Cisco Routers in 21 Days

Books.Ru
ISBN 5932860480,
Cisco.
Books.Ru .
,

.
, (piracy@sym
bol.ru), .
Sams Teach Yourself
Cisco Routers
in 21 Days
Second Edition
Jerome F. DiMarzio

Cisco

2003
High tech
Cisco

.

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
Cisco. . . .
: , 2003. 512 ., .
ISBN 5932860480
. Cisco,
. ,
Cisco. Cisco
IOS , Cisco

. ,
IP, IPX, RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF BGP.
: IP
(NAT).
,
Cisco.
ISBN 5932860480
ISBN 067232296X ()
, 2003
Authorized translation from the English language edition, entitled SAMS TEACH YOURSELF CISCO
ROUTERS IN 21 DAYS, 2nd Edition by DIMARZIO, JEROME F., published by Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Sams, Copyright 2002 by Sams Publishing.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval sys
tem, without permission from Pearson Education, Inc. RUSSIAN language edition published by SYM
BOLPLUS PUBLISHING, Copyright 2003.
, SAMS TEACH YOUR
SELF CISCO ROUTERS IN 21 DAYS, 2nd Edition by DIMARZIO, JEROME F.,
Pearson Education., Inc. (SAMS), Copyright 2002, Sams Publishing.
.
, , ,
, Pearson Education, Inc.
, Copyright 2003.
,
.
, , .
. 199034, , 16 , 7.
. (812) 3245353, edit@symbol.ru. N 000054 25.12.98.

00593, 2; 953000 .
25.02.2003. 701001/16 . .
32 . . 2000 . N

199034, , 9 , 12.

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I. Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1. Cisco:
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Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
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2. Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Cisco . . . . . . . . 40
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
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3. Cisco IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Cisco IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
IOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
IOS, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
IOS, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Cisco IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4. Cisco IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
IOS . . . . . . . . . 78
IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Cisco IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
ping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
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5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
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. .111
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6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
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startupconfig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
runningconfig. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
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7. Cisco . . . . . . . . . . .148
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Cisco . . . . . . . . . . .152
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Cisco IOS . . . . . . . . .160
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runningconfig startupconfig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
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II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
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OSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
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9. IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
IP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
IP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
IP Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
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10. IP Cisco . . . . . . . . . .196

IP Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
ICMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
ICMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Ping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
traceroute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Telnet . . . .214
rlogin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
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11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
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IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
Cisco
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233

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12. IPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

IPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
IPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
IPX Cisco. . . . . . . . . .246
IPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
IPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
ISDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
ISDN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
ISDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
ISDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
ISDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
X.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274
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Frame Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
Frame Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
Frame Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
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14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
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10
III. Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

15. RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
, RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296
RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298
RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
RIP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310
RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314
RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
16. IGRP EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319

IGRP EIGRP RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320
IGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
IGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
. . . . . . . . . . .324
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
IGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
IGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
. . . . .328
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
/
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330
EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
17. OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336

OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336
OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
18. BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
ASN IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
EBGP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371
BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
BGP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374
IBGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
BGP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380
BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
19. ISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

ISIS DECnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
DECnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388
DECnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390
DECnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
DECnet Phase V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
ISIS CLNP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396
ISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
ISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
ISIS, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
ISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
ISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409
ISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410
hello. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414
ISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
IS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416
12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
ISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
ISIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
20. Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425

IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426
NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434
21.
Cisco Catalyst PNNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
ATM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437
ATM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
UNI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
ATM . . . . . . . . . .443
PNNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
PNNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447
PNNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
PNNI QOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
PNNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
PNNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461
PNNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462
A. Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495

. (Jerome F. DiMarzio) ,

. 1991 Walt Disney
Company .
. .
.
MCP, MCP+I, MCSE CCNA.
GOLD IEEE,

.

(Michelle Truman),
(CCIE # 8098),
,
( . , ).
8

, AgriBank, Pillsbury, Burger King, Guinness Brewing
Haagen Dazs. LAN WAN
BGP OSPF.
AT&T Business Internet Services.

(Andre PareeHuff) ( CCNP, CCDA,
MCSE+I, ASE, A+, Network+, INetwork+, Server+)
.
Com
paq Computer Corporation
, , .
,
OSI.
,
.
CCDE CCIE.
14
: , .
, . (William
E. Brown), (Mark Renfrow), (Matt Pur
cell) SAMS Publishing, (Molly Re
denbaugh), (Jerome Colburn), (Dave
Mason) .
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) (Walt Adams) Double Eagle Servi
ces , (Lou Vella) Allme
rica Financial, (Heather Osterloh) ,
.

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3175814770
Email:
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Jeff Koch
Sams Publishing
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
Cisco
,
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.
.
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.
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,
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.
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IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange).
13 .
,
(WAN), Frame Relay.
14 .

.
,
:
15 RIP.
, RIP
Cisco.
19
16 IGRP EIGRP. ,
Cisco
(IGRP)
EIGRP.
17 OSPF.

(OSPF).
18 BGP. ,
(BGP).
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, .

(ISIS).
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(NAT) IP.
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PNNI.
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ed Network Associate (CCNA).
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25

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Cisco ) CCIE (Cisco Certi
fied Internetwork Engineer, Cisco
). , , ,
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(LAN) (WAN) . ,
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( 21).
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1. Cisco:

. , , .
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,
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.
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.
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.
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DARPAnet)
.
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.
1980
().
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.

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. 60 ,
,
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.

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Ring.
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29
. 1.2.
,
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.
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.
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,
(Leonard Bosack),
, .
,
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30
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Cisco
1984 .
.
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.
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. , ( )

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, .
1991 (John Chambers) Wang
Cisco , 1995
CEO. Cisco
20 .
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, :
.
Cisco .
,
.
, .

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,
.
, ,
.
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.
. 1980 ,
,
(BBS).
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1. Cisco:
,
,
.
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, , (
). ( )
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, .
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,

.
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.

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Trumpet, BBS
,
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. .

.
.
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33
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, ,
.

.
, Cisco
. . 1.4 ,
.
. 1.4.
34
1. Cisco:
Cisco
,
.
Cisco WAN
, ISDN (Integrated Services Data Network,
), DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines, )
T, LAN, Ethernet; Cisco
.
,
Cisco, .

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.
. ,
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), ,
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).
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, ,
(Network Authentication Device).
,
.

. ,
.
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sign.com.
IP 207.217.96.36,
www.marzdesign.com.
.
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35
,
. ,
IP, (
, )
, (
). ,
www.marzdesign.com. (
, )
.
, .

1990 ,
, .
,
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, ,
,
, .
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,
.
,
, .

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SOHO (small office/home office / ).
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. ,
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,
. Cisco

,
.
,
.
, Cisco.

WAN. . 1.5.
ISDN.
(, 7500) .
ISDN
36
1. Cisco:
. 1.5.
, SOHO (
, Cisco 1600)
ISDN,
ISDN.
, ,
.
Cisco ,
,
.
(Cisco IOS),
,
.
WAN, ISDN Frame Relay,

,
.
, , WAN
.
VPN (Virtual Private Network,
).
37
. 1.6 , VPN
. , ,
, . 1.5, . . 1.6
.
,
Cisco 1600.
,
.
Cisco 7500,
,
.
. ,
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. ,
,
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.
,
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, .
,
.
. 1.6.
38
1. Cisco:
, ,
.
,
,
.

Cisco ,
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.
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.

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co Cisco IOS, .
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.
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).
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2. Cisco
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43
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44
2. Cisco
Cisco.
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WAN .
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WAN, ,
, ,
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WAN, ,
.
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. WIC,
, .
, WAN, ISDN T1,
.
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, (

). WAN
, ISDN T1,
.
,
, WIC
. , IOS
.

WIC
.
, ,
Cisco 1605,
( WIC)
( Ethernet).
WIC.
.

, (
).
Cisco
45

Cisco (
, ) .
( 4
24 ), .

IOS. ,
, .
,
( ).
( )
Cisco IOS.
Cisco
, ,
.
. R (
, Cisco 1605 R) .
.
,
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, ,
.

, ,
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,
.
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Motorola 68000 ( 68360 68030
28 M).
, .
68000
.
.
,
( )
.
.
Cisco
(DRAM) SIMM, ,
46
2. Cisco
.
, . (,

.)
,
,
.
, .
. , (SRAM)
, ,
.
DRAM ,
,
. ,
.
,
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.

. (
.)
. , ,
,
,
, .
, Service Provider Series,

(ISP).
.
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, ), ,
, .
,
.
( ,
, ).
47

Cisco
, ,
.
,
, .
,
. , ,

.
,
.
.
800
800 ,
, .
LAN WAN.
,
.
Cisco 805.

WAN PPP.
, ,
() .
Ethernet Cisco 805 (
),
.
HUB/NO HUB, ,

.
( ,
)
HUB/NO HUB .
Cisco 805
.
PPP (PointtoPoint Protocol
)
Frame Relay CSU/DSU (channel
service unit/data service unit /).
IOS.
805 . 2.1.
48
2. Cisco
2.1. Cisco 805
16
12
Motorola 68000
Ethernet
1 (10BaseT)
1 (./.)
WAN
1600
Cisco 1600

,
. 1600
, .
1600 . 2.2.
2.2. Cisco 1600
Ethernet
WAN
1601
1 ( )
1602
1

56/ DSU/CSU
1 ( )
1603
1 ISDN 1
1604
1 sbus ISDN
1
1605
1 ( )
1603 , ISDN
.
1605
Ethernet,
.
1605
. 2.3. ( WIC
1600,
.)
49
2.3. Cisco 1605
24
4 ( ) 16
Motorola 68360 33
2 (10BaseT)
Ethernet
0
WAN
WIC
(/.)
56/c CSU/DSU
1 CSU/DSU
ISDN BRI S/T
ISDN BRI
NT1, U
2500

2500, ,
.
2500 .
20 ,
, .
, .
2500
.
Cis
co 2520,
Ethernet. ,
CSD/DSU
. , , , 2525
2524 WIC.
2500 WAN.
Cisco 2520 . 2.4.
2.4. Cisco 2520
24
4 EPROM
12
Motorola 68EC030 20
50
2. Cisco
2.4 ()
Ethernet
1 (AUI 10BaseT)
1 (./.), 2 .
WAN
1 ISDN BRI

Cisco. ,
, , 7000
12000 , VoIP ( IP)
PPP.
,
, Cisco 4000.
,
.
FDDI.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface

)
. ,
,
, .
Cisco 4000 .
,
. FDDI
. Cisco 4000
.2.5.
2.5. Cisco 4000
16
4 EPROM
Motorola 68EC030 40
Ethernet
51
WAN
Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI

Cisco. ,
,
. ,
Cisco.
,
Cisco IOS.
Cisco IOS ,
Cisco. Cisco IOS ,
.
, .

Cisco
?
.

. ,
, ,

.
1. Cisco?
2. ,
?
1. DRAM.
2. WIC (WAN Interface Card).
3
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System)
,
Cisco ( 700).
,
Cisco, IOS.
,

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IOS ,
Cisco .
, Exec,
, Cisco IOS.
IOS.
Cisco IOS ,
.
Exec.
Cisco ,
. ,
, &
. &
. ,
Exec.
Cisco,
, .
Cisco IOS.
Cisco IOS
53
, . ( ,
, ,
.)
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, ), 6
. Cisco
.
. Cisco IOS,
.
Cisco IOS , 3.
, Cisco IOS,
4 Cisco IOS.

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, :
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(
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. Cis
co Cisco IOS, ,
,
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, ,
, . Cisco
(
), , ,
.

.
,
, .
Cisco IOS
. ,
Cisco,
,
.
. IOS
,
.
54
3. Cisco IOS
, Cisco IOS , ,
.
, ,
.
, (
) Cisco IOS
. Cisco IOS
. ,
, .
Cisco IOS,
,
.
,
Cisco IOS.
.
IOS
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
, . , ,
, Microsoft Windows 2000,
Microsoft Windows XP ,
.
Cisco IOS .
IOS 12.0(3), 12.2
,
.
Cisco IOS ,
,
(VPN).
( )
Cisco IOS. IOS
, IP IPX.
IP/IPX
.

, Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS
55
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
IOS IP,
IPX
Cisco IPX IOS. ,

. IOS
IP ,
IPX ( IPX), IP
.
Cisco IP/IPX IOS.
, .
Cisco IOS ,
.
, Cisco IOS
Cisco ,
Cisco. Cisco
IOS .
.
Cisco
IOS .
, ,
.
?
,
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.
Cisco ,
Cisco,
. 3.1.
Cisco (
) Cisco IOS
. IOS (,
)
. , ,
, IOS,
.
IOS CCO (Cisco Connection Online)
.
Cisco IOS .
(, ,
).
56
3. Cisco IOS
. 3.1. Cisco IOS

IOS,
. IOS
. , IOS,
,
.
Cisco
. , IOS ,
RFR (RunfromRAM), , IOS
, RFF (RunfromFlash).
R ,
RFR , Cisco 1605R.
, R RFF.
IOS ,
.
RFR RFF.
,
.
Cisco IOS
57
RFF

, ,
.
,
Cisco
.
, IOS
.
, RFR RFF, IOS .
, IOS
.
RFF ,
Cisco.
. 3.2
RFF.
IOS
. IOS ,
.
. 3.2. IOS, &
58
3. Cisco IOS

. .
IOS ,
. ,
. ( RFR 2 3
, RFF
.)
.

IOS ( ,
),
.
.
RFF
. IOS
, .
IOS, ,
(
) ,

.
RFF .
, IOS ,
.
.
, .
,
RFR.
RFR

RFR. , RFF, IOS
. . IOS

RFF.
Cisco
. IOS, ,
.
IOS
.
. RFR
. 3.3.
Cisco IOS
59
. 3.3. IOS,
IOS .

.
RFR ,
RFF.
: Cisco
.
IOS ,
.
.
,
.
RFR, RFF, .
. IOS
,
, .
IOS
, RFF.
60
3. Cisco IOS
RFR
IOS.
, RFF,
.
RFR
IOS. (
7
Cisco.)
IOS,
IOS
RFF.
Flash Load Helper (FLH), ,
IOS.

. (SIMM)
, ,

, IOS.
, .
, IOS
. Cisco IOS
4.

IOS
.
.
, Cisco
. ,
,
SIMM .
,
.
.

.
Cisco IOS
61
IOS ,
.
, IOS
,
Flash Load Helper
.
,
, .
,
.
Router>enable
Router#

.
Router#configure
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? terminal
.
<Ctrl>+<Z>.
Router(config)#
,
.
Router(config)# partition flash
,
.
Router(config)#partition flash ?
<18> Number of partitions in device
Router(config)#partition flash 2 ?
<164> Size of partition 1
, IOS
. copy
IOS .
,
. , ,
.
copy

62
3. Cisco IOS
.
.
Router#copy tftp flash
TFTP (Tri
vial File Transfer Protocol )
. IOS
, .
:
TFTP
, IOS
,

TFTP ( )
. , , FTP
, TFTP. FTP TFTP.
IOS ,
, .
,

. ,
.
,
, boot
.
Router(config)#boot system flash 2
,
.
IOS.
RFF
, Flash Load Helper.
Flash Load Helper

RFF Flash Load Helper. FLH
,
.
RFF.
Flash Load Helper,
,
Cisco IOS
63
.
Flash Load Helper, .
Router# copy tftp flash
***************** NOTICE ***************************
Flash load helper v1.0
This process will accept the TFTP copy options and then terminate the current
system image to use the ROM based image for the copy. Router functionality will
not be available during that time. If you are logged in via telnet, this
connection will terminate. Users with console access can see the results of
the copy operation.
*******************************************************
,
Flash Load Helper,
IOS.
FLH
. TFTP,
IOS, , ,
, . FLH
, .
FLH
, ,
.
( ).
Flash Load Helper .
IOS,
Cisco IOS
RFR. Cisco
RSL (Router Software Loader).
, IOS
. , IOS
,
. 3.4 RSL.

RSL IOS
.
: , IOS
. . 3.5.
, ,
,
IOS, . , IP
IOS 12.0(3) Cisco 1600, ,
c1600ymz.1203.bin. RSL ,
aaa0269.bin. ? .
64
3. Cisco IOS
. 3.4. Router Software Loader
,
IOS .
Cisco IOS.
,
.
,
. (
,
.
TFTP, copy flash TFTP.)
IOS
Router>enable
. 3.5. RSL
Cisco IOS
65
, copy,
. ,
TFTP .
Router#copy tftp flash
: IP (
DNS) TFTP, , IOS,
, .
Address or name of remote host []? 10.16.4.152
Source filename []? c1600 y mz.120 3.bin
Destination filename [c1600ymz.1203.bin]?
, (,
)
. ,
IOS.
:
%Warning: Run from flash images are recommended for this platform.
Erase flash: before copying? [confirm]
Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]
Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ...erased
Erase of flash: complete
Loading c1600ymz.1218a.bin from 10.16.4.152 (via Ethernet0):
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
[OK 2868332/5736448 bytes]
Verifying checksum... OK (0xD6C8)
2868332 bytes copied in 106.936 secs (27059 bytes/sec)
, IOS ,
reload.
Router#reload
, IOS
. , .
IOS TFTP .
, IOS
. , ,
.
IOS TFTP Boot Loader,
Cisco IOS, .
66
3. Cisco IOS
,
. ,
startupconfig, .
Router#configure terminal
Router (config)# no boot tftp 1: < >
Router (config)#^Z
Router#reload
< >
IOS, .
IOS TFTP.
, ,
Cisco IOS.

IOS. ,
IOS .
, copy , ,
.

IOS. ,
. , ,
, , ,
.
, .
:
, Xmo
dem (break).
IOS (
). .
.

, .
HyperTerminal,
Microsoft. HyperTerminal Windows NT4
. , ,
.

.
.
Cisco IOS
67
.
:
rommon 1 >

XModem:
rmonitor 1 >xmodem r s9600 aaa0269.bin
, :
Xmodem (xmodem),
(r),
9600 /c (s9600) aaa0269.bin (aaa0269.bin). (
, .)
, .
, , ,
. ,
,
. .
, ,
XModem .
IOS.
(
), IOS,
. .

IOS
, .
Cisco IOS, ,
.
Cisco IOS
, ( ) IOS,
, .
Cisco IOS Exec,
.
, Cisco IOS
.
, Exec.
IOS
, ,
. ,
.
68
3. Cisco IOS
( )
> .
Router>

,
.
.
:
ping
rlogin
telnet
show

,

.
( )
Exec. #.
Router#

enable.
Router>enable
Password:
Router#

. (
6
.)

.
, ,
, ,
.

:
configure
erase
setup
69
,
Cisco IOS, ,
.
Cisco
, .
,
.
, Cisco,
. IOS
.
Cisco,
,
IOS,
,
.
Cisco :
RFR RFF. ,
IOS (RFR) (RFF).

Cisco 700
IOS?
700
, ( )
. ,
, .
1.
Cisco?
2.
Cisco?
3. Cisco?
4. IOS
Cisco ?
1. RFR ( ) RFF ( ).

2. IP Basic.
70
3. Cisco IOS
3. .
4. TFTP.
1.
Cisco.
2. IOS
RFF?
3. IOS
RFF RFR?
4. Cisco Exec.
5. ?
4
Cisco IOS

Cisco IOS. 3 IOS
.
.
Cisco
:
IOS
IOS
Cisco IOS
IOS
Cisco IOS
.
,
.
, , ,
(GUI, Graphical User In
terface) Cisco IOS. Cisco IOS
. ,
, , Cisco
Unix DOS.
, Windows
MacOS, .
,
. Cisco
IOS ,
.
72
4. Cisco IOS
IOS
Cisco :

. ()
, IOS
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol
).
Cisco,
. . 4.1
, .
4.1.
ping
ping
traceroute
traceroute
help
help
terminal
configure
erase
,
. Cisco
IOS .
, (
).
Cisco IOS (
) 17 , 16
, .
,
.
.
16
( 0 15).
,
.
.
,
IOS 15 (
).
IOS
73

6 .
,
.
, ,
, IOS ,
15.
,
IOS
.
, ,
.

, ,
.
.

. .
Cisco IOS
IOS,
, ,
.
Cisco IOS
.
Cisco (
)
HTML Cisco IOS.
.
Cisco IOS.

.
IOS (

). Cisco IOS 16 (

),
Cisco 100 .
,
,
.
74
4. Cisco IOS

. , IOS
, .
Cisco
IOS.
. ,

.
,
Cisco IOS, .
IOS.
,
, ,
. ,
:
Router>terminal no editing
, ,
:
Router>terminal editing
Cisco IOS. ,
, no ,
. , no editing
, editing .
: <Enter> <>.

,
. IOS ,
,
, ,
:
More
<Enter>,
,
<>,
IOS
75
. ,
( ,
):
Current configuration:
!
version 12.0
service timestamps debug uptime
service timestamps log uptime
no service passwordencryption
!
hostname Router
!
boot system flash
no logging console
!
ip subnetzero
!
!
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 10.16.4.153 255.240.0.0
no ip directedbroadcast
!
interface Ethernet1
no ip address
More
,
, IOS .
<Enter> :
!
version 12.0
!
hostname Router
!
boot system flash
no logging console
!
ip subnetzero
!
!
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 10.16.4.153 255.240.0.0
!
76
4. Cisco IOS
interface Ethernet1
no ip address
no ip directed broadcast
More
<Enter>
:
,
.
,

.
, <>.
<>,
:
More
shutdown
!
ip classless
!
!
line con 0
exectimeout 0 0
transport input none
line vty 0 4
login
!
end
,
.
.
<Ctrl>+ <Ctrl>+<F>
, ,
.
,
.

,
<Esc>+ <Esc>+<F>, .
<Esc>+ <Esc>+<F>
. ,
(
Cisco )
77
IOS
,
, .
,
<Ctrl>+<A> <Ctrl>+<E>.
<Ctrl>+<A> ,
<Ctrl>+<E> .
.
(, , )
IOS, <Ctrl>+ <Ctrl>+<N>,
. ,
.
<Ctrl>+ <Ctrl>+<N>,
.
<Ctrl>+
. ,
Cisco. :
Router#dir
Directory of flash:/
1 rw
2202092
<no date> aaa0269.bin
4194304 bytes total (1992148 bytes free)

Router#
dir, IOS
. ,
<Ctrl>+ ( ).

.
<Ctrl>+
. ,
:
Router#
Router#dir
Directory of flash:/
1 rw
2202092
<no date> aaa0269.bin
4194304 bytes total (1992148 bytes free)

Router#ping 10.16.4.152
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100byte ICMP Echos to 10.16.4.152, timeout is 2 seconds:
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
Router#sho flash
78
4. Cisco IOS
PCMCIA flash directory:
File Length Name/status
1 2202092 aaa0269.bin
[2202156 bytes used, 1992148 available, 4194304 total]
4096K bytes of processor board PCMCIA flash (Read/Write)
Router#
,
<Ctrl>+. dir
.
<Ctrl>+
( ) ,
.
<Ctrl>+<N>,
.
.

.

Cisco IOS.

IOS
Cisco IOS
: , ,
IOS .
. 4.1.
. 4.1. Cisco IOS
IOS
79
, . 4.1,
, ,
. , (. 4.1)
Router, >.
IOS.
, ,
,
. ,
, 6
.
Cisco IOS
: .
( )
( ).
,
Frank.
Frank(config)#
,
.
. (
Router.)
. >
,
.
#. ,
Router>
, Exec Router

,
Router#
, Exec Router
.
, ,

. ,

.
,
, .
80
4. Cisco IOS
,
. ,
, Router
:
Router(config)#

. 4.2.
4.2.
(config)
(configrouter)
(configif)

, ( ,
).
Cisco IOS
(), IOS. ,
. 4.1, , con0 ( 0)
.
, .
,
. Cisco IOS

.
,
, Cisco.
.
, ,
. 4.2.
. 4.2 ,
run, Cisco IOS .
IOS ,
, ,
.
, . 4.2
, , :
Translating "run"domain server (255.255.255.255)
IOS
81
. 4.2. ,

(
), , IOS ( )
, translating.
. 4.2, % Unknown command or
computer name, or unable to find computer address, &
, . ,
run,
, .
,
, %.

Cisco IOS.
Cisco IOS
.
Cisco IOS , IOS
, , .

. :
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
, ,
.
82
4. Cisco IOS
,
. .
, [ ] ( ),
. Cisco IOS ()
.
/ (
, ). IOS yes
no.
.
,
. :
Enter host name [Router]:
Cisco IOS .
Router. Enter,
,
, .
(
IP ), IOS
. , , Ethernet
10.19.25.1.
, :
Enter IP address for Eth0 [10.19.25.1]:
, Ethernet (Eth0)
10.19.25.1. , En
ter, .
, .
,
Cisco IOS,
IOS, .
IOS
Cisco
IOS.
,
, .
Cisco IOS.
Cisco Boot Lo
ader ( ).
, ,
. ,
, :
1. Cisco System Bootstrap
IOS
83
2.
3.
4.
. 4.3 Cisco .
.
, . 4.3,
. ,
,
,
. ,

.
#.
, IOS [OK].
,
.
,
.
IOS .
IOS . 4.4.
IOS, ,
.
.
. 4.3. , Cisco IOS
84
4. Cisco IOS
. 4.4. IOS
,
.
. ,
.
6 .
Cisco IOS .
Cisco,
,
, .

.
,
Cisco IOS, ,

.
Cisco,
. , Cisco IOS.
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS

.
Cisco IOS
85
, help
:
Router>help
help ,
. .
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
?. , ,
, ,
, ?
.
:
, ?
(, show ?)
.
,
,
(, show pr?).

,
, ?
Cisco.
, ?
,
. , ?
:
Router>?
Exec commands:
accessenable
accessprofile
clear
connect
disable
disconnect
enable
exit
help
lock
login
logout
Create a temporary AccessList entry

Apply userprofile to interface
Reset functions
Open a terminal connection
Turn off privileged commands
Disconnect an existing network connection
Turn on privileged commands
Exit from the EXEC
Description of the interactive help system
Lock the terminal
Log in as a particular user
Exit from the EXEC
86
4. Cisco IOS
nameconnection
pad
ping
ppp
resume
rlogin
set
show
slip
systat
More
Name an existing network connection

Open a X.29 PAD connection
Send echo messages
Start IETF PointtoPoint Protocol (PPP)
Resume an active network connection
Open an rlogin connection
Set system parameter (not config)
Show running system information
Start Serialline IP (SLIP)
Display information about terminal lines
,

.
, ( )
.
Cisco IOS ,
. ,
terminal
, :
Router#terminal
% Incomplete command.
? terminal,
,
terminal:
Router#terminal ?
autohangup
datacharacterbits
databits
default
dispatchcharacter
dispatchtimeout
domainlookup
download
editing
escapecharacter
execcharacterbits
flowcontrol
fullhelp
help
history
holdcharacter
international
ip
length
monitor
no
Automatically hangup when last connection closes

Size of characters being handled
Set number of data bits per character
Set a command to its defaults
Define the dispatch character
Set the dispatch timer
Enable domain lookups in show commands
Put line into 'download' mode
Enable command line editing
Change the current lines escape character
Size of characters to the command exec
Set the flow control
Provide help to unprivileged user
Description of the interactive help system
Enable and control the command history function
Define the hold character
Enable international 8bit character support
IP options
Set number of lines on a screen
Copy debug output to the current terminal line
Negate a command or set its defaults
Cisco IOS
notify
padding
parity
rxspeed
specialcharacterbits
speed
startcharacter
stopcharacter
stopbits
telnet
terminaltype
transport
txspeed
width
87
Inform users of output from concurrent sessions

Set padding for a specified output character
Set terminal parity
Set the receive speed
Size of the escape (and other special) characters
Set the transmit and receive speeds
Define the start character
Define the stop character
Set async line stop bits
Telnet protocolspecific configuration
Set the terminal type
Define transport protocols for line
Set the transmit speeds
Set width of the display terminal
terminal ?.
. ,
Router>terminal ?
,
Router>terminal?.
,
terminal, ,
terminal.
(
), .

, ,
.
IOS :
Router>run
Translating "run"...domain server (255.255.255.255)

Cisco

. , ,
name,
, ,
.
IOS ? ,
, ,
, . ,
88
4. Cisco IOS
name? (,
):
Router>name ?
nameconnection
,
name, nameconnection.
.

,
. ,
, :
Router>t?
telnet terminal traceroute tunnel
Router>t

. Cisco IOS ,
,
. t?
t. ,
, t.
IOS
, Cisco IOS,

. IOS.
.

,
.
Cisco IOS
. tr, IOS
traceroute,
IOS , tr.
, t, traceroute, .
, t Enter,
(ambiguous) :
% Ambiguous command: "t"

( ). , . .
.
IOS
89
, , enable
,
Cisco
:
Router>en
Router#
, ,
( ),
, .
, ,
.
. ,
.
Router#disa
Router>
disable
.
exit .
enable disable,
.
ping
, ping. Ping

ICMP . Cisco IOS
ping .
Router>ping 10.16.4.152
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
, , ping
100 .
,
, .
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5).
ping
. 4.3.
90
4. Cisco IOS
4.3. ping
&
show
show
.
show ,
.
show . 4.4.
4.4. show
accessexpression
accesslists
accounting
aliases
arp
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol

)
async
,

bridge
Bridge Forwarding/Filtering (
)
buffers
cdp
Cisco Discovery Protocol

(CDP)
clock
compress
configuration
()
controllers
91
IOS
debugging
dhcp
DHCP (Dynamic Host

Configuration Protocol
)
diag

WAN
dialer
dnsix
Department of Defense Intelligence

Information System Network
dxi
Asynchronous Trans
fer Mode (ATM)
entry
file
flash:
flash:
flhlog
Flash Load Helper
framerelay
Frame Relay
history
hosts
IP, ,

interfaces
ip
IP
key
line
TTY
llc2
IBM LLC2
location
logging
memory
modemcap
Modem Capabilities (
)
ppp
PPP (Pointto
Point, )
privilege
processes
protocols
queue
queueing
92
4. Cisco IOS
4.4 ()
registry
reload
rhosts
rmon
rmon
routemap
rtr
Response Time Reporter (RTR)
runningconfig
sessions
Telnet
smf
MAC
snapshot
snmp
SNMP (Simple Network

Management Protocol,
)
sntp
SNTP (Simple Network Time Pro

tocol, )
spanningtree
stacks
standby
HSRP (Hot Standby Rou

ter Protocol, )
startupconfig
subscriberpolicy
subsys
tacacs
Terminal Access Controller

Access Control System (TACACS+)
tcp
TCP (Transmission Con

trol Protocol, )
techsupport
terminal
trafficshape
users
version
whoami
TTY
x25
X.25
x29
X.29
IOS
93
show ,
: interfaces, runningconfig startupconfig.
show interfaces
.
,
(
).
show interfaces ,
. (
, .
.)
Router#sh int e0
Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is down
Hardware is QUICC Ethernet, address is 00d0.58a8.e150 (bia 00d0.58a8.e150)
Internet address is 10.16.4.153/12
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 128/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input never, output 00:00:00, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
6496 packets output, 389772 bytes, 0 underruns
6496 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
6496 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
, sh int e0.
e0 show,
Ethernet 0.
e0, IOS .
show runningconfig show startupconfig
,
.
,
show.
,
IOS.
, .
94
4. Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS
Cisco. ,

( 5).
Cisco IOS
( Linux MS DOS).
Cisco
(
),
.
Cisco IOS :
.
IOS 16 .
Cisco IOS
.
,
.

Cisco
?

.
, , ,
.
, Cisco
.
1. Cisco IOS?
2.
: Router>sho?
3.
Cisco?
4. ?
95
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
enable.
.
1. :
, clock.
.
Router#clo ?
set Set the time and date
Router#clo set ?
hh:mm:ss Current Time
Router#clo set 09:32:00 ?
<131> Day of the month
MONTH Month of the year
Router#clo set 09:32:00 07 July ?
<19932035> Year
Router#clo set 09:32:00 07 July 2001
Router#
2. :
.
Router#sh flash
PCMCIA flash directory:
File Length Name/status
1 2202092 aaa0269.bin
[2202156 bytes used, 1992148 available, 4194304 total]
4096K bytes of processor board PCMCIA flash
(Read/Write)
,
.
,
.
:
Cisco
,
.
,
.

.
OSI (Open Systems
Interconnect )
, .
,
Cisco.
.
, ,
Cisco IOS
.
Cisco
97
, Cisco
( )
OSI.
Cisco

.
OSI. OSI
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.

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Cisco OSI.
,
.
,
,
. , Cisco
OSI, , IOS

98
5.
. Cisco
, IOS .
, ,
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123 Maple Street
Anytown, Massachusetts
.
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, (,
101
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. . 5.1 IP.
, , , IP
.
IP4, IP6
( IP8).
,
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. ,
IP.
, ,
.
(TOS, type of service)
.
, Cisco
(TOS routing)
. (
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.

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. 5.1. IP&
102
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104
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.
105
. 5.2.
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(default
gateway), .

. . 5.3
.
. 5.3. ,
106
5.
:
.
, . ,
, .
(hubs),
(switchs) , .

,
.

. ,
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10.198.50.0, 10.198.50.x,
, 10.198.60.0, 10.198.60.x.

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A (10.198.50.0)
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.
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107
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. , 10.198.60.1
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10.198.60.1, , ,
B.
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. 5.4.
, , A,
D.
:
1.
A.
2. A
, D,
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3. A, ,
OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First
), ,
, F G,
( ).
4. A (
IP) OSPF.
OSPF D.
5. A OSPF
F.
108
5.
. 5.4.
6. F OSPF ,
G.
7. F ,
,
G, .
8. G , OSPF
IP D.
.
(
).
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.
109
Cis
co .
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.

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(, RIP),
.
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A ( , . 5.4)
:
Network
Network
Network
Network
Network
Network
Network
Network
A
B
C
D
D
E
E
F
ME
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
B
C
F
H
F
H
E

, . 5.4.
G D,
A D F H. ,

,
. ,
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D F H.
A D, ,
. , ,
, D. A
F H,
:
Network D Router G
110
5.

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( ).

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.
,
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.
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(convergence).
,
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.
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.
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.
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112
5.
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OSI
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113

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3. .
6

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.
115
( )
Cisco 1605R IOS
12.0(3). Ethernet
(Eth0 Eth1), WAN .
, ,
, ,
1605R. ,
, Cisco (
IOS 12.0(3)).
,
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Cisco,
.

Cisco (
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116
6.
:
. .
( Cisco)
,
.
,
RJ45,
DB9.
,
, ,
.
(,
),
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.
Cisco
Telnet Ethernet.
.
, .
, (RJ45
DB9), .
,

.
rollover Cisco RJ45/DB9.
, RJ45
, rollover Ethernet, .
Ethernet, Ethernet
, ,
. Ethernet ,

.
Ethernet . 6.1.
6.1. Ethernet
Ethernet
11
22
33
117

Ethernet
44
55
66
77
88
(crossover) Ethernet .
Ethernet
, . 3 1
6 2. Ethernet
. 6.2.
6.2. Ethernet
Ethernet
13
26
31
44
55
62
77
88
Cisco rollover .

. RJ45/DB9.
(rollover) Ethernet DB9
. 6.3.
6.3. DB9
Ethernet Ethernet DB9
( 9 )
18
88
27
76
36
62
45
55
54
45
63
33
72
24
81
17
118
6.
,
,
.
,
,
:
Baud: 9600
DataBits: 8
Parity: None
StopBits: 1
Flow Control: Hardware

, .
,
,
.

( ),
,
.
(
).

, ,
.

.
, ,
. (
) :
System Bootstrap, Version 12.0(3)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
C1600 platform with 8192 Kbytes of main memory
program load complete, entry point: 0x4020060, size: 0x165eac
%SYS6BOOT_MESSAGES: Messages above this line are from the boot loader.
program load complete, entry point: 0x2005000, size: 0x2199cc
Self decompressing the image : ############################################
################################## [OK]
Restricted Rights Legend
Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
119
subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph

(c) of the Commercial Computer Software Restricted
Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.22719 and subparagraph
(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer
Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.2277013.
cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, California 951341706
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 1600 Software (C1600YM), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Compiled Mon 08Feb99 20:15 by phanguye
Image textbase: 0x02005000, database: 0x02455958
cisco 1605 (68360) processor (revision C) with 7680K/512K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID 17531816, with hardware revision 00000002
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
System/IO memory with parity disabled
8192K bytes of DRAM onboard
System running from RAM
8K bytes of nonvolatile configuration memory.
System Configuration Dialog
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
.
,
: Would you like to enter the initial configuration di
alog? ( ?).

, ,
.

.
Cisco IOS , ?
. IOS startup con
fig. .
, .
, , ,
.
, yes
.
120
6.
no,
. .
yes, ,
, ,
, .

.

, Cisco.

yes
, Cisco IOS :
At any point you may enter a question mark ? for help.
Use ctrlc to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.
Default settings are in square brackets [].
Basic management setup configures only enough connectivity
for management of the system, extended setup will ask you
to configure each interface on the system
Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]:
.
,
,
extended setup ( ),
. , , no
: Would you like to enter basic management setup? (
?),
. ,
. .
yes, .
,
:
Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: y
Configuring global parameters:
Enter host name [Router]:
, , ,
. ,
Cisco,
.
121

(, IP,
IP). ,
:
1. , ,
.
2. ,
.
3. ,
, .
,
, .
, MyCorp1 Floor4A , Router1.
,
MainSecurityFirewallForTheOfficesFinancialCenter,
( , 30 ).
, <En
ter>. :
Enter host name [Router]: STYSCisco
The enable secret is a password used to protect access to
privileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password,
after entered, becomes encrypted in the configuration.
Enter enable secret:
enable secret.
, ,

.
, ,
, :
Router>enable
Password:
enable
, ,
.
enable secret ,
Cisco IOS ,
. ( Cisco IOS
,
.) ,
,
122
6.
IOS.
, .
, ? ,

,
,
.
IOS ,
.
.

.
, enable:
The enable password is used when you do not specify an
enable secret password, with some older software versions, and
some boot images.
Enter enable password: Enable
IOS , enable ,
. ,
.
.
,
, .
The virtual terminal password is used to protect
access to the router over a network interface.
Enter virtual terminal password: vterm

Telnet Cisco.
Cisco, Tel
net . ,
Cisco , ,

Telnet , .

. ,
, ,
,
.
123
, Cisco (
, ).
.
,
, SNMP (Simple
Network Management Protocol
).
Enter virtual terminal password: vterm
Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]:
, yes.
no. yes,
. SNMP
,

. ( ,
SNMP ,
. SNMP

.) no :
Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]: n
Current interface summary
Any interface listed with OK? value NO does not have a valid configuration
Interface IPAddress
OK? Method Status
Protocol
Ethernet0
Ethernet1
unassigned
unassigned
NO unset up
NO unset up
down
down
Enter interface name used to connect to the

management network from the above interface summary:

.
, OK? NO,
Protocol down. ,

.
.

, . ,
.
Cisco . (
, .)
124
6.
,
. Cisco IOS ,
.

,
.
, Cisco
(up), .
,
,
.
( ),
.
Ethernet0.
Enter interface name used to connect to the
management network from the above interface summary: Ethernet0
Configuring interface Ethernet0:
Configure IP on this interface? [yes]:
,
IP. no,
.
, ,
, yes.
Configuring interface Ethernet0:
Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: y
IP address for this interface:
IP
( 5):
IP address for this interface: 10.162.24.153
Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0] : 255.0.0.0
IP
, .
Class A network is 10.0.0.0, 8 subnet bits; mask is /8
The following configuration command script was created:
hostname STYSCisco
enable secret 5 $1$ohv2$phQNY94qZoJAZ2h7XBigG0
enable password enable
line vty 0 4
125
password vterm
no snmpserver
!
no ip routing
!
interface Ethernet0
no shutdown
ip address 10.162.24.153 255.0.0.0
!
interface Ethernet1
shutdown
no ip address
!
end
[0] Go to the IOS command prompt without saving this config.
[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.
[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.
Enter your selection [2]:
Cisco IOS ,
( 2
).
,
, ,
0. , ,
.
,
,
.

.

, .

.
, no IOS .
Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: no
First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]:
IOS ,
. yes, ,
,
no SNMP.
126
6.
, IOS
, : ,
, enable .
SNMP.
no,
:
Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]: n
Configure IP? [yes]:
,
, IOS
.
,
. IOS ,
.
5 , ,
, IP IPX.
,
. ,
. (
,
. 5
,
.)
, ,
. ,
IP ( ),
IP, IP/IPX,
IP, IPX.
Configure IP? [yes]: y
Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: n
Configure RIP routing? [no]: n
Configuring interface parameters:
( , no
: IGRP RIP.
,
IP. IP, IGRP RIP .)
IOS
:
Configuring interface parameters:
Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [yes]:
127

, .
Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [yes]: y
Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: y
IP address for this interface: 10.162.24.153
Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0] : 255.0.0.0
Class A network is 10.0.0.0, 8 subnet bits; mask is /8
Do you want to configure Ethernet1 interface? [yes]:

, IOS
.
,

, .
,
,
:
00:38:14: %QUICC_ETHER1LOSTCARR: Unit 0, lost
problem?
problem?
00:40:13: %LINK5CHANGED: Interface Ethernet1,
administratively down
problem?
carrier. Transceiver
changed state to
, ,
.
Ethernet .

shutdown:
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int e0
Router(configif)#shutdown
( e0 , , ,
, e1, bri0 token1.)
, IOS .
, IOS
.
128
6.

, ?
Cisco IOS .
startupconfig, runningconfig.
, .
startupconfig
,
,
. startupconfig.
, Microsoft,
startupconfig autoexec.bat Cisco.

startupconfig, .
, .
startupconfig,
( ,
).
.
, startupconfig ,
.
,
startupconfig runningconfig.

runningconfig.
runningconfig
runningconfig
( ). ,
, runningconfig .
star
tupconfig runningconfig.
runningconfig ,
. ,
IP Eth0, running
config.
.
129
,
. ,
, ,
.

startupconfig runningconfig
.
(
).
startupconfig runningconfig
. runningconfig,
system dir.
STYSCisco#cd system:
STYSCisco#dir
Directory of system:/
2 drx
1 rw
0
541
<no date> memory

<no date> runningconfig
startupconfig , ,
nvram (nonvolatile RAM
):
STYSCisco#cd nvram:
STYSCisco#dir
Directory of nvram:/
1 rw
2
604
5
<no date> startupconfig

<no date> privateconfig
( privateconfig
.)
startupconfig, show. (,
4 , Cisco IOS
.)
STYSCisco#show startup config
Using 604 out of 7506 bytes
!
version 12.0
service config
!
hostname STYSCisco
130
6.
!
enable secret 5 $1$8HHJ$6dzol4.tGP2gUB6uFfwHS0
!
ip subnetzero
!
!
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 10.16.4.153 255.240.0.0
no cdp enable
!
interface Ethernet1
no ip address
shutdown
no cdp enable
!
ip classless
!
dialerlist 1 protocol ip permit
dialerlist 1 protocol ipx permit
!
line con 0
exectimeout 0 0
line vty 0 4
password vterm
login
!
end
,
, ,
startupconfig.
.
runningconfig
:
Router#show running config
:
startupconfig,
runningconfig,
. , .
startupconfig setup.
setup (
) ,
, startupconfig
131
. ,
setup,
. startupcon
fig. startupconfig ,
,
. (,
startupconfig .)
startupconfig,
runningconfig. ,
.
Cisco
IOS runningconfig.
,
. ,
IP ,
runningconfig.
, , RouterA , Ether
net IP
, IP.
,
.
, startupconfig
runningconfig. , run
ningconfig, .
startupconfig runningconfig,

, :
1. ( show) , star
tupconfig .
2. , ,
:
STYSCisco#copy starting config running config
Destination filename [runningconfig]?
604 bytes copied in 2.136 secs (302 bytes/sec)
3. startupconfig runningconfig.

, runningconfig,
.

, ,
, .
runningconfig startupconfig.
132
6.
,
.
STYSCisco#copy running config startup config
Destination filename [startupconfig]?
Building configuration...

, ,
.

Cisco, ,
, .
,
.
, .
, startupconfig
. ,
.
STYSCisco#erase startup config
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]
Erase of nvram: complete
STYSCisco#
,
reload.
STYSCisco#reload
Proceed with reload? [confirm]
02:33:39: %SYS5RELOAD: Reload requested
,
,
.

setup .
, (
) startupconfig.
STYSCisco#setup
System Configuration Dialog
Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: y
At any point you may enter a question mark ? for help.
133
Use ctrlc to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.

Default settings are in square brackets [].
Basic management setup configures only enough connectivity
for management of the system, extended setup will ask you
to configure each interface on the system
Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]:

. ,
.

.
:
.

,
. ,
, , Eth0.
,
.
, .

( )
.
,
.
, ,
. hostname
. (,
, ,
runningconfig. runningconfig
startupconfig, .)
Router>enable
Password:
Router#configure
Configuring from terminal, memory, or network [terminal]? terminal
Router(config)#
134
6.
config (configure) runningconfig

.
IOS, config
: , .
. Cisco,
, .
Router(config)#hostname STYSCisco
STYSCisco(config)#
hostname, ,
. ,
:
.
<Ctrl>+<Z>, runningconfig
( ).
STYSCisco(config)#^Z
STYSCisco#
00:12:39: %SYS5CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

: enable secret, enable
. Cisco IOS
. (
) .
IOS.

,
,
configure.
STYSCisco#configure terminal
STYSCisco(config)#enable secret 0 secretpassword
STYSCisco(config)#^Z
STYSCisco#
, enable,
,
enable. enable secret 0 secretpassword
: ,
enable secret secretpassword.
, .
135
5 ( enable secret 5 secretpassword),

, .
show ,
$1$SuLj$3frAAOQrjkr3GyBT737lk1.
enable
enable, ,
, :
STYSCisco(config)#enable password newpassword
STYSCisco(config)#
, enable
.
enable .

,
Telnet, line configure.
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(configline)#login
Router(configline)#password 0 vterm
Router(configline)#^Z
Router#
,

.
,
.
line, ,
04:
,
. ,
0 vterm:
136
6.
Router(configline)#password 0 vterm
, <Ctrl>+<Z>,
.

(auxi
liary) , .
(
, ,
).
Cisco,
.
Router(config)#line aux 0
Router(configline)#password 0 auxpassword
Router#
,
Cisco, .

.
,
, , , .
:
Router(config)#line con 0
Router(configline)#password 0 conpassword
Router#
, Cisco
IOS. , ,
. ,
? ,
, ?

.

137
.
,
, no.
, ,
:
Router(configline)# no password 0 conpassword
Router#
no, password. IOS,

.
IOS , ,
no.
no, ,
IOS .
Router(configline)# no password 0
Router#
, .
,
Cisco IOS. , IP Ethernet,
:
Router(config)#interface ethernet 0
Router(configif)#no ip address 10.52.189.122 255.255.0.0
Router(configif)#^Z
Router#
, no , .
,
, ,
? .
138
6.
,
. (
enable secret) running
config, startupconfig.
, runningconfig startupconfig.
enable secret,
.

(
), Cisco,
.
show version
.
:
Router>show version
IOS (tm) 1600 Software (C1600YM), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Image textbase: 0x02005000, database: 0x02455958
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.0(3)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
ROM: 1600 Software (C1600RBOOTR), Version 12.0(3)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Router uptime is 1 hour, 8 minutes
System restarted by poweron
System image file is flash:aaa0269.bin
cisco 1605 (68360) processor (revision C) with 7680K/512K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID 17531816, with hardware revision 00000002
Bridging software.
X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
System/IO memory with parity disabled
8192K bytes of DRAM onboard
System running from RAM
8K bytes of nonvolatile configuration memory.
Configuration register is 0x2102
, , ,
. ,
.
139

,
.
. (
60 ), .
ROMMON (ROM mo
nitor ):
System Bootstrap, Version 12.0(3)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
C1600 platform with 8192 Kbytes of main memory
monitor: command boot aborted due to user interrupt
rommon 1 >
confreg.
:
rommon 4 > confreg
Configuration Summary
enabled are:
load rom after netboot fails
console baud: 9600
boot: image specified by the boot system commands
or default to: cisco2C1600
do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]:
yes : Do you wish to change the configurati

on? ( ?). no
, : Ignore
system config info? (
?):
do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y
enable diagnostic mode? y/n [n]: n
enable use net in IP bcast address? y/n [n]: n
disable load rom after netboot fails? y/n [n]: n
enable use all zero broadcast? y/n [n]: n
enable break/abort has effect? y/n [n]: n
enable ignore system config info? y/n [n]
yes. no ,
: Change boot characteristics? (
?). yes <Enter> (
2).
140
6.
,
. no .
, .
,
, no
enable secret .
Cisco
.

.
.
,
.

Cisco ,
. Ethernet, Token Ring,
ISDN, AUX .
.
, , .
,
0. , Ethernet Cisco 1605R Ether
net0 Ethernet1. ,
. 142
Ethernet0,
:
Router#show interface ethernet 0
Ethernet0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
Last input never, output 01:39:31, output hang never
Last clearing of show interface counters never
141

Router#
show interface .
100 .
: Ethernet0 is administratively down, line pro

tocol is down, .
, .
, Ethernet0 is
administratively down ( Ethernet0 ).
, ( IOS)
. Cisco
,
, .
.
,
shutdown. configure:
Router(configif)#no shutdown
Router(configif)#
01:58:38: %LINK3UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up
configure
, IOS, Et
hernet0. Router(configureif)#
, .
(
) shutdown.
no.
IOS, Ethernet0 .
,
,
sh int e 0:
Ethernet0 is administratively up, line protocol is down
,
. (
142
6.
.)
.
. IP.
IP
.
Router(configif)#ip address 10.52.189.122 255.255.0.0
Router(configif)#^Z
Router#
02:16:09: %SYS5CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router#
IP .
ip address IOS,
.
ip address 10.52.189.122 255.255.0.0
,
. :
, .
, ,
.
, .

sh int Ether
net0.
Ethernet0 is administratively up, line protocol is up
,
, int e0 ,
.

Cisco, .

,
Cisco, ,
.
, ,
.
143
,
, :
Router(config)#banner motd ! This is the message of the day !
Router(config)#
,
.
, ,
. . 6.4
, Cisco IOS, , .
6.4. Cisco
MOTD
(message of the day)

.

MOTD.
Exec
Exec ( MOTD)
,
.
Incoming
Incoming ,
Telnet
.
Login
Login MOTD,
.
,
, Cisco
IOS.
Cisco IOS
,
.

, ,
.
.
,
, setup
.
144
6.

?
,
.
,
, (

). , WIC,
.
1. Ethernet,
?
2.
?
3.
?
4.
?
1. rollover.
2. line ( ).
3. MOTD (Message of The Day).
4. setup ( ).
1. MOTD :
Router(config)#banner motd B This is Sophias router! So Back Off B
Router(config)#
, :
This is Sophias router! So
B .
,
145
, B
Back.
2. IP Ethernet1
,
:
runningconfig:
!
version 12.0
service config
!
hostname Router
!
enable secret 5 $1$Zk7H$Svxp5px.vyLcRg7hDXo8Z1
!
ip subnetzero
no ip routing
!
!
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 10.52.189.122 255.255.0.0
no ip routecache
no shutdown
no cdp enable
!
interface Ethernet1
no ip address 198.56.34.1 255.255.0.0
no ip routecache
no shutdown
no cdp enable
!
ip classless
!
!
line con 0
exectimeout 0 0
line vty 0 4
password vterm
login
!
end
startupconfig:
146
6.
!
version 12.0
service config
!
hostname Router
!
enable secret 5 $1$Zk7H$Svxp5px.vyLcRg7hDXo8Z1
!
ip subnetzero
no ip routing
!
!
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 10.52.189.122 255.255.0.0
no ip routecache
no shutdown
no cdp enable
!
interface Ethernet1
no ip address 10.75.24.125 255.255.0.0
no ip routecache
no shutdown
no cdp enable
!
ip classless
!
!
line con 0
exectimeout 0 0
line vty 0 4
password vterm
login
!
end
10.75.24.125
3. Telnet goaway?
147
Router#config t
Router(config)#
Router(configline)#password 0 goaway
Router#setup ( goaway)
7

Cisco

. ,
. ,
,
(, , ).
Cisco ,
, .
Cisco,
:
Cisco IOS
,
. ,

, .
Cisco ,
,
. ,
, ,
.

. ,
, ,
: runningconfig startupconfig.
149

.
(
, ),
, Cisco.
.

.
,
. , ,
.

,
.
, ( ),
,

. ,

. ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
.

. (
) ,
:
()
( Cisco)
.

.
.
150
7. Cisco
,
,
.
( )
.
.
, .
, , ,
.

. ,
,
.
.

. 20
.
, .
,
. Cisco
.
, ,
, .
(offline)
. ,
,
.
.

,
(
, Cisco
, ).
,
, ,
.
,
.
, .
151

,
, . ,
, , .
. Cisco,
.

.
.

. ( )
.
.
, ,
.
,
, .
.
,
.

,
.

()
. .

Cisco.
Cisco
( 2
Cisco). , (
), .
Cisco ,

. Cisco DC ;
Cisco .
Cisco
( ISP),
.
,
.
152
7. Cisco
,
Cisco. Cisco
( ),
.

.
Cisco

.
,
, , .

. ,
,
,
.
,
,
,
, .
( )
. Cisco
,
, .
( ).
,
,

.

:
. , ,
,
.
, ,
.
.
,
.

Cisco IOS (
153
, ).
Cisco
.

: .
,
.

Cisco
,
.
,
,
.

: ,

.

,
.
,
. . 7.1
,
.
( ) . 7.1
Cisco 2600 Ethernet.
/
.

. .
D,
. A, B C
D, E F.
.

, D.
, , ,
, .
154
7. Cisco
. 7.1.

,
.

.
, (30 ).

(1 ).
show interface
. (
, proto
col down, administratively down.) show interface
:
155

Hardware is QUICC Ethernet, address is 00d0.58a8.e150 (bia
00d0.58a8.e150)
Last input never, output 1w0d, output hang never
Hardware is QUICC Ethernet, address is 00d0.58a8.e151 (bia
00d0.58a8.e151)
Last input never, output 1w0d, output hang never
protocol down,
, .

.
,
,
,
156
7. Cisco
, , 10
.

.
(2 ).

(2 ).

Ethernet (3 ).
TFTP
(2 ).
,
,
.

20 ,
.
.
.
, ,
,
,
.
.

, .

,
,
, ,
.

. ,
.
, .
, , .
, (
)
.
,
,
157
. ,
, .

.
,

.
, .
,
. . 7.2 ,
.
1 2
D E. ,
. 7.2.
158
7. Cisco
/ .
, . 7.2,
(switches)
(habs).
(hab), ,
. ,
.
( Cisco),
.
Cisco ,
D. D
,
, 1.
,
? ,
?

.
,

Cisco. . 7.3 , ,
.
, :
D 1,
E 2.
.
, ,
.
, ,
.

.
, ,

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol ).

. , D ,
40% ,
159
. 7.3.
1 60%.
,
.
( )
Cisco ,
7000.
,
.
, ,
,
Cisco.
.
160
7. Cisco

Cisco IOS

Cisco.

, ,
.
:
, .
, .
,
.
,
.

, , :
, . ,
,
. ,
, runningconfig.
,
.
, runningconfig ,
. runningconfig
,
.
, , startupconfig.
6 , startupconfig runningconfig
. , .
runningconfig
startupconfig.
.
runningconfig startupconfig .

, , runningconfig,
startupconfig ( startupconfig
).
.
Cisco,
, Cisco IOS. IOS
,
Cisco IOS
161
. IOS
(
). ,
IOS,
.
Cisco,
, startupconfig
runningconfig.
runningconfig startupconfig

TFTP. TFTP
:
IOS star
tupconfig runningconfig. ,

.
, , , , TFTP,
, .
, ,
, .

TFTP
TFTP
,
,
.
,
startupconfig ,
.
copy
.
, TFTP.
runningconfig startupconfig startup

config . ,
startupconfig .
, runningconfig startupconfig,
.
162
7. Cisco
runningconfig startupconfig,

copy :
Router#copy run start
,
, startupconfig.
, ,
startupconfig, IOS
runningconfig.
startupconfig running
config .
runningconfig startupconfig,
,
.
IOS TFTP
.
IOS Cisco CCO (Cisco Con
nection Online; . 3 Cisco IOS). ,
Cisco IOS
(
IOS). TFTP,
, Cisco.
IOS Cisco.
Cisco CCO (www.cisco.com).
,
Cisco.
IOS .
Cisco IOS, ,

. Cisco Remote Software
Loader. Cisco RSL Windows,
IOS TFTP. RSL
TFTP, TFTP
.

Cisco,
, .
TFTP

, copy.

. ( )
Cisco IOS
163
, copy,
TFTP .
copy
Cisco.
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol )

, FTP,
UDP (User Datagram Protocol
). TFTP FTP.
3 Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS TFTP . ,
, 3.
copy , ,
,
.
,
. ,
startupconfig runningconfig,
, .
TFTP,
:
Router#copy running config tftp
Destination filename [runningconfig]?routera running config
,
runningconfig startupconfig.
TFTP, IOS
IP .
, IOS TFTP.
TFTP,

.
, ,
( ) ,
, . TFTP
root ( ). ,
runningconfig TFTP,
, .
164
7. Cisco

,
.
,
.
, (
6).
,
TFTP :
Router#copy tftp startup config
Source filename [startupconfig]?routera running config
Router#reload
, , running
config runningconfig, startupconfig.
, ,
. startupconfig
,
reload, .
.

, Cisco.
. 8
.

Cisco .
Cisco.
Cisco ,
,

.

TFTP.

running
config, startupconfig,
?
165
,
,
running
config startupconfig.
1.
?
2. Cisco

?
3. , runningconfig startupcon
fig ?
4. ?
1. copy.
2. .
3. . startupconfig runningconfig
.
4. .

.
1. copy, IOS
TFTP ,
.
Router#copy runnning config tftp

Destination filename [runningconfig]?routera running config
Router#copy tftp startup config
Source filename [startupconfig]?routera running config
Router#reload
II

8
IP
10 IP Cisco
11
12
IPX
13
14

Cisco.
, : .

, .
( )
.
,
, .
:
OSI

:
.
,
.
. , IP IPX,
.
170
8.
,
(
).
RIP OSPF.
.
,
Cisco, .
,
, :
IP (Internet Protocol )
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange )
:
RIP (Routing Information Protocol )
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
)
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
)
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First
)
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol )
,
, ,
.
IP IPX. ,
, Cisco.
( ),
.
, ,
.

.
.
, ,
, (
,
).
OSI;
.
, . ,

OSI
171
, , . ,
.
, , TCP IP.
OSI,
.
OSI Cisco.
OSI ( ,
)
. . , ,
World Wide Web ,
Web . OSI
, World Wide Web
.
, ,
, .

.
, .
,
. (
.)
,
Cisco, ,
.
OSI.
OSI
1980
(International Organization for Standardization, ISO)
OSI (Open Systems Interconnect,
). OSI
DoD. ISO DoD
. OSI.
OSI
.
OSI .
,
,
. :
1. .
172
8.
2. (, )
.
3. .
OSI .
, , ,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
4 7 ,
.

. OSI,
IP IPX.

( 7)
. OSI
, ,
, .
:
World Wide Web (WWW)
(Electronic Data Interchange, EDI)
,
, ,
.
, .
( )
, ,
. OSI ,
.
, ,
. ,
, OSI ,
OSI
.
.
OSI
173

, .
,
OSI.
.
:
MP3
RealAudio
RealVideo
JPEG
GIF
, . MP3
, GIF
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
( )
.

( 5)
. (
)
.
. :
SQL (Structured Query Language,
)
X Windows
NFS (Network File System, )
, ( )
( 5, 6 7), .

, .

( 4)
(
) . ,
174
8.
, .
.
, ,
OSI .
, ( )
. , TCP
, .

.
(
).
.
. ,
.
, .

. ,
( ),
. ,
TCP, . 8.1.
. 8.1. TCP

,
3.
(,
) OSI.
OSI
175

.
.

, .

. ,
.

. ,
, .

OSI, .
WAN, , ,
. , .
,
.
.

.
, ,
Cisco . ,
, .
,
.
, A
B,
(A). ,
.
A, .
A , B,
.
B, 1.

( ) ,
B. 1
. ,
,
176
8.
,
, B.
,
.
.

, (
2)
.
.
:
( )
()

( Ethernet)
,
( Ethernet_II) ,

( ,
)
,
.
: MAC LLC.
.
MAC
MAC (media access control, )
.
, MAC
, MAC.
, ,
, .
MAC.
MAC
.
,
. ,
, .
177
8.1.
,
. (

)

.
,
,
, MAC
. MAC
,
.
LLC
LLC (logical link control,
)
( MAC
).
,
.

OSI
.
.
Cisco
.
Cisco
OSI. . 8.2.
OSI ,
, , ,
, .
OSI, ,

.
Cisco, ,
.
178
8.
, , .
NetBEUI. NetBEUI
, ,
.
,
, , .
, OSI
?
,
Cisco .

,
.
,
,
.
, TCP (Transmission
Control Protocol ),
. 8.2. OSI
179
OSI.
(
),
. ,
, ,

, .
,
.
. ,
,
.
teardown,
,
.
. 8.3.
( )
;
.
,
.
,
, .
,
.
(acknowledgment ACK)
, .

,
.
. 8.3.
180
8.

.
,
. ,
, .
,
.
.
, .

. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.

.
,
. ,
,
. ,
LAN,
,
, .
, IP, (
) OSI.
Cisco ( ,
) .
,

.

.
,
.
.
, :
181
,
,
. ,
, ( ),
,
.

,
.
, .
,
, ,

.
, ,
, .
Cisco

( ). ,
, (
),
.

. ,
.
.

.

, . ,
,
, .

.

IP. , ,
IP.
,
IP, ,
IP ,
, .
182
8.
IP
IP . IP
( ),
. , IP
,
.

.
.
127 16
, 2 254
.
IP () .
,
.
IP (A, B C),
. A, B C . D
E , .

, . ,
( ),
. , IP A
16.10.20.6 16.0.0.0
0.10.20.6. C 225.198.40.9
225.198.40.0 0.0.0.9.
,
, . (
) ,
.
.
IP
, IP, ,
,
, .
IP.

, , .
, , .

, .
183
CIDR

CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing
).
IP B, CIDR IP.
CIDR,
IP . IP
,
.
,

.
, .
,
.
, ,
,
, .

.
,
,
.
.

.
, ,
OSI, . ,
, .
: ,
.
. (

. IP 5
.)
.
184
8.
.

, .
.
.
, ,
, .
(,
,
, .
, ,
.)

.
, ,
. , (
) .
( )

,
, .

.
,
,
,
Cisco .
Cisco ,
IP.
.

,
, .

.
,
, .
,
, .
.
185

,
?
,
.

.
,
.
.

?

.

, , .
1. IP
?
2. OSI
?
3. ?
4. CIDR ?
1. IP ( TCP
).
2. .
3.
,
, .
4. CIDR ,
IP .
9
IP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
/ )
.
, , ,
Cisco.
IP Cisco.
, , IP.
( IP Cisco
IP Cisco.)
, OSI TCP
, IP .
, , ,
, .
TCP/IP IP, TCP.
TCP/IP ?
IP,
:
IP
IP
IP Cisco
187
IP
IP
IP . (
6
, Ethernet.)

, IP. ,
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IP, .
IP .
IP,
. IP .
IP 128.95.95.178 ,
. IP 32 4 .
, ,
, 255. IP
0.0.0.0255.255.255.255. (
, .)

.
IP, ,
. 9.1.
9.1. IP&
0.0.0.0
00000000.00000000.
00000000.00000000 .
RIP
255.255.255.255
11111111.11111111.
11111111.11111111 .
127.0.0.1
01111111.00000000.
00000000.00000001
,

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.
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188
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,
, IP : A, B
C. ( )
D, . ( D
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.
A
A ,
.
A
. 9.1.
A 1 127. ,
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A. .
A 0. , 127.0.0.0
: 01111111.00000000.00000000.00000000.
, 0.
B
B ,
. B 128 191.
IP B, ,
. 9.2.
, ,
B 10,
10. , 140.75.0.0
10001100.01001011.00000000.00000000. 10.
. 9.1. A
. 9.2. B
189
IP
C
C ,
.
192 223. C
. 9.3.
. 9.3. C
C : 198.40.50.0
11000110.00101000.00110010.00000000.
C : 110.
,
C 223, IP
256. D (223239) E (240255).
, .

. ,
C 230.230.230.0
255.255.255.0 ( C),
.

255.255.255.0.
230.230.230.0 , D.

IP ,
. , ,
IP . , , C
198.68.85.114:
11000110.01000100.01010101.01110010
190
9. IP
IP C 255.255.255.0,
:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
IP , ,
?
, , , ,
, .
, ,
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IP , .
:
A = 255.0.0.0
B = 255.255.0.0
C = 255.255.255.0
,
Cisco.
, ,
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.
, .
,
.

,
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11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000.
,
, . ,
191
. 9.4. ,
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, :
11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000
255.192.0.0.
,
,
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2x 2 = ( x )

. , 22 2 = 2.
22 , ,
222 2 = 4 194 302.
192
9. IP
2 ? ,
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.
.
256
.
,
:
i
yi = i * (256 x), i = 1, 2, . . . , [ ] x
x .
192,
256 192 = 64
, 10.64.0.0 10.128.0.0
(128 = 64 + 64). 64, 192,
.
, . 9.4,
. , ,
.
, 255.224.0.0 (224 =
= 128 + 64 + 32), (23 2), 2 097 150
. , ,
.

. , (
CSMA/CD)
.
,
, ,
.

,
. ,
.
(CIDR).
IP
CIDR
.
IP Cisco
193

IP,
. .
, ,
,
. ,
: 215.50.25.0 215.50.26.0, ,

.
255.255.255.0 ( C
) 11111111.11111111.11111111.
00000000.
,
, .
,
11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000 ( 255.255.
252.0). 215.50.25.0,
, .
215.50.25.0,
: 215.50.25.0 215.50.26.0.
, ,
, ,
(
22 2) .
, , 255.255.
252.0 B, C, .
215.x.x.x. C
215; C.
,
. ,
, .
IP Cisco
Cisco IP.
IP
Cisco, ,
. , ,
, ,
IP, .
194
9. IP

IP. Cisco IOS Basic IP
Cisco.
, IPX,
.
.
Cisco IP
. ;
, IP,
Cisco. , ping, trace
route telnet, TCP/IP
.

IP, IP . ,
Cisco.
IP Cisco.
IP A
.
B
10.
C 110
, .
,
IP ,
.
,
IP . ,
,
.

TCP IP ,
IP, TCP?
,
. TCP
OSI, IP
,
.
IP
Cisco IOS?
195
IP .
,
, IP
, .
1. IP?
2. IP C?
3. IP 126.45.30.1?
4. IP ?
1. ( A E)
2. 255.255.255.0
3. A
4. 127.0.0.1
10
IP
Cisco
9
IP.
, IP,
. TCP/IP
, (TCP IP).
: ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol
) Telnet.
IP Cisco
, IP.
, :
IP Cisco
ICMP
ICMP
Telnet
Telnet
rlogin
ICMP , IP. ICMP

. ICMP
,
Cisco, ,
.
ICMP.
IP Cisco
197
,
IP, Telnet. ,
Telnet . Cisco
. , Telnet
Cisco,
. ( ) Tel
net , Cisco

Cisco. , Telnet, Cisco
Cisco.
,
,
.
IP.
, TCP/IP. IP
, ,
,
.
, .
, ,
IP.
.
IP Cisco
IP
. Cisco IOS, IPX Basic,
IP. , IP ,
.
IP.
IP
.
Cisco, :
Router>enable
Router(configif)#
enable
Exec. configu
re terminal.
.
interface ethernet 0
(
198
10. IP Cisco
Ethernet 0).
, IP
:
ip . address ,
IP .
IP .
,
IP.
, ,
, :
Router(config)#ip routing
ip routing IP
.
IP
.
,
IP, . (
IP 8
9 IP.) ,
, :
Router(config)#ip classless
, ip classless
,
IP .
,
.
,
. ,
128.46.69.0 128.45.77.0
128.46.68.15,
128.46.68.0, 128.46.x.x
.1
,
, .
, ,
.
, .
1
, 128.46.
68.0, . . . .
IP Cisco
199
,
, .
,
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
ip defaultgateway:
Router(config)#ip default gateway 198.2.65.1
,
, ,
. ip route
IP:
Router(config)#ip route 198.52.2.0 255.0.0.0 Ethernet 0 100 perm
ip route
. ,
. ip route
. .
ip route ,
IP .

, ,
.
, ,
: Ethernet 0.
, ,
, . , 100,
.
,
. ,
.
, perm,
(permanent).
startupconfig. ,
200
10. IP Cisco
perm.
, .
IP.
, ,
. 10.1, IP
A B?
. 10.1. IP&
,
:
Router>enable
Router(configif)#^Z
Router(configif)#^Z
Router(config)#ip route 10.13.50.0 255.255.255.0 e0 perm
Router(config)#ip route 10.13.60.0 255.255.255.0 e1 perm
IP Cisco
201

, ,
.
,
IP Cisco,
.
.
. 10.2 , .
. 10.2. ,
,
. ,
.
secondary ip ad
dress IP .
Cisco ,
, . ,
202
10. IP Cisco
,
.
,
. 10.2, :
Router(configif)#ip address 10.98.20.1 255.255.0.0 secondary
, , IP
, .
IP .
ICMP
ICMP IP.
ICMP
. IP .
, IP
ICMP. ,
,
IP, , , ICMP
.

, ping traceroute.
ICMP
. ,
, ,
.
ICMP.
ICMP
, , .
ICMP ICMP
,
, IP.
IP, ICMP,
, IP
.
ICMP
.
Cisco,
, .
ICMP
203
ICMP
ICMP ,
.

.
,
.
.
, 5 10
. .
,
.
. 10.3.
. 10.3.

. ,
,
. ICMP,
.
,
,
, .
Cisco ICMP (ping
traceroute) .
.
204
10. IP Cisco
Ping
ping
. , , TFTP
TFTP
:
%Error opening tftp://10.16.4.153/
, ,
, . , ,
. ,
ping.
ping ICMP
, ,
(
pings) .
IP ,
,
. .
Ping , IP ICMP.

ICMP,
.
, , ping,
, ;
. (
), ping IP TFTP
, .
,
IP, , ,
, . ,
, , , ,
.
Cisco IOS, ping
, .
ping
, ,
. ping
.
, ICMP
IP.
ICMP
205
,
:
% Unrecognized host or address, or protocol not running.
ping ( )
ping
. ping
:
Router>ping
, ping .
Cisco IOS,
ping:
Router>ping ?
WORD Ping destination address or hostname
ip IP echo
tag Tag encapsulated IP echo
: ip tag .
, ip, , ping
IP. Cisco ,
apollo, appletalk, clns, decnet, ipx, vines xns.
IP ( ).
tag .
.
, IP ,
ping:
ping .
, ,
, .
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent, roundtrip min/avg/max = 1/3/4 ms
(Type escape sequence to abort.)

IOS , .
206
10. IP Cisco
, ,
. ping,
<Ctrl>+<Shift>+<6>.
, Cisco
IOS. ping.
ping 100 IP
10.16.4.152. 2 .
, TTL (Time To Live, ), ,
, .
, .
, 2 ,
, .
, .

ping. ( )
,
. , ICMP
.
, ;
, ping.
:
! ()
. ()
U ( )
N ( )
P ( )
Q ( )
M (
)
? ( )
. IOS
ping ,
( ).
(hop), , ping
.
( ,
, ). ,
, , ,
.
ping ( )
. ,
ICMP
207
,
, .
,
.
, ,
.
ping,
.
ping ( )
Cisco IOS , ,
ping, .

, , .
, ping
.
Cisco IOS, ,
:
Router#ping ?
WORD Ping destination address or hostname
ip IP echo
tag Tag encapsulated IP echo
( .)
ping
:
Router>ping
ping
, ping.
:
Router# ping
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address: 10.16.5.152
Repeat count [5]:
Datagram size [100]:
Timeout in seconds [2]:
Extended commands [n]:
Sweep range of sizes [n]:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent, roundtrip min/avg/max = 2/3/4 ms
208
10. IP Cisco
, ,
ping .
, :
ping.
IP, . ( ,
ping Cisco ,
.)
, .
ping .
.
, ping
. (, .)
,
, .
, , ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
, . ,
,
.
ping .
. , 100
,
. ,
(, ),

100 .
.

. ,
2 . ,
, .
ping ,
. yes ; no,
.
.
, ping
. ,
.
ping ,
, ,
.
ICMP
209
ping .
, :
Extended commands [n]: y
Source address or interface: 10.153.16.4
Type of service [0]:
Set DF bit in IP header? [no]:
Validate reply data? [no]:
Data pattern [0xABCD]:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]: Record
Number of hops [ 9 ]:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[RV]:
Sweep range of sizes [n]:
Packet has IP options: Total option bytes= 39, padded length=40

ping .

.
, ,
. ,

.
.
,
,
ping
. , .
.
, ,
.
, .
DF IP ,
(dont fragment DF). IP
,
. ,
,
, .
. DF,
:
, , , ,
.
, ,

, .
210
10. IP Cisco
validate replies (
) set data pattern ( ).
,
: .
,
, .

. ,

.
.

, , .
.
:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]:
, . Loose, Strict, Times

tamp Verbose ,
( . 10.1).
none.
, Loose, Strict, Timestamp, Record Verbose

options IP. ,
, .
Cisco.
10.1. ping
Loose source routing

,
( .
) ,
, ,
loose,
Strict source routing

loose,

(
)
Record
( )
Timestamp
( )
211
ICMP
Verbose
( )
( none)
verbose.

Record,
,
. , :
Number of hops [ 9 ]:
, ,
.
ping ,
.
, 9 ( ).
ping
, . ping
,
traceroute.
traceroute
, ping ,
ICMP. ,
.
, ICMP
, traceroute.
, ,
.
traceroute, ping, Cisco IOS :
.
,
ping ( ). tracerou
te , .
, traceroute ,
, :
Router>trace 10.16.4.153
Tracing the route to 10.16.4.153
1 Router.testnode.com (10.16.4.199) 62 msec 82 msec 78 msec
2 RouterB.testnode.com (10.16.4.189) 80 msec 99 msec 117 msec
3 RouterC.testnode.com (10.16.4.177)100 msec 110 msec 124 msec
212
10. IP Cisco
, ,
.
, traceroute (
ping).
,
traceroute ping.

, .
ping,
traceroute ,
.
traceroute ( )
ping,
traceroute .
.
traceroute
:
Router#trace
Protocol [ip]:
Target IP address: 10.16.4.153
Source address:
Numeric display [n]: n
Timeout in seconds [3]:
Probe count [3]:
Minimum Time to Live [1]:
Maximum Time to Live [30]:
Port Number [33434]:
Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp, Verbose[none]:
Tracing the route to 10.16.4.153
,
ping .
ping, Protocol, Target, Timeout, Pro
be count, Loose, Strict, Record, Timestamp Verbose
.
, ping (
).
,
traceroute . (
, ping)
.
ping,
. ,
213
Telnet
. ,
,
ping.
, Minimum Time to Live (
) Maximum Time to Live ( )
. trace
route ,
.
TTL traceroute
.
traceroute , ping,
,
. ,
ping, traceroute.
, traceroute
. 1
30 .
.
traceroute . traceroute
, IP (
) traceroute.
.
traceroute,
, , , , ,
, .
, tra
ceroute ,
.
(ping traceroute)
.
, . ,
ping traceroute, ,
.
, ICMP IP,
IP Telnet.
IP, .
Telnet
, , ,
Telnet ( ). Telnet

,
UNIX.
214
10. IP Cisco
Cisco Telnet
. , Telnet
(
).

.

Telnet .
( )
Telnet ,
, Cisco.
Cisco Telnet
Cisco.
, Cisco
, , ,
Cisco.

Cisco .
,
( ),
, ,
, Telnet.
.
Cisco.

Telnet
Telnet
.
Telnet, .
Tel
net (
), .
Telnet Cisco
.
,
. Telnet ,
Telnet
, .

(Ethernet0 Ethernet1). Telnet
. line
( ,
215
Telnet
; line 0 5,
0 5).
, Tel
net, , Telnet
:
Router(config)#line 0 5
Router(configline)#telnet ?
breakonip
Send break signal when interrupt is received
iponbreak
Send interrupt signal when break is received
refusenegotiations Suppress negotiations of Telnet Remote Echo and
SuppressGo Ahead options
speed
Specify line speeds
synconbreak
Send a Telnet Synchronize signal after receiving a
Telnet Break signal
transparent
Send a CR as a CR followed by a NULL instead of a CR
followed by a LF
.
speed. speed
.
line 0 5,
Telnet.
,
.
Cisco Telnet
, .
, ,
, .
, Cisco IOS
, .
Telnet,
:
Router(configline)#telnet speed 9600
( ) 05 Telnet
9600. ,
, Telnet
.
,
Telnet. ,
.
Telnet.
216
10. IP Cisco
Telnet
.
:
C:\Telnet 10.16.4.153
Line 0
Password required but none set
Disconnecting
, Telnet;
Cisco Telnet.
Telnet
, .
Router(configline)#password telnet
.
:
C:\telnet 10.16.4.153
login
User Access Verification
Password: telnet
Router>

Telnet.
Telnet.
Telnet
(
Telnet). Telnet
Cisco ,
.
( )
telnet, connect rlogin.
, telnet, connect rlogin

Unix. Cisco
. Cisco
Telnet Unix ( , Tel
net). Telnet
Cisco.
217
Telnet
telnet connect
. Telnet Router
RouterB, :
Router>telnet RouterB
Translating RouterB...domain server (10.16.4.188) [OK]
Trying Server3RouterB.STYSCisco.com (10.16.4.188)... Open
login: userforRouter
Password:
RouterB)
connect .
.
Telnet Unix, ,
Cisco Telnet. Cisco Telnet .
Cisco Telnet Telnet,
.
Telnet
.
Telnet
. ,
, :
Router>RouterB
Translating RouterB...domain server (255.255.255.255)
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Cisco IOS
Telnet ( ,
). Telnet
RouterB ( RouterB),
. Telnet Rou
terB , :
Router>RouterB
Translating RouterB...domain server (10.16.4.188) [OK]
Trying Server3RouterB.STYSCisco.com (10.16.4.188)... Open
login:
: Telnet
Cisco,
telnet connect.
, Telnet Enable,
:
Router> connect enable
Translating enable...domain server (10.16.4.189) [OK]
Trying Server3enable.STYSCisco.com (10.16.4.189)... Open
218
10. IP Cisco
Telnet ,
,
:
RouterB)
,
. ,
,
.
,
. Cisco resume.
,
resume <connection name>:
Router>resume RouterB
RouterB)
resume .
, exit:
RouterB)exit
Router>
,
, Telnet.
notify refusemessage.
notify ( )
, ( ,
) .
,
notify:
Router(configline)#notify
Router#
refusemessage ,
Telnet , ,
:
Router(configline)#refuse message ! line in use !
Router#
219
rlogin
refusemessage ,
.
telnet connect
( Telnet).
, (
) : rlogin.
rlogin
rlogin , telnet connect.
, , Tel
net, rlogin. rlogin BSD
Unix. , rlogin, ,
,
rlogin.
telnet:
Router>rlogin RouterB
rlogin ,
. ,
,
rlogin.
Router>rlogin RouterB debug
, ping, traceroute, Telnet, connect rlo

gin,
. ,
, .
IP
Cisco Cisco IOS, IPX
Basic Feature Pack.
IP

.
,
interface.
IP startupconfig
perm.
TCP/IP ICMP.
220
10. IP Cisco
ping ,
ICMP.
traceroute ping. traceroute

.
IP Telnet.
Cisco Telnet
, .

IP
Cisco. ?
, IP .
IP ,
. (, IP , no ip routing.)
IPX
IP.
1.
,
ping?
2. Telnet?
3. ping traceroute
M?
1. Strict ().
2. 6.
3.
.
1. Ethernet1 IP 198.5.42.1

255.0.0.0.
Router(configureconfig)#int e1
Router(configureconfiginterface)#ip address 198.5.42.1 255.0.0.0
221
2. ping?
1) Sending 5, 100byte ICMP Echos to 10.16.5.152, timeout is 2 seconds:
. . . . .
! ! ! ! !
U U U U U
1) ICMP .
2) .
3) .
3.
ping trace
route?
ping (
).
4. Telnet
show?
Router>show
Telnet , show
Cisco IOS. : rlogin,
connect telnet.
11

.
Cisco
,
. ,

.
,
,
IP.
.
, ,
.
,
Cisco.
. ,
,
.
, IP
, ,
,
.
IP.
, ,
, ,
IP.
.
223

, :

IP .
, ,
, .
, ,
, Cisco,
.
IP

. IP
, IP.
.

.
9 10 IP
.
,
,

.

,
, ,
. ,
.
IP
. ,
,
IP. IP4
.
IP4 IP,
IP6. IP6
.
IP
. ,
224
11.

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IP
,
IP.
IP,
. ,
, ,
, , , .
.
IP IP ( ,
), .
IP ,
.
, . 11.1 .

.
,
IP, .
, , 695 IP
. ,
:
.
, IP
750 .
IP B. IP
B 65 534 . ,
, 750
, , C
254 .
B .
IP.
, , 750
, . ,
,
B. ,
.
IP>
225
. 11.1.
B 135.55.0.0,
255.255.0.0. ,
(135.55) 65 534 ( 0.1 254.254).
.
. 11.2.
. 11.2 ,
( )
, .
HR 1.1 1.51; IT
1.52 1.152, . .
.
,
,
( 135.55).
, , ,
.
,

. ,
B.
226
11.
. 11.2. IP&
B .
(135.55) ,

.
.
IP .
, . ,
, ,
.

. , ,
IP .
.
IP,
,
,
227
IP>
. ,
695 .
, IP
, ,
.
9. ,
, . 11.1.
11.1. , &
11000000.00000000
16382
11100000.00000000
8190
11110000.00000000
14
4094
11111000.00000000
30
2046
11111100.00000000
62
1022
11111110.00000000
126
510
6
, 62 1022
. ,
, .
,
,
.
,
, .

, 9.
:
256 =

.
,
, .
, ,
.

. ,
, ,
IP.
228
11.
IP.
IP ,
. , .
, (
) .
,
. , B,
. 11.2.
11.2. B

11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
255.255.128.0
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
255.255.192.0
11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
255.255.224.0
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
255.255.240.0
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
255.255.248.0
11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
255.255.252.0
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
255.255.254.0
, 255.255.252.0
B, 6
. 5 ,
255.255.248.0.
,
. ,

:
256 = =

(255.255.252.0),
:
256 252 = 4
, ,
135.55.4.0 255.255.252.0.
, ,
. 1022 135.55.4.0
135.55.4.1 135.55.7.254. . 11.3
, ,
.
IP>
229
. 11.2 11.3. , . 11.2,

64
, 63
300 .
.
, ,
.
IP, . ,
Cisco, .
. 11.4.
, :
256 252 = 4 (135.55.4.0)
,
. (4)
, (135.55.8.0).
. 11.3. ,
230
11.
. 11.4.
, .
1022 ,
255.255.252.0.

,
,
.
. B
. 11.3.
11.3.

255.255.252.0 135.55.4.0
135.55.4.1
135.55.7.254
135.55.8.0
135.55.8.1
135.55.11.254
135.55.12.0
135.55.12.1
135.55.15.254
135.55.16.0
135.55.16.1
135.55.19.254
135.55.20.0
135.55.20.1
135.55.23.254
135.55.24.0
135.55.24.1
135.55.27.254
135.55.28.0
135.55.28.1
135.55.31.254
135.55.32.0
135.55.32.1
135.55.35.254
135.55.36.0
135.55.36.1
135.55.39.254
231
IP>

135.55.40.0
135.55.40.1
135.55.43.254
135.55.44.0
135.55.44.1
135.55.47.254
135.55.48.0
135.55.48.1
135.55.51.254
135.55.52.0
135.55.52.1
135.55.55.254
135.55.56.0
135.55.56.1
135.55.59.254
135.55.60.0
135.55.60.1
135.55.63.254
135.55.64.0
135.55.64.1
135.55.67.254
135.55.68.0
135.55.68.1
135.55.71.254
135.55.72.0
135.55.72.1
135.55.75.254
135.55.76.0
135.55.76.1
135.55.79.254
135.55.80.0
135.55.80.1
135.55.83.254
135.55.84.0
135.55.84.1
135.55.87.254
135.55.88.0
135.55.88.1
135.55.91.254
135.55.92.0
135.55.92.1
135.55.95.254
135.55.96.0
135.55.96.1
135.55.99.254
135.55.100.0
135.55.100.1
135.55.103.254
135.55.104.0
135.55.104.1
135.55.107.254
135.55.108.0
135.55.108.1
135.55.111.254
135.55.112.0
135.55.112.1
135.55.115.254
135.55.116.0
135.55.116.1
135.55.119.254
135.55.120.0
135.55.120.1
135.55.123.254
135.55.124.0
135.55.124.1
135.55.127.254
135.55.128.0
135.55.128.1
135.55.131.254
135.55.132.0
135.55.132.1
135.55.135.254
135.55.136.0
135.55.136.1
135.55.139.254
135.55.140.0
135.55.140.1
135.55.143.254
135.55.144.0
135.55.144.1
135.55.147.254
135.55.148.0
135.55.148.1
135.55.151.254
135.55.152.0
135.55.152.1
135.55.155.254
135.55.156.0
135.55.156.1
135.55.159.254
135.55.160.0
135.55.160.1
135.55.163.254
135.55.164.0
135.55.164.1
135.55.167.254
135.55.168.0
135.55.168.1
135.55.171.254
135.55.172.0
135.55.172.1
135.55.175.254
232
11.
11.3 ()

135.55.176.0
135.55.176.1
135.55.179.254
135.55.180.0
135.55.180.1
135.55.183.254
135.55.184.0
135.55.184.1
135.55.187.254
135.55.188.0
135.55.188.1
135.55.191.254
135.55.192.0
135.55.192.1
135.55.195.254
135.55.196.0
135.55.196.1
135.55.199.254
135.55.200.0
135.55.200.1
135.55.203.254
135.55.204.0
135.55.204.1
135.55.207.254
135.55.208.0
135.55.208.1
135.55.211.254
135.55.212.0
135.55.212.1
135.55.215.254
135.55.216.0
135.55.216.1
135.55.219.254
135.55.220.0
135.55.220.1
135.55.223.254
135.55.224.0
135.55.224.1
135.55.227.254
135.55.228.0
135.55.228.1
135.55.231.254
135.55.232.0
135.55.232.1
135.55.235.254
135.55.236.0
135.55.236.1
135.55.239.254
135.55.240.0
135.55.240.1
135.55.243.254
135.55.244.0
135.55.244.1
135.55.247.254
135.55.248.0
135.55.248.1
135.55.251.254

, 135.55.8.0.
8.0. ,
,
. (Sales)
135.55.8.1 135.55.8.101 . .
. 11.5.
.
,
. ,
,
.
IP>
233
. 11.5. ,

Cisco

. Cisco

(
).
, Cisco
.
,
, .
,
. Cisco
, :
.
Cisco LAN.
,

.
,
. ,

234
11.
,
.
,
,
.

, .
, .

,
. ,

. (,
RIP,
, , 16
.)

, ,
.

. ( .)
, ,
.
, ,
.
. 11.6.
,
. ,
.
, .
,
Cisco .
,
.
Cisco, .
1. , ,
.
2. .
3. .
4. IP.
5. .
IP>
235
. 11.6. Cisco,

IP. ,
, ,
.
.
,
, (,
shutdown,
):
Router>enable
Router(configure)#interface ethernet 0
Router(configureinterface)#ip address 135.55.4.1 255.255.252.0
Router(configureinterface)#no shutdown
Router(configureterminal)#ip address 135.55.8.1 255.255.252.0
Router(configureterminal)#^Z
236
11.
,
.

.
, ,
:
Router>enable
interface ethernet 0 ,
.
, IP
( ) .
Ethernet 0 135.55.4.0;
135.55.4.1 ( )
255.255.252.0 ( 3):
Router(configureinterface)#ip address 135.55.4.1 255.255.252.0
,
( 2 ).
runningconfig (<Ctrl>+<Z>
):
Router(configureinterface)#^Z
.
, , ,
. <Ctrl>+<Z>
.
:
Router(configureterminal)#ip address 135.55.8.1 255.255.252.0
Router(configureterminal)#^Z

. <Ctrl>+<Z>
, .
.
237
4 IP.
.

, IP.
:
Router(configure)# ip routing
IP ,
.
IP
,
,
.

.
,

.
( ),
:
Router (configure)#ip route 135.55.4.0 255.255.252.0 Ethernet 0 perm
Router (configure)#ip route 135.55.8.0 255.255.252.0 Ethernet 1 perm
, 135.55.4.0
Ethernet 0, 135.55.8.0 Ethernet 1.
ip route ,
. (
13 )
ip route.

,
.
.
Cisco :
.
,
. ,
,
.
238
11.
, ,
. ,
IP:
,
.
,
.

,
(. 11.4),
. ip route :
#ip route <Destination Network> <Destination Subnet> <Next Hop | Interface |
Null> <Next Hop | perm>
11.4. ip route
<Destination Network>
IP ( ,
)
<Destination Subnet>
<Next Hop | Interface | Null> , ,

,
Next Hop
IP ,

Interface
,

Null
,
(
,
BGP)
<Next Hop | perm>
Next Hop
IP ,
,
Next Hop
(,
)
perm

startupconfig,
239

, . 11.4 . . 11.7
.
,

.
198.10.0.0 198.13.0.0, :
Router 198.10.1.1:
RouterA(configure)#ip route 198.13.0.0 255.255.0.0 ethernet 1 198.11.1.1 perm
Router 198.11.1.1:
RouterB(configure)#ip route 198.13.0.0 255.255.0.0 ethernet 1 198.12.1.1 perm
Router 198.12.1.1:
RouterC(configure)#ip route 198.13.0.0. 255.255.0.0 ethernet 1 198.13.1.1 perm
Router 198.13.1.1:
RouterD(configure)#ip route 198.13.0.0 255.255.0.0 ethernet 1 perm
,
,
. ,
198.13.0.0
( ) .
. 11.7.
240
11.
, , ,
, RIP OSPF.

.
( ),
IP.
.
,
IP.

.

IP
.

IP.
.
,
,
.

, ,
,
,
.

IP
B,
255.255.0.0?
255.255.0.0 B.
,
. 11111111.11111111.00000000.
00000000 .
,
.
.
no
shutdown?
241
Cisco IOS
, .

, , Cisco

.
no. ,
( shutdown), no.
1. B
255.255.224.0?
2. , 2000
?
3.
startupconfig?
4. IP,
?
1. .
2. .
3. perm.
4. no shutdown.
1. C 220.156.50.0 ,
20 .
, 25 2 =
= 30 6 . :
255.255.255.248.
12
IPX
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange, )
, IP,
. IPX
Novell NetWare ,
Novell. IPX
Cisco
IPX.
:
IPX
IPX
IPX

IPX,
:
.
Cisco,
.
IPX
Novell NetWare
Novell IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange)
, IP.
OSI
.
IPX
243
Novell IPX 80 .

Novell NetWare.
IPX ( SPX, )
, TCP/IP
NetWare.
Novell IPX Xerox, XNS.
Cisco IPX,

. Cisco IP,
IPX (
).
IP, IPX Cisco
. IPX,

IPX. IPX
IPX/IP Basic IOS.
IPX, IP,
.
IPX ,
IP IPX.
IPX: ,
IPX, .
IPX,
( IP) .
IPX
,
,
.
Cisco ( IPX)
IPX IP. , IPX
, IPX IP.
Cisco
.

IPX Cisco.
IPX
. IPX ,
.
244
12. IPX
IPX
IPX IP ,
. IP
(
,
), IPX . IPX
: ..
IPX 32 ,
48 . IPX 80 (10 ),
, 4 IP.
: IPX
. IPX
. 12.1.
. 12.1. IPX&
IPX .
IPX ,
.
IPX .
(4
).
, .
,
, .
16
( 2
: 0 1).
. 12.1.
245
IPX
12.1.

0
10
11
100
101
110
111
1000
1001
1010
10
1011
11
1100
12
1101
13
1110
14
1111
15
,
8 ,
0 ,
. , IPX
76b8, Cisco 0x000076b8.
0x ,
. 0x, ,
. , bad , 0xbad
, 2989.
, . IPX,
, IP,
.
, IPX ,
.
IPX MAC
(MAC, media access control ).
MAC ,
IPX.
, MAC
.
246
12. IPX
MAC ,
.
, .
MAC OSI.
MAC ,
.
MAC
.
, MAC
. , IPX MAC
,
IPX .
IPX Cisco
IPX ,
,
. ,
IPX,
IPX/IP Basic. ,
Cisco,
show version:
Router#show version
IOS (tm) 1600 Software (C1600NYM), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Image textbase: 0x02005000, database: 0x024A8D24
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.0(3)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
ROM: 1600 Software (C1600RBOOTR), Version 12.0(3)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Router uptime is 57 minutes
System restarted by reload
System image file is flash:c1600nymz.1203.bin

, IOS.
, IOS c1600ny
mc.1203.bin. Cisco Connection
Online (CCO) ( 3 Cisco IOS ,

), ,
IP/IPX Basic Cisco 1600,
12.0.3 IOS.
IPX
247
, ,
IPX .
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
IPX, . IPX
.
IP. Cisco
, IOS
.
IPX,
IPX,
ipx routing.
Cisco IOS ipx routing, ,
. IOS ,
:
Router(config)#ipx routing ?
H.H.H IPX address of this router
, IOS MAC
.
:
Router(config)#ipx routing
Router(config)#^Z
IPX Cisco.
(, IPX ,
no, : no ipx routing.)
IP IPX.
:
Router(config)#^Z

. , IPX
, IPX,
, .

IPX, IP.
248
12. IPX
Cisco IPX
, .
IPX
, :

configif, IPX
.
, Ethernet 0:
Router(config)#interface ethernet0
Router(configif)#

, . ipx network
, .
:
#ipx network <network number> encapsulation <encapsulation type>
,
. IPX ,
MAC, .
, ipx network , .
ipx network Cisco,
.
ipx network .
IPX
. ,
( ) .
8
. , , ,
8 ,
, ,
8. 1234. (
Cisco 0x00001234.)
encapsulation.
,
IPX.

IPX. ,
249
IPX
, .
,
.
,
.
IPX
IPX Cis
co .
.
IPX .
,
. ,
IPX, .
, ,
ethernet ethernet.
IPX, Cisco, . 12.2.
12.2. IPX

Ethernet

Ethernet II
Ethernet 802.3
Ethernet 802.2
Ethernet 802.2 SNAP
FDDI
FDDI 802.2 LLC

FDDI 802.2 LLC SNAP
FDDI raw
Token Ring
Token Ring
Token Ring SNAP
, . 12.2 .
, .
, ,
. , Cisco 1605R
( Ethernet), Token Ring.

IPX. Ethernet ,
.
250
12. IPX
, IPX
( ).
, Ethernet .
Ethernet
IPX
Cisco, ,
.
, Ethernet, Token Ring FDDI,
. ,
Ethernet.
Ethernet IPX
Ethernet_II. Ethernet II
. IPX
Ethernet, , ,
Ethernet_II.
Cisco, Ethernet:
Router(config)#interface ethernet0
Router(configif)#ipx network 1234 encapsulation ?
arpa
IPX Ethernet_II
hdlc
HDLC on serial links
novellether IPX Ethernet_802.3
novellfddi IPX FDDI RAW
sap
IEEE 802.2 on Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring
snap
IEEE 802.2 SNAP on Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI
, Cisco
Ethernet_II arpa.
Ethernet_II, :
Router(configif)#ipx network 1234 encapsulation arpa
Router(configif)#^Z
Cisco
IPX 0x00001234 Ethernet_II. Et
hernet_II IPX ,
. . 12.2
IPX Ethernet_II.
. 12.3 ,
IPX Ethernet_SNAP.
IPX,
. ,
IPX. .
IPX,
, IPX .
IPX
251
. 12.2. Ethernet_II
. 12.4 IPX.
.
,
. . 12.5 , . 12.4,
.
. 12.3. Ethernet_SNAP
252
12. IPX
. 12.4. IPX&
, IPX .
, , .
IPX.
, ,
.
,
,
. .
IPX
IPX , IP.
, IPX
.
, Cisco
. Cisco
IPX,
IPX.
IPX
253
. 12.5. IPX&
, .
IPX, Ethernet
(. 12.6).
Ethernet_II IPX.
, ,
,
. Novell Ethernet
IEEE 802.3. Cisco
,
.
. 12.6 ,
.
.
254
12. IPX
. 12.6. IPX&,
Cisco, . 12.6.
IPX.

. ,
Cisco , :
Router(config)#^Z
Router#
1d00h: %SYS5CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router(configif)#ipx network a1234b encapsulation arpa
Router(configif)#interface ethernet 1
Router(configif)#ipx network b1574c encapsulation novell ether
Router(configif)#^Z
Router#
Router#
IPX
255
ethernet 0 0x00a1234b
Ethernet_II, ethernet 1 0x00b
1574c Ethernet 802.2.
. ,
IP,
, .
, ,

. ipx route
,
ethernet 0 ethernet 1 .
IPX
IP.
IPX :
#ipx route <network> <networkmask> <destination> | <tick> | <hop count> |
<float>
, ipx route
, .
:
network () ,
.
network mask ( subnet mask
) ,
, .
, FFFFFFFF.
destination () IPX ( )
, .

ipx route .
,
.
tick . ,
, tick ,
.
hop count
, ,
.
float , ( )
.
(tick) .
( , )
256
12. IPX
.
() ,
.
ipx route,
. ,
:
Router(config)#ipx route a1234b ffffff b1574c.00d0.58a8.e150
Router(config)#ipx route b1574c ffffff a1234b.00d0.58a8.e150
IPX
,
. 12.6. IPX,
. 12.7.
, IPX,
ethernet 0, .
Cisco ,
. 12.7. , IPX&
IPX
257
(
).
, et
hernet 0, :
Router(config)#^Z
Router#
Router(configif)#ipx network a1234b encapsulation arpa
Router(configif)#ipx network a52 encapsulation sap secondary
Router(configif)#ipx network b1574c encapsulation novell ether
Router(configif)#^Z
Router#
Router#
secondary IPX
. IPX
( show ipx interface),
,
ethernet 0
:
Router#show ipx interface
IPX address is A52.00d0.58a8.e150, SAP [up]
Delay of this IPX network, in ticks is 1 throughput 0 link delay 0
IPXWAN processing not enabled on this interface.
Secondary address is A1234B.00d0.58a8.e150, ARPA [up]
Delay of this IPX network, in ticks is 1
IPX SAP update interval is 60 seconds
IPX type 20 propagation packet forwarding is disabled
Incoming access list is not set
Outgoing access list is not set
IPX helper access list is not set
SAP GNS processing enabled, delay 0 ms, output filter list is not set
SAP Input filter list is not set
SAP Output filter list is not set
SAP Router filter list is not set
Input filter list is not set
Output filter list is not set
258
12. IPX
Router filter list is not set
Netbios Input host access list is not set
Netbios Input bytes access list is not set
Netbios Output host access list is not set
Netbios Output bytes access list is not set
Updates each 60 seconds aging multiples RIP: 3 SAP: 3
SAP interpacket delay is 55 ms, maximum size is 480 bytes
RIP interpacket delay is 55 ms, maximum size is 432 bytes
RIP response delay is not set
IPX accounting is disabled
IPX fast switching is configured (enabled)
RIP packets received 0, RIP packets sent 0
SAP packets received 0, SAP packets sent 0
IPX address is B1574C.00d0.58a8.e151, NOVELLETHER [up]
,
Cisco IPX (
) . ,
.

.
259
IPX , IP.
IPX
.
IPX MAC .
IPX Cisco
ipx network.

.
Cisco
.

IPX ?
IPX .
Novell
,
.
.
secondary
?
, , IP
IPX, secondary.
.
1.
Ethernet?
2. <float>?
3. ?
4. IPX?
1. Ethernet_II (arpa).
2.
.
3. .
. ( ,
.)
4. .
260
12. IPX
1. ,
, IPX.
show ipx interface.
, ,
?
Router(config)#^Z
Router#
Router(configif)#ipx network ab encapsulation arpa
Router(configif)#ipx network bc encapsulation arpa
Router(configif)#^Z
Router#
Router#
show ipx interface :

Router#show ipx interface
IPX address is Ab.00d0.58a8.e150, SAP [up]
261
IPX address is BC.00d0.58a8.e151, NOVELLETHER [up]
.
no shutdown.
13

(WAN).
(LAN).
,
. , ,
.
WAN ,
. ,
,
, ,
. ,
:
.
WAN :
ISDN
X.25
Frame Relay
WAN, ,
,
. ( ISDN
Frame Relay)
.
,
Cisco, WAN.
263
Cisco ,
.
WAN (WIC).
WAN (
), (
).
, 1600
WAN, WIC.
WIC ,
. . 13.1 ,
Cisco 1600 WAN
WIC .
13.1. WAN&
ISDN ST

ISDNU
ISDN ST
56 /c
CSU/DSU
T1
CSU/DSU
1601
WIC
WAN
1602
56 /c CSU/DSU
1603
ISDN ST
1604
ISDN ST
/ISDN
1605
N/A
, 1600
WAN (
WIC), (, 1605)
WIC.

, .

Cisco.
WAN.
WAN, , ISDN (In
tegrated Services Digital Network
). ISDN
, , .
ISDN, ,
WAN, Frame Relay X.25.
264
13.
ISDN
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
,
.
, ISDN
( ,
56 /).

, ISDN .
ISDN . ISDN
,
, ,
100% (
) T1. ISDN
. ,
, .
ISDN WAN,
.
ISDN ,
, ISDN
.

ISDN .
,
ISDN, SOHO (small office/home office
/ )
.

, , ,
. ,
WAN.
ISDN
, .
ISDN .
, ISDN
Cisco.
ISDN
ISDN ,
. ISDN BRI
(Basic Rate Interface ).
Cisco BRI ISDN. ISDN
Basic IP Cisco IOS.
265
ISDN
ISDN ,
.
ISDN BRI :
B (bearer ) D (data ).
B ,
, D
. ,
144 /. BRI ISDN
. 13.2.
13.2. BRI&

BRI
64 / ()
16 /
ISDN ,
ISDN .
,
, ISDN
. ISDN ( ,
WIC) Cisco
ISDN.
ISDN Cisco,
ISDN
, .

, SPID (Service Profile ID
); , ,
. ,
ISDN,
Cisco ISDN.
ISDN
WAN, ,
. ISDN ,

OSI. ISDN
, ,
ISDN, .
266
13.
ISDN
, ISDN
, ISDN
Cisco. . 13.3 13.4
ISDN.
, ISDN
ISDN,
. 13.3.
, .
13.3. ISDN
ISDN ISDN
TE1

, ISDN.
1
,
. Cisco,
ISDN,
TE2

ISDN
2
TA
ISDN,
.
,
, ISDN
ISDN
NT1
NT1
ISDN ,
NT2

ISDN
1
, ISDN,
, Cisco.
Cisco TE1,
, ,
TE2.
,
ISDN. ISDN ,
OSI. ,
ISDN, , ,
.
, . 13.4.
267
ISDN
13.4. ISDN
ISDN

. D BRI
ISDN
.
( IP IPX)

ISDN.
ISDN
Q LAPD (Link Access Proto

col [for Channel] D [ ] D).
,
, ISDN. E,
OSI (
), LAPD .
LAPD
ISDN ,
ISDN.
Cisco, ,
.
,
, LAPD ISDN.
, ISDN.
ISDN,
ISDN. . 13.5
ISDN.
13.5. ISDN
ISDN
TA
NT1 NT2
NT2
NT1
, ,
ISDN, ,
.
ISDN.
268
13.
ISDN
ISDN WAN.
ISDN ( U)
. ,
ISDN ,
ISDN.
U
. . 13.1
ISDN .
. 13.1. ISDN&
. . 13.1
, Cisco
, ISDN.
( ),
. ,
, .
, ,
NT1 NT2, ISDN
. . 13.2 ISDN,
, . 13.1.
,
. 13.2, , A B.
A IP. IP
269
ISDN
. 13.2. ISDN ,
(
). IP ( B)
, A (
TE1).
A IP
. , B
WAN (
ISDN U). IP
ISDN, ,
(switch),
. ISDN

.
(PSN, public switching net

works) .
ISDN
.
ISDN (E, Q . .),
. , ISDN
.
() ISDN
TE1 .
270
13.
ISDN ,
ISDN .
B ( ISDN
).
TE1 B,
IP. IP
. Cisco
IP (
) , ISDN.

Cisco ISDN. ,

TE1 TE2,
.
ISDN
, , ISDN, ,
Cisco
ISDN.
TE1 TE2 ,
. 13.6,
SPID .
Cisco
,
, ,
IPX.
WAN, ,
,
. , WAN
, (,
),
.
ISDN ,
,
. , ISDN
, . . 13.6
, ISDN.
, . 13.6,
ISDN.
271
ISDN
13.6. , ISDN

ISDN ,
.
15
SPID
SPID
, .
ISDN
SPID
Frame Relay X.25
ISDN
,

Cisco
.
.
, ISDN,
. . 13.7
, .
, primary,
PRI (Primary Rate Interface ) ISDN,
231 B 64 / D.
13.7. ,

basic5ess
BRI AT&T
basicdms100
BRI DMS100
basicni1
ISDN1
primary4ess
AT&T 4ESS ( PRI ISDN)
primary5ess
AT&T 5ESS ( PRI ISDN)
primarydms100
NT DMS100 ( PRI ISDN)
, ISDN.
ISDN.

:
Router(config)#isdn switch type basic ni1
1
. ( ) 30 B. . . .
272
13.
,
,
, SPID .
SPID. , ,
,
. SPID .
:
Router(config)#interface bri 0
Router(configif)#isdn spid 1 123456789
. PPP (Po
inttoPoint Protocol ) HDLC (Highlevel
Data Link Control ).
(
PPP). PPP
:
Router(configif)#encapsulation ppp
, , ISDN,
:
ISDN.
,
, , IP ( IPX)
ISDN. , IP IPX,
route . ISDN
dialer ,
.
ISDN.
Router(config)#dialer map ip 153.4.10.1 name NETWORK_B 234567891
Router(config)#dialer group 1
Router(config)#dialer list 1 list 99
Router(config)#access list 99 permit 153.4.16.0 255.255.0.0 153.4.10.0
255.255.0.0

,
. (dialer map ip
153.4.10.1 name NETWORK_B 234567891) ,
ISDN,
IP 153.4.10.1 (,
). 153.4.10.1 NET
WORK_B, ISDN 234567891.
273
X.25

1.
. (dialerlist 1 list 99)
( )
IP.

.
(access
list 99 permit 153.4.16.0 255.255.0.0 153.4.10.0 255.255.0.0)
IP,
153.4.16.0 ()
153.4.10.0 ().
, :
IP 153.4.16.0
153.4.10.0 ISDN 234567891
( NETWORK_B).
ISDN ,
WAN. X.25 Frame Re
lay. X.25,
Frame Relay.
X.25
X.25 70 .
, , X.25
,
. , X.25,
,
. WAN, , , Frame Relay,
, X.25.
X.25 ,
Frame Relay. X.25
,
. ,
Frame Relay,
.

X.25, WAN.
Frame Relay.
,
. ,
274
13.
, .

, .
, X.25, :
.

,

. ,
,
. , ,
. .
, ,
,
.
,
.
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
. (circuit).
,
, .
(PVC, Permanent Virtual Circuit)
, ,
. .
(
),
, .
.

Cisco
,
. . 13.3
.
275
X.25
. 13.3. X.25. ,
A B, 1:2:3

. (,
2 . 13.3), A B
. ,
( ),

.
.
(SVC, Switched Virtual Circuits).

. ,
.

.
. .

,
, .

.
Frame Relay,
, X.25,
, ,
276
13.
.
, Frame Relay.
Frame Relay
Frame Relay 80
() X.25 ISDN.
Cisco ,
Frame Relay.
Cisco WAN,
Frame Relay.
Frame Relay ,
OSI. X.25,
()
().
.
,
.
,
OSI, . , Frame
Relay . Cisco
Frame Relay. ,
WAN,
, .
,
.
Frame Relay
Cisco
Frame Relay ,
.
,
Cisco Frame Relay.
, Frame Re
lay, : DTE (Data Terminal Equipment
) DCE (Data Circuit Terminating Equipment
). DCE
, (Packet Switch No
de, PSN). DCE
Frame Relay, DTE,
WAN. Cisco
DTE. ISDN,
Frame Relay
277
Cisco Frame Relay,

.
T1 ( ,
) .
Frame Relay,
. Frame Relay
( ) Cisco.
,
Frame Relay.
, T1,
, . T1 24
, ,
. T1 .
T1 .

T1 Frame Relay.
, Frame
Relay, DLCI (data link connec
tion identifier). ,
Frame Relay.

. Frame Relay
SPID ISDN.
Cisco Frame Relay,
DLCI, .
Cisco DLCI
Frame Relay ,
LMI (Local Management Interface
).
DLCI . ,
SVC (
), DLCI
. LMI DLCI
.
, DLCI,
Frame Relay.
, Frame Relay
, .
278
13.
,
LMI. LMI ,
,
LMI, , .
LMI .
PVC
, LMI
. ,
X.25,
, .
PVC ,
. LMI
PSN .

Frame Relay Cisco.
Frame Relay

,
IOS. Frame Relay ,
Cisco IOS.
,
.
,
Frame Relay. Cisco
,
. (
), Cisco,
.

,
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force
).

. , ,
Frame Relay.
Cisco Frame
Relay
. ,
Frame Relay.
Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(configif)#encapsulation frame relay ietf
Frame Relay
279
, Cisco
() ,
,
Frame Relay. ,
, T1, Frame
Relay. ,
Cisco .
.
,
.

.
Frame Relay,
:
Router(config)#interface serial 0.1 point to point
.
interface serial 0.1,
0. (
2 2.3 . .) point
topoint , .
, .
.

DLCI ( Frame Relay).
, DLCI
Frame Relay,
.
DLCI
. ,
ISDN
. (IP IPX)
. ,
, Frame Relay,
. , , Frame Relay,
. IP IPX

. ,
Frame Relay:
280
13.
Router(configif)#frame relay interface dlci 56
,
(mapping). ,
dialermap
ISDN. Frame Relay
: framerelay map. IP
Frame Relay.
:
Router(config)#frame relay map ip 198.156.81.0 56
:
IP 198.156.81.0 Frame Relay,
(DLCI) 56. ,
:
#frame relay map <protocol> <protocol address> <dlci number>
Frame Relay .
, ,
.
.

.
Cisco,
.
ISDN ,
BRI.
BRI (B)
(D).
ISDN ,
OSI.
X.25 .
Frame Relay X.25

ISDN.
OSI, X.25,
Frame Relay.
281

WAN
() ,
Cisco?
, Cisco
Frame Relay ISDN;

.
,
,
.
1. BRI ISDN?
2. D BRI?
3. ISDN TE1?
4. () OSI X.25?
5. , Frame Relay?
1. 144 /c: 64 / B 16 /c
D.
2. D .
3. ISDN TE1 Type1 terminal equipment
( ).
4. , .
5. DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier
).
1. .
.
1>
2>
Router(config)#isdn switch type basic nil
3>
Router(config)#interface bri 0
4>
7>
Router(configif)#encapsulation ppp
8>
9>
Router(config)#dialer map ip 198.37.135.0 name NETWORK_B 42156987
10>
Router(config)#dialer group 1
282
13.
11>
Router(config)#access list 108 permit 198.37.134.0 255.255.255.0
198.37.135.0 255.255.255.0
10 11 :
Router(config)#dialer list 1 list 99
2. 14 (IP 198.52.62.1)
Frame Relay , IP 198.52.63.0
DLIC 130.
Router(config)#interface serial 0.14 point to point
Router(configif)#frame relay interface dlci 130
Router(config)#frame relay map ip 198.52.63.0 130 cisco

Books.Ru
ISBN 5932860480,
Cisco.
Books.Ru .
,

.
, (piracy@sym
bol.ru), .
14

.
:
,

. , ,
,
. ,
.

.
( IP)
.

.

. ,
RIP, IGRP, OSPF BGP,
,
, .
:
284
14.
.

.

.
.
,

. ,

.

. .

,

.
,
.
:
.
, . ,
, ,
.

,
. ,
RIP IGRP .
, RIP
.

.
.
. ,
,
. . 14.1
(
).
285
14.1.
A B
B C
A C
C D
14.1 ,
, .
,
,
. A ,
C,
. A
C. A B,
C. , ,
.
. 14.1,
, , A
B C 5,
C 6. ABC
.
,
, .
,
.

.
.

,
(. 14.1).
()
.
.

.
.
,
286
14.
. , , 5
,
.
,

. ( )
.
.

, .
.

.
, .

.
, ,
. ,
,
: .

RIP (Routing Information Protocol
) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol
), ,
Cisco. ,
),
. , ,
.

,
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
, .
, ,
A E ACDE,
287
. ,
, A E
C, , C
.
,
.
.
.
(
), ,
.

.
, ,
.

,
.

, .

. ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
, :

, .

.
,
.
, .
,
.
,
288
14.
, .
. 14.1 .
. 14.1.
, . 14.2,
() .
. . 14.214.8
,
.
14.2. A
AC
AB
AE
14.3. B
BA
BD
14.4. C
CA
289
14.5. D
DB
DE
14.6. E
EA
ED
EF
14.7. F
FE
FG
14.8. G
GF
,
.
. A ,
F, ,
. ( A
,
F. A
, ,
.)
,
.
,

, ,
. 14.9.
, A
F. ,
A , F E,
, ABDE.
290
14.
14.9. A
AB
BD
AC
AE
DE
EF
FG
, ,
.
.
,
30 . ,
, ,
.
, .

. , A
E, ,
, .
:
. ,
.

.
, ,
. ,

. ,
.

. ,
, ,
.

.
, .

, .
291

.

.
, (link state)
(distance vector),
.

.

.
,

.

?
,
?
.

. ,
, ,
,
.
1.
?
2.
?
3. ,
?
1. (Link state).
2. (Hop).
3. ( ).
16
IGRP EIGRP
,
, RIP
.
. ,
RIP 15 ,
, .
(
RIP ).
,

.
,
, RIP.
, RIP,
.
,
, RIP, . 80
Cisco
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
).
, RIP,
. IGRP
, EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol
).
.
320
16. IGRP EIGRP
IGRP EIGRP,
Cisco. ,
,
Cisco. :
IGRP EIGRP RIP
IGRP
IGRP
EIGRP
EIGRP
IGRP EIGRP
. RIP
, IGRP EIGRP
,
. IGRP EIGRP
RIP.

RIP,
. ,

(BellmanFord).
,
.

, . ,
,
. , ,
.
RIP, IGRP EIGRP.
IGRP EIGRP RIP

, RIP
(IGP interior gateway protocol).
RIP
.
,
.
RIP , ,
,
.
.
, .
,
.
IGRP EIGRP RIP
321
,
. ,
,
. Cisco ( )
IGRP.
RIP.
IGRP IGP;
, RIP,
, .
, RIP, IGRP EIGRP,
, .

,
. IGRP EIGRP
.

().
.
.
,
.
,
, . ,
, (
), , ,
. ,
,
. . 16.1.
. 16.1.
322
16. IGRP EIGRP
, ,
,
. ( )
.
, .
,
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
.
(
) .
(
, ,
, .)
, ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
, .
, ,
: . ,
( , ),
, , , .
, , ,
. , RIP,
IGRP EIGRP,
, (EGP, Exterior
Gateway Protocol) ,
.
(Enhanced) IGRP, EIGRP,
IGRP. IGRP
,
, EIGRP
.
, IGRP EIGRP,
Cisco.
IGRP
IGRP
, RIP.
IGRP
323
,
. ,
IGRP.
RIP, IGRP,
, ,

(unequalcost load balancing). Cisco,
IGRP, ,
RIP:
. RIP
, IGRP .
,
.

. ,
IGRP RIP.
IGRP
IGRP
. , RIP
: . IGRP
.

. IGRP :
, RIP,
IGRP, ,
. ,
(
),
. IGRP , ,

.
, ,
, (
).
1 16 777 216 ( ).
, ,
. ,
,
324
16. IGRP EIGRP
. .
,
.

, 1200 / 10 /.
,
.
.
,
.
1 255,
.
, ,
.
,

( ) ,
.
0
255. ,
. , 255, ,
100% .
, IGRP,

.
, IGRP, .
, IGRP
, .

RIP. IGRP
, ,
.

IGRP
RIP: .

RIP 15 .
Cisco IGRP ,

.
IGRP 15
255.
IGRP
325
. IGRP
, RIP.
(hop) (node).
( ),
, .

RIP IGRP
. IGRP
,
.

. , IGRP
, . 16.2
,
.
. 16.2 A
E. ABE
, ,
ADFE. . ,
, ,
.
. 16.2.
326
16. IGRP EIGRP
,
,
. IGRP
: , ABE ADFE,
E
A E.

. A
x , B. x

.
IGRP
.
IGRP
IGRP
, RIP. ,
IGRP,
. IGRP, RIP,

.
IGRP
RIP. , :
(flash update).
IGRP 90 .
30 RIP.
: IGRP
, RIP,
,
, .

.
, ,
270 ,
. ,
.
630 , .
IGRP (
) (
). IGRP
.
IGRP
327
IGRP, RIP,
. IG
RP 90 ,
.
,
.
IGRP
,
.
IGRP ,
.
IGRP ,
RIP IGRP.
, RIP,
,
, IGRP.
IGRP
IGRP ,
, ,
.
IGRP , Cisco

. , (
), IGRP
.
RIP (
), IGRP
Cisco IOS. , IOS
,
(ASN Autonomous System Number),
.
1 65 535.
.
, IGRP, :
#router igrp <asn>
, BGP, ASN,
, , IP.
, ASN.
,
. IP
328
16. IGRP EIGRP
.
. network
#network <ip address>
ASN
IGRP.
IGRP Cisco:
Router(config)#router igrp 210
Router(configrouter)#network 198.10.0.0

IGRP. , ,
,
IGRP.
,
, .

,
, ,

,
,
, .

, variance. ,

, variance ,
.
Cisco , ,
. variance :
#variance <multiplier>
, .
,
, ,
.
, 6,
2, ,
, ,
12 ( ).
, ,

IGRP
329
, ,
.
, A D 4,
B 3 ( ),
.

,
, IGRP
. , ,
Cisco
, variance:
Router(configrouter)#variance 3
Router(configrouter)#^Z
, variance .
, Cisco IOS
, .
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.

,
, IGRP .
, ,
.
.
, .
, IGRP ,
. 16.1.
, IGRP
Cisco IOS, timers basic.
,
.
IGRP
. IG
RP ( ):
#timers basic <update timer> <timeout timer> <holddown timer> <removal timer>
330
16. IGRP EIGRP
16.1. IGRP
90
270
630

10
,
.
, ,
.
:
Router(configrouter)#timers basic 75 200 76 550
Cisco 90 75;
270 200;
76; 630 550.
/

IGRP
,
. ,
, .
,
, .
Cisco
.
Cisco IOS.
.

, .
,
.
,
. ,
.
IGRP
331
,
. ,
; .
,
no :
Router(configrouter)#no metric holddown
no metric holddown
. ,
IGRP, ,
.
Cisco IOS .

, .
, A B.
B A, B
. , A
B .
, A ( )
B B.

,
RIP. (
RIP, , ,
, .)

. Cisco
.
,
:
Router(configint)#no ip splithorizon
Router(configint)#^Z
IGRP.
90 Cisco
332
16. IGRP EIGRP
. IGRP,
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol IGRP),
IGRP.
EIGRP
IGRP, Cisco .
, ,
. ,
, RIP,
. EIGRP
IGRP.
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm
)
.
, DUAL , (
),
.
, .
, DUAL, ,
EIGRP .
IGRP
,
.
DUAL ,
(
). EIGRP,
.
.
IGRP,
EIGRP, hello.

, hello. hello

.
EIGRP hello
( hello)
. ,
. , hello

.
EIGRP
333
,
. ,
.

. ,
, hello .

. ,
.
EIGRP
Cisco IOS, EIGRP,
, IGRP.
:
.
.
, ,
IGRP, EIGRP.
, ,
EIGRP Cisco:
Router(config)#router eigrp 578
EIGRP
. IGRP,
EIGRP. , IGRP EIGRP
Cisco
.
, EIGRP,
, EIGRP
. EIGRP 50%
. Cisco

.
,
(
),

, :
334
16. IGRP EIGRP

#ip bandwidth percent eigrp <percentage>

ip bandwidthpercentage,
, .
EIGRP
.
Router(configint)#ip bandwidth percent eigrp 25
EIGRP ,
EIGRP IGRP .
,
, .
IGRP RIP.
IGRP 255.
IGRP EIGRP
.
IGRP EIGRP
.

, IGRP EIGRP
, .
EIGRP hello
.

EIGRP, IGRP
RIP?
EIGRP

IGRP. EIGRP
,
,
IGRP.
335
1.
IGRP, EIGRP?
2. DUAL?
3. :
,
?
4. IGRP
?
1. ASN ( ) .
2. , EIGRP ,
.
3. .
.
4. ,
.
1. 20 (
198.32.98.0) IGRP.
Ethernet 0
, 25 .
Router(configint)#no ip splithorizon
III

Cisco
15 RIP
16 IGRP EIGRP
17
OSPF
18 BGP
19 IS>IS
20 Cisco
21

Cisco Catalyst PNNI
15
RIP
,
Cisco.
Cisco, Cisco IOS,
WAN. ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
RIP.
:
RIP
RIP
RIP
RIP
RIP
RIP

.
.

, ,
, , , ,
.
296
15. RIP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol

) ,
. RIP 1982 .
Unix. ,
RIP, Xerox
PUP (PARC Universal Protocol) GWINFO. RIP
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol,
). , RIP
.
IGP (interior gateway protocols
) EGP (exterior gateway protocols
). IGP ,
. IGP
, .
EGP , .
, , ,
.
, RIP
.
(single) ()
.
,
RIP,
WAN.
WAN, , PSN
(public switched network, ).
WAN,
RIP.
RIP ,
, ,
, .
,
, RIP .
RIP
. RIP ,
.

. ,
, RIP .
,
, RIP.
, RIP
RIP 80 Xerox
.
RIP
297
, Unix
. RIP
,
.
, ,
. ,

.
RIP , ,
,
. , ,
,
. , RIP
, .
, , RIP,
( ).
, RIP . RIP
, .
, .
RIP
,
.
.
, , ,
, .
. 15.1.
. 15.1.
298
15. RIP
. 15.1, A
D, . D
, , D
. A B, C .
C ( D)
( A). .
, RIP
: ,

. RIP
.
, RIP.
:

.
,
.

.
,
.
,
RIP, .
RIP
,
, Cisco
.
( ).
( )
.
, Cisco ,
. , runningcon
fig, . Cisco (
), .
runningconfig,
, , .
299
RIP

. Cis
co, RIP, . 15.1 (
D):
15.1.
153.19.88.0
30180240
198.63.35.0
30180240
153.19.89.0
30180240
. 15.1 . ,
. , ,
,
.
,
. :
: .
: ,
.
: ,
,
.
: ,
RIP. (routing update ti
mer) . RIP
30 .
(route timeout).

180 , .
(route removal timer).

, 240 .
: RIP (
).
, . 15.1, ,
D 153.19.88.0
A, 6 198.63.35.0
B 153.19.89.0
C. D ,
153.19.88.0, RIP
300
15. RIP
,
A.
. ,
, ,
.
:
TTL (Time to Live )
. ( :
, .)
.
( ).
Cisco, RIP,

.
.
.
,
. (
, ), .
() ,

.
:
,
.

RIP: ,
,
.

RIP,
(hop count limit).
RIP 15
. .

, ,
.
, ,
. , IP
Time to Live (TTL), 5
RIP
301
. ,
RIP, TTL 15. ,
, TTL 1.
, TTL
.
, 15
,
, .
, IPX
(transfer control),
1, , 16, .
, RIP,
.
,
, RIP.
, ,
( TTL (Time to Li
ve) IP). ,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
.
, RIP,
, 15 .
10
. , 15 ,
.

,
15 RIP.
RIP .
RIP ,
,
( ) .
, OSPF,
, RIP.
RIP
,
.
,
, . ,
,
. RIP
,
.
302
15. RIP

RIP , .
(route poisoning) ,
16
.
.
.
,
.
, (
) , ,
.
, 16,
.
, .
. 15.2 ,
.
. 15.2.
. 15.2 , 1
A . B
A, C, 1
2 . A, ,
1,
1 3: 1 ( ) + 2 (,
B), . B
, , A 1 3,
4 .
.
, C (
B) , ,
RIP
303
16. A B
C, ,
.

(split horizon) ,
.
,
,
.

, .
. 15.3 ,
.
. 15.3.
. 15.3 (A, B, C D).

,
A C . A
, , C
. A B,
.
,
D, , A C
. B
A, A C (
). A B.
,
, ,
,
, .
304
15. RIP
, ,

.

(holddown timers)
RIP,
. ,
,
.

, .
,
.

.
,
(
). ,
.
RIP
RIP ,
.
, RIP

.
RIP,
, , .
(
). ,

.
,
(),
. (), (
),
, ,
,
. ( ,
RIP
.)
RIP
305
,
. WAN (
) .
RIP,
,
,
, .
( ),
. ,
, .
(
) RIP.
, .
, RIP,
RIP Cisco.
RIP
RIP WAN
. RIP ,
,
.
, RIP, ,

.

,
. ,
.
,
.
,
(
: ,
).

. .
, RIP ,
, RIP .
306
15. RIP
, RIP . RIP (
) , ,
, IP.

( ,
IP, . 15.2).
(
). ,
;
: ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
RIP. RIP
, , .
,
, RIP
. , RIP
. . 15.2 IP
. ,
. . 15.3 .
,
RIP.
15.2. IP&
16
TTL
15
17
1024
153.85.23.15
153.85.26.85

.
307
RIP
, ,
: C D.
15.3.
153.85.23.0
30180240
153.85.24.0
30180240
153.85.25.0
30180240
153.85.26.0
30180240
153.85.26.0
30180240
203.152.0.0
30180240
:
, 153.85.26.0?

B, C.
RIP. : 2
C 3 D, ,
C.
, RIP
. IP,
.
IP . 15.4.
15.4.
16
TTL
14
17
1024
153.85.23.15
153.85.26.85
. RIP,
, ,
308
15. RIP
.
, RIP. ,
RIP :
. RIP
,
.
,
. ,
RIP
. , RIP

.
RIP
,
RIP
, .
RIP
.
() RIP 30
. ,
, RIP
. (
)
.
,
, .
RIP :
( update routing),
RIP
. RIP.
30
. ,

(, ).

.
,
( )
,

309
RIP
. , ,
,
.
.
, , Cisco,
RIP,
.
.
, .
, ,
RIP.

.
( ). ,
,
. . 15.5
. ,
RIP
, . 15.6.
15.5. RIP
RIP,
2
15.6. RIP
, ,

IP

, . 15.6, RIP
, . (
25 .)
, .
310
15. RIP
RIP
, .
,
.
, ,
. RIP
Cisco ,
, ,
.
(
RIP) Cisco.
RIP Cisco.
RIP
, RIP
Cisco,
. , ,
, RIP
. RIP,

. router rip
:
Router(config)#router rip
Router(configrouter)#
router
. .
,
. RIP Cisco,
.
, .
network :
(
, )
RIP
311
. RIP
, , .
RIP Cisco.

, .
RIP
.
.
Cis
co, RIP.
, RIP .
RIP
Cisco
RIP.
. , RIP,
,
.
, :
RIP
RIP,

,

.
RIP
Cisco,
, RIP.
RIP :
, ,
.
,
.
,
. RIP
timers basic. :
#timers basic <routing update timer> <route timeout> <holddown timer> <route
removal>
312
15. RIP
,
timers basic,
:
timers basic.
,
( ).

30 , Cisco
30 .
180 .
,
180 , .
45 .
,
,
,
.
, 270 .
,
,
. ,
Cisco,
.
RIP

Cisco RIP. RIP
,
. Cisco ,
RIP
. ,
, RIP, .

.
Cisco .
, ,
RIP ,
.
RIP
313
.
neighbor.
Cisco IOS neighbor
, RIP .
, passiveinterface ,
RIP .

RIP .
neighbor,
.
:
#neighbor <protocol address>
RIP
198.53.10.1 :
Router(configrouter)#neighbor 195.53.10.1
neighbor
. ,
,
show runningconfig.
Router#show running config
!
router rip
network 153.5.0.0
neighbor 153.5.86.2
neighbor 153.5.46.1
!
(output abbreviated)
, running
config. , star
tupconfig.
runningconfig ,
Cisco.
, , no:
Router(configrouter)#no neighbor 153.5.86.2
314
15. RIP
neighbor
, passiveinterface
RIP .
passiveinterface :
#passive interface <interface> <interface number>
Ether
net 1, :
Router(configrouter)#passive interface ethernet 1
neighbor passiveinterface, Cisco

RIP .
,
, RIP
. Cisco
1, 2 (
). ,
.
RIP
RIP ,
, . ,
Cisco 1 RIP.
2
RIP.1
Cisco , ,
RIP
. , version, ,
RIP .
1 2 RIP . Cisco
RIP 1,
( Cisco
RIP 2). , ,
RIP.
Cisco IOS 12.2 :

RIP 1 2, RIP
1. . . .
RIP
315
version ,
Cisco , RIP 1
( ,
RIP 1) RIP 2 (
, RIP 2).
version version <version number>:
Router(configrouter)#version 2

RIP . ,
RIP ,
.
,
. ,
,
RIP 1,
RIP 2. RIP

.
RIP ,
IP.
RIP

:
#ip rip <direction> <version number(s)>
version ,
, Ethernet 1
RIP 1, Ethernet 2 1, 2:
Router(configint)#ip rip send version 1
Router(configint)#interface ethernet 1
Router(configint)#ip rip receive version 1 2
,
RIP Cisco.
RIP.
RIP. ,
316
15. RIP

RIP.
RIP
RIP Cisco
Cisco.
RIP ,
, . Cisco

,
RIP.
show (
RIP) . ,
IP IOS,
show.

RIP.
,
, ,
. RIP
,
. RIP
, show :
Router#show ip route rip
:
Codes: C connected, S static, I IGRP, R RIP, M mobile, B BGP
D EIGRP, EX EIGRP external, O OSPF, IA OSPF inter area
N1 OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 OSPF external type 1, E2 OSPF external type 2, E EGP
i ISIS, L1 ISIS level1, L2 ISIS level2, * candidate default
U peruser static route, o ODR
T traffic engineered route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R 153.16.4.0 [90/1] via 153.16.4.1, 00:00:10 Ethernet1
C 198.56.0.0 is directly connected, Ethernet2
RIP
RIP ( )
. , ,
, ,
, .
317
RIP .
RIP
, ,
,
.
RIP , 15
.

RIP .
RIP
30 .
Cisco RIP 2.1

RIP
15 ?
RIP 15
, .
, RIP
.
,
.
1. Cisco ,
(
)?
2.
RIP?
3. ,
A.
A 30
?
1. 240 .
1
. . 314.
318
15. RIP
2. show ip route rip.

3. , .
1. 10.0.0.0
RIP. RIP Ethernet 0 (
: Ethernet 0 Ethernet 1).
, ,
RIP ,
RIP 2. ( IP
.)
Router(configrouter)#passive interface ethernet 1
Router(config)# interface ethernet 0
Router(configint)#ip rip send version 2
Router(configint)#ip rip receive version 1 2
17
OSPF

, .

. , RIP, IGRP
EIGRP,
;
, .

). OSPF IGP
, ,
IGRP EIGRP. OSPF, RIP, IGRP EIGRP,
,
. OSPF
.
, OSPF, Cisco,
OSPF.
:
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF
OSPF 80 IETF
RIP ( Cisco IGRP.)
OSPF
337
RIP, IETF
. ,

, .
OSPF
.
OSPF, :

.
OSPF IGP,
(
) (EGP).
OSPF
IP.
OSPF
.
OSPF ,
. OSPF
,
.
.
, OSPF IGP
.
OSPF
, OSPF, ,
.
, ,
, OSPF, ,
. ().
OSPF .
, Cisco
. OSPF .
OSPF, , . 17.1.
OSPF
. ,
, IP.
.
().
338
17. OSPF
. 17.1. OSPF
OSPF IP. OSPF

IP.
,

. OSPF
,
, .
OSPF ,
,
. ,
BGP. OSPF
. EGP

OSPF.
OSPF
.
,
OSPF .

LSA (link state advertisement
).
,
. LSA
, (flooding) (
OSPF
339
,
).
LSA .
.
.
, .

.
,
.

. ,
( LSA), .
OSPF : (stub)
(notsostubby areas NSSA). ,

, .
,
.
,
.
, , LSA
.
. . 17.2
, .
. 17.2.
340
17. OSPF
, ,
(ABR area bor
der router). , , ABR
( . 17.2).
19 . 17.3, ,
, ABR ,
.
NSSA, , LSA.
(
) ,
.
, LSA
.
, OSPF
(DR designated router).

LSA . DR
.
DR,
DR. ,
DR .
LSA DR.
. 17.3. ,
OSPF
341
OSPF
, . ,
OSPF ,
.
:

NSSA

OSPF

.
.
OSPF
,
.
,
, .
OSPF .

. ,
( )
.
(
A, B, C D ):
1. (A) (B C).
2.
.
3. ,
(C).
4.
(B D).
5. 2.
6. , .
1. ,
. , ,
,
, .
342
17. OSPF
2.
, ,
.
3. (
), .
4. 1 .
,
, ,
.
5. 2.
6. ,
.
,
.
, . 17.4.
. 17.4. A
1. A.
2.
. A B C.
, A .
AC, AC
.
3. ,
(C).
4. .
A (B) C (D).
5. . ,
, .
, AB 3, CD 2.
A, CD
3 (AC + CD). AB AD .
OSPF
343
,
.

,
.

: .
, , OSPF,
, ,
.
,

. OSPF ,
.
,
. ,
OSPF ,
:
= 108/
,
. , 128 /
781, T1 64.
, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
, . ,
, ,
. ,
, , OSPF
, , .
, OSPF,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, .
,
( ),
.
,
344
17. OSPF
( ).
,

.
,
, .
;

.
OSPF
OSPF
, .
(
), OSPF ,

.
OSPF ,
. :
Hello

OSPF
.
OSPF.
, .
OSPF . 17.5.
. 17.5 , OSPF
. ,
, , ,
.
.
, , ,
hello .
OSPF , hello
, .
hello ,
. hello
OSPF
345
. 17.5. OSPF&
, ,
.
hello , .
.
,
, .

, (DR)
. ,
, ,
.
, ,

, .

. ,
.
.
.
OSPF
, .

. ,
,
346
17. OSPF
.
, ,
.
. ,
. , ,
OSPF, , .
OSPF
OSPF .
, .
,
, . OSPF
:
.
OSPF ,
. ,
.
.
,
OSPF,
.
,
.
( ) .

(
, ).

(ABR).

.
ABR,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
OSPF
347
. , ABR
ABR . (

,
OSPF.) . 17.6.
. 17.6.
. 17.6 19
1. 19
.

, .
, EGP, LSA
.
. ABR

,
.

LSA. ,
,
348
17. OSPF
, ,
.

,
, ,
.
,
.
,
.

.
,
, ,

.
(NSSA)
NSSA ,
. ,
NSSA
.
,
.
,
.
NSSA
. ,
,
. NSSA ,
,
, .
, ,
, .
Cisco .
,
,
.
,
.
.
OSPF
349

,
.
, ,
, ,
( RIP).

.
EGP (Exte
rior Gateway Protocol, ),
. ,
, BGP (Border Gateway Protocol,
),
.
OSPF ,
.

, .

Cisco OSPF.
.
OSPF
Cisco OSPF .
(
, )
. ,
, .
OSPF ,
.
IGRP EIGRP, OSPF
.
,
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
OSPF
. ,
350
17. OSPF
,
.
1 65 535.
router ospf.
Router(config)#router ospf 349
, OSPF, IP.
IP,
:
OSPF: Could not allocate router id
OSPF IP.
.
,
.
, IP .
network,
:
#network <ip address> <wildcard bits> area <area address>
, network
IP (wildcard bits).
. IP
, .
, C 225.65.34.0
0.0.0.255 IP .
1 B:
Router(configrouter)#network 198.56.0.0 255.255.0.0 area 1
,
0. ,

, IP 0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255 ( IP).
IP:
OSPF 0.
OSPF
351

,
, . , ABR 3 (
, )
IP , 3,
, .
.
ABR
3:
Router(configif)#^Z
ethernet 0 3, ethernet 1
. ABR,
.

.
, NSSA area. area
ABR, ,
:
#area <area number> <area type> <area specific params>
ABR ,
3 , :
Router(configif)#^Z
Router(configrouter)#area 3 stub no summary
352
17. OSPF
,
. nosummary ,
IP.
. ,
NSSA, ,
noredistribution.
area
.
(
). ABR ABR
( ).
.
:
#area <local area ID> virtual link <neighbor ABR address> <optional
parameters>

3:
Router(configrouter)#area 3 virtual link 123.1.1.2

. OSPF
, 108
. ,
.
,
OSPF, (FDDI) .
1.
FDDI
, FDDI,
. ,
, autocost,
:
Router(configrouter)#auto cost reference bandwidth 4294967
, ,
/.1
1 4 294 967.
100. . . .
353
,
OSPF,
,
Cisco.
.

, ,
OSPF. OSPF
. :
OSPF .

, .
OSPF ().
OSPF .
OSPF
(NSSA).

, ?

,

.
,
.
1. ?
2. OSPF ?
3. OSPF?
1. , .
2. = 108/ .
3. (,
IP).
354
17. OSPF
1. OSPF ,
( 1)
. IP 10.0.0.0,
10.1.1.1 10.20.1.1.
Router(configif)#^Z
Router(configrouter)#area 1 nssa
18
BGP

Cisco.
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol,
). (, , )
, BGP,
.
BGP ( )
BGP,
.

BGP .
,
. ,
Cisco
BGP,
.

, .
, ,
:
.
. ,
, ,
, , .
,
.
.
356
18. BGP
,
,
, , ,
. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, .
BGP.
BGP ,
.
(
). , BGP,
,
.
, BGP, BGP4 (
).
. BGP4
BGP,
BGP.
,
.
, RIP,
.
,
. BGP
( () ).
,
. ,
,
,
.
, .
BGP (BGP4) ,
, .
, .
BGP ,
, BGP ,
. Cisco,
.
BGP : EBGP (Exterior Border
Gateway Protocol, ) IBGP (Inte
357
rior Border Gateway Protocol,

). EBGP
(
BGP), IBGP
.
Cisco
BGP,
, BGP.
,
, BGP.

() BGP.
BGP.

( ).

. , PNNI (. A), ISIS
(. 19). , .
.
.
, ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
BGP . . ,
, .
. 18.1.
, . 18.1, ,
.

.
(1).
(2 3)
(
), .
.
358
18. BGP
. 18.1.
,
. 18.1. , POP (point of
presence ),
( , Cisco
). . 18.2
, .
. 18.2 ,
. , POP
, POP .
?
. ,
(LAN, WAN SOHO) ,
, , . ,
, .
.
.
, BGP ,
.
, .

ASN (autonomous system number
359
. 18.2.
).
(, BGP). ASN
1 65 535.
Cisco
, ASN BGP.
, ,
.

, IP,
( ,
EBGP).
ASN,
. ,
1 65 535,
.
.

IP.
,
( ) .
360
18. BGP

ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers
).
: http://rs.arin.net/netinfo/asn.txt.
ASN 64 512 65 535. IP

, .
IBGP BGP.
.
. ASN
,
. :

ASN,
.
,
.
.
,
.
BGP , .
. 18.3 ,
.
.
,
.
ASN.
.
,
.
,
, . . 18.4
.
1000 . 18.4 ,
2000 3000.
, 2000
3000 1000. ( 1000
,
361
.) 3000, 2000
3000.
. 18.3.
. 18.4.
362
18. BGP
.
,
.
. 18.4 , 2000
3000 1000.

RFC 1930.
ASN IP
IP
, .
IP BGP
. ASN IP
, . ,
ASN IP,
.
.
. 18.5 ,
. IP.
IP,
ASN. IP
. 18.5. IP&
363
ASN

. ( .)
, ASN,
.
, ,
, .
.
BGP (BGP speaker),
BGP (BGP peer).
BGP
( BGP)
BGP. BGP ASN
, .
IP, IP
ASN.
BGP IP,
ASN, . ,
BGP,
, .
, IP,
ASN , . 18.6.
. 18.6.
364
18. BGP
. 18.6 BGP (
), 10.50.34.1,
. IP
ASN ,
10.50.34.1, ASN.
BGP (
BGP), ,
, router :
Router(config)#router bgp
. BGP
, ASN.
:
Router(config)#router bgp 400

BGP, router BGP (
).

BGP,
, .

,
. . 18.7
.

. , EBGP
. ,
,
.
BGP,
.

( , )
BGP, .
, ,
.

(BGP)
, BGP ,
.
BGP
365
. 18.7.
(
) BGP.
BGP&&
(BGP peering sessions).
BGP
BGP,
. BGP, ,
BGP.
BGP TCP,
TCP 179.
BGP , BGP BGP

. BGP
.
BGP
.
,
( ) .
366
18. BGP
BGP
( EBGP, IBGP),
. ,
BGP
.
BGP
, .
EBGP (multihop peering). EBGP, BGP
, .
( )

.
BGP
neighbor:
Router(configure)#router bgp 65000
Router(configurerouter)#neighbor 10.115.48.1 remote as 100
BGP
65000
10.115.48.1,
100.

10.115.48.1 .
,
.
EBGP, :
Router(configurerouter)#neighbor 10.115.48.1 ebgp multihop

, EBGP, ,
.
, ,
.
, EBGP
, IGP. ,
, OSPF IGRP.
BGP
.
.
EBGP
367
,
. BGP
.
, BGP.
BGP ,
. .

.

(
BGP).
,
BGP, .
,
.
BGP ,
.
: IBGP EBGP.

EBGP (IBGP ).
EBGP
EBGP (Exterior Border Gateway Pro
tocol ). EBGP
BGP,
.

.
EBGP IBGP , ,
. (IBGP
.)
BGP , ,
BGP. BGP
, .
BGP, ,
. ()
BGP

.
BGP, ,
,
368
18. BGP
, .
. BGP
.
BGP : , ,
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX, .
IP ,
.
, ,
, .
BGP ,
.
.
, ,
. , ,
IP
.
BGP, , ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
BGP ,
( ) BGP (
), . (
) ,
.
BGP
. ,
. . 18.8 ,
EBGP.
2000
( 3000 4000),
IP 10.34.0.0 1000 IP 10.60.0.0
2000. ( 1000),
IP 10.80.0.0 10.35.0.0
3000 4000 . 2000

1000, 3000 4000.
, 3000 IP
10.34.0.0, ,
2000, ( 1000).
EBGP
369
. 18.8. , EBGP
BGP
, .
: .
BGP ,
IGP.
(. 18.8) ,
3000 4000 ( EIGRP), .
EIGRP IGP,
.
,
, BGP (
BGP,
).
BGP
. IGP,
, BGP
, :
Router(configure)#router eigrp 40
Router(configurerouter)#network 10.153.0.0
370
18. BGP
Router(configurerouter)#redistribute bgp 65100
Router(configurerouter)#redistribute connected
BGP :
Router(configurerouter)#distribute list 1 out
Router(configurerouter)#redistribute eigrp 10
distributelist ,
. 21;
, EBGP.
,
. IP ,
.
:
BGP. .
(. 18.8), ,
2000 , 1000,
. 2000
3000 4000,
BGP.
BGP
, :
Router(configure)#ip route 10.153.40.0 255.255.0.0 null 0
, null 0.
.
, .
,
BGP. redistri
bute static:
Router(configurerouter)#redistribute static

. , ,
.
.
EBGP
371
BGP
BGP
.
BGP, .
BGP ,
, .
,
.
.
,
.
,

. ,
, . 18.8,
2000,
: ,
2000. (
.)
,
1000 2000.
,
3000 4000 .
, 3000 1000,
. 18.9.
. 18.9.
372
18. BGP
. 18.9 , BGP
, 3000
1000 .
2000
1000. ,
, ,
.
2000, , 2000
1000, ,
( 3000
1000) ( 3000
2000 1000). ,
, 1000,
4, 2000
: ,
1000, 10. ,
3000 BGP,
1000.
1000
4 2000 10.

.
, ,
,
,
. ,
,
, ,
, .

. , (
)
,
.
. ,
:
Router(configure)# ip as path access list 1 permit ^65000$
,
, 65000.
:
Router(configurerouter)#route map MYMAP permit 10
Router(configurerouter)#match as path 1
Router(configurerouter)#set weight 30
EBGP
373
match aspath 1 ,
, 1.
set weight ,
, , 30.
, BGP :
Router(configurerouter)#neighbor 10.153.50.1 route map MYMAP in
BGP,
MYMAP ,
10.153.50.1.
BGP
EBGP. ,
. .
,
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.
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,
: open, update, notification keepalive.
.
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, BGP.
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. BGP
. 18.11.
EBGP
375
. 18.11. BGP
BGP :
: 16 ,
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, ,
. ,
, ,

.
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. ,
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open ()
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376
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: 1
.
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, ,
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. 18.13.
. 18.13. update
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.
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: 2
,
. ,
0.
: ,
IP ,
.
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377
: 2
.
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, .
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. keepalive ,
,
.
ASPath ASSet
ASPath ,
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, ,
(. 18.14).
. 18.14. AS&Path
. 18.14 A , 10.34.0.0
ASN 1000.
B ,
ASPath, , .
: 1000 , 10.34.0.0
ASN 1000.
B C.
C ,
: ASN 2000 , ASN 1000 , 10.34.0.0
378
18. BGP
ASN 1000. ,
D, ASPath ASN 3000 ASN 2000
ASN 1000.
ASPath ASSet.
, D IP 10.34.0.0,
ASSet . ASSet
ASPath,
. D
10.34.0.0 AS
Path (ASN 3000). C
, ASPath ASN 2000,
, ASN 1000.
Next hop
next hop ( ) ASPath.
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. (. 18.14),
D, ASPath
, 10.34.0.0, ASN 3000, ,
ASN 3000. D
, , ASN 3000.
next hop D
IP , D
C (ASN 3000). next
hop, ,
. BGP ,
, next hop,
.
Origin
origin :
IGP
EGP
Incomplete
IGP EGP IBGP EBGP. IBGP EBGP

, IGP EGP ,
. IBGP EB
GP. , BGP
. IBGP
, IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Proto
IBGP
379
col ) EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Ga

teway Routing Protocol
).
BGP origin ( )
, .
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, IBGP. BGP ,
, origin IGP,
. EGP ,
. BGP
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origin EGP. , Incomplete
() ,
.
,
.
Local preference
(local preference) ,
,
.
( ) ,
, ,
, .
, .
,
100.
IBGP
IBGP EBGP
(loopback address).
, BGP

. BGP
179, Ethernet
(IP). EBGP :
,
. IBGP loopback (
).
IP,
.
, ,
.
380
18. BGP
IBGP
. ,
EBGP, ,
, IBGP,
.
BGP
,
BGP IBGP BGP.
BGP ( IBGP)
IBGP
. . 18.15.
. 18.15.
(. . 18.15),
IBGP
. ,

.
,
IBGP.
BGP.
BGP .
,
ASN,
.
BGP IP (.
11). IP
IBGP
381
IP, ,
,
.
,
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.
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.
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).
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IBGP (
).
.
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,
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.
,
. BGP
.
:
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,
EBGP
. IBGP,
, IBGP.
IBGP,
EBGP ( EBGP).
,

,
. . 18.16
, .
382
18. BGP
. 18.16.

confederation bgp
Cisco, BGP.
(10.198.56.1, 10.198.56.2
10.198.56.3),
, :
Router(configurerouter)# bgp confederation identifier 500
Router(configurerouter)# bgp confederation peers 65100
Router(configurerouter)# neighbor 10.198.56.2 remote as 65000
BGP,
65000. (ID 500)
.
, neighbor
BGP
10.198.56.7, .
BGP
, BGP
. ,
BGP,
IBGP
383
. ,
BGP ,

(IGP).
OSPF, ISIS
IGP ( ,
BGP). ,
, BGP
. BGP
.

.
. ,
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,
?
BGP ,
(
BGP). BGP
BGP BGP
, ,
IGP. , . 18.17 ,
. BGP OSPF.
,
, OSPF.
BGP ,
, OSPF
(. 18.17).
.
. 18.17. ,
384
18. BGP
BGP, no:
Router(configurerouter)#no synchronization
BGP ,
BGP.
.
.
BGP
, IBGP
.
, IBGP
, IBGP, . IBGP
,
. IBGP
, ,
.
IBGP
. BGP.
IBGP, BGP,
( ) ,
BGP, BGP. , BGP
BGP
, .
. 18.18.
. 18.18.
385
700 ,
600, 800.
,

IBGP.
,
, BGP.
1. 10.198.24.1 BGP
200.
Router(configurerouter)#^Z
2.
10.16.4.1 ( 700).
Router(configure)# neighbor 10.16.4.1 remote as 700
Router(configurerouter)#redistribute static
3. 670,
10.156.4.1 10.156.4.2
5000.

Router(configurerouter)#bgp confederation identifier 670
19
ISIS
ISIS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System c
1)
. ISIS ISO ( DEC
net Phase V) CLNP (Connectionless Network Protocol
).
OSI DNA,
DECnet
DNA OSI.
Cisco
ISIS. ,
, ISIS
, DECnet.
OSI, , IGRP
BGP. ISIS
.
:
ISIS DECnet
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(IS, intermediate system) , ,

,

.
( DECnet Phase IV
). . .
IS>IS DECnet
387
ISIS
ISIS,
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ISIS
ISIS DECnet
1975 Digital Equipment Corporation
DECnet VAX.
() DECnet : Phase I, Phase II . .
,
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. , ,

.

OSI. DECnet
.
ISIS DECnet Phase V;

DECnet Phase V DECnet Phase IV.
DECnet ( ) ,
DEC.
DECnet OSI
DNA (Digital Network Architecture Digital).
Digital OSI
DECnet, DECnet Phase V DECnet OSI/
DNA. DECnet Phase IV DNA ,
OSI. . 19.1
Phase IV DNA ,
OSI.
DECnet . , DECnet Phase III

Phase II. DEC DECnet Phase V,
OSI, ,
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DNA Digital OSI, ISO.
.
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388
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. 19.1. DECnet Phase IV DNA
( )
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net : (
ISIS).
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. 1 63 (64 ,
0 ). 10 .
1 1023 (1024 , 0 ).
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. 19.2.
, DECnet (5, 6 7),
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, . 19.3.
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389
. 19.2. DECnet
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/. , MAC (
) 4.2 (/) AA00
04000210. , DEC
:
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6 10 )
. 19.3. DECnet,
390
19. IS>IS
2. MAC, , 8
,
/ 8 :
00010000 00000010
3. :
00000010 00010000
4.
:
02 10
5. Ethernet
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/
.)
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, ,
.
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,
. , IP,
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,
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, .
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(L2)
, .
,
ES , .

.
, .
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391
.

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.)
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,
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).
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. , L1
.
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.
.
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.
,
.
,
. ,
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.
, .
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.
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( /: 5.4, 6.3 7.2).
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5.
L1
DECnet.
, /.
, () L1
. , L1 5.4 ,
,
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5.
392
19. IS>IS
. 19.4. 5.4
, (hubs) 5
5.4.
5.4. 5.4
5.1, 5.2 5.3.
5.2 7.4,
.
,

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,
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.
. 19.5 ,
,
.
.
.
.
1 .
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,
.
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. L2 L2,
. L2 .
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393
. 19.5.
,
(
). , L2
, . . 19.6
DECnet,
.
. 19.6. DECnet
394
19. IS>IS
DECnet
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DECnet), DECnet Phase IV.
DRP ,
. DRP hello (
). hello Ethernet,

.
hello,
.
hello L1 L2,
. hello
.19.7.
. 19.7. hello
hello L1.
L1 ,
. L1
. hello
L1, L1
.
L1 hello
, L1L1
.
hello L1 L2.
,
. L1 L1 L2
.
IS>IS DECnet
395
hello
(, L1 ES
, L2
, hel
lo ).
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1. ( DECnet )
.
, .
, ,
.
2. ,
MAC (.
DECnet)
L1 ( L2).
,
, . , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
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, (
hello), .
, L1 L2,
.
L2.

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L2,
. (
, L2
L2
.) .
DECnet Phase V
DECnet Phase V, DEC
OSI.
, DECnet , DEC
net Phase V : OSI DNA.
396
19. IS>IS
, DEC
DECnet OSI. ,
OSI, DNA,
DECnet ( IP). ISIS.
, OSI,
DECnet Phase V.
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DECnet Phase V ISO Connec
tionless Network Protocol (
). CLNP OSI,

. CLNP
( ), OSI IP.
,
, .
, (
). IP .
DEC DECnet Phase V OSI/DNA,

OSI
, OSI.
CLNP.
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, ,
,
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. OSI , DNA .
DNA OSI DECnet.
ISIS . DEC
,
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.
DEC ISO ISIS OSI DECnet (CLNP).
, ,

IS>IS
397
. ( IP IPX)
.
ISIS
OSI DNA. ISO ISIS
CLNP.
ISIS DECnet Phase V.
CLNP OSI
,
ISIS IP (, IP
).
( ) ,
CLNP . ,
IP. ISIS
IP.
ISIS IP. ISO

ISIS IP,
OSI. ,
ISIS,
Integrated ISIS ( ISIS). Integrated ISIS

, CLNP IP.
ISIS

, .

. ,
,
. ISIS, Integrated ISIS
.
, ,
. ,
LSA (link state advertisements
), ()
() .
, , ,
, ISIS
.
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, ,
LSA.
,
398
19. IS>IS
. LSA
. 19.8.
ISIS ,
. (
, LSA,
.

.) LSA
() ,
.
,
, .
, ,
(
).

.
,
.
, .
. 19.8. (LSA)
IS>IS
399

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, .
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. ISIS
, ,
, LSA.
.
.
, , ,
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,
. ,
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LSA, ,
LSA. ,

( ).
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,
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.
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.
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.
400
19. IS>IS

ISIS
LSA, .
. ISIS
LSA , .

. . 19.9.
. 19.9 , A
B 1. L1A
LSA
C 2. B
. , B
,
, B
A.

, , C
A . ,
C, .
( , )
, ISIS
LSA, .
. 19.9. IS&IS,
LSA
IS>IS
401
,
? ? . 19.10
,
. ?
. 19.10 A
B C. D.
, D LSA,
, ? ,
.
LSA ,
.
: D
,
. , ,
LSA. LSA ,
ISIS
. remaining life sequence.
remaininglife ,
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, remaining
life. ,
LSA, (),
.
, . 19.10, D LSA
B, , A B
. D LSA,
. 19.10.
402
19. IS>IS
remaininglife .
C, ,
LSA. LSA (
D) , A B .
, remaininglife, ,
D (, LSA
) . C
LSA, . ,
remaininglife D
, A B,
, .

LSA, .
LSA sequence (
),
, LSA.
LSA.
remaining life sequence, ISIS
LSA, .
(
) ,
, LSA.
(
),
.
, .
LSA

. , ,
.
, .

LSA, .
.
,
, .
, , . 19.11.
, . 19.11
,
. ,
, A C. (
)
ISIS
.
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403
. 19.11. LSA
ISIS
, ,
,
. ,

. ISIS ,
.
,
.
, .
,
, ,
. ISIS ,
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ISIS
.
. 19.12 ISIS, .
1
RFC 1142 OSI ISIS Intradomain Routing Protocol

, (cost)
( ). . .
404
19. IS>IS
,
. ISIS
. :
(delay)
(expense)
(error) ,
,
.
ISIS.
. 19.12. IS&IS,
ISIS,
.
.
, :
ISIS ,
.
,
( ),
.
(,
, )
, , ISDN.
IS>IS,
405
( T3)
,
.
, ,

.
, ,
.
64. ,
65,
. . ,
64 ,
.
,
, . ISIS
.
(
). ISIS
, 1024.
64 1024 , ,
, ISIS
.
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.
. ,
, . ,
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.
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, .
,
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.
406
19. IS>IS
.
,
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.
. ,
.
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.
.
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. .

, ,
. ,
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.
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.
, .
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ISIS
. ,
() ,
. ISIS . 19.13.
ISIS DECnet
Phase IV. DECnet .
IP IP,
ISIS.
IP. ,
ISIS IP. ISIS
.
.

IS>IS,
407
. 19.13. IS&IS
, IP. ISIS
, IP. .
,
ISIS ,
. DECnet Phase IV, L1
.
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.
, .
( ,
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. .)

,
, ,
.
ISIS ,
.
.
, (
), .
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L2, .
L2 ( ) ISIS.
ISIS . 19.15.
/ ,
ISIS.
408
19. IS>IS
. 19.14. IS&IS
/ ,
. 19.15, .
, ,
.
.
ISIS ,
OSI, MAC / DECnet Phase IV.
. 19.15. IS&IS
IS>IS,
409
ISIS
ISIS OSI DECnet Phase IV.
.
ISIS DECnet,
DNA.

. ISIS
ISIS.
OSI , NSAP
(network service access point ).
NSAP ,
, . ISIS
OSI, NSAP. ISIS OSI
,
, OSI.
NSAP
( OSI) .
, OSI
.
, NSAP
. ,
NSAP ,
. NSAP IDP (initial domain
part ) DSP (domainspecific part
).
.
IDP , ,
. IDP, , AFI (authority and for
mat identifier ) IDI (initial
domain identifier ). AFI
, . IDI
.
NSAP, DSP (domainspecific part)
. DSP ,
. OSI; ISIS
OSI. ISIS NSAP
: ( ,
NSAP, ,
0). , IDP
NSAP, ( ),
, (
MAC) .
410
19. IS>IS
NSAP
, IDP NSAP, ,
.
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
NSAP
.
DECnet Phase IV
/ MAC, ISIS
MAC NSAP.

ISIS.

.
ISIS
ISIS , ISIS.
, ISIS
. , ,
.
ISIS. ISIS
, ISIS.
ISIS :
(hello message HM), (link state packet
LSP) (sequence number packet
SNP). , ISIS

.
, ,
: ,
. . 19.16.
,
. (,
Ethernet ISIS) 8 , .
.

IS>IS
411
. 19.16.
.
, .
,
. (
).
.
,
.

, ,
,
ISIS . ISIS
, (. 19.17).
.
ISIS (HM, LSP SNP) 1
,
, .
. 19.18 ISIS .
ISIS :
ISIS
,
. 19.17. IS&IS
412
19. IS>IS
. 19.18. IS&IS
(1) ISIS

,
(LSP, HM SNP)
(2) ISIS

(MAA maximum address area)

ISIS. ,
, .
, .
ISIS ,
.
hello
hello ISIS
.
hello
. 19.19. hello ISIS :

,
IS>IS
413
. 19.19. IS&IS hello
(L1 L2)
(IS),
IS
IS
hello,
IS ,
. IS
,
IS, hello.
IS hello,
hello. ,
, .

IS.

LSP ( )
. LSP .
LSP
.
414
19. IS>IS
LSP ,
IS .
,
, . LSP
ISIS :
(L1 L2)
(IS),
( )
IS
IS
IS

IS
ISIS
hello LSP.
. LSP
. LSP,

.
IS .
, ,
, ,
, .
LSP ,
,
. . 19.20
.

(sequence number packet SNP)
, , LSP,
LSP. IS SNP,
,
. SNP :
LSP (

)
IS>IS
415
. 19.20.
LSP LSP
LSP

IS,
. . 19.21
,
.
. 19.21.
416
19. IS>IS

ISIS. ,
ISIS.
ISIS
, ISIS ,
,
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,
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,
. IS ( )

.
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.
IS IS,
LSP.
.

.

. IS
, .
IS>IS
417
,
. IS (
, 1).
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IS. ( ,
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.
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( ).
,
,
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,
.
, .
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ISIS. IS

, .
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. ,
.
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.
, , LSP
IS. LSP IS LSP
IS, . (, IS
,
.) LSP ( LSP)
, IS.
. 19.22 LSP IS.
A LSP B,
, ( C)
.
A , B C
. A
D.
418
19. IS>IS
. 19.22.

,
. A ,
D, B, C D.
.
IS
(master table)
. IS
. IS, , ,
, . IS
, .
IS ,
. ISIS ,
.
.
Ethernet, ISIS
. ,
, . . 19.1
, ISIS,
.
19.1. Ethernet IS&IS
0180C2000014 L1
0180C2000015 L2
09002B000005 ;

09002B000004
IS>IS
419
ISIS ,
. IS
,
.
ISIS

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, L1.
,
,
.
,
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, L1 L2.
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, .
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,
420
19. IS>IS
. L1,
. ,
. . 19.23.
, ,
. 19.23.
L1 . ISIS
,
.
,

,
.
L2
. L2 ,
L1:
, .
L2 ,

L1.
,
.

, .
. 19.23. L1 IS&IS
IS>IS
421
, L2,
.
, , .

. .
L2.
L2.
,
L1. 19.24
.
. 19.24. L2&
, L2
L2.
. 19.25.
, .
ISIS
. IS
IS, , .
ISIS
Cisco.
ISIS
Cisco
ISIS ISIS
. ISIS
422
19. IS>IS
. 19.25. L2&
. ISIS
router isis:
Router(config)#router isis 45
45 ,
. isis ,
. net
. net :
Router(configrouter)# net 24.0001.001a.0000.0017.00
Cisco
ISIS 45. ISIS
.
, .
istype accesslist.
istype ,
. is
type ,
.
istype :
Router(configrouter)# is type level 1
,
, .
.
, . ,
. ,
, .
423
.
:
Router(config)#route map new
Router(configroutemap)#match ip route source 1
Router(configroutemap)#^Z
Router(config)#router isis 399
Router(configrouter)#default information originate route map new

.

ISIS 399,
, 10.0.0.0.
,
ISIS, , , ,

Cisco.
ISIS ,
DECnet.
ISIS IP

.
, ISIS
: (
), , .

,
IP, ISIS,
DECnet?
ISIS
. IP
, ,
IP
. ,
DECnet IP,
ISIS .
424
19. IS>IS
1. ISIS?
2. ISIS L2?
3.
ISIS?
1. .
2. ISIS.
3. , ,
,
.
1.
ISIS 4.
198.118.26.0.
20

Cisco

, Cisco.
, Cisco,
,
.

, .
, Cisco,
.
,
Cisco: IP (NAT
Network Address Translation). NAT ,

.
Cisco IOS.
,
, .
NAT ,
IP (
),
, . NAT
,
.
,
,
.
426
20. Cisco

: IP.

.
,
, . .

. ,
, ,
, .
: IP IPX.
IP.
IP
(access list) ,
,
. Cisco
.
(
IP IP), Cisco
11 :
IP
IP

DECnet
Appletalk
MAC (Media Access Control layer)
IPX
IPX
IPX SAP
MAC
IPX summary address
Cisco
. IP.
Cisco
. .
, , ,
.
.
427
IP
,
.
. ,
, .
(
, ).
. 20.1 ,
.
20.1.

IP

199
IP
100199
200299
DECnet
300399
Appletalk
600699
MAC (media access control sublayer)
700799
IPX
800899
IPX
900999
IPX SAP
10001099
MAC
11001199
IPX summary address
12001299
IP 1 99,
100 199.
.
Cisco
accesslist
. ,
.

.
IP:
Router(config)#access list 1 permit 198.42.16.1
Router(config)#^Z
Cisco ( , )
, .
, . (
), , 186.42.16.1,
, .
428
20. Cisco
IP
:
#access list <accesslist number> <action> <source address>
, ,
: ,
198.42.16.1. <action> de
ny. IP,
10.36.149.8:
Router(config)#access list 1 deny 10.36.149.8
Router(config)#^Z
,

.
,
, .
Cisco

.
:
#access list <accesslist number> <action> <protocol> <source address>
<destination address> <port>

,
.
Cisco ,
, . ,
Telnet ( 23) 10.98.12.1
10.99.36.5, :
Router(config)#access list 100 deny IP host 10.98.12.1 host 10.99.36.5 23
Router(config)#^Z
Telnet TCP 23. . 20.2

.
20.2.
SSH
22
Telnet
23
SMTP
25
429
IP
HTTP
80
LDAP
389
MS NetMeeting
1024, 1503
HTTPs
443
SOCKS
1080
MS NetShow
1755
MSN Messenger
1863
Mirabilis ICQ
1024
AOL Instant Messenger
5190
AOL ICQ
5190
AOL
51905193
Dialpad.com
5354, 7175, 86808890, 9000, 94509460
pcAnywhere
5631
VNC
5800+, 5900+
Netscape Conference
6498, 6502
Common IRC
66656669
RealAudio and Video
7070
VocalTec Internet Conference
22555
MSN Gaming Zone
2880029000
DirectX Gaming
47624, 23002400
host
.
, HTTP ,
any:
Router(config)#access list 147 deny IP any 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any 0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255 80
Router(config)#^Z
(
10.0.0.0) ( 0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255 80 ).
any . ,
,
.
.
, ,
,
, .
430
20. Cisco
;
.

accessgroup ip
. : in out.
,
.

,
ethernet 0.
Router(config)#access list 13 permit 128.53.12.1
Router(config)#access list 108 deny IP host 198.20.13.118 host 128.53.12.1 80
Router(config)#^Z
Router(configif)# ip address 198.20.13.115
Router(configif)# ip access group 108 out
Router(configif)# ip access group 13 in
.
128.53.12.1,
198.20.13.118 80 (HTTP) 128.53.12.1.
, 198.20.13.118
128.53.12.1:80,
.

. ,
, , .

. ,
, ,
.
NAT
(NAT, Network Address Translation)
, IP
IP.
, .
IP
IP.
,
.
NAT IP
,
431
NAT
,
,
.

,
,
IP.
, NAT ,
. NAT,
,
. NAT
Cisco,
.
(
).
NAT, .
NAT :
NAT
NAT
NAT
.
. ethernet 0
, ISDN
.
Router(configif)#ip nat inside
Router(configif)#interface bri 0
Router(configif)#ip nat outside
Router(configif)#^Z
NAT
IP.
, ,
.

.
, ,
:
432
20. Cisco
Router(configif)#interface bri 0
Router(configif)#^Z

NAT. ,
. ,
. ,
.
NAT
. NAT
:
#ip nat pool <name> <address range> netmask <subnet mask>
NAT:
Router(config)#ip nat pool my_pool 198.65.1.1 198.65.254.254 netmask 255.255.0.0
Router(config)#^Z
nat_pool
my_pool,
. 198.65.1.1 198.65.254.254.

.
my_pool ,
,
. NAT
, ,
.
.
:
Router(config)#^Z
, ,
NAT. :
Router(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool my_pool
Router(config)#^Z
nat inside source , ,

1,
433
my_pool. ,
. ,
, NAT, .
NAT IP ,
,
Cisco.
, .
:

, ,
.
.
, ,
.
NAT
.
NAT ,
.

Cisco Catalyst PNNI.

NAT ?
, , , NAT

,
. NAT
.
1.
IP?
2.
?
3. NAT:
?
1. 100199.
434
20. Cisco
2. IP.
3. . ,

IOS.
1. ,
SMTP.
Router(config)#access list 100 deny IP any 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 any
0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 25
Router(config)#^Z
2. NAT
10.0.0.0 115.68.43.1.
ethernet 0, serial 0;
10.101.23.1.
Router(configif)#ip nat inside
Router(configif)#interface serial 0
Router(configif)#ip nat outside
Router(configif)#^Z
Router(config)#ip nat pool exercise 10.0.0.0 10.254.254.254 netmask
255.0.0.0
Router(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool exercise
Router(config)#^Z
21

Cisco Catalyst PNNI

Cisco, .
Cisco Catalyst
. ,
PNNI (Private Net
work to Network Interface ).
, , Cisco Catalyst (
),
.
, ,
, Cisco.
PNNI
Cisco.
:
ATM (Asynchroronous Transfer Mode)
UNI
PNNI
PNNI
PNNI QOS
PNNI
PNNI (crankback)
PNNI
PNNI
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode,
436
21. Cisco Catalyst PNNI
).
ATM ,
.
PNNI ,

ATM. PNNI
ATM.
PNNI ATM Forum 1996
ATM. ATM Forum
,
PNNI,
. ATM Forum
,
.
ATM Forum ( 1991 )

, ATM .
ATM Forum ATM
.
PNNI :
.
PNNI ATM ()
.
ATM ATM Forum
PNNI .
PNNI .

. ,
.
PNNI .

.
ATM. PNNI ATM
,
( ) .
PNNI
ATM Forum, UNI (usertonetwork interface
). UNI ATM
Forum
. UNI
PNNI.
ATM
437
, PNNI
. PNNI,
ATM.
ATM
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode
)
,
. ATM,
, .

. . 21.1
ATM.
ATM ,
. ATM
1 /.

(,
IP).
: ,
. ATM, ,
.
( ) ATM
.
. 21.1. ATM
438
. . 21.2
ATM.
,
ATM. IP, TCP,
, .
, ATM
.
ATM
. ATM, ,
. , ISIS (
19), ,
.
, , .

. , .
, ATM
. ATM
53 . . 21.3,
ATM 5 ,
, 48 .
ATM (
), .
ATM .
. 21.2. ATM
ATM
439
. 21.3. ATM
ATM
.
ATM
( ),
, .

.
, ATM, ,
. , ATM
.
,
, ( ).
ATM
. 53
, ,
.
,
.
ATM
(, , PNNI), ,
ATM. PNNI
ATM, (UNI
3),
ATM. ATM
, PNNI.
440
ATM
ATM :
. .
, ,

. , ATM
.
, ATM ATM
( ).
(ES) .
, , ,
.
ATM,
. (
) .
ATM , ,
.
.
ATM ATM
, . ATM ,
. ,
.
ATM
.
ATM ATM,
. , ,
.
,
ATM .
ATM
.
ATM .
ATM.
(
).
. . 21.4
ATM.
ATM
: UNI (UsertoNetwork Interface
) NNI (NetworktoNetwork Interface
).
ATM
441
. 21.4. ATM

. . 21.5,
ATM ( )
: UNI NNI.
. 21.5. UNI NNI
442
UNI ATM
( )
.
UNI .
UNI .
( PUNI)
ATM.
ATM ,
,
.
NNI PNNI. NNI
UNI,
.
UNI
UNI (User to Network Interface) ,

.
.
()
.
UNI ATM
: .
. 21.6 21.7 .
. 21.6.
UNI
443
. 21.7.
UNI ,
.
,
. ,
().

. ATM
.
,
.
,
.
.
ATM
, .
( ).
UNI; ATM
,
( multipointtomultipoint).
ATM
ATM 5 .
,
, , .
: ,
444
UNI , NNI.
UNI (. 21.8):
(4 ) .
(8 )
. (
,
.)
(16 )

.
(3 ) .
A ,
.
B .
C ,
.
(1 )
,
.

.

,
. 21.8. UNI
UNI
445
. 21.9. UNI
.
, , . 21.9.
,
, .
, , ,
. UNI . 21.10.
UNI
ATM.
. 21.10. UNI
446
, PNNI (Private
NetworktoNetwork Interface, ).
UNI ,

, .
ATM Forum ,
UNI ,
UNI.
Private NetworktoNetwork Interface
UNI, , .
PNNI
, .
PNNI
PNNI :
.
PNNI
, ATM.
PNNI
, . ()
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
, .
,
.
.
, ,
.

.
, .

.

, .
PNNI , ,
. PNNI
,
,
PNNI
447
. ,
, .
PNNI
PNNI (peer group, PG).
. (
, PG)
.
,
, . PG
, ,
,
.
PNNI
.

. ,
.
.
PNNI
,
. PG
.
, PNNI
, .
ATM, .

.
NSAP PNNI
ATM NSAP
(Network Dervice Access Point, ; .
19).
, ISIS, NSAP
.
NSAP ATM ,
, MAC . NSAP PNNI
(. 21.11):
448
. 21.11. NSAP& ATM&
AFI (Authority and Format Identifier)

. ,
.1
.
ICD (International Code Designator)
. , (
).
ICD, NSAP
DCC (Data Country Code ).
MAC .
MAC .
.
. 21.12 ATM (
AFI ICD, Cisco Systems).2
, ,
12 .
12 13 ATM
( ).
12 ATM
, PG.
DCC AESA (AFI=39), ICD AESA

(AFI=47), E.164 AESA (AFI=45). . . .
ICD
AESA. . . .
PNNI
449
. 21.12. ATM&
ATM
ATM. ,
PG (MAC ATM

),
( ) ATM
.
,

. MAC

.
ATM ,
PNNI .
,
NSAP .
PNNI.
. 21.13 ATM.
. 21.13,
PG. 12 ATM
,
( A). ,
, ATM (ATM).

.
MAC ,
.
450
. 21.13. ATM

, .

PNNI.
PNNI.
PNNI .
, PG.
PNNI
0 104.
, 104,
PG
0. ,
. ,
. 21.13 A.1 B.1
.
.
, PNNI
.

,
, .
PNNI
451
,
,
. A.1
(. 21.13)
B.1, .
A.1, B.1,
,
.
B.1 ( ).
,
,
. ,
PNNI,
.
PNNI
. PNNI,
,
.
PNNI A.1 B.1

.

. . 21.14 PNNI,
.
PNNI
. 21.14 .
,
PNNI .
PNNI , . PNNI
.
, PNNI
() .
ATM
.
PNNI .
,
PNNI
, . PNNI.
.
(
PNNI.)
452
. 21.14. PNNI
, PNNI.
,
PNNI
. PNNI . 21.15, ,
ATM.
( ) ATM
,
. PNNI
,
.
PNNI
PNNI
.
,
, PNNI.
ATM
hello ().
ATM
.
PNNI
453
. 21.15. ATM,
. . 21.16
hello ATM.
A.1 (. 21.16) B.1 A.2
, ,
,
. hello ,
.
A.2 hello A.1,
( ), A.1
. ,
.
hello .
hello,
.
.

.
hello ( )
ATM.
,
454
. , ,
QOS (quality of service ),
, .
,
, .

. ATM
hello ,
.
(, , )
, ,
.

.
,
, hello
,
. ( ,
PNNI, ,
.)
( ,
)
.
. 21.16. ATM& hello
PNNI QOS
455
hello (
)
. , PNNI
. PNNI
.
.
, PNNI

. PNNI ,

. PNNI :
Administrative weight (AW, ) ,

,
Available cell rate (AvCR, )

Maximum cell transfer delay (MaxCTD,

) ,

Cell loss ratio (CLR, )

Cell delay variation (CDV, )

,
(MaxCTD MinCTD)
Maximum cell rate (MaxCR)

. PNNI

.
,
, .
, ,
QOS. QOS (quality of service,
) , RFC 2386.
PNNI QOS
PNNI QOS ATM. ,
ATM
, ,
QOS, .
,
QOS, PNNI
456
QOS. ,
QOS
ATM .
, MaxCR CLR,
, ,
. QOS ( ,
,
)
, .
QOS ,
.
,
.
,
( ) .
PNNI,
(QOS) ,
.

QOS, , ATM.
PNNI QOS: GCAC (Generic Call Admission
Control
) GCAC.
GCAC
, ,
: (cell rate margin)
(variance factor).
, PNNI
,
QOS ,
. . 21.17
QOS .
21.17
A.1 C.4. (
PNNI)

56 /.
B.1 C.1.
PNNI ,
,
.
, .
PNNI
457
. 21.17. QOS
, ,
. PNNI . PNNI
(
17 OSPF).
QOS,
.
,
,
.
.
.
QOS
PNNI,
, ATM.
PNNI .
ATM , ,
.
PNNI.
PNNI
PNNI PNNI,
.

458
, QOS.

, PNNI.
ATM ,
PNNI ,
ATM
. . 21.18
ATM, .
. 21.18 PNNI
A.1 ,
,
D.
,
D ,
.
. D
.
QOS.
( )
. QOS,
, ,
.
.
QOS ,
. .
. 21.18. ,
PNNI
459
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
, .
. 21.19 ATM,
.
A.1.X.X.X.X.X.X
D.1.X.X.X.X.X.X.
. 21.19
A.1. QOS ,
56 /. A.1
, , ,
56 /.
A.1 (B.1),
. B.1.
B.1 :
B.1 C.1 B.1 C.2. B.1 C.2
QOS, ,
C.1.
C.1 ,
. C.1 C.2 C.1 D.1 QOS.
,
. 21.19. ATM&
460
, C.1 D.1,
D.1.
D.1 D.1.X.X.X.X.X.X
. ATM D.1
,
D.1.X.X.X.X.X.X, . D.1
,
. . 21.20.
D.1 , C.1, B.1 A.1
.

( ),
.
A.1.X.X.X.X.X.X
D.1.X.X.X.X.X.X, ,
, PNNI ,
.
QOS ,
, . PNNI

crankback, ,
QOS .
. 21.20. &
PNNI (crankback)
461
PNNI
(crankback)
QOS,
, . QOS
(, 10
, 200 ), PNNI
, crank
back. . 21.21 ,

ATM,
QOS. . 21.22 ,
.
,
. ,
QOS.
ATM PNNI,
,
PNNI Cisco.
. 21.21. ATM& QOS
462
. 21.22.
PNNI

Cisco .
, .
PNNI:
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#atm router pnni
Switch(configatmrouter)# aesa embedded number left justified

PNNI 2. E.164 (aesa ATM end
system address ATM)
.
atm router PNNI.

. ,
ATM atm address:
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#atm address 52.000a.c001.034b.000.06a7.0001. ..
PNNI
463
,
ATM
MAC .
, .

. ,
,
ATM PNNI ( ),
.
,
,
Cisco. ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
Cisco.
! ,
Cisco,
.

Cisco.
, Cisco,
www.cisco.com,
, SAMS Publishing.
A
Cisco
Cisco IOS
.
.
Cisco IOS,
.
.
, Cisco
, Cisco.

accessenable
Cisco
. (
.)
host
(host)
timeout
<19999>

465
Cisco
timeout
<19999>

>access enable host timeout 1
accessprofile
Cisco
. (
.)
ignoresanitychecks
,
(
,
AV
)
merge
ignoresanitychecks ,

(
,
AV
)
replace
ignoresanitychecks ,

(
,
AV
)

>access profile merge
connect
Cisco
.
.
466
WORD
IP

>connect RouterA
disable
Cisco
.

.
(015)

>disable 14
disconnect
Cisco
(
).
.
<120>
WORD

>disconnect 1
>disconnect RouterA
enable
Cisco
.
,
.
467
Cisco
(015)

>enable 14
exit
Cisco
EXEC.
IOS; .

>exit
help
Cisco
; .

>help
lock
Cisco
. .

>lock
login
Cisco
.

. ,
.

>login
logout
Cisco
EXEC; .
468

>logout
nameconnection
Cisco
.

.
, .

>name connection 1 RouterA
pad
Cisco
X.29 PAD (packet assembler/disassembler
/ ).
X.25 PAD.
WORD
X.121

>pad Remote
ping
Cisco
().
WORD
ping
ip
IP
WORD
ipx
WORD
tag
WORD
ping
Novell/IPX
ping
IP
ping
469
Cisco

>ping 10.25.123.3
>ping ip 10.25.123.3
ppp
Cisco
IETF PPP (PointtoPoint Protocol
).
negotiate
IP, PPP

>ppp negotiate
resume
Cisco
.
( ),
/.
/debug
/echo
/line
Telnet
/next
/nodebug
/noecho
/noline
Telnet
/nostream
/set
X3
/stream
<120>
WORD
470

>resume /noecho RouterA
rlogin
Cisco
rlogin.
WORD
IP

>rlogin 10.25.123.3
>rlogin RouterA
show
Cisco
. show
,
.
clock
detail
dialer
maps
flash:

flash:
all

chips
detailed

err
summary
history
471
Cisco
hosts
IP, ,
host
WORD
location
Modemcap
Modem Capabilities (
)
WORD
,
PPP
ppp
PPP
BAP (Bandwidth Allocation Protocol
() )
bap
group
WORD
queues
multilink
queues
BAP

BAP
Multilink PPP
PPP
RAM Monitor (RMON)
rmon
alarms
events
events
alarms
RMON
RMON
RMON
RMON
RTR (Response Time Reporter
)
rtr
application
RTR
full
tabular
collectionstatistics
<12147483647>
RTR

full
( )
tabular
( )
full
( )
tabular
( )
configuration
<12147483647>
RTR

full
( )
tabular
( )
472
full
( )
tabular
( )
distributionsstatistics RTR

<12147483647>
full
( )
tabular
( )
full
( )
tabular
( )
history
<12147483647>
RTR

full
( )
tabular
( )
full
( )
tabular
( )
operationalstate
<12147483647>
RTR

full
( )
tabular
( )
full
( )
tabular
( )
reactiontrigger
<12147483647>
RTR

full
( )
tabular
( )
full
( )
tabular
( )
totalsstatistics
<12147483647>
RTR

full
( )
tabular
( )
full
( )
tabular
( )
sessions
Telnet
snmp
SNMP (Simple
Network Management Protocol
)
473
Cisco
tacacs
TACACS+ (Termi
nal Access Controller Access Control System)
terminal
trafficshape
Ethernet
<01>
Null
<00>
queue
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
Null
Null

Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
<01>
Ethernet
Null
Null
<00>
Null
statistics
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
<01>
Ethernet
Null
Null
<00>
Null
users
all
wide
wide
version

(
)

>show system detailed
slip
Cisco
SLIP (SerialLine IP).

>slip
474
systat
Cisco
.
all

>systat all
telnet
Cisco
Telnet
Telnet.
WORD
IP

>telnet 10.25.123.3
>telnet RouterA
terminal
Cisco
.
autohangup
sessiontimeout
datacharacterbits
<78>
databits
<58>

475
Cisco
default

dispatchcharacter
CHAR <0127>
dispatchtimeout
<04294967294>
domainlookup
DNS show
download
editing
escapecharacter
escape
BREAK
BREAK
CHAR <0255>
Escape ASCII
DEFAULT
escape,
NONE
escape
soft
escape
BREAK
BREAK
CHAR <0255>
Escape ASCII
DEFAULT
escape,
NONE
escape
execcharacterbits

<78>
flowcontrol
NONE
hardware
in
out
software
in
476
lock
out
fullhelp
help
history
size
<0256>
holdcharacter
CHAR <0255>
international
8
ip
IP
netmaskformat
bitcount
decimal
hexadecimal
tcp
TCP
inputcoalescethreshold (

20)
length
<0512>

(0
)
no
notify
padding
CHAR <0127>
parity
even
mark
none
477
Cisco
odd
space
rxspeed
<04294967295>
specialcharacterbits
<78>
speed
<04294967295>
startcharacter
CHAR <0255>
stopcharacter
CHAR <0255>
stopbits
1

1.5
telnet

Telnet
breakonip
interrupt break
iponbreak
break interrupt
refusenegotiations
Telnet Remote Ec

ho Suppress Go Ahead
speed
<14294967295>
synconbreak
Telnet synchronize
Telnet break
transparent
CR CR,
NULL, CR, LF
terminaltype
WORD
transport
all
none
pad
X.3 PAD (packet assembler/disassembler

/ )
rlogin
Unix rlogin
478
TCP/IP Telnet
telnet
txspeed
<04294967295>

,

width
<0512>

>terminal autohangup session timeout
traceroute
Cisco
.
WORD
appletalk
AppleTalk
WORD
clns
WORD
,
ISO Connectionless Network Service (CLNS)
,
IP
ip
WORD
ipx
,
IPX
WORD
oldvines
VINES (Virtual Integrated Network Service),

(Cisco)
WORD
vines
WORD
VINES (Banyan)
,

>traceroute RouterA
>traceroute 10.25.123.3
>traceroute ip 10.25.123.3
479
Cisco
tunnel
Cisco
.
WORD

>tunnel RouterA
where
Cisco
.

>where
x28
Cisco
X.28 PAD (packet assembler/disassembler /
).
X.28.
debug
X.28 PAD
escape
X.28 PAD
noescape
X.28 (
!)
nuicud
NUI (Network User ID)

, NUI

profile
X.3
reverse
(re
verse charge)
verbose
X.28

>x.28 debug nuicud
>x.28 escape nuicud debug
480
x3
Cisco
X.3 PAD.
<022>:<0255> X.3 PAD

>X3 5:225

. ,
,
, .
, , ,
.
accesstemplate
Cisco
.
,
.
<100199>
IP
WORD
A.B.C.D
A.B.C.D
A.B.C.D
A.B.C.D
timeout
<19999>
any
481
Cisco
host
Hostname A.B.C.D

A.B.C.D
A.B.C.D
timeout
<19999>
any
A.B.C.D
A.B.C.D
timeout
<19999>
host
Hostname A.B.C.D
A.B.C.D
A.B.C.D
timeout
<19999>
<20002699>
IP (
)
, IP
WORD

#access template 100 test 10.25.123.3 0.255.255.255 10.35.124.4 0.255.255.255 timeout 1
cd
Cisco
.
flash:
flh:
null:
nvram:
system:
482

#cd flash: files
clear
Cisco
.
accesslist
counters
<0199>
WORD
accesstemplate
<100199>

IP
accesslist . accesstemplate
<20002699>
IP (
)
arpcache
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
bridge
<1255>

CDP (Cisco Discovery Pro
tocol)
cdp
counters
CDP
table
CDP
counters
Ethernet
<01>
line
<05>
<15>
console
<00>
vty
<04>
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet

483
Cisco
<14>

Null
Null
<00>
Null
dialer
framerelayinarp
ARP
host
host
WORD
interface
Ethernet
<01>
(* )

IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
Null
Null
<00>
Null
IP
ip
accesslist
accesstemplate
accounting
checkpoint
IP
IP

cache
A.B.C.D
A.B.C.D

IPEIGRP
eigrp
<165535>
neighbors

IPEIGRP
A.B.C.D
IPEIGRP
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
<01>
Null
<00>
Ethernet
Null
Null
neighbors
IPEIGRP
A.B.C.D
IPEIGRP
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
484
<01>
Null
<00>
Ethernet
Null
Null
NAT (Network Address Translation)
nat
statistics
translation

NHRP (Clear Next Hop
Resolution Protocol)
nhrp
A.B.C.D
A.B.C.D

OSPF
ospf
counters
neighbor
Ethernet
<01>
Hostname A.B.C.D
Null
<00>
redistribution
prefixlist
WORD
OSPF

IEEE 802.3
Ethernet

Null
Null

redirect
route
A.B.C.D

RTP/
UDP/IP
rtp
headercompression
Ethernet
<01>
Null
<00>
ipx
accounting
RTP/UDP/IP
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
Null
Null
Novell/IPX
IPX
485
Cisco
checkpoint
IPX
cache
IPX
eigrp
NovellEIGRP
route
IPX
neighbors
Ethernet
NovellEIGRP
IEEE 802.3
<01>
Ethernet
N.H.H.H
NovellEIGRP
Null
Null
<00>
spxspoof
Null
(spoof) IPX SPX

line
<05>
console
<00>
vty
<04>
logging
snapshot
Snaphot
quiettime
Ethernet
<01>
,
( )
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
Null
Null
<00>
Null
TCP
tcp
TTY
line
<00>
local
Hostname A.B.C.D
<165535>
remote
IP
TCP
/
Hostname A.B.C.D IP

<165535>
statistics
TCP
TCP
486
TCB
tcb
<0x00xFFFFFFFF>
TCB
X.25
x25
Ethernet
<01>
H.H.H
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
MAC CMNS
XOT (X.25OverTCP)
xot
XOT
remote
A.B.C.D
<165535>
IP

local
XOT
A.B.C.D
IP
<165535>

#clear counters
clock
Cisco
.
set
hh:mm:ss
<131>
MONTH
<19932035>
MONTH
<19932035>

#clock set 12:00:00 1 January 2000
487
Cisco
copy
Cisco
.
/erase
flash:
flash:
flh:
flh:
ftp:
ftp:
null:
null:
nvram:
nvram:
rcp:
rcp:
runningconfig
startupconfig
system:
system:
tftp:
tftp:
flash:
flash:
flh:
flh:
ftp:
ftp:
null:
null:
nvram:
nvram:
rcp:
rcp:
runningconfig
startupconfig
system:
system:
tftp:
tftp:

#copy running config startup config
488
debug
Cisco
(. undebug).
aaa
AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting

, )
accessexpression
all
arp
IP ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) HP Probe transactions
async
callback
cdp
CDP (Certificate Discovery Protocol)
chat
Chat scripts activity
compress
COMPRESS
condition
confmodem
customqueue
(custom queuing)
dhcp
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration

Protocol)
dialer
dnsix
DNSIX (Department of Defense Intelligence In

formation System Network Security for Information Exchan
ge)
domain
dxi
ATMDXI (Asynchronous Transfer ModeData

Exchange Interface)
eigrp
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing

Protocol)
entry
ethernetinterface Ethernet

framerelay
Frame Relay
interface
ip
IP
ipx
Novell/IPX
lapb
LAPB (Link Access Protocol Balanced)
list
,

489
Cisco
llc2
LLC2 Type II
modem
nhrp
NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol)
packet
pad
X.25 PAD (packet assembler/disassembler)
ppp
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
priority
radius
RADIUS (Remote Authentication DialIn User Ser

vice)
rtr
RTR (Response Time Reporter)
serial
smf
MAC
snapshot
Snapshot
snmp
SNMP (Simple Network Messaging Protocol)
sntp
SNTP (Simple Network Time Protocol)
spantree
(Spanning tree)
standby
tacacs
TACACS (Terminal Access

Controller Access Control System)
tbridge
telnet
Telnet
tftp
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
tunnel
vprofile
vtemplate
x25
X.25, CMNS (Connection Mode Network Servi

ce) XOT (X.25 TCP)
x28
X.28
delete
Cisco
.
flash:
490

#delete flash: aa3424.bin
dir
Cisco
.
/all
flash:
flh:
null:
nvram:
system:

#dir /all
erase
Cisco
.
flash:
nvram:
startupconfig

#erase startup config
more
Cisco
.
/ascii
ASCII
491
Cisco
/binary
/ebcdic
EBCDIC
flash:
flh:
ftp:
null:
nvram:
rcp:
system:
tftp:

#more /ascii system:
pwd
Cisco
.

#pwd
reload
Cisco
.
LINE
at
hh:mm
(:)
<131>
LINE
MONTH
492
cancel
in
mmm hhh:mm
LINE

#reload in 30 for maintenance
rsh
Cisco
.
WORD
IP rsh
/user
LINE

#rsh RouterA reload
setup
Cisco
.

#setup
test
Cisco
, .
eigrp
IPX EIGRP
<165535>
1local
<1FFFFFFFE>

1
IPX
493
Cisco
1successor
<1FFFFFFFE>
2local
<1FFFFFFFE>
2successor
<1FFFFFFFE>
3local
<1FFFFFFFE>
4local
<1FFFFFFFE>
5local
<1FFFFFFFE>
6local
<1FFFFFFFE>
3
IPX
12
IPX
32
IPX
10
IPX
102
IPX
10FC fail1
IPX
12FC fail3
IPX
ack

EIGRP
delete
IFS TEST
ifs
APPN
appn
read
APPN
Hostname A.B.C.D
LINE
write

APPN
Hostname A.B.C.D
LINE
boot
LINE
defaults
show
hidden
slot
<032>
WORD

boot
boot

URL
494
WORD
URL

#test ifs appn read RouterA test_file
verify
Cisco
.
flash:

#verify flash: aaa8764.bin
write
Cisco
,
.
erase
()
memory
network
TFTP
flash:
URL
ftp:
URL
null:
URL
nvram:
URL
rcp:
URL
system:
URL
tftp:
URL
terminal

#write memory

#,
, 79
#, ,
, 83
%,
, 81
/, , 82
?,
, 87
[ ], , 82
>,
, 79, 80
A
ABR (Area Border Router,
), OSPF, 340
access list, , 422, 427
accessenable, , 464
accessprofile, , 465
accesstemplate, , 480
area, , 351
noredistribution, , 352
nosummary, , 352
ARIN (American Registry for Internet
Numbers,
), 360
ARPAnet, 27
ASN (Autonomous System Number,
), 327,
359, 367
), 436,
437, 439
, 448
,
ATM, 440
, 440
, 440
, 440
, 443
, 438
atm address, , 462
atm router, , 462
autocost, , 352
B
bandwidthpercentage, , 334
), 286, 355
ASPath, , 377
ASSet, , 378
EBGP (Exterior Border Gateway Pro
tocol,
), 379
, 366
next hop, , 378
origin, , 378
TCP, 365
(), 356, 367
, 356

, 369
, 374, 377
keepalive, , 377
notification, , 377
open, , 375
update, , 376
, 374
, 373
, 380
, 382
, 381
, , 379
,
367
, 384
, 368
, 367
496
, 364
, 373
, 373
, 382
, 360
, 363
bgp confederation, , 382
Boot Loader, , 82
C
Catalyst, , 435
CCO (Cisco Connection Online), , 55,
162, 246
cd, , 481
CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing,

), 192
Cisco Career & Certifications, 24
CCIP (Cisco Certified Internet
work Engineer), 25
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network
Associate), 24
CCNP (Cisco Certified Network
Professional), 25
Cisco IOS (Internet Operating System),
, 55
, 54
, 67
, 67
, 69
, 53
, 53
, 55
, 54
Cisco, , 40
Catalyst, , 435
SOHO ( ), 35
1600, 37, 263
7500, 35
clear, , 486
CLNP (Connectionless Network Proto
col,
), 397
clock, , 486
CompuServe, 32
configure terminal, , 197
configure, , 134, 141
confreg, , 139
connect, , 217, 465
copy, , 487
D
debug, , 488
DECnet, 388
DRP (DECnet Routing Protocol,
DECnet)
hello, 395
MAC (Media Access Control,
)
, 390
Phase V, 395
, 388
, 389
L1, 391
L2, 392
, 390
delete, , 489
dialer, , 272
dir, , 129, 490
disable, , 89, 466
disconnect, , 466
distributelist, , 370
DNA (Digital Network Architecture,
Digital), 387
DR (Designated Router,
), OSPF, 340
DRAM, IOS, 67
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm,
),
332
E
EBGP (Exterior Border Gateway Proto
col,
), 379
, 379
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol,
), 296, 378
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Ro
uting Protocol,

), 322, 369
ASN, ,
333

), 332
, 334
hello, 332
IGRP, 333
RIP, 322
497

enable, , 89, 121, 134, 197, 466
enable, , 135
erase, , 490
Ethernet
rollover, , 117
, 142
, 117
, 125
, 117
, 116
exit, , 467
F
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface,

), 50
Flash Load Helper, 62
Frame Relay, 36, 278
DCE (Data Circuit Terminating
Equipment,
), 276
DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifi
er,
), 277
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment,
), 276
IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force,
)
, 278
LMI (Local Management Interface,

), 277
, 278
, 277
framerelay map, , 280
G
GCAC (Generic Call Admission Control,

)
, 456
, 456
GEnie, 32
Gopher, 32
GUI (Graphical User Interface,

), 71, 73
H
help, , 467
hostname, , 133
HyperTerminal, , 66
I
IBGP (Interior Border Gateway Protocol,

), 379
, 382

, 384
ICMP (Internet Control Message Proto
col,
), 196, 202
, 213
ping, 205
, 207
,
211
traceroute, 213
, 204
), 320,
321, 378
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Proto
col,
), 322
ASN (Autonomous System Number,
), 327

, 323
, 326
,
329

, 330
, 329
, 329
, 329
IGP, 321
(), 321
, 332
,
328
, 327
, 323
, 324
, 323
, 324
498
, 324
, 324
, 326
, 331
EIGRP, 332
RIP, 320, 322
interface, , 198, 236
IOS (Internet Operating System), 73, 464
access list, , 427
accessenable, , 464
accessprofile, , 465
accesstemplate, , 480
bgp confederation, , 382
cd, , 481
clear, , 486
clock, , 486
connect, , 465
copy, , 487
debug, , 488
delete, , 489
dir, , 490
disable, , 466
disconnect, , 466
distributelist, , 370
enable, , 466
erase, , 490
exit, , 467
help, , 467
ip aspath, , 372
IP, , 194
IPX, , 242
lock, , 467
login, , 467
logout, , 467
more, , 490
nameconnection, , 468
nat inside source, , 432
neighbor, , 366
network, , 328
no metric holddown, , 331
no synchronization, , 384
no, , 137
pad, , 468
ping, , 90, 205, 468
ppp, , 469
pwd, , 491
redistribute static, , 370
reload, , 491
resume, , 469
rlogin, , 470
router bgp, , 364

rsh, , 492
setup, , 492
show, , 93, 129, 316, 473
slip, , 473
systat, , 474
telnet, , 474
terminal, , 87, 478
test, , 492
timer basic, , 329
traceroute, , 213, 478
tunnel, , 479
variance, , 328
verify, , 494
where, , 479
write, , 494
x28, , 479
x3, , 480
, 73
, 79
, 81

, 480

, 494

, 73
, 73

, 88
, 58
, 58
, 57
, 78
, 55
, 79
, 79
, 80
, 79
, 73

, 327

, 81
, 80
, 83
Boot Loader, 82
, 88
,
87
, 87

, 85
, 72
, 7678
IP (Internet Protocol,
), 169, 194
ip aspath, , 372
IP6 , 223
IP ASN, 362
, 182
CIDR (Classless InterDomain
Routing,
), 183
, 183
IP, 187
, 106
, 202
, 189
A, 182, 188
B, 188
C, 182, 189
D, 189
E, 189
, 182
, 182
, 225
, 189
, , 193
, , 192
IP
, 102
, 103
, 101
(TTL), 102
, 101
, 101
, 102
, 101
, 103
, 102
, 102
, 101
, 102
, 233
, 430
, 427
, 428
, 427
, 427
, 426
499
, 224
, 126, 197
, 193
ip address, , 142, 201
ip classless, , 198
ip defaultgateway, , 199
ip route, , 237
perm, , 199
, 238
ip routing, , 198
ip, , 198, 202
IP6 , 101
IP/IPX, , 126
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange,
), 169,
243
, 245
)
, 245
., 244
IP, 244
,
246
, 242
, 252
, 252
, 258
ipx interface, , 257
ipx network, , 248
ipx route, , 256
ipx routing, , 247
IPX/IP Basic, ,
246
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Net
work,
), 35, 264, 270
BRI (Basic Rate Interface,
), 264
B, 265
D, 265
LAPD (Link Access Protocol [for
Channel] D,
[ ] D), 267
, 269

E, 266
I, 266
Q, 266
500
, 273
SPID, 272
, 272
,
271
, 272

R, 267
S, 267
T, 267
U, 267

NT1, 266
NT2, 266
TA, 266
TE1, 266, 270
TE2, 266
ISIS (Intermediate System to Intermedi
ate System protocol, c
), 388
CLNP (Connectionless Network Pro
tocol,
), 397
, 405, 410
, 404
IS, 416, 417
, 418
, 406, 407
, 423
, 416, 421
, 421
, 421
, 404
, 404
, 404
, 405
, 408
, 410, 411
, 410, 411
, 410, 411

, 414
, 413
, 419
hello, 412
, 399
, 418
istype, , 422
L
LAN, 34
line, , 135, 214
lock, , 467
login, , 467
logout, , 467
LSA (Link State Advertisement,
), 338
LSP (LSA), 399
remaininglife, , 401
sequence, , 402
, 338
, 399
Lynx, 32
M
), 176, 245
, 98, 390
MAU (Media Access Units,
), 28
more, , 490
N
nameconnection, , 88, 468
), 425,
433
IP , 432
,
431
IP,
431
, 433
nat inside source, , 432
net, , 422
NetBEUI, 178
network, , 310, 328, 350
no metric holddown, , 331
no, , 137
notify, , 218
Novell NetWare, 242
NSAP (Network Service Access Point,
), 452
DSP (DomainSpecific Part,
), 409
IDP (Initial Domain Part,
), 409
501

AFI (Authority and Format Iden
tifier,
), 409
IDI (Initial Domain Identifier,

), 409
, 410
, 452
, 410
NSSA (NotSoStubby Areas,
), OSPF, 339, 348
, 346
, 339, 348
, 344
, 345
,
345
, 345

, 345
hello, 344
, , 344
, 349
, 338
O
OSI (Open Systems Interconnect,
),
, 172, 186, 388
NSAP (Network Service Access
Point,
), 409
, 177
/c
, 176177
MAC, 176
, 173
, 99, 176
, 174
, 99
, 173
, 173
, 172
, 98
, 177
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First,

), 286, 341
), 340
, 341
( ), 337
, 347
, 338
, 352
, 343
, 348

), 340, 346
),
339, 348
P
pad, , 468
passiveinterface, , 313
ping, , 90, 205, 468
ip, , 205
tag, , 205
TTL ( ), 206
, 89
, 207
, 206
, 211
DF , 209
, ,
206
PNNI (Private NetworktoNetwork
Interface,
), 435
) ,
436
crankback,
, 461
NSAP (Network Service Access
Point,
), , 452
QOS (Quality of Service,
) , 457
, 455
, 452
, 462
, 455
, 447
, 450
, 450
, 436, 452
, 436, 451,
460
502
ppp, , 469
Prodigy, 32
PSN (Public Switching Network,

), 269, 440
PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit,
), 274
pwd, , 491
Q
QOS (Quality of Service,
), 457
GCAC (Generic Call Admission Con
trol,

),
, 456
, 456
R
redistribute static, , 370
refusemessage, , 218
reload, , 132, 491
resume, , 218, 469
RFF (RunfromFlash)
, 58
, 58
IOS
TFTP, 62
, 60
, 62
, 58
, 58
RFR (RunfromRAM)
, 60
, 60
IOS, 67
, 59
, 59
RIP (Routing Information Protocol,
),
286, 318, 322
show, , 316
version, , 315
WAN , 296
, 304
, 315

, 298

, 307
, 311
timers basic, , 311
, 305
IGP, 320
, 310
network, , 310
router rip, , 310
router, , 310

neighbor, , 313
passiveinterface, , 313
show runningconfig, ,
313
,
312
, 295

, 308
, 309
,
298, 300
, 305
, 298, 302
, 298
, 316
, 308
, 310
, 298, 303
, 316
IGRP EIGRP, 320
, 306
, 299
, 299
, 299
, 299
, 299
, 298

, 304
, 298
RJ45, , 116
rlogin, , 219, 470
rollover, , 117
, 118
router bgp, , 364
router isis, , 422
router rip, , 310
503

router, , 310
rsh, , 492
S
setup, , 130, 132, 492
show interface, , 141, 142
show runningconfig, , 313
show version, , 138, 247
show, , 93, 129, 316, 473
runningconfig, 93
startupconfig, 93
, 90
, 93, 142
shutdown, , 127, 141
slip, , 473
SNMP (Simple Network Management
Protocol,
), 123
SOHO (small office/home office,
/ ), 35, 264
SPID (Service Profile ID,
), 265
startupconfig, , 128
static route, , 272
SVC (Switched Virtual Circuits,
), 275
systat, , 474
T
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol,
),
174, 178, 186, 197
TCP IP, 186
TCP/IP, , 197
Telnet, 135, 197
speed, , 215
, 219
telnet, , 217, 474
terminal, , 87, 478
test, , 492
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol,
),
62, 65, 164
timers basic, , 312
Token Ring, 26, 28
traceroute, , 213, 478
, 213
, 213
Trumpet, 32
TTL (Time To Live, ), 206,

300
RIP, 301
tunnel, , 479
U
UI (User Interface,
), 71
GUI, 73
HTML, 73
, 73
UNI (UsertoNetwork Interface,
), 440, 446
, 443
, 443
, 443
, 443
V
variance, , 328
verify, , 494
W
WAN (Wide Area Network,
)
Frame Relay, 278
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network,
), 35, 270
X.25, , 273
, 34, 35
, 263, 270
where, , 479
WIC (WAN Interface Card), 263
write, , 494
X
X.25, , 273
PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit,
),
274
x28, , 479
x3, , 480
Xerox, 296
Xerox PUP, , 296
Xmodem, 66, 67
504
, 83
, 379

), 332
GCAC (Generic Call Admission Con
trol,

),
456
(
), 285, 320, 323
, 344, 419, 457
, 455
, 336
( ), 321, 337,
356, 367
ASSet, , 378
), 356
), 340
next hop, , 378
, 361
, 362
,
359
IP, 367
, 339

), 340
),
339
, 339, 360
, 362
, 358
, , 439
, 115, 120
, , 142
, 425
IP , 426
), 430

, 323
, , 285
, 323
, , 122,
135
, 137
,
, 329
, 328
IGRP, 326
, 416
, 176, 269
, 175, 176
, 173
, 174
, 174
, 344
, 80
, 290
, 136
, , 72
, 81
, 338
, 151
, 120
, 133
, 99, 103
,
100
, , 252
Ethernet_II, 250
, 250
Ethernet_SNAP, 250
, 322
, 35
505

, , 142
IP, 142
, 141
,
141

, 141
, 116
Ethernet, 117
, 117
RJ45/DB9, 118
, 269
(ISDN)
B, 265
D, 265
OSI, 98, 176
(BGP), 373
, 73, 106
, , 276
, 110, 290, 398, 454
, 136
, (BGP), 381
, 132
privateconfig, 129
runningconfig, 128, 132
startupconfig, 130, 132
, 130
, 132
, 164
TFTP, 164
Cisco Remote Software Loader,
162
copy, , 162

TFTP, 163
, 164
IOS, 162

TFTP,
161
, 160
, 106

, 141
, 135
, OSPF, 346
, ,
115
Ethernet , 125, 127
SNMP (Simple Network Management
Protocol,
), 123
, 125
, 120, 133
, 132
, 140
, 122
, 115
, 118
,
120, 127
, 114, 133
,
135
, 121
,
140
Telnet, 116
DB9, 116
DSL, 34
Ethernet, 34
IP , 193
ISDN, 34
LAN, 34
TTL (Time To Live), 300
T, 34
WAN, 34
WIC (WAN Interface Card), 263
IP , 426
NAT, 430
, 237
, 34
, 35
, 300
, 31
Cisco, 31
, 28
, 26
, 27
, 180
, 299
, 118
506
, 199
, 164
, 300
, 159
, 287
RIP, 304
(
), 285, 323
, 285
, 284
, 286
, 111
, 286
RIP, 308
, 39, 40
, 45
, 44
, 41
WAN, 44
, 45
DRAM (Dynamic RAM), 45

, 45
,
40
, 40
, 50
1600, 48
2500, 49
4000, 50
800, 47
, 298
, 109
, 109
, 397
CLNP (Connectionless Network Pro
tocol,
), 397
), 103, 169, 202, 223
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange,
),
169, 252
), 263, 270

, 111
, 373
, 240

, 182
, BGP, 360
, , 193
, 308
, , 329
, 39, 40, 149
, 45
, 44
, 42
, 41
WAN, 44
, 45
DRAM (Dynamic RAM), 45

, 45
, 40
, 40
, 50
1600, 48
2500, 49
4000, 50
800, 47
, 149
, 150, 156
, 150, 159

IGRP, 324
, 325

BGP, 367
, 103, 175
hello, 332
IPX, 250
, 251
teardown, 179
, 180
, 102
, 103

, 103
, 179
, 332

, , 60
RFF (RunfromFlash)
, 58
, 56
, 140
enable, 135
, 135
, 137
, 136
, 135
, 136
, 121
, 121, 134
, 136
, Ethernet, 117
, 206
(ROMMON), 139
, , 264,
265
, 446
, 459
, OSPF, 338
, 189
, 192
, , 152
, 61, 64
, 80
, 171
UNI (UsertoNetwork Interface,
), 443
, 180
, 180181
, 181
, 181183
IP, 182
CIDR (Classless InterDomain
Routing,
), 183
, 183
, 103
, 184
, 184
, 184
, 184
, 184
, 184
, 169, 183
, 181183
507
IP
A, 182
C, 182
, 182
, 182
(), 396
),
286, 355
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gate
way Routing Protocol,

), 322, 334
),
296
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol,
),
126, 322, 327
ISIS (Intermediate System to In
termediate System protocol,
c
), 423
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First,

), 286, 341
PNNI (Private NetworktoNet
work Interface,
), 437, 452,
455
RIP (Routing Information Proto
col,
), 126, 286, 318, 322
, 287
, 285
, 285
, 284
, 286
, 290
, 290
, 290

, 111
, 357
(), 397
CLNP (Connectionless Network
Protocol,
), 397
508
), 103, 169, 202, 223
IPX (Internetwork Packet Ex
change,
), 169, 252
), 263, 270

, 169
, 170
, 178
, 178
teardown, 179
, 181

, 179
, 180
, 336
LSA (Link State Advertisement,

), 399

, 126
BGP, 373
, 373
, , 237
, 120,
127

IGRP, /, 331
RIP, 303
, , 79
, , 153
, 159
, 159
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP),
158

, 158
, 149

, 152

, 150

Cisco, 152

, 159
, 150, 156
, 159
, 149
OSI, 173

, 271
, 233

, 227
, 227

, 240
, 227
, 226
, 223
, 233
, 174
, 134

, 174
OSI, 99, 174
Cisco , 99
Token Ring, 26, 28

, 35
, 26
, 27
, 300
, 26
,
26
, 28, 237
, 237
,
234
, 66
,
176
,
LLC (Logical Link Control), 177
,
OSPF, 341
509

,
, 81
, 80

IP, 426
, 427
, 97
, 88

, 87
, 87
, 87
, 85
, 357
, 279
, 35, 109, 175, 286

RIP, 298
, 286
, 290
, 110, 111
, 110
, 308
IGRP, 326
, 109
, , 329

RIP, 304

IGRP, 329
, 373
OSI, 173
, BGP, 360
, OSPF, 339, 348
, , 329
, 136
, BGP, 363
OSI,
173
OSI, 172
, 98
OSI, 177
, 159
, 159
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), 158
,
158
, 149

, 152
,
150
Cisco,
152
, 159
, 156
, 159
, 149
, 57
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol,

), 62
, 60
, 60
SIMM, 60
, 62
, 7678
, 244
0x, , 245
, , 297
, 100

, 100
, 322
, 322
, 322
, 321
, 105, 199
, 364
, 204

Books.Ru
ISBN 5932860480,
Cisco.
Books.Ru .
,

.
, (piracy@sym
bol.ru), .

Cisco Routers in 21 Days

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 

Sams Teach Yourself

10. IP Cisco . . . . . . . . . .196

12. IPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

III. Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

16. IGRP EIGRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319

17. OSPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336

18. BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355

19. ISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

20. Cisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425

Cisco Career Certifications 

WAN, ISDN Frame Relay,

, Service Provider Series, 

2.1. Cisco 805

2.3. Cisco 1605

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface 

. 3.1. Cisco IOS

. 3.2. IOS, &

Flash Load Helper

. 3.4. Router Software Loader

1. RFR ( ) RFF ( ).

<no date> aaa0269.bin

4194304 bytes total (1992148 bytes free)

<no date> aaa0269.bin

4194304 bytes total (1992148 bytes free)

. 4.1. Cisco IOS

. 4.3. , Cisco IOS

Create a temporary Access List entry

Name an existing network connection

Automatically hangup when last connection closes

Inform users of output from concurrent sessions

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol 

Cisco Discovery Protocol

DHCP (Dynamic Host

Department of Defense Intelligence

Flash Load Helper

Response Time Reporter (RTR)

SNMP (Simple Network

SNTP (Simple Network Time Pro

HSRP (Hot Standby Rou

Terminal Access Controller

TCP (Transmission Con

, TCP/IP Frame Relay. 

subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph

Enter interface name used to connect to the

<no date> memory

<no date> startup config

3. startup config running config. 

Use ctrl c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.

config (configure) running config

5 ( enable secret 5 secretpassword),

no, password. IOS,

yes : Do you wish to change the configurati

0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred

: Ethernet0 is administratively down, line pro

Ethernet0 is administratively up, line protocol is down

running config startup config .

running config startup config startup

running config startup config, 

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol ) 

Router#copy runnning config tftp

World Wide Web (WWW)

(Electronic Data Interchange, EDI)

Cisco Career Certifications

WAN, ISDN Frame Relay,

, Service Provider Series,

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface

1. RFR ( ) RFF ( ).

Create a temporary AccessList entry

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol

SNTP (Simple Network Time Pro

HSRP (Hot Standby Rou

TCP (Transmission Con

, TCP/IP Frame Relay.

<no date> startupconfig

3. startupconfig runningconfig.

Use ctrlc to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.

config (configure) runningconfig

yes : Do you wish to change the configurati

runningconfig startupconfig .

runningconfig startupconfig startup

runningconfig startupconfig,

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol )

Ping , IP ICMP.

(Type escape sequence to abort.)

, . Loose, Strict, Times

, Loose, Strict, Timestamp, Record Verbose

, telnet, connect rlogin

1. Ethernet1 IP 198.5.42.1

<Next Hop | Interface | Null> , ,

Novell IPX 80 .

Q LAPD (Link Access Proto

(PSN, public switching net

NT DMS100 ( PRI ISDN)

Frame Relay X.25

RIP (Routing Information Protocol

neighbor passiveinterface, Cisco

OSPF IP. OSPF

rior Border Gateway Protocol,

ASN 64 512 65 535. IP

BGP , BGP BGP

IGP EGP IBGP EBGP. IBGP EBGP

col ) EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Ga

ISIS DECnet Phase V;

MAC DECnet ( ISIS)

ISIS IP. ISO

RFC 1142 OSI ISIS Intradomain Routing Protocol

(MAA maximum address area)

Telnet TCP 23. . 20.2

nat inside source , ,