ë, -3…*ö,%…=ëü…/L
C%ä.%ä * %C,“=…,þ ã!=ìì=2,*,.
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%ã!=…,÷å…%. r÷=?,L“ ä%ë›å… ƒ…=2ü “=ì/å …3›…/å äë %K?å…,
*=2åã%!,,, C!,÷åì …å "“å ƒ…=÷å…, *=›ä%L ã!=ììåì/, = 2%ëü*%
2å, %2 *%2%!/. ëåã*% Cå!åL2, * ä!3ã,ì å‘ ƒ…=÷å…, ì.m=ƒ%"åì 2=*%å
ƒ…=÷å…,å C!%2%2,C,÷å“*,ì. m=C!,ìå!, äë …=“2% ?åã% "!åìå…,
C!%2%2,C,÷å“*,ì K3äå2 ƒ…=÷å…,å &" ì%ìå…2 !å÷,[, = …å &"“åãä=[
, ä!3ã,å, C%“*%ëü*3 %2 ƒ…=÷å…, &" ì%ìå…2 !å÷,[ ì%›…% Cå!åL2,
* ƒ…=÷å…,þ &"“åãä=[ (“þä= ".%ä,2 .2%2 ì%ìå…2), = …=%K%!%2 O
…åëüƒ : …å K3äå2 %2ë,÷, %2 ä!3ã,. "!åìå…. m= “!åä…åì 3!%"…å
3÷=?,L“ ä%ë›å… C%ë3÷,2ü ä%“2=2%÷…% C%ë…%å C!åä“2="ëå…,å %
“,“2åìå " öåë%ì, .%2 äë =*2,"…%ã% 3C%2!åKëå…, ,“C%ëüƒ3å2
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“,“2åì…%å %C,“=…,å “ -3…*ö,%…=ëü…/ì.
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pjh %2…þäü …å “%"C=ä=þ2 “ %C,“=…,åì =*=äåì,÷å“*,ì (2%›å
C!,ìå… þ?,ì “,“2åì…%-“2!3*23!…/L C%ä.%ä). h…/ì ì%›å2
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ã!=ìì=2,*å 3ä%K…% …å%C!åäåëå……/å ìå“2%,ìå…, , …=!å÷,
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“%"“åì 3› ì=ë%ƒ…=÷=?,å , !åä*,å "ëå…, "%%K?å …å C%C=ä=þ2

" Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*3þ ã!=ìì=2,*3. q ä!3ã%L “2%!%…/, %“%K% C%ä!%K…%
%C,“/"=þ2“ &2!3ä…/å “ë3÷=,[, = .2% %K/÷…% “ë3÷=,, *%ãä= "/K%!
ã!=ììåì/ 2!åK3å2 K%ëüøå ,…-%!ì=ö,, ,ë, K%ëüøå ì/“ë,2åëü…/.
%Cå!=ö,L %2 ã%"%! ?åã%. m=C!,ìå!, .2% “,23=ö, *%…*3!å…ö,,
",ä%", "/K%! …å%C!åäåëå……%ã% ìå“2%,ìå…, ,ë, -%!ì/
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%ã%. n“%K%ã% "…,ì=…, 2!åK3þ2 , ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,å
"ëå…, , !åä*% "“2!å÷=þ?,å“ " ƒ/*=. ì,!=, *=*, …=C!,ìå!,
C!åä,*=2,"…= -%!ì= C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%ã%.
bä=……%L ãë="å ,ƒë%›å…/ %“…%"…/å “"åäå…, % ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%L
“,“2åìå !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=: %C,“=…/ ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,å *=2åã%!,,
, C!=",ë= ,. 3C%2!åKëå…, . h…-%!ì=ö, , *%2%!3þ 3ä%K…åå
C!åä“2=",2ü “ C%ƒ,ö,L =*2,"…%ã% 3C%2!åKëå…, , ,ƒë%›å…= " ãë="å
III …=“2% ?åã% !=ƒäåë=.hƒ "%C!%“%" “ë%"%,ƒìå…å…, "ƒ 2/ 2%ëü*%
…=,K%ëåå “ë%›…/å “ë3÷=, -%!ì%%K!=ƒ%"=…, ãë=ã%ë%".
1. Категории имени существительного
1.1.j=2åã%!, ÷,“ë= ,ìå…, “3?å“2",2åëü…%ã%
o!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,å åä,…“2"å……%ã% ÷,“ë= ì…%›å“2"å……%ì3 O .2%

%K/÷…% Cå!"/å ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,å “"åäå…, , C%ë3÷=åì/å “23äå…2=ì,,
,, *=* C!=",ë%, %…, ä%“2=2%÷…% C!%“2/ , C%… 2…/ "“åì.që%›…%“2,
“" ƒ=…/ “% “C%“%K%ì "/!=›å…, ÷,“ë= O " %ä…%L ì%!-åìå “
C=äå›%ì , !%ä%ì. nä…=*%, C%“*%ëü*3 .23 *=2åã%!,þ ,ƒ3÷=þ2
!=…üøå ä"3. C!%÷,., .2%L 2!3ä…%“2, ì%›…% ,ƒKå›=2ü.
b ä=ëü…åLøåì C!, !=“ø,!å…,, C!åä“2="ëå…,L % ã!=ìì=2,
÷å“*%L “,“2åìå C!%,“.%ä,2 ƒ…=*%ì“2"% “ 2=*,ì, %“%Kå……%“2 ì,
.2%L *=2åã%!,,, *=* %2“32“2",å C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…, 3 “ë%",
%K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,. …å,“÷,“ë,ì/å C%… 2, : …=ƒ"=…,L "å?å“2",
=K“2!=*2…/.C%… 2,L, ãå%ã!=-,÷å“*,.%KAå*2%"(,ìå…=“%K“2"å……/å).
b.2%ì “ë3÷=å "/K%! ÷,“ë= …åƒ…=÷,ì , %C!åäåë å2“ “ë%›,"øåL“
2!=ä,ö,åL (3ƒ3“%ì).o%.2%ì3 …=ƒ"=…, "å?å“2" ì%ã32 K/2ü , "“åãä=
" åä,…“2"å……%ì (ì%ë%*%, 23øü), , "“åãä= "% ì…%›å“2"å……%ì ÷,“ëå
(“ë,"*,, !3ì …=).j=* …å,“÷,“ë,ì/å !=““ì=2!,"=þ2“ , …å*%2%!/å
%"%?, (*=!2%-åëü), -!3*2/ (*ë3K…,*=), *!3C/ (ã!å÷*=) , 2.C.
Š=* ›å …å C!%2,"%C%“2="ë å2“ ÷,“ë% , 3 …=ƒ"=…,L C=!…/.

C!åäìå2%" (…%›…,ö/, "%!%2=), …% 232 %÷å",ä…% 2 ã%2å…,å *
ì…%›å“2"å……%“2,, C%.2%ì3 %…, "“åãä= "% ì…%›å“2"å……%ì ÷,“ëå.
e“ë, ›å äë …å,“÷,“ë,ì/. C!åäìå2%" "“åãä= åä,…“2"å……%ã%
÷,“ë= “2=…%",2“ "%ƒì%›…/ì 3C%2!åKëå…,å ì…%›å“2"å……%ã%,
%…% C%÷2, %K ƒ=2åëü…% C%ë3÷=å2 ä%C%ë…,2åëü…/L %22å…%* &2,C[,
&“%!2[ (",…=, ì=ƒ,), = ,…%ãä= , ä!3ã,å: Cå“*, O .2% C3“2/… .
1.2. j=2åã%!, C=äå›= ,ìå…, “3?å“2",2åëü…%ã%
nK!=ƒ%"=…,å C=äå›…/. -%!ì “3?å“2",2åëü…/. , %“…%"…/å ƒ…=÷å…,

C=äå›åL ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ 3›å …= …=÷=ëü…%ì .2=Cå. b ä=ëü…åLøåì "%C!%“ %
C=äå›å "“2=å2 C!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, ãë=ã%ë%" , ä!3ã,. “ë%", 3C!="ë þ?,.
,ìå…=ì, “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì,, , 2=*,ì %K!=ƒ%ì “2=…%",2“ ëå*“,÷å“*,ì.
o%! ä%* ""åäå…, C=äå›åL ì%›å2 K/2ü !=ƒ…/L. k%ã,÷…/ì
C!åä“2="ë å2“ ""åäå…,å C%…=÷=ë3 !%ä,2åëü…%ã% C=äå›= " ƒ…=÷å…,,
C!,…=äëå›…%“2, ä%ì K!=2=. }2%2 “ë3÷=L …å “" ƒ=… “ 3C!="ëå…,åì
ãë=ã%ë= , C%2%ì3 %*=ƒ/"=å2“ &÷,“2% ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,ì[. nä…=*%
*%ìì3…,*=2,"…/å C%2!åK…%“2, …å!åä*% ƒ=“2="ë þ2 !=…üøå
""å“2, ",…,2åëü…/L C! ì%ã% %KAå*2=. (u%2 .2% ì%›å2 C%ìåø=2ü
-%!ì,!%"=…,þ ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%L “,“2åì/, C%“*%ëü*3 -%!ì/
.2%ã% C=äå›= " ì3›“*%ì !%äå 3 …å%ä3øå"ëå……/. “3?å“2",2åëü…/.
“%"C=ä=å2 “ ,ìå…,2åëü…/ì “ ÷,2=þ ›3!…=ë, ÷2% *=* K/
"/*ëþ÷=å2 ìå.=…,ƒì “*ë%…å…, .) ` å“ë, ãë="…/ì *=›å2“
C!%“2%2= -%!ì%%K!=ƒ%"=…, , …=÷,…=þ2 “ C!åäë%›…%ã% C=äå›=:
.2% åä,…“2"å……/L C=äå›, ãäå " åä,…“2"å……%ì ÷,“ëå “%"C=ä=þ2
%*%…÷=…, 2!å. !%ä%". m% C!åäë%›…/L C=äå› ìå…åå 3ä=÷å… äë
""åäå…, C%… 2, “*ë%…å…, , C%“*%ëü*3 “" ƒ=… “ %ä…%"!åìå……/ì
,ƒ3÷å…,åì ƒ…=÷å…, C!åäë%ã=.
m= …=÷=ëü…%ì .2=Cå Kå!32 %ä…%-ä"= “=ì%“2% 2åëü…/. ƒ…=÷å…,
*=›ä%ã% C=äå›=:
 !%ä,2åëü…/L: &C!,…=äëå›…%“2ü[ (*…,ã= K!=2=) , &3ä=ëå…,å[
“ C!åäë%ã=ì, “, %2, ,ƒ ("/L2, ,ƒ ä%ì=);
 ä=2åëü…/L: &=ä!å“=2[ (C%ä=!%* K!=23) , &C!,Kë,›å…,å[ “
C!åäë%ã%ì * (C%ä%L2, * ä%ì3);
 ",…,2åëü…/L: &C! ì%L %KAå*2[ (*3C,2ü *…,ã3) ,
&…=C!="ëå…,å[ “ C!åäë%ã=ì, ", …= (,ä2, " ø*%ë3);
 2"%!,2åëü…/L: &,…“2!3ìå…2[ (C,“=2ü !3÷*%L) ,

&“%"ìå“2…%“2ü[ “ C!åäë%ã%ì “ (,ã!=2ü “ K!=2%ì);
 C!åäë%›…/L: &2åì=[ “ C!åäë%ã%ì % (*…,ã= % *%“ì%“å) ,
&ìå“2%…=.%›äå…,å[ “ C!åäë%ã=ì, ", …= (" l%“*"å).
bä=ëü…åLøåì *!3ã ƒ…=÷å…,L ì%›…% !=“ø,! 2ü, …% ÷=?å "“åã%
.2% ƒ=ìå… å2“ ,ƒ3÷å…,åì 3C!="ëå…, %2äåëü…/. ëå*“åì.
j=2åã%!,þ C=äå›= ì%›…% ""å“2, “…=÷=ë= …= ë,÷…/.
ìå“2%,ìå…, ..
1.3. j=2åã%!, !%ä= ,ìå…, “3?å“2",2åëü…%ã%
e“ë, C=äå›, ""%ä 2“ C% %÷å!åä, , ƒ=!=…åå …å%K ƒ=2åëü…% ƒ…=2ü,

“*%ëü*% ,. "“åã%, 2% "“å 2!, ã!=ììåì/ !%ä= ë3÷øå 3*=ƒ=2ü “!=ƒ3.
nK/÷…% .2% äåë=å2“ %ä…%"!åìå……% “ ""åäå…,åì C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/.
(2%÷…åå C!,2 ›=2åëü…/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L): }2% ì%L ä%ì.
l3›“*%L , ›å…“*,L !%ä/ “" ƒ/"=þ2 “ %K%ƒ…=÷å…,åì ë,ö !=ƒ…%ã%
C%ë=: ì%L K!=2, ì% “å“2!=.nä…=*% 3 %ã!%ì…%ã% K%ëüø,…“2"= “ë%"
!%ä …å “" ƒ=… “% ƒ…=÷å…,åì, , …å%ä3øå"ëå……/å “3?å“2",2åëü…/å
ì%ã32 %2…%“,2ü“ * ëþK%ì3 ,ƒ 2!å. !%ä%", “!. ›3!…=ë, ã=ƒå2=,
C,“üì%. m% C!, %C!åäåëå…,, !%ä= …=ä% %K!=?=2ü "…,ì=…,å …=
-%!ì3: …3ëå"%å %*%…÷=…,å O ì3›“*%L !%ä, =/ O ›å…“*,L, %/å O
“!åä…,L. h 2%ëü*% “ë%"= “ %*%…÷=…,åì …= ì ã*,L “%ãë=“…/L …=ä%
ƒ=C%ì,…=2ü "ìå“2å “ ,. !%ä%ì (3ã%ëüO …å-2ü).
n“%K/å “ë3÷=, *=2åã%!,, !%ä=: "=!,=2,"…%“2ü (ƒ=ë, ƒ=ë=, ƒ=ë%),
"%ƒì%›…%“2ü “%ãë=“%"=…, C% “ì/“ë3 (o!,øë= "!=÷) , 2.C." *3!“å
!3““*%L Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%L ã!=ìì=2,*, %K/÷…% …å !=““ì=2!,"=þ2“ .
j=2åã%!, %ä3øå"ëå……%“2, "ë, å2 …= "/K%! C=äå›…%L -%!ì/,
C%.2%ì3 ""%ä,2“ %÷å…ü !=…%, …% %“%K/. *%ììå…2=!,å" …å 2!åK3å2.
b/K%! ã!=ììåì äë “C%!…/. “ë3÷=å" 2,C= ",!3“ ,ë, 2!3C 2=*›å
…=.%ä,2“ ƒ= C!åäåë=ì, ,…2å!å“%" pjh.
2. Категории имени прилагательного
b Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%L ã!=ìì=2,*å " ÷,“ë% C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/. "*ëþ÷=þ2

2=*›å C!,2 ›=2åëü…/å , 3*=ƒ=2åëü…/å ìå“2%,ìå…, , C%! ä*%"/å
÷,“ë,2åëü…/å. hƒ ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,. “"%L“2" C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/. “=ì/ì

"=›…/ì %*=ƒ/"=å2“ ,. “C%“%K “ë%"%,ƒìå…å…, , = %… 3 .2,.
*=2åã%!,L %K?,L.j .2%ì3 ›å 2,C3 %2…%“ 2 , “3K“2=…2,",!%"=……/å
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/å: “2%ë%"= , !=K%÷,L.
p%ä, ÷,“ë% , C=äå› 3 C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%ã% "ë þ2“ “%ãë=-
“%"=2åëü…/ì, *=2åã%!, ì,, , C!%Këåì “ ,. "/K%!%ì %K/÷…% …å
"“2=å2. gäå“ü “ë%›…/ì "ë å2“ ƒ=C%ì,…=…,å ì…%ã%÷,“ëå……/.
%*%…÷=…,L.n…, ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ 3›å …= …=÷=ëü…%ì .2=Cå, .%2 %"ë=äå…,å
,ì, ä%“2,ã=å2“ ã%!=ƒä% C%ƒ›å.
2.1. q2åCå…, “!="…å…, , C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,å

*=÷å“2"å……/. , %2…%“,2åëü…/. C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/.
d%“2=2%÷…% !=…% “23äå…2/ ƒ…=*%ì 2“ , “ *=2åã%!,åL “2åCå…åL

“!="…å…, .nä…=*% 232 "%ƒì%›…/ 2!3ä…%“2,.q!="…,2åëü…= “2åCå…ü
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%ã% “%"C=ä=å2 “% “!="…,2åëü…%L “2åCå…üþ %K!=ƒ3åì/.
%2 C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/. …=!å÷,L …= -%, “!. .%!%ø,LO.%!%ø%Oë3÷øå,
“,ëü…/LO“,ëü…%O“,ëü…åå. o% “,…2=*“,÷å“*,ì -3…*ö, ì -%!ì/
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.2% "…å ƒ/*%"= *=2åã%!, , %…% ëåã*% 3“2=…="ë,"=å2“ "“åì,
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2.2. j!=2*,å , C%ë…/å -%!ì/ C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/.
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…å"%ƒì%›…% "/ ",2ü åå “%äå!›=…,å , %÷å…ü ÷=“2% -%!ì/ ì%ã32
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3 ë,ö= åì3 *!=“,"%ì3, åã% *!=“,"%ã% , 2.C. o%“*%ëü*3 ìå“2%,ìå…,å
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, *%ãä= %K ƒ=2åëü…= 2%ëü*% %ä…= -%!ì=. qëåä3å2 ,ìå2ü " ",ä3 ,
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,ë, "% -!=ƒå%ë%ã,ƒì=.), C%.2%ì3 …å ,ìåå2 “*ë%…å…, O " “*=ƒ3åì%ì
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-%!ì/ %2K!=“/"=…,åì %*%…÷=…, (äë ì3›“*%ã% !%ä=) ,ë,
ãë=“…/. äë ›å…“*%ã% !%ä= (*!=“,"= O *!=“,"=) , å äë “!åä…åã%
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-%!ì= %K!=ƒ3å2“ “3CCëå2,"…%: K%ëüø%LO "åë,*, ì=ëå…ü*,LO ì=ë.
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%“…%"…%ì %2 2å. ›å, ÷2% , “2åCå…, “!="…å…, .
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*!=2*%L -%!ìå " -3…*ö,, “*=ƒ3åì%ã%: !=ä ("%%K?å …å2 C%ë…%L),
ä%ë›å…, ã%2%". j!%ìå 2%ã%, å“2ü “ë3÷=, !=ƒë,÷,L " ëå*“,÷å“*%ì
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"!åìå……/L C!,ƒ…=*[, ,ìåþ?3þ“ 3 “ë%" ƒä%!%"/L, K%ëü…%L.
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C!," ƒ=2ü * =K“2!=*2…%ì3 ƒ…=÷å…,þ C%äëå›=?åã% (÷2% ƒ=“2="ë å2
"“C%ì…,2ü ,“2%!,þ, “" ƒü *!=2*%L -%!ì/ “ …å%C!åäåëå……%“2üþ).
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.2%, "“å, , 2% , ä!3ã%å O %…, “%%2…%“ 2“ …å “ %C!åäåëå……/ì
%KAå*2%ì ,ë, ë,ö%ì, = “ “%K/2,åì ,ë, …å“*%ëü*,ì, “%K/2, ì,,

*%2%!/å …å ì%ã32 K/2ü %.=!=*2å!,ƒ%"=…/ 2=*, *=* .=!=*2å!,ƒ3þ2“
*%…*!å2…/å C!åäìå2/.
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*%…*!å2…/L %KAå*2 (,ë, ë,ö%), = C!åä“2=",2åëü *ë=““=. }2%
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*ë=““: b%ë*, ›=ä…/.
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"/C%ë… þ2 “%þƒ…/å “ë%"= *%2%!/L, *2%: l%L ä!3ã, *%2%!/L %÷å…ü
“*!%ìå…, %ä…=*% .2%2 “ë3÷=L ëåã*% ƒ=C%ì,…=å2“ , C%“*%ëü*3 ƒäå“ü
2%›å C%äëå›=?åå "/!=›å…% %ä…,ì ,ƒ ìå“2%,ìå…,L.
d=ëåå ƒ…=÷,2åëü…3þ ÷=“2ü “ë3÷=å" %K ƒ=2åëü…%“2, *!=2*%L
-%!ì/ “%“2="ë å2 &%ã!=…,÷å…,å C!,ƒ…=*= !=“C!%“2!=…,2åë ì,[,
2.å. 3C%2!åKëå…,å %2…%“ ?,.“ * C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/ì ä%C%ë…å…,L:
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“ë3÷= ì,.
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"ë å2“ C%ä!=ƒ3ìå"=åì%å &ä!3ã ä!3ã3[, &ä!3ã …= ä!3ã=[.
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%K ƒ=2åëü…% C!,…,ì=þ2 *!=2*3þ -%!ì3: Kë=ã%ä=!å… ä!3ƒü ì.
må“%ì…å……%, ƒäå“ü C!% "ë þ2“ …å*%2%!/å “åì=…2,÷å“*,å
%“%Kå……%“2, *!=2*%L -%!ì/: …å C!%“2% “%%K?=å2“ , ÷2%
“3?å“2",2åëü…%å %2…%“,2“ * *ë=““3 ,ìå… “ 2=*,ì C!,ƒ…=*%ì,
= C!,C,“/"=å2“ …=ë,÷,å C!,ƒ…=*=. m% .2, %“%Kå……%“2, 2!3ä…%
3ë%",ì/, 2%ãä= *=* “=ì% C!=",ë% ëåã*% C!,ìå… å2“ , …åCë%.%
ƒ=C%ì,…=å2“ .
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C!åä/ä3?,ì,, …, “ *=*,ì,-ë,K% “åì=…2,÷å“*,ì, C!,ƒ…=*=ì,
*!=2*%L -%!ì/) O *!=2*= -%!ì= “*=ƒ3åì%ã% %K ƒ=2åëü…=, å“ë,
“*=ƒ3åì%å-C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%å C!åäøå“2"3å2 C%äëå›=?åì3: u,2å!

m,*%ë=L. dåL“2",2åëü…%, ,…=÷å %…% K3äå2 "%“C!,…,ì=2ü“ *=*
%C!åäåëå…,å.
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ä%C3“*=þ2 !=ƒ…3þ ,…2å!C!å2=ö,þ. }2% 3C%2!åKëå…,å
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/. “ C%ë…%ƒ…=÷…/ì, ãë=ã%ë=ì,: %… C!,øåë 3“2=ë/L,
äå!å"ü “2% 2 ã%ë/å. må*%2%!/å 3÷å…/å “÷,2=þ2, ÷2% ƒäå“ü Cå!åä
…=ì, …å “*=ƒ3åì%å, = %C!åäåëå…,å.
1. Какие категории имени существительного и при-

Вопросы лагательного входят в минимальную граммати-
и задания ку начального уровня? Каково прототипическое
значение категории числа?
2. Какие значения родительного, дательного, тво-

рительного падежа являются основными? Мож-
но ли их считать прототипическими?
3. Почему притяжательные местоимения и поряд-

ковые числительные в педагогичской граммати-
ке относят к разряду прилагательных?
4. Почему сравнительную (синтетическую) сте-

пень неудобно относить к граммемам прилаша-
тельного с позиций педагогической грамматики?
5. Какую роль играет ударение при образовании

краткой формы?
6. В каких случаях употребление краткой формы

прилагательного становится обязательным?
Иевлева З.Н. Методика преподавания грамматики в практическом

курсе русского языка для иностранцев. — М., 1981.
3. Категории глагола
3.1. n“%Kå……%“2, -%!ì%%K!=ƒ%"=…, ãë=ã%ë%"
q!åä, C!%Këåì, "%ƒ…,*=þ?,. 3 ,…%“2!=……/. 3÷=?,.“ C!

, 3C%2!åKëå…,, ãë=ã%ë%", K%ëüø%å ìå“2% ƒ=…,ì=å2 2=, *%2%!=
“" ƒ=…= “ %K!=ƒ%"=…,åì ãë=ã%ëü…/. -%!ì.
n2ìå2,ì C!å›äå "“åã%, ÷2% " pjh C!,… 2% ä%“2=2%÷…%
“,ëü…% 3C!%?=2ü &=*=äåì,÷å“*%å[ %C,“=…,å C!%ä3*2,"…/.
, …åC!%ä3*2,"…/. *ë=““%" ãë=ã%ë=, “"%ä * ,äåå % …å“*%ëü*,.
C!%ä3*2,"…/. *ë=““=. (÷=?å "“åã% O C 2,; “ì., …=C!,ìå!,
[oå.ë,"=…%"=, kåKåäå"=, ëþK%å ,ƒä=…,å]) , ã!3CC/ &…åC!=",ëü…/.[
ãë=ã%ë%".
o%… 2,å “C! ›å…, (“2%ëü "=›…%å " =3ä,2%!,, !3““*,.
ø*%ëü…,*%") C!, 2=*%ì C%ä.%äå *=* K/ %2.%ä,2 …= ƒ=ä…,L Cë=…,
,K% *ë=““ %ä…%ƒ…=÷…% ƒ=ä=å2 , “C,“%* %*%…÷=…,L. d=›å 2å!ì,…
“C! ›å…,å " ƒ=!3Kå›…/. 3÷åK…,*=. !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= ,…%ãä=
ƒ=ìå… å2“ 2å!ì,…%ì e-ãë=ã%ë/ , h-ãë=ã%ë/.
1. *ë=““ p`anŠ`Š|
2. *ë=““ ankeŠ|
e O ãë=ã%ë/
3. *ë=““ phqnb`Š|
4. *ë=““ bepmrŠ|
5. *ë=““ cnbnphŠ| h O ãë=ã%ë/
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Смысл/Вид Несовершенный Совершенный
Однократность Процесс: Он решал задачу за Конкретный факт:

час. Он сейчас решил
задачу.
Многократность Многократность: Мы часто Суммарное:

приходили к друзьям. Он несколько раз меня
ударил.
Факт Общефактическое: Я к ним Перфектное (результат):

заходил. Я решил задачу, дайте
другую.
Обычность Узеально-потенциальное: Наглядно-примерное:

Он играл на вечеринках. Он ее позовет, а сам
спрячется.
o!åC%ä="=2åëü ä%ë›å2 %K3÷,2ü "%“C!%,ƒ"%ä,2ü ë%ã,*3

ã%"%! ?åã%, "/K,!=þ?åã% ",ä ãë=ã%ë=. b .2%ì C%ì%ã=å2 =…=ë,ƒ
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(qbO “%"å!øå……/L ",ä, mqbO …å“%"å!øå……/L ",ä)

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1. Почему наиболее сложные случаи конкуренции

Вопросы видов связаны с общефактическим значением?
и задания
2. Какие глаголы в прошедшем времени способны
выражать значение «сорханение результата»?
3. Как определяется выбор вида глагола в вопро-

сительных предложениях?
4. Что такое «приступ к действию» и когда возни-

кает это значение?
5. Возьмите учебный диалог из пособия по раз-

витию речи. Найдите глаголы, определите их
виды и сопоставьте с теми контекстами кото-
рые были рассмотрены в параграфе. Имеются
ли случаи, которые не относятся ни к одному

контексту? Что делать преподавателю, если
студент попросит их объяснить?
Рассудова О. П. Употребление глагола в русском языке. – М., 1982.

Зализняк А. А., Шмелев А. Д. Введение русскую аспектологию. – М.,
2000.
4. Глаголы движения
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C%äAå.=2ü, 3…å“2, , 2.C.).

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3›å …å %÷å…ü %2ë,÷=å2“ %2 %K/÷…%L “ë%"%%K!=ƒ%"=2åëü…%L (*=*,
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…= C!å›…åå ìå“2%[.q%C%“2="ë þ2“ %ì%…,ì,÷…/å -%!ì/: “.%ä,2ü
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,ƒ3÷å…,, ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,. *=2åã%!,L C!,.%ä,2“ !=““ì=2!,"=2ü
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ì…%›å“2"å……%ã% ÷,“ë= (ëüä/, Cå“*,, "%ä/).
q 2%÷*, ƒ!å…, “!åä“2" "/!=›å…, "=›…%L C!%Këåì%L
"ë å2“ ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…,å C!,“2="%* äë %K!=ƒ%"=…, ",ä%"/.
C=!. nK?,ì C!=",ë%ì äë ãë=ã%ë%" ä",›å…, "ë å2“ : %2 *%!…
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(ä%L2,, C!,Kå›=2ü, "/ëå2å2ü) O %2 *%!… !=ƒ…%…=C!="ëå……%ã%
ãë=ã%ë= %K!=ƒ3å2“ …å“%"å!øå……/L ",ä (ä%.%ä,2ü, ä%Kåã=2ü,

"/ëå2=2ü).nä…=*% ä"= ãë=ã%ë= äë …å“%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä= “ C!,“2="*%L
,“C%ëüƒ3þ2 ä!3ã%L *%!å…ü: åƒä,2ü O åƒ›- (ä%åƒ›=2ü), Cë="=2ü O
Cë/"- (C!,Cë/"=2ü). j!%ìå 2%ã%, C!,“2="*, “- , ƒ=- " …å*%2%!/.
ƒ…=÷å…, . %K!=ƒ3þ2 “%"å!øå……/L ",ä , “ !=ƒ…%…=C!="ëå……/ì,
*%!… ì, (.%ä,2üO“.%ä,2ü " ì=ã=ƒ,…, Kåã=2üOƒ=Kåã=2ü C% *%ì…=2å).
1. В каких случаях происходит несовпадение гра-

Вопросы ницы между грамматикой и лексикой в академи-
и задания ческом и преподавательском описании языка?
2. Какие противопоставления рассматриваются в

группе глаголов движения?
3. Сравните описание глаголов движения в толко-

вом словаре и в пособии по русскому языку (по
вашему выбору). Чем объясняются различия?
Муравьева Л. М. Глаголы движения в русском языке (любое изда-

ние).
5. Местоимения
k,÷…/å ìå“2%,ìå…, ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ …= Cå!"/. ƒ=… 2, .. b/!=›=åì/å

,ì, *=2åã%!,, ë,ö= , ÷,“ë= …å "/ƒ/"=þ2 2!3ä…%“2åL. må*%2%!%ã%
%“%K%ã% "…,ì=…, 2!åK3å2 2%ëü*% "å›ë,"%å b/, %ä…=*% , .2% ëåã*%
ƒ=C%ì,…=å2“ . q*ë%…å…,å ìå“2%,ìå…,L ì%›å2 "/ƒ"=2ü …å*%2%!%å
3ä,"ëå…,å ,ƒ-ƒ= 2%ã%, ÷2% " *%“"å……/. C=äå›=. ìå“2%,ìå…,L 1 , 3
ë,ö= ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ ä!3ã= %“…%"=: Oìå… , %…Oåã%, ì/O…=“. nä…=*%
" ƒ=C=ä…/. ƒ/*=. .2%ì3 å“2ü C=!=ëëåë,.
h“C%ëüƒ%"=…,å !=ƒ…/. %“…%" C! ì/. , *%“"å……/. C=äå›åL ë,÷…/.
ìå“2%,ìå…,L .=!=*2å!…% äë ,…ä%å"!%CåL“*,. ƒ/*%" “ ãë3K%*%L
ä!å"…%“2, O .2% …=Këþä=å2“ , " ë=2/…,, , " “=…“*!,2å, , " ãå!ì=…“*,.
ƒ/*=..
Š=*›å “ “=ì/. Cå!"/. 3!%*%" ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ C!,2 ›=2åëü…/å

ìå“2%,ìå…, . h. “*ë%…å…,å “ë3›,2 %K!=ƒö%ì “ë%"%,ƒìå…å…,
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/.. n“%K… *%ì “2% 2 ìå“2%,ìå…, 2!å2üåã% ë,ö= åã%,
åå, ,..}2% -%!ì= !%ä,2åëü…%ã% C=äå›=, %…= …å “*ë%… å2“ .
r*=ƒ=2åëü…/å ìå“2%,ìå…, .2%2 , 2%2 " %“…%"…%ì ,ƒìå… þ2“ 2=*

›å.b=›…% %2ìå2,2ü, ÷2% 2%2 3C%2!åKë å2“ C!=*2,÷å“*, 2%ëü*% C!,
C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,,: }2, *…,ã, …%"/å, = 2å “2=!/å ,ë, “ ÷=“2,öåL
"%…: d=L ì…å "%… 23 *…,ã3. b ä=ëü…åLøåì K3äå2 %2ìå÷å…= å?å %ä…%
3C%2!åKëå…, ìå“2%,ìå…, 2%2 O " “ë%›…/. C!åäë%›å…, .: Š%2,
*2% .%÷å2, ì%›å2 3.%ä,2ü.
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÷=“2üþ !3““*%L ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%L “,“2åì/ "ë þ2“ "%ƒ"!=2…%å
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%C,“=…,å ä%ë›…/ K/2ü "*ëþ÷å…/ .%2 K/ %“…%"…/å “"åäå…, .qåK
3C%2!åKë å2“ , å“ë, %KAå*2%ì äåL“2", (C! ì/ì ,ë, *%“"å……/ì
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ƒ=?,2,ë “åK %2 %K",…å…,L. n… C%!=…,ë “åKå !3*3. që%›…/å “ë3÷=,,
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“åK ), " %C,“=…,å ì%ã32 …å "*ëþ÷=2ü“ .
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äåL“2", (“ "%ƒüì3 “"%, *…,ã,. o!,…å“, “"%þ 2å2!=äü).gäå“ü 2=*›å …å
!=““ì=2!,"=þ2“ “ë3÷=,, *%ãä= " C!åäë%›å…,, …=ƒ"=…% …å“*%ëü*%
“3KAå*2%" (r÷,2åëü C%C!%“,ë 3÷å…,*%" C!,…å“2, “"%, *…,ã,).
må%C!åäåëå……/å ìå“2%,ìå…, . l/ K3äåì ã%"%!,2ü% …å%C!åäåëå……/.

ìå“2%,ìå…, ., "*ëþ÷= “þä= , ìå“2%,ìå……/å …=!å÷, *%ãä=-2%,
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d%“2=2%÷…%, å“ë, 3÷=?,L“ C%…,ì=å2, ÷2% .2, ìå“2%,ìå…,
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…,ì, [qåë,"å!“2%"=, 1964].

b/K%! ìå“2%,ìå…, “ …3›…%L ÷=“2,öåL ì%›…% “åKå
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j%ãä= …3›…% “%%K?,2ü % C!åäìå2å, ìå“2å , 2.C., …å …=ƒ/"= åã%,
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% ÷åì å?å C%›=ëåå2, , %›,ä=…, “þ!C!,ƒ=: “ 2åKå *%å-÷2% C!,…å“.
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*%ë,÷å“2"%ì C!åäìå2%", ìå“2 , 2.C. e“ë, ,. …å“*%ëü*%, 2%÷…%å
3*=ƒ=…,å ì%›å2 “2=2ü ,ƒë,ø…,ì: j%å-ãäå Këå“2åë, ë3›,. j%å-*2%
,ƒ “23äå…2%" ƒ=C,“/"=ë.
ŠåCå!ü C%“ì%2!,ì, *=* "/ãë ä,2 "/K%!, å“ë, ã%"%! ?,L “=ì
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-ë,K%, % ÷åì å?å K3äå2 !=ƒã%"%!).
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ã%"%! ?,L …å ƒ…=å2 åã%: j2%-2% C%ƒ"%…,ë " ä"å!ü.q%%2"å2“2"å……%,
å“ë, 3C%2!åKëå…% C%"åë,2åëü…%å …=*ë%…å…,å, C%… 2…%, ÷2%
ã%"%! ?,L C!%“,2 “äåë=2ü "/K%! …å,ƒ"å“2…%ã% C!åäìå2=, = .2%ì3
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q" ƒü C%"åë,2åëü…%ã% …=*ë%…å…, “*=ƒ3åì%ã% , ìå“2%,ìå…, “
÷=“2,öåL -…,K3äü …=“2%ëü*% å“2å“2"å……=, ÷2% C!=*2,÷å“*, …,*%ãä=
“ ,ìCå!=2,"%ì "ìå“2% -…,K3äü …å ì%›å2 ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ -2%.
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2% "%ƒì%›å2 "/K%! %KAå*2=: “ åì3 ÷2%-…,K3äü C!,…å“3. nä…=*% "
C!åäë%›å…, .,ƒA ",2åëü…%ã% …=*ë%…å…, "%ƒì%›…/ , %2*ë%…å…,
%2 .2,. C!=",ë, , …= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå 3÷=?,å“ ä%ë›…/ ,.
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2% %ä…%ƒ…=÷…%“2ü "/K%!= ì%›å2 …=!3ø=2ü“ .Š=*, C!,ìå! j=›ä/L
"å÷å! %…, *3ä=-2% 3.%ä,ë, C%*=ƒ/"=å2, ÷2% ìå“2% …å,ƒ"å“2…%
ã%"%! ?åì3, …% 3›å %ä…%ƒ…=÷…% "/K!=…%. nä…=*% "%ƒì%›…= ,
-!=ƒ= j=›ä/L "å÷å! %…, *3ä=-…,K3äü 3.%ä,ë,. )=“2,ö= -…,K3äü
C%*=ƒ/"=å2, ÷2% Cå!åä äåL“2",åì C!%,“.%ä,ë "/K%!. )=“2,ö/

"…%“ 2 " C!åäë%›å…,å ä%C%ë…,2åëü…/å %22å…*,: -2% %ƒ…=÷=å2, ÷2%
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C%“2% ……/, = -…,K3äü C%÷2, …="å!… *= %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 ,. Cå!åìå…3.
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%2"å÷=þ?,L 3"å!å… " “%K/2,,, %… “*=›å2: n… *3ä=-2% 3øåë. e“ë,
›å …å 3"å!å…, 3C%2!åK,2 -…,K3äü: n… *3ä=-…,K3äü 3øåë, C%“*%ëü*3 "
.2%ì “ë3÷=å "%ƒì%›å… "/K%!: ì%›å2, 3øåë, ì%›å2, …å2.
)=“2,ö= -2% " K3ä3?åì "!åìå…, %ƒ…=÷=å2, ÷2% %KAå*2 (ë,ö%,
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bå÷å!%ì %…, *3ä=-2% C%Lä32O "å“ü äå…ü %K .2%ì øåC2=ë,“ü.
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“%÷å2=þ2“ %2…%“,2åëü…/å ìå“2%,ìå…, *%2%!/L , C%÷åì.
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C% ","ø,å“ 3 …å“*%ëü*,. …å%C!åäåëå……/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L. b
÷=“2…%“2,, ìå“2%,ìå…,å *=* “ *%å-: *%å-*=* , “ -…,K3äü: *=*-…,K3äüO
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…å%C!åäåëå……%ì K3ä3?åì: g=.%ä,2å * …=ì *=*-…,K3äü.
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, ä!3ã,å ìå“2%,ìå…, . j…,›…/å ìå“2%,ìå…, “ ÷=“2,öåL …å:
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*%ãä= ã%"%! ?,L ƒ…=å2, …% …å …=ƒ/"=å2 ë,ö% (%KAå*2 , 2.C.). b
.2%ì “ì/“ëå %…, Kë,ƒ*, * ìå“2%,ìå…, ì “ ÷=“2,öåL *%å-, = *%ãä=
*%å- …å"%ƒì%›…% (“ ìå“2%,ìå…,åì *=*%L " åä,…“2"å……%ì ÷,“ëå),
%…% ì%›å2 åã% ƒ=ìå… 2ü "ìå“2% *%å-*=*%L ã%"%! 2 …å*,L. nä…=*% 3
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äë *%å-.
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nK/÷…% C!% .23 ÷=“2,ö3 “%%K?=å2“ , ÷2% %…= "ë å2“ *…,›…/ì
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…åëüƒ ƒ=ìå…,2ü …= -…,K3äü, …=C!,ìå!: “ C!%2," ÷üåã%-ë,K%
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"/øå). e“ë, C!åäC%ë=ã=å2“ , ÷2% "/K%! %KAå*2= äåL“2",2åëü…%
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"…,ì=…,å.
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*%ãä= C% "ëå…,å C!åä“2=",2åë ä=……%ã% *ë=““= …å C!åä3“ì%2!å…%
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1. Когда употребляется местоимение свой?

Вопросы
и задания 2. Что объединяет неопределенные местоимения
и наречия?
3. Как значения частицы кое- связаны с ее основ-

Г л а в а III. С И НТ АК С И С В К У Р С Е Р К И 81
ной функцией – говорить об известном, но не

называемом?
4. Чем отличаются значения местоимений с ча-

стицей -то от местоимений частицей кое-?
5. С какими глагольными формами сказуемого

связано употребление частицы -нибудь? Как
это определяется ее значением?
6. Сравните описание неопределенных местоиме-

ний в теоритической грамматике и в практиче-
ском пособии. Чем вызваны различия?
Употребление местоимений. – М., 1968.
Г л а в а III
СИНТАКСИС В КУРСЕ РКИ

o!, %K3÷å…,, “,…2=*“,“3 !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= !åø=þ2“ 2å ›å
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“"åäå…, % “,…2=*“,÷å“*%L “,“2åìå , …=3÷,2ü“ ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü
…3›…/å “,…2=*“,÷å“*,å “2!3*23!/ " !å÷å"%L äå 2åëü…%“2,.
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…å*%2%!/., C!å%Kë=ä=þ?= ) ä%ë›…= %C,“/"=2ü“ &%2 “ì/“ë=
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“,…2=*“,÷å“*,å “!åä“2"= (“%þƒ/ öåë, äë 2%ã%, ÷2%K/ , 2.C.,
,…-,…,2,"…/å *%…“2!3*ö,, ƒ=øåë C%%Kåä=2ü , 2%ì3 C%ä%K…%å).
m%, *!%ìå 2%ã%, .2%2 ›å “ì/“ë ì%›…% "/!=ƒ,2ü “!åä“2"=ì,
ëå*“,*, (“ë%"= öåëü, …=ƒ…=÷å…,å , 2.C.). o%.2%ì3 2=*,å “ì/“ë/ ì/
!=““ì=2!,"=åì " “%"%*3C…%“2, " ãë="å IV, C%“" ?å……%L =*2,"…%L
ã!=ìì=2,*å.
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ìå…üø= ÷=“2ü %C,“=…, “,…2=*“,“=, C%“*%ëü*3 åã% %“…%"…= ÷=“2ü
C!åä“2="ëå…= " ãë="å IV (`*2,"…= ã!=ìì=2,*=).
1. Правила выбора порядка слов в высказывании

p3““*,L C%! ä%* “ë%" ,…%ãä= “÷,2=þ2 “"%K%ä…/ì (C%
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%ƒ…=÷=å2 …å %2“32“2",å "“ *,. C!=",ë !=““2=…%"*, “ë%", = 2%,
÷2% %… !åã3ë,!3å2“ …å “,…2=*“,÷å“*,ì, (*=* " Cå!å÷,“ëå……/.
ƒ/*=.), = ä!3ã,ì, C!=",ë=ì,, = ,ìå……% O *%ìì3…,*=2,"…/ì,.
nä…=*% …å*%2%!/å C!=",ë=, -%!ì3ë,!3åì/å " “,…2=*“,÷å“*,. ,
ä=›å " ì%!-%ë%ã,÷å“*,. 2å!ì,…=., " .2%L %Kë=“2, 2%›å ,ìåþ2“ .
o!=",ë= "/K%!= ìå“2= “ë%"= " "/“*=ƒ/"=…,, ì%ã32 K/2ü
C!,"åäå…/ " C%! ä*å C%“ëåä%"=2åëü…%ã% C!,ìå…å…, .}2%2 C%! ä%*
ì%äåë,!3å2 äåL“2", ã%"%! ?åã%, = “ëåä%"=2åëü…%, ä%ë›å… K/2ü
3“"%å… 3÷=?,ì,“ .
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!=“C%ë%›å…, “ë%", " *%2%!/. 3÷,2/"=þ2“ ì%!-%ë%ã,÷å“*,å ,
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 C!åäë%ã= Cå!åä “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì, * *%2%!%ì3 %2…%“,2“

(" “,…åì ì%!å), “%þƒ= O " …=÷=ëå C!,“%åä,… åì%ã%
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“%þƒ…%å “ë%"% *%2%!/L, %2…%“ ?åå“ * “3?å“2",2åëü…%ì3
,ƒ C!,ä=2%÷…%ã%, “2=",2“ C%“ëå …åã%: K!=2 *%2%!%ã%
ìå… ƒ…=å2), C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%ã% Cå!åä %C!åäåë åì/ì
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 ÷,“ë,2åëü…%ã% , *%ë,÷å“2"å……%ã% …=!å÷, (ì…%ã%, ì=ë%,
…å“*%ëü*%) Cå!åä “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì, * *%2%!%ì3 %2…%“,2“
(äå“ 2ü ÷åë%"å*, ,ƒìå…å…,å C%! ä*= “ ÷,“ë,2åëü…/ì
C!,"…%“,2 %22å…%* C!,Kë,ƒ,2åëü…%“2,: ÷åë%"å* äå“ 2ü);
 ìå“2%,ìå……/. C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/. " C%! ä*å: %C!åäåë,2åëü…%å
(*=›ä/L, ëþK%L, "“ *,L), 3*=ƒ=2åëü…%å (.2%2, 2%2, 2=*%L),
C!,2 ›=2åëü…%å (ì%L, …=ø , 2.C.), C%! ä*%"%å (Cå!"/L,
äå“ 2/L) (“=ì/L “2=",2“ Cå!åä C%! ä*%"/ì, ä!3ã%L ì%›å2

“2=",2ü“ ä% ,ë, C%“ëå 3*=ƒ=2åëü…/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L: *=›ä/L
2=*%L ø=ã, .2%2 ì%L “=ì/L Cå!"/L %C/2);
 …å“%ãë=“%"=……%ã% %C!åäåëå…, C%“ëå “3?å“2",2åëü…%ã%, *
*%2%!%ì3 %2…%“,2“ (*!%ìå C%.ƒ,,): *…,ã= K!=2=. o%÷2, "“å
C!=",ë= (%K/÷…%, *!%ìå !=““2=…%"*, ìå“2%,ìå…,L) " 2%L
,ë, ,…%L “2åCå…, ,ƒ"å“2…/ “ …=÷=ëü…%ã% .2=C=.
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"/“*=ƒ/"=…, . nä…=*%, å“ë, "/“*=ƒ/"=…,å …å ä%ë›…% K/2ü “" ƒ=…%
“ C!åäøå“2"3þ?,ì 2å*“2%ì (“2%,2 " …=÷=ëå ,ë, ,ƒ%ë,!%"=…%), "
…åì …å2 ÷ëå…å…, …= 2åì3 , !åì3, C%! ä%* “…%"= %C!åäåë å2“
“,…2=*“,÷å“*,ì, “"%L“2"=ì, ÷ëå…%" C!åäë%›å…, .e“ë, “*=ƒ3åì%å
,ìåå2 ä%C%ë…å…, , %…% “2%,2 C%“ëå C%äëå›=?åã% , Cå!åä
ä%C%ë…å…, ì, (q%K=*= Kå›,2 ƒ= .%ƒ ,…%ì). e“ë, ä%C%ë…å…,L
…å2, !=“C%ë%›å…,å C%äëå›=?åã% , “*=ƒ3åì%ã% ìå… å2“ : “…=÷=ë=
“*=ƒ3åì%å, C%2%ì C%äëå›=?åå (häå2 ä%›äü, C% ø%““å åäå2 ì=ø,…=).
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*=* %…, !åä*% “2=ë*,"=þ2“ “ ,ƒ%ë,!%"=……/ì, C!åäë%›å…, ì, ,
…å %›,ä=þ2 %K!=2…%ã% C%! ä*= “ë%" " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å.
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nä…=*% %“…%"…/ì, C!=",ë=ì,, %C!åäåë þ?,ì, C%! ä%*
“ë%" " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å, "ë þ2“ *%ìì3…,*=2,"…/å “ì. [j!/ë%"=,
1992,1988]. q…=÷=ë= !=““ì=2!,"=þ2“ .ì%ö,%…=ëü…% …åL2!=ëü…/å
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“2%,2 Cå!åä !åì%L. l%!-%“,…2=*“,÷å“*,å C!=",ë= C!, .2%ì
…å %2ìå… þ2“ (C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%å "“å !="…% %*=ƒ/"=å2“ Cå!åä
“3?å“2",2åëü…/ì), = “,…2=*“,÷å“*,å %2ìå… þ2“ (l=ø,…=,
*%2%!3þ ›ä=ë,, C!,å.=ë=). t!=ƒ%"%å 3ä=!å…,å, %2ìå÷=þ?åå !åì3,
“2%,2, *=* C!=",ë%, …= C%“ëåä…åL “,…2=ãìå.
o%…,ì=…,þ , ƒ=C%ì,…=…,þ .2,. C!=",ë C%ì%ã=å2 ƒ…=…,å
*%ìì3…,*=2,"…/. “"%L“2" ÷=“2åL !å÷,.nK/÷…% …å C%C=ä=å2 " !åì3
ìå“2%,ìå…,å (.2% %K%ƒ…=÷å…,å ,ƒ"å“2…%ã% %KAå*2=, C%.2%ì3 ÷=?å
K/"=å2 " 2åìå): “ “*=ƒ=ë % C,“üìå m,*%ë=þ, …% “*=ƒ=ë åì3 % C,“üìå.
(e“ë, ìå“2%,ìå…,å "“å ›å %*=ƒ/"=å2“ " *%…öå, %…% %K/÷…% 2å! å2
-!=ƒ%"%å 3ä=!å…,å: “ “*=ƒ=ë åì3 %K .2%ì.)
e“ë, 3 ãë=ã%ëü…%ã% “*=ƒ3åì%ã% å“2ü ä%C%ë…å…, , 2=*%å
“*=ƒ3åì%å …å ä%ë›…% “2% 2ü " *%…öå C!åäë%›å…, (2.å. ƒ=…,ì=2ü
…=,K%ëåå !åì=2,÷å“*3þ C%ƒ,ö,þ).

h…=÷å %K“2%,2 äåë%, å“ë, " "/“*=ƒ/"=…,, ,ìåå2“ "/äåëå…,å,
2.å. .ì-=ƒ=. b/äåëå…,å ì%›å2 K/2ü *%…2!=“2…/ì (“%C%“2="ëå…,å
“ë%"), = ì%›å2 %C!åäåë 2ü“ .ì%ö, ì,.
o!, *%…2!=“2…%L …å.ì%ö,%…=ëü…%L .ì-=ƒå %2ìå… þ2“ "“å
C!=",ë= C%! ä*= “ë%", *!%ìå ì%!-%ë%ã,÷å“*,..bC%“ëåä…åì “ë3÷=å
*%…2!=“2,!3þ?,å 2åì/ , !åì/ %2ìå÷=þ2“ 2%ëü*% 3ä=!å…,åì:
n… " “,…åL !3K=ø*å (= …å " *!=“…%L). q,…2=*“,÷å“*,å ›å C!=",ë=
“"%ä 2“ * 2%ì3, ÷2% *%…2!=“2,!3þ?= 2åì= “2=",2“ " …=÷=ë%
C!åäë%›å…, , = !åì= O " *%…åö: p=K%2=å2 %… .%!%ø%, = "åäå2
“åK 3›=“…%.o!, .2%ì , 2åì/, , !åì/ %2ìå÷=þ2“ K%ëåå “,ëü…/ì
3ä=!å…,åì, .%2 2,C ,…2%…=ö,, (…= 2åìå hj 3) …å ìå… å2“ .
}ì%ö,%…=ëü…= .ì-=ƒ= "/äåë å2 %2äåëü…/å “ë%"=, " %“…%"…%ì,
C!, C%ì%?, 3“,ëå…, 3ä=!å…, , %“%K/. ,…2%…=ö,L (hj 2, hj
4, hj 5). )=?å "“åã% "/äåë åì%å “ë%"% ("ìå“2å “ 3“,ëå……/ì
-!=ƒ%"/ì 3ä=!å…,åì) %*=ƒ/"=å2“ " …=÷=ëå "/“*=ƒ/"=…, : d%›äü
C%øåë! (…åL2!=ëü…%å C%øåë ä%›äü), c!3ƒ%",* C% ø%““å C!%å.=ë
(C!, …åL2!=ëü…%ì o% ø%““å C!%å.=ë ã!3ƒ%",*). nä…=*% "%ƒì%›…%
.ì%ö,%…=ëü…%å "/äåëå…,å , C%“ëåä…åã% “ë%"=: n… C!,åäå2 ƒ="2!=!
q2åCå…ü "/äåëå……%“2, ì%›å2 K/2ü !=ƒ…%L, ÷2% C!% "ë å2“
" ,…2%…=ö,,. b “=ì/. *!=L…,. “ë3÷= . "%ƒì%›…/ …=!3øå…,
ä=›å ì%!-%ë%ã,÷å“*,. C!=",ë C%! ä*= “ë%": a!=2= *…,ã3 "ƒ ë,
…å %2ö=! j%…å÷…%, "! ä ë, “2%,2 3÷,2ü “23äå…2%" "“åì .2,ì
2%…*%“2 ì. nä…=*% *%…2!=“2…%å "/äåëå…,å C!, “%C%“2="ëå…,, ,
.ì%ö,%…=ëü…/å "/“*=ƒ/"=…, 2,C= `"2%K3“ åäå2! %K/÷…% "“å-
2=*, ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ .
o%! ä%* “ë%" , ,…2%…=ö, "ƒ=,ì%äåL“2"3þ2 " "/!=›å…,,
*%ìì3…,*=2,"…%L %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,.
Š!å2ü,ì “!åä“2"%ì, 2%›å 3÷=“2"3þ?,ì " .2%ì, %K/÷…% …=ƒ/"=þ2

÷=“2,ö/. `*2,"…%å "ë=äå…,å ,ì, …å%K ƒ=2åëü…% ä=›å …= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì
.2=Cå (*!%ìå ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…, ,. äë "/!=›å…, “,…2=*“,÷å“*,. %2…%øå…,L
…=! ä3 “ “%þƒ=ì,), C%.2%ì3 ÷=“2,ö/ ì=ë% %2!=›å…/ " Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*,.
%C,“=…, . !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=. nä…=*% ,ìåå2“ %ä,… “" ƒ=……/L “ C%! ä*%ì
“ë%" “ë3÷=L, *%2%!/L ì%›å2 %*=ƒ=2ü“ C%ëåƒ…/ì " =*2,"…%ì ã%"%!å…,,.
hìåþ2“ " ",ä3 C!åäë%›å…, 2,C= Š3ä=-2% ì…å , …=ä%, q .2,ì-2% ä%ì%ì
, “" ƒ=…= ƒ=,…2å!å“%"="ø= "=“ ëåãå…ä=.
Š=*,å "/“*=ƒ/"=…, %K/÷…% "%ƒ…,*=þ2, *%ãä= ,ìåå2“ *%…-ë,*2 "
"/K%!å 2åì/ , !åì/. b C!,…ö,Cå %…, "/K,!=þ2“ C% !=ƒ…/ì %“…%"=…, ì:
2åì= ä%ë›…= C!," ƒ/"=2ü “*=ƒ=……%å * ,ƒ"å“2…%ì3, C%.2%ì3 %…= ä%ë›…=

…=ƒ/"=2ü ÷2%-2% "“2!å2,"øåå“ " 2å*“2å …åä="…%. påì= ä%ë›…= “%äå!›=2ü
C!åäìå2 “%%K?å…, . h ì%›å2 %*=ƒ=2ü“ , ÷2% …åä="…% "“2!å2,"øåå“ (*%2%!%å
“ëåä3å2 “äåë=2ü 2åì%L) %ä…%"!åìå……% C!åä“2="ë å2 C!åäìå2 “%%K?å…, ,
ä%ë›…% “2=2ü !åì%L. m=C!,ìå!, *%ãä= ÷åë%"å* ÷2%-2% ,?å2 , "/ “… å2, ÷2%
C32ü 23ä= ëå›,2 …=C!="%, %… .%÷å2 “*=ƒ=2ü l…å …=ä% 23ä=. m% 23ä= 2%ëü*%
÷2% 3C%ì,…=ë%“ü, %…% ä%ë›…% “2=2ü 2åì%L: 23ä= ì…å …=ä%. nä…=*% 2%, ÷2%
&…=ä%[, 3›å ,ƒ"å“2…% (%… "åäü ÷2%-2% ,“*=ë) , !åì%L K/2ü …å ì%›å2.}2%2-
2% *%…-ë,*2 , !=ƒ!åø=å2“ Kë=ã%ä=! ÷=“2,öå , , “ C%ì%?üþ ÷=“2,ö/ -2%
(,…%ãä= "%2).h “2=",2“ Cå!åä “*=ƒ3åì/ì, *%2%!%å “2%,2 …= ìå“2å !åì/,
…% !åì%L K/2ü …å ä%ë›…%, = -2% O C%“ëå 2åì/, *%2%!= %“%K% "/äåë å2“ ,
2=* *=* C!,…,ì=å2 …= “åK -3…*ö,, !åì/.Š=*,å *%…“2!3*ö,, …å!åä*, , "
3“2…%L, , " C,“üìå……%L !å÷,, , "ë=äå…,å ,ì, äë 3÷=?,.“ , “2!åì ?,.“
* 3!%"…þ …%“,2åë , %÷å…ü ›åë=2åëü…%.
1. Каков порядок слов в начальных и изолирован-

Вопросы ных высказываниях?
и задания
2. В каких случаях порядок слов не определяется
коммуникативной организацией высказывания?
3. Расскажите о порядке слов при сочетании не-

скольких определений.
4. Какие части речи редко встречаются в реме?
5. Как участвуют в выражении коммуникативной

организации высказывания частицы?
nK ƒ=2åëü…= ë,2å!=23!=
Крылова О.А. Порядок слов в русском языке. O М., 1988.
2. Особенности выражения предикативной основы предложения
n“…%"…/å “C%“%K/ C%“2!%å…, C!åäë%›å…, " !3““*%ì

ƒ/*å ä=þ2“ 3›å …= …=÷=ëü…%ì .2=Cå %K3÷å…, . j=* C!=",ë%,
“=ì/L Cå!"/L 2,C C!åäë%›å…, O ,ìå……%å: }2% “2%ë, b%2 ä%ì.

n÷å…ü !=…% ä=þ2“ , C!åäë%›å…, “ ãë=ã%ëü…/ì “*=ƒ3åì/ì: “
!=K%2=þ, q/… .%÷å2 ã3ë 2ü, p=K%2=L , “% “*=ƒ3åì/ì, "/!=›å……/ì
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/ì: d%ì “2=!/L , …=!å÷,åì: c%!%ä ä=ëå*%. n“…%"…%L
“ë%›…%“2üþ ƒäå“ü "ë å2“ %2“32“2",å ãë=ã%ë=-“" ƒ*, K/2ü
" …=“2% ?åì "!åìå…,. nä…=*% .2% …å2!3ä…% ƒ=C%ì…,2ü, = "“å
C!%Këåì/ O *%ãä= å“2ü “2=",2“ , = *%ãä= …å2 O "%ƒ…,*=þ2 C%ƒ›å.
2.1. o%… 2,å “3KAå*2= , %“%Kå……%“2, åã% "/!=›å…,
nä…,ì ,ƒ …=,K%ëåå “ë%›…/. ì%ìå…2%" " C%“2!%å…,, C!%“2%ã%

C!åäë%›å…, "ë å2“ "%ƒì%›…%“2ü , …å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü
-%!ì3 *%“"å……%ã% C=äå›= äë %K%ƒ…=÷å…, !%ë,, %K/÷…% "/!=›=åì%L
C%äëå›=?,ì " ,ìå…,2åëü…%ì C=äå›å (“!. r ìå… å“2ü , “ ,ìåþ,
"ë=äåþ , 2.C.). b C!=*2,÷å“*%L ã!=ìì=2,*å, = "“ëåä ƒ= …åL , "
=*=äåì,÷å“*%L “2=ë, ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü C%… 2,å “3KAå*2=, %2ë,÷…%å %2
C%äëå›=?åã%.
dë *=›ä%ã% C!åäë%›å…, ì%›…% C%“2!%,2ü “.åì3
(ãë3K,……3þ “2!3*23!3), " *%2%!%L K3äå2 3*=ƒ=…%, *=*,å “ë%"=
%2…%“ 2“ * “*=ƒ3åì%ì3 , *=*%å ,ƒ …,. "=›…åå äë C!åäë%›å…, .
dë K%ëüø,…“2"= ãë=ã%ë%" “=ì/ì, "=›…/ì,, ƒ=…,ì=þ?,ì,
Cå!"%å ìå“2% "ë þ2“ “ë%"=, %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,å =*2,"…%ã% äå 2åë .
m=C!,ìå!, äë ãë=ã%ë= ÷,2=2ü .2% 2%2, *2% ÷,2=å2, äë ãë=ã%ë=
"/!/"=2ü O "/!/"=þ?,L (r!=ã=… "/!/"=å2 äå!å"ü “ *%!…åì) , 2.C.
nK/÷…% ãë=ã%ë/, %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,å !=ƒ…/å “,23=ö,,, %“2="ë þ2 äë
ãë="…%ã% äå 2åë Cå!"%å ìå“2% O C%äëå›=?åå, *%2%!%å "/!=›=å2“
,ìå…,2åëü…/ì C=äå›%ì.j%…å÷…%, å“2ü , ä!3ã,å ãë=ã%ë/, ãäå “=ì%L
"=›…%L C%ƒ,ö,åL %*=ƒ/"=å2“ , …=%K%!%2, C%ƒ,ö, 2%ã%, …= *%ã%
äåL“2",å …=C!="ëå…%: “ “2!=ä=þ %2 åã% …=C=ä%*. p=“C!åäåëå…,å
!%ëåL “" ƒ=…% “% ƒ…=÷å…,åì “ë%"=: “2!=ä=2ü %C,“/"=å2 “%“2% …,å,
C%.2%ì3 =*2,"…/L äå 2åëü %*=ƒ/"=å2“ ìå…åå "=›å…, ÷åì …%“,2åëü
“%“2% …, .
nä…=*% ,ìåþ2“ ãë=ã%ë/, *%2%!/å ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ äë Cå!åä=÷,
äåL“2",L ,ë, %2…%øå…,L, " *%2%!/. ì%›…% "/äåë,2ü =*2,"…3þ
!%ëü. m% .2, ãë=ã%ë/ C!åä“2="ë þ2 “,23=ö,þ “ C%ƒ,ö,L ä!3ã%ã%
3÷=“2…,*=. o%.2%ì3 "/C%ë… þ?,L =*2,"…3þ !%ëü …å C%ë3÷=å2
ìå“2= C%äëå›=?åã%, .%2 ì%›…% K/ë% K/ åã% %›,ä=2ü.Š=*, ãë=ã%ë
…!=",2ü“ C!åä“2="ë å2 “,23=ö,þ “ C%ƒ,ö,, %KAå*2= “,ìC=2,L,
*%2%!/L , “2=…%",2“ C%äëå›=?,ì: p=K%2= ì…å …!=",2“ . nä…=*%

" C!,…ö,Cå " .2%L “,23=ö,, å“2ü , =*2,"…/L äå 2åëü, ÷2% .%!%ø%
ƒ=ìå2…%, å“ë, C!,ìå!…% 23 ›å “,23=ö,þ …=ƒ"=2ü “ë%"%ì ëþK,2ü: “
ëþKëþ !=K%23. o%.2%ì3 C!, "/K%!å -%!ì “ë%" C!, %K%,. ãë=ã%ë=.
2!åK3å2“ "/!=›å…,å =*2,"…%ã% äå 2åë .h å“ë, äë ãë=ã%ë= ëþK,2ü
åã% "/!=›å…,å %K/÷…% O ,ìå…,2åëü…/L C=äå›, 2% äë ãë=ã%ë=
…!=",2ü“ 2!åK3å2“ ä%C%ë…,2åëü…% ƒ=C%ì…,2ü, ÷2% .2%2 äå 2åëü
ä%ë›å… K/2ü "/!=›å… ,…=÷å. Š=*%L 3÷=“2…,* “,23=ö,, , K3äå2
…=ƒ/"=2ü“ “3KAå*2.
nK/÷…% " !%ë, “3KAå*2= "/“23C=å2 ÷åë%"å*, %ä…=*% "%ƒì%›…/
, ,“*ëþ÷å…, . m=C!,ìå!, " *%…“2!3*ö,, 3 + !%ä,2åëü…/L C=äå›
"%ƒì%›…/ ›,"%2…/å , ä=›å C!åäìå2/: r ì=ø,…/ %2"=ë,ë%“ü *%ëå“%.
j!%ìå 2%ã%, C%“*%ëü*3 C%ƒ,ö, “3KAå*2= *=* “=ì%ã% "=›…%ã%
3÷=“2…,*= ÷=“2% K/"=å2 %2C!="…%L 2%÷*%L “%%K?å…, , 2% “3KAå*2
%K/÷…% %*=ƒ/"=å2“ 2åì%L "/“*=ƒ/"=…, . nä…=*% , ƒäå“ü K/"=þ2
,“*ëþ÷å…, : p=K%2= …!=",2“ "“åì.
Š=*,. “ë3÷=å", *%ãä= “3KAå*2 "/!=›=å2“ …å ,ìå…,2åëü…/ì
C=äå›%ì, …åì…%ã%.
 b%-Cå!"/., .2% *%…“2!3*ö,, “ ãë=ã%ë=ì, , …=!å÷, ì,

"%“C!, 2, , " *%2%!/. 3C%2!åKë å2“ “3Aå*2 " -%!ìå
ä=2åëü…%ã% C=äå›=: l…å …!=",2“ , *=›å2“ , “ë/ø,2“ ,
",ä…%, “ë/ø…%.bC!åäë%›å…, . “ …=!å÷, ì, "2%!%L 3÷=“2…,*
"/!=›å… ",…,2åëü…/ì C=äå›%ì: l…å …å ",ä…% “öå…3.
d=2åëü…/L C=äå› ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ 2=*›å “ ,…-,…,2,"%ì
, …=!å÷, ì,, %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,ì, “%“2% …,å: l…å ä3!…%,
ì…å Cëå"=2ü, = 2=*›å " ,…-,…,2,"…/. C!åäë%›å…, . “%
ƒ…=÷å…,åì ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, : ŠåKå "%ä,2ü. q ä=2åëü…/ì
C=äå›%ì 3C%2!åKë å2“ , *%…“2!3*ö, %K%ƒ…=÷å…,
"%ƒ!=“2=: l…å ä"=äö=2ü ëå2.
 b%-"2%!/., .2% Kåƒë,÷…/å , …å%C!åäåëå……%-ë,÷…/å
C!åäë%›å…, , " *%2%!/. " C%ƒ,ö,þ “3KAå*2= "/ä",ã=þ2“
“ë%"= " ",…,2åëü…%ì C=äå›å: eã% !=…,ë%, d%!%ã3 ƒ=“/C=ë%.
qþä= ›å ì%›…% %2…å“2, , “C%“%K "/!=›å…, “3KAå*2= "
C!åäë%›å…, . ",ä= lå… ƒ%"32... o%ä=÷= .2%L -!=ƒ/ *=*
*ë,øå (÷2% %K/÷…% , äåë=å2“ ) C!åC 2“2"3å2 3C%2!åKëå…,þ
-!=ƒ “23äå…2= ƒ%"32, ì%åã% ä!3ã= ƒ%"32, 2.*. 3÷=?,L“
…å K3äå2 ƒ…=2ü, ÷2% " .2%L *%…“2!3*ö,, C!,“32“2"3å2
",…,2åëü…/L C=äå›: äë …åã% ìå… O C!%“2% “2!=……%å
",ä%,ƒìå…å…,å “ë%"= . (n2ìå2,ì ƒäå“ü ›å, ÷2% -!=ƒ= l%å

,ì h"=… …åC!=",ëü…= “ *%ìì3…,*=2,"…%L 2%÷*, ƒ!å…, :
2=* …å ã%"%! 2 C%÷2, …,*%ãä=, *!%ìå C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…, :
ì%å ,ì h"=…, -=ì,ë, j%ì=!%". o%.2%ì3 " *=÷å“2"å "/.%ä=
ì%›…% C!åäë%›,2ü ƒ…=*%ì“2"% " ",äå C!åä“2="ëå…, :
}2% h"=… O ` d›%… (,ë, n÷å…ü C!, 2…%. d›%…)
*%2%!%å "ë å2“ …=,K%ëåå C!,… 2/ì " K%ëåå ,ë, ìå…åå
%-,ö,=ëü…/. “,23=ö, ..j%…å÷…%, .2% …å %ƒ…=÷=å2 %2*=ƒ= %2
,ƒ3÷å…, -%!ì3ë/ ìå… ƒ%"32, …% 2%ãä= .2% ì%›…% “äåë=2ü
C%ƒ›å, *%ãä= 3 “23äå…2= 3›å å“2ü C!åä“2="ëå…,å % “*ë%…å…,,
ìå“2%,ìå…,L , “C! ›å…,, ãë=ã%ë%".)
 b-2!å2ü,., .2% ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…,å *%…“2!3*ö,, 3 + !%ä,2åëü…/L
C=äå› äë ""åäå…, ãë="…%ã% 3÷=“2…,*= “%K/2, : r
ìå… !3.…3ë= C%ë*=. o!, .2%ì “%K/2, ì%ã32 K/2ü "å“üì=
!=ƒ…/ì,, = “3KAå*2 ì%›å2 ƒ=ìå… 2ü“ C!,2 ›=2åëü…/ì
ìå“2%,ìå…,åì: l% C%ë*= !3.…3ë=. q!åä, .2,. C!åäë%›å…,L
“ëåä3å2 "/äåë,2ü C!åäë%›å…, “ %K%ƒ…=÷å…, ì, ÷=“2åL
2åë=: r ìå… K%ë,2 ã%!ë%, r ìå… "/",.…32= …%ã=.gäå“ü ƒ=ìå…=
…= ìå“2%,ìå…,å …åä%C3“2,ì=.
m=*%…åö, " “2!=ä=2åëü…/. *%…“2!3*ö, . “3KAå*2 ì%›å2
"/!=›=2ü“ 2"%!,2åëü…/ì C=äå›%ì: l…%þ C!%äåë=…= K%ëüø= !=K%2=.
nä…=*% ÷=?å äå 2åëü …å "/!=›=å2“ , *!%ìå 2%ã%, “2!=ä=2åëü…/å
*%…“2!3*ö,, " !3““*%ì ƒ/*å 3C%2!åKë þ2“ !åä*%. nK/÷…%
"ìå“2% …,. ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ Kåƒë,÷…/å , …å%C!åäåëå……%-ë,÷…/å
C!åäë%›å…, .
o%äëå›=?åå ì%›å2 K/2ü "/!=›å…% …å 2%ëü*% “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì,
…% , ,…-,…,2,"%ì, C!, *%2%!%ì "%ƒì%›…% “*=ƒ3åì%å O …=!å÷,å:
j3!,2ü "!åä…% ,ë, ,…-,…,2,"…%å “*=ƒ3åì%å: j3!,2ü O "!åä,2ü
ƒä%!%"üþ.
2.2. n“%K/å “ë3÷=, %-%!ìëå…, “*=ƒ3åì%ã%
måëåã*,ì, äë 3“"%å…, "ë þ2“ Kåƒë,÷…/å, …å%C!åäåëå……%-

ë,÷…/å , ,…-,…,2,"…/å C!åäë%›å…, , %2“32“2"3þ?,å "% ì…%ã,.
ƒ/*=., C!åäë%›å…, , ãäå “*=ƒ3åì%å "/!=›å…% ãë=ã%ëü…/ì,
-%!ì=ì, , …=!å÷, ì,, *%2%!/å …å 2!åK3þ2 C%äëå›=?åã%.
b Kåƒë,÷…/. C!åäë%›å…, . …å2 C%äëå›=?åã%, = “*=ƒ3åì%å

"/!=›å…% ä"3ì “C%“%K=ì,. }2% ì%›å2 K/2ü %ä,… ,ƒ …åK%ëüø%ã%

÷,“ë= Kåƒë,÷…/. ãë=ã%ë%", %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,. “%“2% …, C!,!%ä/
(“"å2=å2, 2åì…åå2, .%ë%ä=å2), ,ë, ÷åë%"å*= (2%ø…,2, ƒ…%K,2)
,ë, ›å …=!å÷,åì “ 2=*,ì ›å ƒ…=÷å…,åì (.%ë%ä…%, K%ëü…%). }2,
*%…“2!3*ö,, “" ƒ=…/ “ ,ƒ3÷å…,åì “%%2"å2“2"3þ?,. “ë%". gäå“ü
%“%K%å "…,ì=…,å …=ä% %K!=2,2ü …= "/!=›å…,å “3KAå*2= C!, C%ì%?,
ä=2åëü…%ã% (“ …=!å÷,åì) ,ë, ",…,2åëü…%ã% (“ ãë=ã%ë%ì lå…
ƒ…%K,2) C=äå›=, = 2=*›å =“Cå*2%" “,23=ö,,: ìå“2= ,ë, "!åìå…,
(m= 3ë,öå .%ë%ä…%. b øå“2ü 2åì…åå2).
d!3ã%L "=!,=…2 Kåƒë,÷…/. C!åäë%›å…,L “" ƒ=… “ ãë=ã%ë=ì,
"%ƒäåL“2", , *%ãä= “,23=ö, C!åä“2="ëå…=, *=* å“ë, K/ …å K/ë%
äå 2åë , "“å C!%,ƒ%øë% “=ì% “%K%L: eã% 3ä=!,ë% 2%*%ì. d!3ã=
!=…,ë%.}2% !åä*,å “ë3÷=,, *%2%!/å ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ 3›å …= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì
.2=Cå *=* "=!,=…2 ƒ=ìå?å…, “2!=ä=2åëü…/. *%…“2!3*ö,L, !åä*,.
" !3““*%L, %“%Kå……% " !=ƒã%"%!…%L !å÷,.
må%C!åäåëå……%-ë,÷…/å C!åäë%›å…, %K!=ƒ3þ2“ C!=*2,÷å“*,

ëþK/ì, ãë=ã%ë=ì,, *%2%!/å “2=" 2“ " 2!å2üå ë,ö% ì…%›å“2"å……%ã%
÷,“ë=, ÷2% C%ƒ"%ë å2 …å …=ƒ/"=2üäå 2åë : q2!åë þ2. b÷å!= “%%K?=ë,
C% !=ä,%, ÷2%... }2%2 “C%“%K 3L2, %2 …=ƒ/"=…, äå 2åë ÷=?å "“åã%
ƒ=ìå… å2 “2!=ä=2åëü…3þ *%…“2!3*ö,þ, C%.2%ì3 %K/÷…% "“åãä=
,ƒ3÷=å2“ å“ë, …å …= “!åä…åC!%ä",…32%ì, 2% …= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì
.2=Cå.
h…-,…,2,"…/å C!åäë%›å…, ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2 " *=÷å“2"å “*=ƒ3åì%ã%

,…-,…,2,", = “3KAå*2 ì%›å2 K/2ü "/!=›å… ä=2åëü…/ì C=äå›%ì:
b“åì “2% 2ü! nC 2ü ì…å äå›3!,2ü.j%…“2!3*ö, ,ìåå2 ì%ä=ëü…3þ
%*!=“*3 ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, . o!, .2%ì "%ƒì%›…% , C%›åë=…,å:
l%ë%ä/ìO ›,2ü , !=ä%"=2ü“ ›,ƒ…,, , …å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü l…å ƒ="2!=
"“2="=2ü " øå“2ü, , C!,*=ƒ b“2=2ü!
n2!,ö=2åëü…/å ,…-,…,2,"…/å C!åäë%›å…, “ “%"å!øå……/ì
",ä%ì ,ìåþ2 ƒ…=÷å…,å …å"%ƒì%›…%“2, l…å …å “C!=",2ü“ .
o%ä!%K…åå % "/!=›å…,, ì%ä=ëü…%“2, “ì.ä=ëåå (ãë.IV, C.4).
n“%K% “ëåä3å2 “*=ƒ=2ü % “!åä“2"=. "/!=›å…, C!åä,*=2=,
*%2%!/å …å!åä*% "*ëþ÷=þ2“ " C!%ã!=ìì/ " *=÷å“2"å %2äåëü…%L
2åì/. qC%“%K/ "/!=›å…, “*=ƒ3åì%ã% ä%ë›…/ K/2ü ,ƒ"å“2…/.
nä…=*% “%C%“2="ëå…,å .2,. “C%“%K%" O ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ ë, ãë=ã%ë
" ë,÷…%L -%!ìå, “3?å“2",2åëü…%å ,ë, *!=2*%å C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%å
O …å %K ƒ=2åëü…%. b/K%!, *%2%!/L ä%ë›å… äåë=2ü ã%"%! ?,L,
…å C!åä“2="ë å2 ƒ=2!3ä…å…, : å“ë, %… “%%K?,2 % äåL“2",,, 2%

"/Kå!å2 ãë=ã%ë (“ ,ä3), å“ë, %2%›äå“2",2 *%ã%-2% “ *åì-2%, 2%
“3?å“2",2åëü…%å (n… ì%L ä!3ã) , 2.C. o%.2%ì3 “%C%“2="ëå…,å .2,.
“!åä“2" …å C!åä“2="ë å2 %“%K%ã% ,…2å!å“=.
2.3. cë=ã%ë-“" ƒ*= K/2ü " …=“2% ?åì "!åìå…,
o!åäë%›å…, , " *%2%!/. -%!ì= …=“2% ?åã% "!åìå…, ãë=ã%ë=

K/2üO å“2ü O %C3“*=å2“ ( "ë å2“ …3ëå"%L), C!åä“2="ë å2 K%ëüø,å
2!3ä…%“2,, 2=* *=* " K%ëüø,…“2"å ä!3ã,. ƒ/*%" %…= 3C%2!åKë å2“
" …=“2% ?åì "!åìå…, "“åãä=. o%.2%ì3 Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%å %C,“=…,å
!3““*%ã% ƒ/*= ä%ë›…% "*ëþ÷=2ü %“…%"…/å “ë3÷=, 3C%2!åKëå…,
,ë, …å3C%2!åKëå…, (%C3?å…, ) .2%L “" ƒ*,.
hìåþ2“ ä"= …=,K%ëåå %÷å",ä…/. “ë3÷= 3C%2!åKëå…, “" ƒ*,,
ä%“2=2%÷…% *%…2!=“2…/å , C%2%ì3 …å C32=þ?,å“ 3 3÷=?,.“ (%…,
,ƒ3÷=þ2“ …= …=÷=ëü…%ì .2=Cå): 2%›äå“2"% (“" ƒ*= %C3“*=å2“ ):
l%L K!=2 “23äå…2 , …=ë,÷,å (“" ƒ*= 3C%2!åKë å2“ ): r ìå… å“2ü
ä%ì.o!åäë%›å…, …=ë,÷, ,ìåþ2 ì…%ã% %K?åã% “ C!åäë%›å…, ì,
.=!=*2å!,ƒ=ö,, r ìå… .%!%ø,L ä%ì, " *%2%!/. %“…%"…%L
*%ìì3…,*=2,"…%L ƒ=ä=÷åL “÷,2=å2“ “%%K?å…,å …å % …=ë,÷,,
÷åã%-ë,K%, = % åã% “"%L“2"=..
o!, !=ƒë,÷å…,, C!åäë%›å…,L …=ë,÷, , .=!=*2å!,ƒ=ö,,
, "%ƒ…,*=þ2 C!%Këåì/. o!,“32“2",å C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%ã% å?å …å
äåë=å2 “" ƒ*3 …å…3›…%L “!.: r ìå… å“2ü C!å*!=“…/L ä%ì, 2=*
*=* ì%›…% “%%K?,2ü % …=ë,÷,, %.=!=*2å!,ƒ%"=……%ã% C!åäìå2=.
dë %C!åäåëå…, , * *=*%ì3 2,C3 %2…%“,2“ "/“*=ƒ/"=…,å,
…=ä% ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü C%… 2, *%ìì3…,*=2,"…%L %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,
(…= “!åä…åC!%ä",…32%ì .2=Cå .2% äåë=å2“ -!=ãìå…2=!…%, = …=
ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì O "“å “ë3÷=, 3C%2!åKëå…, “"%ä 2“ " “,“2åì3).
nK?åå C!=",ë%: å“2ü C% "ë å2“ 2%ãä=, *%ãä= "/!=›=åì/L ,ì
“ì/“ë C%C=ä=å2 " *%ìì3…,*=2,"…/L öå…2!, 2.å. !åì3 (“%%K?=åì3þ
,…-%!ì=ö,þ), = %C3“*=å2“ , å“ë, .2% ƒ…=÷å…,å , 2=* 3›å
C%… 2…%, “=ì% “%K%L !=ƒ3ìåå2“ . }2% C!=",ë% äåL“2"3å2 ä=›å "
“ë3÷=å 2%›äå“2"= (*%2%!%å " C!,…ö,Cå ëåã*% 3“"=,"=å2“ , Kåƒ
ä%C%ë…,2åëü…/. “"åäå…,L): " 2å. “ë3÷= ., *%ãä= -=*2 2%›äå“2"=
C%ä÷å!*,"=å2“ , “" ƒ*= å“2ü ì%›å2 C% ",2ü“ : b%ä%!%ä å“2ü ã=ƒ.
hìå……% C%C=ä=…,å ,…-%!ì=ö,, " *%ìì3…,*=2,"…/L öå…2!
(2%, ÷2% “%K?=å2“ , = …å “=ì% “%K%L !=ƒ3ìåå2“ ) %2ë,÷=å2

C!åäë%›å…, …=ë,÷, %2 .=!=*2å!,ƒ=ö,, , ìå“2%…=.%›äå…, .
}2% .%!%ø% ",ä…% …= C!,ìå!=., *%ãä= …=ë,÷,å %÷å",ä…% (r …åã%
ã%ë3K/å ãë=ƒ=, b ä%ìå "/“%*,å C%2%ë*,). nä…=*% ,…%L !=ƒ K/"=å2
…åC!%“2% %C!åäåë,2ü, ÷2% ,ìå……% .%÷å2 “%%K?,2ü ã%"%! ?,L,
"=›…= ë, ,…-%!ì=ö, % …=ë,÷,, äë “%%K?å…, : “!.n*%ë% ä%ì=
ë=!å* ,ë, n*%ë% ä%ì= å“2ü ë=!å*. m%“,2åë, ƒ/*= %C!åäåë þ2
"=›…%“2ü “%%K?=åì%ã% ="2%ì=2,÷å“*, " ƒ=",“,ì%“2, %2 2%ã%,
…=“*%ëü*% 3C%2!åKëå…,å ,ë, %C3?å…,å “" ƒ*, C%ì%ã=å2 C%… 2ü
"/“*=ƒ/"=…,å " öåë%ì.r÷=?,L“ ä%ë›å… …=3÷,2ü“ ì%äåë,!%"=2ü
"/K%! ã%"%! ?åã%.
p=ƒ…/ì 2,C=ì “%%K?å…, “%%2"å2“2"3þ2 !=ƒ…/å ",ä/
%2!,ö=…, : n*%ë% ä%ì= …å ë=!å*, = C3“2/!ü , n*%ë% ä%ì= …å2 ë=!ü*=.
nä…=*% .2% !=ƒë,÷,å “=ì% "/ƒ/"=å2 ƒ=2!3ä…å…, C!, ,ƒ3÷å…,,
, “ë3›,2 %C%!%L äë "/K%!= 2%ëü*% 2%ãä=, *%ãä= %2!,ö=2åëü…/å
C!åäë%›å…, 3›å .%!%ø% ƒ…=*%ì/ 3÷=?,ì“ .
hƒ 2=*%ã% C%…,ì=…, …=ë,÷, O%2“32“2", “" ƒ*, "/"%ä,ì%
, !=ƒë,÷,å " ƒ…=÷å…,, C!åäë%›å…,L b *ë=““å “C%“%K…/å 3÷=?,å“
, b *ë=““å å“2ü “C%“%K…/å 3÷=?,å“ . n2“32“2",å “" ƒ*, %ƒ…=÷=å2,
÷2% % …=ë,÷,, …å “%K?=å2“ , ƒ…=÷,2, %…% “=ì% “%K%L !=ƒ3ìåå2“ ,
, .=!=*2å!,“2,*= %2…%“,2“ *% "“åì 3÷å…,*=ì. e“ë, ›å “" ƒ*=
“2=",2“ , ƒ…=÷,2, …=ë,÷,å C!åä“2="ë å2 C!åäìå2 “%%K?å…, ,
“ëåä%"=2åëü…% C!åäC%ë=ã=å2“ , ÷2% å“2ü , Cë%.,å.
j=* %2äåëü…= C!%Këåì= !=““ì=2!,"=þ2“ C!åäë%›å…, “
,ìå…=ì,, %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,ì, …å C!åäìå2, = “%K/2,å: r …åã% ã!,CC. r
…,. C%›=!. b !%ë, ,ìå…, “%K/2, ì%›å2 %*=ƒ=2ü“ , *%…*!å2…/L
C!åäìå2.m=C!,ìå!, r …=“ K=““åL… %ƒ…=÷=å2, ÷2% ÷åë%"å* “%K,!=å2“
C%L2, " K=““åL… Cë="=2ü. Š=*= ƒ=ìå…= ,ìå…, “%K/2, …= ,ì
*%…*!å2…%ã% %KAå*2=, “" ƒ=……%ã% “ “%K/2,åì, "%ƒì%›…= ä=ëå*% …å
"% "“å. ƒ/*=., C%.2%ì3 2=*= *%…“2!3*ö, ƒ=“ë3›,"=å2 "…,ì=…,
, “=ì= C% “åKå, , *=* “ë3÷=L %2“32“2", ãë=ã%ë= “" ƒ*,.
■ Итак, выражение главных членов предложения не вызывает
трудностей, если подлежащие выраженые именем или инфи-
нитивом, если сказуемое выражено глаголом в личной форме,
именем существительным или прилагательным и если в пред-
ложении только одно подлежащее.
■ Трудности возникают когда, когда тот участник ситуации, ко-
торый, как ожидалось, должен выражаться подлежащим,
выражается косвенным падежом. Это дательный падеж при
глаголах и наречиях восприятия, при обозначения состояния,

и в инфинитивных предложениях. Это винительный падеж
при безличных и неопределенно-личных предложениях, эк-
вивалентных страдажетьным конструкциям. Это конструкция
у + родительный падеж при обозначении важнейшего участ-
ника ситуации. И, наконец, творительным падежом передает-
ся субъект в страдательной конструкции.
■ Особые случаи выражения сказуемого – это безличные (тем-
неет. Тошнит. Его ударило током), неопределенно-личные
(стреляют) и инфинитивные предложения, в которых нет под-
лежащего.
■ Глагол-связка быть в настоящем времени становится тогда,
когда передаваемый им смысл попадает в рему, а не само со-
бой разумеется.
1. Какие типы высказываний рассматриваются

Вопросы при изучении глагола-связки?
и задания
2. Какие типы высказываний вызывают трудности
при их различении?
3. Установите способ отрицания каждого из рас-

смотреных типов высказывай.
4. Как типы высказывания связан с коммуникатив-

ной организацией?
Всеволодова М.В. Теория функционально-коммуникативного синтак-
сиса. — М., 2000.
Дополнительная литература
Арутюнова Н.Д., Ширяев Е.Н. Бытийные предложения в русском
языке. — М., 1983
3. Выбор сочинительных союзов

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!=ƒ! ä%" " ƒ=",“,ì%“2, %2 "/!=›=åì%ã% “ì/“ë=. h ä=ëå*% …å "“å
,ƒ …,. "/ƒ/"=þ2 2!3ä…%“2, C!, ,ƒ3÷å…,,, 2.å.ä%ë›…/ "*ëþ÷=2ü“
" ã!=ìì=2,*3 äë ƒ="å!ø=þ?åã% .2=C=.m=C!,ìå!, !=ƒäåë,2åëü…/å
“%þƒ/ ,ë,, ,ë,... ,ë, ,ƒ"å“2…/ “ Cå!"/. ƒ=… 2,L , C!%Këåì/ …å
“%“2="ë þ2.m% “ë%›…/ì %*=ƒ/"=å2“ "/K%! ìå›ä3 “%þƒ=ì, !=ƒ…/.
!=ƒ! ä%" ,, =, …%. q3?å“2"3þ?= !=ƒ…,ö= " ,. ƒ…=÷å…,, O %÷å…ü
ƒ…=÷,2åëü…= O 2åì …å ìå…åå …å ,“*ëþ÷=å2 %ø,K%* " ,. "/K%!å.
}2% ì%›…% %KA “…,2ü 2åì, ÷2% "“å 2!, “%þƒ= ì%ã32 3C%2!åKë 2ü“ "
%ä…%L , 2%L ›å “,23=ö,,, , "/K%! ìå›ä3 …,ì, %C!åäåë å2“ 2åì, ÷2%
ä3ì=å2 % “,23=ö,, ã%"%! ?,L.` C%“*%ëü*3 " K%ëüø,…“2"å ƒ/*%"
3 ã%"%! ?åã% ,ìåþ2“ “%"“åì ä!3ã,å “!åä“2"= äë %öå…*, .2,.
%2…%øå…,L (÷=?å "“åã% ,ìåå2“ C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,å ä"3. “%þƒ%",
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…=÷=ëå %K3÷å…, .
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!=““ì=2!,"=2ü ä"å C=!/ “%þƒ%": ,O …%, ,O =.n…, C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…/
C% !=ƒ…/ì %“…%"=…, ì, C%.2%ì3 …å!åä*, “ë3÷=,, *%ãä= "%ƒì%›…/
" %ä…%ì *%…2å*“2å %K= “%þƒ=: “ C!%“,ë, …% %… …å “%ãë=“,ë“ , “ C!%“,ë,
= %… …å “%ãë=“,ë“ .
q%þƒ …% (*=* %2ìå÷å…% C!=*2,÷å“*, "% "“å. 3÷åK…,*=. ,
“ë%"=! .) %ƒ…=÷=å2 C!%2,"%!å÷,å ìå›ä3 %›,ä="ø,ì“ , 2åì, ÷2%
…= “=ì%ì äåëå: “ …=›=ë …= *…%C*3, …% “"å2 …å ƒ=ã%!åë“ . q%þƒ ,
" 2=*%ì “ë3÷=å %ƒ…=÷=å2, ÷2% “ëåä“2",å K/ë% %›,ä=åì/ì: m=›=ë
…= *…%C*3, , “"å2 ƒ=ã%!åë“ . q%þƒ …% Kë,ƒ%* * ƒ…=÷å…,þ 3“23C*,,
%ä…=*% ƒäå“ü C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,å "/!=›å…% …å 2=* “,ëü…%.
q%þƒ = !=““ì=2!,"=å2“ " “%“2="å *%…“2!3*ö,L “%C%“2="ëå…, :
n… !=K%2=å2, = oå2 ã3ë å2; …å Š=… , = oå2 .m= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå
ì%›…% C!åäë%›,2ü 3÷=?,ì“ %K?åå ƒ…=÷å…,å, *%2%!%å C%ƒ"%ë å2
3C%2!åKë 2ü = " .2,. “ë3÷= .. b C=!å ,O = “%þƒ , 3C%2!åKë å2“ ,
*%ãä= C!,“%åä,… å2 …å …%"3þ, " 2%L ,ë, ,…%L “2åCå…, ,ƒ"å“2…3þ
,ë, %›,ä=åì3þ ,…-%!ì=ö,þ, “%þƒ = O *%ãä= “%%K?=å2“ …å÷2%
…%"%å, %2ë,÷…%å %2 “*=ƒ=……%ã% !=…åå.Š=*= ,…2å!C!å2=ö, C%ä.%ä,2
äë “ë3÷=å" “%C%“2="ëå…, : C!, …åì % “%C%“2="ë åì/. C!åäìå2=.
“%%K?=þ2 !=ƒ…/å "å?,. b å?å K%ëüøåL “2åCå…, .2% C%… 2…%,
*%ãä= !å÷ü ,äå2 %K %2!,ö=…,,.}2% ƒ…=÷å…,å ,ìåå2“ 3 “ë%"= = ä=›å
2%ãä=, *%ãä= %…% "/C%ë… å2 -3…*ö,, …å “%þƒ=, = ÷=“2,ö/. n…=

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å“ë, .2% Cå!"= !åCë,*= ä,=ë%ã= ,ë, å“ë, ìå… å2“ 2åì=: `,*“2=2,,
2/ …å “ë/ø=ë C%“ëåä…þþ …%"%“2ü?
p=ƒë,÷,å ìå›ä3 …% , = ì%›…% “-%!ì3!,!%"=2ü “ëåä3þ?,ì
%K!=ƒ%ì: …% 3*=ƒ/"å2 …= C!%2,"%!å÷,å %›,ä=…,þ, = = …å 3*=ƒ/"=å2,
C!%“2% %2ìå÷= …%",ƒ…3 “%%K?=åì%ã%.(q!.b“å ƒ…=ë, …% …å %2"å2,ë.
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l=ø=), = " ä!3ã,. “ë3÷= . ƒ=",“,2 %2 2%ã%, *=* “=ì ã%"%! ?,L
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2%ëü*% 2%ãä=, *%ãä= %… C!åäC,“/"=å2“ *%…“2!3*ö,åL.
j!%ìå .2,.“%þƒ%", äë “" ƒ, C!åäë%›å…,L , %ä…%!%ä…/.÷ëå…%"
,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ , ä!3ã,å “%þƒ/: …å 2%ëü*%, …% ,; = 2=*›å; “2%ëü...
“*%ëü.hìåå2 “ì/“ë "“C%ì…,2ü , C!åäë%ã,, 2%›å ,“C%ëüƒ3åì/å äë
ä%K="ëå…, ,…-%!ì=ö,,: *!%ìå (“ !%ä,2åëü…/ì C=äå›%ì), …=! ä3
“ (“ 2"%!,2åëü…/ì C=äå›%ì, %-,ö,=ëü…/L).
n“%K% “ëåä3å2 %K!=2,2ü "…,ì=…,å …= ÷=“2,ö/ 2%›å , 2=*›å,
*%2%!/å …å "“åãä= "ƒ=,ì%ƒ=ìå… åì/ , "/ƒ/"=þ2 ì…%ã% %ø,K%*.
Š%›å 3C%2!åKë å2“ , å“ë, ä%K="ë åì= ,…-%!ì=ö, “2%,2 "
2åìå "/“*=ƒ/"=…, : l/ 3“2=ë,, %…, 2%›å 32%ì,ë,“ü. nK .2%ì
%…, 2%›å ã%"%!,ë,. ` 2=*›å (Kåƒ3ä=!…%å) 3C%2!åKë å2“ , å“ë,
…%"= ,…-%!ì=ö, C%C=ä=å2 " !åì3: nK“3›ä=ë“ 2=*›å "%C!%“ %
!=ƒ%!3›å…,,. a/ë= ƒ=2!%…32= 2=*›å C!%Këåì= %*!3›=þ?åL “!åä/.
o!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, .2,. ÷=“2,ö …=ä% %K!=2,2ü "…,ì=…,å …= ,. ìå“2%
" C!åäë%›å…,,: 2%›å “2%,2 C%“ëå ""%ä,ì%L ,…-%!ì=ö,,, %…%
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,“C%ëüƒ%"=…,å 2=*›å “ 3ä=!å…,åì, *%2%!%å .*","=ëå…2…% ÷=“2,öå
2%›å: o=!ë=ìå…2 C%2!åK%"=ë %K“3›äå…,L, C!=",2åëü“2"% 2=*›å
"/ä",…3ë% “.%›,å 2!åK%"=…, .
■ Итак, при выражении сочинительной связи приходит ся об-
ращать внимание на противопоставление двух пар союзов. Со-

юзы И и А противопоставлены как «присоединение известно-
го, ожидаемого, похожего» и «сообщение новой информации».
Союзы И и НО противопоставлены как «логически ожидае-
мое» и «противоречие логическому ожиданию». Добавление
схожей информации можно осуществить и другими союзами и
частицами. (См. подробнее [Практическая грамматика. 1985],
[Донченко, Борисова, 1990].
1. Какие сочинительные отношения должны быть

Вопросы включены в граматику для завершающего эпа-
и задания па?
2. Почему сочинительные союзы и, а, но следует

рассматривать как две пары?
3. Сравните описание частиц тоже и также в тол-

ковом словаре и в данном пособии. Чем вы
объясните разницу в описании?
4. Образование вопросительных предложений
n“%K%å ìå“2% “!åä, “,…2=*“,÷å“*,. %2…%øå…,L ƒ=…,ì=þ2 2å,

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Общий Инвесия Интонация Скорее да: Скорее «Вопросы

+ ли ИК 3 да, правда нет: без ответа»
разве частица ли
неужели
Специ- Вопросит. Переспрос. Настоятельные «Вопросы
альный слово ИК 2 ИК 3 же, да, ну без ответа» –
то, же, уж
Альтер- Одно или несколько Альтернативный после
натив- или специального
ный
1. Чем отличаются общие вопросы, образован-

Вопросы ные при помощи инверсии, от общих вопро-
и задания сов, образованных только при помощи инто-
нации?
2. Какие оттенки вносят в вопросительные пред-

ложения частицы?
Г л а в а IV
АКТИВНАЯ ГРАММАТИКА
nC,“=…,å !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= äë =*2,"…%ã% 3C%2!åKëå…, ä%ë›…%
K/2ü %!ã=…,ƒ%"=…% &%2 “ì/“ë= * "/!=›å…,þ[. hìå……% “ .2,ì
“" ƒ/"=þ2 %“…%"…/å 2!3ä…%“2, %C,“=…, ã!=ìì=2,*, " C!=*2,÷å“*,.
öåë .. q3?å“2"3å2 ì…å…,å, ÷2% äë C!=",ëü…%ã% 3C%2!åKëå…,
ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,. *=2åã%!,L " !å÷, …å%K.%ä,ì= ã!=ìì=2,*=, …=
".%äå *%2%!%L # ƒ…=÷å…, , *%2%!/å 2!åK3å2“ "/!=ƒ,2ü (“ì/“ë,
…=ìå!å…,å), = …= "/.%äå # C!=",ëü…= ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*= -%!ì=.
m=÷,…= “ 70-. ã%ä%" .2= ,äå C%“2% ……% C!%"%ä,2“ " C!=*2,*3.
(qì., …=C!,ìå!, [o!=*2,÷å“*= ã!=ìì=2,*=,1985].)
b/øå (!=ƒäåë I, ãë="= I, C.2 O 2=ì ›å “ì.““/ë*, …= %“…%"…3þ
ë,2å!=23!3) ì/ 3›å ã%"%!,ë, % -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ì C%ä.%äå *
%C,“=…,þ ƒ/*= " %Kë=“2, pjh , % C%… 2,, -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%-
“åì=…2,÷å“*%ã% %2…%øå…, (“%"%*3C…%“2, “!åä“2" äë "/!=›å…,
Г л а в а IV. АКТИВНАЯ ГРАМАТИКА 99
%ä…%ã% “ì/“ë= ,ë, “%"%*3C…%“2, “" ƒ=……/. ìå›ä3 “%K%L

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“…=÷=ë= C%äK,!=þ2“ “!åä“2"=, *%2%!/å " C!,…ö,Cå “C%“%K…/
Cå!åä=2ü 2!åK3åì/L “ì/“ë, = C%2%ì ,ƒ .2,. “!åä“2" "/K,!=þ2“
“=ì/å C%ä.%ä ?,å äë "/!=›å…, .2%ã% “ì/“ë=, , %÷å…ü ÷=“2%
2!3ä…%“2, "/K%!= C!=",ëü…%L -%!ì/ “" ƒ=…/ “ ì…%ã%%K!=ƒ,åì
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ä"3. “!åä“2" "/!=›å…, C!,÷,…/ O "åäü , C%2%ì3 ÷2%), , 2%ãä=
ì%›…% %K!=2,2ü“ * C%… 2,þ C%ë .
b *=*%L-2% ì%ìå…2 "%ƒ…,*ë= ä=›å 2å…äå…ö, C!åä“2="ë 2ü "
",äå C%ëåL "å“ü ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,L ì=2å!,=ë. h " C!,…ö,Cå 2=*%å
%C,“=…,å "%ƒì%›…%. nä…=*% C!=*2,*= C!åC%ä="=…, C%*=ƒ/"=å2,
÷2% 2=*%å &!=“ø,!å…,å[ …å "“åãä= ä%“2=2%÷…% .--å*2,"…%.
oå!åä 2åì *=* Cå!åL2, * %C,“=…,þ *%…*!å2…/. %2…%øå…,L
, “C%“%K%" ,. "/!=›å…, , %K!=2,ì "…,ì=…,å å?å !=ƒ …= 2%, ÷2%
…å*%2%!/å &%2…%øå…, [, = ,ìå……% %2…%øå…, ìå“2= , "!åìå…,,
= 2=*›å ì%ä=ëü…/å, "ë þ2“ %K%K?=þ?,ì, C%… 2, ì, äë
=K“%ëþ2…% !=ƒ…/. “ì/“ë%", .%2 , %KAåä,…å……/. =!.,“åì=ì,.
(q!. "÷å!= , " C!%øë%ì ã%ä3.) o!%÷,å ›å %2…%øå…, O C!,÷,…/,
“ëåä“2", , 2.C. O “%%2"å2“2"3þ2 %ä…%ì3 “ì/“ë3, *%2%!/L ì%›å2
"/!=›=2ü“ !=ƒ…/ì, “!åä“2"=ì, " ƒ=",“,ì%“2, %2 ä%C%ë…,2åëü…/.
…þ=…“%". r*=ƒ=……%å …=ì, !=ƒë,÷,å ,ìåå2 "=›…åLøåå ƒ…=÷å…,å
äë C!åC%ä="=…, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=. o!=*2,*= C%*=ƒ/"=å2, ÷2%
,ƒ3÷å…,å %2…%øå…,L "2%!%ã% 2,C= “2=…%",2“ "=›…/ì " %“…%"…%ì
…= “!åä…åì, = ,…%ãä= ä=›å 2%ëü*% …= C!%ä",…32%ì .2=Cå, *%ãä=
3÷=?,å“ …=÷,…=þ2 !=ƒK,!=2ü“ " 2%…*%“2 . "/!=›å…, %ä…%ã%
%K?åã% “ì/“ë=.m= K%ëåå !=……,. .2=C=. ä%“2=2%÷…% ƒ…=…, %“…%"…/.
“!åä“2" "/!=›å…, *=›ä%ã% %2…%øå…, . ` "%2 %2…%øå…, Cå!"%ã%
2,C= (2.å. "/!=›å…,å ìå“2=, "!åìå…,) "% "“å. ,ƒ"å“2…/. …=ì
C%“%K, . ".%ä 2 " ì=2å!,=ë, %K ƒ=2åëü…/L äë …=÷=ëü…%ã% .2=C=.
}2% %KA “… å2“ 2åì, ÷2% %2…%øå…, ìå“2= …å C!åä“2="ë þ2 “%K%L
%K%K?å……%ã% “ì/“ë= (*=*, * C!,ìå!3, %2…%øå…, C!,÷,…/).n…,
%KAåä,… þ2 !=ƒ…/å “ì/“ë/, %2…%“ ?,å“ * %ä…%L %Kë=“2, O
C!%“2!=…“2"3, , 3÷=?åì3“ …å%K.%ä,ì% ƒ…=2ü C% *!=L…åL ìå!å
%ä…% “!åä“2"% "/!=›å…, äë &*=›ä%ã% “ì/“ë=[.
q2!3*23!= ä=……%ã% !=ƒäåë=, 2.å. =*2,"…%L ã!=ìì=2,*,,
%C!åäåë,ë= %K/÷…= C!=*2,*= C!åC%ä="=…, pjh (" %K3÷å…,,
,…%-%…%" %“%Kå……% ì…%ã% ìå“2= 3äåë þ2 2åì ƒ…=÷å…, ì, *%2%!/å
ì%ã32 K/2ü "/!=›å…/ " “ë%›…%C%ä÷,…å……/. , “ë%›…%“%÷,…å……/.

C!åäë%›å…, ., = 2=*›å “C%“%K=ì "/!=›å…, ì%ä=ëü…/. ƒ…=÷å…,L):
1.b/!=›å…,å C!%“2!=…“2"å……/. %2…%øå…,L

2.b/!=›å…,å "!åìå……/. %2…%øå…,L
3.b/!=›å…,å %2…%øå…,L %K3“ë%"ëå……%“2,
3.1.o!,÷,……/å %2…%øå…,
3.2.n2…%øå…, “ëåä“2",
3.3.r“ë%"…/å %2…%øå…,
3.4.r“23C,2åëü…/å %2…%øå…,
4.b/!=›å…,å ì%ä=ëü…/. %2…%øå…,L.
l/ …å K3äåì %“2=…="ë,"=2ü“ C%ä!%K…% …= “C%“%K=. "/!=›å…,
%C!åäåë,2åëü…/. %2…%øå…,L. l…%ã%å ,ƒ “-å!/ &"/!=›å…,å
%C!åäåë,2åëü…/. %2…%øå…,L[ 3÷=?,ì“ “2=…%",2“ ,ƒ"å“2…%
,ƒ &2=*“%…%ì,÷å“*%L ÷=“2,[ 3÷åK…%L ã!=ìì=2,*, (“*ë%…å…,å
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/., -%!ì/ , 3C%2!åKëå…,å ìå“2%,ìå…, *%2%!/L),
C!,÷åì ,ƒ"å“2…% " %“…%"…%ì å?å “ …=÷=ëü…%ã% .2=C=. hƒ3÷å…,å
…å“%ãë=“%"=……/. %C!åäåëå…,L (…=C!. “3ì*= ,ƒ *%›,) 2!åK3å2
ƒ…=÷,2åëü…/. 3“,ë,L C!åC%ä="=2åë , …% .2% ëå*“,÷å“*= !=K%2=,
, " Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*3þ ã!=ìì=2,*3 ì/ .2%2 ì=2å!,=ë “%ƒ…=2åëü…% …å
"*ëþ÷=åì.
1. Выражение пространственных отношений

qC%“%K/ %K%ƒ…=÷å…, ìå“2= ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ ÷=“2,÷…% …= …=÷=ëü…%ì
.2=Cå, = …= “!åä…åì .2=Cå !=““ì=2!,"=þ2“ C%ä!%K…%.(Šåì= &cäåO
*3ä=O%2*3ä=[ ".%ä,2 "% "“å 3÷åK…,*, ã!=ìì=2,*, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=).
o!%Këåì= "/K%!= “C%“%K= %K%ƒ…=÷å…, ìå“2= O .2% "% ì…%ã%ì
C!%Këåì= "/K%!= C!åäë%ã= , “%%2"å2“2"3þ?åL C=äå›…%L -%!ì/
[b“å"%ë%ä%"=, bë=ä,ì,!“*,L, 1982], [Šå%!, -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%L
ã!=ìì=2,*=, 1988].
1.1. oå!"%å C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,å O .2% %K%ƒ…=÷å…,å

ìå“2%…=.%›äå…, , C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå……%å %K%ƒ…=÷å…,þ !=ƒë,÷…/.
2%÷å*ä",›å…, hìåå2“
. ! äC!åäë%ã%",…=!å÷,L,*%2%!/å%K%ƒ…=÷=þ2
ìå“2% %2…%“,2åëü…% *=*%ã%-ë,K% %!,å…2,!= O 2%÷*, (" 3ãë3),
ë,…,, (…= ä%!%ãå), C%"å!.…%“2, (C%ä “2%ë%ì).o!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,å
ƒ…=÷å…,L C!åäë%ã%" , …=!å÷,L %“3?å“2"ë å2“ C% C=!=ìå2!=ì

"…32!, (") O “…=!3›, ("…å), "…32!, O …= C%"å!.…%“2,, “…,ƒ3 (C%ä)
O “"å!.3 (…=ä), “Cå!åä, (Cå!åä) O “ƒ=ä, (ƒ=), 2%÷…% " 2%÷*å O "
%*!å“2…%“2 . 2%÷*, (%*%ë%, 3, ! ä%ì “).e“ë, !=“C%ë%›å…,å “" ƒ=…%
“ äë,……/ì %!,å…2,!%ì, ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ C!åäë%ã "ä%ëü: bä%ëü ä%!%ã,
!%“ë, äå!å"ü . j!%ìå 2%ã%, å“ë, %!,å…2,!%" …å“*%ëü*%, å“2ü å?å
"%ƒì%›…%“2ü “%%K?,2ü, ÷2% …å÷2% …=.%ä,2“ " C!%ìå›32*å (ìå›ä3)
,ë, C% ä!3ã3þ “2%!%…3 %2 *=*%ã%-2% %!,å…2,!= (C!%2,", …=C!%2,").
gäå“ü ,ìåå2“ …å“*%ëü*% 2!3ä…/. “ë3÷=å", " ÷=“2…%“2,
3C%2!åKëå…,å C!åäë%ã%" " , …=, *%ãä= %K%ƒ…=÷=åì%å ìå“2% O
C%ìå?å…,å ,ë, 2!=…“C%!2. b %“…%"…%ì, å“ë, C%ìå?å…,å %K/÷…%
K/"=å2 %2*!/2/ì (“2=ä,%…) ,ë, ,ìåå2 ƒ…=÷,2åëü…3þ %2*!/23þ
÷=“2ü (ä=÷=), 3C%2!åKë å2“ …=, " %“2=ëü…/. “ë3÷= . ". nä…=*%
,…%ãä= 3C%2!åKëå…,å …= …%“,2 ,“2%!,÷å“*,L .=!=*2å!, , “åL÷=“ åã%
2!3ä…% %KA “…,2ü, …=C!,ìå!, …= C%÷2å, …= ƒ="%äå, …= -=*3ëü2å2å.q
ãå%ã!=-,÷å“*,ì, …=ƒ"=…, ì, %K/÷…/ì "ë å2“ 3C%2!åKëå…,å …= “
C!,!%ä…/ì, %KAå*2=ì,: …=ƒ"=…, ì, ã%!, %“2!%"%" , C%ë3%“2!%"%",
%ƒå!, !å* , ì%!åL, å“ë, ,ìåå2“ " ",ä3 C%Kå!å›üå (…= o=ì,!å, …=
q=.=ë,…å, …= ì%!å).m% , 232 å“2ü ,“*ëþ÷å…, , …=C!,ìå!, " j!/ì3.
)2% *=“=å2“ 2!=…“C%!2…/.“!åä“2", 2% C!åäë%ã " 3C%2!åKë å2“ ,
*%ãä= %C,“/"=å2“ *%…*!å2…= “,23=ö, "…32!, …åã%: b ="2%K3“å
K/ë% ›=!*%. e“ë, ›å C!%“2% 3C%ì,…=å2“ “C%“%K C%åƒä*,,
3C%2!åKë þ2 …=: l/ C!,ëå2åë, …= “=ì%ëå2å.
e?å %ä…= %Kë=“2ü, 2!åK3þ?= 32%÷…å…, “!åä“2" 3C%2!åKëå…, ,
.2% %K%ƒ…=÷å…,å &!=“C%ë%›å…, …åC%ä=ëå*3 %2 ÷åã%-ë,K%[ C!,
C%ì%?, C!åäë%ã%" , …=!å÷,L. )=“2,÷…% .2% %“3?å“2"ë å2“ …=
“!åä…åì .2=Cå, = ÷2%-2% ì%›å2 K/2ü %2ë%›å…% …= ƒ="å!ø=þ?,L
Cå!,%ä.}2% C!åäë%ã, %*%ë%, 3, …=!å÷, ! ä%ì (“), …åä=ëå*%, …åC%ä=ëå*3.
r %K/÷…% %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 …åC%“!åä“2"å……3þ Kë,ƒ%“2ü * C!åäìå23: 3
%*…=, 3 ìå2!%. nä…=*% %… …å 3C%2!åKë å2“ (" C!%“2!=…“2"å……%ì
ƒ…=÷å…,,), å“ë, %!,å…2,! O ›,"%å “3?å“2"% ,ë, å“ë, !å÷ü ,äå2
% ìåë*,. C!åäìå2=.: ì/ “*=›åì %*%ë% …åå “2% ë ì3›÷,…=, ! ä%ì
“ *…,ã%L ëå›=ë= 2å2!=äü, " .2,. -!=ƒ=. 3 …å"%ƒì%›…%. p ä%ì “
%K%ƒ…=÷=þ2 Kë,ƒ*%å !=“C%ë%›å…,å, " 2%ì ÷,“ëå , %2äåëü…/.
C!åäìå2%", ëþäåL: p ä%ì “ …,ì, “2% ë …åƒ…=*%ìåö.
n*%ë% ì%›å2 %K%ƒ…=÷=2ü , K%ëåå %2ä=ëå……3þ %Kë=“2ü, .%2
÷=“2,÷…% %K%ƒ…=÷=åì/å ìå“2= ì%ã32 3 .2,.ä"3.C!åäë%ã%" “%"C=ä=2ü,
“!. 3 ä"å!, “2%,2 “23ë , %*%ë% ä"å!, “2%,2 “23ë.
må*%2%!3þ “ë%›…%“2ü C!åä“2="ë å2 C!åäë%ã ìå›ä3. n… ì%›å2
3C%2!åKë 2ü“ ,ë, “ %K%ƒ…=÷å…,åì ä"3. 2%÷å*: ìå›ä3 l%“*"%L ,

kå…,…ã!=ä%ì, ìå›ä3 ø*=-%ì , “2å…%L.m% "%ƒì%›…% , 3C%2!åKëå…,å
“ %K%ƒ…=÷å…,åì %ä…%ã% %!,å…2,!=, C!åä“2="ëå……%ã% …å“*%ëü*,ì,
2%÷*=ì,: ìå›ä3 äå!å"ü ì,, ìå›ä3 ëþäüì,.
1.2. e?å %ä…% ƒ…=÷å…,å C!åäë%ã%" “% ƒ…=÷å…,åì ìå“2= O

%K%ƒ…=÷å…,å …=C!="ëå…, ä",›å…, . g…=÷,2åëü…= ÷=“2ü C!åäë%ã%"
(", …=, C%ä, …=ä, ƒ=) ì%›å2 %K%ƒ…=÷=2ü , ìå“2%, , öåëü ä",›å…, ,
…% å“ë, äë ìå“2= ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ C!åäë%›…/L C=äå›, 2% äë
%K%ƒ…=÷=åì%L öåë, O ",…,2åëü…/L (" ä%ìå O " ä%ì), ÷2% "/ƒ/"=å2
K%ëüø,å ƒ=2!3ä…å…, .e“2ü , C!åäë%ã,, *%2%!/å %K%ƒ…=÷=þ2 2%ëü*%
öåëü ä",›å…, . }2% * (…=C!="ëå…,å, C!,Kë,›å…,å * %Kë=“2,
%!,å…2,!=: C%øåë * %“2=…%"*å) , ä% (ä%“2,›å…,å *=*%L-ë,K% 2%÷*,
…= ì=!ø!32å: ä%øåë ä% C%"%!%2=).
1.3. o!åäë%ã, , …=!å÷, C%ƒ"%ë þ2 "/!=ƒ,2ü , “C%“%K/

ä",›å…, %2…%“,2åëü…% ì=!ø!32=. Š=*, C!åäë%ã C% %K%ƒ…=÷=å2
ìå“2% ä",›å…, (,ä2, C% ä%!%ãå). o!åäë%ã ÷å!åƒ %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 ÷=“2ü
ì=!ø!32=, %2ë,÷=þ?3þ“ %2 ,“.%ä…/. 2%÷å*: Cå!åëåƒ2ü ÷å!åƒ
%ã!=ä3, Cå!åL2, ÷å!åƒ 3ë,ö3.o!åäë%ã ì,ì% (, …=!å÷,å) %K%ƒ…=÷=þ2
ä",›å…,å …= …å*%2%!%ì !=““2% …,, %2 %!,å…2,!=: C!%L2, ì,ì% ä%ì=,
…å C!%.%ä,2å ì,ì%. l=!ø!32 ì%›å2 K/2ü "/!=›å… , …å*%2%!/ì,
C!åäë%ã=ì, “% ƒ…=÷å…,åì ìå“2=: C!%ëåƒ2ü C%ä C!%"%ë%*%L,
C!%ëå2å2ü …=ä ã%!%ä%ì, Kå›=2ü ƒ= ä%ì%ì, Cå!åä %ã!=ä%L, Kå›=2ü
"ä%ëü !å*,.bƒ…=÷å…,, ä",›å…, C!åäë%ã "ä%ëü "/ƒ/"=å2 2!3ä…%“2,,
C%“*%ëü*3 …å"åë,*% åã% %2ë,÷,å %2 C%. bä%ëü %K/÷…% %ƒ…=÷=å2 …å
…åC%“!åä“2"å……% C% ì=!ø!323, = …= …å*%2%!%ì !=““2% …,,: "ä%ëü
!å*, , C% !å*å. m% .2, %“%Kå……%“2, =*23=ëü…/ 2%ëü*% C!, %÷å…ü
C%ä!%K…%ì ,ƒ3÷å…,, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=.
1.4. m=*%…åö, ,ìåþ2“ C!åäë%ã, , …=!å÷, , %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,å

,“.%ä…3þ 2%÷*3 ä",›å…, . hƒ C!åäë%ã%" .2% %2, “, ,ƒ, ,ƒ-ƒ=, ,ƒ-
C%ä. hƒ %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 ä",›å…,å …=!3›3: "/L2, ,ƒ *%ì…=2/, ,ƒ ëå“=.
n2 %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 ä",›å…,å ,ƒ Kë,ƒ*%ã% C%ë%›å…, * %!,å…2,!3:
%2Aå.=2ü %2 Cë=2-%!ì/, Kå›=2ü %2 %“2=…%"*,. o!åäë%ã “
%K%ƒ…=÷=å2 ä",›å…,å %ä…%"!åìå……% “% “C3“*%ì: Kå›=2ü “ Kå!åã=.
må*%2%!/å ,ƒ .2,. C!åäë%ã%" ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ 3›å …= …=÷=ëü…%ì
.2=Cå, …å*%2%!/å C%ƒä…åå.e“2ü 2=*,å C!åäë%ã, , …=!å÷, , *%2%!/å
…å …3›…/ "Cë%2ü ä% ƒ="å!ø=þ?åã% .2=C=. nä…=*% %“…%"…%å
C!åä“2="ëå…,å % C!åäë%ã=. *=* % “,“2åìå C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,L,

Kë,ƒ*%L * ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%L, “*ë=ä/"=å2“ …= “!åä…åì .2=Cå,
C%“*%ëü*3 C!=*2,÷å“*, *=›ä/L "/!=›=å2 “%K“2"å……%å ƒ…=÷å…,å, ,
Kåƒ ƒ…=…, åã% …åëüƒ C!=",ëü…% %KA “… 2ü“ C%-!3““*,.g…=*%ì“2"%
“ 2%…*%“2 ì, " ä=ëü…åLøåì “Kë,›=å2 ,ƒ3÷å…,å C!åäë%ã%" “
!=K%2%L …=ä ëå*“,*%L.
2. Выражение временных отношений

nK%ƒ…=÷å…,å "!åìå…, %“3?å“2"ë å2“ C!, C%ì%?,
!=ƒë,÷…/. ƒ/*%"/. “!åä“2": C!åäë%ã%", …=!å÷,L, C=äå›…/.
-%!ì “3?å“2",2åëü…/., C!,ä=2%÷…/. C!åäë%›å…,L, …=*%…åö,
C!, C%ì%?, ã!=ììåì *=2åã%!,L ",ä= , "!åìå…,. [b“å"%ë%ä%"=,
1975], [l=*%"=, Š!3K…,*%"=, 2000]. c!=ììåì/ ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ *=*
"“C%ì%ã=2åëü…%å “!åä“2"% äë “%%K?å…, %K %2…%“,2åëü…%ì
"!åìå…, (%ä…%"!åìå……%“2ü , C%“ëåä%"=2åëü…%“2ü). a%ëüø= ÷=“2ü
“!åä“2" %K%ƒ…=÷å…, "!åìå…, ,ƒ3÷=å2“ 3›å …= “!åä…åì .2=Cå,
C%2%ì3 ÷2%, *=* , “C%“%K/ 3*=ƒ=…, …= ìå“2%, %…, "ë þ2“
%“…%"…/ì, “!åä“2"=ì, "/!=›å…, …å%K.%ä,ì/. “ì/“ë%", =
…å “C%“%K=ì, 32%÷…å…, 2%…*,. !=ƒë,÷,L (÷2% C%ƒ"%ë,ë% K/
%K!=2,2ü“ * …,ì C%ƒ›å).nK/÷…% "“å “!åä“2"= %K%ƒ…=÷å…, "!åìå…,
äåë 2 …= %K%ƒ…=÷å…,å ì%ìå…2= , %K%ƒ…=÷å…,å %2!åƒ*=.
2.1. l%ìå…2 ì%›…% %K%ƒ…=÷,2ü 3*=ƒ=…,åì …= C%*=ƒ=…,

*=ëå…ä=! ,ë, ÷=“%". b !3““*%ì ƒ/*å “C%“%K/ %K%ƒ…=÷å…,
!=ƒ…%%K!=ƒ…/. gäå“ü …3›…% 3÷,2/"=2ü !=ƒ…/å "%ƒì%›…%“2,
…=ƒ"=2ü "!åì …= ÷=“=.: C 2…=äö=2ü 2!,äö=2ü, C%ë÷å2"å!2%ã%,
äå“ 2ü ì,…32 C 2%ã%, Kåƒ C 2, ÷=“. n“%K3þ 2!3ä…%“2ü "/ƒ/"=å2
…å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü “ë%"% ÷=“ Kåƒ ÷,“ë,2åëü…%ã% %ä,…,
= 2=*›å C!å,ì3?å“2"å……%å ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…,å ä"å…=äö=2,÷=“%"%L
“,“2åì/: ÷å2/!å ÷=“= ä… . n…= 2!åK3å2 ƒ…=…,L % äåëå…,, “32%*: “
÷å2/!å. ä% %ä,……=äö=2, ÷=“%" O 32!%, “ ä"å…=äö=2, ä% ÷å2/!å. O
äå…ü, “ C 2, ä% %ä,……=äö=2, O "å÷å!, ä=ëåå …%÷ü. b ä!3ã,. ƒ/*=.
äåëå…,å ,…%å.
o!, ““/ë*å …= ì%ìå…2 "!åìå…, “ %K%ƒ…=÷å…,åì ÷=“%", ä…åL
…åäåë, ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ C!åäë%ã " “ ",…,2åëü…/ì C=äå›%ì: " øå“2ü,
" “3KK%23, = C!, %K%ƒ…=÷å…,, ìå“ öå" , ëå2 O 2%2 ›å C!åäë%ã “
C!åäë%›…/ì C=äå›%ì: " ì=å, " “%!%* C 2%ì ã%ä3. o!, …=ƒ/"=…,,
÷,“ë= ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ ,ìå…,2åëü…/L C=äå› ÷,“ë,2åëü…%ã%: qåã%ä…
C 2%å =C!åë , = C!, 3*=ƒ=…,, …= ì%ìå…2 "!åìå…, O !%ä,2åëü…/L:
o 2%ã% =C!åë K/ë= .%!%ø= C%ã%ä=.dë %K%ƒ…=÷å…, "!åìå… “32%*
, ã%ä= ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ …=!å÷, (“%"C=ä=þ?,å “ 2"%!,2åëü…/ì
C=äå›%ì): 32!%ì, ƒ,ì%L.
2.2. n2!åƒ%* "!åìå…, ì%›å2 %K%ƒ…=÷=2ü“ 3*=ƒ=…,åì …= …=÷=ë%,

…= *%…åö ,ë, …= %K= *%…ö=. m= …=÷=ë% 3*=ƒ/"=å2 *%…“2!3*ö, “
C!åäë%ã%ì “ (!%ä,2åëü…/L C=äå›), C!,÷åì äë %K%ƒ…=÷å…, 2%÷*,
ì%ã32 ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ , *=ëå…ä=!…/å %K%ƒ…=÷å…, (“ äå“ 2, "å÷å!=,
“ ƒ,ì/), , 3*=ƒ=…, …= “%K/2, , “" ƒ=……/å “ %C!åäåëå……/ì
ì%ìå…2%ì "!åìå…, (…å ",äåë,“ü “ %*%…÷=…, ø*%ë/). q.%›,å
-3…*ö,, "/C%ë… å2 , C!åäë%ã C%“ëå, %ä…=*% %… …å %K ƒ=2åëü…%
2%÷…% 3*=ƒ/"=å2 …= ã!=…,ö/ %2!åƒ*=: “ %ä,……=äö=2, ÷=“%" %… !=K%2=ë
ƒ…=÷,2, ÷2% !=K%2= …=÷=ë=“ü " %ä,……=äö=2ü, = C%“ëå %ä,……=äö=2,
…å 3*=ƒ/"=å2 …= ì%ìå…2 …=÷=ë=. o!åäë%ã C%“ëå, %K%ƒ…=÷= %2!åƒ%*
"!åìå…,, ì%›å2 %K%ƒ…=÷=2ü , ì%ìå…2, *%ãä= ÷2%-2% C!%,ƒ%øë%:
o%“ëå %Kåä= “åë, ƒ= *=!2/.
n *%…öå %2!åƒ*= "!åìå…, “,ã…=ë,ƒ,!3å2 C!åäë%ã ä%: !=K%2=ë,
ä% C 2,, ä% "%ƒ"!=?å…, , ä% .%ë%ä%". o% “ì/“ë3 Kë,ƒ*,ì * …åì3
%*=ƒ/"=þ2“ C!åäë%ã, Cå!åä , …=*=…3…å (C%“ëåä…åå ì%›å2 K/2ü
, …=!å÷,åì). n…, %K%ƒ…=÷=þ2 %2!åƒ%*, …å 2%÷…% ä%“2,ã=þ?,L
%!,å…2,!=, “!. d% ã!%ƒ/ !=K%2=ë, (ä% …=÷=ë=) , oå!åä ã!%ƒ%L
!=K%2=ë, ("%ƒì%›…%, *%…÷,ë, !=…üøå). e?å K%ëåå %2ä=ëå……/L
%2 C!åäåë= ì%ìå…2 %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 …=*=…3…å: m=*=…3…å ã!%ƒ/ !=K%2=ë,.
j!%ìå 2%ã%, Cå!åä , …=*=…3…å ì%ã32 %K%ƒ…=÷=2ü …å 2%ëü*% %2!åƒ%*,
…% , ì%ìå…2, *%ãä= ÷2%-2% C!%,ƒ%øë%: oå!åä 3!%*%ì *% ì…å C%ä%øåë
äå›3!…/L (C!åäë%ã ä% " .2%L !%ë, C%÷2, …å "“2!å÷=å2“ ).n2!åƒ%*,
%ã!=…,÷å……/L “ %K%,. *%…ö%", ì%›å2 Cå!åä="=2ü“ “%÷å2=…,åì
C!åäë%ã%" “... ä% (“ 2!å. ä% “åì,), %2... ä% (%2 …=÷=ë= ä% *%…ö=) ,
“Cåö,=ëü…/ì, C!åäë%ã=ì,, %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,ì, %2!åƒ%* "!åìå…,: "
2å÷å…,å, …= C!%2 ›å…,,.`…=ë%ã,÷…3þ !%ëü ,ã!=þ2 , %K“2% 2åëü“2"=
"!åìå…,, %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,å %2!åƒ*, "!åìå…,, *%2%!/å 3C%2!åKë þ2“
" ",…,2åëü…%ì C=äå›å Kåƒ C!åäë%ã%": ä"= ÷=“= %… C,“=ë, "“þ ƒ,ì3
ì/ !=K%2=ë,.
o!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, %K%ƒ…=÷å…,L "!åìå…, “ëåä3å2 %K!=?=2ü
"…,ì=…,å , …= ",ä/ ãë=ã%ë=.e“ë, …å*%2%!/å “C%“%K/ 3*=ƒ=…, …=
"!åì ä%C3“*=þ2 %K= ",ä= (ä% øå“2, !=K%2=ëO ä% øå“2, ƒ=*%…÷,ë

“2=2üþ), 2% 3*=ƒ=…,å …= %2!åƒ%* C!, C%ì%?, ",…,2åëü…%ã% C=äå›=
2!åK3å2 ,ë, …å“%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä=, ,ë, ãë=ã%ë= “ C!,“2="*%L C%-
,ë, C!%-: p=K%2=ë (C!%!=K%2=ë) ä"= ÷=“=.
2.3. dë %K%ƒ…=÷å…, "!åìå…, ÷å!åƒ %2“/ë*, * ä!3ã,ì

äåL“2", ì ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ C!,÷=“2…/å , äååC!,÷=“2…/å %K%!%2/
, C!,ä=2%÷…/å C!åäë%›å…, “ “%þƒ=ì, *%ãä=, (*=*) 2%ëü*%, C%*=.
Š%ëü*% , *=* 2%ëü*% %K%ƒ…=÷=þ2 ì%ìå…2 …åC%“!åä“2"å……% C%“ëå
*=*%ã%-2% äåL“2", : Š%ëü*% C!%ƒ"å…åë ƒ"%…%*, "“å "/Kå›=ë, ,ƒ *ë=““=.
nC!åäåëå……3þ 2!3ä…%“2ü C!åä“2="ë þ2 C!åäë%›å…, “
“%þƒ%ì C%*=: ,ƒ-ƒ= .2%ã% ,. ,ƒ3÷=þ2 ä%“2=2%÷…% C%ƒä…%, ,…%ãä=
3›å …= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå. dë åã% C!=",ëü…%ã% 3C%2!åKëå…,
…=ä% %2ë,÷=2ü åã% %2 C%*= …å , ƒ…=2ü, *%ãä= “ëåä3å2 "/K!=2ü 2%2
,ë, ,…%L ",ä ãë=ã%ë= 3 “*=ƒ3åì%ã% ãë="…%ã% , C!,ä=2%÷…%ã%
C!åäë%›å…,L. o%*= “ …å“%"å!øå……/ì ",ä%ì %K%ƒ…=÷=å2, ÷2%
%ä…%"!åìå……% “ …,ì C!%,“.%ä,ë% “%K/2,å, *%2%!%å ì%›å2
K/2ü "/!=›å…% , …å“%"å!øå……/ì ",ä%ì (C%*= 2/ !=K%2=ë,
%2ä/.=ë), , “%"å!øå……/ì (C%*= 2/ !=K%2=ë, “Aåë 2"%L %Kåä).
o%*= “ “%"å!øå……/ì ",ä%ì %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 %2!åƒ%* "Cë%2ü ä% ì%ìå…2=
"!åìå…, äåL“2", , …=ƒ"=……%ã% “%"å!øå……/ì ",ä%ì, , ä%C3“*=å2
“%%K?å…,å %K %ä…%"!åìå……%“2, “ .2,ì äåL“2",åì (o%*= ì/
ä%ã%"%!,ë,“ü, “3C %“2/ë).
o%*= …å “ …å“%"å!øå……/ì ",ä%ì %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 %2!åƒ%* ä% …=÷=ë=
äåL“2", , " *%2%!/L ì%›å2 C%C=“2ü , äåL“2",å, %K%ƒ…=÷å……%å
“%"å!øå……/ì (o%*= ì/ …å !=ƒã%"=!,"=ë,, "“å !åø,ë%“ü “=ì% “%K%L), ,
…å“%"å!øå……/ì ",ä%ì (o%*= 2/ …å K3äåøü “C!=ø,"=2ü, 2åKå …,*2%
…å K3äå2 ìåø=2ü), “%%K?å…,å % …åì ì%›å2 K/2ü 32"å!ä,2åëü…/ì
, %2!,ö=2åëü…/ì (o%*= %… …å “ìå ë“ , …,÷åã% …å C!%,“.%ä,ë%/…å
C!%,ƒ%øë%. o%*= %… …å “ìå ë“ ,"“å “ë3ø=ë,).
o%*= …å “ “%"å!øå……/ì ",ä%ì %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 %2!åƒ%* ä% ì%ìå…2=
äåL“2", . gäå“ü "%ƒì%›…/ ä"= "=!,=…2=. e“ë, "2%!%L ãë=ã%ë “
%2!,ö=…,åì, ä%C3“2,ì/ %K= ",ä=: o%*= %… …å ƒ=*%…÷,ë, …å 3øåë/…å
3.%ä,ë.cë=ã%ë Kåƒ %2!,ö=…, %K/÷…% “2%,2 " …å“%"å!øå……%ì ",äå
(*%2%!/L %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 %2!åƒ%* "!åìå…,, “%%2"å2“2"3þ?,L %2!åƒ*3
ä% …=÷=ë= Cå!"%ã% äåL“2", , …=ƒ"=……%ã% " C!åäë%›å…,, “ C%*= …å):
o%*= %… ìå… …å C%ƒ"=ë, “,äåë , “ë3ø=ë 2åK .
nä…=*% " …å*%2%!/. “ë3÷= . "%ƒì%›…/ , ãë=ã%ë/ “%"å!øå……%ã%
",ä=. b%-Cå!"/., .2% ãë=ã%ë/ “ C!,“2="*=ì, C%- , C!%-: l/

C!%“,äåë, 2=ì ÷=“, C%*= %… …å 3“…3ë. b%-"2%!/., "%ƒì%›…/ ãë=ã%ë/
“%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä= " K3ä3?åì "!åìå…,: l/ 3Läåì, C%*= %… …=ì
.2%ã% …å ƒ=C!å2,ë. gäå“ü “%"å!øå……/L ",ä K3ä3?åã% "!åìå…,
Cå!åä=å2 …=ìå!å…,å, = C!åäë%›å…,å “ C%*= …å %K%ƒ…=÷=å2 %2!åƒ%*,
"*ëþ÷=þ?,L , …=“2% ?,L ì%ìå…2, , "!åì %“3?å“2"ëå…,
…=ìå!å…, . }2, !åä*,å “ë3÷=, ƒ=“ë3›,"=þ2 "…,ì=…, 2%ëü*% …=
ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå %K3÷å…, .
o!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, %K%ƒ…=÷å…, "!åìå…, C!,.%ä,2“ "“C%ì,…=2ü
, % *=2åã%!,, "!åìå…,, , % ãë=ã%ëü…%ì ",äå. m% " %“…%"…%ì .2,
*=2åã%!,, ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ %2äåëü…%. Šå “"%L“2"= ",ä=, *%2%!/å
…å%K.%ä,ì/ äë 3“"%å…, “"åäå…,L % C%"åäå…,, “%þƒ%" , ä!3ã,.
“C%“%K%" %K%ƒ…=÷å…, "!åìå…,, ,ƒ"å“2…/ å?å “ …=÷=ëü…%ã%
.2=C=. }2% ƒ…=÷å…, C!%öå““…%“2, , ì…%ã%*!=2…%“2,, *%2%!/å
%K= ä=þ2 "%ƒì%›…%“2ü %K%ƒ…=÷,2ü %2!åƒ%* "!åìå…, , Cå!åä=2ü
%ä…%"!åìå……%“2ü äåL“2",L, , ƒ…=÷å…,å %ä…%*!=2…%“2, ,
ƒ="å!øå……%“2, “%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä=, Kë=ã%ä=! *%2%!%ì3 %…
,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ äë Cå!åä=÷, C%“ëåä%"=2åëü…/., “ìå… þ?,.
ä!3ã ä!3ã= äåL“2",L. }2, “"%L“2"= ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ " C!,÷=“2…/. ,
äååC!,÷=“2…/. %K%!%2=., " 2å*“2=. !=ƒ…/. 2,C%".
3. Выражение отношей обусловленности
3.1. o!,÷,……/å %2…%øå…,
Š,C%"/ì äå!…/ì “!åä“2"%ì "/!=›å…, .2,. %2…%øå…,L

%K/÷…% “÷,2=þ2 C!,÷,……/å “%þƒ/ [Šå%!, -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%L
ã!=ìì=2,*,, 1985], [Šå!åì%"=, 1985], [b“å"%ë%ä%"=, 2000, “. 89O
96]. n…, "/!=›=þ2 %2…%øå…,å C!,÷,…/ " "…%ì ",äå, “ 3÷å2%ì
%2äåëü…/. …þ=…“%", C%“*%ëü*3 ,. ÷,“ë% "åë,*%. 0å…2!=ëü…/ì
O …=,K%ëåå 2,C,÷…/ì, …åL2!=ëü…/ì , ,ƒ"å“2…/ì 3÷=?,ì“ “
…=÷=ëü…%ã% .2=C= O "ë å2“ “%þƒ C%2%ì3 ÷2%. nä…=*% , 3 …åã%
å“2ü %“%Kå……%“2ü: %… …å ì%›å2 3C%2!åKë 2ü“ “ C!,ä=2%÷…/ì,
*%2%!%å “2%,2 Cå!åä ãë="…/ì C!åäë%›å…,åì, 2.å. C!åäë%›å…,å …å
ä%ë›…% …=÷,…=2ü“ “ C%2%ì3 ÷2%. j!%ìå 2%ã%, ,ìåå2“ !=ƒ…,ö=
ìå›ä3 C%2%ì3 ÷2%, "/“23C=þ?,ì *=* öåëü…/L “%þƒ, , C%2%ì3,
÷2%, *%2%!%å C%ƒ"%ë å2 “äåë=2ü C!,÷,…3 !åì%L, %2"å2%ì …= "%C!%“
o%÷åì3?, “!. n… 3“2=ë, C%2%ì3 ÷2% ì…%ã% !=K%2=ë (%K= C!åäë%›å…,

,…-%!ì=ö,%……% !=ƒ"…%C!="…/, “%äå!›=2 …%"3þ ,…-%!ì=ö,þ) ,
n… 3“2=ë C%2%ì3, ÷2% ì…%ã% !=K%2=ë (!åì= 2%ëü*% "2%!= ÷=“2ü, =
Cå!"= “*%!åå "“åã% 3›å ,ƒ"å“2…=).
q%þƒ/ %22%ã% ÷2%, C%“*%ëü*3, 2=* *=* K%ëåå “"%K%ä…/ C%
!=“C%ë%›å…,þ: “ …,. ì%›å2 …=÷,…=2ü“ C!åäë%›å…,å, “!.n22%ã%
÷2% %… ì…%ã% !=K%2=ë, %… 3“2=ë. n…, "ë þ2“ K%ëåå *…,›…/ì,,
÷åì C%2%ì3 ÷2%, %“%Kå……% C%“*%ëü*3. e?å K%ëåå *…,›…/ì,
3“2=!å"=þ?,ì %*=ƒ/"=å2“ “%þƒ ,K%, ƒ…=…,å *%2%!%ã% ä%ë›…%
K/2ü 2%ëü*% C=““,"…/ì.q%þƒ "",ä3 2%ã%, ÷2% , " “" ƒ, “ 2åì, ÷2%
%2…%“ 2“ * %-,ö,=ëü…%-äåë%"%ì3 “2,ëþ, C%.2%ì3 ,ì, ä%ë›…/
=*2,"…% "ë=äå2ü 2%ëü*% 2å, *2% "åäå2 äåë%"3þ , %-,ö,=ëü…3þ
Cå!åC,“*3
q%þƒ/ Kë=ã%ä=! 2%ì3 ÷2% , ,ƒ-ƒ=-2%ã% ÷2% ,ìåþ2 …þ=…“/
" ƒ…=÷å…,,: Cå!"/L 3C%2!åKë å2“ 2%ãä=, *%ãä= !å÷ü ,äå2 %
Kë=ã%C!, 2…%ì “%K/2,,, "2%!%å O …=%K%!%2.
h…%ãä= C!,÷,……%å ƒ…=÷å…,å "/!=›=þ2 “%þƒ/, ,ìåþ?,å ,
ä!3ã,å -3…*ö,,. q%þƒ å“ë,, ""%ä ?,L 3›å ,ƒ"å“2…%å “%%K?å…,å,
Cå!å“2=å2 "/!=›=2ü 3“ë%"…%å ƒ…=÷å…,å , "/!=›=å2 C!,÷,…3 (÷=“2%
"ìå“2å “ ÷=“2,öåL 3›): e“ë, 2/ C!,øåë, 2% K3äåì ƒ=…,ì=2ü“
(“,…%…,ì,÷…% o%“*%ëü*3 2/ C!,øåë...). b .2%ì ›å ƒ…=÷å…,, , C!,
2=*,. ›å 3“ë%", . " !=ƒã%"%!…%L !å÷, 3C%2!åKë å2“ “%þƒ !=ƒ: p=ƒ
2/ C!,øåë, K3äåì ƒ=…,ì=2ü“ .
o!,÷,……/å %2…%øå…, ì%ã32 3“2=…="ë,"=2ü“ , ìå›ä3
Kå““%þƒ…/ì, C!åäë%›å…, ì,.må!åä*% ,. "/!=›å…,þ “C%“%K“2"3þ2
÷=“2,ö/, *%2%!/å 2%›å “ëåä3å2 ƒ…=2ü *=* “!åä“2"= "/!=›å…,
C!,÷,……/. %2…%øå…,L. q=ì%L !=“C!%“2!=…å……%L "ë å2“
÷=“2,ö= "åäü. eå !=ƒã%"%!…/L .=!=*2å! …å %÷å…ü “,ëü…% "/!=›å…,
C%.2%ì3 ì%›…% C%“%"å2%"=2ü =*2,"…%å 3“"%å…,å .2%L ÷=“2,ö/:
o%Läåì ä%ì%L, "åäü 3›å C%ƒä…%. b=›…% ,ìå2ü " ",ä3, ÷2% ÷=“2,ö/
ì%ã32 "/!=›=2ü C!,÷,…3 2%ã%, ÷2% “*=ƒ=…% " C%"åë,2åëü…%ì ,
"%C!%“,2åëü…%ì C!åäë%›å…,,. q%þƒ/ ›å ì%ã32 %2!=›=2ü 2%ëü*%
“" ƒ, “ C%"å“2"%"=2åëü…/ì C!åäë%›å…,åì, “!. j3ä= ì/ ,äåì, "åäü
ä%!%ã, …å ",ä…%!
d!3ã,å ÷=“2,ö/ ,ìåþ2 K%ëåå !=ƒã%"%!…/L .=!=*2å! ,,
“%%2"å2“2"å……%, …å ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ . m% å“ë, 3!%"å…ü ƒ…=…,L ä%“2=2%÷…%
"/“%*, ƒ…=*%ì 2“ “ ÷=“2,ö=ì, ›å, -2% " C!,÷,……%ì ƒ…=÷å…,,:
hä, ä%ì%L, …= ä"%!å ›å .%ë%ä…%.hä, ä%ì%L: …= ä"%!å-2% .%ë%ä…%.
a%ëüø%å *%ë,÷å“2"% C!åäë%ã%" “ C!,÷,……/ì ƒ…=÷å…,åì "%øë%
" “%“2=" “%þƒ%" , ,ìåå2 2å ›å “"%L“2"=, ÷2% , %K!=ƒ%"=……/å %2 …,.

“%þƒ/, “ 2%÷*, ƒ!å…, “2,ë,“2,÷å“*,. .=!=*2å!,“2,* , …þ=…“%"
ƒ…=÷å…, : bå!…3ë“ Kë=ã%ä=! C%ì%?, (%22å…%* Kë=ã%C!, 2…%“2,,
*=* 3 “%þƒ= Kë=ã%ä=! 2%ì3, ÷2%), n-%!ì,2ü " “" ƒ, “ %2Aåƒä%ì
(%-,ö,=ëü…% äåë%"%L “2,ëü, *=* 3 “%þƒ= " “" ƒ, “ 2åì, ÷2%).
nC!åäåëå……3þ “ë%›…%“2ü C!åä“2="ë þ2 C!%“2/å
C!åäë%ã, %2, “, ,ƒ, C% " C!,÷,……%ì ƒ…=÷å…,,, 2=* *=* ,.
3C%2!åK,2åëü…%“2ü %ã!=…,÷å…=. n2 3C%2!åKë å2“ “ ãë=ã%ë=ì,, =
2=*›å C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/ì, , “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì,, %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,ì,
.ì%ö,%…=ëü…%å , -,ƒ,÷å“*%å “%“2% …,å: !/ä=2ü %2 ã%! , ƒ=K%ëå2ü
%2 Cå!å%.ë=›äå…, , 2%ë“2/L %2 K%ëüø%ã% *%ë,÷å“2"= ì3÷…%ã%.
q 3C%2!åKë å2“ “ …åK%ëüø,ì *%ë,÷å“2"%ì “ë%", ÷=?å "“åã%
%K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,. Cë%.%å “%“2% …,å: “ …åä%“/C=, “ Cå!åC% .b%“…%"…%ì
.2% .=!=*2å!…% äë !=ƒã%"%!…%L !å÷, , C!%“2%!å÷, , C%.2%ì3 .2%2
“ë3÷=L ì%›å2 …å ,ƒ3÷=2ü“ “Cåö,=ëü…%. o!åäë%ã C%, ,ìåþ?,L,
…=C!%2,", *…,›…3þ, %-,ö,=ëü…3þ %*!=“*3, 3C%2!åKë å2“ "
C!,÷,……%ì ƒ…=÷å…,, !åä*%. o%.2%ì3 åã% “ëåä3å2 ,ƒ3÷=2ü 2%ëü*%
" “%“2="å “ë%"%“%÷å2=…,L: %2“32“2"%"=2ü C% K%ëåƒ…,, %2C3“* C%
!%ä=ì.
n2äåëü…% “ëåä3å2 %2ìå2,2ü “,…2=*“,÷å“*,å *%…“2!3*ö,,,
Cå!åä=þ?,å C!,÷,……/å ƒ…=÷å…, .}2% %K%!%2/ O %C!åäåë,2åëü…/å
(bå“åë/L, %… "“åì …!=",ë“ ), C!,÷=“2…/å (r2%ìëå……/å C%äAåì%ì,
%…, !åø,ë, "å!…32ü“ ), äååC!,÷=“2…/L (b/C%ë…," ƒ=ä=…,å, %…
÷3"“2"%"=ë “åK ãå!%åì). m=*%…åö, C!, %K%ƒ!å…,, "“å. “!åä“2"
Cå!åä=÷, C!,÷,……/. %2…%øå…,, “2%,2 "“C%ì…,2ü , %2äåëü…/å
“ë%"=, " ëå*“,÷å“*%å ƒ…=÷å…,å *%2%!/. ".%ä,2 “ì/“ë &C!,÷,…=[:
“ëåä%"=2ü, C!,÷,…=, ,“2%÷…,*, !åƒ3ëü2=2.n…, ì%ã32 ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“
C!, Cå!åä=÷å “ì/“ë= C!,÷,……%“2, " *…,›…%L !å÷,. g…=…,å .2%ã%
“C%“%K= "/!=›å…, C!,÷,……/. %2…%øå…,L …å%K.%ä,ì% “23äå…2=ì
, =“2!=…2=ì C!, “%ƒä=…,, …=3÷…/. 2å*“2%".
3.2. n2…%øå…,å “ëåä“2",
}2% %2…%øå…,å "ë å2“ ä!3ã%L “2%!%…%L C!,÷,……%ã%, C%.2%ì3

,. %K/÷…% ,ƒ3÷=þ2 ,ë, %ä…%"!åìå……%, ,ë, %ä…% ƒ= ä!3ã,ì. q%þƒ
C%.2%ì3O %“…%"…%å “!åä“2"% åã% "/!=›å…, .n2ë,÷,å .2%ã% “%þƒ= %2
C!,÷,……/. “%þƒ%": C!,÷,…= "/“23C=å2 *=* C!åäìå2 …åƒ=",“,ì%ã%
“%%K?å…, (" ãë="…%ì C!åäë%›å…,,), = 2%, ÷2% %…= "/ƒ"=ë=,
""%ä,2“ “%þƒ%ì (“2=…%",2“ C!,ä=2%÷…/ì): “!. “ 3“2=ë, C%.2%ì3
"å!…3ë“ ä%ì%L , n22%ã% ÷2% 3“2=ë, "å!…3ë“ ä%ì%L.e?å %ä…,ì

“!åä“2"%ì "/!=›å…, %2…%øå…, “ëåä“2", "ë å2“ ÷=“2,ö= ,:
lå… C%ƒ"=ë,, , C%øåë (2.å. C%.2%ì3 C%øåë). n…= %÷å…ü Kë,ƒ*=
* “%þƒ3 ,, *%2%!/L 2%›å " *=*%L-2% “2åCå…, Cå!åä=å2 ƒ…=÷å…,
“ëåä“2", (“!.l/ %2*=ƒ=ë,“ü, , C!%ä="åö %2%øåë).nK/÷…% ÷=“2,öåL
“÷,2=þ2 2% 3C%2!åKëå…,å, *%ãä= , “2%,2 …å " …=÷=ëå C!åäë%›å…, .
b/!=›å…,åì “ëåä“2", ì%›…% “÷,2=2ü , 3C%2!åKëå…,å “%þƒ=
2=* ÷2%: p=K%2= “äåë=…=, 2=* ÷2% ì/ ì%›åì %2C!="ë 2ü“ .
n2…%øå…,å “ëåä“2", ì%›å2 Cå!åä="=2ü“ ""%ä…/ì, “ë%"=ì,
ƒ…=÷,2, “ëåä%"=2åëü…% (C%“ëåä…åå O " *…,›…%L !å÷,): p=K%23
“äåë=ë, ƒ…=÷,2, ì%›åøü 3.%ä,2ü. Š% ›å ƒ…=÷å…,å C!%“ì=2!,"=å2“
, " Kå““%þƒ…/. *%…“2!3*ö, .: p=K%2= “äåë=…=, ì/ ì%›åì
%2C!="ë 2ü“ .
3.3. n2…%øå…,å öåë,
a%ëüøå %“%Kå……%“2åL ,ìåå2 å?å %ä…% ƒ…=÷å…,å, ".%ä ?åå "

÷,“ë% %2…%øå…,L %K3“ë%"ëå……%“2,: %2…%øå…,å öåë,. gäå“ü 2%›å
!å÷ü ,äå2 % ä"3. “%K/2, ., “" ƒ=……/. C!,÷,……%-“ëåä“2"å……%L
“" ƒüþ, %ä…=*% "2%!%å å?å 2%ëü*% ›åë=2åëü…% , ä%ë›…% “%“2% 2ü“
C%“ëå Cå!"%ã% äåL“2", , %“3?å“2"ë åì%ã% äë .2%ã%: “ 3÷3 ƒ/*,
÷2%K/ ì%, ä!3ƒü ìå… C%…,ì=ë,.
n“…%"…/ì “!åä“2"%ì "/!=›å…, öåë, ì%›…% “÷,2=2ü “%þƒ
÷2%K/.m% %… C!,“%åä,… å2 …å 2%ëü*% C!,ä=2%÷…/å C!åäë%›å…, ,
…% , ,…-,…,2,"…/L %K%!%2: “ "å!…3ë“ , ÷2%K/ …åì…%ã% C%!=K%2=2ü.
r“ë%", 3C%2!åKëå…, %K%!%2= ƒ=“ë3›,"=þ2 %2äåëü…%ã% ,ƒ3÷å…, :
%… "%ƒì%›å… , ä=›å %K ƒ=2åëå…, å“ë, “3KAå*2 Cå!"%ã% , "2%!%ã%
äåL“2", “%"C=ä=þ2, …åëüƒ “*=ƒ=2ü *“ "å!…3ë“ , ÷2%K/ !=K%2=ë.
d%C3“2,ì= Cå!åä=÷= ƒ…=÷å…, öåë, ,…-,…,2,"%ì: n… C!,ëåã
C%“C=2ü. }2% "%ƒì%›…% 2%ëü*% C%“ëå ãë=ã%ë%" ä",›å…, ,
Cå!åìå?å…, , %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,. …=÷=ë% “%“2% …, äå 2åë ,ë,
ä!3ã%ã% ë,ö=: C!,.%ä,2ü, ëå÷ü, "“2=2ü, “å“2ü, C%ë%›,2ü (!åKå…*=
“C=2ü), C%“=ä,2ü (äå"%÷*3 "/ø,"=2ü). b .2,. “ë3÷= . "“åãä= ì%›…%
3C%2!åK,2ü ,ë, ,…-,…,2,"…/L %K%!%2, ,ë, C!,ä=2%÷…%å: n…
C%ë%›,ë !åKå…*=, ÷2%K/ 2%2 C%“C=ë.
j!%ìå “%þƒ= ÷2%K/, ƒ…=÷å…,å öåë, ,ìåå2 “%þƒ ä=K/, *%2%!/L
…%“,2 *…,›…/L .=!=*2å!, 3“2=!åë , =*2,"…% …å 3C%2!åKë å2“ .
Š% ›å “=ì%å ƒ…=÷å…,å ì%›å2 K/2ü "/!=›å…% , C!, C%ì%?,
C!åäë%ã%".q23äå…2/ .%!%ø% ƒ…=þ2 C!åäë%ã öåë, äë (“ !%ä,2åëü…/ì).

hìåþ2“ *…,›…/å !=ä, , "% ,ì (2%›å “ !%ä,2åëü…/ì).
b Kå““%þƒ…/. C!åäë%›å…, . , C!,÷=“2…/. , äååC!,÷=“2…/.
%K%!%2=. ƒ…=÷å…,å öåë, …å "/!=›=å2“ .m%, å“2å“2"å……%, “!åä“2"%ì
"/!=›å…, .2%ã% ƒ…=÷å…, "ë þ2“ “3?å“2",2åëü…/å öåëü, ƒ=ä=÷=:
“!. n… C!,øåë, ÷2%K/ C%!=K%2=2ü , 0åëüþ åã% C!,.%ä= K/ë= !=K%2=.
3.4. r“ë%"…/å %2…%øå…,
e?å %ä…% %2…%øå…,å %K3“ë%"ëå……%“2, O .2% 3“ë%"…%å %2…%øå…,å,

"/!=›=åì%å , " C!,ä=2%÷…/. C!åäë%›å…, ., , C!, C%ì%?,
C!åäë%ã%", , " Kå““%þƒ…%L “" ƒ,.
n“…%"…%å “!åä“2"% O “%þƒ å“ë,.eã% 3C%2!åKëå…,å " C!,ä=2%÷…%ì
"/ƒ/"=å2 2!3ä…%“2, " “" ƒ, “% “.%ä“2"%ì 3“ë%"…/. , "!åìå……/.
%2…%øå…,L, äë "/!=›å…, *%2%!/. ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ “%þƒ *%ãä=.
h…%ãä= %…, …å "ƒ=,ì%ƒ=ìå…,ì/.e“ë, ã%"%! ?,L …å “%ì…å"=å2“ "
2%ì, ÷2% …å÷2% C!%,ƒ%Läå2 (,ë, C!%,ƒ%øë%), %… ì%›å2 3C%2!åK,2ü
2%ëü*% “%þƒ *%ãä=, 2=* *=* ƒ…=÷å…, 3“ë%", …å2 (j%ãä= C!,åäåøü
ä%ì%L, …=C,ø,). e“ë,, …=C!%2,", “%K/2,å "/ƒ/"=å2 “%ì…å…,å ,ë,
2åì K%ëåå C!åä“2="ë å2“ …å!å=ëü…/ì, 2% …å%K.%ä,ì% "/!=ƒ,2ü
3“ë%"…%å ƒ…=÷å…,å, , %K ƒ=2åëü…/ì “2=…%",2“ “%þƒ å“ë, (e“ë, %…
…å C!,äå2, C!,äå2“ "“å ìå… 2ü. e“ë, K/ 2/ …å %C%ƒä=ë, "“å K/ë% K/
" C%! ä*å). h…%ãä=, …=C!,ìå! C!, Cå!å÷,“ëå…,, C%"2%! þ?,.“
"ƒ=,ì%“" ƒ=……/. “%K/2,L, "%ƒì%›…/ %K= “%þƒ=: Š,!å “2=",2“ ,
*%ãä=/å“ë, ="2%! .%÷å2 Cå!åä=2ü C=3ƒ3.
r“ë%"…%å ƒ…=÷å…,å Cå!åä=å2 , C!åäë%ã C!, (“ 2"%!,2åëü…/ì
C=äå›%ì): o!, ,ƒìå…å…,, %K“2% 2åëü“2" “%%K?,2å. j=* , "% ì…%ã,.
ä!3ã,. “ë3÷= . “3?å“2",2åëü…%å “ C!åäë%ã%ì ,ìåå2 K%ëåå *…,›…3þ
%*!=“*3.
e“2ü %“%K/å *%…“2!3*ö,,, *%2%!/å 2%›å ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ äë
Cå!åä=÷, 3“ë%"…%“2, (, *%2%!/å C%ëåƒ…% .%2 K/ C%…,ì=2ü).
}2% -!=ƒ/ 2,C= o!,ä, %…, "%"!åì O ì/ K/ "“å 3“Cåë, “äåë=2ü. b
ã!=ìì=2,*=.,…%ãä= 2=*3þ ãë=ã%ëü…3þ -%!ì3 “÷,2=þ2 ,ìCå!=2,"%ì.
m% " %2ë,÷,å %2 -%!ì ,ìCå!=2,"= .2= -%!ì= %ä,…=*%"= , "
åä,…“2"å……%ì, , "% ì…%›å“2"å……%ì ÷,“ëå.r*=ƒ=……= -%!ì= ,ìåå2
ƒ…=÷å…,å …å!å=ëü…%ã% 3“ë%", .b%ƒì%›…/ , 3“ë%"…/å Kå““%þƒ…/å
C!åäë%›å…, : o!,øåë K/ %… "%"!åì , "“å K/ë% K/ " C%! ä*å. gäå“ü
"%ƒì%›…/ , !å=ëü…/å, , …å!å=ëü…/å 3“ë%"…/å %2…%øå…, . j=*
…å!åä*% K/"=å2, "/!=›=2ü .2, %2…%øå…, C%ì%ã=þ2 ÷=“2,ö/. }2%

÷=“2,ö= "%2, *%2%!= 3C%2!åKë å2“ " …=÷=ëå C!åäë%›å…, : b%2
C!,ä32 !åK 2=O %…, C%ì%ã32.
r“ë%"…%å ƒ…=÷å…,å ì%›å2 Cå!åä="=2ü“ , “%÷å2=…, ì,
“3?å“2",2åëü…/. “ C!åäë%ã=ì,: " “ë3÷=å (“ !%ä,2åëü…/ì,
%-,ö,=ëü…%å): b “ë3÷=å C%›=!= !=ƒK,2ü, C!, 3“ë%",, (“
!%ä,2åëü…/ì, 2%›å %-,ö,=ëü…%å). m=*%…åö, .2% ›å ƒ…=÷å…,å
,ìåþ2 “3?å“2",2åëü…/å 3“ë%",å , ƒ=ë%ã, C!, C%ì%?, *%2%!/.
2%›å ì%›…% "/!=ƒ,2ü 2!åK3åì%å ƒ…=÷å…,å (}2%O 3“ë%",å 3“Cå.=).
nK= “ë%"=, %“%Kå……% "2%!%å, O *…,›…/å.
3.5. r“23C,2åëü…/å %2…%øå…,
m=*%…åö, * %2…%øå…, ì %K3“ë%"ëå……%“2, %2…%“ 2 , 3“23C,2åëü…/å

%2…%øå…, . n…, ,ìåþ2 ìå“2% 2%ãä=, *%ãä= C!%,ƒ%øë% …å 2%, ÷2%
%K/÷…% “ëåä3å2 ƒ= ä=……/ì äåL“2",åì, = C!%2,"%C%ë%›…%å: l/
!åø,ë, ,ä2, ä=ëüøå, .%2 "“å 3“2=ë,.
n“…%"…/ì “!åä“2"%ì 3“23C,2åëü…%ã% %2…%øå…, ì%›…% “÷,2=2ü
“%þƒ .%2 ("=!,=…2 .%2ü ,) , C!åäë%ã …å“ì%2! …=: må“ì%2! …=
…åC%ã%ä3 C%.%ä C!%ä%ë›=ë“ . a%ëåå *…,›…/ì (, !åä*,ì) "ë å2“
C!åäë%ã "%C!å*,.Š=*%L ›å %22å…%* *…,›…%“2, å“2ü , 3 “%þƒ= C3“2ü
(,) n… C3“2ü , …åC!=", ,ì ã%!›3“ü.
aë,ƒ*,ì * ƒ…=÷å…,þ 3“23C,2åëü…%“2, "ë å2“ ƒ…=÷å…,å
C!%2,",2åëü…/. “%þƒ%" …%, %ä…=*%. o%.2%ì3 ,. 2%›å ì%›…%
"“C%ì…,2ü C!, Cå!å÷,“ëå…,, “!åä“2" "/!=›å…, 3“2*3C,2åëü…%“2,.
nä…=*% .2% “%"C=äå…,å 2%ëü*% ÷=“2,÷…%å (*=* 3 “%þƒ= , , “%þƒ%",
"/!=›=þ?,. %2…%øå…,å “ëåä“2", ). m% , %ä…=*% ,ìåþ2 …å 2=*%å
2%÷…%å ƒ…=÷å…,å, *=* .%2 , = K%ëåå ø,!%*%å. h. ,ƒ3÷=þ2 “!åä,
“!åä“2" "/!=›å…, “%÷,…,2åëü…/. %2…%øå…,L.
hƒ ÷=“2,ö “% ƒ…=÷å…,åì 3“23C,2åëü…%“2, ä%“2=2%÷…%
!=“C!%“2!=…å…/ (.%2ü) ,, C3“2ü (C3“*=L), -2%: n… .%2ü , ì=ëå…ü*,L,
…% “,ëü…/L. n… , “äåë=ë "“å, ä= Cë%.%. qäåë=2ü-2% %… .2% “äåë=ë, …%
2=* Cë%.%. n…, “%÷å2=þ2“ “ C!%2,",2åëü…/ì, “%þƒ=ì,, ,ìåþ2
!=ƒã%"%!…/L .=!=*2å!. o%.2%ì3 =*2,"…% ,ƒ3÷=å2“ 2%ëü*% ÷=“2,ö=
.%2ü.
■ Итак, отношения обусловленности — причинное, следственное,

уступки, цели, условия — выражаются различными языковыми

средствами: союзами, предлогами, бессоюзной связью, полно-
значными словами, синтаксическими конструкциями. Даже в тех
случаях, когда эти единицы выражают одно отношение, между
ними есть различия в значении и условиях употребления.
4. Выражение модальных отношений
b!3““*%ì ƒ/*å å“2ü “!åä“2"= äë "/!=›å…, !=ƒë,÷…/. 2,C%"

ƒ…=÷å…,L, C%*=ƒ/"=þ?,. %2…%øå…,å “%%K?=åì%ã% * !å=ëü…%“2,,
2.å. ì%ä=ëü…/. ƒ…=÷å…,L. n2…%øå…,å * äåL“2",2åëü…%“2, " Cå!"3þ
%÷å!åäü %öå…,"=å2“ “ 2%÷*, ƒ!å…, …å%K.%ä,ì%“2, ÷åã%-ë,K%
“ 2%÷*, ƒ!å…, ƒ=*%…%" C!,!%ä/: d%›ä ƒ,ì%L K/2ü …å ä%ë›…%;
C%2!åK…%“2åL ÷åë%"å*= ,ë, ã!3CC/ ëþäåL: m=ì …3›…= C%ääå!›*=;
ì%!=ëü…/. 2!åK%"=…,L: b=ì …å “ëåä3å2 ã%"%!,2ü ã!%ì*%; O ,
"%ƒì%›…%“2,, *%2%!= 2=*›å ì%›å2 %öå…,"=2ü“ “ 2%÷*, ƒ!å…,
-,ƒ,÷å“*,. ƒ=*%…%" C!,!%ä/: d%›äü ì%›å2 K/2ü , ƒ,ì%L;
"%ƒì%›…%“2åL ëþäåL: n… ì%›å2 .%!%ø% 3÷,2ü“ ; ì%!=ëü…%L
ä%C3“2,ì%“2,: gäå“ü …åëüƒ *3!,2ü. o%ì,ì% …=ƒ"=……/. ƒ…=÷å…,L
(, " 32"å!ä,2åëü…%ì, , " %2!,ö=2åëü…%ì "=!,=…2å) * ì%ä=ëü…/ì
%2…%“ 2“ , C!åäC%ë%›å…, !=ƒ…%L “2åCå…, 3"å!å……%“2, (n…
ì%ã ƒ=äå!›=2ü“ ), , “3KAå*2,"…%å %2…%øå…,å * “%K/2,þ:
›åë=2åëü…%“2üO…å›åë=2åëü…%“2ü (o!,å.=2ü K/ åì3 "%"!åì !).
}2, “ì/“ë/ "/!=›=þ2“ !=ƒ…%%K!=ƒ…/ì, “!åä“2"=ì, ,ƒ !=ƒ…/.
3!%"…å"/. “,“2åì: , ì%!-%ë%ã,÷å“*,ì,, , “,…2=*“,÷å“*,ì,, ,
ëå*“,÷å“*,ì,. må "“åãä= ëåã*% "/K!=2ü ,ƒ ,. ÷,“ë= C%ä.%ä ?,å.
må!åä*% %ä…% , 2% ›å “!åä“2"% ì%›å2 "/!=›=2ü …å“*%ëü*% Kë,ƒ*,.
ƒ…=÷å…,L: “!. n… …å ä%ë›å… .2%ã% äåë=2ü (&…å2 …å%K.%ä,ì%“2,[ ,
&ƒ=C!å2 .2% äåë=2ü[). o%.2%ì3 "/!=›å…,å ì%ä=ëü…/. %2…%øå…,L
O .2% C!%Këåì= , ã%"%!å…, (, C,“üì=), , C%…,ì=…, . o!%Këåì=
C%2%ì3, ÷2%, .%2 ì%ä=ëü…%“2ü "/!=›=å2“ "% "“å. ƒ/*=., ã!=…,ö/
ìå›ä3 åå 2,C=ì, C!%.%ä 2 C%-!=ƒ…%ì3.
“ä!%ì ì%ä=ëü…/. %2…%øå…,L ì%›…% “÷,2=2ü ì%ä=ëü…/å
“ë%"= ä%ë›å…, …=ä%, ì%÷ü, ì%›…% (, %2!,ö=2åëü…%å …åëüƒ ). n…,
"/!=›=þ2 K%ëüøå "“åã% %22å…*%" ì%ä=ëü…/. ƒ…=÷å…,L, 2%ãä= *=*
ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%å “!åä“2"% "/!=›å…, ì%ä=ëü…%“2, O …=*ë%…å…,å O
,ìåå2 K%ëåå 3ƒ*3þ “-å!3 ƒ…=÷å…, .
4.1. må%K.%ä,ì%“2ü
qì/“ë ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, (…å%K.%ä,ì%“2,) ,ìåå2 …å“*%ëü*%

%22å…*%", “%%2"å2“2"3þ?,. !=ƒ…/ì 2,C=ì ì%ä=ëü…%“2,.b%“…%"…%ì
.2, %22å…*, "/!=›=þ2“ “ë%"%ì ä%ë›å…, = *!%ìå 2%ã% ä!3ã,ì,
ì%ä=ëü…/ì, “ë%"=ì,, *%…“2!3*ö, ì, , …=*ë%…å…,åì.
që%"% ä%ë›å… "/!=›=å2 ƒ…=÷å…, …å“*%ëü*,. 2,C%"
ì%ä=ëü…%“2, ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, . b%-Cå!"/., .2% å“2å“2"å……=
…å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü, &C%2%ì3 ÷2% 2=* 3“2!%å… ì,![: g,ì%L ä%ë›å…
,ä2, “…åã, = …å ä%›äü. då2, ä%ë›…/ C%ë3÷=2ü ",2=ì,…/, ÷2%K/
…%!ì=ëü…% !=“2,. n2!,ö=2åëü…/å C!åäë%›å…, 2=*›å "/!=›=þ2
å“2å“2"å……3þ …å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü, *%2%!= ƒ=*ëþ÷=å2“ " %2“32“2",,
÷åã%-ë,K%: r÷å…,*, …=øåL ø*%ë/ …å ä%ë›…/ Cå!å32%ìë 2ü“ (,ë,
ä%ë›…/ …å Cå!å32%ìë 2ü“ ).q,…%…,ì=ì, .2%ã% ƒ…=÷å…, "ë å2“
“ë%"% “ëåä3å2: g,ì%L “ëåä3å2 ,ä2, “…åã3, = …å ä%›äþ. }2% “ë%"%
C%ä÷å!*,"=å2 &C!åä%C!åäåëå……%“2ü[ “%K/2, ƒ=*%…=ì, C!,!%ä/.
d=ëåå, ä%ë›å… ì%›å2 "/!=›=2ü …å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü äåL“2", (,ë,
C!åäìå2=), "/ƒ"=……%ã% C%2!åK…%“2üþ " …åì *=*%ã%-2% ë,ö=: e“ë,
K%ë 2 ƒ3K/, 2/ ä%ë›å… “.%ä,2ü * "!=÷3.eã% “,…%…,ì%ì " .2%ì “ë3÷=å
"ë å2“ …=ä% , …3›…%.m% %…, " ìå…üøåL “2åCå…, C!åä“2="ë þ2 !%ëü
äå 2åë (*%2%!/L %*=ƒ/"=å2“ " .2%ì “ë3÷=å " ä=2åëü…%ì C=äå›å)
, C!åä“2="ë þ2“ ìå…åå …=“2%L÷,"/ì,, “!. ä%ë›å… 3K!=2ü
*%ì…=23O ì…å …=ä% 3K!=2ü *%ì…=23.a%ëåå …=“2%L÷,"/ì , C%.2%ì3
K%ëåå Kë,ƒ*,ì "ë å2“ *%…“2!3*ö, “% “ë%"%ì …å%K.%ä,ì%: l…å
…å%K.%ä,ì% “äåë=2ü C!,÷å“*3.
që%"% …3›…% *=* “,…%…,ì …=ä% “ëåä3å2 %2ë,÷=2ü %2 *!=2*%ã%
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%ã% …3›å…, *%2%!%å "ìå“2å “ C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/ì …å%K.%ä,ì
, ãë=ã%ë%ì 2!åK3å2“ (K%ëåå *…,›…/ì , %-,ö,=ëü…/ì) ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“
äë "/!=›å…, C%2!åK…%“2, " “%÷å2=…,, “ “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì: l…å
…3›…= "=ø= C%ì%?ü. g="%ä3 2!åK3þ2“ !=K%÷,å.
n2!,ö=…,å “3?å“2"å……% ìå… å2 “ì/“ë 2=*,. C!åäë%›å…,L:
“%%K?=å2“ %K %2“32“2",, …å%K.%ä,ì%“2,: l…å …å …3›å… …%›.ŠåKå
…å …=ä% ,ä2, * "!=÷3. Š/ …å ä%ë›å… "“å Cå!åC,“/"=2ü.cë=ã%ë C%“ëå
ì%ä=ëü…/. “ë%" “ %2!,ö=…,åì “2%,2 " …å“%"å!øå……%ì ",äå.bìå“2%
…å%K.%ä,ì% ã%"%! 2 …å2 …å%K.%ä,ì%“2,: b=ì …å2 …å%K.%ä,ì%“2,
K!%“=2ü *3!,2ü.
o%2!åK…%“2ü ì%›å2 ,ìå2ü *=*3þ-2% %KAå*2,"…3þ C!,÷,…3, “!.
Š/ ä%ë›å… "%"!åì C,2=2ü“ , = ì%›å2 %“…%"/"=2ü“ …= ì%!=ëü…/.
, .2,÷å“*,. ƒ=*%…=.: .2% …=ä%, C%2%ì3 ÷2% 2=* C!,… 2% " %K?å“2"å,
.2% “%%2"å2“2"3å2 C!åä“2="ëå…, ì % ä%ëãå , 2.C. gäå“ü 2%›å
,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ “ë%"= ä%ë›å… (Š/ ä%ë›å… "å“2, “åK C!,ë,÷…%), …=ä%

(m=ä% "/2,!=2ü ë,ö% Cë=2*%ì) , …3›…% (ŠåKå …3›…% ã%2%",2ü“ *
ƒ=… 2, ì), !=ƒ…,ö= ìå›ä3 *%2%!/ì, O " …=“2%L÷,"%“2, O 2%›å
“%.!=… å2“ . (që%"% …å%K.%ä,ì% ,ìåå2 2=*%L %22å…%* !åä*%, .%2
2%›å ,…%ãä= "“2!å÷=å2“ : må%K.%ä,ì% K/2ü "…,ì=2åëü…åL * ëþä ì.)
n“%Kå……%“2, ì%!=ëü…%ã% ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, C!% "ë þ2“ "
%2!,ö=2åëü…/. C!åäë%›å…, .: %…, %ƒ…=÷=þ2 …å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü …å
äåë=2ü ÷2%-2% (= …å %2“32“2",å …å%K.%ä,ì%“2,, *=* C!, -,ƒ,÷å“*%L
C%2!åK…%“2,): b/ …å ä%ë›…/ ã!3K,2ü! må …=ä% 2=* %2"å÷=2ü
“2=!ø,ì. o!åäë%›å…, ,ìåþ2 2% ›å ƒ…=÷å…,å, å“ë, %2!,ö=…,å
K3äå2 “2% 2ü Cå!åä ,…-,…,2,"%ì: b/ ä%ë›…/ …å ã!3K,2ü. m=ä% …å
%2"å÷=2ü åì3 , 2.C.n2“32“2",å ì%!=ëü…%ã% ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, ì%›…%
C%…,ì=2ü *=* ì%!=ëü…%å C!åä%“2å!å›å…,å , ä=›å “ì ã÷å……/L
ƒ=C!å2: Š/ …å ä%ë›å… 2=* ã%"%!,2ü “ ì=2å!üþ, må …3›…% 2åKå “ …,ì
““%!,2ü“ .b.2%ì “ì/“ëå "%ƒì%›…% K%ëåå Kë,ƒ*%å “%C%“2="ëå…,å “
,ìCå!=2,"%ì.
e?å K%ëåå …=“2%L÷,"/ì “C%“%K%ì "/!=ƒ,2ü ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…,å
C!åä“2="ë å2“ ,…-,…,2,"…= *%…“2!3*ö, (“ …å“%"å!øå……/ì
",ä%ì): eì3O 3K,!=2ü *%ì…=23.gäå“ü C%2!åK…%“2ü äå 2åë …å %÷å…ü
ƒ=ìå2…=, %…= ƒ=ìå… å2“ C%›åë=…,åì ä!3ã%ã% ë,ö= O 2%ã%, *2%
C!%,ƒ…%“,2 .23 -!=ƒ3.
qëåä3þ?,ì ø=ã%ì " 3“,ëå…,, …=“2%L÷,"%“2, ì%›…% “÷,2=2ü
C%"åë,2åëü…%å …=*ë%…å…,å. m% åã% %“%Kå……%“2üþ "ë å2“ 2=*›å
K%ëüø= !%ëü ã%"%! ?åã%, *%2%!/L “÷,2=å2 ÷2%-2% …å%K.%ä,ì/ì,
.%÷å2 .2%ã% , %2*!/2% ƒ= "ë å2 %K .2%ì. o%.2%ì3 C%"åë,2åëü…%å
C!åäë%›å…,å ä%"%ëü…% ÷=“2% ì%›…% ƒ=ìå…,2ü C!åäë%›å…,åì “%
“ë%"%ì ä%ë›å… ,ë, ä!3ã,ì, ì%ä=ëü…/ì, “ë%"=ì,, .%2 …åëüƒ
ã%"%!,2ü, ÷2% “ì/“ë/ C%ë…%“2üþ “%"C=ä=þ2, “!. Š/ ä%ë›å…
ƒ=*!/2ü ä"å!ü , g=*!%L, C%›=ë3L“2=, ä"å!ü. ` “ ì%ä=ëü…/ì,
“ë%"=ì, …å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü C!åä“2="ë å2“ *=* ÷2%-2% %KAå*2,"…%å.
Š=*,ì %K!=ƒ%ì, …=! ä3 “ ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…,åì C%"åëå…,å "ë å2“
"/!=›å…,åì ›åë=2åëü…%“2,.
q=ì/ì !åƒ*,ì “C%“%K%ì "/!=ƒ,2ü ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…,å "ë å2“
C!,*=ƒ " -%!ìå ,…-,…,2,"…%L *%…“2!3*ö,, (“ “%"å!øå……/ì ,ë,
…å“%"å!øå……/ì ",ä%ì): q2% 2ü! b“2=2ü!
o!, "/!=›å…,, 2=*,. %22å…*%" ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, , *=*
C%2!åK…%“2ü , ì%!=ëü…%å ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…,å, %ä…%"!åìå……%
"/!=›=å2“ å?å %ä…= ì%ä=ëü…%“2ü O ›åë=2åëü…%“2ü.dåL“2",2åëü…%,
Š/ ä%ë›å… ì…å C%ì%÷ü %ƒ…=÷=å2 , ›åë=…,å ã%"%! ?åã%, ÷2%K/
“%"å!ø,ë%“ü .2% äåL“2",å. b å?å K%ëüøåL “2åCå…, ›åë=2åëü…%“2ü

C!,“32“2"3å2 C!, "/!=›å…,, C%"åëå…, . nä…=*% K/"=þ2 “ë3÷=,,
*%ãä= ›åë=2åëü…%“2ü "/!=›=å2“ %2äåëü…% %2 ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, .
Š=Kë,ö= 4
b,ä/ ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, , %“…%"…/å “C%“%K/ ,. "/!=›å…,
Обязательность: должен + НСВ

Обязательность: не должен + НСВ
Следует, надлежит
Потребность: должен + СВ, Надо, Нет необходимости: не должен +
нужно, необходимо + СВ/НСВ Ну- НСВ Не надо, не нужно + НСВ Не
жен, требуется + сущ. нужен, не требуется + сущ.
Моральное: должен + СВ/НСВ
Запрет: не должен + НСВ
Надо, нужно + СВ/НСВ
Высокая вероятность: должен + Высокая вероятность: не должен +
СВ/НСВ СВ/НСВ
4.2. fåë=2åëü…%“2ü
“ä!%ì ƒ…=÷å…, ›åë=2åëü…%“2,, "ë å2“ ãë=ã%ë .%2å2ü.

m=! ä3 “ …,ì äë .2%ã% ƒ…=÷å…, ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ “%“ë=ã=2åëü…%å
…=*ë%…å…,å e“ë, K/ %… C!,øåë!, " 2%ì ÷,“ëå , " ,…-,…,2,"…%L
*%…“2!3*ö,,: o!,ä2, K/ åì3!, " …åC%ë…/.C!åäë%›å…, .“ ÷=“2,öåL
K/: b K=…ü*3 K/ “åL÷=“! fåë=…,å "/!=›=å2“ , " %2!,ö=2åëü…/.
C!åäë%›å…, ., ãäå ãë=ã%ë %K/÷…% “2%,2 " …å“%"å!øå……%ì ",äå:
må C!,åƒ›=ë K/ %…! må K!=2ü K/ .23 2 ›å“2ü “ “%K%L! b/!=›å…,å
›åë=2åëü…%“2, %K/÷…% …å ƒ=…,ì=å2 “3?å“2"å……%ã% ìå“2= "
C!åC%ä="=…,,. n“…%"…/å “!åä“2"= "/!=›å…, .2%ã% ƒ…=÷å…, O
ãë=ã%ë/ .%2å2ü, .%2å2ü“ , C%"åë,2åëü…/å C!åäë%›å…, O %K/÷…%
, 2=* ä%"%ëü…% !=…% ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ “23äå…2=ì,. ` ä!3ã,å *%…“2!3*ö,,
"“2!å÷=þ2“ !åä*% , …å %K ƒ=2åëü…% ä%ë›…/ ".%ä,2ü " =*2,"…/L
=!“å…=ë ,ƒ3÷=þ?,. ƒ/*.
4.3. b%ƒì%›…%“2ü
cë="…/ì “!åä“2"%ì "/!=›å…, ƒ…=÷å…, "%ƒì%›…%“2, "ë å2“

ãë=ã%ë ì%÷ü. j!%ìå …åã% äë .2%ã% ›å ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ , …=!å÷,å
ì%›…%, ,…%ãä= , C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%å "%ƒì%›…/L. nä…,ì ,ƒ %22å…*%"
"%ƒì%›…%“2, "ë å2“ -,ƒ,÷å“*= "%ƒì%›…%“2ü. n…= "/!=›=å2“
" %“…%"…%ì ãë=ã%ë%ì ì%÷ü (C!,÷åì " %K%,. ",ä=.): %… “ì%›å2 .2%
“äåë=2ü. ` ,…-,…,2," C%“ëå …åã% O %K/÷…% " “%"å!øå……%ì ",äå.
må“%"å!øå……/L ",ä ,…-,…,2,"= ä%C3“2,ì, 2%ëü*% å“ë, !å÷ü
,äå2 % äë,2åëü…%ì ,ë, C%"2%! þ?åì“ äåL“2",,. që%"% ì%›…%
" …å*%2%!/. 3C%2!åKëå…, . 2%›å C%…,ì=å2“ *=* -,ƒ,÷å“*=
"%ƒì%›…%“2ü: l%›…% ë, "/3÷,2ü !3““*,L ƒ/* ƒ= 3 ìå“ ö=? h…%ãä=,
C!å,ì3?å“2"å……% “ “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì, 3C%2!åKë å2“ *!=2*%å
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%å "%ƒì%›…%: f,ƒ…ü " .2,. 3“ë%", . "%ƒì%›…=.
b%ƒì%›…%“2ü äåL“2", , %C!åäåë åì= …å -,ƒ,÷å“*,ì,
3“ë%", ì,, %ƒ…=÷=å2 !=ƒ!åøå…,å “%"å!ø,2ü .2% äåL“2",å.}2% ,ë,
C%ƒ"%ëå…,å, ä=……%å *åì-ë,K%, ,ë, 2%, ÷2% ä%C3“*=å2 2!=ä,ö, :
l%›…%, C%Lä3 " *,…%? gäå“ü ì%›…% *3!,2ü. l%›å2å K/2ü “"%K%ä…/.
n…% "/!=›=å2“ “ë%"=ì, ì%÷ü , ì%›…%, = 2=*›å ãë=ã%ë=ì,,
,ìåþ?,ì, ƒ…=÷å…,å ,ë, %22å…%* !=ƒ!åøå…, : !=ƒ!åø=2ü,
C%ƒ"%ë 2ü, ä="=2ü (n… ä=å2 %2ä/.=2ü C%“ëå 3C!=›…å…,L).
b=›…% %2ìå2,2ü, ÷2% “ë%"% "%ƒì%›å… " ƒ…=÷å…,, !=ƒ!åøå…,
…å 3C%2!åKë å2“ . h .%2 " …å*%2%!/. 3C%2!åKëå…, . !å÷ü ,äå2
-=*2,÷å“*, % *%“"å……%ì !=ƒ!åøå…,,: “ .%2åë K/ C%“ì%2!å2ü "=ø3
!=K%23, .2% "%ƒì%›…%?, %÷å",ä…%, ÷2% ƒäå“ü ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ ,ìå……%
ƒ…=÷å…,å -,ƒ,÷å“*%L "%ƒì%›…%“2,. c%"%! ?,L “C!=ø,"=å2 %
-,ƒ,÷å“*%L "%ƒì%›…%“2, äåL“2", , C!åä“2="ë å2 åã% *=* 2%,
÷2% %C!åäåë å2“ %KAå*2,"…/ì, -=*2%!=ì,, ÷2%K/ …å “2=",2ü
“%Kå“åä…,*= " C%ƒ,ö,þ ƒ=C!å?=þ?åã%: 2%, ÷2% -,ƒ,÷å“*,
…å"%ƒì%›…%, …å "/ƒ/"=å2 %K,ä/, 2%ãä= *=* ƒ=C!å2 ì%›å2 åå
"/ƒ"=2ü, “ëåä%"=2åëü…%, K3äå2 "å›ë,"% C%ì%÷ü ã%"%! ?åì3
,ƒKå›=2ü C%ë%›å…, %K,ä÷,*=.
)2% *=“=å2“ ,…-,…,2,"%" C%“ëå “ë%" ì%÷ü , ì%›…%, 2% "
ƒ…=÷å…,, !=ƒ!åøå…, ÷=?å "“2!å÷=å2“ …å“%"å!øå……/L ",ä:
l%›å2å *3!,2ü, " %2ë,÷,å %2 ƒ…=÷å…, -,ƒ,÷å“*%L "%ƒì%›…%“2,,
ãäå, *=* 3C%ì,…=ë%“ü, %K/÷å… “%"å!øå……/L: l%›…% “%ã…32ü
ä=›å ›åëåƒ…/L C!32. nä…=*% .2% …å "ë å2“ C!=",ë%ì. e“ë,
C%ä÷å!*,"=å2“ , ÷2% !=ƒ!åøå…,å *=“=å2“ åä,…,÷…%ã% äåL“2", ,
K3äå2 3C%2!åKëå… “%"å!øå……/L ",ä ,…-,…,2,"=: l%›å2å
C%“ì%2!å2ü …= %K!=ƒåö (“!. ì%›å2å “ì%2!å2ü …= %K!=ƒåö O

!=ƒ!åø=å2“ C%“2% ……%å %K!=?å…,å * %K!=ƒö3).h, …=C!%2,", å“ë,
-,ƒ,÷å“*= "%ƒì%›…%“2ü “" ƒ=…= “ C%“2% ……/ì “"%L“2"%ì, 2%
K3äå2 3C%2!åKëå… …å“%"å!øå……/L ",ä: o!32 ì%›…% ã…32ü "% "“å.
…=C!="ëå…, ..
a%ëåå “2!%ã%L %*=ƒ/"=å2“ “" ƒü “ ",ä%ì ,…-,…,2,"= "
%2!,ö=2åëü…/. C!åäë%›å…, ., "/!=›=þ?,. …å"%ƒì%›…%“2ü
, ƒ=C!å2. dë .2%ã% ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ “ë%"= …åëüƒ , …å"%ƒì%›…%
(-,ƒ,÷å“*= …å"%ƒì%›…%“2ü), …å ì%÷ü (2%›å %K/÷…% C%…,ì=åì=
*=* -,ƒ,÷å“*= : n… …å ì%›å2 .2%ã% “äåë=2ü), …åëüƒ (ƒ=C!å2).
j=* ì/ ",ä,ì, …åëüƒ 3C%2!åKë å2“ " ä"3. ƒ…=÷å…, ., *%2%!/å
!=ƒë,÷=þ2“ ",ä%ì ,…-,…,2,"=. h…-,…,2," " “%"å!øå……%ì ",äå
C%“ëå …åëüƒ %ƒ…=÷=å2 -,ƒ,÷å“*3þ …å"%ƒì%›…%“2ü ()åì%ä=… …åëüƒ
%2*!/2ü), = " …å“%"å!øå……%ì ƒ=C!å2 O (måëüƒ %2*!/"=2ü .23
ä"å!ü).h“*ëþ÷å…, "%ƒì%›…/, …% !åä*,.
b ƒ…=÷å…,, ƒ=C!å2= 2=*›å "“2!å÷=þ2“ “ë%"= …å …=ä%, …å …3›…% ,
,ìCå!=2," (÷2% 3›å 3C%ì,…=ë%“ü C!, %K“3›äå…,, %2!,ö=2åëü…%ã%
ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, ). e“ë, “!="…,"=2ü %2!,ö=2åëü…/å “!åä“2"=
ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…, , "%ƒì%›…%“2, " ƒ…=÷å…,, ƒ=C!å2=, 2% %*=›å2“ ,
÷2% " öåë%ì "2%!/å (…åëüƒ ) K%ëåå “2!%ã,, ÷åì Cå!"/å (…å …=ä%,
…å ä%ë›å…), “!. måëüƒ ".%ä,2ü , må …=ä% ".%ä,2ü, b/ …å ä%ë›…/
".%ä,2ü.
dë "/!=›å…, -,ƒ,÷å“*%L …å"%ƒì%›…%“2, ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“
,…-,…,2,"…= %2!,ö=2åëü…= *%“2!3*ö, : b=ì .2%ã% …å C%… 2ü.
h…-,…,2," " ä=……%ì “ë3÷=å “2%,2 2%ëü*% " “%"å!øå……%ì ",äå.
b 2=*%L *%…“2!3*ö,, “3KAå*2 " ä=2åëü…%ì C=äå›å C!=*2,÷å“*,
%K ƒ=2åëü…% ä%ë›å… K/2ü "/!=›å….
d!3ã= ,…-,…,2,"…= *%…“2!3*ö, , "/!=›=þ?=
*=2åã%!,÷å“*,L ƒ=C!å2: må øå"åë,2ü“ !, …=C!%2,", 3C%2!åKë å2“
C%÷2, "“åãä= Kåƒ 32%÷…å…, “3KAå*2=, *!%ìå C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,
,ë, ä!3ã%ã% "/äåëå…, “3KAå*2=: m,*%ì3 …å "“2="=2ü! b,ä
,…-,…,2,"= "“åãä= …å“%"å!øå……/L.
Способы выражения и невозможности Š = K ë , ö = 5
Физическая возможность: может + Физическая невозможность: нельзя +

СВ(НСВ) Возможен + имя Можно + СВ
СВ(НСВ) Невозможно + СВ(НСВ)
Разрешение: Можно + Св/НСВ Мочь + Запрет: Нельзя + НСВ

СВ/НСВ Разрешить, позволить Запретить, воспрещается
Вероятность: может, возможно, может Низкая вероятность: не может, невоз-
быть можно, не может быть
4.4. bå!% 2…%“2ü “%K/2,
e?å %ä,… ì%ä=ëü…/L %22å…%*, “" ƒ=……/L “ ì%ä=ëü…/ì,

“ë%"=ì, O "å!% 2…%“2ü “%K/2, . e“ë, " C!åä/ä3?,. “ë3÷= .
!=ƒë,÷, ìå›ä3 ä%ë›å…“2"%"=…,åì , "%ƒì%›…%“2üþ K/ë, "åë,*,,
2=* ÷2% …å ,ìåë% “ì/“ë= ,. “%C%“2="ë 2ü, 2% 232 “%C%“2="ëå…,å
3ìå“2…%.o!åäë%›å…, “% “ë%"%ì ä%ë›å… "/!=›=å2 C!åäC%ë%›å…,å
“ K%ëüø%L “2åCå…üþ "å!% 2…%“2,: o%åƒä ä%ë›å… 3›å C%äAåƒ›=2ü
* ã%!%ä3.(qëåä3å2 %K!=2,2ü "…,ì=…,å …= 2%, ÷2% …=ä%, …3›…% " .2%ì
ƒ…=÷å…,, …å 3C%2!åKë þ2“ .) e“ë, ›å 3C%2!åKëå…% “ë%"% ì%›å2,
2% "å!% 2…%“2ü %öå…,"=å2“ *=* ìå…üø= , ÷åì &C 2üäå“ 2 …=
C 2üäå“ 2[: l%›å2 C%L2, ä%›äü, “!.d%ë›å… C%L2, ä%›äü.
o!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, .2%ã% ƒ…=÷å…, ä=……/å “ë3÷=, "/!=›å…,
“%C%“2="ë þ2 “ C!åäë%›å…, ì, “ ì%ä=ëü…/ì, (""%ä…/ì,)
“ë%"=ì,: ì%›å2, "å!% 2…% , 2.C..o%“ëåä…,å K%ëåå !=“C!%“2!=…å…/
" öåë%ì, %“%Kå……% " C%"“åä…å"…%ì %K?å…,,. lå›ä3 …,ì, 2%›å
å“2ü !=ƒë,÷, . l%›å2 %öå…,"=å2 C!åäë%›å……/L "=!,=…2 *=*
"å!% 2…/L C!,ìå!…% …= 50%: ì%›å2 K/2ü, ä=, ì%›å2 K/2ü, …å2.
b%ƒì%›…% , "å!% 2…% ,ìåþ2 2% ›å ƒ…=÷å…,å, …% %öå…,"=þ2“ *=*
K%ëåå *…,›…/å: b%ƒì%›…%, %ø,K=þ“ü.
a%ëüø3þ “2åCå…ü 3"å!å……%“2, (ä=›å K%ëüø3þ, ÷åì “ë%"%
ä%ë›å…) "/!=›=þ2 “ë%"= *%…å÷…%, …å“%ì…å……%: j%…å÷…%, %… K3äå2
"%ƒ!=›=2ü.
n÷å…ü ì=ëå…ü*3þ “2åCå…ü "å!% 2…%“2, "/!=›=å2 “%"“åì
…åì…%ã% “ë%" , *%…“2!3*ö,L. l%›…% C!,…,ì=2ü "% "…,ì=…,å
“ë%"%“%÷å2=…,å …å ,“*ëþ÷å…%, (÷2%): må ,“*ëþ÷å…%, ÷2% C!,äå2“
%2÷,2/"=2ü“ . d!3ã%L “C%“%K "/!=›å…, ì=ë%L “2åCå…,
"å!% 2…%“2, O “ë%"= “%ì…,2åëü…%, ì=ë%"å!% 2…% %K/÷…% 2%›å “
C!,ä=2%÷…/ì " “%“ë=ã=2åëü…%ì …=*ë%…å…,,: q%ì…,2åëü…%, ÷2%K/
%… “%ãë=“,ë“ . Š% ›å ƒ…=÷å…,å "/!=›=å2 , “%÷å2=…,å "! ä ë,/…="! ä ë,
(232 …=*ë%…å…,å %“2=å2“ 2åì, *=*%å %2…%“,2“ * “%K/2,þ): b! ä ë,
%… C!,äå2, n… "! ä ë, “%ãë=“,ë“ K/, å“ë, K/ …å j=2 (“%“ë=ã=2åëü…%å
…=*ë%…å…,å …å “" ƒ=…% “ "! ä ë,).

b“å .2, “ë%"=, *!%ìå *%…å÷…%, ì%ã32 3C%2!åKë 2ü“ …å 2%ëü*%
*=* ""%ä…/å, …% , " -3…*ö,, “*=ƒ3åì/., *=* C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/å ,
C!,÷=“2, : Š=*%L C%"%!%2 "C%ë…å "%ƒì%›å… ("å!% 2å…, …å ,“*ëþ÷å…).
Šåì, *2% ›åë=å2 C%ƒ…=*%ì,2ü“ “ …=,K%ëåå 2%…*,ì, “C%“%K=ì,
Cå!åä=÷, ƒ…=÷å…,L, ì%›…% !=““*=ƒ=2ü % ÷=“2,öå ,, *%2%!= %K/÷…%
"ìå“2å “% “ë%"%ì ì%›å2, C%ä÷å!*,"=å2 “%ì…,2åëü…%“2ü: l%›å2,
%… , …åCë%.%L ÷åë%"å*.
Š=Kë,ö= 6
qC%“%K/ "/!=›å…, "å!% 2…%“2,

(C% “2åCå…, 3K/"=…, 3"å!å……%“2,)
Очень Высо- Боль- 50 на Меньше Малая Очень

высокая кая ше 50 50% сте- малая
степень степень 50% пень степень
Конечно, Должен Навер- Может Может Не дол- Вряд

несомлено ное быть, (и) жен, ли, едва
воз- вряд ли, не
можно ли, может,
не неверо-
исклю- ятно
чено
■ Таким образом, модальные средства, которые должны сопо-

ставляться в ходе изучения, относятся к выражению четырех
основных типов модальности: долженствования, возможно-
сти, желательности и вероятности. Желательности может вы-
ражаться одновременно с долженствованием. При выражении
вероятности используется много средств, типичных для выра-
жения или долженствования, или возможности.
Глава V
ЛЕКСИКА В КУРСЕ РКИ

kå*“,÷å“*,L ƒ=C=“ O .2% %“…%"= äë ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…, ƒ/*=.
o%.2%ì3 C!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, ƒ/*= …å!åä*% " Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü %öå…,"=å2“
%KA‘ì ,ƒ3÷å……%L ëå*“,*,. må“%ì…å……%, å“2ü “%%2"å2“2",å ìå›ä3
3!%"…åì "ë=äå…, ƒ/*%ì , ëå*“,÷å“*,ì ƒ=C=“%ì “23äå…2=.
m= "“å. .2=C=. ëå*“,÷å“*,L ƒ=C=“ 3÷=?åã%“ %K/÷…% äåë 2 …=
=*2,"…/L O 2%, ÷2% %… ì%›å2 “=ì%“2% 2åëü…% 3C%2!åKë 2ü " !å÷,,
, C=““,"…/L (,ë, !åöåC2,"…/L) O 2%, ÷2% K3äå2 C%… 2% C!, ÷2å…,,
,ë, =3ä,!%"=…,, [j%“2%ì=!%", l,2!%-=…%"=, 1990]).e“2å“2"å……%,
"2%!%L ä%ë›å… ƒ=ìå2…% C!å"%“.%ä,2ü Cå!"/L.
må*%2%!/å ,““ëåä%"=2åë, [l%!*%"*,…, 1980] "/äåë þ2 å?å , 2=*

…=ƒ/"=åì/L C%2å…ö,=ëü…/L ƒ=C=“ O ƒ=!=…åå …å,ƒ"å“2…/å “ë%"=, *%2%!/å
ì%ã32 K/2ü C%… 2/ 3÷=?,ì“ …= %“…%"=…,, ƒ…=…, “ë%"%%K!=ƒ%"=…, (…=C!.
Cå!å“2!%L?,* O C%… 2…%, å“ë, ,ƒ"å“2…/ “ë%"= Cå!å“2!%L*= , “3--,*“
äå 2åë -?,*) ,ë, ,…2å!…=ö,%…=ëü…/. *%!…åL (2å=2!, C!%ã!å““ , 2.C.).
o!, C%ä.%äå * ëå*“,*å “ C%ƒ,ö,L C!åC%ä="=…, …å%K.%ä,ì%
!åø,2ü 2!, ƒ=ä=÷,.b%-Cå!"/., %2K%! ëå*“,*, O *%ãä= *=*,å “ë%"=
3÷,2ü.b%-"2%!/., .2% “"åäå…, % *=›ä%ì “ë%"å O ÷2% …3›…% ƒ…=2ü,
÷2%K/ C!=",ëü…% 3C%2!åKë 2ü (=*2,"…/L ƒ=C=“) ,ë, .%2 K/
C%…,ì=2ü.h, …=*%…åö, 2!å2üå # %!ã=…,ƒ=ö, ëå*“,÷å“*,. “"åäå…,L
C!, %C,“=…,, " “ë%"=!å, " C%“%K,, ,ë, …= ƒ=… 2,,.
må*%2%!/å .=!=*2å!,“2,*, ëå*“,*, C%ƒ"%ë þ2 ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü
%K/÷…/å ëå*“,*%ã!=-,÷å“*,å C%… 2, (…=C!,ìå!, " 3÷åK…/.
“ë%"=! . 2%›å %2!=›=å2“ ƒ…=÷å…,å “ë%"=, åã% “2,ë,“2,÷å“*=
C!,…=äëå›…%“2ü), …% ÷=“2% ƒ=ä=÷, C!åC%ä="=…, ƒ=“2="ë þ2 C!,Kåã=2ü
* …%"/ì C!,…ö,C=ì ã!3CC,!%"*, “ë%" , %C,“=…, ,. “"%L“2".
1. Семантика слова лексико-семантические группы (ЛСГ)

g…=2ü “ë%"% O ƒ…=÷,2 3ìå2ü åã% 3C%2!åKë 2ü äë "/!=›å…,
“"%,. ì/“ëåL , C%…,ì=2ü, ÷2% .%2åë “*=ƒ=2ü “%Kå“åä…,*, *%ãä=
3C%2!åK,ë .2% “ë%"%. }2% %ƒ…=÷=å2, ÷2% ,ƒ3÷å…,å “ë%"= (…=! ä3 “
3“"%å…,åì åã% -%…å2,÷å“*,. , ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,. %“%Kå……%“2åL) O "
Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü ,ƒ3÷å…,å åã% “åì=…2,*,.
Г л а в а V. ЛЕКСИКА В КУРСЕ РКИ 121
hƒ3÷å…,å “ë%"= " ÷åì-2% …=C%ì,…=å2 C!%öå““ ,ƒ3÷å…,

ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,. *=2åã%!,L: " …=÷=ëå %K3÷å…, C!åC%ä="=2åëü Kå!å2
%ä…% åã% ƒ…=÷å…,å.p=ƒ…,ö= ìå›ä3 %22å…*=ì,, %2!=›=åì= " “ë%"=! .,
…= Cå!"/. C%!=. "% "…,ì=…,å …å C!,…,ì=å2“ (…=C!,ìå!, !=ƒ…,ö=
ìå›ä3 ƒ…=÷å…, ì, &"%“C!,…,ì=2ü “ë3.%ì[, &%Kë=ä=2ü “ë3.%ì[ ,
&,ìå2ü “"åäå…, [ ãë=ã%ë= “ë/ø=2ü, %2!=›å……= " që%"=!å !3““*%ã%
ƒ/*=, …= ƒ=… 2, . …=÷=ëü…%ã% .2=C= …å !=““ì=2!,"=å2“ ).
j=* , " “ë3÷=å “ ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%L *=2åã%!,åL, …3›…%, ÷2%K/
3÷=?,L“ 3“"%,ë C!%2%2,C,÷å“*%å, %“…%"…%å ƒ…=÷å…,å ëå*“åì/
[b,…%ã!=ä%", 1971, bå›K,ö*=, 1996]). o%… 2…%, ÷2% ãë=ã%ë ,ä2,
…3›…% K!=2ü " ƒ…=÷å…,, -,ƒ,÷å“*%ã% Cå!åä",›å…, C!, C%ì%?,
…%ã, = ƒ…=÷å…, C!%2å*=2ü (% C!%öå““å), ä",ã=2ü“ C% "%äå , 2.C.
ä%ë›…/ ""%ä,2ü“ ã%!=ƒä% C%ƒ›å. g…=…,å %“…%"…%ã% ƒ…=÷å…,
C%ì%›å2 “23äå…23 ëåã*% 3“"=,"=2ü …%"/å, C!%,ƒ"%ä…/å ƒ…=÷å…,
, “=ì%“2% 2åëü…% ä%ã=ä/"=2ü“ % …,., "“2!å2," ,. "Cå!"/å "
2å*“2å. Š=*= "%ƒì%›…%“2ü %Kå“Cå÷,"=å2“ 2åì, ÷2% C!%,ƒ"%ä…/å
ƒ…=÷å…, %K/÷…% ë%ã,÷å“*, “" ƒ=…/ “ ãë="…/ì, .%2 , *%…å÷…%,
.2% …å ƒ…=÷,2, ÷2% ,. ì%›…% ƒ=!=…åå "/"å“2,: ƒ/*%"= 2!=ä,ö,
ƒ=*!åCë å2 2%ëü*% …å*%2%!/å ,ƒ "%ƒì%›…/. "/"%ä,ì/. ƒ…=÷å…,L.
m=C!,ìå!, ì%›…% ä%ã=ä=2ü“ , ÷2% “ë%"= “% ƒ…=÷å…,åì &ì=2å!,=ë[
ì%ã32 %K%ƒ…=÷=2ü , &,ƒäåë,å ,ƒ .2%ã% ì=2å!,=ë=[. o%.2%ì3, 3ƒ…="
“ë%"% “å!åK!%, "C%“ëåä“2",, “23äå…2/ ä%ã=ä=þ2“ , *%ãä= "“2!å2 2
åã% " ƒ…=÷å…,, &C%“3ä= ,ƒ “å!åK!=[. nä…=*% “ë%"% “2=ëü, *=* ,
ì…%ã,å ä!3ã,å, …å ,ìåå2 2=*%ã% C!%,ƒ"%ä…%ã% ƒ…=÷å…, : …åëüƒ
“*=ƒ=2ü “2=ëü " ƒ…=÷å…,, &“2%ë%"/L C!,K%! ,ƒ …å!›="åþ?åL “2=ë,[.
o%.2%ì3 "“å !="…% “23äå…2/ ä%ë›…/ "/3÷,2ü, *=*,å C!%,ƒ"%ä…/å
ƒ…=÷å…, !å=ëü…% ,ìåþ2“ 3 ì…%ã%ƒ…=÷…%ã% “ë%"=.
bä=ëü…åLøåì “23äå…2/ ƒ…=*%ì 2“ “ …å“*%ëü*,ì, ƒ…=÷å…, ì,
ì…%ã%ƒ…=÷…%ã% “ë%"=. nä…=*% å?å ä%“2=2%÷…% ä%ëã% 3 …,. …å
"%ƒ…,*=å2 C!%Këåì/: …=“*%ëü*% 2%÷…% …=ä% ƒ…=2ü ƒ…=÷å…,å “ë%"=,
÷2%K/ C!=",ëü…% åã% 3C%2!åKë 2ü. dåë% " 2%ì, ÷2% "/3÷å……/å
ƒ…=÷å…, å?å …åì…%ã%÷,“ëå……/, %…, …å &Cå!å*!/"=þ2“ [ C!,
%2!=›å…,, *=*%ã%-ë,K% “ì/“ë=, “ëåä%"=2åëü…%, …å2 "%C!%“= %
"/K%!å ìå›ä3 !=ƒ…/ì, “ë%"=ì,. o%.2%ì3 …å2 …å%K.%ä,ì%“2,
ƒ…=2ü 2%…*%“2, ƒ…=÷å…,L, *%2%!/å C!,.%ä,2“ 3÷,2/"=2ü C!,
"/K%!å ,ƒ ä"3. Kë,ƒ*,. C% ƒ…=÷å…,þ “ë%". }2% C!%,“.%ä,2 Kë,›å
* ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì3 .2=C3, *%ãä= " ƒ=C=“å 3 “23äå…2= %*=ƒ/"=å2“ C%
…å“*%ëü*% “ë%" äë "/!=›å…, %ä…%ã% , 2%ã% ›å ƒ=ì/“ë=.
j=* 3›å %2ìå÷=ë%“ü, …= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå %K3÷å…,
“23äå…2 ä%ë›å… %"ë=äå2ü 3C%2!åKëå…,åì !3““*,. “ë%" " %KAåìå,

C!,Kë,›=þ?åì“ * 3!%"…þ …%“,2åëåL ƒ/*=.}2% ƒ…=÷,2, ÷2% " åã%
!å÷, ä%ë›…% K/2ü ì…%ã% “ë%", " 2%ì ÷,“ëå !=ƒë,÷…/. “,…%…,ì%",
÷2% C%ƒ"%ë å2 åì3 Cå!åä=2ü ì…%ã,å 2%…*%“2, "/!=›=åì/. ì/“ëåL.
o%.2%ì3 ,ƒ3÷å…,å ëå*“,*, ƒ=*ëþ÷=å2“ " !=“ø,!å…,,
“ë%"=!…%ã% ƒ=C=“= , 3“"%å…,, 2%…*%“2åL, “" ƒ=……/. “
3C%2!åKëå…,åì …%"/. (= …å!åä*% , 3›å ƒ…=*%ì/.) “ë%".
q%C%“2="ëå…,å Kë,ƒ*,.C% ƒ…=÷å…,þ “ë%", …=C!. 3÷,2ü“ , 3÷,2ü,
ƒ=…,ì=2ü“ “2=…%",2“ …å%K.%ä,ì/ì, *=* 2%ëü*% 3÷=?,L“ 3ƒ…=å2
.2, “ë%"=.h ÷åì K%ëüøå ëå*“,÷å“*,L ƒ=C=“, 2åì ÷=?å "“2!å÷=å2“
2=*= …å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü. q%C%“2="ëå…,å Kë,ƒ*,. C% ƒ…=÷å…,þ “ë%"
%“%Kå……% "=›…%, å“ë, %…, ä%ë›…/ =*2,"…% 3C%2!åKë 2ü“ : …å ƒ…=
2%…*%“2åL ƒ…=÷å…, , …åëüƒ "/K!=2ü C%ä.%ä ?,å “ë%"=.
qåì=…2,÷å“*%å “.%ä“2"% "ë å2“ %“…%"…%L, …% …å åä,…“2"å……%L
C!,÷,…%L 2!3ä…%“2åL "/K%!= “ë%"=, *%2%!/å "%ƒ…,*=þ2 C!,
=*2,"…%L !å÷å"%L äå 2åëü…%“2, …= …å!%ä…%ì ƒ/*å. p ä “ë%"
ì%›å2 C!åä“2="ë 2ü äë ,…%“2!=…öå" “ë%›…%“2ü äë !=ƒë,÷å…, ,
* C!,ìå!3, ,ƒ-ƒ= "…åø…åã% “.%ä“2"= (÷=“2,÷…% .2% Cå!å“å*=å2“
“ C%… 2,åì C=!%…,ì,, [b,ø… *%"=, 1981], %ä…=*% " pjh “C,“%*
2=*,. “ë%" ø,!å, 2=* *=* äë ,…%“2!=…ö= “.%ä…/ì, C!åä“2="ë þ2“
…å 2%ëü*% ÷,“2/å C=!%…,ì/, …% , ì…%ã,å “ë%"=, …å "/ƒ/"=þ?,å
ƒ=2!3ä…å…, 3 !3““*,..
q%%2"å2“2"å……% %C,“=…,å ëå*“,*, ä%ë›…% "*ëþ÷=2ü "“þ
,…-%!ì=ö,þ, …å%K.%ä,ì3þ äë åå =*2,"…%ã% ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…, ),
"*ëþ÷= , ä%“2=2%÷…% 2%…*,å !=ƒë,÷, ìå›ä3 Kë,ƒ*,ì, C%
“ì/“ë3 “ë%"=ì,. h. %C,“=…,å %“3?å“2"ë å2“ " “%“2="å ëå*“,*%-
“åì=…2,÷å“*,. ã!3CC (kqc).}2% C%… 2,å "%ƒ…,*ë% " 2å%!å2,÷å“*%L
ëå*“,*%ë%ã,,, ãäå C%ä .2,ì 2å!ì,…%ì C%…,ì=å2“ ã!3CC= “ë%"
%ä…%L ÷=“2, !å÷,, %2…%“ ?= “ * %ä…%ì3 C%… 2,L…%ì3 C%ëþ,
…=C!,ìå!, kqc &låKåëü[: “2%ë, ø*=-, C%ë*= , 2.C., [“ì.j3ƒ…åö%"=,
1982].
bC!=*2,÷å“*,. C%“%K, . C%… 2,å kqc C%ë3÷,ë% …å“*%ëü*% ,…%å
“%äå!›=…,å [qëå“=!å"=, 1980; qK%!…,* 3C!=›…å…,L C% ëå*“,*å...
1989]. b “%“2=" *=›ä%L ã!3CC/ "*ëþ÷=þ2“ “ë%"=, !=ƒë,÷, ìå›ä3
*%2%!/ì, 2!åK3þ2 “Cåö,=ëü…/. 32%÷…å…,L. }2= …å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü
"%ƒ…,*=å2 " “ëåä3þ?,. “ë3÷= .:
1) që%"= "ë þ2“ “,…%…,ì=ì, ,ë, C!%“2% Kë,ƒ*, C%

ƒ…=÷å…,þ, …=C!,ìå!, 3÷,2ü“ , ƒ=…,ì=2ü“ .
2) që%"= "ë þ2“ C=!%…,ì=ì,, 2.å.“.%›,ì, C% ƒ"3÷=…,þ, …%

!=ƒë,÷…/ì, C% ƒ…=÷å…,þ “ë%"=ì,, …=C!,ìå!, ä!3›å“*,L
, ä!3›å“2"å……/L; “ 2%÷*, ƒ!å…, ,…%“2!=…ö= Kë,ƒ*,ì, C%
ƒ"3÷=…,þ ì%ã32 %*=ƒ=2ü“ , “ë%"=, *%2%!/å äë !3““*%ã%
C=!%…,ì=ì, " “2!%ã%ì “ì/“ëå …å "ë þ2“ , …=C!,ìå!,
ƒ…=*%ì/L , ƒ…=ìå…,2/L.
3) që%"=, Kë,ƒ*,å C% “ì/“ë3 * *=*%L-2% ã!3CCå “ë%", "ë þ2“
&ë%›…/ì, ä!3ƒü ì, Cå!å"%ä÷,*=[, 2.å. ,ìåþ2 *=*,å-ë,K%
=…=ë%ã, " !%ä…%ì ƒ/*å, …% " !3““*%ì ƒ…=÷=2 ä!3ã%å; å“ë,
K/ …å "%ƒì%›…%“2ü ,…2å!-å!å…ö,, (2.å.ë%›…%ã% “.%ä“2"= “
!%ä…/ì ƒ/*%ì), %2ë,÷,å %2 ä!3ã,. “ë%" ã!3CC/ K/ë% K/
ä%“2=2%÷…% "åë,*% , “ë%"% …å C!åä“2="ë ë% K/ 2!3ä…%“2åL.
m=C!,ìå!, C!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, ã!3CC/ ›,2åëüO›,ëåöO
%K,2=2åëü " C%ëü“*%L =3ä,2%!,, !=““ì=2!,"=þ2 å?å “ë%"%
%K/"=2åëü, *%2%!%å Cå!å*ë,*=å2“ “ C%ëü“*,ì obywatel O
&›,ëåö[.
4) nä…%*%!å……/å “ë%"= “ !=ƒë,÷…/ì, C!,“2="*=ì,: C%ì…,2ü,
ƒ=C%ì…,2ü, C!,C%ì…,2ü, "“C%ì…,2ü. b ÷åì-2% .2%2 “ë3÷=L
"ë å2“ !=ƒ…%",ä…%“2üþ C=!%…,ì,,.h…%ãä= C!, “!="…å…,,
%ä…%*%!å……/. “ë%" C!,.%ä,2“ ,ìå2ü äåë% “ Kë,ƒ*,ì, C%
ƒ…=÷å…,þ “ë%"=ì,, “!."“C%ì…,2ü , C!,C%ì…,2ü.
hƒ3÷å…,å kqc ƒ=*ëþ÷=å2“ " 3“"%å…,, !=ƒë,÷,L " ƒ…=÷å…,, ,,
*=* “ëåä“2",å, " ƒ…=*%ì“2"å “ 2%÷…/ì, 3“ë%", ì, 3C%2!åKëå…,
“ë%". nK/÷…% ì%›…% "/ ",2ü %K?åå ƒ…=÷å…,å ã!3CC/, …å!åä*%
“%"C=ä=þ?åå “ %ä…,ì “ë%"%ì ,ƒ kqc, …=C!. 3÷,2ü“ (äë 3÷,2ü,
3÷,2ü“ , ƒ=…,ì=2ü“ , ,ƒ3÷=2ü), “2!%,2ü (äë “2!%,2ü, C!,“2!%,2ü,
Cå!å“2!%,2ü, "%ƒ"%ä,2ü, "%ƒä",ã=2ü, “%%!3›=2ü). j%…å÷…%, %K?åå
ƒ…=÷å…,å "/äåë å2“ %÷å…ü C!,Kë,ƒ,2åëü…%.m%, %C,!= “ü ä=›å …=
2=*%å C!,Kë,›å……%å %C!åäåëå…,å, ì%›…% 3›å %C,“/"=2ü ä!3ã,å
“ë%"=, %2ìå÷= 32%÷… þ?,å %“%Kå……%“2,. m=C!,ìå!, %2ìå2,2ü,
÷2% "%ƒä",ã=2ü %2ë,÷=å2“ %2 “2!%,2ü “2,ë,“2,÷å“*, O .2%
K%ëåå *…,›…%å “ë%"% O , 2åì, ÷2% !å÷ü ,äå2 % K%ëåå ã!=…ä,%ƒ…/.
“%%!3›å…, .: "%ƒä",ã…32ü …åK%“*!åK, …% C%“2!%,2ü C 2,.2=›*3.
b ä!3ã,. “ë3÷= . äë "/ "ëå…, !=ƒë,÷,L C%ëåƒ…åå !=ƒ%K!=2ü
ƒ…=÷å…,å *=›ä%ã% “ë%"= C% %2äåëü…%“2,, …å “"%ä "“å 2%ëü*%
* “.%ä“2"=ì , %2ë,÷, ì. m=C!,ìå!, äë .%!%øåã% 3“"%å…,
kqc C%ì…,2ü, ƒ=C%ì…,2ü , 2.C. …å%K.%ä,ì% %.=!=*2å!,ƒ%"=2ü
ƒ…=÷å…,å *=›ä%ã% “ë%"= " %2äåëü…%“2,. Š%ãä= “%ƒä=å2“ .%!%øåå
C!åä“2="ëå…,å % ã!=…,ö=. 3C%2!åKëå…, *=›ä%ã% “ë%"=, *%2%!%å
ì%›…% ƒ=2åì 32%÷…,2ü ä%K="ëå…, ì,: C!,C%ì…,2ü O "“C%ì…,2ü “

…å*%2%!/ì 2!3ä%ì.
nC,“=…% …åì=ë% kqc, C!, .2%ì "/ "ëå…/ 2%…*%“2,, *%2%!/å
%2“32“2"3þ2 " “ë%"=! ..nä…=*% ä% “,. C%! …å*%2%!/å !=ƒë,÷, …å
C%ää=þ2“ %C,“=…,þ.
m=C!,ìå!, 2!=ä,ö,%……% 32"å!›ä=å2“ , ÷2% C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ %2…%“,2“

* …%!ì=ëü…%ì3 “C%“%K3 %K!=?å…, “ ,…“2!3ìå…2%ì: C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“
",ë*%L ƒ= “2%ë%ì, …å C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ ë,-2%ì äë C%äAåì= …= 2!å2,L .2=›,
= ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü O .2% ƒ=“2=",2ü ,…“2!3ìå…2 !=K%2=2ü …å2!,",=ëü…/ì
%K!=ƒ%ì: ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü 32þã, ÷2%K/ !=“*%ë%2ü %!å.. nä…=*% C%ä 2=*%å
%C!åäåëå…,å …å C%C=ä=þ2 C!,ìå!/ 2,C= n… "%“C%ëüƒ%"=ë“ K3ë="*%L,
÷2%K/ "/*%"/! 2ü ä!% %!å.= ,ƒ “*%!ë3C/, %… "“åãä= ,“C%ëüƒ%"=ë äå“å!2…/L
…%› 2=*, *=* .2% C!,… 2%. h .%2 % …å*%2%!/. =“Cå*2=. 3C%2!åKëå…,
.2,. “ë%" ì%›…% “*=ƒ=2ü “ %C!åäåëå……%“2üþ, …=C!,ìå!, ÷2% ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü
ì%›å2 %2…%“,2ü“ * ëþä ì (,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü !=K%"), = C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ …å ì%›å2,
…=L2, *=*,å-2% .=!=*2å!,“2,*, .2,. ãë=ã%ë%", *%2%!/å C%ƒ"%ë,ë, K/ ,.
!=ƒë,÷=2ü " ëþK%ì “ë3÷=å, %÷å…ü “ë%›…%, = ì%›å2, , …å"%ƒì%›…%.
b .2,. “ë3÷= ., ",ä,ì%, ä%“2=2%÷…% %ã!=…,÷,2ü“ %K?,ì,
%C,“=…, ì, ƒ…=÷å…,L , “÷,2=2ü, ÷2% " *=›ä%ì *%…*!å2…%ì “ë3÷=å
"/K,!=å2“ 2% “ë%"%, ÷üå ƒ…=÷å…,å Kë,›å "“åã% * %C,“/"=åì%L
“,23=ö,,.cë=ã%ë C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ O"%“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ ì%›…% %C,“=2ü *=*
&%K!=?=2ü“ * ÷åì3-ë,K%, ÷2%K/ C%ë3÷,2ü C%ëüƒ3[ (C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“
ö,2=2=ì, O %K!=?=2ü“ * ö,2=2=ì " !=K%2å äë ,ƒ"ëå÷å…, C%ëüƒ/,
…=C!,ìå!, äë ä%*=ƒ=2åëü“2"=, C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ …%›%ì O %K!=?=2ü“ *
…%›3, ÷2%K/ .2% C!,…å“ë% C%ëüƒ3, …=C!,ìå!, !=ƒ!åƒ=2ü K,-ø2å*“).
cë=ã%ë ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü ƒ…=÷,2 &ƒ=“2="ë 2ü äåL“2"%"=2ü ÷2%-ë,K% 2=*,
÷2% .2% C!,…%“,2 äå 2åëþ C%ëüƒ3[ (,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü ƒ=ìåø=2åëü“2"%
O ƒ=“2=",2ü äåL“2"%"=2ü 2=*, ÷2% ƒ=ìåø=2åëü“2"% "!=ã= C!,…å“å2
C%ëüƒ3). e“ë, äë ã%"%! ?åã% "=›…%, ÷2% äå 2åë, %K!=?=þ2“ *
C%ëåƒ…/ì "å?=ì, 2% %… 3C%2!åK,2 C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ (%2“þä= ÷=“2%2=
C!,ìå…å…, .2%ã% ãë=ã%ë=, *%ãä= %K!=?=þ2“ * …å%›,ä=……%L
äë *=*%ã%-2% C!åä…=ƒ…=÷å…, "å?,). ` ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü 3C%2!åKë þ2
2%ãä=, *%ãä= "=›…%, *=* C!%,“.%ä,2 !=K%2=, C!,…%“ ?= C%ëüƒ3.
må!åä*% äë 3*=ƒ=…, …= !=ƒë,÷, ä%“2=2%÷…% %2ìå2,2ü

“2,ë,“2,÷å“*,å %“%Kå……%“2, (*=* " “ë3÷=å “ ãë=ã%ë%ì "%ƒä",ã=2ü).
nä…=*%, å“ë, C!, .2%ì ,ìåþ2“ , !=ƒë,÷, " ƒ…=÷å…, . “ë%" O
C3“2ü …åK%ëüø,å, O ,. …å%K.%ä,ì% %2ìå2,2ü.
p=ƒë,÷, " ƒ…=÷å…, . "/ƒ/"=å2 , !=ƒë,÷…3þ “%÷å2=åì%“2ü.}2%
2%›å “ëåä3å2 %2ìå÷=2ü. m=C!,ìå!, ä!3›å“*,ì, K/"=þ2 *%ìC=…, ,

"“2!å÷=, "å÷å!,…*=, ø32*=. ` ä!3›…/ì ì%›å2 K/2ü *%ëëå*2,"
,ë, !=K%2=. j%…å÷…%, …å*%2%!/å “ë%"= “%÷å2=þ2“ “ %K%,ì,
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/ì,, …=C!,ìå!, *%ìC=…, , …% ÷=?å "“2!å÷=þ2“
“3?å“2",2åëü…/å, *%2%!/å ä%C3“2,ì/ 2%ëü*% “ %ä…,ì ,ƒ …,..
o%… 2…%, ÷2% ““/ë*= …= !=ƒ…3þ “%÷å2=åì%“2ü "%"“å …å ƒ=ìå… å2
“"åäå…,L % !=ƒë,÷, . " ƒ…=÷å…,,, = 2%ëü*% ä%C%ë… å2 ,., " *=*%L-
2% “2åCå…, ,ëëþ“2!,!3å2.
■ Итак, знакомство со значением слова начинается с основного,

прототипического, с которым в дальнейшем связываются но-
вые изучаемые значения.
■ Достаточно долго изучение синонимичных слов избегается,
однако в дальнейшем на различие между синонимами прихо-
дится обращать много внимания.
■ Лексико-семантические группы в практических пособиях объе-
диняют слова, выбор между которыми может быть сложен для
учащихся.
1. Какое значения слова изучается в первую

Вопросы очередь?
и задания
2. Что может быть источником расширения сло-
варного запаса?
3. Какие отношения между лексемами можно

выявить в ЛСГ?
4. Познакомьтесь с описанием ЛСГ в учебнике

для завершающего этапа обучения. Какая ин-
формация там используется для выявления
различий между лексемами?
Основная литература
Морковкин В.В. Лексическая основа русского языка. Предисловие. –
М., 1980.
Слесарева И.П. Проблемы описания и преподавания русской лекси-

ки. – М., 1980
2. Сочетаемость слов
C,…2=ãì=2,÷å“*,å (“%÷å2=åì%“2…/å) “"%L“2"= “ë%"= O .2% %ä…=
,ƒ ,. "=›…åLø,. .=!=*2å!,“2,*. g…=…,å .2,. “"%L“2" …å%K.%ä,ì%
äë C%“2!%å…, ëþK%ã% "/“*=ƒ/"=…, . o%.2%ì3 “ë%"%“%÷å2=…,
÷=“2% "*ëþ÷=þ2“ " “C,“%* ,ƒ3÷=åì%L ëå*“,*,.
må%K.%ä,ì% ÷å2*% C!åä“2="ë 2ü !=ƒë,÷,å ìå›ä3 “"%K%ä…%L
, …å“"%K%ä…%L (-!=ƒå%ë%ã,÷å“*%L) “%÷å2=åì%“2üþ. må!åä*% "
C%“%K, . C!,"%ä 2“ C=!/ “ë%", "*ëþ÷=þ?,å *=* “"%K%ä…/å
“%÷å2=…, (“ì%2!å2ü 2åëå",ƒ%!, ì/2ü !3*,), 2=* , …å“"%K%ä…/å
(C!%"%ä,2ü "!åì , C!,…,ì=2ü ä3ø , 2.C.).m= …=÷=ëü…%ì .2=Cå, *%ãä=
3÷=?,å“ ,ƒ 2%ã%, ÷2% ì%›…% ì/2ü (!3*,, 3ø,, ã%ë%"3, C%ë), ƒ…=þ2
2%ëü*% %ä…% “ë%"% (…=C!,ìå! !3*,), %…, äåL“2",2åëü…% ƒ=3÷,"=þ2
"“å “%÷å2=…,å öåë,*%ì *=* …å“"%K%ä…%å O ì/2ü !3*,. nä…=*%
ìå›ä3 .2,ì, ä"3ì 2,C=ì, “%÷å2=åì%“2, å“2ü ãë3K%*%å !=ƒë,÷,å
[a%!,“%"=, 1995].
b “"%K%ä…/. “%÷å2=…, . ì%ã32 3C%2!åKë 2ü“ ëþK/å ä!3ã,å
C%ä.%ä ?,å C% “ì/“ë3 “ë%"=: ì/2ü !3*,, …%ã,, 3ø,. q23äå…2
",ä,2 “åì=…2,÷å“*,å C!,÷,…/ “%÷å2=åì%“2,, = ,ìå……%, %K?åå
" ƒ…=÷å…,, “ë%" (" …=øåì C!,ìå!å O .2% &÷=“2ü 2åë=[). h 2=*,ì
%K!=ƒ%ì %… 3÷,2“ “=ì%“2% 2åëü…% %K!=ƒ%"/"=2ü “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, .
` " …å“"%K%ä…/. “%÷å2=…, ., …=%K%!%2, …=ä% %K!=2,2ü "…,ì=…,å
…= %ã!=…,÷å…,å “%÷å2=åì%“2, “ë%": C!%"%ä,2ü "!åì , …% …å
*C!%"%ä,2ü C%!3; C!,…,ì=2ü ä3ø, …% …å *C!,…,ì=2ü %Kë,"=…,å. b
2=*,. “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, . %ã!=…,÷å…,å …å %C!åäåë å2“ ƒ…=÷å…,åì
“ë%"=, C%.2%ì3 åã% …=ä% ƒ=C%ì,…=2ü öåë,*%ì, *=* %“%K3þ åä,…,ö3
ƒ/*=.qëåä%"=2åëü…%, …å“"%K%ä…= “%÷å2=åì%“2ü ä%ë›…= “%“2="ë 2ü
"=›…3þ ÷=“2ü “"åäå…,L % ëå*“,*å " Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%ì %C,“=…,,
!3““*%ã% ƒ/*=.
a%ëüø,…“2"% 2=*,. “%÷å2=…,L %2…%“ 2“ * !=ƒ! ä3 *%ëë%*=ö,L:
" …,. %ä…% “ë%"% 3C%2!åKëå…% “"%K%ä…%: …=C!., ëþK,2ü, ƒ=ä=÷=,
= "2%!%å "/K,!=å2“ " “%%2"å2“2",, “ 3ƒ3“%ì (2!=ä,ö,åL
3C%2!åKëå…, ): ã%! ÷% ëþK,2ü, “2%,2 ƒ=ä=÷= (-!=ƒå%ë%ã,÷å“*%å
“%÷å2=…,å, “ì.[a=ëë,, 1961], [b,…%ã!=ä%", 1971]).
j!%ìå *%ëë%*=ö,L, C!,.%ä,2“ ,ƒ3÷=2ü *=* åä,…%å öåë%å

-!=ƒå%ë%ã,÷å“*,å "/!=›å…, O “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, , …=ƒ/"=þ?,å åä,…%å
C%… 2,å (›åëåƒ…= ä%!%ã=, !3““*,L *=* ,…%“2!=……/L).
hƒ3÷å…,å *%ëë%*=ö,L %“%Kå……% C%ëåƒ…% …= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì

.2=Cå, *%ãä= “23äå…2/ C%C%ë… þ2 “"%L “ë%"=!…/L ƒ=C=“ ƒ= “÷å2
=K“2!=*2…%L ëå*“,*,, *%2%!= ÷=“2% %K!=ƒ3å2 …å“"%K%ä…/å
“%÷å2=…, : %*=ƒ/"=2ü "ë, …,å, "å“2, =ã,2=ö,þ , 2.C.
j=*,å …å“"%K%ä…/å “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, (*%ëë%*=ö,,) C%C=ä=þ2
" ÷,“ë% ,ƒ3÷=åì/.? g…=÷,2åëü…%å K%ëüø,…“2"% ,. "/!=›=å2
…å“*%ëü*% “ì/“ë%", …=,K%ëåå "=›…/. " !å÷, [låëü÷3*, 1974].}2%
&äåL“2",å[: %*=ƒ=2ü "ë, …,å, ,äå2 !=K%2=, &…=÷=ë%[: "“23C=2ü
" K!=*, &*%…åö[: “… 2ü “ “åK %K ƒ=……%“2,, &"/ƒ/"=2ü[: “2=",2ü
ƒ=ä=÷3 , &ë,*",ä,!%"=2ü[: “…,ì=2ü "%C!%“, %öå…*= C% “2åCå…,
C!% "ëå…, (ãë3K%*,å ÷3"“2"=, "/“%*%å …=C! ›å…,å) , C% *=÷å“2"3:
.%!%ø% (2åCë/L C!,åì) ,ë, Cë%.% (ã! ƒ…= C!%"%*=ö, ). hìå……%
"/!=›å…, .2,. ƒ…=÷å…,L ,ìåå2 “ì/“ë ,ƒ3÷=2ü " Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü.
j%ãä= "/3÷å…% 3›å %C!åäåëå……%å *%ë,÷å“2"% .2,. “%÷å2=…,L,
ì%›…% %K!=2,2ü "…,ì=…,å …= ,. "…32!å……þþ %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,þ. b%-
Cå!"/., %ä…, , 2å ›å …å“"%K%ä…/å *%ìC%…å…2/ ÷=“2% “%÷å2=þ2“
“ Kë,ƒ*,ì, C% “ì/“ë3 “"%K%ä…/ì,: %*=ƒ=2ü C%ì%?ü, C%ääå!›*3,
“%äåL“2",å; “2=",2ü öåëü, ƒ=ä=÷3; ãë3K%*%å ÷3"“2"%, “,ìC=2, ,
…å…=",“2ü. }2% %Këåã÷=å2 ƒ=C%ì,…=…,å, …% 2=,2 " “åKå ë%"3ø*3:
å“2ü ä!3ã,å Kë,ƒ*,å * …,ì C% “ì/“ë3 “ë%"=, *%2%!/å “ .2,ì,
…å“"%K%ä…/ì, *%ìC%…å…2=ì, …å “%÷å2=þ2“ . m=C!,ìå!, …åëüƒ
“*=ƒ=2ü *“2=",2ü ƒ=ä=…,å, *ãë3K%*= “2!=“2ü. må%K.%ä,ì%
%ä…%"!åìå……% ,ìå2ü " ",ä3 , "%ƒì%›…%“2ü “%÷å2=…,L “ %ä…,ì,
“ë%"=ì, ,ƒ %ä…%L “åì=…2,÷å“*%L ã!3CC/, , …å"%ƒì%›…%“2ü
“%÷å2=…,L “ ä!3ã%L.
b%-"2%!/., å“ë, “!="…,"=2ü …å“"%K%ä…/å *%ìC%…å…2/,
“%÷å2=þ?,å“ “ %ä…%L ã!3CC%L “3?å“2",2åëü…/., “!åä, …,.
ì%›…% "/ ",2ü “å!,,, “" ƒ=……/å C=!=ä,ãì=2,÷å“*,. m=C!,ìå!,
å“ë, “3?å“2",2åëü…%å “%÷å2=å2“ “ ãë=ã%ë%ì ,ä2,, 2% %÷å…ü ÷=“2%
%…% “%÷å2=å2“ , “ ãë=ã%ë%ì "å“2,: "å“2, Kå“åä3O ,äå2 Kå“åä=,
"å“2, "%L…3O ,äå2 "%L…= , 2.C.`…=ë%ã,÷…/å “å!,, ì%ã32 K/2ü %“…%-
"=…/ …= %2…%øå…, . =…2%…,ì,,: .%ë%ä…/L C!,åìO 2åCë/L C!,åì,
.%ë%ä…/å %2…%øå…, O 2åCë/å %2…%øå…, , 2.C.(n2ìå2,ì, ÷2% ƒäå“ü
=…2%…,ì,÷å“*= C=!= %2ë,÷=å2“ %2 =…2%…,ì= “ë%"= .%ë%ä…/L "

“"%K%ä…%ì 3C%2!åKëå…,,).
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ìå… þ2“ , *%ãä= %…% ".%ä,2 " *%ëë%*=ö,þ. m=C!,ìå!, “ë%"%
ìå!= ì%›å2 ,ƒìå… 2ü“ C% ÷,“ë=ì, …% " C!åäåë=. “ë%"%“%÷å2=…,
C!,…,ì=2ü ìå!/ %…% "“åãä= “2%,2 "% ì…%›å“2"å……%ì ÷,“ëå. m=
.2% …3›…% %K!=?=2ü "…,ì=…,å *=* C!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, 2%L ,ë, ,…%L
*%ëë%*=ö,,, 2=* , C!, ,. %Kƒ%!å. n“%Kå……% "=›…/ %“%Kå……%“2,
3C!="ëå…, *%ëë%*=ö,,. må!åä*% %K ƒ=2åëü…/ì *%ìC%…å…2%ì
ì%äåë, 3C!="ëå…, “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, %*=ƒ/"=å2“ %C!åäåëå…,å,
…=C!." %C,“=…,, *%ëë%*=ö,, %*=ƒ=2ü C%ì%?ü ä%ë›…% “%%K?=2ü“ :
*%ì3 (%*=ƒ=2ü C%ì%?ü !=…å…/ì) ,ë, *=*3þ (%*=ƒ=2ü C%“,ëü…3þ
C%ì%?ü).
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“%÷å2=åì%“2ü O 3C!="ëå…,å ãë=ã%ë%" , C!åäë%ã%". b%C!%“ %K
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ƒ…=÷å…, C=äå›åL (“ì. ãë. II !=ƒäåë= II): ƒ…=÷å…,å C!,…=äëå›…%“2,
äë !%ä,2åëü…%ã% C=äå›=, =ä!å“=2= äë ä=2åëü…%ã%, %KAå*2= äë
",…,2åëü…%ã%, ,…“2!3ìå…2= äë 2"%!,2åëü…%ã% , 2.C. nä…=*% "
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3C%2!åKëå…,å C=äå›= “ë=K% “" ƒ=…% “ .2,ì, ƒ…=÷å…, ì,. h ä=›å
å“ë, "ìå“2% %ä…%ã%-ä"3. ,. "/äåë,2ü K%ëüøå, %“2=…å2“ %÷å…ü
ì…%ã% “ë3÷=å", *%ãä= "/K%! C=äå›= C%“ëå 2%ã% ,ë, ,…%ã% ãë=ã%ë=,
C!åäë%ã=, C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%ã% ,ë, “3?å“2",2åëü…%ã% …å"%ƒì%›…%
K3äå2 %KA “…,2ü. m=C!,ìå!, C%÷åì3 %ƒ=K%2,2ü“ ÷åì, %ã%!÷=2ü“
÷åì3, %C=“=2ü“ ÷åã% , 2.C.?
o%.2%ì3 3C!="ëå…,å C!åä“2="ë å2 “%K%L ëå*“,÷å“*3þ ƒ=ä=÷3:
*=›ä%å “ë%"% ,ƒ3÷=å2“ "ìå“2å “ 2åì, C=äå›=ì, (,ë, ,…-,…,2,"%ì),
*%2%!/.%…% 2!åK3å2 %2 ƒ=",“,ì/.“ë%".b2å.“ë3÷= ., *%ãä= "%ƒì%›…=
*=*= -2% “,“2åì=2,ƒ=ö, , %…= 2%›å ›åë=2åëü…= [kåKåäå"=, 2000].
b ä=……%ì “ë3÷=å .2% 3“2=…%"ëå…,å “" ƒ, “ C!%2%2,C,÷å“*,ì
,ë, ÷=“2…/ì ƒ…=÷å…,åì C=äå›=, = 2=*›å C!%"åäå…,å =…=ë%ã,L “
Kë,ƒ*,ì, C% ƒ…=÷å…,þ “ë%"=ì,, ,ìåþ?,ì, “.%›åå 3C!="ëå…,å:
%ã%!÷=2ü“ ÷åì3, !=ä%"=2ü“ ÷åì3.
3. Отбор и организация лексики

kå*“,÷å“*,L ƒ=C=“ 3÷=?åã%“ …= …=÷=ëü…%ì .2=Cå O .2%
-!=ãìå…2 "“åL ëå*“,*, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=. j=* , ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,L
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*=* ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*= . o%.2%ì3 ,ìåå2“ K%ëüøå "%ƒì%›…%“2åL
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ì,…,ì3ì=ì,, "*ëþ÷=þ?,ì, “ë%"=, *%2%!/å ä%ë›…/ K/2ü
"/3÷å…/ * %C!åäåëå……%ì3 "!åìå…, %K3÷å…, [l%!*%"*,…, 1980].
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" ƒ/*%"%L “,“2åìå , *%ìì3…,*=2,"…%L öå……%“2üþ. Šå ,ë, ,…/å
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3“ë%"…% ã%"%! , …= “,…2=ãì=2,÷å“*,å ,ë, …= C=!=ä,ãì=2,÷å“*,å
%2…%øå…, .p=“ø,!å…,å ƒ=C=“= ì%›å2 C!%.%ä,2ü ,ë, ƒ= “÷å2 !=K%2/
“ 2å*“2=ì, O 2%ãä= " *=÷å“2"å …%"%L ëå*“,*, Kå!32“ "“2!å2,"ø,å“
" 2å*“2=. …åƒ…=*%ì/å “ë%"=, ,ë, C% 2åì=2,÷å“*,ì ã!3CC=ì.
bCå!"%ì “ë3÷=å C% "ëå…,å …%"%L ëå*“,*, ä% …å*%2%!%L “2åCå…,
“ë3÷=L…%, ƒ=2% %…= Kå!å2“ …åC%“!åä“2"å……% ,ƒ 2å*“2=, …å!åä*%
%!,ã,…=ëü…%ã%. }2% C%ƒ"%ë å2 2%÷…åå %2!=ƒ,2ü …å*%2%!/å åå
%“%Kå……%“2, (…=C!,ìå!, .*“C!å““,"…3þ %*!=“*3, C!,…=äëå›…%“2ü
* *=*%ì3-ë,K% “2,ëþ).
b2%!%L “C%“%K C!åäC%ë=ã=å2 2åì=2,÷å“*,L "/K%! “ë%",
*%2%!/L ì%›å2 C!,… 2ü ",ä %2K%!= C% “%%2"å2“2"3þ?,ì -!åLì=ì
(“öå…=!, ì) [l,…“*,L, 1978], [m%"%å, XXIII]. m=C!,ìå!, C!,
,ƒ3÷å…,, 2åì/ &o%ë,2,*=[ ì%›…% "ƒ 2ü C%ä2åì/ &p3*%"%ä“2"%
“2!=…%L[, &b/K%!/[, &}*%…%ì,*=[, &b%L…=[.b,. C!åäåë=. Kå!32“
“öå…=!,, &o!åƒ,äå…2[, &l,…,“2![, &o=!ë=ìå…2[ , 2.C., *%2%!/å
C!åä3“ì=2!,"=þ2 ƒ=C%ë…å…,å “ë%"=ì, , “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, ì,
%C!åäåëå……/. ìå“2 " “öå…=!,,: C!åƒ,äå…2 %C!åäåë å2 C%ë,2,*3,
!3*%"%ä,2 ì,…,“2!=ì,, %2ä=å2 !=“C%! ›å…, , 2.C., C=!ë=ìå…2
ƒ=“åä=å2, %K“3›ä=å2 ƒ=*%…%C!%å*2/, C!,…,ì=å2 ƒ=*%…/, "
C=!ë=ìå…2å C!%.%ä 2 äåK=2/ , 2.C., C!åƒ,äå…2= "/K,!=þ2, ÷ëå…/
C=!ë=ìå…2=O äåC32=2/, ,. C!åä“åä=2åëüO “C,*å! , 2.ä.
j=* ì/ ",ä,ì, "% -!åLì=. , “öå…=!, . “%äå!›=2“ “ë%"=,
%K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,å 2,C,÷…/å äåL“2", ,ë, *=÷å“2"= *%ã%-ë,K%
,ë, ÷åã%-ë,K% ,ë, …=ƒ"=…, 2,C,÷…/. 3÷=“2…,*%" “,23=ö,,,
“%%2"å2“2"3þ?åL “öå…=!,þ. qëåä%"=2åëü…%, 3÷=?,å“ , ƒ…=*%ì “ü
“% “öå…=!,åì, 3ƒ…=þ2 “!åä“2"= äë “%%K?å…, % 2%ì, ÷2% ÷=?å
"“åã% …å%K.%ä,ì% C!, !=ƒã%"%!å …= ä=……3þ 2åì3. o%.2%ì3 2=*=
%!ã=…,ƒ=ö, ì=2å!,=ë= %÷å…ü C%ëåƒ…=, *%ãä= 3÷=2 ã%"%!,2ü ,ë,

C,“=2ü, 2.å.äë C%!%›äå…, !å÷,.t!åLì%"= %!ã=…,ƒ=ö, ëå*“,*,
O -!=ãìå…2 =*2,"…%ã% %C,“=…, ƒ/*=.
nä…=*%, C%“*%ëü*3 , C!, 2=*%ì C%ä.%äå C%C=ä=þ2“ Kë,ƒ*,å
C% “ì/“ë3 “ë%"= (…=C!.C!=",2ü , !3*%"%ä,2ü), C%ä=÷= ì=2å!,=ë= …å
ì%›å2 “"%ä,2ü“ * Cå!å÷,“ëå…,þ åä,…,ö O …å%K.%ä,ì% 32%÷…å…,å
,. !=ƒë,÷,L. h…/ì, “ë%"=ì,, , " .2%ì “ë3÷=å …å%K.%ä,ì=
,…-%!ì=ö, C% ëå*“,*%-“åì=…2,÷å“*,ì ã!3CC=ì.
■ Таким образом, при отборе лексики для начинающих руковод-

ствуются готовностью учащихся воспринять слово с точки зре-
ния знакомства с фонетическими, грамматическими и комму-
никативными закономерностями языка.
■ Основными собственно лексическими критериями являются
коммуникативная ценность и распространенность (частот-
ность).
■ Представления о коммуникативной ценности воплощаются в
организацию лексики по темам, а еще более полно — по фрей-
мам, учитывающим всех участников какой-либо типичной си-
туации.
1. Почему слова дать, взять нельзя изучать

Вопросы раньше, чем читать?
и задания
2. 2. Объясните, почему в учебниках для на-
чинающих слова даются по тематическому
принци- пу. Как это связано с основными прин-
ципами лингвопедагогического описания?
3. 3. Какое свойство слова важнее для включе-

ния в лексический минимум — частотность
или коммуникативная ценность?
4. 4. Проанализируйте словарную статью брать»

из толкового словаря. Какая информация от-
туда может быть взята для работы с учащи-
мися начального этапа, дальнейших этапов

обучения?
5. 5. Почему фреймовая организация лекси-

ки рассматривается как фрагмент активного
описания языка?
6. 6. Составьте фрейм ситуации «утренний туа-

лет». Какие слова из него войдут в учебник
для начинающих? Представьте фрейм только
с этими словами. Какими критериями отбора
лексики вы руководствовались?
4. Языковая картина мира

в педагогическом описании русского языка
nä…,ì ,ƒ C!,…ö,C%" Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%ã% %C,“=…, "ë å2“
"*ëþ÷å…,å ì=*“,ì=ëü…%ã% ÷,“ë= “"åäå…,L, “C%“%K“2"3þ?,.
ƒ=C%ì,…=…,þ “ë%"=.qþä= ì%›…% %2…å“2, , ,…-%!ì=ö,þ %K %K!=ƒå,
ëå›=?åì " %“…%"å ƒ…=÷å…, ëå*“åì/, = 2=*›å *%ëë%*=ö,L , ,ä,%ì.
må“"%K%ä…/L *%ìC%…å…2 ÷=“2% Cå!å%“ì/“ë å2“ , , äë
ƒ=C%ì,…=…, (, !=ƒë,÷å…, “"%K%ä…%ã% , …å“"%K%ä…%ã% “%÷å2=…, )
C%ëåƒ…% ƒ…=2ü ,“2%÷…,* Cå!å%“ì/“ëå…, . m=C!,ìå!, ÷=“2% Kå!32“
ãë=ã%ë/ ä",›å…, , 2å! þ?,å C!, Cå!å%“ì/“ëå…,, ÷=“2ü ƒ…=÷å…, :
,äå2 !=K%2=, ,äå2 Kå“åä=. b …å“*%ëü*,. *%ëë%*=ö, . “ %ä…,ì
, 2åì ›å “ë%"%ì Cå!å%“ì/“ëå…,å ì%›å2 ,ä2, " %ä…3 “2%!%…3.
m=C!,ìå!, % "%L…å, *=* , %K %ã…å, ã%"%! 2, ÷2% %…= "“C/.…3ë=,
!=ƒã%!åë=“ü [k=*%--, d›%…“%…, 1987].Š%2 ›å %K!=ƒ %ã… “" ƒ=… , “
“%÷å2=…,åì C%ä›,ã=2åë, "%L…/. j%…å÷…%, …åëüƒ “÷,2=2ü, ÷2% "“å
“%÷å2=…, “% “ë%"%ì %ã%…ü "%ƒì%›…/ , “% “ë%"%ì "%L…=: …åëüƒ
“*=ƒ=2ü C%ääå!›,"=2ü "%L…3, .%2 "%ƒì%›…% C%ääå!›,"=2ü %ã%…ü,
ã=“,2ü "%L…3 , 2.C. m% "“å-2=*, %K!=2,2ü "…,ì=…,å …= …å*%2%!/L
C=!=ëëåë,ƒì “"%K%ä…/. , …å“"%K%ä…/. “%÷å2=…,L C%ëåƒ…%.
`…=ë%ã,÷…/ì %K!=ƒ%ì C%ëåƒ…% , "“*!/2,å “" ƒåL "…32!,
ì…%ã%ƒ…=÷…%ã% “ë%"=, %“%Kå……% å“ë, %…, %C!åäåë þ2“ ìå2=-%!%L,
…=C!,ìå!: Cë%“*,L (% -%!ìå , % ø32*å), ƒ%ë%2%L (&,ƒ ƒ%ë%2=[ ,
&%÷å…ü ä%!%ã%L[), “",…ü (&›,"%2…%å[ , &…åKë=ã%!%ä…/L ÷åë%"å*[)

, 2.C.
e?å K%ëüøå %K!=ƒ…/. “" ƒåL ì%›…% %K…=!3›,2ü " ä!3ã%ì
!=ƒ! äå -!=ƒå%ë%ã,ƒì%" O " ,ä,%ì=., " *%2%!/. Cå!å%“ì/“ë å2“
…å %2äåëü…%å “ë%"%, = "“å “%÷å2=…,å " öåë%ì [d%K!%"%ëü“*,L,
1990], [a=!=…%", d%K!%"%ëü“*,L, 1996], [Šåë, , 1995]. h. ,ƒ3÷å…,å
,ã!=å2 ã%!=ƒä% ìå…üø3þ !%ëü " 3÷åK…%ì C!%öå““å. j=* C!=",ë%,
%…, …=“2%ëü*% K%ã=2/ *%……%2=ö, ì, (…å“32 %22å…*, %2…%øå…,
ã%"%! ?åã% * C!åäìå23, Cå!åä=þ2 .ì%ö,,, "/ƒ/"=þ2 =““%ö,=ö,,),
÷2% ,…%“2!=…ö3 2!3ä…% 3ë%",2ü, *%ãä= 3ìå“2…% “*=ƒ=2ü C%äë%›,2ü
“",…üþ, = *%ãä= C!%“2% C%ä"å“2,, *%ãä= …=ì/ë,2ü øåþ, = *%ãä= O
…=*=ƒ=2ü.o%.2%ì3 ,ƒ3÷å…,å ,. äë =*2,"…%ã% 3C%2!åKëå…, %K/÷…%
…å C!%"%ä,2“ .m% ƒ…=*%ì“2"% “ ! ä%ì …=,K%ëåå !=“C!%“2!=…å……/.
(…å 2%ëü*% " !=ƒã%"%!…%L !å÷,) ,ä,%ì 2,C= “2=",2ü C=ë*, " *%ëå“=,
C3“*=2ü C/ëü " ãë=ƒ=, “2!åë …/L "%!%KåL, %ä…%ã% C%ë ã%ä/ , 2.C.
›åë=2åëü…%. nK!=ƒ…/å “" ƒ,, ëå›=?,å " %“…%"å Cå!å%“ì/“ëå…,
,ä,%ì, *%ìC%…å…2%" *%ëë%*=ö,L, %2äåëü…/. “ë%", "“*!/"=þ2
*3ëü23!…%å “"%å%K!=ƒ,å ƒ/*=, “%“2="ë þ2 2%, ÷2% …=ƒ/"=å2“
ƒ/*%"%L *=!2,…%L ì,!=.
e“2å“2"å……%, ƒ…=*%ì“2"% “ *3ëü23!%L " “" ƒ, “ ,ƒ3÷å…,åì
ëå*“,*, , -!=ƒå%ë%ã,, "/.%ä,2 ƒ= !=ì*, ,ƒ3÷å…, ƒ/*%"%L
*=!2,…/ ì,!=. qþä= ".%ä,2 , !=K%2= …=ä Kåƒ.*","=ëå…2…%L
ëå*“,*%L (“ë%"=, %2!=›=þ?,å “Cåö,-,÷å“*,å …=ö,%…=ëü…/å
!å=ë,,, *=* Kë,…/ ,ë, “=ì%"=!), , ƒ…=*%ì“2"% “ *3ëü23!…/ì
-%…%ì, !=“C!%“2!=…å……/ì, ö,2=2=ì,, …= *%2%!/å ì%ã32 K/2ü
…=ìå*,, , ì…%ã%å ä!3ã%å. b“å .2% %C,“/"=å2“ " %“%K%ì !=ƒäåëå
ë,…ã",“2,*, O ë,…ã"%*3ëü23!%ë%ã,, [bå!å?=ã,…, j%“2%ì=!%",
1983], [o!%.%!%", 1995], [c3ä*%", 1999], [j!=“…/. 2002].
5. Изучение стилистических средств языка

j%ãä= 3÷=?,å“ “C%“%K…/ "å“2, Kå“åä/ …å 2%ëü*% …= K/2%"/å
2åì/, …% , …= K%ëåå “ë%›…/å, *%ãä= %…, “=ì%“2% 2åëü…% ä%ë›…/
“%“2="ë 2ü *=*,å-2% !å=ëü…/å 2å*“2/ …= !3““*%ì ƒ/*å: !å-å!=2/,
ã=ƒå2…3þ ,…-%!ì=ö,þ, äåë%"/å ä%*3ìå…2/ , 2.C.O %÷å…ü "=›…/ì
“2=…%",2“ "%C!%“ % ƒ…=…,, “2,ë,“2,÷å“*%L ä,--å!å…ö,=ö,,
ƒ/*%"%L “,“2åì/ , " Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü ëå*“,*,.
b *=*%L-2% “2åCå…, “ .2%L C!%Këåì%L C!,.%ä,2“ “2=ë*,"=2ü“

3›å …= …=÷=ëü…%ì .2=Cå, *%ãä= 3÷=?,ì“ %KA “… þ2, ÷2% …å3ìå“2…%
C!, "“2!å÷å “ C!åC%ä="=2åëåì ã%"%!,2ü C!,"å2 , 2.C. nä…=*% , …=
…=÷=ëü…%ì, , …= “!åä…åì .2=Cå …3›…% " %“…%"…%ì 2%ëü*% %2ã!=…,÷,2ü
!=ƒã%"%!…3þ ëå*“,*3, ƒ…=*%ì“2"% “ *%2%!%L …å,ƒKå›…% " ƒ/*%"%L
“!åäå.dë =*2,"…%ã% 3C%2!åKëå…, !å*%ìå…ä3þ2“ “2,ë,“2,÷å“*,
…åL2!=ëü…/å “!åä“2"=. h“*ëþ÷å…,å “%“2="ë å2 “Cåö,=ëü…=
ëå*“,*= 2%L %2!=“ë, …=3*,, *%2%!%L ƒ=…,ì=å2“ “23äå…2. Š32
C%ì,ì% 2å!ì,…%" " %K%!%2 ""%ä,2“ , 2=* …=ƒ/"=åì= %K?å…=3÷…=
ëå*“,*=: “ë%"=, %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,å %2…%øå…, ìå›ä3 "ëå…, ì,
(“%“2% 2ü, “%“2="ë 2ü, "ƒ=,ì%äåL“2"%"=2ü, "ë 2ü“ , *%ìC%…å…2 ,
2.C.), “!åä“2"= "/!=›å…, ë%ã,÷å“*%L “" ƒ, (“ëåä%"=2ü, C!,÷,…=,
%K3“ë%",2ü , 2.C.) , ! ä ä!3ã,. ã!3CC.
m= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå …å%K.%ä,ì/ “Cåö,=ëü…/å ƒ=… 2, ,
ƒ…=*%ì ?,å “ %“%Kå……%“2 ì, *=›ä%ã% “2,ë , åã% “!åä“2"=ì,
, 3“ë%", ì, ,. 3C%2!åKëå…, [b=“,ëüå"=, 1987]. o=!=ëëåëü…%
%K!=?=å2“ "…,ì=…,å …= “2,ë,“2,÷å“*, ä,--å!å…ö,!%"=……3þ
ëå*“,*3 C!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, kqc , …%"/. “ë%", %K!=ƒ3þ?,. ,ƒ3÷=åì/å
-!åLì/.qëåä%"=2åëü…%, %C,“=…,å ëå*“,*, äë ƒ="å!ø=þ?åã% .2=C=
%K ƒ=2åëü…% "*ëþ÷=å2 C%ä!%K…/L “2,ë,“2,÷å“*,L *%ììå…2=!,L.
6. Словообразование на практических занятиях

hƒ3÷å…,å ëå*“,*, C!åä3“ì=2!,"=å2 , …å*%2%!%å "…,ì=…,å
* “!åä“2"=ì “ë%"%%K!=ƒ%"=…, [Selkirk, 1982; j3K! *%"=, 1981;
gåì“*= , 1992; j!=“,ëü…,*%"=, 1999]. q %ä…%L “2%!%…/ ƒ…=…,å
%“…%"…/. “ë%"%%K!=ƒ%"=2åëü…/. “!åä“2": C!,“2="%*, “3--,*“%" O
3"åë,÷,"=å2 "%ƒì%›…%“2ü C!=",ëü…% C%… 2ü 2å*“2 “ …åƒ…=*%ì/ì,
“ë%"=ì,. q ä!3ã%L O %Këåã÷=å2“ ƒ=C%ì,…=…,å 2å. …%"/. “ë%", "
*%2%!/. "“2!å2,ë,“ü ƒ…=*%ì/å “ë%"%%K!=ƒ%"=2åëü…/å *%ìC%…å…2/.
nä…,ì ,ƒ C!,…ö,C%" %C,“=…, ƒ/*= " öåë . C!åC%ä="=…,
"ë å2“ "/ "ëå…,å ì=*“,ì=ëü…% "%ƒì%›…%ã% *%ë,÷å“2"=
“"åäå…,L, C%ƒ"%ë þ?,. ë3÷øå %!ã=…,ƒ%"=2ü ì=2å!,=ë. }2%
%Këåã÷=å2 ƒ=C%ì,…=…,å. nä…% äåë%, å“ë, “23äå…2 ƒ=C%ì,…=å2 *=*
…å!=ƒäåëü…/å åä,…,ö/ 3÷,2åëü…,ö=, 2*=÷,.=, ì=ø,…,“2*=. h
“%"“åì ä!3ã%å O å“ë, %… ",ä,2 " .2,. “ë%"=. 3›å ƒ…=*%ì/å %“…%"/
3÷,2åëü, 2*=÷, ì=ø,…,“2 , “2%ëü ›å ƒ…=*%ì/å “3--,*“/.j%…å÷…%,
"“å !="…% C!,äå2“ ƒ=C%ì,…=2ü, *=*%L ,ƒ …=K%!= 3›å ,ƒ"å“2…/.

“3--,*“%" “% ƒ…=÷å…,åì &äå 2åëü ›å…“*%ã% C%ë=[ K3äå2 C%ä.%ä,2ü
ä=……%L %“…%"å. m% *%ë,÷å“2"% ƒ=C%ì,…=åì%ã% ì=2å!,=ë= !åƒ*%
3ìå…üø=å2“ .
n“%Kå……% K%ëüø= !=K%2= %K/÷…% "åäå2“ “ ãë=ã%ëü…/ì,
C!,“2="*=ì,. )=“2ü ,ƒ …,. “ë3›,2 äë %K!=ƒ%"=…, C!,“2="%÷…/.
ãë=ã%ë%" ä",›å…, , ,ƒ3÷=å2“ *=* ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%å “!åä“2"%:
%2Aå.=2ü, ä%Kå›=2ü.m% .2, ›å C!,“2="*, “%åä,… þ2“ , “ ä!3ã,ì,
ãë=ã%ëü…/ì, %“…%"=ì,, ,…%ãä= “%.!=… Kë,ƒ*,å ƒ…=÷å…, :
%2%!"=2ü, ä%ë,2ü. nK!=?å…,å * !=ƒ…/ì “2%!%…=ì ƒ…=÷å…,
C!,“2="%* C%ƒ"%ë å2 “-%!ì,!%"=2ü 3 3÷=?,.“ C!åä“2="ëå…,å
% C!%2%2,C,÷å“*%ì ƒ…=÷å…,, *=›ä%L ,ƒ …,., ÷2% %ƒ…=÷=å2
-%!ì,!%"=…,å ƒ/*%"%ã% ÷32ü .
hƒ3÷å…,å C!,“2="%* "=›…% , C%2%ì3, ÷2% ÷=“2ü ,ƒ …,., "ë “ü
2=* …=ƒ/"=åì/ì, ÷,“2%",ä%"/ì,, “ë3›,2 äë %K!=ƒ%"=…, ",ä%"/.
ãë=ã%ëü…/. C=!: äåë=2üO“äåë=2ü, K,2üOC%K,2ü, ÷2% “%“2="ë å2
"=›…3þ ÷=“2ü “"åäå…,L % ",ä=. ãë=ã%ë=.
■ Таким образом, описание лексики включает сведения, связанные

практически со всеми направлениями лексикологии. Это и изуче-
ние связей внутри лексической системы (фреймовая организация
лексики), и изучение ее стилистической дифференциации. Тонкие
семантические различия между лексемами вскрываются при изу-
чении лексико-семантических групп. Наконец, важным фрагмен-
том знаний о лексической системе языка являются сведения о
несвободных сочетаниях — коллокациях, являющихся одним из
предметов фразеологии. Оказывается важным и изучение слово-
образования. Педагогическое описание акцентирует внимание на
той лексикологической информации, которая нужна для речевой
деятельности, особенно активной. Это заставляет лексикографов
обогащать новой информацией словари, которые предназначены
для учебных целей.
1. Какие несводобные сочетания в первую оче-

Вопросы редь составляют предмет изучения?
и задания
2. Какая информация об идиомах нужна в педа-
гогическом описании?
3. Что такое языковая картина мира и каково ее

место в педагогическом описании русского
языка?
4. В каком объеме в описании языка включают-

ся сведения о стилистической дифференциа-
ции лексики?
5. Что заставляет включать в педагогическое

описание сведения по словообразованию?
6. Познакомьтесь с учебным словарем. Чем от-

личается информация в нем от информации
в толковом словаре?
Основная литература
Борисова Е.Г. Коллокации. Что это такое и как их изучать. — М., 1995.
Васильева А.Н. Курс практической стилистики русского языка (для
студентов-филологов). — М., 1987.
Верещагин Е.М., Костомаров В.Г. Язык и культура. — М., 1983.
Слесарева И.П. Проблемы описания и преподавания русской лекси-
ки. — М., 1980.
Г л а в а VI
ЛИНГВИСТИКА ДИСКУРА И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ РКИ
o%“ëåä…,å ä"= äå“ 2,ëå2, “-å!= %K3÷å…, !3““*%L ƒ/*, *=*

,…%“2!=……%ã% ,“C/2/"=å2 ì%?…%å "ë, …,å 2=*%L “%"!åìå……%L
ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*%L ä,“ö,Cë,…/, *=* 2å%!, ä,“*3!“=.
j!=å3ã%ëü…/ì *=ì…åì " 2å%!,, ä,“*3!“= K/ë= ë,…ã",“2,*=
2å*“2=, …=3*=, …=“÷,2/"=þ?= …å %ä…% äå“ 2,ëå2,å [c=ëüCå!,…,
1981], [l%“*=ëü“*= , 1981], [m%"%å, 1988]. k,…ã",“2,*= 2å*“2=
"“åãä= !=““ì=2!,"=ë=“ü " pjh *=* ä,“ö,Cë,…= "=›…= , ,ìåþ?=
Г л а в а VI. ЛИНГВИСТИКА ДИСКУРСА И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ РКИ 139
…åC%“!åä“2"å……/L "/.%ä " ìå2%ä,*3 %K3÷å…, . hƒ3÷å…,å -%!ì

"/!=›å…, “" ƒ…%“2, (*%ãå!å…2…%“2,) , ìå.=…,ƒì= C%“2!%å…,
2å*“2%" !=ƒ…/. -3…*ö,%…=ëü…/. “2,ëåL 3›å ì…%ã,å ã%ä/ "åä32“
, " “-å!å C!åC%ä="=…, pjh [g=!3K,…=, 1981], [a3!",*%"=, 1988],
[k=!,%.,…=, 1989].Šå…äå…ö, * !=ƒìå›å"=…,þ ë,…ã",“2,*, 2å*“2=
, ,““ëåä%"=…,L C% ä,“*3!“3 …=ìå2,ë=“ü " …=÷=ëå 80-. ã%ä%" [k}q].
hƒ3÷å…,å ä,“*3!“= ƒ…=÷,2åëü…% ø,!å ,ƒ3÷å…, C!%“2% ƒ/*%"/.
-%!ì, ä=›å K%ëüø,. C% %KAåì3, ÷åì C!%“2% "/“*=ƒ/"=…,å: .2%
=…=ë,ƒ !å÷å"%ã% %K?å…, . d,“*3!“ O .2% 2å*“2 " “%"%*3C…%“2,
“ .*“2!=ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,ì, -=*2%!=ì, (C!=ãì=2,÷å“*,ì,,
“%ö,%*3ëü23!…/ì,, C“,.%ë%ã,÷å“*,ì, , ä!.) Š=*, !=K%2/ C%
ä,“*3!“3 "*ëþ÷,ë, " “-å!3 ,ƒ3÷å…, 3÷=“2…,*%" !å÷å"%ã% =*2=
[b,…%*3!, 1993].
l…%ã% ,…2å!å“…/. ,““ëåä%"=…,L “" ƒ=…% “ ,ƒ3÷å…,åì !%ë,

=ä!å“=2= " C%!%›äå…,, 2å*“2%" (“ì. %K .2%ì C%ä!%K…åå " [t%!ì=…%"“*= ,
1998]). o!,"åäåì ƒäå“ü ë,øü …åK%ëüø%L C!,ìå!: ƒ=ìå÷å…%, ÷2% äë
C3Kë,ö,“2,÷å“*%ã% “2,ë .=!=*2å!…= ÷å2*= %!,å…2=ö, …= =ä!å“=2= O
="2%! %K/÷…% 3÷,2/"=å2 , C!%-å““,þ =ä!å“=2= (äë K,ƒ…å“ìå…%" %… C,øå2
,ë, äë ä%ì%.%ƒ å*), "%ƒ!=“2, ,…2å!å“/, = ,…%ãä= ä=›å C%ë,2,÷å“*,å
C!,“2!=“2, .
q !=ƒ",2,åì 2å%!,, ä,“*3!“= " ë,…ã",“2,*3 "%øë% ,ƒ3÷å…,å

“2!=2åã,, , 2=*2,*, ã%"%! ?åã% [h““å!“, 2002], “2=23“…/å
"ƒ=,ì%%2…%øå…, C=!2…å!%".
o% ","ø,å“ " .2%L %Kë=“2, ,äå, %*=ƒ=ë,“ü %÷å…ü
"%“2!åK%"=…/ " “-å!å C!åC%ä="=…, . m=Këþä= !å=ëü…%å %K?å…,å
" C!%-å““,%…=ëü…%L “-å!å, ì/ ì%›åì 3Kåä,2ü“ " “3?å“2"%"=…,,
ƒ=*!åCëå……/. "å!K=ëü…/. “!åä“2" äë "/!=›å…, öåë%ã% ! ä=
*%ìì3…,*=2,"…/. …=ìå!å…,L ã%"%! ?åã% (ƒ=C!%“ ,…-%!ì=ö,,
% -,…=…“%"%ì C%ë%›å…,, -,!ì/, "/!=›å…,å 3ä%"ëå2"%!å…,
3“ë%", ì, “äåë*, , 2.C.) [l,.=ë*,…=, 1997], [p Köå"=, 1992]. h
“23äå…2=-,…%-%…= .2,ì “!åä“2"=ì …å%K.%ä,ì% 3÷,2ü [`!32þ…%",
1989].
nä…%L ,ƒ “=ì/. 3“Cåø…/. C%C/2%* %C,“=…, ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*%ã%
ì=2å!,=ë= 2=*%ã% 2,C= äë %-,ö,=ëü…%-äåë%"%L “-å!/ "ë å2“ ,
…= …=ø "ƒãë ä, “å!, C%“%K,L q.`.u="!%…,…%L, k.o.jë%K3*%"%L,
h.b. l,.=ë*,…%L [p3““*,L ƒ/* äë äåë%"/. ëþäåL, 1991, 1993=,
1993K]. g=ìå2,ì ƒäå“ü ›å, ÷2% …=ì C!åä“2="ë å2“ =K“%ëþ2…%
C!=",ëü…/ì %KAåä,…å…,å &C%ä %ä…%L *!/øåL[ ƒ/*%"%ã%
ì=2å!,=ë=, 2,C,÷…%ã% äë äåë%"%L Kå“åä/ (2.å.ä,=ë%ã=) , 2å*“2%"

(äåë%"/å C,“üì=, !å*ë=ì…/å C!%“Cå*2/, ä%ã%"%!/), 2,C,÷…/.
äë "/K!=……/. “-å! (&t,…=…“/ , K=…*,[, &j%ììå!÷å“*,å
C!åäë%›å…, .nKA "ëå…, .på*ë=ì=[, &o!åƒå…2=ö, *%ìC=…,,[).
1. Диалог
a%ëüø%L ,…2å!å“ * ,ƒ3÷å…,þ ä,=ë%ã= C% ",ë“ " …=÷=ëå 50-. ã%ä%"
, * …=“2% ?åì3 "!åìå…, ë,…ã",“2/ “%K!=ë, , C!%=…=ë,ƒ,!%"=ë,
%Kø,!…åLø,L ì=2å!,=ë, C%“" ?å……/L .2%L 2åìå [gåì“*= , 1979];
[a%!,“%"=, 2001]; [a=!=…%",j!åLäë,…, 1992].
g=ìå2,ì, ÷2% C!, !=““ì%2!å…,, ä=›å “=ì%ã% C!%“2%ã% ä,=ë%ã=
ì/ “!=ƒ3 “2=ë*,"=åì“ “ öåë%ì …=K%!%ì “Cåö,=ëü…/.ä,“*3!“,"…/.
“!åä“2": !å=*ö, …= C!åäøå“2"3þ?3þ !åCë,*3, C!,"ëå÷å…,å
"…,ì=…, , “ìå…= 2åì/, C%ä"åäå…,å ,2%ã%" 2!åK3þ2 3C%2!åKëå…,
“Cåö,=ëü…/. ƒ/*%"/. “!åä“2". }2% ì%ã32 K/2ü ""%ä…/å “ë%"=,
÷=“2,ö/, ìå›ä%ìå2, ,ë, ä=›å "/!=›å…, , “%“2% ?,å ,ƒ
…å“*%ëü*,. ëå*“åì. måC!=",ëü…/L "/K%! 2%ã% ,ë, ,…%ã% “!åä“2"=
"åäå2 * 2%ì3, ÷2% ä,=ë%ã ƒ"3÷,2 …åå“2å“2"å……%.
p=““ì%2!,ì C%ä!%K…åå %“…%"…/å .ëåìå…2/ C%“2!%å…, ä,=ë%ã=.
1.1 Средства организации диалога

nK/÷…% ,ƒ3÷å…,å ƒ/*= …=÷,…=å2“ “ !åCë,*, *%2%!/å
C!åC%ä="=2åëü %!ã=…,ƒ3å2 " ä,=ë%ã,÷å“*,å åä,…“2"=: )2% .2%?
O }2% …=ø ä%ì. O ` *2% 232 “2%,2? O }2% ì% ì=ì=, , 2.C. b/
3›å ƒ…=å2å, ÷2% ›åë=2åëü…%, ÷2%K/ !åCë,*, “ “=ì%ã% …=÷=ë=
K/ë, C!=",ëü…/ì, “ *%ìì3…,*=2,"…%L 2%÷*, ƒ!å…, , 2% å“2ü
ƒ"3÷=ë, 2=*, *=* ã%"%! 2. ` .2% ƒ…=÷,2, ÷2% …= Cå!"/. ›å ƒ=… 2, .
%K/÷…% ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ …å“*%ëü*% ìå›ä%ìå2,L , ÷=“2,ö, Kåƒ *%2%!/.
…å"%ƒì%›…% %K?å…,å.b÷=“2…%“2,, ,ƒ3÷=å2“ Cå!å“C!%“, "/!=›å…,å
ƒ=,…2å!å“%"=……%“2,: d=?, `-=-=, h…2å!å“…% , 2.C.Š=*, …= Cå!"%ì ›å
ƒ=… 2,, ""%ä,2“ “%þƒ-÷=“2,ö= = " ƒ…=÷å…,, &“ìå…= 2åì/[: r …=“ "
ã%!%äå å“2ü 2å=2!. ` 3 "=“?
b ä=ëü…åLøåì C% .%ä3 ,ƒ3÷å…, ƒ/*= C%“2åCå……% ""%ä 2“ ,
ä!3ã,å “!åä“2"= %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, ä,=ë%ã=. eä,…,öåL ä,=ë%ã= "ë å2“
ä,=ë%ã,÷å“*%å åä,…“2"%: ä"å ,ë, K%ëåå C%“ëåä%"=2åëü…/å !åCë,*,,
*=›ä= ,ƒ *%2%!/. "ë å2“ !å=*ö,åL …= C!åä/ä3?3þ, = C%“ëåä…

" !å=*ö,, …å …3›ä=å2“ (.%2 %…= , ì%›å2 C%“ëåä%"=2ü).m=C!,ìå!:
O o%“ë3ø=L,ãäå 3 …=“ ëå›=2 3÷åK…,*,?
O m= "å!.…åL C%ë*å. ` ÷2%?
O d= "%2 …,*=* …å ì%ã3 %2/“*=2ü &c!=ìì=2,*3[.
O `,C%… 2…%.
1.2. q!åä“2"= "/!=›å…, "…,ì=…,
hƒ3÷å…,å ä,=ë%ã%" C%ƒ"%ë å2 ã%"%!,2ü % öåë%L “,“2åìå “!åä“2"

C!,"ëå÷å…, "…,ì=…, :
 %K!=?å…,å (m,*%ë=L, ã%“C%ä,… C!%-å““%!),

 ,ƒ",…å…,å ƒ= Kå“C%*%L“2"% (C!%“2,2å, C%›=ë3L“2=,
,ƒ",…,2å),
 C!%“üK= %K %2"å2…%L !å=*ö,, (C%ƒ"%ëü2å "=ì ƒ=ä=2ü "%C!%“,
“*=›,2å, C%›=ë3L“2=, "/ …å ƒ…=å2å),
 C!%“üK= % "…,ì=…,, (C%“ë3ø=L, “ì%2!,),
 C!åä3C!å›äå…,å % "%ƒì%›…%L …%",ƒ…å (2/ ƒ…=åøü, 232 "%2
÷2%, , ä=›å C!%“2%å 3C%2!åKëå…,å ÷=“2,ö/ = ,ë, ä=).
}2, “!åä“2"= ÷=?å "“åã% C% "ë þ2“ " …=÷=ëå ä,=ë%ã=.
1.3. q!åä“2"= "/!=›å…, !å*ö,,
dë C%“2!%å…, å“2å“2"å……%ã% ä,=ë%ã= “23äå…23-,…%-%…3

…å%K.%ä,ì% 2=*›å ƒ…=2ü “!åä“2"= "/!=›å…, !å=*ö,, …= !åCë,*3.
}2% ì%›å2 K/2ü:
 “%ãë=“,å “ “%%K?å…,åì ,ë, "%ƒ!=›å…,å …= …åã% (ä=, .2%
"å!…%, *%…å÷…%, …å“%ì…å……%O …å2, …å2-…å2, …3 ÷2% 2/,
%2*3ä=, …å2, *%…å÷…%, å!3…ä=),
 “%ãë=“,å …= *=*%å-2% äåL“2",å,
 %2*=ƒ (ä=, .%!%ø%, “%ãë=“å…, *%…å÷…%, “äåë=þ, ë=ä…%, 2=* ,
K/2ü O …å2, …, ƒ= ÷2%, ÷åã% !=ä,, …å .%2åë%“ü K/, …å “ì%ã3),
 “%ì…å…,å " “*=ƒ=……%ì, *%2%!%å ì%›å2 C!%“2,!=2ü“ %2
ëåã*%L …å3"å!å……%“2, ä% C%÷2, C%ë…%L 3"å!å……%“2, "
C!%2,"%C%ë%›…%ì (…="å!…%å, “*%!åå "“åã%, "%ƒì%›…%,
C%.%›å …= 2%, ì%›å2 K/2ü, "C%ë…å "å!% 2…%, …å ,“*ëþ÷å…%,

“%ì…,2åëü…%, "! ä ë,).
1.4. q!åä“2"= 3C!="ëå…, ä,=ë%ã%ì
må%K.%ä,ì% ƒ…=2ü !åCë,*,, *%2%!/å C%ì%ã=þ2 ã%"%! ?åì3

, “ë3ø=þ?åì3 3C!="ë 2ü ä,=ë%ã%ì. dë “ë3ø=þ?åã% O ="2%!=
%2"å2…%L !åCë,*,:
 “!åä“2"= C%ääå!›=…, "…,ì=…, (ä=, C%… 2…%, =-=-=!, …3

*%…å÷…%, *=* ,…2å!å“…%, ÷2% "/ ã%"%!,2å!),
 C%ääå!›*, “*=ƒ=……%ã%, ÷2% C%ì,ì% “%ãë=“, “%äå!›,2
, “C%“%K…%“2ü “*=ƒ=2ü ÷2%-2% " !=ƒ",2,å 2%ëü*% ÷2%
"/“*=ƒ=……%L ì/“ë, ("%2-"%2, 2%›å 2=* “÷,2=þ, "%2
2%›å),
 C%ä2=ë*,"=…,å * ä=ëü…åLøåL Kå“åäå (= ÷2%?, = C%÷åì3 2/
“C!%“,ë?, , ÷2% ,ƒ 2%ã%?)
 “!åä“2"= &3“C%*%å…, [, 3.%ä= %2 *%…-ë,*2= (ë=ä…%, .%!%ø%,
…å “C%!þ, …3 C3“2ü)
 C!%"%ö,!3þ?,å “!åä“2"=, "/!=›=þ?,å "%ƒì3?å…,å
C!åä/ä3?åL !åCë,*%L (ä= 2/ ÷2%, …3 ƒ…=å2å ë,, ä= ÷2% .2%
2/ ã%"%!,øü!, %ä…3 ì,…323).
c%"%! ?åì3 O ="2%!3 ,…,ö,,!3þ?åL !åCë,*, O …3›…% ƒ…=2ü
“ëåä3þ?,å “!åä“2"=:
 “ìå…/ 2åì/ (…3 ë=ä…%, = "%2, *“2=2,, ìå›ä3 C!%÷,ì, ä=, =),
 C%ä"åäå…,å ,2%ã%" , ä!3ã,å “C%“%K/ C!å*!=?å…, %K?å…,
(…3 "%2, 2=* ÷2%, "%2 2=* C%ë3÷=å2“ , "%2 , "“å, , ä=›å
C!%“2% "%2), " 2%ì ÷,“ëå , C!%?=…,å.
1.5. }2,*å2…/å !å÷å"/å %K%!%2/
o!%?=…,å, C!,"å2“2",å, ,ƒ",…å…,å, Kë=ã%ä=!…%“2ü , %2"å2 …= …åå

O .2% “Cåö,=ëü…/å .2,*å2…/å !å÷å"/å %K%!%2/, *%2%!/å 2!åK3þ2
,ƒ3÷å…, "ìå“2å “ 2åì, 3“ë%", ì,, " *%2%!/. C%ä.%ä,2 2=* ,ë,
,…= .2,*å2…= -%!ì=.
rìå…,å C!=",ëü…% 3C%2!åKë 2ü “%%2"å2“2"3þ?,å “!åä“2"=

C!åäC%ë=ã=å2 C%…,ì=…,å “%%2"å2“2"3þ?,. “ë%" ("*ëþ÷=
“ë3›åK…/å), ƒ…=…,å ,. “2,ë,“2,÷å“*%L C!,…=äëå›…%“2,,
C!åä“2="ëå…,å %K ,. ìå“2å " ! ä3 ä!3ã,. “!åä“2" !å÷å"%ã% .2,*å2=.
)=“2,÷…% .2, “"åäå…, …=*=Cë,"=þ2“ ,“C%ä"%ëü, " .%äå ƒ=… 2,L
…= "“å. .2=C=.. m= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå …å%K.%ä,ì% C!,"åäå…,å
"“å. .2,. “"åäå…,L " C%! ä%* (% “,“2åìå 232 ã%"%!,2ü “ë%›…%,
2=* *=* C!,.%ä,2“ ,ƒ3÷=2ü ƒ/*%"/å åä,…,ö/, !=ƒë,÷…/å
C% “"%åì3 ìå“23 " “,“2åìå ƒ/*=). dë .2%ã% …3›…/ ƒ=… 2, C%
“%C%“2="ëå…,þ “!åä“2" "/!=›å…, %ä…%L ,…2å…ö,,, *%2%!/å
äë %÷å…ü C!%ä",…32/ 3÷=?,.“ ì%›…% ä%C%ë…,2ü C%ä!%K…/ì
,ƒ3÷å…,åì !=ƒ…/. ƒ…=÷å…,L *=›ä%L ,ƒ ÷=“2,ö =, …3, "%2, ,, = 2=*›å
ì%ä=ëü…/. “ë%" *%…å÷…%, "å!% 2…% , 2.C.
dë C%“2=…%"*, C!=",ëü…%L C!%-å““,%…=ëü…%L Kå“åä/
…å%K.%ä,ì= %ã!%ì…= C!åä"=!,2åëü…= !=K%2= C% ,ƒ3÷å…,þ ,
%!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, ƒ/*%"%ã% ì=2å!,=ë=: %C,“=…,å 2,C,÷…/. äë 2%L
,ë, ,…%L “-å!/ ,…2å…ö,L , “C%“%K%" ,. "/!=›å…, (“ì. 3›å
3C%ì,…="ø,å“ C%“%K, [p3““*,L ƒ/* äë äåë%"/. ëþäåL, 1991,
1993=, 1993K].
2. Связаный текст
b C!%öå““å %K3÷å…, “23äå…2%"-,…%“2!=…öå" !=K%2= …=ä “" ƒ…/ì
2å*“2%ì ÷=“2% ƒ=…,ì=å2 %÷å…ü "=›…%å ìå“2%. o!%-å““, “23äå…2=-
,…%-%…= ì%›å2 ƒ=ä=2ü …å%K.%ä,ì%“2ü !=K%2/ …=ä 2åì ,ë, ,…/ì
“2,ëåì (÷=?å "“åã% …=3÷…/ì ,ë, %-,ö,=ëü…%-äåë%"/ì), , C!,
.2%ì C!åC%ä="=2åëü ä%ë›å… C%ì%÷ü “23äå…2=ì %“"%,2ü !=ƒ…/å
›=…!/, 2,C,÷…/å äë "/K!=……%ã% “2,ë . e“ë, Cå!åä …=ì,
=“C,!=…2/, 2% %…, ä%ë›…/ …=3÷,2ü“ C%…,ì=2ü , C,“=2ü “2=2ü,,
2åƒ,“/ …= *%…-å!å…ö,þ, %Kƒ%!/, !å-å!=2/, = ì%›å2 K/2ü, ä=›å ,
ä,““å!2=ö,þ; å“ë, K,ƒ…å“ìå…/, 2% " %K3÷å…,, C!,“32“2"3å2 !=K%2=
…=ä äåë%"/ì, C,“üì=ì,, !å*ë=ì…/ì, C!%“Cå*2=ì,, ä%ã%"%!=ì,
, 2.C. m= “!åä…åì , %“%Kå……% C!%ä",…32%ì .2=Cå C!åC%ä="=2åëü
ä%ë›å… …=3÷,2ü “23äå…2%" “2!%,2ü 2å*“2/ !=ƒ…%L *%ìC%ƒ,ö,%……%L
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o%C!%K3åì %C!åäåë,2ü... " …=3÷…%ì “2,ëå !å÷, , 2.C.).
2.1. Š,C%ë%ã, 2å*“2%"
o!=*2,÷å“*, ëþK= C!%ã!=ìì= C%äã%2%"*, C!åC%ä="=2åë

!3““*%ã% ƒ/*= "*ëþ÷=å2 ƒ…=*%ì“2"% “ %“…%"…/ì, 2,C=ì, 2å*2%":
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C%ì%ã=å2 “23äå…23 C!=",ëü…% "/K,!=2ü ",ä ãë=ã%ë= C!, “%ƒä=…,,
“%K“2"å……%ã% "/“*=ƒ/"=…, .)
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“ëåä“2"å……%L “" ƒ,.d",›å…,å 2å*“2%"%ã% "!åìå…, ƒäå“ü "%ƒì%›…%
" %2äåëü…/. -!=ãìå…2=., *%2%!/å ".%ä 2 " =!ã3ìå…2=ö,þ: ŠåCå!ü
C%… 2…%, ÷2% …å …=ä% .2,ì ƒ=…,ì=2ü“ , C%2%ì3 ÷2% %ä,… ì%L ä!3ã
%ä…=›ä/ 2%›å !åø,ë .2,ì ƒ=… 2ü“ , …% C%2å!Cåë …å3ä=÷3: åã%
-,!ì= !3.…3ë=. j=* C!=",ë%, 2=*,å *3“*, %2%!"=…/ %2 %“…%"…%ã%
2å*“2%"%ã% "!åìå…,. b …,. "!åì ì/“ë,2“ *=* 3…,"å!“=ëü…%å ,

C%“2% ……%å: “*=ƒ=……%å "å!…% "“åãä=.
e“2å“2"å……%, %ä…,ì ,ƒ "=›…/. C!,ƒ…=*%" 2å*“2=-!=““3›äå…,
"ë þ2“ %2…%øå…, ìå›ä3 “%K/2, ì,: C!,÷,……%-“ëåä“2"å……/å,
3“23C,2åëü…/å, 3“ë%"…/å, %2…%øå…, öåë,.j!%ìå 2%ã%, äë 2=*%ã%
2å*“2= .=!=*2å!…/ !=ƒë,÷…/å “C%“%K/ C!,"åäå…, C!,ìå!%",
C%“*%ëü*3 .2% 2%›å "ë å2“ “C%“%K%ì =!ã3ìå…2=ö,,: …=C!,ìå!,
“*=›åì, "%ƒüìåì, "%2.
e“2å“2"å……/L 2å*“2 %K/÷…% “%äå!›,2 -!=ãìå…2/ "“å. 2!å.
2,C%" " !=ƒ…/. “%÷å2=…, .. må*%2%!/å 3÷å…/å "/ "ë þ2 ä!3ã,å
2,C/ 2å*“2%". Š=*, " C%“ëåä…,å ã%ä/ "“‘ K%ëüø3þ C%C3ë !…%“2ü
C!,%K!å2=å2 *ë=““,-,*=ö, c.`. g%ë%2%"%L [g%ë%2%"=, n…,Cå…*%,
q,ä%!%"=, 1998]. p=““ì=2!,"= 2å*“2/ ,ë, -!=ãìå…2/ 2å*“2%"
c.`. g%ë%2%"= "/äåë å2 C 2ü !åã,“2!%" (*%ìì3…,*=2,"…/. 2,C%"
!å÷,): !åC!%ä3*2,"…/L ("%“C!%,ƒ"åäå…,å " !å÷, …=Këþä=åì%ã%),
,…-%!ì=2,"…/L (“%%K?å…,å), ãå…å!,2,"…/L (“%%K?å…,å
%K%K?å……%L ,…-%!ì=ö,,, C!åä“2="ë þ?åL “%K%L 3…,"å!“=ëü…%å
ƒ…=…,å), "%ëþ…2=2,"…/L (C%K3›äå…,å * äåL“2",þ), !å=*2,"…/L
(%öå…%÷…= !å=*ö, ).
b !=K%2å l.b. b“å"%ë%ä%"%L C!åä“2="ëå…= å?å %ä…= ,…2å!å“…=
2,C%ë%ã, 2å*“2%", ,…2å!å“…/ì %K!=ƒ%ì “%åä,…,"ø= " “åKå ä"å
3C%ì …32/å "/øå *ë=““,-,*=ö,, (“ì. [b“å"%ë%ä%"=, 2000, “.340]).
2.2. n!ã=…,ƒ=ö, “Cåö,=ëü…%ã% 2å*“2=
l/ 3›å ã%"%!,ë, % 2%ì, ÷2% " C!%öå““å %K3÷å…, “23äå…2%"-

,…%“2!=…öå" ÷=“2% "=›…%å ìå“2% ƒ=…,ì=å2 %K3÷å…,å ƒ/*3 ,.
K3ä3?åL “Cåö,=ëü…%“2,.
e“ë, !3““*,L ƒ/* “ë3›,2 “!åä“2"%ì äë ,ƒ3÷å…, *=*%L-2%
“Cåö,=ëü…%“2,, 2% 3›å …= “!åä…åC!%ä",…32%ì .2=Cå …=ä% ƒ…=*%ì,2ü“
“ %“%Kå……%“2 ì, ƒ/*= .2%L “Cåö,=ëü…%“2,. b ,. ÷,“ë% ".%ä 2 ,
“!åä“2"= C%“2!%å…, 2å*“2%", .=!=*2å!…/. äë ä=……%ã% …=C!="ëå…, .
}2% ì%ã32 K/2ü …=3÷…/å 2å*“2/, %-,ö,=ëü…/å, *%ììå!÷å“*,å.
m= “!åä…åì .2=Cå ƒ=ä=÷= " %“…%"…%ì “"%ä,2“ * C%…,ì=…,þ
%!,ã,…=ëü…/. 2å*“2%". ` " ä=ëü…åLøåì …3›…% %K3÷,2ü “23äå…2=
“=ì%ì3 “%“2="ë 2ü 2å*“2/ C% åã% “Cåö,=ëü…%“2, (…=C!,ìå!,
!å-å!=2/ ,ë, äåë%"/å C,“üì= , 2.C.).
o!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, “Cåö,=ëü…/. 2å*“2%" %K/÷…% %“3?å“2"ë þ2 ,.
äåëå…,å …= ›=…!/: “2=2ü , !å-å!=2, %Kƒ%! , 2.C., = ƒ=2åì ,ƒ3÷=þ2
%“%Kå……%“2, .2,. ›=…!%".

o!, ,ƒ3÷å…,, *%ìC%ƒ,ö,, 2å*“2%" %K!=?=þ2 "…,ì=…,å …=
%“…%"…/å ÷=“2, 2å*“2= , ƒ/*%"/å “!åä“2"= ,. %-%!ìëå…, .q*=›åì
…å“*%ëü*% “ë%" %K %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, …=3÷…%ã% 2å*“2=.nK/÷…% ,ìåþ2“
…å*%2%!/å “C%“%K/ …=÷=2ü 2å*“2, ""å“2, ÷,2=2åë " *3!“ äåë=.
qþä= %2…%“ 2 “%%K?å…,å % öåë, !=K%2/, % ƒ=ä=÷=. ="2%!=. h…%ãä=
" …=÷=ëå ä=þ2“ , %“…%"…/å C%ë%›å…, , *%2%!/å K3ä32 ä%*=ƒ=…/
ä=ëüøå. m=,K%ëåå !=“C!%“2!=…å……/å “!åä“2"= …=÷=ë= 2å*“2= .2%
*ë,øå: ä=……= !=K%2= (“2=2ü , %Kƒ%! , 2.C.) C%“" ?å…=..., " !=K%2å
ã%"%!,2“ % ÷åì-ë,K% ,ë, !=““ì=2!,"=þ2“ C!%Këåì/ ÷åã%-ë,K%,
…=øåL ƒ=ä=÷åL (,ë, ƒ=ä=÷åL ="2%!=) "ë å2“ =…=ë,ƒ, ä%*=ƒ=2åëü“2"%,
!=““ì%2!å…,å , 2.C.
g=2åì " “2=2üå C!,"%ä,2“ %“…%"…%L ì=2å!,=ë, "*ëþ÷=þ?,L
C%“2=…%"*3 ƒ=ä=÷, ""åäå…,å %C!åäåëå…,L. dë .2%ã% ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“
*ë,øå 2,C=: …=ƒ%"åì, ä=ä,ì %C!åäåëå…,å, ....2% ÷2%-ë,K% (,ë,
"ë å2“ ÷åì-ë,K%). o%“ëå .2%ã% Cå!å÷,“ë þ2“ “"%L“2"= %KAå*2=,
äë ÷åã% ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ “ë%"= "ë å2“ , “%“2%,2 ,ƒ, "*ëþ÷=å2 " “åK ,
“%“2=" "ë å2“ , 2.C. b 2å*“2å C!,"%ä 2“ “!åä“2"= =!ã3ìå…2=ö,,.
`!ã3ìå…2=ö,åL, ä%*=ƒ=2åëü“2"%ì ì%›å2 K/2ü *=* ë%ã,÷å“*,L
"/"%ä, "*ëþ÷=þ?,L åä,…,ö/ C!,÷,……%-“ëåä“2"å……%L “" ƒ,
(C%2%ì3 ÷2%, “ëåä%"=2åëü…% , 2.C.), 2=* , C!,ìå!/. b C%“ëåä…åì
“ë3÷=å %…, ""%ä 2“ 2%›å C!, C%ì%?, “Cåö,=ëü…/. ƒ/*%"/.
“!åä“2" (…=C!,ìå!, "%ƒüìåì, "%2, “*=›åì , 2.C.).
m= %“…%"=…,, ,ƒë%›å……%ã% " 2å*“2å äåë=þ2“ 3ì%ƒ=*ëþ÷å…, ,
*%2%!/å "/!=›=þ2“ C!, C%ì%?, “ë%" , “ë%"%“%÷å2=…,L ,2=*,
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,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ , äë %K?åã% "/"%ä= ,ƒ "“åã% 2å*“2=, .%2 232
"%ƒì%›…/ ä%C%ë…,2åëü…/å *ë,øå: C%ä"åäåì ,2%ã,, " ƒ=*ëþ÷å…,å
Cå!å÷,“ë,ì "/"%ä/ , 2.C.
q%“2=" “ë%" , *ë,øå "=!ü,!3å2 " !=ƒ…/. …=C!="ëå…, . …=3*,,
…% …å %÷å…ü “,ëü…%.o!,"åäå……/å "/øå “!åä“2"= %“2=þ2“ %K?,ì,
, 3C%2!åKë þ2“ "% "“å. …=3÷…/. 2å*“2=., *!%ìå …,. ,ìåþ2“
, %“%Kå……%“2,, .=!=*2å!,ƒ3þ?,å ƒ/* !=ƒë,÷…/. …=3÷…/.
…=C!="ëå…,L.
e“ë, "ƒ 2ü %-,ö,=ëü…/å , 2%!ã%"/å ä%*3ìå…2/, 2% !%ëü *ë,øå
" …,. å?å "/øå, ì%›…% ,ƒ3÷=2ü öåë/å C!åäë%›å…, , *%2%!/å
%K ƒ=2åëü…% C!,“32“2"3þ2 " …=÷=ëå 2å*“2=, " %C!åäåëå……/. åã%
ìå“2=.. }2% %Këåã÷=å2 ƒ…=*%ì“2"% “ ä%*3ìå…2=ì,: …å!åä*% ì%›…%
…=3÷,2ü“ ,. C%…,ì=2ü, ä=›å …å "C%ë…å ÷å2*% C!åä“2="ë ,.
ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*3þ “2!3*23!3, …=C!,ìå!, …å ƒ…=2ü, ÷2% -%!ì=
“%ƒ…="= , ".%ä ?= " C!å=ìK3ë/ ì…%ã,. ä,Cë%ì=2,÷å“*,.

ä%*3ìå…2%", O .2% äååC!,÷=“2,å.
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›=…!%", !å*ë=ì…%ã% .=!=*2å!=. o!="ä=, C%“2!%å…,å 2=*,. 2å*“2%"
å“ë, , "*ëþ÷=å2“ " %K3÷å…,å, 2% %K/÷…% ë,øü " C!%ã!=ìì3
ƒ="å!ø=þ?åã% .2=C=, C%“*%ëü*3 äë …,. .=!=*2å!…= ìå…üø= !%ëü
*ë,øå, K%ëüøå "%ƒì%›…%“2åL äë "/!=›å…, ,…ä,",ä3=ëü…/.
…=ìå!å…,L ="2%!=, = .2% 2!åK3å2 , ë3÷øåã% "ë=äå…, ƒ/*%ì.
1. Что нужно знать, чтобы правильно построить

Вопросы диалогическое единство?
и задания
2. Какие реплики помогают управлять диалогом?
3. Почему при изучении языка важны вопросы

речевого этикета?
4. Перечислите типы фрагментов текстов и их

особенности.
5. Какие свойства характеризуют текст в целом?
6. Проанализируйте несколько диалогов из

учебника для начального этапа. Какие стред-
ства организации диалога вам встретились.
Литература
Бурвикова Н.Д. Типология текстов для аудиторной и внеаудиторной

работы. — М., 1988.
Формановская Н.И. Коммуникативно-прагматические аспекты еди-
ниц общения. — М., 1998.
Раздел III
ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ОПИСАНИЯ
ОТ ЭТАПА ОБУЧЕНИЯ
e“ë, C%“ì%2!å2ü …= %C,“=…, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= " C!=*2,÷å“*,.

3÷åK…,*=., 2% %K…=!3›,2“ , ÷2% ìå›ä3 …,ì, ,ìåþ2“ %÷å…ü
K%ëüø,å !=ƒë,÷, : 3÷åK…,*, äë …=÷,…=þ?,. ä=þ2 %÷å…ü
3C!%?å……3þ *=!2,…3 !3““*%L ã!=ìì=2,*,, = " 3÷åK…,*=. äë
C!%ä",…32/. 3÷=?,.“ “%äå!›,2“ ì…%ã% C%ä!%K…%“2åL, …%
%2“32“2"3þ2 *=*,å-2% -3…ä=ìå…2=ëü…/å “"åäå…, , …=C!,ìå! %
“*ë%…å…,, “3?å“2",2åëü…/..
o%… 2…%, ÷2% ì=2å!,=ë …=ä% C%ä="=2ü C%“2åCå……%, %2 C!%“2%ã%
* “ë%›…%ì3. nä…=*% ì/ …å ì%›åì “*=ƒ=2ü: 3÷åK…,* äë Cå!"%ã%
.2=C= “%äå!›,2 %ä…3 ÷=“2ü ë,…ã"%ä,ä=*2,÷å“*%ã% %C,“=…,
!3““*%ã% ƒ/*=, = 3÷åK…,* äë ƒ="å!ø=þ?åã% .2=C= O 2å ÷=“2,
.2%ã% %C,“=…, , *%2%!/å …å "%øë, " C!åäøå“2"3þ?,å. nC,“=…,å
!=ƒë,÷=å2“ …å 2%ëü*% C% %KAåì3, …% , C% ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,ì
C!,…ö,C=ì.h .2% …å3ä,",2åëü…%.l/ ã%"%!,ë,, ÷2% C!=*2,÷å“*%å
%C,“=…,å ã!=ìì=2,*, , ëå*“,*, %C!åäåë å2“ ƒ=ä=÷=ì, %K3÷å…, .
m= !=ƒ…/. .2=C=. %K3÷å…, %…, !=ƒë,÷…/, “ëåä%"=2åëü…%, K3äå2
!=ƒ…,ö= , " %C,“=…,, ƒ/*%"%ã% ì=2å!,=ë=.
o%.2%ì3 …åëüƒ C%“2!%,2ü %ä…3 &C!=*2,÷å“*3þ ã!=ìì=2,*3[
äë C!åC%ä="=…, !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= *=* …å!%ä…%ã%.k,…ã",“2 ä%ë›å…
,…2å!C!å2,!%"=2ü ì=2å!,=ë …å“*%ëü*,ì, “C%“%K=ì,, ÷2%K/
%Kå“Cå÷,2ü C%2!åK…%“2, C!åC%ä="=…, …= !=ƒ…/. .2=C=. %K3÷å…, .
m=Këþäå…, …=ä C!=*2,÷å“*%L äå 2åëü…%“2üþ C!åC%ä="=2åëåL,
=…=ë,ƒ 3÷åK…,*%" , C!%ã!=ìì C%*=ƒ/"=å2: ì%›…% "/äåë,2ü
%C,“=…, 2!å. 2,C%". nä…% ,ƒ …,. 3ä%"ëå2"%! å2 …=÷,…=þ?,.
(.ëåìå…2=!…/L , K=ƒ%"/L 3!%"…, "ë=äå…, !3““*,ì ƒ/*%ì),
ä!3ã%å “%%2"å2“2"3å2 C%2!åK…%“2 ì “!åä…åã% 3!%"… , = 2!å2üå
C!åä…=ƒ…=÷å…% äë 2å., *2% .%÷å2 %"ë=äå2ü !3““*,ì ƒ/*%ì "
“%"å!øå…“2"å. o%.2%ì3 ä=ëüøå ì/ !=““ì=2!,"=åì %“%Kå……%“2,
%C,“=…, !3““*%L ƒ/*%"%L “,“2åì/ ,ìå……% " 2=*%ì C%! ä*å.
Г л а в а I. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОГО ОПИСАНИЯ ДЛЯ НАЧАЛЬНОГО ЭТАПА 149
b !å=ëü…%L C!åC%ä="=2åëü“*%L C!=*2,*å ã!=…,ö/ ìå›ä3

.2=C=ì, …å 2=*,å ÷å2*,å: *=*,å-2% C!=",ë= ì%ã32 K/2ü ,ƒ3÷å…/
!=…üøå %K/÷…%ã%, *=*,å-2% %2ë%›å…/ …= K%ëåå C%ƒä…,å .2=C/.
m% " öåë%ì !=“C!åäåëå…,å ì=2å!,=ë= C!,ìå!…% “%%2"å2“2"3å2
C!,"%ä,ì%ì3 …=ì,.
1. Особенности лингвистического описания

для начального этапа
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Г л а в а I. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОГО ОПИСАНИЯ ДЛЯ НАЧАЛЬНОГО ЭТАПА 151
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Г л а в а III. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОГО ОПИСАНИЯ... 153
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C!%2,"%C%“2="ëå…,L.

для продвинутого этапа
r÷=?,L“ , *%2%!/L …å %ã!=…,÷,ë“ “!åä…,ì .2=C%ì ,
C!%ä%ë›=å2 ,ƒ3÷å…,å !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=, %K/÷…% “2=",2 “åKå öåëüþ
C!,Kë,ƒ,2ü“ "% "ë=äå…,, ƒ/*%ì * 3!%"…þ …%“,2åë . }2%

ƒ…=÷,2, ÷2% %… …å 2%ëü*% ä%ë›å… K/2ü " “%“2% …,, C%… 2ü ëþK%L
2å*“2 …= ë,2å!=23!…%ì !3““*%ì ƒ/*å (C3“2ü , “% “ë%"=!åì). n…
ä%ë›å… K%ëåå ,ë, ìå…åå C%ë…% "/!=›=2ü “"%, ì/“ë,, %C,“/"=2ü
"Cå÷=2ëå…, , "/“*=ƒ/"=2ü “3›äå…, "% "“å. %Kë=“2 ., *%2%!/å åã%
*=“=þ2“ : " ,“*3““2"å, C%ë,2,*å, !åë,ã,,, C!%-å““,%…=ëü…%L
“-å!å , 2.C. d=›å äë 2!=ä,ö,%……/. K/2%"/. 2åì 3 …åã% ä%ë›…%
K/2ü ä%“2=2%÷…% “!åä“2" "/!=›å…, , ÷2%K/ …å C!%“2% “%%K?,2ü %
2%ì, ÷2% 3 …åã% å“2ü äå2,, …% , !=““*=ƒ=2ü, …=C!,ìå!, “ *=*,ì,
C!%Këåì=ì, " ,. "%“C,2=…,, %… “2=ë*,"=å2“ .
)=?å "“åã% 2=*%ã% 3!%"… ä%“2,ã=þ2 C!%-å““,%…=ë/. n…
…å%K.%ä,ì äë C!åC%ä="=2åë !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=, äë Cå!å"%ä÷,*=.
nä…=*% , ëþä, ä!3ã,.C!%-å““,L …å!åä*% “2!åì 2“ * “%"å!øå…“2"3
"% "ë=äå…,, !3““*,ì ƒ/*%ì. }2% ì%ã32 K/2ü ä,Cë%ì=2/,
›3!…=ë,“2/, .*%…%ì,“2/, ,“2%!,*,, ÷ü, C!%-å““,%…=ëü…/å
,…2å!å“/ “" ƒ=…/ “ p%““,åL.böåë%ì ÷,“ë% 2=*,.ëþäåL %2…%“,2åëü…%
…å"åë,*% (C% “!="…å…,þ “ 2åì,, *2% …=÷,…=å2 ,ƒ3÷=2ü !3““*,L
ƒ/*). nä…=*% ,. öåë, 2!åK3þ2 …=,K%ëüø,. 3“,ë,L ë,…ã",“2%".
m= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå %“…%"…/å ƒ=ä=÷, O .2% *%!!å*ö,
ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,. , ëå*“,÷å“*,. %ø,K%*, = ãë="…%å O =*2,",ƒ=ö,
ì=2å!,=ë=. l…%ã%å ,ƒ 2%ã%, ÷2% "/3÷å…% !=…üøå (= ÷=“2,÷…% , 2%,
÷2% ,ƒ3÷=å2“ …= .2%ì .2=Cå), ä%ë›…% 2åCå!ü ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü“ C!,
ã%"%!å…,, , C,“üìå. ` *%!!å*ö,%……/å ƒ=ä=÷, O .2% ,“C!="ëå…,å
%ø,K%* " !å÷,, C!,Kë,›å…,å * 3!%"…þ …%“,2åë (*%2%!/L
ã%"%!,2 Kåƒ .2,. %ø,K%*).
n2*3ä= %ø,K*, …= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå? o!%,“.%ä 2 ë, %…,
%2 …åä%“2=2%÷…/. “2=!=…,L …= C!åä/ä3?,. .2=C=. ,ë, %2 Cë%.,.
C%“%K,L , 3÷,2åëåL? h 2% , ä!3ã%å, *%…å÷…%, …å ,“*ëþ÷å…%. m%
%“…%"…= C!,÷,…= %ø,K%* O å“2å“2"å……= .Šå. “"åäå…,L, *%2%!/å
K/ë, C%ë3÷å…/ !=…üøå, …åä%“2=2%÷…% äë C!=",ëü…%ã% =*2,"…%ã%
,“C%ëüƒ%"=…, ƒ/*=. m=C!,ìå!, ,ìåþ?,å“ ƒ…=…, " %Kë=“2,
ãë=ã%ëü…%ã% ",ä= ä=þ2 "%ƒì%›…%“2ü C!=",ëü…% 3C%2!åKë 2ü
ãë=ã%ë/ 2%ëü*% " “=ì/. C!%“2/. “ë3÷= .: C!, “%%K?å…,, %
C%"2%! þ?,.“ äåL“2", ., % äë,2åëü…/. C!%öå““=., % -=*2å
äåL“2", . o%.2%ì3 " “ë%›…/. “ë3÷= . *%…*3!å…ö,, ",ä%" %ø,K*=
" "/K%!å ",ä= %÷å…ü "å!% 2…=.
qëåä%"=2åëü…%, *%!!å*2,!%"*= !å÷, O .2% %ä…%"!åìå……%
, =*2,",ƒ=ö, …å%K.%ä,ì/. …="/*%", , !=“ø,!å…,å ƒ…=…,L,
…3›…/. äë .2%L =*2,",ƒ=ö,,.
g=ä=÷, ƒ="å!ø=þ?åã% .2=C= 2!åK3þ2 C!,…ö,C,=ëü…% ,…/.

“"åäå…,L % !3““*%ì ƒ/*å, ÷åì 2å, *%2%!/å K/ë, C%ë3÷å…/
!=…üøå. o%“*%ëü*3 …3›…% 3÷,2ü“ =*2,"…% ,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü
ƒ/*%"/å “!åä“2"= "% "“å. “ë3÷= ., = …å 2%ëü*% " “=ì/. C!%“2/.,
2!åK3å2“ ã%!=ƒä% K%ëüøå ,…-%!ì=ö,, %K 3C%2!åKëå…,, ƒ/*%"/.
åä,…,ö [o!%ã!=ìì=, 1981]. Š=*,å “"åäå…, “ë=K% C!åä“2="ëå…/
" 2!=ä,ö,%……%L “2!3*23!…%-“,“2åì…%L ã!=ìì=2,*å. b %“…%"…%ì
ä%K/"=…,åì .2%L ,…-%!ì=ö,, ƒ=…,ì=å2“ -3…*ö,%…=ëü…=
ã!=ìì=2,*=. l…%ã,å …=Këþäå…, …=ä C%"åäå…,åì “ë%" , ã!=ììåì
C%ë3÷å…/ C!åC%ä="=2åë ì,-!3“,“2=ì, " C!%öå““å C!åC%ä="=…,
[o!=*2,÷å“*= ã!=ìì=2,*=, 1985].
l/ 3›å ã%"%!,ë, % 2%ì, ÷2% %“…%"…%L C!,…ö,C
-3…*ö,%…=ëü…%ã% %C,“=…, : %2 “ì/“ë= * "/!=›å…,þ. o%.2%ì3
!=““ì=2!,"=þ2“ !=ƒë,÷…/å “!åä“2"= (“þä= C%C=ä=þ2 ,
ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,å, , ëå*“,÷å“*,å åä,…,ö/) "/!=›å…, *=*%ã%-
…,K3äü %ä…%ã% “ì/“ë=. }2% “%%2"å2“2"3å2 C%2!åK…%“2 ì 3÷=?åã%“
C!%ä",…32%ã% .2=C=, *%2%!%ì3 C!,.%ä,2“ %2K,!=2ü ,ƒ …å“*%ëü*,.
,ƒ"å“2…/. åì3 “!åä“2" "/!=›å…, …3›…%ã% “ì/“ë= 2%, ÷2%
C%ä.%ä,2 K%ëüøå "“åã%.
m= ƒ="å!ø=þ?åì .2=Cå 3÷=?,L“ 3›å ƒ…=å2 ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*3þ
“,“2åì3 !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=, 2.å. C!=*2,÷å“*, "“å “!åä“2"= "/!=›å…,
*=2åã%!,L. o%.2%ì3 åì3 2!åK3å2“ 3÷,2ü …å "“þ ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*3þ
“,“2åì3 " öåë%ì, = 2%ëü*% 2å åå -!=ãìå…2/, *%2%!/å "/ƒ/"=þ2
2!3ä…%“2, " 3C%2!åKëå…,,. qþä= %2…%“ 2“ “ë3÷=, 3C%2!åKëå…,
",ä%"/. -%!ì, *!=2*,. -%!ì C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/., …å%C!åäåëå……/.
ìå“2%,ìå…,L , …=!å÷,L, “!åä“2" “%÷,…,2åëü…%L “" ƒ,.b!åƒ3ëü2=2å
%C,“=…,å !3““*%ã% ƒ/*= %*=ƒ/"=å2“ &…å“,ììå2!,÷…/ì[, å“ë,
“!="…,"=2ü åã% “ =*=äåì,÷å“*,ì: …å*%2%!/å C!%Këåì/ ƒ=…,ì=þ2
ƒ…=÷,2åëü…%å ìå“2%, = ä!3ã,å C!åä“2="ëå…/ *!=L…å -!=ãìå…2=!…%.
o%ì,ì% Cå!å÷,“ëå……/., C!, %K3÷å…,, ì%ã32 "%ƒ…,*…32ü
, ä!3ã,å ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,å C!%Këåì/. n…, 2%›å …=.%ä 2 “"%å
%2!=›å…,å " %C,“=…,,, .%2 …å!åä*% …å " !=ƒäåëå ã!=ìì=2,*,. b
÷=“2…%“2,, C%-C!å›…åì3 3 3÷=?åã%“ "“2!å÷=þ2“ %ø,K*, C!,
3C%2!åKëå…,, C=äå›…/. -%!ì. nä…=*% ƒäå“ü %K/÷…% ,ƒ3÷=å2“
3C!="ëå…,å %2äåëü…%L ãë=ã%ëü…%L ëå*“åì/ ,ë, %“%Kå……%“2,
“*ë%…å…, ,ìå…,. }2% C!%,“.%ä,2 " .%äå !=K%2/ …=ä ëå*“,*%L.
Š=* ›å ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ , %2äåëü…/å “ë%›…%“2, 3C%2!åKëå…, ÷,“ë=
“3?å“2",2åëü…/., *%ãä= 3 …,. "%ƒ…,*=þ2 …%"/å %22å…*,
ƒ…=÷å…, ("%ä/, ",…=, ëüä/) ,ë, *%ãä= …3›…% 32%÷…,2ü, *=*%å
,ì 3C%2!åKë å2“ 2%ëü*% " åä,…“2"å……%ì ÷,“ëå, = *=*%å "%

ì…%›å“2"å……%ì (*=!2%-åëü, %ã3!ö/). }2% ,ƒ3÷=å2“ " “" ƒ, “
%2äåëü…%L ëå*“åì%L ,ë, ã!3CC%L ëå*“åì, .%2 C!, .2%ì äåë=þ2“
"/"%ä/ , %K?åã!=ìì=2,÷å“*%ã% .=!=*2å!=.
h …=%K%!%2, " *3!“å ã!=ìì=2,*, ì%ã32 K/2ü ƒ=2!%…32/
ëå*“,*%ë%ã,÷å“*,å "%C!%“/. m=C!,ìå!, …å!åä*% " *3!“å
ã!=ìì=2,*, ,ƒ3÷=þ2“ “ë%›…/å “ë3÷=, 3C%2!åKëå…, ãë=ã%ë%"
ä",›å…, “ C!,“2="*=ì,, .%2 äë ä=……%ã% .2=C= .2% “*%!åå
ëå*“,÷å“*= C!%Këåì=.
hƒ3÷=þ2“ …= C!%ä",…32%ì .2=Cå , "%C!%“/ “,…2=*“,“=:
"/!=›å…,å ãë="…/. ÷ëå…%" C!åäë%›å…, , %!ã=…,ƒ=ö, “ë%›…/.
C!åäë%›å…,L, C%! ä%* “ë%" , ä!.
1. Чем определяетс\ отбор материала на уроках с

Вопросы начинающими?
и задания
2. Проанализируйте упражнения по грамматике в
учебниках для начинающих. На что они ориен-
тироваы – на системный или коммуникативный
подход? В чем недостатки и в чем достоинства
каждого из подходов?
3. Какие цели ставят перед учащимся на заверша-

ющем этапе обучения?
4. Почему на завершающем этапе приходится за-

ниматься коррекцией?
5. Какие темы составляють существенную часть

описания грамматической системы языка и по-
чему?
6. Посмотрите описание категории числа в акаде-

мической грамматике. Какие сведения оттуда
могут быть изучены до завершающего этапа, а
какие взяты на завершающем?
Литература
Хавронина С. А., Широченская А. И. Русский в упражнениях. //

Е. Василенко, Э. Ламм. «Русский самостоятельно».
Практическая грамматика русского языка для зарубежных препода-

вателей русистов. – М., 1985.
Рожкова Г. И. Русский язык в нерусской аудитории. – М., 1986.
Остапенко В. И. Обучение русской грамматике иностранцев на на-

чальном этапе. – М., 1987.
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ
Материалы занятий
l/ C!åäë=ã=åì "…,ì=…,þ ÷,2=2åëåL (C!å›äå "“åã%
…=÷,…=þ?,. C!åC%ä="=2åëåL , “23äå…2%") %2äåëü…/å ,ƒ 2å.
ì…%ã%÷,“ëå……/. ì=2å!,=ë%", *%2%!/å K/ë, C%äã%2%"ëå…/ …=ì,
, ,“C%ëüƒ%"=ë,“ü …= ƒ=… 2, ..
b …,. !å=ë,ƒ%"=…/ ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,å C!åä“2="ëå…, ,
,ƒë%›å……/å " C%“%K,,, %ä…=*% " 2%L -%!ìå, *%2%!3þ ä,*2%"=ë,
ìå2%ä,÷å“*,å 2!åK%"=…, . b %“…%"…%ì ì/ “2!åì,ë,“ü C%*=ƒ=2ü
%!,ã,…=ëü…/å 3÷åK…/å ì=2å!,=ë/. j=* C!=",ë%, ì/ "/K,!=ë,
!=ƒ!=K%2*, C% …=,K%ëåå 2!3ä…/ì “ë3÷= ì 3C%2!åKëå…,
ã!=ìì=2,÷å“*,. -%!ì , ëå*“,*,. b=›…% %2ìå2,2ü, ÷2% …,›å
C!,"åäå… …å ! ä ƒ=*%…÷å……/. !=ƒäåë%" 3÷åK…%ã% C%“%K, C%
ã!=ìì=2,*å, =, “*%!åå, “C,“%* ,…2å!å“…/. “ …=øåL 2%÷*,
ƒ!å…, &-!=ãìå…2%"[. b *%…öå !=ƒäåë= C!åä“2="ëå…/ …å*%2%!/å
C=!=ä,ãì/ " ,. 2!=ä,ö,%……%ì ",äå.
1. Падежные формы прилагательных (единственное число)
1. Nom j=*%L *!=“,"/L *%“2þì! /

hìå…,2åëü…/L j=*= *!=“,"= Kë3ƒ*=!
2. Gen r ìå… …,*%ãä= …å K/ë% 2=*%ã% *!=“,"%ã% *%“2þì= /

p%ä,2åëü…/L 2=*%L *!=“,"%L Kë3ƒ*,.
3. Dat r ìå… å“2ü 23-ë, * 2=*%ì3 *!=“,"%ì3 *%“2þì3 /

d=2åëü…/L
* 2=*%L *!=“,"%L Kë3ƒ*å.
4. Acc “ %K ƒ=2åëü…% *3Cëþ 2=*%L *!=“,"/L *%“2þì /
b,…,2åëü…/L 2=*3þ *!=“,"3þ Kë3ƒ*3.
5. Inst “ 2=* .%÷3 3L2, ,ƒ ì=ã=ƒ,…= “ 2=*,ì *!=“,"/ì *%“2þì%ì /

Š"%!,2åëü…/L “ 2=*%L *!=“,"%L Kë3ƒ*%L.
6. Prep “ .%÷3 “-%2%ã!=-,!%"=2ü“ " 2=*%ì *!=“,"%ì *%“2þìå /

o!åäë%›…/L " 2=*%L *!=“,"%L Kë3ƒ*å.
158
rC!=›…å…,å
o!%“*ë%… L2å “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, , ,“C%ëüƒ3 ä=……3þ "/øå “.åì3.
m.: *!=“,"/L *%“2þì, ì%ä…/L *%“2þì, “"å2ë/L *%“2þì, 2åì-

…/L *%“2þì, .ëåã=…2…/L *%“2þì, ä%!%ã%L *%“2þì
f.: *!=“,"= Kë3ƒ*=, ì%ä…= Kë3ƒ*=, …=! ä…= Kë3ƒ*=.
2. Падержные формы существительных и

прилагательных во множественном числе
1. Nom }2% ì%, ëþK,ì/å “23äå…2/.

hìå…,2åëü…/L
2. Gen r ìå… ì…%ã%

p%ä,2åëü…/L
-%2%ã!=-,L ì%,. ëþK,ì/. “23äå…2%".
3. Dat h…%ãä= C,ø3 C,“üì= ì%,ì ëþK,ì/ì “23äå…2=ì.

d=2åëü…/L
4. Acc “ C%ì…þ "“å ì%, ëþK,ì/å “2,., ,

b,…,2åëü…/L "“å. ì%,. ëþK,ì/. “23äå…2%".
5. Inst h…%ãä= "“2!å÷=þ“ü “ ì%,ì, ëþK,ì/ì, “23äå…2=ì,.

Š"%!,2åëü…/L
6. Prep “ ÷=“2% ä3ì=þ % ì%,. ëþK,ì/. “23äå…2=..

o!åäë%›…/L
o!,ìå!/ 3C!=›…å…,L …= %2!=K%2*3 C=äå›…/. -%!ì
1. o!%÷,2=L2å "/!=›å…, " *%ë%…*å &Prep.[ (o!åäë%›…/L

C=äå›) , %2ìå2ü2å Cëþ“%ì (+) 2å “2=2ü,, *%2%!/å b=“ ì%ã32
ƒ=,…2å!å“%"=2ü.
Nom. Prep.
2å!!%!,“2/ % 2å!!%!,“2=.
ì,ëë,%…å!/ % ì,ëë,%…å!=.
=!2,“2/ %K =!2,“2=.
2å=2!/, “Cå*2=*ë,, !å›,““å!/ % 2å=2!=., “Cå*2=*ë .,
!å›,““å!=.
159
ƒ"åƒä/ ø%3-K,ƒ…å“= % ƒ"åƒä=. ø%3-K,ƒ…å“=
!%*-ã!3CC/ % !%*-ã!3CC=.
"/“2="*,, .3ä%›…,*, % "/“2="*=., % .3ä%›…,*=.
“%!å"…%"=…, , “C%!2“ìå…/ % “%!å"…%"=…, ., % “C%!2“ìå…=.
-32K%ë , -32K%ë,“2/ % -32K%ëå , -32K%ë,“2=.
.%**åL , .%**å,“2/ % .%**åå , .%**å,“2=.
ì,ë,ö, , ì,ë,ö,%…å!/ % ì,ë,ö,, , ì,ë,ö,%…å!=.
C!å“23Cëå…, , C!å“23C…,*, % C!å“23Cëå…, . , C!å“23C…,*=.
C%ë,2,*, % C%ë,2,*=.
"/K%!/ C!åƒ,äå…2= % "/K%!=. C!åƒ,äå…2=
ë,äå!/ C=!2,L % ë,äå!=. C=!2,L
=!ì, , “%ëä=2/ , %-,öå!/ %K =!ì,,, “%ëä=2=. , %-,öå!=.
2. j=* K/ b/ C%“23C,ë, " “ëåä3þ?,. “,23=ö, .?

1. m%"/L ã%ä. j%ì3 b/ C%ä=!,2å C%ä=!%*? (!%ä,2åë ì,
“%“åä ì, ä!3ƒü ì, *%ëëåã=ì C% !=K%2å, %ä…%*ë=““…,*=ì,
3÷,2åë ì, "!=÷=ì)
2. b/ %2ä/.=å2å ƒ= ã!=…,öåL (" o=!,›å, " l%“*"å ,ë, "
bå…å). j%ì3 b/ C%øëå2å %2*!/2*,? (!%ä,2åë ì, “%“åä ì,
ä!3ƒü ì, *%ëëåã=ì C% !=K%2å, %ä…%*ë=““…,*=ì, 3÷,2åë ì,
"!=÷=ì).
3. r b=“ …å2 äå…åã.j *%ì3 b/ ì%›å2å %K!=2,2ü“ ƒ= C%ì%?üþ?
(* !%ä,2åë ì, * “%“åä ì, * ä!3ƒü ì, * *%ëëåã=ì C%
!=K%2å, * %ä…%*ë=““…,*=ì, * 3÷,2åë ì)
4. j%ì3 b/ C%øëå2å C!,ãë=øå…,å …= “"=äüK3? (“%“åä ì,
ä!3ƒü ì, *%ëëåã=ì C% !=K%2å, %ä…%*ë=““…,*=ì, 3÷,2åë ì,
!%ä“2"å……,*=ì)
5. j%…-ë,*2 " j%“%"%. j%ì3, b/ “÷,2=å2å, …=ä% K/ë%
C%ì%ã=2ü " Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü? (=ëK=…ö=ì, “å!K=ì, "%L“*=ì
m`Šn, äå2 ì, Kå›å…ö=ì)
3. o!åä“2="ü2å, ÷2% b/ O C!åƒ,äå…2 Kë=ã%2"%!,2åëü…%ã% -%…ä=
K%ëüø%ã% ã%!%ä=. q*=›,2å,*%ì3 b/ “÷,2=å2å …3›…/ì C%ì%ã=2ü
" Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü?
160
ã%“3ä=!“2"å……/ì ø*%ë=ì ,ë, ÷=“2…/ì ø*%ë=ì
ã%“3ä=!“2"å……/ì 3…,"å!“,2å2=ì ,ë, ÷=“2…/ì 3…,"å!“,2å2=ì
…=3÷…/ì *%ëëå*2,"=ì ,ë, 2=…öå"=ëü…/ì =…“=ìKë ì
äå2“*,ì ä%ì=ì ,ë, Kåä…/ì “åìü ì
Kåä…/ì ëþä ì ,ë, 2=ë=…2ë,"/ì äå2 ì
,ƒ"å“2…/ì C,“=2åë ì ,ë, ì%ë%ä/ì C,“=2åë ì
“2=!/ì ëþä ì ,ë, ì%ë%ä/ì ëþä ì
ì%ë%ä/ì 3÷å…/ì ,ë, ,ƒ"å“2…/ì 3÷å…/ì
,ƒ"å“2…/ì 2å=2!=ì ,ë, …%"/ì 2å=2!=ì
K%ëüø,ì 2å=2!=ì ,ë, ì=ëå…ü*,ì 2å=2!=ì
3. Выбор вида глагола в речи (завершающий этап)
rC!=›…å…,
1. j=*,å ƒ…=÷å…, "/!=›=þ2 -%!ì/ “%"å!øå……%ã% , …å“%"å!øå……%ã%

",ä=?
1. l/ "å“ü "å÷å! !åø=ë, ƒ=ä=÷,. “ !åø,ë= ƒ= "å÷å! C 2ü
ƒ=ä=÷.
2. “ "“2!å2,ë ä!3ã=, *%ãä= %2C!="ë ë C%“/ë*3. Š/ ä="…%
%2C!=",ë C%“/ë*3 “å“2!å?
3. l/ ì…%ã% !=ƒ "“2!å÷=ë,“ü , %K“3›ä=ë, …%"/å -,ëüì/. l/
%K“3ä,ë, "÷å!= …= ƒ=… 2,, …%"/L -,ëüì, , 2åCå!ü C,ø3
% …åì “%÷,…å…,å.
4. o% "å÷å!=ì C!,.%ä,ë ä!3ã, ì/ K!=ë, " !3*, ã,2=!3, Cåë,
ëþK,ì/å Cå“…,. b÷å!= C!,øåë ä!3ã , “Cåë …=ì “"%,
…%"/å Cå“…,.
b“C%ì…,2å %“…%"…/å C!=",ë= "/K%!= ",ä%" ãë=ã%ë=.
j%ììå…2=!,L 1. n“…%"…%å ƒ…=÷å…,å “%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä= O %ä…%*!=2…%å
äåL“2",å, ä%“2,ãøåå "…32!å……åã% C!åäåë= (å“ë,
"%ƒì%›å… !åƒ3ëü2=2 O 2% !åƒ3ëü2=2=). n“…%"…/å
ƒ…=÷å…, …å“%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä= O C!%öå““ äåL“2",
(!åƒ3ëü2=2 å?å …å ä%“2,ã…32) ,ë, …å%ä…%*!=2…%å
161
C%"2%!å…,å äåL“2", (!åƒ3ëü2=2 ì%›å2 K/2ü ä%“2,ã…32
,ë, …å2).
2. nKA “…,2å -%!ì/ “%"å!øå……%ã% , …å“%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä= "
%2!,ö=2åëü…/. C!åäë%›å…, .. )2% ƒ="å!ø,ë%“ü " 2å. “ë3÷= .,
*%ãä= ì/ 3C%2!åKë åì “%"å!øå……/L ",ä O äåL“2",å ,ë, "!åì ,
*%ãä= %…% ì%ãë% C!%,ƒ%L2,?
1. l/ ä%ëã% ƒ"=ë, åã% ä%ì%L, = %… "“å …å øåë, , "“å “å!ä,ë,“ü.
l/ C%ƒ"=ë, åã%, …% %… …å C%øåë, , ì/ 3øë, Kåƒ …åã%.
2. n… ì…å ì…%ã% !=ƒ ƒ"%…,ë, …% …,*%ãä= …å ã%"%!,ë % “"%,.
C!%Këåì=.. n… ì…å …,÷åã% …å “*=ƒ=ë % “"%,. C!%Këåì=..
3. n… "/øåë ,ƒ *%ì…=2/ , …å ƒ=*!/ë ä"å!ü. l/ C%“23÷=ë,“ü,
…% …=ì …å %2*!/"=ë,, *=* K3ä2% ÷åã%-2% ›ä=ë,.
j%ììå…2=!,L 2. b %2!,ö=2åëü…/. C!åäë%›å…, . …å“%"å!øå……/L ",ä
3C%2!åKë å2“ , *%ãä= "!åì "%ƒì%›…%ã% äåL“2", å?å
…å *%…÷,ë%“ü (*=* " C!%öå““å äåL“2", ) ,ë, *%ãä=
.2, "%ƒì%›…%“2, C%"2%! þ2“ (*=* C!, %K%ƒ…=÷å…,,
C%"2%! þ?åã%“ äåL“2", ).
3. b/!=›=å2“ ƒ…=÷å…,å äë,2åëü…%“2, ,ë, ì…%ã%*!=2…%“2,
ãë=ã%ë=ì, …å“%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä= " C!åäë%›å…, .:
1. “ !åø=ë 2=*,å ƒ=ä=÷,.
2. j2% ,ƒ "=“ ÷,2=ë .2%2 !%ì=…?
3. l/ %K“3›ä=ë, 3›å .23 C!%Këåì3.
4. Š/ Cå!åCë/"=ë …=ø3 !å*3?
j%ììå…2=!,L 3. e“ë, …3›…% “%%K?,2ü % -=*2å (äåL“2",å ,ìåë% ,ë,
K3äå2 ,ìå2ü ìå“2%) , "“å !="…%, *%ãä= .2% K/ë% ,
“*%ëü*% !=ƒ, 3C%2!åKë þ2 …å“%"å!øå……/L ",ä.
4. )åì !=ƒë,÷=þ2“ C!åäë%›å…, " C!="%ì , ëå"%ì “2%ëKöå?
O j 2åKå C!,øåë ä!3ã, %… O j 2åKå C!,.%ä,ë ä!3ã, …%
›äå2 " ã%“2,…%L. …å ä%›ä=ë“ 2åK , 3øåë.
O “ "ƒ ë ƒ%…2, %… 3 ìå… . O b÷å!= K!=ë ƒ%…2, = “åã%ä…
ƒ=K/ë.
O må ".%ä,, 2=ì %2*!/ë, O u%ë%ä…%, …="å!…%å,
%2*!/%*…%. "=ë, %*…%.
162
O n… 3",äåë “ëåä/ , C%… ë, O n… 3",äåë ÷3›%L Cë=?
…= ÷2% *2%-2% C!,.%ä,ë, *%ã- "åø=ë*å , C%… ë, ÷2%
ä= åã% …å K/ë%. *2%-2% C!,øåë.
b“C%ì…,2å ƒ…=÷å…, “%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä= , “*=›,2å, *=*%L ,ƒ
*%ìC%…å…2%" ƒ…=÷å…, Kë,›å "“åã% * “ì/“ë3 &!åƒ3ëü2=2 ,ìåå2“ [,
*%2%!/L "/!=›=å2“ " C!åäë%›å…, . ëå"%ã% “2%ëKö=.
j%ììå…2=!,L 4. e“ë, ãë=ã%ë " C!%øåäøåì "!åìå…, %K%ƒ…=÷=å2
äåL“2",å, !åƒ3ëü2=2 *%2%!%ã% ,ìåå2“ “åL÷=“ (,ë, *
2%ì3 "!åìå…,, *%2%!%å %C,“/"=å2“ ), 3C%2!åKë þ2
“%"å!øå……/L ",ä, " ä!3ã,. “ë3÷= . O …å“%"å!øå……/L
(.2% %2…%“,2“ * ãë=ã%ë=ì, %K%ƒ…=÷=þ?,ì äåL“2", ,
!åƒ3ëü2=2 *%2%!/. ëåã*% ë,*",ä,!%"=2ü O %2*!/2üO
ƒ=*!/2ü, C!,.%ä,2üO3.%ä,2ü , 2.C.). b/K,!= ,ƒ
ä"3. ",ä%", ã%"%! ?,L C%…,ì=å2, ÷2% “%"å!øå……/L
",ä “%%K?=å2 % !åƒ3ëü2=2å, = …å“%"å!øå……/L ì%›å2
%ƒ…=÷=2ü , äåL“2",å å?å Kåƒ !åƒ3ëü2=2=.o%.2%ì3, *%ãä=
…3›…% “%%K?,2ü % “%.!=…å…,, !åƒ3ëü2=2=, ë3÷øå “!=ƒ3
3C%2!åK,2ü “%"å!øå……/L ",ä.
5. b“2="ü2å ãë=ã%ë " …3›…%L ",ä%"%L -%!ìå.
1. påK 2=, “ì%2!,2å, *=*3þ *…,ã3 ... (C!,…å“OC!,…%“,ë)!
2. r ìå… “åL÷=“ .2%L *…,ã, …å2, ... (C!,…å“OC!,…%“,ë) åå
" C!%øë/L !=ƒ.
3. nC 2ü C%ë ã! ƒ…/L! ` åã% ... ("/ì/ëOì/ë).
4. Š/ ... ("ƒ ëOK!=ë) *…,ã3 , ä% “,. C%! …å "å!…3ë.
5. j2% ...(K!=ëO"ƒ ë) ì%L ì=ã…,2%-%…? bƒ 2/å "å?, …=ä%
*ë=“2ü …= ìå“2%, = …å K!%“=2ü ì=ã…,2%-%… …= ä,"=….
6. nC!åäåë,2å, * *=*%ì3 ì%ìå…23 "!åìå…, %2…%“,2“ “%.!=…å…,å
!åƒ3ëü2=2= " C!åäë%›å…, .:
1. n*…% ƒ=*!/ë, …åƒ=ä%ëã% ä% åã% C!,.%ä=, , " *%ì…=2å å?å
K/ë% .%ë%ä…%.
2. n… "%øåë " *%ì…=23 , C%… ë, ÷2% “åL- %2*!/"=ë,.
3. “ ƒ…=ë, ÷2% C,“üì% 3›å C!,…å“ë,, …% …å 2%!%C,ë“ åã%
,“*=2ü.
4. j%ãä= "å!…3ë“ , ì=ì= “*=ƒ=ë=, ÷2% 2/ C!,.%ä,ë, ,
“!=ƒ3 ›å C%Kå›=ë * 2åKå.
163
7. b“2="ü2å ãë=ã%ë " …3›…%L ",ä%"%L -%!ìå.
1. j%ãä= "å!…3ë“ , 3",äåë ÷åì%ä=…/ , C%… ë, ÷2%
(C!,å.=ë,OC!,åƒ›=ë,) ã%“2,.
2. b 2%2 "å÷å! …å 3ƒ…=ë, ÷2% *% ì…å ... (C!,.%ä,ë=OC!,øë=)
C%ä!3ã=.
3. “ 3ä,",ë“ , *%ãä= 3",äåë, ÷2% ="2%ì%K,ëü ... (C%äAå.=ëO
C%äAåƒ›=ë) * “=ì%ì3 ä%ì3 , “2%,2 3 ä"å!åL.
8. )2% "/ “*=›å2å " “ëåä3þ?,. “,23=ö, .? ("/Kå!,2å …3›…/L
ãë=ã%ë ,ƒ “*%K%*).
1. b C!,.%›åL ëå›,2 !=ƒK,2= "=ƒ= (C!,.%ä,ëOC!,øåë).
2. d!3ã “C,2 C!, %2*!/2%ì %*…å (%2*!/"=ëO%2*!/ë).
3. b=øåL ã,2=!/ …å2 …= ìå“2å (K!=ëO"ƒ ë).
4. b=ø 3÷åK…,* ëå›,2 …å …= “"%åì ìå“2å, %… ƒ=C=÷*=… (K!=ëO
"ƒ ë).
5. n*%ë% "%!%2 “ëåä/ ì=ø,…/ (C%äAå.=ë=OC%äAåƒ›=ë=).
9. o!,ä3ì=L2å , !=ƒ/ã!=L2å ä,=ë%ã, …= 2åì3: &cäå ì%, "å?,?[,
&d%ã=ä=L“ , *2% C!,.%ä,ë[, ,“C%ëüƒ3L2å ãë=ã%ë/ " …3›…%ì ",äå.
10. q!="…,2å 3C%2!åKëå…,å ",ä%" ãë=ã%ë= " C!="%L , ëå"%L *%ë%…*å.
j=*%L ",ä 3C%2!åKë å2“ , *%ãä= …å “%“2% ë%“ü %›,ä=åì%å
äåL“2",å?
1. u%2åë C%L2, " ã%“2, O , …å )2% 2/, …å .%ä,ë " ã%“-
C%øåë. 2,!
2. o%÷åì3 2/ …å C%å.=ë “% "“å- “ …å åƒä,ë …= .*“*3!“,þ,
ì,, 2/ ›å ƒ=C,“=ë“ ! “C!%“, % …åL 3 l=!,…/.
3. hƒ",…,, ÷2% …å ƒ=Cå! ä"å!ü, “ …å ƒ=C,!=ë .23 ä"å!ü.
*=* 2/ C!%“,ë.
j%ììå…2=!,L 5. b %2!,ö=2åëü…/. C!åäë%›å…, . "/K,!=å2“
“%"å!øå……/L ",ä, *%ãä= !å÷ü ,äå2 % *%…*!å2…%ì
%›,ä="øåì“ äåL“2",,, *%2%!%å …å “%“2% ë%“ü,
C%“*%ëü*3 %… "“åãä= 3C%2!åKë å2“ , *%ãä= ã%"%!,2“ %
*%…*!å2…%ì äåL“2",,. e“ë, %2!,ö=å2“ -=*2 äåL“2",
"%%K?å, 2% 3C%2!åKë å2“ …å“%"å!øå……/L ",ä,
*%2%!/L ,ìåå2 %K?å-=*2,÷å“*%å ƒ…=÷å…,å. h…%ãä= "
164
“ë3÷=å %›,ä=åì%ã% äåL“2", "%ƒì%›…/ %K= ",ä= O .2%
ƒ=",“,2 %2 2%ã%, .%÷å2 ë, ã%"%! ?,L C%ä÷å!*…32ü åã%
%›,ä=åì%“2ü.
11. n2"å2ü2å …= "%C!%“/, 3C%2!åK," ãë=ã%ë/ ,ƒ “*%K%*.
1. Š/ %2C!=",ë C,“üì%, *%2%!%å Š/ 3ìååøü %2C!="ë 2ü ƒ=-
2åKå ä=ë? (…å %2C!=",ëO *=ƒ…/å C,“üì= " `"“2!=-
…å %2C!="ë ë). ë,þ? (…å %2C!=",ëO…å
%2C!="ë ë).
2. r÷,2åëü .%2åë C%“2=",2ü 2å- j=*,å %öå…*, K/ë, 3 2åK
Kå ä"%L*3? (…å “2=",ëO " ø*%ëå? (…å “2=",ëO…å C%-
…å C%“2=",ë). “2=",ë).
3. Š/ .%2åë %KA “…,2ü“ äå"3ø- r 2åK å“2ü %C/2 %KA “…å-
*å " ëþK",? (…å %KA “…,ë- …, " ëþK",? (…å %KA “-
“ O…å %KA “… ë“ ). …,ë“ O…å %KA “… ë“ ).
12. q!="…,2å "%C!%“,2åëü…/å , %2!,ö=2åëü…/å C!åäë%›å…, . o%
*=*%ì3 C!=",ë3 "/K,!=å2“ ",ä ãë=ã%ë= " %K?å"%C!%“,2åëü…/.
C!åäë%›å…, .?
1. Š/ C%øåë " ã%“2, *=* “%K,- O må2, …å C%øåë.
!=ë“ ?
2. Š/ .%ä,ë * !åK 2=ì " ã%“2,? O e?å …å .%ä,ë.
4. Š/ C%å.=ë …= 23 .*“*3!- O må C%å.=ë, …å K/ë% äå-
“,þ, …= *%2%!3þ ƒ=C,“=ë“ …åã.
"% "2%!…,*?
5. Š/ åƒä,ë …= .*“*3!“,þ? O må2, …å åƒä,ë, “C!%“,
l%›åøü !=““*=ƒ=2ü % …åL? % …åL 3 l=!,…/.
j%ììå…2=!,L 6. b %K?å"%C!%“,2åëü…/. C!åäë%›å…, . ",ä ãë=ã%ë=
"/K,!=å2“ 2=* ›å, *=* , " %2!,ö=2åëü…/..
13. o!%ä%ë›,2å C!åäë%›å…, , ,“C%ëüƒ3 ãë=ã%ë/ ,ƒ “*%K%*.
1. l/ “%K,!=ë,“ü …= *%…öå!2, …% ... (C%L2,).
2. l%L ä!3ã ìå÷2=ë % C!%-å““,L "!=÷=, …% ... (“2=2ü,
“2=…%",2ü“ ).
3. “ ä%ëã% “%K,!=ë“ "/“23C,2ü “ ä%*ë=ä%ì, …% ... ("/“23C,2ü,
"/“23C=2ü).
165
4. u%2 ì% ›å…= ëþK,2 *3!%!2/, …% ... (å.=2ü, C%å.=2ü).
14. o!åä“2="ü2å, ÷2% "/ ƒ…=ë,, ÷2% "=ø ä!3ã .%2åë äåë=2ü
…= *=…,*3ë=.. ŠåCå!ü "/ "“2!å2,ë,“ü C%“ëå *=…,*3ë, , "/
3ƒ…=å2å, ÷2% %… äåë=ë, *=*,å Cë=…/ "/C%ë…,ë, = *=*,å O …å2.
o%äã%2%"ü2å ä,=ë%ã. o!%"å!ü2å ",ä ãë=ã%ë= " "%C!%“,2åëü…/. ,
%2!,ö=2åëü…/. C!åäë%›å…, .. p=ƒ/ã!=L2å ä,=ë%ã.
15. nKA “…,2å "/K%! ",ä= " C!åäë%›å…, ..
1. Š/ ƒ=*!/ë %*…% Cå!åä 3.%ä%ì?
2. Š/ C!,"%ƒ,ë “ )å!…%ã% ì%! ä%ì%L *!=K%"? O o!,"%ƒ,ë.r
ìå… , “åL÷=“ …= “2%ë,*å ëå›,2 “3øå…/L *!=K.
3. nL, …å "/*ëþ÷,ë “"å2 " *%ì…=2å!
4. Š/ "“å “*!/"=åøü %2 ä!3ƒåL. b%2 2/ ã%"%!,ë ,ì % “"%åL
“"=äüKå?
j%ììå…2=!,L 7. dë 2%ã% ÷2%K/ "/K!=2ü …3›…/L ",ä, …3›…% "ƒ"å“,2ü,
*=*%L “ì/“ë ƒäå“ü "=›…åå O 2%2, *%2%!/L "/!=›=å2“
“%"å!øå……/ì ",ä%ì, ,ë, 2%2, *%2%!/L "/!=›=å2“
…å“%"å!øå……/ì ",ä%ì. m=C!,ìå!, " Cå!"%ì C!,ìå!å
"=›…%, ÷2%K/ %*…% K/ë% ƒ=*!/2%. o%.2%ì3, .%2
…,*2% …å ã%"%!,2, ÷2% .2% äåL“2",å %›,ä=ë%“ü,
3C%2!åKë å2“ “%"å!øå……/L ",ä (“ì. *%ììå…2=!,L
4). b% "2%!%ì C!,ìå!å “%.!=…å…,å !åƒ3ëü2=2= …å 2=*
"=›…%, *=* “=ì -=*2 äåL“2", , C%.2%ì3 3C%2!åKë å2“
…å“%"å!øå……/L ",ä (“ì. *%ììå…2=!,L 3). b 2!å2üåì
C!,ìå!å "=›å… !åƒ3ëü2=2 O “"å2 …å "/*ëþ÷å….
m=*%…åö, " ÷å2"å!2%ì C!,ìå!å "=›å… …å !åƒ3ëü2=2
(÷2% ä!3ƒü ƒ…=þ2), = “=ì -=*2, ÷2% %… ,ì .2% “*=ƒ=ë.
e“ë, K/ ã%"%! ?,L C%“÷,2=ë, ÷2%, …=%K%!%2, "=›å…
!åƒ3ëü2=2, %… ì%ã K/ 3C%2!åK,2ü “%"å!øå……/L ",ä: Š/
“*=ƒ=ë ,ì % “"%åL “"=äüKå?
16. j=*%L ",ä "/ "/Kå!å2å äë “ëåä3þ?,. C!åäë%›å…,L:
1. o%÷åì3 ,ƒ *3.…, ,äå2 ä/ì? m="å!…%å, *2%-2% (…å
"/*ëþ÷,ëO…å "/*ëþ÷=ë) Cë,23. (b=›å… !åƒ3ëü2=2: …=
…å"/*ëþ÷å……%L Cë,2å ÷2%-2% ã%!,2.)
2. Š/ (K!=ëO"ƒ ë) .2%2 ƒ%…2,* …å “C!%“," ìå… ? (b=›å…
-=*2: å“ë, …å “C!%“,ë, 2% …=!3ø,ë C!=",ë=.)
3. Š/ (äåë=ëO“äåë=ë) 2%, ÷2% 2åK C!%“,ë, O (*3C,ëO
166
C%*3C=ë) äë "÷å!=ø…åã% C!=ƒä…,*= ö"å2/? (b=›…%
“%"å!øå…,å %›,ä=åì%ã% äåL“2", , = !åƒ3ëü2=2, …="å!…%å,
…å “%.!=…å… O ö"å2/ 3›å ƒ=" ë,.)
4. f=ëü, ÷2% 2/ (…å C!,…å“O…å C!,…%“,ë) ì%!%›å…%å: “åL÷=“
K/ ì/ åã% C%åë,. (b=›å… !åƒ3ëü2=2 O å“2ü ì%!%›å…%å ,ë,
…å2, = 2%, ÷2% äåL“2",å …å %›,ä=ë%“ü ƒ=!=…åå, !%ë, …å
,ã!=å2.)
4. Глагол-связка есть в настоящем времени
cë=ã%ë-“" ƒ*= å“2ü " …=“2% ?åì "!åìå…, ,…%ãä= …å “2=",2“
(%C3“*=å2“ ). }2% ƒ=",“,2 %2 2%ã%, ÷2% "ë å2“ "=›…/ì "
“%%K?å…,,.
cë=ã%ë å“2ü “2=",2“ , å“ë, " "/“*=ƒ/"=…,, “%%K?=å2“ %
…=ë,÷,, ÷åã%-2% 3 *%ã%-2% ,ë, ãäå-2% (“ì/“ë …=ë,÷, C%C=ä=å2 "
!åì3): r ìå… å“2ü *%…-å2/,*2% .%÷å2? b …=øåì ã%!%äå ä=›å å“2ü
“%K“2"å……/L 2å=2!!
1. n2"å2ü2å …= "%C!%“, 3C%2!åK," "/“*=ƒ/"=…,å “ ãë=ã%ë%ì-“" ƒ*%L å“2ü.
n K ! = ƒ å ö: j=* %2*!/2ü *%…“å!"/? O r ìå… å“2ü *%…“å!"-
…/L …%›.
1. j%ì…=2= ƒ=Cå!2=. )2% äåë=2ü?
2. ŠåKå …3›å… "2%!%L K,ëå2 …= "å÷å!?
3. nL, “åL÷=“ C%Läå2 ä%›äü.
4. cäå *3C,2ü .ëåK, ÷2%K/ …åä=ëå*% %2.%ä,2ü %2
%K?å›,2, ?
5. Š=* .%÷å2“ C%“ë3ø=2ü ì3ƒ/*3!
6. l/ “ì%›åì C%“ì%2!å2ü ",äå%*=““å23?
2. ` 2åCå!ü %2"å2ü2å …= 2å ›å "%C!%“/ %2!,ö=2åëü…%. b% "“å.
“ë3÷= . " %2!,ö=…,, K3äå2 “ë%"% …å2.
3. p=““*=›,2å,
=) å“2ü ë, " "=øåì ã%!%äå 2å=2!, ö,!*, !å*=, Cë ›;
K) *=*,å 3 "=“ å“2ü .ëå*2!,÷å“*,å C!,K%!/ (!=ä,%, ÷=L…,* ,
2.C.).
cë=ã%ë å“2ü …å “2=",2“ , å“ë, " "/“*=ƒ/"=…,, “%%K?=å2“ %
“"%L“2"=. 2%ã%, ÷2% ,ìåå2“ ãäå-2% ,ë, 3 *%ã%-2%: r ìå… …%"/å
167
23-ë, (2%, ÷2% 3 ìå… ÷2%-2% å“2ü, " .2%ì “ë3÷=å …å “%%K?=å2“ ,
= “÷,2=å2“ %÷å",ä…/ì. b%C!%“ 2%ëü*%, ÷2ó 3 ìå… å“2ü). b …=øåì
ã%!%äå *!=“,"/L öå…2! (2%, ÷2% öå…2! å“2ü, , 2=* C%… 2…%, …=ä%
2%ëü*% “%%K?,2ü, *=*%L %…).
rC!=›…å…,
1. n2"å2ü2å …= "%C!%“/, …å 3C%2!åKë ãë=ã%ë-“" ƒ*3 K/2ü:

1. j=*= 3 "=“ *"=!2,!=?
2. )2% “åL÷=“ Cå!åä 2%K%L?
3. )2% 3 "=“ " ã%!%äå …= öå…2!=ëü…%L Cë%?=ä,?
4. j=*%å ƒ=… 2,å 3 …=“ “åL÷=“ C% !=“C,“=…,þ?
2. oå!åä "=ì, 32"å!ä,2åëü…/å %2"å2/ …= "%C!%“/. ` "/ %2"å2ü2å
…= …,. %2!,ö=2åëü…%. b% "“å. “ë3÷= . " %2!,ö=…,, K3äå2
÷=“2,ö= …å.
n K ! = ƒ å ö: r …=“ K%ëüø= *"=!2,!= O r …=“ …å K%ëüø=
*"=! 2,!=.
1. oå!åä% ì…%L *…,ã=.
2. r …=“ " ã%!%äå …= öå…2!=ëü…%L Cë%?=ä,
“% K%!, ƒä=…,å =äì,…,“2!=ö,, , 3…,"å!ì=ã.
3. r …=“ “åL÷=“ !3““*,L ƒ/*.
3. nKA “…,2å, C%÷åì3 " C!åäë%›å…, . …å 3C%2!åKëå… ãë=ã%ë-“" ƒ*=
å“2ü:
1.r …=“ ì…%ã% C!%Këåì.
2. r ì%åL “å“2!/ ä"%å äå2åL.
3. r 2åK “,…,å ãë=ƒ=.
4. b ä%ìå C 2ü .2=›åL.
5. b ä%ìå "/“%*,å C%2%ë*,.
6. m= ã=ƒ%…å ì%ë%ä= 2!="*=.
7. aë,›=Lø,L ì=ã=ƒ,… ƒ= 3ãë%ì.
8. n2"å2/ …= ƒ=ä=…, " *%…öå *…,ã,.
9. r …åã% ã!,CC.
168
10.r …=“ “åã%ä… C!=ƒä…,*!
j%ììå…2=!,L 1. b …å*%2%!/. C!åäë%›å…, . ƒ…=÷å…,å “" ƒ*, C% “ì/“ë3
…å ì%›å2 K/2ü “%%K?å…,åì (, ãë=ã%ë å“2ü …å ì%›å2
3C%2!åKë 2ü“ ). }2%
=) "/“*=ƒ/"=…, “% “ë%"=ì, ì…%ã% , “ ÷,“ë,2åëü…/-
ì,: r ìå… ä"= K!=2=;
K) C!åäë%›å…, , *%2%!/å Kåƒ .=!=*2å!,“2,*, Kå“-
“ì/“ëå……/ (" ä%ìå "/“%*,å C%2%ë*,, …åëüƒ “%%K-
?,2ü, ÷2% " ä%ìå å“2ü C%2%ë*, O .2% , 2=* C%… 2…%);
") C!, %C,“=…,, ìå“2%C%ë%›å…, : o3ø*,…“*= Cë%-
?=äü " ä"3.“2=. ìå2!=. %2“þä= (ì%›…% "“2=",2ü
ãë=ã%ë …=.%ä,2“ );
ã) C!, “%%K?å…,, % “%“2% …, . , “%K/2, . (…=C!,-
ìå!, K%ëåƒ… .): r …åã% Kå““%……,ö=. j%ãä= 3 "=“ .*ƒ=-
ìå…/?
4. p=““*=›,2å % “åìüå, ,“C%ëüƒ3 “ëåä3þ?,å “"åäå…, .
d"%å äå2åL, %…, “,…åãë=ƒ/å, *=* ì=ì=.l…%ã% *…,ã , ,ã!3øå*.
u%!%ø= *"=!2,!= O 2!, *%ì…=2/. b/“%*,å C%2%ë*,. d%ì "
öå…2!å, ! ä%ì “ ì=ã=ƒ,…=ì, , C=!*%ì.
5. p=““*=›,2å % “"%åì ,…“2,232å: ãäå %… !=“C%ë%›å…, “*%ëü*%
“23äå…2%" " ,…“2,232å, …= -=*3ëü2å2å, " "=øåL ã!3CCå.
nC,ø,2å =3ä,2%!,,, " *%2%!/. "/ ƒ=…,ì=å2å“ü, !=““*=›,2å %
K,Kë,%2å*å.
6. j=* "/ C%…,ì=å2å ä,=ë%ã:
qåã%ä… ƒ=… 2=, 3 ìå… 2å2!=ä,.O ` 3 ìå… “åã%ä… K=““åL….
` ƒ="2!= 2å=2!.
g=ìå…,2å .2, -!=ƒ/ K%ëåå C%… 2…/ì,.
n K ! = ƒ å ö: r ìå… 2å2!=ä,. O “ ä%ë›å… C!%"å! 2ü 2å2!=ä,.
nKA “…,2å, C%÷åì3 " .2,. “ë3÷= . ãë=ã%ë-“" ƒ*= å“2ü …å “2=",2“ .
7. o!%÷,2=L2å 2å*“2. b *=*,. C!åäë%›å…, . ã%"%!,2“ %
“%K/2, ., "…åø…,. %K“2% 2åëü“2"=., = " *=*,. O % …=ë,÷,,
C!åäìå2%"?
O påK 2=, 3 ìå… å“2ü K,ëå2 …= “åã%ä… . j2% .%÷å2 C%L2,
" 2å=2!? O “ …å ì%ã3. r ìå… K=““åL…. O ` 3 ìå… ä%ì=
…åC!, 2…%“2,, …å .%÷å2“ . O ` 3 ìå… , …=%K%!%2, !=ä%“2ü O
169
C!åì,þ C%ë3÷,ë.“ C%Lä3.O ` 2/ C%÷åì3 …å ,äåøü? O r ìå…
*=øåëü.
8. b=“ C!,ãë=ø=þ2 " *,…%. b/ %2*=ƒ/"=å2å“ü, =!ã3ìå…2!,!3 “"%L
%2*=ƒ !=ƒ…/ì, C!,÷,…=ì,. h“C%ëüƒ3L2å *%…“2!3*ö,,," *%2%!/.
ãë=ã%ë-“" ƒ*= å“2ü …å 3C%2!åKë å2“ .
9. q!="…,2å ä"= C!åäë%›å…, . b *=*%ì “ë3÷=å .%!%ø,. 3÷å…,*%"
K%ëüøå?
b …=øåL ã!3CCå å“2ü .%!%ø,å 3÷å…,*,. b …=øåL ã!3CCå
.%!%ø,å 3÷å…,*,.
j%ììå…2=!,L 2. o!åäë%›å…, Kåƒ ãë=ã%ë=-“" ƒ*, “%%K?=þ2 %
.=!=*2å!,“2,*å, ƒ…=÷,2, %…= %2…%“,2“ *% "“åì ë,ö=ì
,ë, C!åäìå2=ì (3 …=“ .%!%ø,å 3÷å…,*, O "“å 3÷å…,*,
.%!%ø,å). o!åäë%›å…, “% “" ƒ*%L å“2ü “%%K?=þ2 %
…=ë,÷,,, ƒ…=÷,2, " ã!3CCå å“2ü , ä!3ã,å (å“2ü .%!%ø,å
3÷å…,*, = å“2ü .%!%ø,å, = å“2ü , Cë%.,å).
10. j=*,å C!åäë%›å…, "/ ì%ãë, K/ %2…å“2, * “åKå:
r ìå… .%!%ø,å ä!3ƒü . O r ìå… å“2ü .%!%ø,å ä!3ƒü . b ì%åL
!=K%2å ,…2å!å“…/å ì/“ë,. O b ì%åL !=K%2å å“2ü ,…2å!å“…/å
ì/“ë,. b ,…“2,232å ,…2å!å“…/å ƒ=… 2, . O b ,…“2,232å å“2ü
,…2å!å“…/å ƒ=… 2, . b …=øåì ã%!%äå *!=“,"/å ƒä=…, . O b
…=øåì ã%!%äå å“2ü *!=“,"/å ƒä=…, .
b C!åäë%›å…, . %2%›äå“2"ëå…, ãë=ã%ë-“" ƒ*=, *=* C!=",ë%,
…å “2=",2“ : l%L ä!3ã O “23äå…2. h“*ëþ÷å…,å O …=3÷…/å
%C!åäåëå…, : b=!,=2,"…%“2ü å“2ü !å=ëü…%å “"%L“2"% !3““*%L
!å÷,. j!%ìå 2%ã%, å“2ü C% "ë å2“ , å“ë, “ì/“ë %2%›äå“2"ëå…,
C%ä÷å!*,"=å2“ “ C%ì%?üþ ÷=“2,ö/ ,: m=ä%, ÷2%K/ "“å “2=ë,
“C%!2“ìå…=ì,. O ` ì/ 3›å , å“2ü “C%!2“ìå…/.
5. Порядок слов в предложении
rC!=›…å…,
1. o!%=…=ë,ƒ,!3L2å 2å*“2 , %2ìå2ü2å, *%ãä= “ë%"= %ä…%L ÷=“2,

!å÷, “2% 2 C%“ëå “ë%" ä!3ã%L ÷=“2, !å÷,:
1. b ëå“3, …= C%ë ., C%ä *=›ä/ì äå!å"öåì, ƒ= *3“2=ì, , 3
170
“2=!/. C…åL C!%K3›ä=ë=“ü …%"= ›,ƒ…ü. (o%ä“*=ƒ*=: ãäå
“2%,2 C!åäë%ã?)
2. l/ !=““2=ë,“ü ì%ë÷=, , .2% K/ë% %÷å…ü %K,ä…%, C%2%ì3
÷2% .2% K/ë ÷åë%"å*, “/…3 *%2%!%ã% C%“" 2,ë “2%ëü*%
"!åìå…,.
(o%ä“*=ƒ*=: ãäå “2% 2 “%þƒ/? b…,ì=…,å: “%þƒ…%å “ë%"%
*%2%!/L ì%›å2 “2% 2ü …å " …=÷=ëå C!åäë%›å…, , å“ë, %…%
ƒ=ìå… å2 C!,2 ›=2åëü…%å ìå“2%,ìå…,å: “/…3 *%2%!%ã% = åã% “/…3.
Š%ãä= %…% “2%,2 C%“ëå “ë%"=, * *%2%!%ì3 %2…%“,2“ .)
j%ììå…2=!,L 1. b !3““*%ì ƒ/*å å“2ü Kåƒ3“ë%"…/å, “2!%ã,å C!=",ë=
!=“C%ë%›å…, “ë%" " C!åäë%›å…,,. }2% C%“2=…%"*=
C!åäë%ã= Cå!åä “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì, * *%2%!%ì3
%… %2…%“,2“ (" “,…åì ì%!å), “%þƒ= O " …=÷=ëå
C!,“%åä,… åì%ã% C!åäë%›å…, ,ë, “ë%"%“%÷å2=…,
(*%ãä= ",äåë, …% …å C!,øåë), “%þƒ…%ã% “ë%"= *%2%!/L,
%2…%“ ?åã%“ * “3?å“2",2åëü…%ì3 ,ƒ C!,ä=2%÷…%ã%
(“2=",2“ C%“ëå …åã%: K!=2 *%2%!%ã% ìå… ƒ…=å2).
2. nK!=ƒ3L2å ,ƒ ä"3. C!åäë%›å…,L %ä…% “ë%›…%å. nK!=2,2å
"…,ì=…,å …= ìå“2% “%þƒ…%ã% “ë%"= *%2%!/L.
1. g=…,ì=ë“ …%"/L äå…ü. j åã% *%…ö3 ì…%ã%å ä%ë›…% K/ë%
%C!åäåë,2ü“ .
2. “ ã%"%!,ë “% “23äå…2%ì. eã% “å“2!3 ƒ…=ë å?å …= !%ä,…å.
3. qåL÷=“ "“å. "%ë…3å2 %ƒ%…%"/L “ë%L. eã% …åä%“2=2%* ì%›å2
K/2ü %C=“…/ì äë ›,ƒ…, …= gåìëå.
3. o!%÷,2=L2å %C,“=…,å ëå“=. oå!å“*=›,2å åã%, ,“C%ëüƒ3 “ë%›…/å
C!åäë%›å…, “% “ë%"%ì *%2%!/L.
l/ !=““*=›åì % ãë="…%ì K%ã=2“2"å p%““,,. m= åå C!%“2%!=.
!=“*,…3ë,“ü ."%L…/å, ë,“2"å……/å , “ìåø=……/å ëå“=.
q=ì/å öå……/å C%!%ä/ O ."%L…/å. h. ä!å"å“,…= ,äå2 …=
“2!%,2åëü“2"%. u"%L…/. äå!å"üå" ì…%ã% …= qå"å!å , " q,K,!,.
kå“= q,K,!, …%“ 2 %“%K%å …=ƒ"=…,å O 2=Lã=. m= ì…%ã% “%2å…
*,ë%ìå2!%" 2 …å2“ 2=å›…/L ëå“, C%ä åã% "å2" ì, …=.%ä 2
C!,þ2 , “%K%ë,, , ë,“/, , ä=›å ìåä"åä,.
j%ììå…2=!,L 2. q%ãë=“%"=……/å %C!åäåëå…, , *=* C!=",ë%, “2% 2
Cå!åä %C!åäåë åì/ì “ë%"%ì ("å“åë/å !åK 2=), = …å“%-
ãë=“%"=……/å O C%“ëå (2å2!=äü ä!3ã=, *…,ã= % *%“ì%“å).
171
4. m= %“…%"=…,, C!,ìå!%" “*=›,2å, " *=*%ì C%! ä*å ,ä32
%C!åäåëå…, , å“ë, “!åä, …,. å“2ü ìå“2%,ìå…, (3*=ƒ=2åëü…/å:
.2%2, 2=*%L, C!,2 ›=2åëü…/å: ì%L, åã%, C%! ä*%"/å: Cå!"/L,
äå“ 2/L):
“ C%… ë, ÷2% " .2%2 ì%L Cå!"/L “=ì%“2% 2åëü…/L äå…ü
"“å !åø,2“ . d/!*= …= ì%åì …%"%ì C,ä›=*å ã!%ƒ,ë=
…åC!, 2…%“2 ì,. b 2=*%ì åã% !åøå…,, …å K/ë% …,÷åã% …%"%ã%.
b åå Cå!"/. !%K*,. “2,.=. 3›å ",äå… K%ëüø%L 2=ë=…2.
j%ììå…2=!,L 3. nC!åäåëå…, ,ä32 " 2=*%ì C%! ä*å: %C!åäåë,2åëü…%å
(*=›ä/L, ëþK%L, "“ *,L), 3*=ƒ=2åëü…%å (.2%2, 2%2,
2=*%L), C!,2 ›=2åëü…%å (ì%L, …=ø , 2.C.), C%! ä*%"%å
(Cå!"/L, äå“ 2/L) (ä!3ã%L ì%›å2 “2=",2ü“ ä% ,ë,
C%“ëå 3*=ƒ=2åëü…/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L: *=›ä/L 2=*%L
ø=ã, .2%2 ì%L “=ì/L Cå!"/L %C/2). nC!åäåëå…, -
C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/å “2% 2 Kë,›å "“å. * “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì
(ì%L .%!%ø,L ä!3ã).
5. p=““2="ü2å %C!åäåëå…, .
q23äå…2 (.%!%ø,L, *=›ä/L) ä%ë›å… “"%å"!åìå……% "/C%ë… 2ü
ƒ=ä=…, . p=K%2= (ì% , Cå!"= , .2=) ƒ=C%ì…,ë=“ü ì…å …="“åãä=. b
äå…ü ("å“å……,L, Cå!"/L, “=ì/L, .2%2) C!%,ƒ%øë, 3ä,",2åëü…/å
“%K/2, .
6. o!,ä3ì=L2å %C!åäåëå…, * C%ä÷å!*…32/ì “ë%"=ì.
q23äå…2/ “ …å2å!Cå…,åì ›ä=ë, Cå!"%ã% ,þ… . b äå…ü
C!%"%ä,ë, .*ƒ=ìå…. m= .*ƒ=ìå…å ä%ë›…/ K/ë, %C!åäåë,2ü“
!åƒ3ëü2=2/ !=K%2/.l/ C!%÷,2=ë, "%C!%“/.m= "%C!%“/ ì%ãë,
%2"å2,2ü 2%ëü*% 2å, *2% .%!%ø% ƒ=…,ì=ë“ " 2å÷å…,å ã%ä=.
7. p=““*=›,2å % "=ø,. .*ƒ=ìå…=., ,“C%ëüƒ3 %C!åäåëå…, O
ìå“2%,ìå…, , C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/å.
Порядок слов в высказывании из текста

o%! ä%* “ë%" "% ì…%ã%ì ƒ=",“,2 %2 C!åäøå“2"3þ?åã% 2å*“2=
, %2 2%ã%, ÷2% ã%"%! ?,L “÷,2=å2 "=›…/ì äë “%%K?å…, .
b "/“*=ƒ/"=…,, “…=÷=ë=, *=* C!=",ë%, …=ƒ/"=å2“ , % ÷åì
K3äå2 “%%K?å…,å (2åì= "/“*=ƒ/"=…, ), = ƒ=2åì O ÷2% K3äå2
172
“%%K?å…% (!åì=):
j 32!3 (2åì=) C%.%ë%ä=ë% (!åì=). r÷,2åëü…,ö= (2åì=)
C%"å!…3ë=“ü * *ë=““3 (!åì=).
b “" ƒ…%ì 2å*“2å 2åì%L “2=…%",2“ C%… 2,å 3›å …=ƒ"=……%å
" C!åä/ä3?,. "/“*=ƒ/"=…, . ,ë, 2=*%å, % *%2%!%ì ëåã*%
ä%ã=ä=2ü“ :
m= ä!3ã%L äå…ü "/øåë …= !=K%23. p=K%2=ë (2åì=) “ K%ëüø,ì
“2=!=…,åì (!åì=). r÷,2åëü…,ö= "%øë= " *ë=““. r÷å…,*, (2åì=,
ì%›…% ä%ã=ä=2ü“ , ÷2% " *ë=““å K3ä32 3÷å…,*,) "“2=ë, (!åì=).
)=“2% 2åì%L K/"=å2 C%äëå›=?åå ,ë, %K“2% 2åëü“2"% ìå“2= ,
"!åìå…,. m% ì%ã32 K/2ü , ä!3ã,å “ë3÷=,, …=C!,ìå!, “*=ƒ3åì%å,
“!. p=K%2=ë “ K%ëüø,ì “2=!=…,åì.
1. o!%=…=ë,ƒ,!3L2å ÷ëå…å…,å …= 2åì3 (C%ä÷å!*…32%) , !åì3 "
%2!/"*å. o%÷åì3 2åì%L “2=ë, ,ìå……% ä=……/å “ë%"=?
&që="= a%ã3[, O C%ä3ì=ë `ëåø=. m% `ëåøå …å 3ä=ë%“ü ä%ëã%
ä3ì=2ü: “ …,ì "ä!3ã “ë3÷,ë%“ü %ä…% C!%,“øå“2",å.j=* 2%ëü*%
%… C!%øåë Cë%?=äü, %… 3",äåë *3÷*3 ø*%ëü…,*%". n…,
!=“.%ä,ë,“ü C% ä%ì=ì ,ƒ *ë=““=.b“ ã!3CC= %›,"ëå……% % ÷åì-
2% 2%ë*%"=ë=.
2. o!%ä%ë›,2å C!åäë%›å…, , "/K!=" ,ƒ “*%K%* …3›…/L "=!,=…2.
r÷,2åëü…,ö= C%ä%øë= * ø*%ëå. (x*%ë= …=.%ä,ë=“ü 3 ø%““å.
r ø%““å …=.%ä,ë=“ü ø*%ë=.) r÷,2åëü…,ö= "%øë= " *ë=““.
(r÷å…,*, "“2=ë,. b“2=ë, 3÷å…,*,.) m=÷=ë“ 3!%*. (Šåì3
&q3?å“2",2åëü…%å[ %KA “… ë= 3÷,2åëü…,ö=. r÷,2åëü…,ö=
%KA “… ë= 2åì3 &q3?å“2",2åëü…%å[.) r÷,2åëü…,ö= C!%“,ë=
3÷å…,*%" C!,"å“2, C!,ìå!/. (g…=*%ì/å C!åäìå2/ …=ƒ/"=ë,
3÷å…,*,. r÷å…,*, …=ƒ/"=ë, ƒ…=*%ì/å C!åäìå2/.)
3. o!,ä3ì=L2å 2å*“2, " *%2%!%ì " "/“*=ƒ/"=…, . K/ë, K/
“ëåä3þ?,å 2åì/ (*!%ìå …,., "%ƒì%›…/ , ä!3ã,å "/“*=ƒ/"=…, ):
r…,"å!“,2å2. q23äå…2/. r÷=2“ . kå*ö,,. a,Kë,%2å*=. på-å!=2/.
bå÷å!%ì.
Порядок слов в независимом высказывании

e“ë, C!åäë%›å…,å %2*!/"=å2 2å*“2 ,ë, “2%,2 ,ƒ%ë,!%"=……%
, …å “" ƒ=…% “ C!åä/ä3?,ì 2å*“2%ì, C%! ä%* “ë%" ƒ=",“,2 %2
173
“,…2=*“,÷å“*,. C!=",ë O %2 2%ã%, ÷2% "ë å2“ C%äëå›=?,ì,
“*=ƒ3åì/ì, ä%C%ë…å…,åì.
gäå“ü "%ƒì%›…/ ä"= “ë3÷= : *%ãä= " C!åäë%›å…,, å“2ü
ä%C%ë…å…,å , *%ãä= åã% …å2.
e“ë, " C!åäë%›å…,, å“2ü ä%C%ë…å…,å, C%! ä%* “ë%" 2=*%L:
C%äëå›=?åå O “*=ƒ3åì%å O ä%C%ë…å…,å (äë %K%ƒ…=÷å…, .2,.
÷ëå…%" ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2 ë=2,…“*,å K3*"/ O SVO), …=C!,ìå!: då2,
“%K,!=þ2 ã!,K/. c!3ƒ%",* C!,"åƒ ä!%"=.
e“ë, " C!åäë%›å…,, …å2 ä%C%ë…å…, , ãë=ã%ë …åCå!å.%ä…/L,
C%! ä%* “ë%" %K!=2…/L: “*=ƒ3åì%å O C%äëå›=?åå (VS): bå“åë 2“
äå2,ø*,. o% ø%““å åäå2 ã!3ƒ%",*.
Šå ›å C!=",ë= äåL“2"3þ2 , 2%ãä=, *%ãä= 2åì= ,ë, !åì= %÷å…ü
äë,……/å , "…32!, …,. 2%›å …=ä% C!=",ëü…% !=““2=",2ü “ë%"=:
bå÷å!%ì (2åì=) äå2, ã%2%" 2“ * C!=ƒä…,*3, ,ã!=å2 ì3ƒ/*= (!åì=).
1. j=*,å -!=ƒ/ ì%ã32 K/2ü " …=÷=ëå 2å*“2=?
q"å2,2 “%ë…öå. O q%ë…öå “"å2,2. m=“23C,ë% Cå!"%å …"=! .
O oå!"%å …"=! …=“23C,ë%. då2, C%øë, " ø*%ë3. O b ø*%ë3
äå2, C%øë,. r÷,2åë …å“32 ö"å2/. O 0"å2/ …å“32 3÷,2åë .
2. nC,ø,2å *=!2,…3 ƒ= %*…%ì (ä%C3“2,ì, 2=ì “%ë…å÷…/L äå…ü,
äå2,, ì=ø,…/ , 2.C.).
j%ììå…2=!,L 1. e“ë, " C!åäë%›å…,, …å“*%ëü*% ä%C%ë…å…,L, %K/÷…%
“…=÷=ë= “2%,2 *%“"å……%å ä%C%ë…å…,å, C%2%ì C! ì%å:
“ C!,…å“ ä!3ã3 *…,ã3.
3. o%“2="ü2å ä%C%ë…å…, " …3›…%ì C%! ä*å.
“ %K“3›ä=ë (“ ä!3ƒü ì,, %ä…3 C!%Këåì3). l/ C%C!%“,ë, (3
%-,ö,=…2=, ìå…þ).
4. nK!=2,2å "…,ì=…,å, *=* ìå… å2“ C%! ä%* “ë%", å“ë, "ìå“2%
“3?å“2",2åëü…%ã% C%“2=",2ü ìå“2%,ìå…,å. j=* "/ ä3ì=å2å,
C%÷åì3? ( "ë þ2“ ë, .2, ìå“2%,ìå…, !åì%L?)
1. qåã%ä… …å ",äåë m,*%ë= . O qåã%ä… åã% …å ",äåë.
2. a/“2!% å.=ë= ì=ø,…=. O n…= å.=ë= K/“2!%.
3. o%ã%"%!, %K .*“*3!“,, “ 3÷,2åëåì. O o%ã%"%!, “ …,ì %K
.*“*3!“,,.
j%ììå…2=!,L 2. lå“2%,ìå…, !åä*% "“2!å÷=þ2“ " …åƒ=",“,ì/.
"/“*=ƒ/"=…, ., = " 2å*“2å %K/÷…% "ë þ2“ 2åì%L,
174
2=* *=* ƒ=ìå… þ2 3›å ,ƒ"å“2…/å, …=ƒ"=……/å !=…üøå
“ë%"=. o%.2%ì3 ìå“2%,ìå…, !åä*% %*=ƒ/"=þ2“ " *%…öå
"/“*=ƒ/"=…, .
h2=*, å“ë, "=ì …3›…% !=““2=",2ü “ë%"= " "/“*=ƒ/"=…,,, 2%
“ëåä3å2:
1) C%“2=",2ü …= …3›…%å ìå“2% C!åäë%ã, “%þƒ/, %C!åäåëå…, ;
2) 3“2=…%",2ü, ÷2% äë "=“ 2åì=, = ÷2% !åì=, , C%“2=",2ü
2åì3 Cå!åä !åì%L;
3) å“ë, !åì= äë,……= , 2% C%,“*=2ü ä%C%ë…å…, , , C%“2=",2ü,
å“ë, å“2ü “…=÷=ë= C%äëå›=?åå, C%2%ì “*=ƒ3åì%å, C%2%ì
*%“"å……%å , C! ì%å ä%C%ë…å…, . e“ë, …å2 O C%“2=",2ü
“*=ƒ3åì%å Cå!åä C%äëå›=?,ì.
5. o%“2="ü2å “ë%"= ,ƒ “*%K%* " …3›…%ì C%! ä*å , %KA “…,2å "=ø
"/K%!.
oå!"%å “å…2 K! . g"å…,2 ƒ"%…%*, (äå"3ø*=, ,, “,ìC=2,÷…= ,
*ë=““, ", ".%ä,2.) }2% 3÷,2åëü…,ö= Cå!"%ã% *ë=““=.
(r÷,ë,?å, Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%å, %*%…÷,ë=, %…=.) e?å …åä="…%
%…= “ë3ø=ë= ëå*ö,, , “ä="=ë= .*ƒ=ìå…/. ` 2åCå!ü (ä%"å!,ë,,
åL, “3äüK/, äå2åL.) (b“2=þ2, Cå!"%*ë=““…,*,, 3÷,2åëü…,ö3,
C!,"å2“2"3þ2.) m=÷,…=å2“ Cå!"/L " ,. ›,ƒ…, 3!%*.
(g=C%ì… 2, %…,, .2%2, 3!%*, …=ä%ëã%.)
6. m,›å C!,"%ä 2“ -!=ãìå…2/ ,ƒ “%÷,…å…,L “23äå…2%", "
*%2%!/. …=!3øå…/ C!=",ë= C%! ä*= “ë%". m=Lä,2å .2,
…=!3øå…, , ,“C!="ü2å ,..
1. b…=÷=ëå "å*= l%“*"= O K%ëüø%L *3ëü23!…/L öå…2! p%““,,.
b1825 ã.a%ëüø%L 2å=2! %2*!/ë“ .b1824 ã.l=ë/L 2å=2! K/ë
C%“2!%å….
2. l/ C!,ãë=“,ë, “23äå…2%" 3…,"å!“,2å2=, ÷2%K/ !=““*=ƒ=ë,
%…, % “"%åì "3ƒå.
3. 1 ì= " l%“*"å äåì%…“2!=ö, “%“2% ë=“ü.
4. b÷å!= ì/ K/ë, " a%ëüø%ì 2å=2!å. nCå!3 &h"=… q3“=…,…[
ì/ “ë3ø=ë,. c%ë%“= =!2,“2%" C%…!=",ë,“ü …=ì.
j%ììå…2=!,L 3. h…=÷å %K“2%,2 äåë%, å“ë, " "/“*=ƒ/"=…,, ,ìåå2“
"/äåëå…,å, 2.å. .ì-=ƒ=. b=›…/å “%%K?å…,
C%ìå?=þ2“ " *%…öå C!åäë%›å…, , " !åìå, , .2%
,. "/äåë å2: o%ã%"%!,2å %K .2%ì “ …,ì! m% å“2ü
175
, ä!3ã,å “C%“%K/ "/äåëå…, , *%ãä= “ë%"% “2=" 2
Kë,›å * …=÷=ë3 "/“*=ƒ/"=…, , %“2="ë …= …åì
-!=ƒ%"%å 3ä=!å…,å ,ë, C%ìå?= ä%C%ë…,2åëü…%å
,…2%…=ö,%……%å "/äåëå…,å: q …,ì %K .2%ì C%ã%"%!,2å!
b/äåëå…,å ì%›å2 K/2ü *%…2!=“2…/ì (“%C%“2="ëå…,å
“ë%"), = ì%›å2 %C!åäåë 2ü“ .ì%ö, ì,. q!.: l/
ã%"%!,ë, % “3?å“2",2åëü…%ì. ` % ãë=ã%ëå å?å …å ã%"%!,ë,.
gäå“ü ãë=ã%ë “%C%“2="ë å2“ “ “3?å“2",2åëü…/ì.
dë 2%ã% ÷2%K/ åã% "/äåë,2ü, åã% “2=" 2 " …=÷=ë%
C!åäë%›å…, . o%ì%ã=å2 "/äåëå…,þ ,…2%…=ö, .
e“ë, .ì%ö,, ƒ=“2="ë þ2 "/äåë,2ü *=*%å-2% “ë%"% (d%›äü
C%øåë!), åã% %K/÷…% “2=" 2 Kë,›å * …=÷=ë3 "/“*=ƒ/"=…, ,
…% %…% “%.!=… å2 3ä=!å…,å , ä=›å C%ë3÷=å2 ä%C%ë…,2åëü…%å
,…2%…=ö,%……%å "/äåëå…,å: `"2%K3“ “*%!% C%äAåäå2!
(,…2%…=ö,%……/L öå…2! …= “ë%"å ="2%K3“).
7. nC!åäåë,2å …=!3øå…, %›,ä=åì%ã% C%! ä*= “ë%". q ÷åì %…,
“" ƒ=…/?
1. l%L ä!3ã .%!%ø% ã%"%!,ë, …% C,“=ë %… Cë%.%.
2. “ ëþKëþ "=“!
3. nL, ä%›äü C%øåë!
4. l/ “"=!,ì K%!?, = ÷=L C!,ã%2%",ì C%ƒ›å.
6. Фреймы и работа с ними
b .2%ì !=ƒäåëå C!åä“2="ëå…/ &3÷åK…/å[ -!åLì/, K%ëåå

C!%“2/å C% -%!ìå, ÷åì " ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,. ,““ëåä%"=…, ., …%
“2å!›å…ü .2%ã% 2,C= “,“2åì=2,ƒ=ö,, ëå*“,*, …å,ƒìå…å…: "%
-!åLìå %K/÷…% Cå!å÷,“ëå…/ 3÷=“2…,*, …å*%2%!%L “2å!å%2,C…%L
“,23=ö,, (2,C,÷…%å %K%ƒ…=÷å…,å 3÷=“2…,*= ì/ "/äåë åì
›,!…/ì ø!,-2%ì) , ÷å2*% 3*=ƒ=…/ "%ƒì%›…/å ,. äåL“2", . b
ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*%ì ,““ëåä%"=…,, C!,… 2% *=›ä/L !=ƒ 3*=ƒ/"=2ü:
&3÷=“2…,*,[, &äåL“2", [, O ì/ ›å .2, %K%ƒ…=÷å…, %C3“*=åì.
o!å“ëåä3 3÷åK…/å öåë,, ì/ 2=*›å ,…%ãä= 3*=ƒ/"=åì …å 2%ëü*%
2,C,÷…%å %K%ƒ…=÷å…,å *=*%ã%-ë,K% 3÷=“2…,*= “,23=ö,,, =
ä=åì “C,“%* ÷=“2% "“2!å÷=þ?,.“ " ä=……%ì ƒ…=÷å…,, “ë%" (“ì.
-!åLì &Šå!!%!,ƒì[). e“ë, ›å "“2!å÷=å2“ “ë%2 ä!3ã%ã% 2,C=
176
(&C!åäìå2/[, &ìå“2%[), ì/ %2ìå÷=åì .2%, ,“C%ëüƒ3 *3!“,".
)2% *=“=å2“ ãë=ã%ëü…%L -%!ì/, 2% ì/ !åø,ë, C%*=ƒ=2ü ä"=
"%ƒì%›…/. " 3÷åK…%ì C!%öå““å "=!,=…2=: “ ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…,åì
-%!ì/ …=“2% ?åã% "!åìå…, (" .2%ì “ë3÷=å C!åäC%ë=ã=å2“ , ÷2%
3÷=?,L“ “=ì !=ƒKå!‘2“ , “3ìåå2 Cå!åL2, * “%%2"å2“2"3þ?åL
-%!ìå “%"å!øå……%ã% ",ä= 2=ì, ãäå åì3 C%2!åK3å2“ ) , “
,“C%ëüƒ%"=…,åì -%!ì/ ,…-,…,2,"= , 3*=ƒ=…,åì ",ä%"%L C=!/
(" 2åìå &Šå!!%!,ƒì[).
1. &o%ë,2,*=. rC!="ëå…,å[
C!åƒ,äå…2
"%ƒãë="ë å2 ã%“3ä=!“2"% / !3*%"%ä,2 ã%“3ä=!“2"%ì,
,ƒä=å2 / C%äC,“/"=å2 3*=ƒ/, …=ƒ…=÷=å2 C!åìüå!-ì,…,“2!=,
%KA "ë å2 "%L…3, %K!=?=å2“ * …=!%ä3 “ C%“ë=…,åì / "/“23C=å2
“ %K!=?å…,åì
C!=",2åëü“2"% ("% ãë="å “ C!åìüå!-ì,…,“2!%ì)
“%“2%,2 ,ƒ ì,…,“2!%"
!3*%"%ä,2 .*%…%ì,*%L , C%ë,2,*%L
C!åäë=ã=å2 ƒ=*%…%C!%å*2/
C=!ë=ìå…2 (" p%““,, d3ì=)
“%“2%,2 ,ƒ äåC32=2%"
C!%"%ä,2 ƒ=“åä=…,
C!,…,ì=å2 ƒ=*%… ,ë, %2*ë%… å2 ƒ=*%…%C!%å*2
" C!=",2åëü“2"å !=K%2=þ2 *%ì,2å2/ (C% Kþä›å23, C%
%K!=ƒ%"=…,þ , 2.ä.), C!%.%ä 2 ã%ë%“%"=…,
äåC32=2/ (C=!ë=ìå…2) ,ƒK,!=þ2“ …=!%ä%ì C% %*!3ã=ì (äåC32=2
%2 ... %*!3ã= / %2 l%“*"/, %2 o!,ì%!ü ) , C% C=!2,L…/ì
“C,“*=ì (äåC32=2 %2 &eä,…“2"=[, äåC32=2-*%ìì3…,“2)
C!,…=äëå›=2 * -!=*ö, ì ,ë, …åƒ=",“,ì/å
C!åäë=ã=þ2 C!%å*2/ , C%C!="*, * ƒ=*%…3
ã%ë%“3þ2 &ƒ=[ ,ë, &C!%2,"[
177
C%ääå!›,"=þ2 ƒ=*%…, C!%å*2 Kþä›å2=
ƒ=?,?=þ2 ,…2å!å“/ (…=!%ä=, “"%,. ,ƒK,!=2åëåL,
%C!åäåëå……/. *!3ã%")
C=!2,
,ìåå2 / ƒ="%å"=ë= K%ëüø,…“2"% " C=!ë=ìå…2å
ƒ=?,?=å2 / C!åä“2="ë å2 ,…2å!å“/ (ø,!%*,. “ë%å" …=“åëå…, ,
2!3ä ?,.“ , *!å“2ü …, “%K“2"å……,*%")
-%!ì,!3å2 C!=",2åëü“2"%
bC=!2,þ "“23C=þ2 , ,ƒ …åå "/.%ä 2, åå C%ääå!›,"=þ2, ƒ= …åå
ã%ë%“3þ2 …= "/K%!=..
C%ë,2,*
…=…%“,2 ",ƒ,2 / C%“å?=å2 *%ã%-ë.
"åäå2 Cå!åã%"%!/ “ *åì-ë.
ƒ=*ëþ÷=å2 “%ãë=øå…,å “ *åì-ë.
kå*“,÷å“*,å 3C!=›…å…,
1. h“C%ëüƒ3 C!åäë%›å……/L “C,“%*, "“2="ü2å …3›…%å “ë%"% "ìå“2%

2%÷å*
o!åƒ,äå…2 "/“23C,ë “ ... * …=!%ä3. o!åƒ,äå…2 ... h"=…%"=
C!åìüå!-ì,…,“2!%ì. o!åƒ,äå…2 ... %÷å!åä…%L r*=ƒ.
o!=",2åëü“2"% ... C!%å*2 Kþä›å2=. o=!ë=ìå…2 p%““,, ...
,ƒ 450 äåC32=2%". o=!ë=ìå…2 ... "÷å!= öåë/L ! ä "=›…/.
ƒ=*%…%". g= .2%2 ƒ=*%… ... "“å äåC32=2/ ,ƒ -!=*ö,, &`Cåëü“,…[.
o=!2, &ë,ë%"/.[ ... ,…2å!å“/ ø,!%*,. “ë%å" …=“åëå…, .
o!åìüå!-ì,…,“2! ... ",ƒ,2 C!åƒ,äå…23 “%“åä…åL äå!›="/.
o=!ë=ìå…2“*= äåëåã=ö, Cå!åã%"%!/ “ *%!%ëåì.
2. o!%ä%ë›,2å ä,=ë%ã, ,“C%ëüƒ3 “C,“%*.
O l…å *=›å2“ , ÷2% äåC32=2%" …=ä% ,ƒK,!=2ü 2%ëü*% C%
C=!2,L…/ì “C,“*=ì. n…, ...
O må “%ãë=“å…. dåC32=2/, ,ƒK!=……/å C% %*!3ã=ì, ...
3. h “ C % ë ü ƒ 3 “ C , “ % * , % C % ! … / å “ " å ä å … , , ! = “ “ * = › , 2 å %
äå 2åëü…%“2, C!åƒ,äå…2=.
178
r*=ƒ, o%“ë=…,å * …=!%ä3, ",ƒ,2 " “%“åä…þþ “2!=…3, Cå!åã%"%!/.
4. p=““*=›,2å % äå 2åëü…%“2, "=øåã% äåC32=2=, ,“C%ëüƒ3 “ë%"=
,ƒ “C,“*=.
5. o!%"åä,2å Kå“åä3 “ ä!3ã%ì % C%ë,2,÷å“*%L “,“2åìå " "=øåL
“2!=…å ,ë, " p%““,,.
2. &n.!=…= C!,!%ä/[
n*!3›=þ?= “!åä= / C!,!%ä=

ƒ=ã! ƒ… å2“ %2.%ä=ì, C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"= / ="2%ì%K,ë ì, /
"/.ë%C…/ì, ã=ƒ=ì, / C%ä"å!ã=å2“ "!åä…%ì3 "%ƒäåL“2",þ
C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"= / äå 2åëü…%“2, ÷åë%"å*=
c%“3ä=!“2"% / g=*%…/ / C!,!%ä%%.!=……/å %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,
%.!=… þ2 %*!3›=þ?3þ “!åä3: “ëåä 2 ƒ= ÷,“2%2%L "%ä/ ,
"%ƒä3.=, …å !=ƒ!åø=þ2 / ƒ=C!å?=þ2:
"/!3K=2ü äå!å"ü
C!,ìå… 2ü ä/ " “åëü“*%ì .%ƒ L“2"å / "!åä…/å "å?å“2"=
" C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"å
%.%2,2ü“ …= !åä*,. ›,"%2…/..
dë “%.!=…å…, C!,!%ä/ / %*!3›=þ?åL “!åä/ …3›…%:
%ã!=…,÷,2ü ÷,“ë% (="2%ì%K,ëåL, "!åä…/. C!%,ƒ"%ä“2")
%Kå“Cå÷,2ü !=K%23 -,ëü2!%" , %÷,“2…/. “%%!3›å…,L
Cå!åL2, …= Kåƒ%2.%ä…%å C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"%
"…åä! 2ü Kåƒ%2.%ä…/å , .…å!ã%“Kå!åã=þ,å 2å.…%ë%ã,,
,“C%ëüƒ%"=2ü =ëü2å!…=2,"…/å ,“2%÷…,*, .…å!ã,, O
"å2! …/å ä",ã=2åë, , .ëå*2!%“2=…ö,,, “%ë…å÷…/å K=2=!å,.
kå*“,÷å“*,å 3C!=›…å…,
1. h“C%ëüƒ3 “C,“%*, "“2="ü2å …3›…%å “ë%"% "ìå“2% 2%÷å*.

n*!3›=þ?= ... .2% "=›…åLøåå 3“ë%",å "/›,"=…,
÷åë%"å÷å“2"=. `"2%ì%K,ë, , ƒ="%ä/ ... %*!3›=þ?3þ “!åä3.
o!,!%ä= ... "!åä…%ì3 "%ƒäåL“2",þ äå 2åëü…%“2, ÷åë%"å*=.
n÷å…ü %C=“…/ !=ä,%=*2,"…/å ... C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"=. b …=øåL “2!=…å
179
ƒ=C!å?å…% ... …= !åä*,. ›,"%2…/..
2. n2"å2ü2å …= "%C!%“/.
)2% ƒ=ã! ƒ… å2 %*!3›=þ?3þ “!åä3? l%›…% ë, 3›å “åL÷=“
Cå!åL2, …= Kåƒ%2.%ä…%å C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"%? j=*,å "/ ƒ…=å2å
=ëü2å!…=2,"…/å ,“2%÷…,*, .…å!ã,,? m= *=*,. ›,"%2…/.
ƒ=C!å?å…= %.%2=?
3. o!åä“2="ü2å, ÷2% "/ “%“2="ë å2å C!%ã!=ìì3 äë ã!3CC/
ƒ=?,2…,*%" C!,!%ä/ "=øåã% !åã,%…=. j=*,å C3…*2/ "/ 23ä=
"C,øå2å? (h“C%ëüƒ3L2å “C,“%*.)
4. o!%ä%ë›,2å !åCë,*, ä,=ë%ã=, ,“C%ëüƒ3 “C,“%*:
O l…å *=›å2“ , %*!3›=þ?= “!åä= " …=øåì ã%!%äå C!%“2% "
*=2=“2!%-,÷å“*%ì C%ë%›å…,,. b%ƒä3. ...
O Š/ C!=". m% .2% "“å !åƒ3ëü2=2 !=ƒ",2, ö,",ë,ƒ=ö,,. l/
…å ì%›åì ›,2ü Kåƒ .ëå*2!,÷å“2"=, ="2%ì%K,ëåL, ƒ="%ä%".
O m% "åäü å“2ü ...
O l…å *=›å2“ , "=›…åå “%.!=…å…,å ›,"%2…/. , ëå“%" ...
O d=. b %K?åì, "“å “%ãë=“…/, ÷2% …å%K.%ä,ì% ...
3. &Šå!!%!,ƒì[
&Šå!!,“2,÷å“*,å =*2/[
g=."=2, 3ã%…
1. 2å!!%!,“2/ ƒ=."=2/"=2ü / ƒ=."=2,2ü

÷2%?
›,ë%L
ä%ì
K%ëü…,ö3
K=…* ...
3ã%… 2ü / 3ã…=2ü ÷2%?
“=ì%ëå2
="2%K3“ ...
180
2!åK%"=2ü / C%2!åK%"=2ü ÷2%?
"/ä",ã=2ü / "/ä",…32ü 2!åK%"=…,
*=*,å?
2!åK%"=…, : C!åä%“2=",2ü “=ì%ëå2 ...
C!åä%“2=",2ü "%ƒì%›…%“2ü C%*,…32ü “2!=…3 %“"%K%ä,2ü
(,ƒ 2þ!åì)
2. ƒ=ë%›…,* K/ë ƒ=."=÷å…
K%ëü…/å
ìåäCå!“%…=ë
“2þ=!äå““/
.*,C=›
3. “%2!3ä…,*, ì,ë,ö,, "å“2, Cå!åã%"%!/
nlnm %*!3›,2ü
“"%K%›ä=2ü / %“"%K%ä,2ü (+Gen.)

ƒ=ë%›…,*-= (-%")
rK,L“2"=
1. 2å!!%!,“2 3K,"=2ü / 3K,2ü

*,ëëå! !=…,2ü (“ëåã*=, “ìå!2åëü…%)
“…=LCå!
2. ›å!2"= C%ä"å!ã=2ü“ / C%ä"å!ã…32ü“ …=C=-
%K?å“2"å……/å äå 2åë,: äå…,þ
›3!…=ë,“2
K=…*,!
C%ë,2,÷å“*,å äå 2åë,:
C!åƒ,äå…2
3. %.!=…= ƒ=?,?=2ü/ƒ=?,2,2ü (“"%åã% øå-=,
%.!=……,* C%ä%Cå÷…%ã%)
bƒ!/"/
181
1. 2å!!%!,“2-*=ì,*=äƒå C%ä*ë=ä/"=2ü / C%äë%›,2ü
“ìå!2…,* K%ìK3
“…=LCå! "ƒ!/"…%å 3“2!%L“2"
2. C=““=›,!/ C%“2!=ä=2ü %2 "ƒ!/"=
(ìå2!%, K/ë !=…å… (“ëåã*=, “ìå!2åëü…%)
="2%K3“=)
C!%.%›,å C%“2!=ä="ø,å %2 2å!!%!=
o%.,?å…, ëþäåL
1. 2å!!%!,“2/ ƒ=."=2,2ü " Cëå…

K%å",*, 2!åK%"=2ü / C%2!åK%"=2ü (äå…üã,, "/*3C...)
C!%ä="=2ü !=K%"
2. Cëå……/å K/2ü ƒ=."=÷å……/ì " Cëå…
!=K%2=2ü " *=÷å“2"å !=K%"
C%ä"å!ã=2ü“ C/2*=ì, ,ƒäå"=2åëü“2"=ì
7. Коллокации
dë …=÷=ëü…%ã% .2=C=
1. j=*,å “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, , *%2%!/å …=ä% ƒ=C%ì…,2ü, "/ …=øë, "
!=““*=ƒå &l%L äå…ü[? b/C,ø,2å C%ä÷å!*…32/å “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, .
“ "“2=þ " “åìü ÷=“%", 3ì/"=þ“ü, C!,…,ì=þ ä3ø. o%“ëå ä3ø=
%K/÷…% äåë=þ C!,÷å“*3: C!,"%›3 " C%! ä%* "%ë%“/. o%2%ì
ƒ="2!=*=þ , åä3 " 3…,"å!“,2å2. o%“ëå ƒ=… 2,L %Kåä=þ, äåë=þ
ä%ì=ø…,å ƒ=ä=…, , …="%›3 C%! ä%* " *%ì…=2å. bå÷å!%ì
C!,…,ì=þ "=……3 , ë%›3“ü “C=2ü " %ä,……=äö=2ü ÷=“%".
2. b“2="ü2å "ìå“2% 2%÷å* …3›…/å “ë%"=.
r2!%ì ... ä3ø, = "å÷å!%ì ... "=……3. j=›ä%å 32!% ... " C%! ä%*
ì%þ K%!%ä3. “ ... C%! ä%* " *%ì…=2å, *%ãä= C!,.%›3 ,ƒ
3…,"å!“,2å2=. “ ... C!,÷å“*3 *=›ä%å 32!%.
dë C!%ä",…32%ã% .2=C=
182
1. b/C,ø,2å ,ƒ 2å*“2= “%÷å2=…, “% “ë%"%ì ",ƒ,2.
o!åƒ,äå…2 C!,K3äå2 " …=ø3 “2!=…3 “ ",ƒ,2%ì " *%…öå ìå“ ö=.
b “2!=…3 C!,K/ë “ ",ƒ,2%ì ì,…,“2! ,…%“2!=……/. äåë. o%“%ë
…=…å“ ",ƒ,2 ì,…,“2!3. o!åìüå!-ì,…,“2! C%“å2,2 “2!=…3 “
%2"å2…/ì ",ƒ,2%ì. b,ƒ,2 C!%ä%ë›=ë“ 2!, ä… , C!%øåë "
2åCë%L %K“2=…%"*å. b÷å!= ƒ="å!ø,ë“ ",ƒ,2 " …=ø3 “2!=…3
ãå…å!=ëü…%ã% “å*!å2=! nnm.
2. o!åä“2="ü2å, ÷2% "=ì ,ƒ"å“2å… -=*2 &` C%K/"=ë 3 a[. j=*
"/ ì%›å2å .2% "/!=ƒ,2ü, å“ë, ` O C!åƒ,äå…2, = a O C!åìüå!-
ì,…,“2!. q*%ëü*% “C%“%K%" "/ ì%›å2å C!åäë%›,2ü?
3. b/C,ø,2å ,ƒ 2å*“2= “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, “% “ë%"=ì, "“2!å÷= ,
C!,åì.
b“2!å÷= ãë=" ã%“3ä=!“2" C!%øë= " 2%!›å“2"å……%L %K“2=…%"*å.
b% ä"%!öå “%“2% ë“ C!,åì " ÷å“2ü "/“%*%ã% ã%“2 . o!,åì
C!%øåë " ä!3›å“*%L =2ì%“-å!å.
4. b“2="ü2å "ìå“2% 2%÷å* …3›…%å “ë%"%.
b÷å!= " “2!=…3 ... “ ",ƒ,2%ì ì,…,“2! ,…%“2!=……/. äåë. n… ...
",ƒ,2 C!åƒ,äå…23 “2!=…/. b“2!å÷= ... " äåë%"%L =2ì%“-å!å.
5. j=*%L ì%›å2 K/2ü =2ì%“-å!=, = *=*%L O %K“2=…%"*=?
b/C,ø,2å “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, “ .2,ì, “ë%"=ì, ,ƒ C!åä/ä3?,.
3C!=›…å…,L , ,ƒ “ë%"=! .
6. h“C%ëüƒ3 “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, “% “ë%"=ì, =2ì%“-å!= , %K“2=…%"*=,
"/!=ƒ,2å “ëåä3þ?,å ì/“ë,:
m= "“2!å÷å "“å K/ë, ä%K!%›åë=2åëü…/.
oå!åã%"%!/ C!%øë, 2%!›å“2"å……%.
`2ì%“-å!= "“2!å÷, K/ë= C!, 2…%L.
7. b/C,ø,2å ,ƒ C!åäë%›å…,L , “!="…,2å ãë=ã%ë/, *%2%!/å
“%÷å2=þ2“ “% “ë%"=ì, Kå“åä=, Cå!åã%"%!/.
q2%!%…/ C!%"åë, Cå!åã%"%!/. oå!åã%"%!/ C!%øë, "
ä!3›å“2"å……%L %K“2=…%"*å. q%“2% ë,“ü Cå!åã%"%!/ ìå›ä3
C!%2,"%K%!“2"3þ?,ì, “2%!%…=ì,. b÷å!= “%“2% ë=“ü
Kå“åä= ìå›ä3 C%“ë%ì , ì,…,“2!%ì. aå“åä= C!%øë= "
183
=2ì%“-å!å “%2!3ä…,÷å“2"=. b 2å÷å…,å 2!å. ÷=“%" "åë=“ü
Kå“åä= C% C!%Këåì=ì “%2!3ä…,÷å“2"=. b Kå“åä3 "*ëþ÷,ë“
, C!åƒ,äå…2 “2!=…/.
8. b“2="ü2å "ìå“2% 2%÷å* …3›…/å ãë=ã%ë/.
b “2!=…3 ... “ ",ƒ,2%ì ì,…,“2! ,…%“2!=……/. äåë. ... "“2!å÷=
“ C!åƒ,äå…2%ì “2!=…/. g=2åì ... Cå!åã%"%!/ C% "%C!%“=ì
“%2!3ä…,÷å“2"=. oå!åã%"%!/ ... " äåë%"%L %K“2=…%"*å.
9. o!åä“2="ü2å, ÷2% "/ ä%ë›…/ C%äã%2%",2ü %-,ö,=ëü…%å
“%%K?å…,å % ",ƒ,2å ì,…,“2!= ,…%“2!=……/. äåë. b=ì ä=ë,
“ëåä3þ?3þ ,…-%!ì=ö,þ:
10. 12. ... , 10.00 O C!,K/ë " “2%ë,ö3, 13.00 O "“2!å÷= “
C!åƒ,äå…2%ì, 16.00 O Cå!åã%"%!/ % “%2!3ä…,÷å“2"å.
b/C%ë…,2å .2% %2"å2“2"å……%å ƒ=ä=…,å!
11. b/C,ø,2å “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, “% “ë%"=ì, C%“2, ä%ë›…%“2ü ,
%2“2="*=.
b÷å!= "“23C,ë " ä%ë›…%“2ü C!åƒ,äå…2 “2!=…/. m= .2%2 C%“2
K/ë ,ƒK!=… ,ƒ"å“2…/L C%ë,2,*. }2%2 C%“2 ƒ=… ë m. q *%…ö=
C!%øë%ã% ã%ä= C%“2 ƒ=…,ì=å2 m.b!åƒ3ëü2=2å “*=…ä=ë= ì,…,“2!
-,…=…“%" ë,ø,ë“ “"%åã% C%“2=. l,…,“2! K/ë “… 2 “% “"%åL
ä%ë›…%“2,.m.K/ë “… 2 “% “"%åã% C%“2=.o%ë,2,* 3øåë “ C%“2=
ã%““å*!å2=! .m= ä%ë›…%“2ü ì,…,“2!= -,…=…“%" K/ë …=ƒ…=÷å…
m. m= C%“2 ì,…,“2!= %K%!%…/ K/ë= …=ƒ…=÷å…= ›å…?,…=.
l,…,“2! 3øåë " %2“2="*3. j=K,…å2 ì,…,“2!%" C%ä=ë "
%2“2="*3 " C%ë…%ì “%“2="å. o!åƒ,äå…2 %2C!=",ë " %2“2="*3
ì,…,“2!=.
12. j=*,å “ë%"%“%÷å2=…, “% “ë%"=ì, C%“2, ä%ë›…%“2ü , %2“2="*=
%K%ƒ…=÷=þ2:
p=K%2=2ü ì,…,“2!%ì.
m=÷=2ü !=K%2=2ü ì,…,“2!%ì.
oå!å“2=2ü !=K%2=2ü ì,…,“2!%ì.
13. p=““*=›,2å % C%ë,2,÷å“*%L ›,ƒ…, “2!=…/ O *2% *=*,å C%“2/
ƒ=…,ì=å2, *=*,å C!%.%ä 2 ",ƒ,2/.
184
8. Неопределенные местоимения и наречия
1. q!="…,2å C=!/ C!åäë%›å…,L. )2% …%"%ã% C% "ë å2“ "

*=›ä%ì "2%!%ì C!åäë%›å…,,? q%“2="ü2å “C,“*, “ë%", ä=þ?,.
…å%C!åäåëå……/å “"åäå…, (…å%C!åäåëå……/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L ,
…=!å÷,L) , 32%÷…,2å, *%ãä= .2, “"åäå…, %2…%“ 2“ * ë,ö3,
*%ãä= * C!åäìå23, ìå“23 , 2.C.
n K ! = ƒ å ö: ãäå-2% O …å%C!åäåëå……%å ìå“2%.
1. “ ãäå-2% %“2=",ë “"%L Kë%*…%2. O Š/ åã% ƒ=K/ë " “2%ë%"%L.
2. må …%“, “ “%K%L C!%C3“*. ` 2% ãäå-…,K3äü C%2å! åøü. O d=,
ì%ã3 åã% C%2å! 2ü " K,Kë,%2å*å.
3. lå… *%å-*2% C!%“,ë “Cå2ü. O l/ ƒ…=åì, 2åK C!%“,ë
j,!,ëë.
4. o!,…å“, ì…å ÷2%-…,K3äü C%å“2ü. O Š/ .%÷åøü, ÷2%K/
C!,…å“ K32å!K!%ä/?
5. “ ÷2%-2% C!%C3“2,ë. O Š/ C!%C3“2,ë %ä…3 “2!%÷*3 "
“2,.%2"%!å…,,.
6. “ C%ì…þ, ƒäå“ü C!%ä="=ë,“ü *=*,å-2% *…,ã,. O gäå“ü
C!%ä="=ë,“ü *…,ã, C% ,“*3““2"3.
j%ììå…2=!,L 1. må%C!åäåëå……/å ìå“2%,ìå…, , …=!å÷,
C%ƒ"%ë þ2 ã%"%!,2ü % ÷åì-ë,K%, …å …=ƒ/"= åã%. j
…å%C!åäåëå……/ì %2…%“ 2“ “ë%›…/å ìå“2%,ìå…,
“ ÷=“2,ö=ì, *%å- (*%å-*2%), -2% (*%ãä=-2%), -…,K3äü
(*3ä=-…,K3äü), -ë,K% (÷2%-ë,K%), = 2=*›å …å*2%, …å÷2%
(…å “*ë%… þ2“ ) , %ä,… (%ä,… “23äå…2 ì…å “*=ƒ=ë).
1. q*=›,2å, ƒ…=å2 ë, ã%"%! ?,L 2å. ë,ö ,ë, 2å C!åäìå2/ , ìå“2=,
*%2%!/å %… …=ƒ/"=å2 C!, C%ì%?, ìå“2%,ìå…,L “ ÷=“2,öåL *%å-.
“ 2åKå C!,…å“ *%å-÷2% "*3“…å…ü*%å. lå… *%å-*2% C!%“,ë
%2ë%›,2ü ƒ=÷å2. “ “åL÷=“ *%å-*3ä= “.%›3, = ƒ=2åì "å!…3“ü.
2. b *=*,. “ë3÷= . *%å- 3C%2!åKë å2“ C%2%ì3, ÷2% ã%"%! ?,L …å
.%÷å2 ã%"%!,2ü %2*!/2%, = " *=*,. O C%2%ì3, ÷2% 2!3ä…%
…=ƒ"=2ü "“å.?
1. hƒ",…,2å, .%÷3 *%å “ *åì C%ã%"%!,2ü Kåƒ “",äå2åëåL.
2. j%å-ãäå "% ä"%!å Këå“2åë, ë3›,.
185
3. n… *%å-ãäå C!,C! 2=ë “"%, äå…üã,, …å K3ä3 %2*!/"=2ü åã%
“å*!å2.
4. j % å - * 2 % , ƒ “ 2 3 ä å … 2 % " … = ì å ! å … C % “ ë å % * % … ÷ = … ,
3…,"å!“,2å2= ƒ=… 2ü“ …=3÷…%L !=K%2%L.
5. “ *%å-÷2% *3C,ë 2åKå " C%ä=!%*.
6. “ ì%ã K/ "=ì *%å-÷2% !=““*=ƒ=2ü, …% “åL÷=“ …å2 "!åìå…,.
3. rC%2!åK,2å …å%C!åäåëå……/å ìå“2%,ìå…, “ ÷=“2,öåL *%å- äë
%C,“=…, “ëåä3þ?,. “,23=ö,L.
1. b/ C!,…å“ë, C%ä=!%* , …å .%2,2å C%*= åã% !=“*!/"=2ü.
2. båƒäå !=“2= ë “…åã, …% " …å*%2%!/. ìå“2=. %… å?å ëå›,2.
3. b/ …å .%2,2å …=ƒ/"=2ü 2%ã%, *2% "=ì !=““*=ƒ=ë …%"%“2ü.
4. e“2ü “23äå…2/, *%2%!/å …å “ä=ë, !=K%2/, …% "/ …å .%2,2å
,. …=ƒ/"=2ü.
4. nC!åäåë,2å, ƒ…=å2 ë, ã%"%! ?,L ë,ö%, C!åäìå2 ,ë, ìå“2%, %
*%2%!%ì %… ã%"%!,2, 3C%2!åKë ìå“2%,ìå…,å “ ÷=“2,öåL 2%.
1. g= ä"å!üþ *2%-2% C%“23÷=ë , …=C3ã=ë ìå… .
2. l=ì= “*=ƒ=ë=, ÷2% ì…å *2%-2% ƒ"%…,ë.
3. “ ãäå-2% %“2=",ë “"%, %÷*, , …,*=* …å …=Lä3 ,..
4. l…å …=ä% ÷2%-2% “äåë=2ü, …% …å ì%ã3 "“C%ì…,2ü ÷2%.
5. b/Kå!,2å …3›…%å ìå“2%,ìå…,å ,ƒ “*%K%*.
1. “ .%÷3 2åKå (*%å-÷2%, ÷2%-2% “*=ƒ=2ü), %2%Läåì.
2. n… ì…å .%2åë (*%å-÷2%, ÷2%-2%) “*=ƒ=2ü, …% …å 3“Cåë, ,
…å ƒ…=þ, ÷2% %… ,ìåë " ",ä3.
3. “ ƒ…=þ, ÷2% (*%å-*2%, *2%-2%) …åä%"%ëå… ì%,ì, %öå…*=ì,,
…% …å ƒ…=þ .2,. “23äå…2%".
4. “ …åä="…% (*%å “ *åì, “ *åì-2%) !=ƒã%"=!,"=ë, , %… ì…å
!=““*=ƒ=ë ì…%ã% ,…2å!å“…%ã%.
6. q!="…,2å C!åäë%›å…, “ ÷=“2,ö=ì, -2% , -…,K3äü. b *=*,. ,ƒ
…,. !å÷ü ,äå2 % "/K%!å, *%2%!/L å?å …å “äåë=…?
1. n… ÷2%-2% C%åë. O n… .%÷å2 ÷2%-…,K3äü C%å“2ü.
2. ŠåKå *2%-2% C!,…å“ *%…“Cå*2/, "%2 %…, ëå›=2. O “ 3"å!å…,
186
*2%-…,K3äü ä=“2 2åKå “"%, *%…“Cå*2/.
3. “ ãäå-2% %“2=",ë “"%L Kë%*…%2. O a!%“ü ãäå-…,K3äü Cë=? ,
“=ä,“ü * “2%ë3.
7. o!åä“2="ü2å, ÷2% ã%"%! ?,L å?å …å “äåë=ë “"%åã% "/K%!=, ,
ƒ=ìå…,2å C%ä÷å!*…32/å “ë%"= …å%C!åäåëå……/ì, ìå“2%,ìå…, ì,.
1. d=L ì…å C%C,2ü “%*3.
2. l/ C%åäåì …= Cë › *3C=2ü“ .
3. o3“2ü h"=… ì…å C%ì%›å2 ä%…å“2, *…,ã,.
4. d3ì=þ, `……= “åL÷=“ 2=…ö3å2 “ oå2!%ì.
8. b“2="ü2å "ìå“2% 2%÷å* C!=",ëü…%å …å%C!åäåëå……%å ìå“2%,ìå…,å.
1. d=L ì…å (*=*3þ) ... *…,ã3. “ .%÷3 …åì…%ã% %2ä%.…32ü.
2. “ (ãäå) ... %“2=",ë “"%, %÷*,.
3. m=ä% “ (*åì) ... %K“3ä,2ü !=K%23, …=C!,ìå!, “ *%ëëåã%L.
4. o3“2ü (*2%) ... ƒ=*!%å2 ä"å!ü O ä3å2.
9. b=ø, Cë=…/ …= ëå2% å?å …å %C!åäåë,ë,“ü? b“å !="…% !=““*=›,2å
% …,., = "ìå“2% *%…*!å2…/. ìå“2 , ,ìå… ,“C%ëüƒ3L2å
…å%C!åäåëå……/å ìå“2%,ìå…, .
10. q!="…,2å -!=ƒ/. Šå, " *%2%!/. 3C%2!åKëå…/ ìå“2%,ìå…, “
÷=“2,öåL -2%, ,ìåþ2 %22å…%* K%ëüøåL 3"å!å……%“2,. j=* "/
ä3ì=å2å, C%÷åì3?
1. cäå h"=…? O m="å!…%, ãäå-2% ã3ë å2. cäå b=“ ? O cäå-
…,K3äü ã3ë å2?
11. b *=*%L -!=ƒå !å÷ü ,äå2 %K %ä…%ì ìå“2å, = " *=*,. % !=ƒ…/.?
1. j=›ä%å ëå2% %…, *3ä=-2% 3åƒ›=ë,. O j=›ä%å ëå2% %…, *3ä=-
…,K3äü 3åƒ›=ë,.
j%ììå…2=!,L 2. b …å*%2%!/. *%…2å*“2=. ì%ã32 3C%2!åKë 2ü“ ,
ìå“2%,ìå…, “ ÷=“2,ö=ì, -2% , -…,K3äü. o!,
"/!=›å…,, C!åäC%ë%›å…, ìå“2%,ìå…, “ -…,K3äü
"/!=›=þ2 K%ëüø3þ 3"å!å……%“2ü, 2=* *=* " …,.
ã%"%!,2“ %K 3›å “äåë=……%ì "/K%!å: n… *3ä=-2% 3øåë,
“!.n… *3ä=-…,K3äü 3øåë, 2.å.…å,ƒ"å“2…%, “äåë=… ë, .2%2
"/K%!.
o!, "/!=›å…,, C%"2%! þ?,.“ äåL“2",L ìå“2%,ìå…,å “ -2%
187
%ƒ…=÷=å2, ÷2% "/K%! “äåë=…, ,ìåå2“ %ä…% %C!åäåëå……%å (…%
…å,ƒ"å“2…%å) ìå“2% , 2.C.: n… "“åãä= *3ä=-2% C! 2=ë“ .
12. nK!=2,2å "…,ì=…,å …= Cå!å…%“…/å ƒ…=÷å…, …å%C!åäåëå……/.
ìå“2%,ìå…,L. b/C,ø,2å ,..
n K ! = ƒ å ö: *=*%L-2% O …å ƒ=“ë3›,"=þ?,L 3"=›å…, .
1. h .2% ì…å, …=÷=ëü…,*3, ã%"%!,2 *=*%L-2% ì=ëü÷,ø*=!
2. n… “"=!,ë *=*3þ-2% …å“Aåä%K…3þ "å?ü.
3. b/ *%å-*=*, …å=**3!=2…% "/C%ë…,ë, “"%þ !=K%23.
4. n… *%å-*=* “C!=",ë“ “ !=K%2%L.
5. qäåë=L .2% *=*-…,K3äü, , ì/ 3Läåì.
j%ììå…2=!,L 3. lå“2%,ìå…, *%å-*=* , *=*-…,K3äü ,ìåþ2 ƒ…=÷å…,å &…å
%÷å…ü .%!%ø%, Kåƒ %“%K%ã% “2=!=…, [.
6. j=*-2% "å÷å!%ì ì/ "“2!å2,ë, ƒ…=*%ì/..
7. “ *=*-2% "“2!å÷=ë“ “ …,ì.
8. o!,.%ä,2å * …=ì *=*-…,K3äü.
j%ììå…2=!,L 4. j=*-2% , *=*-…,K3äü ì%›å2 ,ìå2ü , ƒ…=÷å…,å "!åìå…,.
o!, .2%ì %…, %2ë,÷=þ2“ %2 ìå“2%,ìå…,L *%ãä=-2% ,
*%ãä=-…,K3äü 2åì, ÷2% %K%ƒ…=÷=þ2 K%ëåå Kë,ƒ*%å "!åì .
9. Частицы (даже, же, ведь,и, -то)

)=“2,ö= ä=›å “2=",2“ 2%ãä=, *%ãä= …å %›,ä=ë,, ÷2% “*=ƒ=……%å
%2…%“,2“ , * .2%ì3 ÷åë%"å*3 (,ë, C!åäìå23, ìå“23, äåL“2",þ ,
2.C.). q!. o!,øë, "“å, ä=›å “=ì/L ëå…,"/L (…å %›,ä=ë,, ÷2% C!,äå2
ëå…,"/L).Š%, ÷2% 2=* K3äå2, *=ƒ=ë%“ü ìå…üøå "“åã% "å!% 2…/ì C%
“!="…å…,þ “ ä!3ã,ì,.
1. o%÷åì3 " .2,. C!åäë%›å…, . “2%,2 ä=›å?
1. d=›å " “=ì/. 2åì…/. ìå“2=. 3›å !=“2= ë “…åã.
2. n… …å ƒ…=å2 ä=›å 2=Kë,ö3 3ì…%›å…, .
3. n…= …å ,ã!=ë= " *3*ë/ ä=›å " äå2“2"å.
4. eã% …å ëþK,ë, ä=›å !%ä…/å.
188
2. b * = * % ì ì å “ 2 å C ! å ä ë % › å … , “ 2 % , 2 ÷ = “ 2 , ö = ä = › å
(C!%=…=ë,ƒ,!3L2å .2, C!åäë%›å…, , C!åäë%›å…, ,ƒ
3C!=›…å…, 1).
1. l/ K% ë,“ü, ÷2% …å ä%Läåì, …% ä%øë, , ä=›å …å 3“2=ë,.
2. l/ ä=›å …å ƒ=ìå2,ë,, *=* ä%å.=ë, ä% ã%!%ä=.
3. b/ .%!%ø% "/ãë ä,2å, ä=›å %÷å…ü .%!%ø%.
4. g,ì%L " l3!ì=…“*å 2åì…% ä=›å ä…åì.
j%ììå…2=!,L 1. )=“2,ö= ä=›å "“åãä= “2%,2 Cå!åä 2åì “ë%"%ì ,ë,
“ë%"%“%÷å2=…,åì, * *%2%!%ì3 %2…%“,2“ C% “ì/“ë3.
3. b *=*,. C!åäë%›å…, . ì%›…% C%“2=",2ü ä=›å, = " *=*,. …å2 ,
C%÷åì3?
1. nø,Kë,“ü "“å, , .%!%ø,å 3÷å…,*,.
2. g= *%…2!%ëü…3þ !=K%23 Cë%.3þ %öå…*3 C%ë3÷,ë “=ì/L
“ë=K/L 3÷å…,*.
3. “ 3“2=þ C%“ëå 2 ›åë%L !=K%2/.
4. n… 3“2=å2 %2 ëåã*%L !=K%2/.
4. b“2="ü2å ä=›å " “ëåä3þ?,å C!åäë%›å…, :
1. n…= …å !åø,ë= Cå!"%L ƒ=ä=÷,, 2=*%L C!%“2%L.
2. m= .2%2 "%C!%“ %2"å2,ë, "“å, %2"å2,ë “=ì/L “ë=K/L
3÷å…,*.
3. l=ì=, q=ø=, oå2 , *%2%!/L …,*%ãä= *% ì…å …å C!,.%ä,2,
C!,øë, *% ì…å " ã%“2,.
4. “ !=K%2=ë …=ä “%÷,…å…,åì "“þ …åäåëþ, , " "%“*!å“å…üå.
5. o!,ä3ì=L2å C!åäë%›å…, , *%2%!/å K/ “%%2"å2“2"%"=ë,
C!åäë%›å……/ì ì%äåë ì:
1. u%!%ø% ... "“å, ä=›å
2. ... ä=›å " “=ì/. ... ìå“2=..
3. l/ ... "“å "!åì , ä=›å.
4. l/ K% ë,“ü, ÷2%, …% ä=›å …å ...
n K ! = ƒ å ö: u%!%ø% %2"å÷=ë, "“å, ä=›å “ë=K/å 3÷å…,*,.
Частицы же, ведь
189
1. b *=*,. C!åäë%›å…, . ÷=“2,ö= ›å ,“C%ëüƒ3å2“ äë Cå!åä=÷,
“ì/“ë= =) &.2% %÷å",ä…%, …å“%ì…å……%[, K) & %÷å…ü C!%ø3,
…=“2=,"=þ[, ") & %÷å…ü .%÷3 ƒ…=2ü %2"å2 …= "%C!%“[, ã) &
“%%K?=þ C!,÷,…3[?
1. l/ ›å ä!3ƒü , .2% "“å ƒ…=þ2!
2. b/Läå2å ›å ,ƒ *%ì…=2/, "/ ì…å %÷å…ü ìåø=å2å.
3. j3ä= ›å C%ë%›,ë “"%, %÷*,?
4. d="=L2å %2ä%.…åì, ì/ ›å 3“2=ë,.
j%ììå…2=!,L 2. )=“2,ö= ›å "% "“å. ƒ…=÷å…, . “%.!=… å2 “"%L“2"%:
“%%K?=åì%å ä%ë›…% K/2ü 3›å ,ƒ"å“2…%. o%.2%ì3 ›å "
ƒ…=÷å…,, &C!,÷,…=[ “2=",2“ 2%ãä=, *%ãä= C!,÷,…%L
%*=ƒ=ë%“ü ÷2%-2% ,ƒ"å“2…%å, …=C!,ìå!: c3ë 2ü …å
C%Läåøü, 2/ ›å *=øë åøü (“%Kå“åä…,* ƒ…=å2, ÷2% %…
*=øë å2).
3. b *=*,. C!åäë%›å…, . ÷=“2,ö= "åäü ,ìåå2 ƒ…=÷å…,å =) C!,÷,…/,
K) &“%ãë=“,2å“ü “% “*=ƒ=……/ì[?
1. f=ëü, ÷2% ì/ 2=* ““%!,ì“ ! l/ "åäü ä!3ƒü .
2. Š/, ì%›å2, …å ƒ…=åøü, = "åäü ì/ ä!3ƒü .
3. Š/ ƒë,øü“ , = 2/ "åäü “=ì ",…%"=2.
j%ììå…2=!,L 3. e“ë, "=ì …=ä% “%%K?,2ü C!,÷,…3 "=øåL C!%“üK/ ,ë,

"%C!%“=, "/ …å ì%›å2å 3C%2!åK,2ü “%þƒ C%2%ì3 ÷2%.
Š32 "/ %K ƒ=…/ 3C%2!åK,2ü ÷=“2,ö/: cäå *ëþ÷? l/ ›å
%C=ƒä/"=åì. n2*!%L ä"å!ü, ƒäå“ü ›å ä3ø…%. o%Läåì,
"åäü 3›å C%ƒä…%.
4. o!%=…=ë,ƒ,!3L2å ä=……/å , C!,"åäå……/å "/øå C!åäë%›å…, “
÷=“2,ö=ì, ›å , "åäü. nC!åäåë,2å ,. ìå“2% " C!åäë%›å…,,.
l%›…% ë, “*=ƒ=2ü, ÷2%
›å “2%,2 C%“ëå =) C%“ëå Cå!"%ã% “3?å“2",2åëü…%ã%, K) C%“ëå
Cå!"%ã% “ë%"= (*!%ìå “ë3›åK…/.) " C!åäë%›å…,,;
"åäü “2%,2 =) " ëþK%ì ìå“2å, K) Cå!åä “%%K?å…,åì ,ë,
"…32!, …åã% (C%“ëå Cå!"%ã% “ë%"=).
1. o%÷åì3 K/ , …å %2ä%.…32ü, !=K%2=ë, ›å ì/ .%!%ø%.
190
2. u%2,2å ,“*3C=2ü“ , C%ã%ä= "åäü ›=!*= .
3. “ "åäü 2åK C!åä3C!å›ä=ë.
j%ììå…2=!,L 4. )=“2,ö= ›å “2%,2 C%“ëå Cå!"%ã% “ë%"= C!åäë%›å…,
(*!%ìå …å*%2%!/. “ë3÷=å" " !=ƒã%"%!…%L !å÷,), ÷=“2,ö=
"åäü *!%ìå .2%L C%ƒ,ö,, ì%›å2 “2% 2ü å?å , Cå!åä
C!åäë%›å…,åì. )=“2,ö= ›å K%ëåå …=“2% 2åëü…= , .%2
, "C%ë…å ë,2å!=23!…= . )=“2,ö= "åäü K%ëåå "å›ë,"= ,
“!. “ ›å 2åK C!%“,ë ("/!=›=å2“ "%ƒì3?å…,å), “ "åäü
2åK C!%“,ë ("/!=›=å2“ 2%ëü*% “%›=ëå…,å).
5. b“2="ü2å ÷=“2,ö/ ›å ,ë, "åäü (ãäå ì%›…%, “äåë=L2å ä"=
C!åäë%›å…, “ *=›ä%L ,ƒ ÷=“2,ö).
1. l/ %C=ƒä/"=åì!
2. ` ÷=“/ %“2=…%",ë,“ü.
3. n2*!%L “*%!åå!
4. n2ä%.…,2å, "/ 3“2=ë,.
5. Šåì…%, “åL÷=“ "å÷å!.
6. n2C3“2, !3*3, K%ëü…%.
Частицы -то и -то... и
1. b *=*,. C!åäë%›å…, . ÷=“2,ö= -2% ,ìåå2 ƒ…=÷å…,å =)

…å%›,ä=……%å “%%K?å…,å, K) &3“23C*=[ (=.%2 ), ") C!,÷,…=.
1. ` h"=…-2% ›å…,ë“ !
2. p=K%2=åì-2% ì/ ì…%ã%, = "%2 ƒ=!=K=2/"=åì …å"=›…%.
3. q äü 232 O %2 %*…=-2% ä3å2!
j%ììå…2=!,L 5. b% "“å. 3C%2!åKëå…, . ÷=“2,ö= -2% %2ìå÷=å2 2åì3

“%%K?å…, , *%2%!= "/äåëå…= C% “!="…å…,þ “
%K/÷…/ì, “ë3÷= ì,. Š=*, *%ãä= “%%K?=å2“ % ÷åì-
2% …%"%ì, …å%›,ä=……/ì %*=ƒ/"=å2“ , %K!=?å…,å
* 2åìå, C%.2%ì3 %…= "/äåë å2“ . o!, "/!=›å…,,
ƒ…=÷å…, 3“23C*, 2åì= "/äåë å2“ C%2%ì3, ÷2% %…=
C!%2,"%C%“2="ë å2“ ä!3ã%L 2åìå, % *%2%!%L ã%"%! 2
ä!3ã%å. m=*%…åö, C!, "/!=›å…,, ƒ…=÷å…, C!,÷,…/
191
%…= “" ƒ/"=å2“ “ …å,ƒ"å“2…%L !=…åå 2åì%L, *%2%!3þ
2%›å …=ä% "/äåë,2ü: " 2!å2üåì C!åäë%›å…,, C!,÷,…=
%*=ƒ=ë=“ü “" ƒ=…= “ %*…%ì (å“ë, 2åì= ,ƒ"å“2…=, 2%
÷=“2,ö3 -2% 3C%2!åK,2ü …åëüƒ ).
2. b “ëåä3þ?åì C!åäë%›å…,, “ë%"% ä%ë›…% “2=2ü , 2åì%L (C%-
“ëåä…åå 3C%ì,…=åì%å),, !åì%L (“%%K?=å2“ ,ìå……% % …åì). j=*,å
÷=“2,ö/ C!, .2%ì “2=" 2“ ?
l/ %K“3›ä=ë,, ãäå C!%"å“2, äå…ü. l/ C!åäë%›,ë,: …=
l%“*"3-!å*3. m= !å*3-2% , !åø,ë, C%å.=2ü " *%…öå *%…ö%".
j%ììå…2=!,L 6. e “ ë , “ ë % " % ä % ë › … % “ 2 = 2 ü , 2 å ì % L , , ! å ì % L
%ä…%"!åìå……%, 2% %…% %2ìå÷=å2“ ÷=“2,öåL -2%
(,…%ãä= "%2), = Cå!åä “*=ƒ3åì/ì (*%2%!%å C%2å! ë%
“"%, “"%L“2"= !åì/) “2=",2“ ÷=“2,ö= ,: m=ä% K/ë%
C%ì%÷ü !%ä,2åë ì. j …,ì-2% ì/ , C%øë,.
3. o%“2="ü2å …3›…/å ÷=“2,ö/ " C%ä÷å!*…32/. C!åäë%›å…, ..
1. l/ .%2åë, C!%"å“2, "å÷å! !3““*%L C%.ƒ,,. m% *%ì3 åã%
C%“" 2,2ü? q=ì/L !3““*,L ,ƒ "“å. C%.2%" O o3ø*,…,
“ .2,ì “%ãë=“,ë,“ü "“å. o3ø*,…3 C%“" 2,ë, .2%2 "å÷å!
“23äå…2/.
2. j2% C%ì%›å2, *2% C%“%"å23å2 " 2!3ä…3þ ì,…323 ë3÷øå,
÷åì C!åC%ä="=2åëü !3““*%ã% ƒ/*=? j C!åC%ä="=2åëþ
%2C!=",ë“ , *%ãä= "%ƒ…,*ë, “ë%›…%“2, “ !å-å!=2%ì.
3. l/ ä%ëã% %C!åäåë ë,, *3ä= C%å.=2ü …= *=…,*3ë/.
a%ëüø,…“2"% .%2åë% …= ì%!å. Š3ä= ì/ " *%…öå *%…ö%"
C%å.=ë,.
192
10. Глаголы движения с приставками
ÍÑÂ ÑÂ
.%äè2ü 1.
2. “.%äè2ü
3.
,ä2è 1. C%L2è
C!,.%äè2ü C!,L2è (C!,äó)
3.%äè2ü 3L2è (3Läó)
C%ä.%äè2ü C%ä%L2è (C%ä%Läó)
%2.%äè2ü %2%L2è (%2%Läó)
".%äè2ü "%L2è ("%Läó)
"/.%äè2ü "/L2è ("/Läó)
ƒ=.%äè2ü ƒ=L2è (ƒ=Läó)
... ...
ÍÑÂ ÑÂ
Kåã=2ü 1.
2. “Kåã=2ü
3.
Kå›à2ü 1. C%Kå›à2ü
C!,Kåãà2ü C!,Kå›à2ü (C!,Kåãó)
3Kåãà2ü 3Kå›à2ü (3Kåãó)
C%äKåãà2ü C%äKå›à2ü (C%äKåãó)
%2Kåãà2ü %2Kå›à2ü (%2Kåãó)
"Kåãà2ü "Kå›à2ü ("Kåãó)
"/Kåãà2ü "/Kå›à2ü ("/Kåãó)
ƒ=Kåãà2ü ƒ=Kå›à2ü (ƒ=Kåãó)
... ...
193
ÍÑÂ ÑÂ
åƒä,2ü 1.
2. “Aåƒä,2ü
3.
å.=2ü 1. C%å.=2ü
C!,åƒ›à2ü C!,å.=2ü (C!,åä3)
3åƒ›à2ü 3å.=2ü (3åä3)
C%äAåƒ›à2ü C%äAå.=2ü (C%äAåä3)
%2Aåƒ›à2ü %2Aå.=2ü (%2Aåä3)
"Aåƒ›à2ü "Aå.=2ü ("Aåä3)
"/åƒ›à2ü "/å.=2ü ("/åä3)
ƒ=åƒ›à2ü ƒ=å.=2ü (ƒ=åä3)
... ...
ÍÑÂ ÑÂ
"%ƒè2ü 1.
2. “"%ƒè2ü
3.
"åƒ2è 1. C%"åƒ2è
C!,"%ƒè2ü C!,"åƒ2è (C!,"%›ó)
3"%ƒè2ü 3"åƒ2è (3"%›ó)
C%ä"%ƒè2ü C%ä"åƒ2è (C%ä"%›ó)
%2"%ƒè2ü %2"åƒ2è (%2"%›ó)
""%ƒè2ü ""åƒ2è (""%›ó)
"/"%ƒè2ü "/"åƒ2è ("/"%›ó)
ƒ="%ƒè2ü ƒ="åƒ2è (ƒ="%›ó)
... ...
194
ÍÑÂ ÑÂ
…%“è2ü 1.
2. “…%“è2ü
3.
…å“2è 1. C%…å“2è
C!,…%“è2ü C!,…å“2è (C!,…å“ó)
3…%“è2ü 3…å“2è (3…å“ó)
C%ä…%“è2ü C%ä…å“2è (C%ä…å“ó)
%2…%“è2ü %2…å“2è (%2…å“ó)
"…%“è2ü "…å“2è ("…å“ó)
"/…%“è2ü "/…å“2è ("/…å“ó)
ƒ=…%“è2ü ƒ=…å“2è (ƒ=…å“ó)
... ...
ÍÑÂ ÑÂ
"%äè2ü 1.
2. “"%äè2ü
3.
"å“2è 1. C%"å“2è
C!,"%äè2ü C!,"å“2è (C!,"%›ó)
3"%äè2ü 3"å“2è (3"%›ó)
C%ä"%äè2ü C%ä"å“2è (C%ä"%›ó)
%2"%äè2ü %2"å“2è (%2"%›ó)
""%äè2ü ""å“2è (""%›ó)
"/"%äè2ü "/"å“2è ("/"%›ó)
ƒ="%äè2ü ƒ="å“2è (ƒ="%›ó)
... ...
195
ÍÑÂ ÑÂ
ëå2à2ü 1.
2. “ëå2à2ü
3.
ëå2å2ü 1. C%ëå2å2ü
C!,ëå2à2ü C!,ëå2å2ü (C!,ëå÷ó)
3ëå2à2ü 3ëå2å2ü (3ëå÷ó)
C%äëå2à2ü C%äëå2å2ü (C%äëå÷ó)
%2ëå2à2ü %2ëå2å2ü (%2ëå÷ó)
"ëå2à2ü "ëå2å2ü ("ëå÷ó)
"/ëå2à2ü "/ëå2å2ü ("/ëå÷ó)
ƒ=ëå2à2ü ƒ=ëå2å2ü (ƒ=ëå÷ó)
... ...
ÍÑÂ ÑÂ
Cë="à2ü 1.
2. “Cëà"=2ü
3.
Cë/2ü 1. C%Cëû2ü
C!,Cë/"à2ü C!,Cëû2ü (C!,Cë/"ó)
3Cë/"à2ü 3Cëû2ü (3Cë/"ó)
C%äCë/"à2ü C%äCëû2ü (C%äCë/"ó)
%2Cë/"à2ü %2Cëû2ü (%2Cë/"ó)
"Cë/"à2ü "Cëû2ü ("Cë/"ó)
"/Cë/"à2ü "/Cëû2ü ("/Cë/"ó)
ƒ=Cë/"à2ü ƒ=Cëû2ü (ƒ=Cë/"ó)
... ...
196
11. Некоторые парагдимы
Склонение существительных
единственное число
q!åä…,L
l3›“*%L !%ä få…“*,L !%ä
!%ä
o=äå›, b%C!%“/ …å%ä3ø. %ä3ø. …å%ä3?. %ä3ø.
hìå…,- j2%? “2%ë “23äå…2 *%ì…=2-= “å“2!-= %*…-%
2åëü…/L “ë%"=!ü C,“=2åëü äå!å"…- Š=…- C%ë-å
)2%? 2!=ì"=L ãå!%L …=ö,- l=!,- ƒ=ä=…,-å
2å2!=äü
p%ä,- j%ã%? “2%ë-= “23äå…2-= *%ì…=2-/ “å“2!-/ %*…-=
2åëü…/L “ë%"=!- C,“=2åë- äå!å"…-, Š=…-, C%ë-
)åã%? 2!=ì"=- ãå!%- …=ö,-, l=!,-, ƒ=ä=…,-
2å2!=ä-,
d=2åëü j%ì3? “2%ë-3 “23äå…2- 3 *%ì…=2-å “å“2!-å %*…-3
…/L “ë%"=!-þ C,“=2åë-þ äå!å"…-å Š=…-å C%ë-þ
)åì3? 2!=ì"=-þ ãå!%-þ …=ö,-, l=!,-, ƒ=ä=…,-þ
2å2!=ä-,
b,…,- j%ã%? “2%ë “23äå…2-= *%ì…=2-3 “å“2!-3 %*…-%
2åëü…/L “ë%"=!ü C,“=2åë- äå!å"…-þ Š=…-þ C%ë-å
)2%? 2!=ì"=L ãå!%- …=ö,-þ l=!,-þ ƒ=ä=…,-å
2å2!=äü
Š"%!,- jåì? “2%ë-%ì “3äå…2-%ì *%ì…=2-%L “å“2!-%L %*…-%ì
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)åì? 2!=ì"=-åì ãå!%-åì …=ö,-åL l=!,-åL ƒ=ä=…,-åì
2å2!=ä-üþ
o!åä- n *%ì? % “2%ë-å % “23äå…2-å % *%ì…=2-å % “å“2!-å %K %*…-å
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n ÷åì? % 2!=ì"=-å % ãå!%-å % …=ö,-, % l=!,-, % ƒ=ä=…,-,
% 2å2!=ä-,
197
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o=äå›,
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hìå…,- -/L/-%L/-,L -%å/-åå -= /- -/å/-,å
2åëü…/L …%"/L …%"%å …%"= …%"/å
K%ëüø%L K%ëüø%å K%ëüø= K%ëüø,å
“,…,L “,…åå “,… “,…,å
p%ä,- -%ã%/-åã% -%L/-åL -/./-,.
2åëü…/L …%"%ã% …%"%L …%"/.
K%ëüø%ã% K%ëüø%L K%ëüø,.
“,…åã% “,…åL “,…,.
d=2åëü -%ì3/-åì3 -%L/-åL -/ì/-,ì
…/L …%"%ì3 …%"%L …%"/ì
K%ëüø%ì3 K%ëüø%L K%ëüø,ì
“,…åì3 “,…åL “,…,ì
b,…,- *=* ,ì. ,ë, !%ä. C -3þ/-þþ *=* ,ì. ,ë, !%ä. C
2åëü…/L …%"3þ
K%ëüø3þ
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Š"%!,- -/ì/-,ì -%L/-åL -/ì,/-,ì,
2åëü…/L …%"/ì …%"%L …%"/ì,
K%ëüø%ì K%ëüø%L K%ëüø,ì,
“,…,ì “,…åL “,…,ì,
o!åä- -%ì/-åì -%L/-åL -/./-,.
ë%›…/L (%) …%"%ì (%) …%"%L …%"/.
(%) K%ëüø%ì (%) K%ëüø%L K%ëüø,.
(%) “,…åì (%) “,…åL “,…,.
198
Л и т е р а т у ра
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Оглавление
Предисловие . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Несколько словдля будущих преподавателей . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Раздел I
ПРИНЦИПЫ СОЗДАНИЯ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО ОПИСАНИЯ
РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Глава I. Задачи преподавания и описание русского языка . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1. Лингвистические концепции XX векаи их влияние на
лингводидактику. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2. О влиянии функционального подхода
на педагогическое описание в сфере РКИ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3. Педагогическое описание языка и дургие науки . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. Проблемы моделирования языка и
речевой деятельности с позиций лингводидактики . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. Правила в педагогическом описании . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6. О коммуникативной правильности речи . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Глава II. Об учете родного языка учащегося . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1. Фонетика . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2. Морфологическая система . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3. Синтаксис . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4. Лексика . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Раздел II
ЯЗЫКОВАЯ СИСТЕМА В КУРСЕ РКИ
Глава I Фонетика в курсе РКИ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1. Специфика лингвопедагогического описания фонетической системы русского языка. . . 41
2. Особенности фонетической системы русского языка. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3. Интонация. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Глава II. Грамматика в курсе РКИ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1. Категории имени существительного . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2. Категории имени прилагательного. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3. Категории глагола . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4. Глаголы движения . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5. Местоимения . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Г л а в а III. Синтаксис в курсе РКИ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
208
1. Правила выбора порядка слов в высказывании . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2. Особенности выражения предикативной основы предложения . . . . . . . . . . 85
3. Выбор сочинительных союзов . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4. Образование вопросительных предложений . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Глава IV. Активная грамматика . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
1. Выражение пространственных отношений . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2. Выражение временных отношений . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3. Выражение отношей обусловленности . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4. Выражение модальных отношений . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Глава V. Лексика в курсе РКИ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
1. Семантика слова лексико-семантические группы (ЛСГ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
2. Сочетаемость слов . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3. Отбор и организация лексики . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4. Языковая картина мира
в педагогическом описании русского языка. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5. Изучение стилистических средств языка. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6. Словообразование на практических занятиях . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Глава VI. Лингвистика дискурса и проблемы обучения РКИ . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
1. Диалог . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
2. Связаный текст . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Раздел III
ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ОПИСАНИЯ ОТ ЭТАПА ОБУЧЕНИЯ
для начального этапа . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
для среднего этапа . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
для продвинутого этапа . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Приложение . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Литература . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

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1. Лингвистические концепции XX века

1.1. b2å÷å…,å öåë%L ÷å2"å!2, ä"=äö=2%ã% "å*= "åä3?åå C%ë%›å…,å

ƒ/*= (2.å. =…ãë,L“*%ã%) ,…%“2!=…ö=ì. hƒ"å“2…= !=K%2= k.

1.2.m=÷,…= “ C 2,äå“ 2/. ã%ä%" " ë,…ã",“2,*å, " Cå!"3þ %÷å!åäü

1.3. p=ƒ%÷=!%"=…,å C!åC%ä="=2åëåL …å!%ä…/. ƒ/*%" " 2!=…“-

ƒ=“2=",ë% %K!=2,2ü "…,ì=…,å …= 2å …=C!="ëå…, " ë,…ã",“2,*å,

1.4. b 70O80-å ã%ä/ C!åC%ä="=2åë,-C!=*2,*, …=÷,…=þ2 ã%"%!,2ü

2. О влиянии функционального подхода

2.1. О функциональном подходе к описанию языка

ã!=ìì=2,*= C%…,ì=å2“ *=* ã!=ìì=2,*= "/K%!= C!, ä",›å…,, %2

*ë=““,-,*=ö,þ åä,…,ö, *%2%!/å ì/ ",ä,ì " 2å*“2å, O -%…åì,

2.2. О функционально-сематических отношениях

[b“å"%ë%ä%"=, 2000, “. 89O96], [b“å"%ë%ä%"=, “?å…*%, 1998],

b%K?åì ! ä3 “ %2…%øå…, ì, ,…%ãä= …=ƒ/"=þ2 -3…*ö,%…=ëü…%-

2.3. Когда функциональное описание отличается

ãë=ã%ë O " “%"å!øå……%ì ,ë, …å“%"å!øå……%ì ",äå , 2.C. nä…=*%

3. Педагогическое описание языка и дургие науки

&äë C!åC%ä="=…, [ ä%ë›…= 3÷,2/"=2ü …å 2%ëü*% %“%Kå……%“2,

4. Проблемы моделирования языка и

`"2%!/ “=ì/. !=ƒ…/. ë,…ã",“2,÷å“*,. *%…öåCö,L, *=*

÷2% ì/ ,ìååì " ",ä3.

äåëå…,þ “!åä“2" …= ä!% , Cå!,-å!,þ, C!,… 2/å "

5. Правила в педагогическом описании

5.1. o!=",ë= " Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%ì %C,“=…,, ä=ëå*% …å "“åãä=

5.2. q÷,2=å2“ , ÷2% " …=3*å C!=",ë= ä%ë›…/ K/2ü %ä…%ƒ…=÷…/ì,.

,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ %*%…÷=…, O //,, =, å, 2% "“åãä=, ›åë= "/!=ƒ,2ü

5.3. b%%K?å, " Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“*%ì %C,“=…,, "/ "ë å2“ K%ëüø%å

oåä=ã%ã,-C!=*2,*, "/ "ë þ2 *=*,å-2% ƒ=*%…%ìå!…%“2,

6. О коммуникативной правильности речи

åä"= ë, ì%›…% ãäå-…,K3äü …=L2, *!%ìå 3÷åK…,*=; “!.}2% 2"%L ä!3ã?

Итак, описание языка, предназначенное для использования на

В то же время многие сведения из этих грамматик вполне могут

2. Что влияет на особености педагогического

3. Какие науки и направления лингвистики осо-

4. Какую роль в модели речевой деятельности

5. Какие аспекты правильности фразы нужно

Бондарко А. В. Основы функциональной грамматики. – Спб.,1999

“!*%L ÷å!2%L “,“2åì/ !3““*,. “%ãë=“…/. "ë å2“

…%"%“2üþ äë …%“,2åëåL C%÷2, "“å. ƒ/*%" O ä=›å å“ë, %“…%"…/å

2.1. hì “3?å“2",2åëü…%å. j=2åã%!, ÷,“ë= å“2ü C!=*2,÷å“*,

“3?å“2",2åëü…/. (*%2%!/. %*%ë% äå“ 2*=) ƒ=",“,2 "/K%! “÷å2…%L

2.2. hì C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%å. p3““*%å C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%å " %“…%"…%ì

%Kë=ä=å2 2=*,ì, ›å “%ãë=“%"=2åëü…/ì, “"%L“2"=ì,, ÷2%

2.3. cë=ã%ë. q!åä, *=2åã%!,L ãë=ã%ë= …=,K%ëåå “Cåö,-,÷å“*%L

C%2å! ë% “"%þ =“Cå*23=ëü…3þ %*!=“*3. nä…=*% ,ƒ"å“2…%, ÷2%

b!åìå……= “,“2åì= " !3““*%ì C!%?å ì…%ã,. ä!3ã,.,

2.4. lå“2%,ìå…, . q,“2åì= ë,÷…/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L O 2!, ë,ö=, ä"=

%2äåëü…/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L äë 3*=ƒ=…, …= “3KAå*2= …å2.

2.5. ),“ë,2åëü…/å. q,“2åì= !3““*,. ÷,“ë,2åëü…/. "/äåë å2“

*=2åã%!,þ. b %K!=ƒ%"=…,, “%“2="…/. , “ë%›…/. ÷,“ë,2åëü…/.

b %“…%"3 …,ã, C%ë%›å… 3!“ ëåö,L C% !3““%ì3 ƒ/3 =* ,…%“2!=……%ì3

b %“…%"3 .2%L …,ã, C%ë%›å… 3!“ ëåö,L C% !3““%ì3 ƒ/*3

}2= …,ã= O %ä…= ,ƒ Cå!"/. C%C/2% “%K!=2ü "%åä,…%

ƒ/= (2.å. =…ãë,L“%ã%) ,…%“2!=…ö=ì. hƒ"å“2…= !=K%2= k.

1.4. b 70O80-å ã%ä/ C!åC%ä="=2åë,-C!=2,, …=÷,…=þ2 ã%"%!,2ü

ã!=ìì=2,= C%…,ì=å2“ =* ã!=ìì=2,*= "/K%!= C!, ä",›å…,, %2

ë=““,-,=ö,þ åä,…,ö, %2%!/å ì/ ",ä,ì " 2å“2å, O -%…åì,

`"2%!/ “=ì/. !=ƒ…/. ë,…ã",“2,÷å“,. %…öåCö,L, =

5.1. o!=",ë= " Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“%ì %C,“=…,, ä=ëå% …å "“åãä=

oåä=ã%ã,-C!=2,, "/ "ë þ2 =,å-2% ƒ=*%…%ìå!…%“2,

åä"= ë, ì%›…% ãäå-…,K3äü …=L2, !%ìå 3÷åK…,=; “!.}2% 2"%L ä!3ã?

“!%L ÷å!2%L “,“2åì/ !3““,. “%ãë=“…/. "ë å2“

2.1. hì “3?å“2",2åëü…%å. j=2åã%!, ÷,“ë= å“2ü C!=2,÷å“,

“3?å“2",2åëü…/. (%2%!/. %%ë% äå“ 2*=) ƒ=",“,2 "/K%! “÷å2…%L

2.3. cë=ã%ë. q!åä, =2åã%!,L ãë=ã%ë= …=,K%ëåå “Cåö,-,÷å“%L

C%2å! ë% “"%þ =“Cå23=ëü…3þ %!=“3. nä…=% ,ƒ"å“2…%, ÷2%

%2äåëü…/. ìå“2%,ìå…,L äë 3=ƒ=…, …= “3KAå2= …å2.

2.6. që3›åK…/å “ë%"=. h. “%C%“2="ë 2ü “ë%›…%, 2=* = ,…%ãä= C!,

3.3. o!åäë%›å…, “ ,ìå……/ì “=ƒ3åì/ì " !3““%ì ƒ/*å

h2=, " C!%öå““å %K3÷å…, !3““%ì3 ƒ/*3, !=K%2å …=ä

K%ëåå %K%K?å……/L ãë=ã%ë 4ä",›å2“ ’. nä…=% " öåë%ì 2=,å

b C%“ëåä…,å äå“ 2,ëå2, " C!=2,å C!åC%ä="=…, -%…å2,*, "

k,…ã"%Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“%å %C,“=…,å -%…å2,÷å“%L “,“2åì/ !3““*%-

j!%ìå 2%ã%, .%2 “%“2=" -%…åì !3““%ã% ƒ/= " C!=2,÷å“,.

“%ãë=“…/., = 2=›å 2,C%ë%ã,÷å“, !åä,å ƒ"3,, "“2!å÷=þ?,å“

…å“å…,, L. b ÷=“2…%“2,, 2== =!2,3ë ö, C% "ë å2“ C!,

2.4. Š,C%ë%ã,÷å“,å !åä,å -%…åì/ !3““%ã% ƒ/=

C!åä, !3““,. -%…åì å“2ü …å“%ëü% 2=,., *%2%!/å C!åä“2="ë þ2

2=ì, ãäå %…, å“2ü (" C%ëü“%ì, …åìåö%ì, =…ãë,L“%ì, ,2=L“*%ì

j2% "=“ C!%“,2? n… ì%“",÷ (= …å, C!,ìå!3, !%“ë="åö).

j=%L !=“,"/L! j2% .2% ã%"%!,ë?

j=* ì/ ",ä,ì, C%… 2,å ,…2%…=ö,%……%L %…“2!3ö,,

b Cåä=ã%ã,÷å“%L ã!=ìì=2,å " ÷,“ë% C!,ë=ã=2åëü…/. "*ëþ÷=þ2

d%“2=2%÷…% !=…% “23äå…2/ ƒ…=%ì 2“ , “ =2åã%!,åL “2åCå…åL

b/K%! …3›…%L -%!ì/ C!,ë=ã=2åëü…%ã% "=›å… äë 2å.%…“2!3ö,L,

h“2%!,÷å“, C%ë…= -%!ì= "%ƒ…,ë= " !åƒ3ëü2=2å C!,“%åä,…å…, *

÷=“2% “2=…%",2“ %“…%"%L äë =!2,ë (…=C!,ìå!, " K%ëã=!“%ì ƒ/*å

%KAå2%ì ,ë, ë,ö%ì, = “ “%K/2,åì ,ë, …å“%ëü*,ì, “%K/2, ì,,