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............................................................................................4
............................................................................................................7
I. ..................................................................9
1. .................................................11
1. ..............................................11
2. ........................................................16
3. ..............................................................20
2. ............................................................28
4. ....................................................................28
5. TIE..........................................................................34
6. ..............................................44
7. ........................................................49
8. ..........................................60
3. ................................................................64
9. ................................................................68
10. ......................................................................................92
11. ..................................................................................101
12. ...........................................................................................105
13. .............................................................................................109
14. ...........................................................................................113
4. ...................................................124
15. ......................................................................................125
16. ..........................................................................................133
17. ...................................................................................................141
18. ........................................................................................145
19. .........................................................................................146
20. ....................................................................................................149
5. ......................................................162
21. ordo geometricus .............................................162
22. .......................................................................................173
23. ...........................................................................................181
II. ..............................................................................188
1. ....................................................................189
1. ......................................................................................192
2. .........................................................198
3. .................................................................209
4. ...............................................................................213

 2. ....................................................218
5. .. .............................................219
6. ...................230
7. De intellectus emendatione ...................................267
3. : ............................274
8. ........................................................275
9. .......................................................................279
10. ............................................................................285
4. : ...........................292
11. ................................................................................292
12. .........................................................296
13. ?..........................................................300
14. , ?..........................................................................304
..........................................................................................................308
.....................................................................310

 ,
,
, .
( .)
,
,

, .
,
,
.
,

, .
..


AT

uvres de Descartes (ed. Ch. Adam & P. Tannery), 12 vols. Paris, 18971913

. , 2 . , 1989-1994

SO

Spinoza Opera, 4 Bnde. Im Auftrag der Heidelberger Akademie der

Wissenschaften hrsg. von Carl Gebhardt. Heidelberg: Carl Winters
Universitatsbuchhandlung, 1925

Eth

Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata

,
df =
ax =
pr =
dm =
cor =
sch =
lm =
pst =
cap =
apx =
prf =
exp =
afdf =
agd =

KV

Korte Verhandeling van God, de ensch en des Zelfs Welstand

,
prf =
vmz =

TIE

Tractatus de intellectus emendatione, et de via, qua optime in veram rerum

cognitionem dirigitur
,

(
: Benedicti de Spinoza Opera omnia quae supersunt omnia, 3 vols.,
ed. C.H. Bruder. Leipzig: B. Tauchnitz, 1843-1846)

PPC

Renati Des Cartes Principiorum Philosophiae pars I et II, more geometrico

demonstratae
I II,

, .

CM

Appendix, continens Cogitata Metaphysica

,

TTP

Tractatus theologico-politicus
-
SO (vol. IV, S.
1-267)

TP

Tractatus politicus

Ep

Epistolae doctorum quorundam virorum d B. d. S. et auctoris

responsiones
. . .


, -. , . , . , , , . .
?
? ,

. .
. , : .
,
. , ,
. , .
.1

. ,

.
, Caute, quia spinosa2
.
, , , . ,
, .
/ . .
1

. / , 6 . .:
, 1982, . 4, . 243.
2
, ( ). spinosa (. espinosa) , .

 (1877-1936). , .
.. ,
.. . , , .. ..
.
,
.
.
, , . - , , (, ,
).
, .
, : pro et contra.
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced
Studies Kone Foundation.
.
.. , , . ,
. ( , ), . ( , ) (), ,
.

 I.
,
. , . . , , ,
.
, - ( ,
, ) . ,
, . . , ,

,
, (Arbor Porphyriana).
,
, ,
. .
,
. ,
, . ,
, , (veritatis norma), .
, (ordo geometricus).
, , ,

, ,
, , ordo methodus, , .
9

 , , ,
,
. , . (J. Bennett)
- ; .-.
(P.-F. Moreau) , ; . (W. Klever) ,
, ,
. . (A. Wolf), . (H.F. Hallett), .
(E.E. Harris) ( ..
.. ) 1
, .
. - (S. fon DuninBorkowski), . (D. Runes) ,
; , .2
-
,
(oculi mentis).
, ,3 .
1

... , ,
(Harris E.E. Method and metaphysics in
Spinoza // Studia Spinozana, vol. 2. Alling: Walther & Walther, 1986, p. 141).
2
XVII ..
. ,
, (, 1699) , . . : Wachter J.G. Spinozismus im Jdenthumb, Oder die
von dem heutigen Jdenthumb und dessen Geheimen Kabbala Vergtterte Welt. Stuttgart Bad
Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1994.
3
, ,
.
, , ( .. . .: , 1972, . 160).

10

 , .
, , ,
, .

1.
1.
, ,
. . , , . ,
2 , .
.
. , , :
, , . , ,
:
[ 2, 485].

,
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, , , , ...
, [ 2, 483-4].

. ,
11

 . :
,
, ... [ 2, 483].

.1
, .
, . .

. ?
.
.
, , . Mathesis universalis ( )
,
.

(Ratio) , [ 1, 88].

, , . Mathesis universalis ;
(Methodus).
,
. , , , , ,
, , . Mathesis
universalis ,
.
, ,
1

,
, [ 1, 110].

12

 . , , - (genus proximum et differentia specifica).

, , - , ,
[ 1, 92].

, , , . . ,
(respectivum),
. ,
,
.
, , .
, , (natura pura et simplex), .
- , ,
. ,

(respectus) . ,
1 .
, , , , , ,
[ 1, 93].

- ,
- , : , -

respectus (.).

13

 ,
absolute, , .1
XII , ( )
.
- ,
, . , ,
, .
,
. , ,
, , , , , .. , , .
. , , , ,
(mensura communis)
. , ,
[ 1, 140]; , , .
,
.

. 1

.
, , (secundum seriem causarum),
(ens reale), ,
[TIE, 99].

14

 ,
.
. , - ,
,
[ 1, 147].
? , .
, , , , .

. ,
, x
, .
,
, , , - , .
, , : , , , , , , ... [ 1, 130].

,
. , , ,
.
,
(cognitio reflexiva).
(series) , , ,
. , , , ,
, . -,
.
.
15

 2.
, .
, ,
. , .

? - , :
, .
, ,
-
.
, ,
(genius malignus),
, [ 2, 20].
,
, , .
, , , : ,
, -, ,
, , -,
, , [ 1, 306].
? , : , , ,
. -
? . ,
, . , , , , , , , .
16

 , ,
, ,
.
, ( ,
)
, ,
, , ,
.
.
, , ,
. , , . , .1
, , , ,
Principium Philosophiae ,
.
,
. ,
, (res cogitans). , cogito, ergo sum. (ergo) .
, , , cogito
. ,
.
,
, .

, ,
, , (
/ , 4 . .: , 1984, . 3, . 175).

17

, , ,
.1
, ,
(ego sum)
. , ,
ego. ego
, , ,
.2 ?
, .
, , , - . . ,
, , . - .

, ,
. , ,
,
, .
, , , , ,
,3

[ 2, 38].
.
. , , ,
, . , , -

Broadie F. An approach to Descartes Meditations. London: Athlone press, 1970, p. 20.

.: . . M.: , 1993, . 115-117, 133.
3
: Priorem quodammodo in me esse perceptionem
infiniti quam finiti, hoc est Dei quam mei ipsius [AT VII, 45].
2

18

 ,1 . -
, , , - .
, cogito
.2 :
, ego sum
,
, , , . ... , ,
,
. , . , , .3

ego, , ,
. cogito
,
, , .
, ,
, , , , , (sui causa) [ 2, 89]. , .

, , ,
: ,
, , , [ 2, 40].
2
Cogito
,
. (en fait) (en droit),
, Cogito ,
(Gueroult M. Descartes selon lordre des raisons, 2 vols. Paris: Aubier, 1953,
vol. 1, pp. 155-156).
3
Curley E. Descartes against the skeptics. Cambridge: Harvard University press, 1978, pp. 94-95.

19

 , , ,
- .
. . , , , .
,
, , : , , ,
, , , -
; ... , ,
,
[ 2, 53].

, , . , .
, ex machina.
3.
, ,
. , , ,
,
. , ?
,
? , ,
ego sum ,
.
, ,
. , .
, . . , , , intelligo plus realitatis

20

esse, , , .1
,
, , ,
, .
, . , , , . ,
, , , .
, .
, .
, , , ,
,
.
2
.
(XI ). ,
, ,
.
:
(ens summe perfecti).

.
,
.

().

,
[ 2, 146].
: ,
, .
2
.

21

 .
, :
; , [ 2, 254].

, ,
, (
) . ,
.
, , , ?
( 1) ,
.

, . - ,2 - , , , .3 , .
, ,
, .
, , .
, (,
) . 1

, , ,
(Curley E. Descartes against the skeptics, p. 169).
2
... , 3 . .: , 1972, . 3, . 152.
3
, () , ( .
/ , 6 . .: , 1964, . 3, . 524).

22

 ,
.

, ,
, , .

:
, .
cogito , .
:
... [ 2, 54].1

. ,
, , ,
, , ,
. , .
, ,
,
? , ... , ,
[ 1, 323],
, ,
() ?
. , , , ,
. , 1

Ipsius rei, nempe existentiae Dei, necessitas me determinat ad hoc cogitandum [AT VII,
67]. : , , [ ].

23

 .
, ,
.1
?
, , , . ,
,
, ,
-. :
,
, , . , , , ,
. , , ,
, , .
, , ,
.
, ,
,
, , ... [ 2, 56].

,
. , , . .
, ,
. Cogito ,
,

Ac proinde magna differentia est inter ejusmodi falsas positiones, et ideas veras mihi
ingenitas, quarum prima et praecipua est idea Dei [AT VII, 68].

24

 .1 ,
,
, .
: :
, , []
; ,
- [ ]
[ 2, 43].2

, , , , , , , . ,
:
, ,
, - , , , ,
, , , ...
, , [ 2, 43].

, . ,
, .
.
, , , , , [ 2, 57].

, . : , , ,

1

Descartes emphatically reaffirms the theistic distinction between the first truth known by
man and the first creative cause of all things. The Cogito is the first in the order of knowledge
but not in the order of being and real causality (Collins J. God in modern philosophy. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960, p. 61).
2
Et sane non mirum est Deum, me creando, ideam illam mihi indidisse, ut esset tanquam
nota artificis operi suo impressa; nec etiam opus est ut nota illa sit aliqua res ab opere ipso
diversa [AT VII, 51].

25

[ 2, 169]. , , , , ,
, , ,
[ 2, 192].
- . (E. Gilson) (W. Doney). ,
, , .
. ,
( )
:
, , ,
, .1

, ,
- ,
.
,
. , , , ,
. , ,
- ( , , ).


. ;
,
.

Gewirth A. The Cartesian Circle // The Philosophical Review, vol. 50, 1941, p. 386.

26

 , , , ,
. , ,
cogito,
.1 , , .
, ,
, , ( ).2
, , . ,
, , .

, , , . ,
, .
( ) .
,


.
, , , .
,
() .

: Deus,
ex machina. ... ,
cogito ,
(there is an authority over its capacity). (Gilead A. The problem of immediate evidence: The case of Spinoza and
Hegel // Hegel-Studien, vol. 20, 1985, p. 145).
2
(Le cercle de toute logique)... ,
, : veritas signum sui
ipsius et falsi (Koyr A. Essai sur lide de Dieu et les preuves de son existence chez Descartes. Paris: E. Leroux, 1922, p. 121).

27

 2.
4.
XVI . ,
eloquentia1;
- ; XVII ,
( -
) , , .
.
,
2 , .
, ,
.
. .
, ... .3

,
; ,
, , ,
. ,
, :

, (.).
. [KV 1, 7].
3
Quomodo autem et qua via debeat Intellectus perfici... ad Logicam spectat [Eth5 prf].
2

28

 , ,
,
, , .1

, ,
, ,
. , , .
intellectus perficere
, , , - .
, , , : ,

-.2
, , .
.
amor Dei intellectualis. ,
, . ,
() ( ). : , ,
.
, , ,
.

Cum melior pars nostri sit intellectus, certum est, si nostrum utile revera quaerere velimus,
nos supra omnia debere conari, ut eum quantum fieri potest, perficiamus, in ejus enim
perfectione summum nostrum bonum consistere debet [TTP 4, 159].
2
., . , . .: , 1991, . 7.
, .

29

 .

, ,1 , .2

,
, - .
- .3

, , , . ,
, , . . 4 [Ep 8],
, [ 1, 309]. , , .
, , ?
! :
, ,
, , .5

, ,
, ?

.. . .: , 1967, . 345-346.
Kneale W. and M. The development of logic. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1964, p. 300.
3
He had no interest in logic and no regard for it, seeing it as a branch of something like
mental hygiene. It was only mentioned once in the Ethics, and very rarely elsewhere in his
work (Mason R. The God of Spinoza. Cambridge University press, 1997, p. 57).
4
. .
5
In vita itaque apprime utile est, intellectum seu rationem, quantum possumus, perficere, et in
hoc uno summa hominis felicitas seu beatitudo consistit [Eth4 apx cap4]. . ..
2

30


?
, , , , . ,
genus et species .
:
, ,
, .
, , - , [] , , etc. [CM 1.1].

KV , genus species
: ( , , ),
[KV 1.7]. . , , , , .
, , , [Eth2 pr18], .
CM1 ,
2
, ,
,
, , ,
.3

, , .
,
.

1664 . , .
2
gemeene Reedenkonst .
3
. - , 1988 ( . .. ). .:
, 1989, . 337.
, ( ).

31

 ,
(
).
. , ,
., ( ),
. ,
,1
extra intellectum ( ).
.
: entia rationis
, . , .
. Entia rationis ;
, .
( ,
) ,
.
, , [CM 1.1].

. , . (modi
cogitandi), (a) , (b)
(c) .2 .
, ,
,
, Philosophia prima.

(ideatum) .
(ens Fictum) (Ratio) [CM 1.1].
, .
2

32

 , , , , sui generis ,
,1 . , ,
.
, 2 ,
.
, [Eth5 prf]? , :
, emendatio intellectus, , intellectus perficere
, . ,
TIE . , , . ,
:
, (intelligere) [TIE, 106].

, (vires intellectus intelligere) .

, TIE,
,
. , ,

( ) , , .
TIE ,

. ,
, . ,
1

And there was no room anywhere in his world for a special, sui generis realm of propositions, logical or otherwise (Mason R. The God of Spinoza, p. 58).
2
. , .
,
(, ).

33

 , (,
) TIE, ,
.
5. TIE
;
,
( intelligere) ; []
, ... ,
, , ;
, [ ], , ,
, . , ,
.1

() , ,
. ,
. ,
, .
(cognitio reflexiva), . , , , .
,
, ,
. , .2
. , ()
, , , , .. x,
1

Methodus necessario debet loqui de ratiocinatione aut de intellectione; id est, methodus

non est ipsum ratiocinari ad intelligendum causas rerum, et multo minus est intelligere causas
rerum; sed est intelligere, quid sit vera idea... Unde colligitur, methodum nihil aliud esse, nisi
cognitionem reflexivam aut ideam ideae; et quia non datur idea ideae, nisi prius detur idea, ergo
methodus non dabitur, nisi prius detur idea. Unde illa bona erit methodus, quae ostendit,
quomodo mens dirigenda sit ad datae verae ideae normam [TIE, 37-38].
2
, , ,
(series) .

34

 y, , .
, .
, : ,
. , .
, .
,
, . , ,
.
,
. , -,
.
, ,
(instrumenta intellectualia), []
[TIE, 31].
, ,
.
, , , , ,
.

.
,
, -,
, .
, : ;
, - . ad datae verae ideae normam
. ,
.
35

 , , . , -
, ,
. ,
, ,
, . -, . , .1
,
,
. , , , TIE, ,
, , . , , ,
, , , .2 () TIE ( KV),
.3
, , , TIE
, -
,4 . ,
- - TIE, .. [Ep 60], 1675 , . -
. ,
, , 1

. / , 2 . .: , 1971, . 313.
. , . 342.
3
,
(: ) , logische Aufbau der Welt (Klever W. Axioms
in Spinozas science and philosophy of science // Studia Spinozana, vol. 2, 1986, p. 183).
4
: TIE ,
, , [] , , , , ,
(Garrett D. Truth and ideas of imagination in the TIE // Studia Spinozana, vol. 2, 1986, p. 86).
2

36

 ! , :
,
, . ,
, . , ,
[Ep 59].

, ,
?
() , , , , ... 1? , , , -
, ,2 ,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
, , TIE:
, ;
, .
- natural science,
, . ,
, , ,
, .
. , ,
.
:3 , , ,
. , 1

. , . 342.
Nobilissime Vir, . , ,
(Doctissime Vir).
3
, , , .
2

37

, .
, .

, . (physical knowledge) (
) , ... ( )
.1

, , , , ,2 , , .
TIE , . , [TIE, 85]. , , , ,
, , .
, , ,
. , , ,
, ... ... , .3

,
, :
[ , 124],
-.4

. , . 334.
,
( ... , . 1, . 88).
3
Klever W. Quasi aliquod automa spirituale // Spinoza nel 350 anniversario della nascita
(ed. by E. Giancotti). Napoli: Bibliopolis, 1985, pp. 250-253.
4
. ? -? (Klever W. Axioms in
Spinozas science and philosophy of science, p. 188).
2

38

 ,
. ,
, ,
, . , , , , , ,
.
[Eth2 pr7], :
, , ,
.
, , , . , . cognitio
reflexiva , ( , ).
,
,
(, ). - ,
.

, - , .
. , physical knowledge,
.1 -, , , . 1

(omnibus esse notam)

[Eth2 pr47 sch]. , . , ,
( , ,
).

39

 , , , , (infinita idea Dei). , , ,

, :

(Ens
perfectissimum) ;
, ,
[TIE, 38].

, . (,
, ) , ,
,
. , .1 : , .
, ,
, . ,
,
,
-, , .2 -, , TIE.
1

The confusion, the poverty of Newtons theory of scientific achievement contrasts dramatically with the clarity, the richness of his scientific achievement (Lakatos I. The methodology of
scientific research programs / Philosophical papers (ed. by J. Warrell and G. Carrie), 2 vols.
Cambridge University press, 1978, vol. 1, p. 220). ,
.
2
. , . 339.

40

, , ,
.
.
, , ,
.
, -, ,
[Eth2 pr21 sch].

, , ,
. , ,
. (certitudo)
. , ,
, , ,
.
(forma verae
cogitationis)1;
(essentia formalis) , . , ,
, (essentia objectiva) .2
, , . , , ,
,
, .
, ,
.
, .
: ,
, , .3 - -

... ,
[TIE, 71].
2
, ; ,
, ...
(Idem est certitudo et essentia objectiva) [TIE, 35].
3
Idea vera... est diversum quid a suo ideato: Nam aliud est circulus, aliud idea circuli. Idea
enim circuli non est aliquid, habens peripheriam et centrum, uti circulus, nec idea corporis est
ipsum corpus [TIE, 33].

41


.
, ,
, .
, , , - (etiam quid
intelligibile), , ... , ,
[] , - [TIE, 34].

, , -,
. , ,
. ,
,
, .
- ,
,
.
, , , .
, ? (ideatum) , , , .1
,
. , , () ad summam humanam perfectionem [TIE, 16].
, ,
. ,
, , , .., ,
.
, , ; 1

, , ,
[TIE, 34].

42

 , , -,
. ,
.
, .
, ,
.
, [] [Eth2 pr13 sch].

, . . ,
. , .
,
1 ,
. (, ). .
?
, () ,
.
,
- (fundamentum),
.
, ,
, , ,
,
[TIE, 105].

, , , .
, ,
a priori ( . 8 1824 .
. .: .. . .: - , 1948, . 377).

43

 : () , .
,
.1
, , ,
( ),
TIE. ,
.
6.
, , , . ,
, , ,
, , , , , , . historiola mentis , ,
[Ep 37].
,
, 2
[TIE, 19].
.
. , ,
. 1

, , ,
, [ 2, 43]. . ..
2
, . (per solam suam essentiam) , .

44

 ,
, . , , , .

. ,
. , clare et distincte
, , ,
.
[TIE, 85].

, , .
, ,
. , .
, . , ,
(aliquid commune), .
,
, . <...> , ,
, ,
[TIE, 106, 110].

.
, ,
E. Curley.1

, . :
.
, . 1

Curley E. Spinozas geometric method // Studia Spinozana, vol. 2, 1986, p. 163.

45

 [Eth1 pr28 sch].

, , ,
, . ,
. , TIE
, .
, ,
.
,
(fundamentum)
(vero praecipua methodi pars). ,
( ) ( )
, ,
.
. ,1

:
.
, TIE, . ,
, ,
, , ,
:

,
; , TIE. ,
, ,
, . , .

46

 , -
[TIE, 108].

, . TIE
, (
).
KV,
,
,
[KV vmz]. .
, :
IX ,
[KV vmz].

( KV intellectus,
).
, , TIE, :
, (formaliter) ,
[] (objective) 1 [TIE, 108];

KV.
:
, , , , , , [Ep 32].

,
, :

, .
.

47

 ,
, ,
, . ,
[Ep 32].1

, ,
, , , , , , , .2
I II . . ,
, , . , ideae Entis perfectissimi cognitio reflexiva!
, , , . , , ,
,
, [TIE] .3

, TIE, . .
, ,
, ... [TIE, 76].
(

. ..
, , , : The infinite intellect (i.e. the infinita idea Dei)...
(Hallett H.F. Some recent criticisms of Spinoza // Mind, vol. 203, 1942, p. 240). Infinite understanding is not part of the divine nature: it is merely the idea Dei (Wilson M.D. Infinite understanding, scientia intuitiva and Ethics // Midwest studies in philosophy, vol. 8, 1983, p. 183).
3
. , . 334.
2

48

) ( ). .
, . , , , . , , TIE.
[]
(infinita infinitis modis) [Eth2 pr4]. ,
, , , [Eth2 pr8].
, ,
. ,
, , , ,
. . (posterior) ,
[Eth1 pr17 sch]; , ( !) , . ,
, ,
, , ,
. .
, ,
, .
7.
VII ,
, , . : , .
, .. ,
,
49

. , .1
, .
, ,
:
, - . , -
, , [TIE, 108].

[Eth3 agd exp].

,
, . -
. , , .
? (infinitum actu). , ,
. ,
, , (res fixae et aeternae) , (res singularia mutabilia).

.2 , 1

. , , , , . eidos, (Gilead A. Human affects as properties of cognitions in Spinozas philosophical

psychotherapy // Desire and affect: Spinoza as psychologist (ed. by Y. Yovel). Little Room
Press: New York, 1999, p. 170). , ,
; .
2
, , .

50

 ,
, , .
, ,
(.. ); ,
, ,
- , , .
,
, .
.
,
, . ,
,
, , .
, ,
, , ,
.

:
, [Eth5 pr40 dm].

. . . , (causa efficiens) , -
(propria) , (actio) ,
(passio).
.1 TIE, .
(series) , 1

, (agere), ,
... , , (pati),
, ,
[Eth3 df2].

51


.
; .
, ,
- (ex abstractis) [TIE, 93].

, ,
.
TIE .
? , --. , ,
(series) , ,
[TIE, 100].
, .
, ,
? ,
, , ,
-
.
, , ,
;
,1 , , , [TIE, 101].

, [TIE, 100]. ( 1

.. , (denominationes extrinsecae)
, (. 185, .: .
. , .. . .: , 1914 . 172).

52

) , ,
. , , .
(intima essentia)
, ,

, , , .1

, (res fixae et aeternae) . ,

, (entia physica et realia) , , (res abstractae: )
(entia rationis),
[TIE, 75].
TIE , (a)
(series causarum); (b)
; (c) , , ,

, (d) , .
, res fixae et aeternae / .2 ,
series causarum ,
(progredi)
[TIE, 99]. ,
.
, . ,
. 1

Haec vera tantum est petenda a fixis atque aeternis rebus, et simul a legibus in iis rebus,
tanquam in suis veris codicibus, inscriptis, secundum quas omnia singularia et fiunt et
ordinantur [TIE, 101].
2

... (Curley E.
Experience in Spinozas theory of knowledge // Spinoza. A collection of critical essays (ed. by
M. Grene). Garden City: Anchor, 1973, p. 57). res fixae et aeternae
(Pollock F.M. Spinoza. His life and philosophy. London:
Duckworth, 1899, pp. 140-143).

53

 , .
.
.
(res) , . Ordo et connexio rerum .
.
. ,
, , .1
, ,
, .
.
, , , . .. , , ,2
, ,3 . , , ,
[KV 2 prf, 2.1].
, :

[Eth2 pr10 cor].

, , , (duobus
modis expressa). , , . , ,
.
( ) .4
1

My mind is the same mode as my body (Bennett J.F. A study of Spinozas Ethics. Cambridge University press, 1984, p. 142).
2
.. // . , 2 . .: , 1957, . 1, . 37.
3
Les attributs sont bien lessence de la substance, mais ne sont nullement lessence des modes, par exemple de lhomme... (Deleuze G. Spinoza et le problme de lexpression. Paris: Minuit, 1968, p. 38). .: . // , 2, 2007, . 85.
4
, .
, ,
[Eth1 pr40 sch1].

54

 , ,
: , ,
,
, .
,
[Eth2 pr9 dm].
, , , ,
, (). , sub specie aeternitatis,
, , . [Eth1 pr28]:
, ,
(determinatam) ,
(determinari) ,
; , ,
[],
, .

, , . ,
,
.1
, ( ). :
, (quatenus intelligit),
, (determinatur)
, , ; -

, .
(the nexus... is actually a plexus):
(. 30 32). ; , (Gilead
A. Spinozas principium individuationis and personal identity // International studies in philosophy, vol. 15, 1983, p. 53).

55


[Eth5 pr40 sch].

facies totius
Universi ( ).

,
, , . sub specie aeternitatis. , . (
) , .
. , , , . ,
.
,
, (auxilia
imaginationis). ,
, , : , . ,
, ( ) .
,
:
, , , [TIE, 86].

, ,
, ? ,
56

 , , ,
.
.
, ,
,
,
. , ,
, , ,
.

; .
,
(experimenta) (determinare) .
TIE:
[] , -,
: , . , , , , . [ ] .
, ,
...
,
, ,
,
; , [ ] , []
,
[TIE, 102-103].

, [1] ,
, [2] .

57

 .1
, TIE,
,
.
,
TTP.
,
, . ,
, ,
.
,
TIE, ,
.
.
, , , .

(historia Naturae), , , ; ,
,
[TTP 7, 98].

, (methodus interpretandi
naturam) , ,
(historiae) ,
. ,
, .
.

, , (emendatio)
, (mediate). imaginatio , , ..

... (interlocking) , ,
(Gilead A. The problem of immediate evidence, p. 150).

58

 , ,
: [a] ;
[b] (ad summa capita), [c]
, ,
. , , .
, (ratio). ,

,
.
, . , , (maxime universale,
commune),
(tanquam rivuli), . 1
, . TTP :

(res maxime universales et toti naturae communes) ,
, ,
,
, (minus universalia);

(universalissimum), ... [TTP 7, 102].

, , ,
, , .
,
.

De Dijn H. Spinozas logic or art of perfect thinking // Studia Spinozana, vol. 2, 1986, p. 19.

59

 (historiola mentis)
, (basis et fundamentum)
.
. , .
8.
TIE ,
.
. , ,
! intellectus . , - , , ,
.
: ( ) , . , - . , , -
. ,
,
, ... ,
, ( , ..).
, ; , , , ,
, , .1

, , . ,
, ,
.

Wartofsky M.W. Nature, number and individuals: motivation and method of Spinozas philosophy // Inquiry, vol. 20, 1977, p. 465.

60

 . , , TIE, ,
, , ,
.1 , ,
.
, , TIE .
TIE , Methodus perfectissima,
, (
?).
: . ,
. , TIE , ,
. , ,
, .
:
(essentia objectiva) ,
, (essentia formalis), .
, ; ,
. , , [] , ...
, []
, [TIE, 34].2

. , ,
1

, ...
, . , ,
, ... , (Harris E.E. Method and metaphysics in Spinoza, pp. 129-130).
2
. ..

61

 [1] (formaliter),
, , [2] (objective) , .
TIE, .
( , , . , .
formaliter, , objective
. II,
, .
, , , , . , , .)
, TIE .
(
). : , , ,
, , ( ), ( ,
, , ).

. ,
, ,
- -.
(intelligo).
, , , ,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
.
,
, (ratio) . . , 62

 ,
, , , . , ,
. , -, .

.
:
, , , , , ,
[Eth2 pr1-2].
, , .

(propria), , , , , . , , , ,
,
, , ,
, [KV 1.7].

,
,
. - [Eth1 df4],
. . , , , ,
.
, : [1] , .., [2]
, , .

63

 3.

, .
;1

; , ,
, . ?
TTP , .
, , (Inter fidem, sive Theologiam, et Philosophiam
nullum esse commercium, nullamve affinitatem),

. :
, ; [] ,
, . ,
(notiones communes),
; [] ,
[TTP 14, 179].

.
.
, ex sola natura
, . .
,
, : nihil praeter
obedientiam, et pietatem.
,
,2 , , (utilitas publica) .
1

, , ( . , 2
. .: , 1993, . 2, . 264).
2
: justitia, et charitas, sive vera Religio
, [TTP 19, 230].

64

 ,
(ex solo rationis ductu). , ,
.
, , .
.
, (vulgus, plebs)
; , .. , ,
. , (amor Dei intellectualis)
, , :
qui ratione ducitur [Eth4 cap9].
, .. .
TTP ,
, ,
. :
,
(nihil cum Philosophia
commune habere) [TTP, prf, 10]

, ,
, , , TTP
.
, . .
.
-, ,
-.
-,
, , - , . Natura naturata, Natura naturans.

65

 ,
. (. ).1
, ...
(. ).2

,
?

?
, .
-.3 , , [Eth1 pr15],
:
, Deus in rebus.
, , .
(per leges et
regulas Naturae universales),
[Eth3 prf].
-
. ,
:
... ( )
, ,
. , ,
, .4

Donagan A. Spinoza. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988, p. 90.

Mason R. The God of Spinoza, pp. 31-32.
3
modus affectio .
4
He... identified God with (the attributes in which are inscribed) the fundamental laws of
nature, which provide the ultimate explanation for everything that happens in nature. That is, he
identified God with Nature, not conceived as the totality of things, but conceived as the most
general principles of order exemplified by things (Curley E. Behind the geometrical method. A
reading of Spinozas Ethics. Princeton University press, 1988, p. 42).
2

66

 ordo et connexio rerum. .

, ,
, ( ) ( ) .
, , , , .
,
XX .
.
, (dynamic being). ,
, , !1

. .
, ,

.2 .
: ,
, ,
...
, . .. , - .3 , , ,
, . .

We have to come back, therefore, to the character of Spinozas substance as a dynamic being. It is not an inert mass subsisting at the bottom of change, but a powerful essence as well as
an essential power! (Kaufmann F. Spinozas system as theory of expression // Philosophy and
phenomenological research, vol. 1, 1940, p. 86).
2
... , 3 . .: , 1994, . 3, . 370.
3
.. ( ) // .. : .
.: , 1999, . 205.

67

 . , ,
(causa efficiens) .
, ,

.1 ,
, , . , , .
, [Eth5 pr40]. (agere conatus) , [Eth3 pr7 dm], , ,
[KV 2.26].
: , (actio mentis).
,
(agendi potentia). = ,
. , , (causae efficientes).
, Deus sive
Natura
, . ,
; ,
, . ,
, () , amor Dei intellectualis.
9.
.
, -

.. , . 1. .: - , 1914, . 144.

68

 I . , , , , , .
,
:
, , , . ,
, , .
:
, , , [Eth1 ax1].

, , . , , 5
XII :
, [1071 1].

, , oysia. einai ()
, . Essentia ( esse, )
oysia, . oysia substantia. , ,
, essentia oysia,
substantia.
in se
esse ( ) per se existere ( ).
, ens per se existens
(, ).1 esse
per se ( ) esse in alio ( ),
.
, , , , . oysia
, - 1

Aquinas. Summa logicae, tr. 2, cap. 2.

69

, .
, oysia,
oysia.1 - in se esse. , , , oysia. (, )
() , oysia . , , , , (
, ).
, ? ?
,
,
.
, ,
, Dasein.
, , .
:
, [ ] ; , , [Eth1 df1].

,
, .
,
, .

(esse in se), , ,
. ,
,
(esse in alio). ,
, - .

. , 2 15.

70

 , ()
, .
, -, , , , .
, , .
:1
.
... , ,
, .2

. , , , (ens) ,
(a se vel ex se esse), ,
(esse ab alio), .
, ,
, .3

,
. -
-.
(1597) causa
sui , . :
(Deus habet causam sui esse).4

, causa sui
, , :

(: , )
(.: .. . . .: , 1974, . 443).
2
. (. .. ). ., 1993, . 40.
3
Deus sui origo est suaeque causa substantiae [ad Ephes. 3].
4
Surez F. Disputationes metaphysicae. Hildesheim: G. Olms, 1965, vol. 2, p. 47.

71

 , , ...1

. (causa efficiens),
, . ,
, , (per se). , .
esse per se , , (Johan de Kater,
.: Johannes Caterus), . ,
[ 2, 76-78].
-
. ,
, esse per se .

,
, ; , ,
, ,
[ 2, 88].

,
(sui causa),
, ,
[ 2, 89-90].

, . , ,
, .
(1

Scilicet si res sit in se, sive, ut vulgo dicitur, causa sui... [TIE, 92]. . ..

72

 - , ). ,
.
, , .1 , ,
. :
,
; ,

[ 1, 334].

, ,
(, ab alio) .2
, .
, , .
, , . , .
: ( ), , ,
(simul),
[Eth1 pr10 sch]. , , , . , , .
. , ,
.
(ratio), -

, , . ,
, , [ 1, 334].
2
:
, , , , , ... [ 2, 128].

73

 . ,
, , .
:
, ,
, ,
... ,

.1 :
, , ... , , , . ,
, ... ,
, -
, .2

: , oysia,
substantia, , . ,

.3
,
.
1

The idea then we have, to which we give the general name substance, being nothing but
the supposed, but unknown, support of those qualities we find existing... No clear or distinct
idea of substance in general (Locke J. An Essay concerning human understanding. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1996, pp. 118-119).
2
Russell B. A history of Western philosophy. London: Routledge, 2004, pp. 193-194.
3

. ,
, , , (Allison H.E. Benedict
de Spinoza. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1975, p. 58). :
, .,
. , , (qualities)
(events) .

74

 . , ,
(, , ).
,1
. ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
entia rationis.
, .. ,
, ,
.
, ;
, , , .
, ,
. , , , .
,
, , .
.
,
(, ,
).
(variationes), .. , , [ 1, 336]. ,
, , .

,
, , [] , ,
, [Eth2 pr47 sch].

75

 ,
.
(), . , .

( , ,
[Eth1 df5],
). ,1
. accidens () , .
,
.
, ,
( ). ,
.
, , ,
[Eth1 df3]. ,
? ,
, . ,
.
,
( ) , , ,
, .
,
-,
1

, , ,
... :
(Wolfson H.A. The philosophy of Spinoza. Unfolding the latent processes of his reasoning, 2
vols. Cambridge: Harvard University press, 1934, vol. 1, p. 66).

76

 , , [Eth1 pr25 sch].

,
, , . , :
.
.

existentia substantia
sto, stare (). , :
.1

:
- ,
( ); ,
, .
. , .
[Eth1 pr11], , ... .
. [Eth1 pr7]
. :
, ,
, .

: , ; , ,
. ,
, , , , ,
.
, ,

Ad naturam substantiae pertinet existere [Eth1 pr7].

77

 .1
, .
[Eth1 pr11 sch] ,
, .
, .
, , ,
:
, , , ,
. , , :
- .
,
, .
, , .
:
, , , [PPC1 pr5 dm].

? , (),
,
. .
, (ens absolute infinitum) , , .
,
, , , , [] . [
] [],
. , ... [Ep 10].
1

, , , , , [TIE, 12].

78

 , , ,
? , . , , ,
.
, ,
.
-,
(duratio), , ,
. , . ,
, ( ), ( ), ( ).
:
?
,
. , , .1

, , , , . ,
,
.
,
, , , , .
, -
.
[ 2, 298].
,2
1
2

. , . 521.
Existentia Dei est Deus ipse [CM 2.1].

79

 . , ,
.
, ,
, , . ,
, ,
.1 , , . , , , ?
: ,
? , , 2 ( ,
). ,
, , .
:
, ,

? , , ( !)
, ? , , . , ,
.

, , : [] ( .. . .: , 1964, . 426).
2
, .
-, , ,
, , ? ( . / , 50 . .: , 1975, . 40, . 232).

80

 , .

,
.

Essentia esse (); essentia

, , , ,
. , , :
[Eth1 pr20].1

. ,
:
, ... , . , (essentia)
(esse).2

.
(esse) .
,
. (esse) ,
, ; [ ]
.3

, :
,4 1

: ... [ 2, 190].
Aquinas. Summa Theologiae, I, qaest. 3, art. 4. , , existentia, esse ( ), ,
esse existentia. ego sum ( ) ego existo ( ) , .
3
Ibid.
4
. , 92b 13.
2

81

, : ,
. ,
, ,
-.
, , ? , . ? , ,
. , , , . , , ,
.
, .1

-
,
, causa sui. , , :
, , (causa efficiens seiipsius), , .2

:
, -, .
.
causa sui
. , [Eth1 pr7]. -
, , ,
, ,
.

1
2

Aquinas. Summa Theologiae, I, qaest. 3, art. 4.

Ibid., I, qaest. 2, art. 3.

82

 , ,
, , , actu existere. actu agere (), ,
.
,1 .
, - [Eth1 pr36].

, , , . , -
-.
, -,

.
,
(affici) [Eth2 ax4].

: (affectiones) .2 ,
( ,
).
, , , ,
(actu existens) [Eth2 pr13 dm].

, , -
, ?
- (effectus).
. .
Ago, ergo sum, , , ,
. - .
1

actu existere (to exist in

act) (Wilson M.D. Infinite understanding, scientia intuitiva and Ethics, p. 184).
2
,
.
, .

83

 ,1
.
, ,
, .
... (sum, esse)
, . ,
(exsto, ex(s)isto, existere)... []
, .2

esse is
(), ,
to be (), being ( ,
).
: actu
existere ,
passive existere ( ) .
: nos pati [Eth3 df2], mens patitur
[Eth3 pr1]. . Passio,3 ,
, .
, , () . , , , , , . , ,
.

To be is to act (Hallett H.F. Benedict de Spinoza. The elements of his philosophy.

London: Athlone press, 1957, p. 6).
2
The Scholastics and Descartes... used the verb to be (sum, esse) as a copula more often
than they did as an active verb. When they wanted to express the activity of being, they tended
to employ the unclassical verb to exist (exsto, or ex(s)isto, existere)... [In Spinoza] to be
should never be used as a copula, but only as an active verb (Wienpahl P. On translating
Spinoza // Speculum Spinozanum, 1677-1977 (ed. by S. Hessing). London, etc.: Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1977, p. 496).
3
ssio - ( )
.

84

 , , , ; , .1
.

:

(Natura naturata);
--, . . existentia ,
Seyn (Sein) .
, , . ,
. (
). ,
, - .
1. Existentia (esse) .
, ,
, .
Sein, , . Sein , .2
, , , .
,

, , , (thinghood), (agency). .:
Hallett H.F. Benedict de Spinoza, p. 27.
2
... , . 1, . 140.

85


.
, , , (duratio) , [Eth2 pr31].
, , . ,
.
, , : ,
,
, ,
? ,

.
,
, ?
2. existentia
,
. Sein ... .
, ,
, .1

. Sein
, , .
...
(abstracte sive universaliter), (esse) ,
,

[TIE, 76]. ,

. Das Sein, das unbestimmte Unmittelbare ist in der That Nichts und nicht mehr
noch weniger als Nichts (Hegel G.W.F. Wissenschaft der Logik. Teil 1, Bd. 1. Die objektive
Logik. Hamburg: Meiner, 2008, S. 72).

86

 , .
, , , , , ,
, , .
,
:
, (generalius) ,
;
, (particularius)1 [],
... [TIE, 55].

- .2
,
. - : ,
, ,
, ,
, .
, .
3. , , .
, , ...3

(
) . 1

,
particularius. .. , .. .
particularius ,
(generalis) .
concretus .
2
.: .. , . 139-140.
3
... , 3 . .: , 1974, . 1, . 219.

87

 , ,

[=] .1

, . -, :
, . ,
.
.

- , , .2
,
( ). , , , .
( :
hen ta panta ), , ,
.
,
.3
, ,
,
. ,
.
1

, 28 6 // , . 1. .: , 1989, . 288.

: ... , (permanence) . 1 (is or exists), , (become) (Guthrie
W.K.C. A history of Greek philosophy, 6 vols. Cambridge University press, 1962, vol. 1,
p. 468). (p. 428 n.)
(Gigon O. Untersuchungen zu Heraklit. Leipzig: Dieterich, 1935, 3 f.).
3
.: .. //
, . 16, 24-25.
2

88

 : , .
- , , ,

, , , ,

!

. , . :
[] [ ] ,

.1

, , ,
. ,
; ,
...
, , (their ultimate
message is very close).2

, , .
4. : (Aufhebung) ; , (emendatio) , , , .
, , , . . ,
1

Harris E.E. The concept of substance in Spinoza and Hegel // Spinoza nel 350 anniversario
della nascita, . 69.
2
Roth L. Spinoza. London: Allen & Unwin, 1954, p. 217.

89

,
,
[TTP 7, 102-103].
, , :
.
, ,
; , .
,
, , ,
-, . ,
, , , , .1 , . ,
,
. ,
.
. ,
, ...
, , , , - , causa sui,
... , , , , ( )
.2

: ? -
:
Sein, reines Sein, ohne alle weitere Bestimmung.3

. 1857-1861 . .: , . I, . 39.
.. // . .: , 1997,
. 174-175, 181.
3
, , ( , . 1, . 139).
2

90

, Sein existentia (esse) . existentia

Existenz (). ,
. Existenz , ,1 , .
,
, Sein, Ens ().
[Eth2 pr40] ,
Ens. (idea summo
gradu confusa), . Sein .
, Ens : , , . , , - : Ens reale (
), Ens perfectissimum ( ), ens absolute infinitum
( ), Ens fictum ( ), Ens
rationis ( ), Ens verbale ( ), ..
, , ,2
, ,3
, .
Ens, Sein,
(Nihil). , ,
, , ,
1

, . 2, . 113.
.: .. // , 118, 1913, . 331-333.
3
(imaginatio), ,
. (rerum imagines), ,
(imaginationes mentis). .: De Deugd C. The significance of Spinozas first kind of knowledge. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1966, pp. 198-199.
2

91

 (medium) . , , [] , [CM 1.3].

.
, , . ,
.
,
(, ), .
, (in se
esse) (in alio esse). .
10.
causa sui
, ,
, ,
.1

, , , (naturans vs. naturata),

. , ,
.
causa sui , -,
. , , :
( ), , .2

3
causa sui , , . 1

. , 4 . .: , 1994, . 3, . 436. . ..
. . VI-IX. .: - , 2005, . 249, 283.
3
Lexpression aition eautou (cause soi), invention de Plotin, est une grande premire dans
lhistoire de la philosophie (Breton S. Superlatif et ngation: Comment dire la Transcendance?
// Revue des sciences philosophiques et thologiques, vol. 78, 1994, p. 197.
2

92

 , ,
(ein
Grundbegriff in allem Spekulativen), .
, , ,
(
, ).
.
, , ,
. causa sui
: ,
.
. causa sui
:
, , [Eth1 pr25 sch].

Natura naturans naturata, , .

.
, ( , , ).
,
, . , ,
, .
- , [Eth1 pr8 sch2],

. - , , , , , - . , ?
,
-
.
93

 ? ? , , , , , .
, , , :
,
, - . . ,
.

, , : , , . -, , , .
,
, [Eth5 pr31].
: , .1
[Eth3 df1]
(effectus) , (usa
efficiens), . , .
.
, .
,
. , :
,
[Eth1 pr25].

Mens... causa est adaequata, seu formalis.

94

 , ,
, .
,
, , , [ 2, 164].
, .
.
, , , , .
:
, ,
.
.1 ,
.
, , ,
, , , .
, (causa finalis), .
.
,2
.3
: :
,
... -

... (real
power to generate or produce) (Hallett H.F. Benedict de Spinoza, p. 10).
2
, ,
( . , . 220).
3
, , ,
( .. / ,
. 1, . 492).

95

 [] . , ,
, [Eth1 apx].

, , - , ,
. , ,
.
, [Eth1 apx] ,
,
, . ,
( ).1
, , , () , .

,2 , , , .
, , , , .
- , ,

.3
, ,
. Causa finalis , . causa sui - ,
, .
, , , ,
,
1

.: .. // , 37, 1897, . 182-184.

2
. / , . 5, . 393.
3
.. , . 175.

96

 , . , , .
. ,
, ,
, , .1

, , . , , , ?
, , , . .
. ,
, ?
, ?
, , ,
.
,
.
? , . .

, causa sui,
.
, (in se),
[Eth3 pr6]. (conatus) (in suo esse perseverare) ,
[Eth3 pr7].

, . , conatus, ,
.
1

. , . 421.

97

, : (perseverare in statu suo)..., . , (status) , ,

(esse) . conatus . ,
, .
conatus .
. ,
, . ( - , , ). , .
-,
( ), ,
, ( ).
,
,

.1 , , ,
:
, ,
, , ?2

, . - ( ).
, (figmentum), , 1

.. / . .: ,
1989, . 276.
2
.. / , . 343.

98

. ( , ) , , ,
. , .
(conservare)
[Eth4 pr25].

Conatus , , --.
( !) ,
, , .

. ,
, , .
, , conatus
.1 ,
,
, ,
, .2 conatus
, ros;
, .
conatus
, ,
, ,
. , ,
. 1

At the time of Spinoza the principle of self-preservation became a commonplace of popular wisdom (Wolfson H.A. The philosophy of Spinoza, vol. 2, p. 196).
2
, ,
, , , , (Bidney D. The psychology and ethics of
Spinoza. New York: Russel & Russel, 1962, p. 97).

99

 (appetitus). (finis) [Eth4 df7]:

, - , .

appetitus
peto , , [- ], . Lexicon peripateticum appetitus
(inclinatio rei ad bonum) (cognitio);1 appetitus (vis
specifica) ,
, (appetitus naturalis) ,
.2 , [De anima,
414a 31].
:
. appetitus .
(cupiditas). ,
, ( ), , [Eth3 pr9 sch].

:
, , , , - [Eth4 prf].

, .
, ,
, ,
. , -

Signoriello N. Lexicon peripateticum philosophico-theologicum. Neapolis, 1893, p. 19.

Aquinas. Summa Theologiae, I, qaest. 80, art. 1. ; eidos.
2

100

 ,
.
,
, .
.
Appetitus , , , , ,
, (determinatus est)
[Eth3 pr9 sch].

,1 ,
(ipsa hominis essentia). ,

, ,
. , ,
,
?
, .
,
() , , . . Natura , Fabrica Mundi ( ) : -
( , ), ,
.
11.
.

1

, ( ... , . 1, . 393).

101

 [Ep 12].
, ens absolute infinitum
.
, . , , , .
, , (res in
suo genere finita), .
,
.
,
[Eth1 df1], (infinitum esse)
-
[Eth1 pr8 sch1]. , : . , , causa sui .1 , causa sui, .
:
,
[] [Eth1 pr8 sch1].

, , ,
. (), .
- , . , . , , .

:

... , . 351.

102

 , -
[Eth1 pr8 sch1].

(ex parte).
(affectio) .

( ), .
, , . ( )
(determinatio).1
:
determinatio negatio est [Ep 50]. ex parte,
, , , - .
(Aufhebung). mera negatio , , , [CM 1.3],
.
,
.
,
. , ex parte .
. (ens absolute infinitum) , -,
(in suo genere) .
, (infinitum actu) .
:2 , -

Substance, we have seen, is infinite and eternal potency-in-act, and as such absolutely indeterminate; its actualization consists in its exhaustive determination (Hallett H.F. Benedict de
Spinoza, p. 17).
2
:
[] ...; []
, (. , 185 35 185b 2).

103

 .
, ,
(determinatio), .
: , ,

. .
,
. [CM 2.3]
(summa perfectio) . [Ep 4] , , , , [KV 1.9] , , , .
, ,
, infinitum . , [Ep 60] , (ex infinitis
rectangulis). , , , infinitus ; ,
, , , , .
, schlechte
Unendlichkeit, , , . , , ?
[] (infinita infinitis modis)... [Eth1 pr16]

infinitum , .
indefinitum
(). , ,
, , ,
[Ep 12]. infinitum
, .
104

 (H. Joachim), , infinitum

infinita infinitis modis , , absoluta infinita attributa habeat (
), ,
, .
, , infinitum
omnia.1
, , , ,
omnia () - . -, ,
? . :
- , [Eth1 pr9].

.
. , ,
? , infinitas- infinitas-
, , .
.
12.

. , .
, , , , , .
.
[CM 1.4]:
, .2
1

A more emphatic form of omnia (Kline G.L. On the infinity of Spinozas attributes
// Speculum Spinozanum, 1677-1977, p. 343).
2
CM , , , . CM PPC, , ,
.

105

 , : .
sub specie
aeternitatis ( ) ,
sub specie durationis ( ) ,
, . ; . (indefinita existendi continuatio) [Eth2 df5] ,
, , [Eth2 pr45 sch].
: ; ,
. , ( ) ,
[Eth1 df8 ex]; , , , .
, ...
[Ep 12].

. ,
,
,
.
1 (efflux)
.
. .2

Durational being must thus be conceived as rooted in eternity (Hallett H.F. Benedict de
Spinoza, p. 49).
2
Hallett H.F. Aeternitas. A Spinozistic study. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1930.

106

 , , :
. ,
. , :

(entia realia) ... [Eth5 pr30 dm].

, . .1

? :
; ,
, ( ); , , .2

.
.
.

,
, .
,
, .
sempiternity ( .
sempiternus , ), : , [Eth1 df8 exp],
, [CM 2.1].

.3 :

Eternity is... the very stuff of the Real (ibid., p. 323).

As a real part of the whole the individual is eternal with the whole; as a part which is also a
whole it is eternal within the whole (which, in its measure, it reproduces); as a part of the whole
reciprocating with other parts it endures (ibid., p. 119).
3
, (. 20) , , .
2

107

 , ,1
, , ,
, , ...
, . :

, , , .2

[Eth5 pr22]:
,
(hujus, et illius) .

, ,
, , , .
, , . , , .
, () .
, , , . , ( ) , ( ).
, .
. , , ,
1

Sentimus experimurque, nos aeternos esse [Eth5 pr23 sch].

What Spinoza is asserting is the eternity of the individual mind of this or that man, not
the eternity of some general mind of humanity, or of the infinite idea of God, or of Science
(Aeternitas, pp. 74).
2

108

 , . , ( ,
, ) (,
).
. ,
. , ,
. ,
. , [KV 2.23], ,
, , .
,
, , .
13.

. .
. .
.
. , , , :
,
[Eth1 df7].

, . ,
, , , , - .
(res coacta),
.
109

 . ,
. [Eth4 pr3]. : , , ,
[Eth4 pr31 cor]. , ,
, ,
, , ,
(passiones).
[] ,
,
. ,
,
[Eth4 apx cap7].

(agendi potentia) .

- , .

, [CM 2.3].

,
. .
, .
.
, ,
, , , .
( ) , 110

, ,

, ., .
, ,
, ,
, .

.

- , . ,
, , . . , ,
, , ,
, [] [Eth4 df4].

, , , . , ,
. (defectus perceptionis) ,
.
, , . .
.

(entia rationis) , . , ,
,
. ,
, ,
:
, , 111

 ( ),
. ,
,
.
defectus perceptionis .
, , . , , , , ( ). .
,
, , , .
, - .
, , , , , , .

,
, , .1 potentia (, , )
. , . [Eth1 pr11 dm3].
- ,
:

Hallett H.F. Benedict de Spinoza, p. 24 n.

112

 [Eth1 pr34].
; ... [Eth4 df8].

, . , ,
,
,
. ,

, . .
, , . , , , , [Eth1 pr11 sch].
.
,
: , . -
, ,
.
, .
, , , , .

, ,

[Eth1 pr33]. , , , .
14.
: ,
, ,
?
, , ,
. , , 113

 , . , , ? ,
, ,
- , - .
,
. . , ,
.
:
, , [Eth1 pr3].

, , , .
, , .
(una
eademque) , ,
[Eth2 pr7 sch].

, ,
. , ,
( = ), .
, . , [Eth1 pr10 sch]. ,
, .
, ,
,
[Eth2 pr7 sch].
(, , , ,
.). , ,
,
, (. ,
. ), Dei essentia (),
114

 , .
das eleatische Sein,
. , () , . ,

.1
, .
. .
. ,
, ,
; ,
,
.2 .
?
, ,
, .3 , , ( ).
, ,
, . :
... ,
, [ ]
[TIE, 42].

Spinozas one substance is not like das eleatische Sein as Hegel, in the Science of Logic,
puts it. On the contrary, it contains or encompasses an infinity of infinite (total) differentiations,
namely attributes. Substance is a unity of infinite plurality (Gilead A. Substance, attributes and
Spinozas monistic pluralism // The European Legacy, vol. 3, 1998, p. 5). . :
[] , ,
(Leur unit ne supprimant pas leur diversit, leur distinction reste relle et
non simplement de raison) (Gueroult M. Spinoza, 1. Dieu (Ethique, I). Paris:
Aubier-Montaigne, 1968, p. 233).
2
.: ... , . 2, . 181; , . 3,
. 347, 371.
3
... , . 1, . 330.

115

 - ,
, .
, , (prior est) , , ,
[Eth2 pr10 sch].

( ) .
, , (unum et idem) [Eth1 pr20], [Eth2 pr49 cor],
, (seu,
sive). ,
, .
[Eth1 pr19]
: , (Deus, sive
omnia Dei attributa).
.
, , .
:
, ... , , .
.1

.
, , : , .2 ,
:
. ,
, .
. , .

1
2

. . .: , 1913, . 237.
... , . 3, . 349-350.

116


. , , (constans)
[Eth1 df6].
(essentiam constituens) .
, ,

. ,
.
,
. .
, , ,
[ 1, 335]. .
, ,
.
, ,
, :
, , ; [ 1, 466].

(= ) :
, , ; ,
- ,
, , , , [Eth1 pr10 sch].

( , ): , ,
? , . .

ens simplicissimum
, .
,
117

 ,
(
).
, , :
( ) intellectus percipit, tanquam ( , ).1
(F. Haserot), , , .2
. , -
, .
, ? .3 , - , : [Eth1 pr10 sch], ,
.
, , ,
, , , . .
, ,
,

, .

tanqum .
, .
2
[] , ,
. , ,
(Gueroult M. Spinoza, 1. Dieu, p. 233).
3
, . : - , , (.: Bennett J. Eight questions about Spinoza // Spinoza on knowledge and the human mind (ed. by
Y. Yovel & G. Segal). Leiden: Brill, 1994, pp. 23-25).

118

 ,
[Ep. 2]. , ,
,
. .
, , intellectus percipit, tanquam, ,
,1
.
- [Eth1 pr10 sch].

, ,
(per se), .
(simul),
, ,
, ?
,
, , ,
, , .2

, ,
, , .
, ,
, , .3 , - : , , ?

, , , ,
- .
2
Spinoza naccorde en aucune faon que lentendement, mme infini, puisse avoir de la
substance une connaissance absolue, une connaissance de ce quelle est en soi (Huan G. Le
Dieu de Spinoza. Arras: Schoutheer frres, 1913, p. 161).
3

[Eth2 pr47], ,
[TTP 13, 171]. , , , (Robinson L. Kommentar zu Spinozas Ethik. Leipzig: Felix
Meiner, 1928, S. 66).

119


- . ,
simul, per se,
.
, .
, ( )
, . ,
, (= ) -
.

, . , - . Mens non potest plus
intelligere quam natura praestare.1
,

.2 , ( , )? .
, . :
, ,
, , . in suo genere
.
.
..
: .3
.
1

, [ ] .
Kaufmann F. Spinozas system as theory of expression, p. 94.
3
// , 3 ., 30 . .: , 1974, . 16, . 380.
2

120

 :
. , ( ),
.1

: - ,
. , ,
n-
.
, ,
(exprimit) absolute, in suo genere, ( , in suo
genere , ). ,
per se, , in se.
, ,
; , , abstracte sive universaliter - . .

, , .
, ,
, , ,

.2 , , , (basic and irreducible properties) . , , , , ,

1

, ( )
Spinoza et le problme de lexpression (1968).
2
Curley E. Spinozas metaphysics: An essay in interpretation. Cambridge: Harvard University press, 1969, p. 16. , ,
.

121

 (exaggerated expressions).1
,
. .
, (. ).2
, , , . , , ,
(. ).3
, ,
, (. ).4

, ,
, . hic Rhodus, hic salta! ,
, ,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
:
. , , ?
... ,
, , ,
.
, .5

.: Bennett J.F. A study of Spinozas Ethics, pp. 64-65.

Les attributs ne sont pas des qualits de Dieu, ils sont Dieu mme (Alqui F. Le
rationalisme de Spinoza. Paris: PUF, 1991, p. 114).
3
Mason R. The God of Spinoza, p. 46
4
The attributes are not the substances properties or qualities, but rather its essence as it is
conceived by an intellect, whether finite or infinite (Gilead A. Human affects as properties of
cognitions in Spinozas philosophical psychotherapy, p. 170).
5
Donagan A. Essence and definition of attributes in Spinozas metaphysics // Spinoza. A collection of critical essays, p. 177.
2

122

 ,

(professed), .1
: .
, .2
.

-. , ( -) . ,
, -, in suo genere, (
) .

. , (, , ,
). , ,
, .
objective
,
( ); formaliter ( ). ,
, -
, , .


, .
1

Donagan A. Spinozas dualism // The philosophy of Baruch Spinoza (ed. by

R. Kennington). Washington: The Catholic University of America press, 1980, p. 93.
2
, , , , ,
, (Gueroult M. Spinoza, I:
Dieu, p. 232).

123

 , ,
, . ( ) , , , , ,
. , , . ,
(
, , ), , , , . . ,
.

4.
, , . .
, , (ordo et connexio rerum, causarum).
, (, ) . , , ,
, , ,
.
?
(, , )
. ,
, ..
. ,
- . , , , .
,
() , . , 124

 , , intellectus infinitus.
15.
,
[Ep, 83], .
(extensio) .
:
, . ,
:
()
() ().
.
?
,
. : . () , ,
, ()
(ex analogia universi).

externality ( . externus , ).
,
.
.1

:
, , , -

Extension necessarily expresses itself through this reciprocal nisus to externality and to
unity (Hallett H.F. Aeternitas, p. 85).

125

 . ,
, , ,
.1
, . . . :
.
- ( ),
, , .
- - .
, ,
(), . , , - ,2 in suo genere
, :
, , , ... ,
, , .
(potentia) , ; , , [Eth1 pr15 sch].

,
?
. ,
1

... Omnia simul unum corpus sive individuum componere, quod a reliquis per hanc
corporum unionem distinguitur [Eth2 ax2 df].
2
, . (a formative action), actus extendendi [
], (Kaufmann F. Spinozas system
as theory of expression, p. 95).

126


. ,
, .
( -, ,
). : , , .
, (potentia),
... ,
[ 2, 586].

, , , , . ,
.
, ,
. , (divina potentia) [Eth1 pr15 sch].
, , , , (= 1), , [Eth1 pr15 sch] , . , ,
[ 2, 569],
(), .
?
( ). ;
, .. .
1

,
, , [ 1, 138]. , , .

127

 , . -
?
, ? , , , , , .
, ( , ),
-, .1
,
, , , [ 1, 367].

. ,

[Eth1 pr15 sch].

.
, , . (
) , ,
.
, ,
, , , .
, ,
, ,
, , -

, -
, , ,
... , , [ 1, 359]. , .

128

 . , .1
,
, , .
. , ,
. (affectio) - (effectus)
-; , .

, , , (vacuum), . ,
, , .
( ),
, ; , ,
, ,
[Eth1 pr15 sch]

? - ,
, . . ,
, ? , , . :
, ; ,
, ...2 [ ] , , []
: ( 14) , [] [] [Eth1 pr15 sch].

, , , , . .
2
,
.

129

 . , .
:
, ... [1020a 7-14].

() , ,
- , . , , . (
) ,
. , ,
sub specie quantitatis,
, .
, .
, , . ,
, ,
, , , .
, .
, , , :
(, ) , . , , , .
,
.
: , , , ,
. , , , , , ; [ ], ,
, , , , , [Eth1 pr15 sch].
130

 ,
, , , .
. ,
. , ,
. , .
, , , (
),
. -
(Tathandlung) . (), , -,

( ).1 ,
,
.
, , -,
, .2
, , . ,
(, ) , .
, , , .
(realiter distincta),
... [Eth1 pr10].3

, , - . ,
1

.. / . 1792-1801 . .:
, 1995, . 316.
2
, . 306-307, 333.
3
,
[ 1, 338-339], , .. (.: . .: , 1974, . 14).

131


.
,
, ,
, , . ,
(J.B. MacMinn) , ,
; , (A.E. Taylor)
(
) .1
, ,
. , , , in suo
genere , .
, .
, , , ,
. . , , , , .
,
.
, ()

.
,
.
, , , ,
1

...
naturae [], (Taylor A.E. Some inconsistencies in Spinozism // Mind, vol. 46, 1937, pp. 139-140).

132

 , ,


. , :
...
, , . , , .
. .1

16.
, . ,
(immediate) (
intellectus infinitus). ,
, , , , [Eth1 pr21]. ,
absolute, in suo genere .
[KV 1.9]
. (mediare)
[Eth1 pr28 sch], ,
- .
-
: , . , , , :
... , [KV vmz].

None of the ready-made labels can serve us adequately in characterizing his unique stance.
Spinoza is only Spinozist (Gilead A. Substance, attributes and Spinozas monistic pluralism, p. 1).

133

 , , . . . ,
, ,
.1 , , .
?
, , , ... , , ,
[ 1, 350], . , , , .2 ,
.
3 .

, .
,
, .
,
, ,
, ... [ 1, 367].

, , .4 , ,
(ens rationis), , (res physica, sive ens reale).
1

Rerum naturalium principia Cartesiana inutilia esse, ne dicam absurda [Ep 81].
, , ; , .
3
Lesprit gomtrique. : (1657).
4
, , , ; , , [ 1, 339].
2

134

 , , ,
... ,
, ,
,
(potentiora) [Ep 81].

, , , ,
, . , :
, , [] ,
, [KV 2 prf].

. , in suo genere , . , , ,
,
. (moles
quiescens) , , .
, , .
, .
,
. . ,
, , . , ( ).
, , , . , .
135

 ... ,
, , ,
...
(
).1

, (great a misunderstanding) .
. ,
-- ( ), , .2

,
: .
,
... , , .3

Perpetuum mobile ( )
.
,
[ 1, 360], . , .
( ) , .
[Eth2] : (corpora simplicissima), (corpora composita)
, . ,
1

Wolf A. Spinozas Conception of the Attributes of Substance // Studies in Spinoza: Critical

and Interpretive Essays (ed. by Paul S. Kashap). Berkeley: University of California press, 1972,
p. 22 (reprinted from: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. 27, 1927).
2
Not even Extension is passive and inert. Its primary, infinite, mode is motion-and-rest (today we should say energy), and it is of this that all bodies are constituted (Harris E.E. The
concept of substance in Spinoza and Hegel, p. 59).
3
Klever W.N.A. Moles in motu. Principles of Spinozas physics // Studia Spinozana, vol. 4,
pp. 171, 184.

136

 , , , :
[] , ,
, ,
[Eth2 lm7 sch].

( ) facies totius Universi ( ), [Ep 64],1 ,

(ex absoluta natura) , (mediante) .
, :
, ,
.2

, , ,
. , . , ,
,
facies totius Universi.
facies totius Universi ,
. (communis
Naturae ordo)
,
facies totius Universi.
, 1

facies (, , , , )
, facere (, , , ). ,
facies totius Universi. ,
( ) ,
,
. , [Ep 64] ,
facies totius Universi -,
[Eth2 lem7 sch], .
2
Facies totius Universi, quae quamvis infinitis modis variet, manet tamen semper eadem [Ep 64].

137

 ;
facies totius Universi , .
, , , .
, , .

( ). :
, .
, . ,
, ,
.
(W. Matson) ,
, , : !1 , ,
.2
, , ,
.
, ,
.
, , , , ? , , , . ,
,
, , .
1
2

I told you so. .: Klever W. Moles in motu, p. 165.

.. , . 135.

138

 ,
. ,
.
(negative heuristic) . (hard core) : , , ,
,
, () ,
.
,
, , , .
, . - , , , , ; , ,
.
[Eth2 pr13 sch],
, , . , ,
, (
).
[ 1, 368] , , ,
: ,
, . ,
, , ( ).
, .
, ,
. , ,
: ,
, , , -

139

 - . res extensa ( ).
:
, [Eth2 ax1].

, , ; ()
. :
, [Eth2 ax2].

, , , .
,
, , , [ 1, 355].
,
, ,
, . ,
, . , , , , [ 1, 361, 369].
.
(motus et quies) ,
( ,
).

: , . (aequilibrium)
PPC Ep,1
. ,
, .
( 1

.: Klever W. Moles in motu, p. 181 n.

140

 ). , . , ,
,
[CM 2.12].
, , , , ,
. ,
, ,
, . , facies totius Universi, , ,
, .
17.
, , ... , , , ,

[ 1, 349].
1 I : , ,
.

( ).
, (,
, , , , ) .
, , , , , .
,
[Ep 6], ,
. per comparationem ad aliam [CM 1.1]; ,
,
. ,
, , (ens rationis).
141

 , ;
,
; , , , , .

. , : - (portio) ?
,
(
) [Ep 6].

(principia)
, ,
, . ,
(corpora simplicissima),
, [Eth2 lm3 ax2].

corpora simplicissima (solo)

.
, , ,
, .
(portio) , ,
, . , ,
.
- , .
corpora simplicissima (individuum - , - ), , , .
(corpora composita), .
, , ,
:

142

, , ;
, [ ] [Eth2 lm4 dm].

, , , , ,
. , KV, .
, ,
.
- ,
, , ,
[Eth2 ax2 df].
, ;
. , , , ,
, (sub specie aeternitatis). , , .
. ,
, ,
facies totius Universi.
- , , (sub specie durationis), . () .
,
( :
, , ). , ,
. , , ,
.

- : 143

 ,
, .
: ,
.
( ) ,
, ,

[], [Eth2 lm7].

:
, ,
, , . [], ,
, , , [Eth2 lm7 sch].

, , ..
, . ,
, ,
, , , , , haecceitas, .
,
corpora simplicissima, , ,
, - , . ,
. , , ,

[ ], .1

Their duration is essentially infinitesimal, and they are thus perpetually generated and
destroyed (Hallett H.F. Aeternitas, p. 140).
, , ,
.

144

 . ( ) , -.
. , , . . , .
[ ] , [Ep 4].

, , -
. facies totius Universi , - , , -.
18.
(cogitatio), ,
.
, ,
[Eth1 pr17 sch]. ,
; , ,
, .
Cogitatio
. , ,
, ,
, .
ex analogia universi
( ), [Ep 2] . (res cogitans). , , .

. ,
, .
, ,
:
145

 (essentia objectiva) ,
[ ] [TIE, 34].

, , , ,

(objective),1 .. , (formaliter)
.
,
, .
, . ,
. ,

, . , [Eth2 pr7].
: ,
,
? , . , ,
.2 objective , formaliter.
.
, , .

19.
TIE , , 1

[Eth2 pr8 cor] : , (esse

objectivum, sive ideae).
2
, , aion, .
sub specie aeternitatis ( ),
.

146

 . ,
.
,
. , - ,
, . [Ep 32], objective , , , .
. (F. Pollock) ( motus et quies facies totius Universi ),1 , , . , , .
, . -
, .
, intellectus infinitus infinita idea Dei
. , .
, (P. Eisenberg) , , , , -
. , infinitus Dei intellectus infinita idea Dei
.2 , , , . ?
, .
1

,
infinitus intellectus Dei , Dei infinita
idea (Joachim H. A study of the Ethics of Spinoza. Oxford, 1901, p. 96).
2
.: Eisenberg P. How to understand De intellectus emendatione // Journal of the history of
philosophy, vol. 9, 1971, p. 191.

147

 , , (
),
. , ,
():
,
... ,
, [] .

, : , , .
, , , ,
,
[Eth2 pr21 sch].

, intellectus infinitus , , ,
infinita idea Dei .1 . motus et quies facies totius Universi. , ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
:
, facies
totius Universi.
, . . [Eth2 pr8] ,
.
, facies totius Universi
( -).
[Eth5 pr40 sch] () 1

Spinozas usage varies, but it is customary to use intellectus infinitus for the immediate,
and infinita idea Dei for the mediate, infinite and eternal mode (Hallett H.F. Some recent
criticisms of Spinoza, p. 240, n. 2).

148

 . , intellectus
. ,
? .
, , intellectus idea Dei
. , objective,
, , formaliter, .
,
. , . intellectus infinitus
idea Dei .
20.
.
, ,
(esse objectivum) , (mens). ,
, , ,
[] (animata). , , , ,
[] ;

[Eth2 pr13 sch].

[KV vmz] , (. Ziel)

, , ,

( ). ,
().
, , . , ,
, , ,

149

 , , ,
.1 :

, , ,
, [] [],
[Ep 66].

, -
,
(
, ).2
, , n- , n () .

, , entia
rationis , , ,
. , , ,
, - , .

.
, [Eth2 pr13], , , ,
, . , , , . -

: ,
,
. ,
, , (Curley
E. Behind the geometrical method, p. 64). . , . .
2
, :
, .

150

, ,
:
, [Eth2 pr26].

.
,
,

[Ep 64].

, -
.
. - , (unwise),1
, .

.
: - , , - .
, mens idea corporis (
) -
anima forma corporis ( ). , , . :
forma idea, eidos. , . , . , ,
, , , :

.: Mason R. The God of Spinoza, p. 48.

151

 , [], , ,
, [Eth2 pr13 sch].

:
, , ,
.
, [ ] .1

. , (reductive), , .
,
.
:
, ,
, , , [], ;
[] [Eth1 apx].

, , ,
(). , , .
, , , , .
, , , . , , :
: , (actus
corporeus)... [Ep 4].

To understand the mind, we must understand the body, without which the mind could not
function or even exist. In spite of all the parallelistic talk, the order of understanding never proceeds from mind to body (Curley E. Behind the geometrical method, p. 78).

152

, (actiones mentis)
[Eth2 df3 ex]. ,
.
(objectum) , .
. ,
, , , , ( /
) . , , ( , , - ).
,
,1 (ens verbale), (chimaera), , , .
,
. , , :
, ,
(res cogitans) [Eth2 df3].
, ; ,
, (ex sola
sua natura, in se sola spectata), - , , [CM 2.12].

, , , .
: , ... .2 ( ) .
, , , ,
, . , , . ,
, ,

1
2

.. , . 22.
, . 29.

153


. , :

, . ,

, :
, , , , ... - ,
- , , ,
, , , [KV 2 prf].

.
. ,
esse objectivum,
,
.

,
,
,1
, ,
.
, , , ,
.
, , - , ,
.
, , ,
.
,
.

. , (the true pathway to Reality) (On a reputed equivoque in the philosophy of Spinoza // Review of metaphysics, vol. 3,
1949, p. 206).

154

 ,
:
. (communia) ,
. ( ,
.)
, , , . , ,
.
.1

, .
. ,
,
, .

, , (, ) .

, .
, , ,
:
... ,
.2

Corpus humanum potest corpora externa plurimis modis movere plurimisque modis
disponere [Eth2 pt6].
2
Forma verae cogitationis... nec objectum tanquam causa agnoscit, sed ab ipsa intellectus
potentia et natura pendere debet [TIE, 71].

155

 ? :
, ,
.

, , ,
, ; , []
, -, .1

.
,
.
. .
, ,
: essentia, seu forma , [Eth4 prf].
, ( ) - , .
, ,
, . , ,
2 ,
...
,
, [Eth2 pr5].

. , .
,
. , .
, , ,
1

Per ideam intelligo Mentis conceptum, quem Mens format propterea quod res est cogitans.
Explicatio. Dico potius conceptum quam perceptionem, quia perceptionis nomen indicare
videtur, Mentem ab objecto pati; at conceptus actionem Mentis exprimere videtur [Eth2 df3].
2
(esse formale) , , -.
( ) .

156

 , .
:
(
),
( ) .1

:

.2

, imaginatio, .
, , , .
.
:
,
, , ,
(imaginamur)... , , ,
, ... ,
, ,
, , , , [Eth2 pr49 sch].

, , ,
(affirmatio aut negatio), , ,
. ,
. esse
formale ( ) , . , .
.3

.. , . 51.
Idea cujuscunque affectionis corporis humani adaequatam corporis externi cognitionem
non involvit [Eth2 pr25].
3
,
, ... [Eth2 pr49 sch].
, ( , ,
, ).
2

157

 (), , , ,
. ()
. ( )
, ,
:
,
[KV 2.16].

,
.
,
, .
,
,
.
.
, ; , , , ( ).
,
, , .1 , , .
, , , , , . ,
, , adaequatio intellectus et rei? . (convenientia) :
[] , , ,
, ,
, .
1

,
,
speculum inaequale ( ) . ,
, . , ,
.

158


, , ,
.1

? , :
(causa efficiens) , ,
. - , .

. , , ,
(
)? ( , ), ,
, , ,
(facultas concipiendi, intelligendi),
[Eth2 pr49 cor, sch].
, , , , - . , ,
(, , ,
, -).

, , ,
. ,
, . , .
, , .
1

Per ideam adaequatam intelligo ideam, quae, quatenus in se sine relatione ad objectum
consideratur, omnes verae ideae proprietates sive denominationes intrinsecas habet. Explicatio.
Dico intrinsecas, ut illam secludam, quae extrinseca est, nempe convenientiam ideae cum suo
ideato [Eth2 df4].

159

 ,
? , ,
. ego, , , ,
. (ratio) , , . , ,
, , , , .
, [Eth2 pr23],

.1 , , .
, ,
.
, , ,
, . : ,
, [~ , confusa]:
, , ... , , ; [ ] ... [Eth2 pr28 sch].

, ,
notiones communes ( ). ,
,
.
, , , .
notiones
communes. , ,
, , 1

: ,
; , asinus turpissimus
, .

160

, . II , .

, ( ) (entia rationis). , , ,
. , (res),
[ 2, 31],
, ,
( ).
, ,
, .
, . ,
.1
,
().
[Eth2 pr39],
[],
, .2

.
, notiones communes. , ,
,
, . , ,
, .
1

, , . ,
, ... , , (Allison H.E. Benedict de
Spinoza, p. 109).
2
. ..

161

 , , , , .
, ,
.
, , , . , ,

(entia rationis ), ( notiones
communes, I ).
, , .
, ,
, ,
. , ,
.1
,
.
, . : unum quasi corpus, nempe societatis
[TTP 3, 47] -,
, , .

5.
21. ordo geometricus


1

.: Hallett H.F. Benedict de Spinoza, p. 66.

162

 . ordo geometricus
-
( ).1
- . ,
,
( ),2 , , ,
. , ,
.3
,4 , .
, ordine
geometrico, , , . : ,
, . ,
( , ).

( ),
: . (ordo geometricus) .
, , , , 1

. , 2 . .: , 1993, . 1, . 487.
. // .:
.. . .: , 1994, . 435.
3
. / . .: , 1978, . 398.
4
,
XII , ,
.
, , .
2

163

 , ,
[ 2, 124].
, , , , ,
. ,
,
.
,
, , [ 2, 123].

, .
, , , , : , , (
).
, , . ,
, .
, , ,
[ 2, 124]. ,
, ,
- . , , ,
. ,
, .1

, ,
.

164


(
). ,
. , , ordo geometricus.
,
, , . , , ,
[ 2, 125]; ,
.
, ,
.
.
,
. , ,
.
,
, .
, , . .

, ,
(J. Zabarella, 1532-1589).
: De differentia ordinis et methodi . , -
. , ,
, . 165

 , ,
.
, , , .
, . ,
TIE, ordo geometricus. ,
, - ( ) .
, ,
, ordo geometricus. , , , ,
.1
Ordo geometricus , ,
, .
, ,
( ). , , ,
. .
,
.2 , , ,
. ,
, ,
,
,
3? , , [Eth2 pr13],

. -

Methodus est ipsa cognitio reflexiva [TIE, 70].

Brunschvicg L. La philosophie de lesprit. Paris, 1949, p. 173.
3
? , ,
, .
2

166

 ,
;
, ( ).
.
, .1 , , , . , .
,
. , , .
: hilosophia
naturalis
.

XVII
.
,
. , ,
, .2
,
. , , ,
, , .

,
( . . .: , 1987, . 252).
2
.: . . .: , 1985, . 131.

167

 - , ;
.
, ,
.1

,
, ,
, ordo geometricus.
, ,
.
( ). .
, (, , ).
:
, ,
,

.2
,
. , , ( , ) .
, ( )
. , , : ,
, . , , 1
2

. .: . , . 209.
, . 17.

168

, , ( ). ,
,
, , , , .1
? ,
(
entia rationis)
,
. ,
, [TIE, 75],2

- (ex abstractis), , , , , [TIE, 93].

, . , ,
,
( lesprit gomtrique ). .
? . , ,
,
.
XVII
( ),
. , , , , , . 1
2

.: , . 16-17.
.

169

 per causam proximam,

.
-, , : ,
, , .

. . , ,
. .

. ordo geometricus
, , .
, ,
,
.1

,
. .
: ,
, . , ,
, , . , ,
. , , ,
,

... , . 1, . 415.

170

 , .1

, . , , : , .
, .
,
,
(. , . ,
. .).
-, , , :
,
(, ).
,
, . , .
, , ,
,
().
- :
... ,
[] [] , .2

,
.
,
1

... . .: , 2000, . 13.

Verba sint pars imaginationis... Non sint nisi signa rerum, prout sunt in imaginatione, non
autem prout sunt in intellectu [TIE, 88].
2

171

 . ,
,
, , .
, , :
.1

.

- . ;
; , ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
:
, , ... ,
.2

, ,
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
:
- []
, [] ;
(in agendo concurrunt),
[Eth2 pr13 sch].
1

... , . 1, . 82.
Qui corpus ad plurima agendum aptum habet, ... mentem habet, cujus maxima pars est
aeterna [Eth5 pr39 dm].
2

172

 : ,
(
- , , ).
.
. , ex professo. , , , .
Ordo geometricus, ,
. , .1
22.
,
. , , ,
.
, , ,
. , - , , .2
? TIE.
, ,
, , [TIE, 94].

, : ,
1

Sed omnia praeclara tam difficilia, quam rara sunt, ,

[Eth5 pr42 sch]. -, chalepa ta kala.
2
... , . 3, . 367.

173

genus proximum et differentia specifica ( ),

. ,
(intima essentia) .
,
- .
, ,
,
- ... [TIE, 95].

KV :
,
. , ,
. , , ...
, , [KV 1.7].

, . - , . , . .
, , , , , -

(). . ,
, ,
[Ep 60].
,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
, [TIE, 95].
174

, .
, .1 XX . , . ,
.. , , ,
, .
, ,
.2

,
:
[1] , , ,
,
[] , [ ] , , [2] [ ]
, ;
, ,
(absolute), ,
(sub ratione veri). ,
[Ep 9].

. [1] , [2]
, , ,
. [1]
, . [2] -
.

. , ,
.
2
, ,
, ,
.

175

 [1] ( , , , ).
, [1] .
. [Eth2 pr1] [Eth2 pr2],
, [Eth2 pr13] .
[2] , .
per ... intelligo ( ... , ),
.
, , , . , , , , , , , [Ep 9].1

, ,
.
, . . , ( , ).
. , , : ,
, .
, ,
intelligo, dico, nomino, voco ( , , , ).
, -

. .M.

176

 . , ?
.
, , , , , , :
- , [Eth1 pr8 sch2]. ...
[]: , ,
[] [Ep 60].

, , , ( , ,

).
, ,
-
. , ,
, , ,
;
.1

, . , , , ,
.
.
, .2 ,
definitio [] , ,
, ( , ,
).3

Delahunty R.J. Spinoza. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985, p. 95.
Now my own view is that we must view Spinozas definitions or at least the most important of them as real rather than nominal (Curley E. Spinozas geometric method, p. 160).
3
.. , . 358.
2

177

 , , ,
. intelligo, , .
,
,
, .
- , ?
, ... , ,
... [Ep 9].

, ,
.
, , , . , .
,
: ,
, sub ratione veri,
.
, ,
, , ,

.1
,
? , (ratio).
, . ( ) , , 1

, ,
, , ,
(.: Mignini F. Spinozas theory on the active and passive nature of knowledge
// Studia Spinozana, vol. 2, 1986, pp. 47-48). .

178

 . , , , .
, ,
(communia) [], ... [Eth2 pr44 cor2 dm].

. , universalia,
( , , ,
, ). , communia,
( TIE1),
, .
(imagines universales), ,
-, ,
[Eth2 pr40]. , , (communia) [], ...
, [Eth2 pr38]. ,
, , .
, . pars imaginationis ( );
-,
( ) .2
(notiones communes) ,
, , ,
, .
, .
1

, ,
(De Dijn H. Spinozas Logic or Art of Perfect Thinking, p. 19).
(McKeon R.M. Causation and the geometric method in the philosophy of Spinoza // The philosophical review, vol. 39, 1930, p. 187).
,
, , TIE.
2
, XX .

179

 . ,
, . .
,
, .. (conceptibilis).
.
, , ,
( ,
). ,
, , .
, , - , . , absolute,
[Ep 9] , .. ,
. , .

, ,
.
, ,
, [Eth1 df6].

(intelligo). , .. , . , .
, [Eth1 pr20], , [df6] ,
, , .
,
, , [pr20]. , .

180


, ,
. (communis) . ,
,
, [Ep 60], . ,
; , absolute infinitum .
() ,
, , ,
. ,
(communes) .

[Eth2 pr1-2]: Deus est res cogitans Deus est res extensa.
, ,
. , ,
: (intelligo) .
est , sub ratione veri.
, .
23.
, ,
. , , - , .
, [Eth1 ax1] :
, , , .

,
.
, - , [Eth1 pr8 sch2]. ,
.
181

 [Eth1 ax6] , . ,
[Eth2 df3]. [Eth5 ax2] : 7 III. , !
, .
.
,
, , . [] , .1
, , .
,
? ,
, , , , .
, . .

. .
, ,
. , .
, ,
? , ,
, .

.. , . 345.

182

, , ,
.
,
, , , ,

.1
, , , , . ,
,
. , .
, , , , , ,
(animo occaecatos a nativitate) [TIE, 47].2
, , ,
. ,
:
, .3

... . ,
, .

, , ( , ordo geometricus, ). ,
, -, , .
:
1

Curley E. Spinozas geometric method, p. 155.

,
. ., ,
XXIV .
3
Spinoza actually rejects the possibility of immediate, self-evidence in human knowledge
(Gilead A. The problem of immediate evidence, p. 156).
2

183

 in
concreto ,
. , , , , , .1

, : Das Wahre ist das Ganze .

( )
: ,
, . ,
,
.2 ,
.
, ,
[Eth5 pr23 sch].

, . (, , ) , ,
, [TIE, 16].

? . Scientia intuitiva
, .3 :
. 1

Ibid., pp. 149-150. : .

-, .
... , , ,
, .. ( ..
, . 160).
2
: Thatsachen des Bewitsstseyns (1810).
3
scientia intuitiva,
(Hallett H.F. Aeternitas, p. 50).
(Curley E. Experience in Spinozas theory of knowledge, p. 58).

184


! , , ,
; ,
oculi historia (
,
).
. , .
( -). Notiones communes,
(ratiocinii nostri fundamenta sunt), , .
: scientia intuitiva
- [Eth4 pr40 sch2], , ,
, . ,
,
,
.1
, entia rationis.2 : , [Eth1 pr15 sch], ..
.
().
.
. , , -

: ,
( .. // .
, . 44).
2
[] , ,
[] . ,
,
. , , ,
, , (Curley E. Experience in
Spinozas theory of knowledge, pp. 54-55).

185

 .
, ,
.
, , . , ,
.
. , , (concluduntur)
[Ep 4]. ,
,
(deducere)
. ,
?
, , . . - .1

, (, ,
). , ,
, , .
( , ).
, ,
, , , ,
( ,
). Claritas, , ,
, , per se nota . , ,
, , cogito.

Curley E. Spinozas geometric method, pp. 163-164.

186

 , ,

(truth-value), , ... ,
.1
, , , , , .. .
. ( ) .
(singulares) , [Eth5 pr24].

, scientia
intuitiva, ( )
summa virtus [Eth5 pr25].
, . .
, notiones communes , , ,
[Eth1 pr8 sch2] ,
, , . . , .
, , , .
. ( , , sub specie aeternitatis) , , .

Klever W. Axioms in Spinozas science and philosophy of science, p. 181.

187

 II.
, . - .
, ,
. ,
,
, .
: XIX ,

. : , . ,
. (
) ,
.

, . : , .
,
--,
? ?. ,
sub specie aeternitatis, .
,
: non ridere, non lugere, neque detestari, sed
intelligere , , . , .
, , , , .
,
, , . 188

. , , . , ,
.
, , , , , .

1.
XVIII . . . .
. , . ,
.
, :
, . , .
, ,
penseur tmraire [ ]. , ,
, ,
, .1

.
, ,
.2
( ) ,
1

. , . 253.
1774,
.
2

189

. . 1 .

(1753) ,
. , .2
,
, .
XVIII ,
.
. , . , , :
,
, . , .3

, , ; , , ,4
. .5
. , ,
.. , ,
,
- .6

: , (. szkaradny, . skor );
(. contradictio).
2
.. . . .: , 1963, . 208.
3
.. . .: , 2002, . 15.
4
Ein Gottbetrunkener Mensch (Novalis Schriften. Leipzig, 1928, Bd. 3, S. 318).
5
, ! , , ; , ; ; ,
, ,
( . . . .: , 1994, . 79).
6
.. , , 2 . .: . , 1819, . 2, . 47-49.

190

, , .

, .
,
, , .
, , ,
, , .
. .
. :
, . , , ...
: .1

. .
, -,
pro - contra.
, ,
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.
1886
- .. .2
.. , .. .3 , , .
, , ,
. 1

.. , 2 . .: , 1987, . 2, . 384.
. , . .: - .. ,
1886. .
3
. , ( , . 5). ., 1892.
2

191

 ,
, .. (1914).
XX -, , , , . , ,
.
: 1913 .. .. .
1.
, ,
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XIX . .
,
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.
, - .
, -,
, . ,
() , causa sui ().
, : , , .
[] , ,
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contradictio in adjecto [ ].1

. , . 14-15.

192

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. , ,
.
.
- -,

.
, , .
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, .
, , .
amor Dei.
,
, . .
,
- . . , .
, , , , a priori, more geometrico (
,
, ). ,
;
,

193

 .1
.
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, , , . , ,
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: 2
- . 14
, , .3
, ,
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(). ,
.

, ,
,

,
, . , , ,

. ( ) //
, 38, 1897, . 407-408.
2
... religio a speculationibus philosophicis separetur [TTP 11, 158].
3
... fidem a Philosophia separare, quod totius operis praecipuum intentum fuit [TTP 14, 174].

194

 , , , , (altercatio)
[TTP 13, 167].

-, homo
religiosus. ,
.
, ,
(. ).

,1 . , ,
,
, , , ,
.
, ,

, . , .
,
. :
, , ,
, . , .2

, , ,
. .
, , , .
.
, , ()? .
, 1

,
, .
, , , [Ep 43].
2
. ( ), . 386.

195

, ?
, , quaternio terminorum, ()?
, . : ,
. ,
, .
. . , , , .
. , . TTP ,
PPC,
CM, .
(vivendi regula) (ad captum vulgi loqui) , , [TIE, 17].
(vulgus ).
,
. , ,
, , . , .
, -
;
, , .
,
? ,
,
.
,
. ,
[Eth4 pr7].
,
? , , 196

 . , , , , .
, , . :
, . , , , , [Eth3 afd 20 exp].

. ; , ,
;
. .
, ?
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, . ( : )
, . ,
,
.

. , , ,
. ,
.
, .1 .
,
, XIX .
1

: ...
, .
: ( ..
. .: , 1976, . 174).

197

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,
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2.
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,
. , , , .
, , . , , 1

, , XVII .
( ..
/ , 2 . .: - , 1971, . 2, . 430).
2
.. / . .: , 1990, . 36.

198

 ,
. ( . ,
.
.)

. . , , .
, ,
,1
. ,
. .
.2
. .3
, . (realiter
distincta), .. ; (per se) [Eth1 pr10].
. , , . , , .
,
, .
. .
, , , , : sunt non
opposita, sed distincta,4 per se concipitur.5

. : . .: , 2005, . 8.
.H. , 2 . .: , 2006, . I, . 486.
3
.: .. , . 22.
4
, (.). II .
[ 1, 466].
5
. , . 404-405.
2

199

 ,
.
, , ,
.1

.2 , , (la nouvelle logique), .3

, .4
. , . . , ,
.

, . , , , , ,
, .
, . -, , , .
, , ,
, .
, , ;
, -

, . 70.
Robinson L. Kommentar zu Spinozas Ethik. Leipzig: Felix Meiner, 1928. , . .: Robinson L. Untersuchungen ber Spinozas Metaphysik // Archiv fr Geschichte der Philosophie, 1906, Bd. 19, S. 461-462.
3
(affirmations)...
... Non opposita sed diversa,
( . , . 94; : Deleuze G. Spinoza et le problme de lexpression, p. 51).
4
: , , , , (Hardt M.
Gilles Deleuze: an apprenticeship in philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
2002, p. 62).
2

200

 . , ,

. .1

: .
,2 , .
-
.
. ,
(lex summa naturae), ,
,
, [TTP 16, 189]. (individuum) [Eth2 lem4-7, pst1-3] . .

, . ?
.
,
, .
.
,
.
. , : , (, ) , , (, ). , ,
,

.
1

.. / , 2 . .: , 1993, . 1, . 372.
, - ,
. ,
. (das akosmische System) (Salomon Maimons Lebensgeschichte. Frankfurt am Mein: Insel, 1984, S. 217).
2

201

 ,
, .1

,
, ,
.
, .
,
[Eth1 df6], .. , . , , ,
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, - .

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, .
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,
differentia specifica
,
.
, ,
, (). , , , .
.. .. .
:
, , , ; , , ...
. , .2

, .
1
2

. , . 217.
.. , . 1, . 145.

202

 ,
, , ..
. , , ,
(coincidentia oppositorum), , , .. .

, . : una eademque res, sed duobus modis express (
, ),
.
,
.
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duobus modis:
, . , r
2 + 2 = r2. ,
, , , .

. ,
,
, . , .
.

.1 ,
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() .
, , .
, ?

, . . , . . , , . (.: .
. . .: , 1984, . 147).

203


, , ( ) . ,
, : ,
.
, . XX . . . , ,
,1 ,
. ,
, : ,
(. ), , (. ), - (. ).
. , , [PPC II, lm 1], extensio () spatium
() . , , (quantitas infinita),
[Eth1 pr15].
: ,
,2
. Motus et quies ( ) ,
.
[Eth2 lm1].

.. , . 378.
, , , ... ,
, , ( . , . 1,
. 350).
2

204

 , ,
, . . :
, , ,
. , ,
( ) , , ?1

, , .
.
. , ,
,
, .2

, : materiam Cartesio male definiri per

Extensionem [Ep 83].
, ..
, .
. :
(extensio)
, ,
... .3

, (, ). -

.. , . 1. . 153. ( . ..)
. , . 167.
3
.. , . 339.
2

205

 . ...
. , -, . . :
, .
, ,
[Eth1 pr17 sch].
, , ,
, [], ,
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,
.1
omnia animata, ,
, .
. , , ,
, .
, . , , .2 . . , , , : .3 .
. ,
, ,
. , ... .4

, ,
... , ..
, , [KV prf].
2
.: .. , 5 . .: , 1956,
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3
.. , . 1. . 122.
4
.. . .: , 2007, . 308-309.

206

 . :
-
.1

- .
. ,
[Eth2 pr 49 sch],
. , ,
, , ..
, .2 ,
, : , .3
,
: , , , . . ,

,
,
.

, , , .. ,
, .4

. ,
.
. .

.. // , 114,
1912, . 561.
2
.: . ( . ). .: , 1910, XX.
3
... a solis motibus corporeis constituitur, qui Cogitationis conceptum minime involvunt
[Eth2 pr 49 sch].
4
.. , . 397.

207

 , ,
(
).
, , .
. .

. . , ,
, ,
.1
. .
,
,
.2
. , , , , : (zoe)
.3
( ) . .4 .
, ,
,
.5

(imaginatio) , . ,
(cogitationes), . , , , .
1

.. , . 207.
.. . .: , 1971, . 115-120.
3
, ,
. ,
( . , . 152-153).
4
.. ? // , 7, 1968, . 42.
5
.: .. // , 8, 2002, . 163-173; // , 1, 2009, . 175-183.
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208

 (res cogitans), , ,
.
, , .1 - , ,
.
, . , .2
, , ,
( , passiones).
, ,
.
(essentia objectiva)
[TIE, 34].

, , , , : in se
quid reale, et omnino diversum.
3.
,
. . , . , :
,
.3

. .
. , ( ).
1

.. , . 23.
, ,
, , ,
, .. [CM 2.12].
3
.. , . 321.
2

209

 ,

. .1

,
. ,
.
, , ,
. , . - .. :
,
.2

.
,
.3
, : ,
, .
,
. ,
, ,
. ( .)
1

. //
, 5, 1894, . 236.
2
. . 31. ., 1900. . 218.
3
. .
. , 2 . .: , 1993, . 1, . 15.

210



. ,
.
[] , , ... eo ipso [ ]
,

.1
.. (-, 1902-1908). , ,
,
... , , .
,
.2

, -
. ,
.
, ,
,
. , . : ,
. , (
). (rerum universales imagines),
,

. : . .: , 1995, . 89.
.. // , 37, 1897, . 184.
2

211

[Eth2 pr40, sch1-2]. ,

.
, .
,

.1 , , , .
, . , , .
- ,
: , , ,
. . , - .
, ,
- .
- , .
[ ] , ,

. . ,2
. , ,
:
(causa seu ratio).3

, , causa
sive ratio .
. Causa ratio

.. , . 1. . 142.
, , .. ( // . .: , 2008, . 161).
3
.. , . 204.
2

212

 .
. ,
. : , , , ...
, , (. )
(. ).
? .
: ,
(mentis intelligendi potentia)
, [Ep 64].

, , .
,
(ordo totius naturae),
,
[CM 2.9]. . . , .
(duratio) , ,
[Eth2 pr31].

, . , (. , . ) , , (. ).
4.
, . , , , .

213

 , .1

.
, , , (. , . ).
, ,
, , ,
. , , , . Appetitus, ,
, [Eth3 pr9 sch].
.
,
: (. ). , , .
, (- ,
).
, , (beatitudo) . ,
, . , .
, , . , .2

.
.
, : .

Imperii causae et fundamenta naturalia non ex rationis documentis petenda, sed ex

hominum communi natura seu conditione deducenda sunt [TP 1.7].
2
, . ., ,
, .

214

 . , . , . , .
.
: ,
, (odii affectu) [TP 2.14].
, : ... sunt <ergo> homines natura
hostes, ergo (), , :
,
, , .1

, , .. , ,
, ; (vis)
,
, [Eth4 pr5]. , .
. :
[Eth4 pr35 sch]. ,
[Eth4 pr18 sch].
- , .
, ,
. ,
. . ,
(caeca cupiditas) [TP 2.5].
;
, ,
(potentia), , (in unum
convenire). , , ,
, , , .

, [TP 6.1].
.
1

, (passiones),
, [Eth4 pr34].

215

 , ,
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. ,
,
: , .1
, . ,
,
: ex communi aliquo affectu naturaliter convenire
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.
.
,
, , : ,
. .
,
[Eth4 pr 18 sch],
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. ,
, ...
, ,
. : . ,
.
20-
. .. , .
.

, , , , , 1

.H. , . I, . 507.

216


.1

, .
.. :
,
, . , , , ,

. ... , , .2

-
, . ,
...3
, , ,
. ,
: , .
, , , .
(multitudo),
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( ,
). . ,
, .
1

.. // , 23, 1927, . 71.

.. , . 166.
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The last version of Spinozism is Marxs mature political theory (Agassi J. Towards a
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217

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.
.

, ,
,

.1
: .2 . , . , (
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2.
,
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, . .
, , . . , .. ,
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Althusser L. Reading Capital. London: New Left Books, 1977, p. 102.

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, .. 1
, .
5. ..
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. ,
,
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..
, .
.. - 1899 .
,
. 1898 .
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.. .
. , , , .
.
1

.. . . . .: -
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219

 . (-: , 1900 1904).

(-:
, 1900). , .
..
( , 9, 1903), (.: ,
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,
.

.. (.: .. , 1907).
, ,
, (1914)
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, ,
,
. , ,
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, , , , .

,
. , , .

, , , , ,

, , .
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 , 25
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.. .
1 : (R. Fitting)
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.
,
- , .
5 20 1909 , :
(Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der Reizerscheinungen bei den Pflanzen). eximium (.: ,
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.4
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, (plantae phanerogamae),
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.. (1909) ( . . .. . .: , 1975, . 143).
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-
.. ,
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. .
.
, , . , , : ,
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, , .
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, , , , , , , .4

30 1881. . . , 2 . .: , 1990,
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/ , . 1, . 699.
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.
, . , -
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;

.2

,
,
.
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, -. Frau Staatsrat
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. . .: .. , 1910, . XIII.
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, .
...
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, ,
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, , ,

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. ,
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 . .
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,
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,
,
.
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. , , . 1917
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. , ,
.
.
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227

 .. .


.. ... .. ,
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( , ) .
, ( ). , ,
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, .
, . ,
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,
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1919 .
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1923 ; 1925 ;
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3
, ,

.
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,
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,
. ,
. , .

, : XVIII . , , .
,
. , ,
, , .
-, ,
, , - ,
. ,
,
, .
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, . 7.
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231

 ,
,
. , . , . ,
,
, , : 1
.
, , (ad captum vulgi loqui),
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:
, . , , , .
,
, .
, ,
?
, - ? , -
, . ?
, . .

.
, , TIE
, ,
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Idola fori, , . , , . -
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232

 .
, ,
, . . , , .
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. , ,
. Conceptus
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, , . , . , ,
.
notio ,
,
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Notio , nosco
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notio, , - , . , notiones
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.. , . 19.

233

communes notiones universales [Eth2 pr40 sch1], -

.
, : ,
notio, , , , . -
, .
, , , - .
, , . ,
.
, . , , .
, , notio
.
, ,
. , , , , . ,
?
:
. - . , ,
, (W. Hale White).
TIE1 .

, , - , , ,

Ethic demonstrated in geometrical order. London: Trbner & Co., 1883; Tractatus de
intellectus emendatione. London: Duckworth & Co., 1889.

234

 , , , .

(1883)
(R.H.M. Elwes)1
. ,

. ,
. ,
, ,2 . XX .

, . ,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
, , . , causa sui 3 , , .
, . - ( )
. ( , -

The chief works of Benedict de Spinoza, 2 vols. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1883-1884.
.
14- ,
( 1981 )
.
3
.. . .: , 1964, . 185.
2

235

) . , causa sui , , .

,1 , .

, , .

(. 51).2

,
. .

. , methodus
, ordo geometricus.
, - , .
methodus ordo . 3 De methodis,
: De differentia ordinis et methodi (
). Jacobi Zabarellae Opera Logica
, 1572 1623. -

.. // . , . 1, . 20.
2
... Equating eternity with endless temporal duration, an equation which Spinoza is at
pains to deny. The same error is apparent in Sokolovs characterization of duration as a component part of eternity (Kline G.L. Spinoza East and West: Six Recent Studies in Spinozist
Philosophy // The Journal of Philosophy, 1961, vol. 58, no. 13, p. 350).
3
Giacomo Zabarella (1533-1589), .

236

 ,1 ,
,
XVI , .2

(ordo) (methodus)
, . ,3 , . Ordo
, , . Methodus (vis illatrix), ordo.
methodus ordo
. [Ep 13] ,
(more geometrico demonstratio),
, (concinnare4)
. , , , ,
. , , .
(vera methodus), TIE. ,
. . .
,
, mos
methodus - . 1

. : Wallace W.A. Galileos logic of discovery and proof. Dordrecht: Kluwer,

1992, 5-6.
2
Zabarella was the most influential logician of the second half of the sixteenth century in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands (Garrett A. Meaning in Spinozas Method. New York:
Cambridge University press, 2003, p. 105).
3
, instrumenta intellectualia, TIE.
(instrumentum) , Organon (. ,
ergon , ).
4
.. concinnare ( . , . 2, . 430). , concinnare , . .: .. - .
.: , 1976, . 223.

237

, , . XVII
(P. Dear) ,
[XVI] ,
,
.
(ordo) (methodus, )... [XVII] ,
, .1

ordo
methodus, ;
. , .2
( , !)
, ,
, , . . , , , , , XVII .
. , , .
, , . , ,
methodus, - , , , .

1

The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, 2 vols. Cambridge University

press, 1998, vol. 1, p. 148.
2
.: .. , . 20-23.

238

 : , , ,
.

. , ,
[TTP 14, 179], . ,
, .
amor Dei intellectualis
, , .
, .
(amor Dei imaginationis),
, ,
. , , ,
. , ?
, . . .
,
, ,

.1 . ,
.
, ,
ratio intuitio, . : . , . ,
1

The same term may be used in different senses, according to the stages of the knowing
consciousness wherein it appears (Rosenthal A.L. A Hegelian key to Hegels method // Journal
of the history of philosophy, 1971, vol. 9, p. 206).

239

 , ,
. ? , , , .1 Ratio , , ( ratio). intuitio, . (scientia intuitiva, intuitiva cognitio).
(
) cogitatio. -, ,
conscientia,
( : conscientiae
morsus). -,
conscientia Bewutsein. -,
, . :
, , cogitatio penser []. ,
penser , .. , ,
cogitatio.2

? ,
conscience (), .
penser. , ,
penser,
cogitatio.
, , ,
. , ,
cogitatio , Cogitatio.

( )
ratio. ratio ,
, .
2
.. , . 39.

240

 ( ):
, ,
. , , ,
[ 2, 127].

PPC.
. ,
,1 , , (cogitationes);
, . , ,
, , , ,
, , .
(cogitare) , ;
: , ,
(les passions de lme).
, cogitatio (, ) ,
,
. : ,
...
. , , , -
. .
, .
.

corporis affectiones [Eth2 pr17 sch].

, ( ) : humanum corpus,
quandoquidem limitatum est, tantum est capax certi imaginum numeri... in se distincte simul
formandi [Eth2 pr40 sch1]. ( . ..)

241

, ,
(), ( ). ,
,
. ,
: - , - , , .
.
, ; , . ,
;
, .
, , ,
, .
, ,
. , ( ) ,
- . ,
, , , ,
. ,
.
, , () ,
, . , .
, ,
,
, . .

242

 . , , ,
. ( ) , .
, , -. , ,
, . ,
, ,
, (idea confusa).
(confundere , )
.

, . (duratio) , - . (sub specie
aeternitatis). , ,
.
,
,
(adaequatio) . :
, , , , , , ...
.
, , .1

(denominatio extrinseca) [Eth2 df4]. ,
. , -
. , , . .
.
1

.. , . 32.

243

 ... ,

.1 ,
? . , ,
.
,
, .2

,
, , , veritas sui sit norma [Eth2 pr43 sch]. , , !
, ,
. (),3
. , , ,
, ,
. , - , ,
, ,
. , , [TIE, 69-70].
(certitudo).
,
, . ,
, .
,
, , .
( ,
, ).
1

. . .: , 1980, . 361.
Certum est, cogitationem veram a falsa non tantum per denominationem extrinsecam, sed
maxime per intrinsecam distingui [TIE, 69].
3
Idea vera debet cum suo ideato convenire [Eth1 ax6].
2

244

 , certitudo, ,
,
. , , .
, .1

, ,
. , ,
, .
, , .
, , ,
-, .
,
,
, , , , , . , .
, .
, ,
.
(ex auditu, ), .
, . ,
, , . , ,
[KV 2.16].
, , ,
, :

Hinc patet, quod certitudo nihil sit praeter ipsam essentiam objectivam [TIE, 35].

245

, ,
, , ...
( , , ),
, .
- ,
, . ,
.1
, (), ...
, , , -
, , -
...
. ,
. ,
, , , .2

. , , . TIE,
:
;
, .3

,
. , ,
.


,
1

.. . . : , 2002, . 80-81.
, . 84.
3
, . 31
2

246

. ,
. ,
9 ( ). [KV 1.7].
,
?..
, , , , .1
( , ), -definitio determinatio. , intelligo .
. , , - , . intelligo est ( ), .
, () ;2
. ,
, , . Intelligo , .
, intelligo ,
, .
, , , , , , .
, , extra intellectum. ,
,3 ,
1

, . 45.
, -
, : Veram uniuscujusque rei
definitionem nihil involvere, neque exprimere praeter rei definitae naturam [Eth1 pr8 sch2].
3
Modificationum non existentium veras ideas possumus habere [Eth1 pr8 sch2].
2

247

 . ,
, , .
, ,
.1 , .
. ?
[Ep 9] ,
( ), - intelligo, ,
, ( ). .
,
ens absolute infinitum . intelligo est, , , . , .

Idea res
, . .
res .
, , res : , , .2 Res gestae , .
Sache Sage
, . - , , .
res , , .
, , .
1
2

, . 43.
.: .. - , . 873-874.

248

 , ,1

, .

. .2
,
,
:
, , ... .3

, , ,
, .4
,
, , ,
, . ,
, ,
.
actu existere ( actu , ) ,
,
duratio, .
actu -,
,
( ) . ,
, res.5 res
causa (), . , [Eth2 pr9 dm]
:

, . 51.
Hallett H.F. Aeternitas. A Spinozistic study. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1930.
, , , ,
(1929-1935) .
3
All interpretations of the doctrine of Spinoza that fail to take due note of its activism... are
thereby hamstrung from the start (Hallett H.F. Benedict de Spinoza, p. 10).
4
, . 77.
5
res .
2

249

 ( . 7 ) ,
.1

, , - ,
! - . = (causa
efficiens).
, -. (,
) , ,
, ,
. , ,
, (passio).
, , (essentia
objectiva) . .
,
; , , . ,
, , , ,
. , ,
. .
? , ,
, . ( ). , , , ,
, .
: formaliter , objective .
, , () , . , :
,
, , , , -

Ordo et connexio idearum (per prop. 7 hujus) idem est ac ordo et connexio causarum.

250

 . , , :
, [Ep 66].
, , . ,
(convenire) . .
, ,
, .
(= ).

, causae rationes
() . , ,
: , , , .
, (convenientia)
, ,1 :
... [TIE, 33].

causa sive ratio .

. , . Ratio, , causa ,2 . , ,
. , (idem est) ; , , ,
.

. , , , ,

1
2

, . 33.
, . 49.

251


, . ,
?
, , .
(exprimit) . exprimere, ,
, , , , .
, , . , ( , ) 1
. , ,
; ,
.
, .
,
. (ordo et connexio rerum). ,
,
Deus in rebus ( ).
, . = (, , ,
integer, ). ,
, :
,
.2

, , , -

(das Setzen).
2
, . 54.

252

 .1 1913 , .

, .
[ ],
, . ,
, ...
, .2
. , , ;
, .
, ,
. , TIE. , , , ,
.
, , (finis),
[TIE, 16];
(melior pars),
[TTP 4, 159];
,
[Eth4 apx cap4]. , !
[Eth5 prf].
Amor Dei intellectualis ,
, ,
.
1

. IX, . (59,
2007, . 175-186).
2
, . 4. ,
- , ( im
Lichte ) .

253

. (intelligimus) ,
[Eth5 pr24]. ,
, , . , , ,
,
, , , .
, . TIE , , .
, ,
. : .

, (
) , , , , , .1
: (realiter distincta)
(constituunt) .
, ... .2

, , :
, ,
(percipit) (exprimit) ,
,
.
,
. ,
. , , , .
1
2

... , . 1, . 175.
, . 214.

254

 ,
. . ,
, . - ,
, . ,
,
.1
, . , , , ,
, ,
.
, ;
.
: (entia rationis)
, (omnes modos, quibus
mens utitur ad negandum) [CM 1.1]. ,
, , , , ,
. .2
(notiones communes) . , ,
, .

.3 in

, . 73 60.
, [ ],
(Dei Infinitas, invito vocabulo, sit quid maxime positivum) [CM 2.3].
3
, . 61. . ..
2

255

suo genere .
,
- .
Notiones communes , ,
,
, , , .1

- . , (naturans) , , (naturata), .
,
. . ,

, , , .
. ,
() , ,
, , . ? ()
.
, .

(affectiones) ,
, , ,
. , , , , ,
(objective) (formaliter) .2
1
2

, . 62.
, . 72.

256

, , ,
[Ep 65]. , ,
? ,

, , , , [Ep 66]. , ,
- , . , ( )
( , ), ,
. , ,
, .
, , (latius), [Ep 70].
, , , ,
. ,
, ,
(idea ideae),
(idea reflexiva).
,
, . , . !
, ,
,
, . , , : , .1

, : , , (in aeterno non detur quando, ante, nec

post) [Eth1 pr33 sch2].

257

 , .
, , , , . .1

, , . ,2 .
, .3 , , .

.
, - . ,
! :
objective , , , . -
(Epist. 64), intellectus absolute infinitus.4

,
(
): .
, , :
( ), 5 , in suo genere .

, . 73.
, , .
3
( ) , . . , , .
4
, . 220.
5
, .
2

258

 , intellectus infinitus,
, . , (indefinita)
. TIE (
, , ), [Ep 6] [Eth2],
,
(corpora simplicissima) (materiae
portiones). , , .. .
( objective) , - formaliter
intellectus infinitus ,
.

(absolute infinitum) (in suo
genere infinitum). , , .

. , .
. , .
. , .
.
. , ,
, , .
, , ,
( , ..).
,
.

, , 259

 (, ) ( ). , ,
: , .
: ,
(immediate)
, . , , .1
:

. ,
,
( ). ,
- , . ,

, .
( ) .
,2

, , ,
, .

: , ( ) - ( ).
.: . . , . 247.
2
, . 79.

260


, .
, , ,
...
, , , .1

, ,
, .

, ,
, , .

, , . . cogitatio, ,
.2
.
. ,
.
, - , ,
, , ?3

-,

. ,
1

. , . 238.
, . 82-83.
3
, . 225.
2

261

, , ,
,
( ) : ,
.
, ,
,
.

, XIX . . , , , :
, , , , , ,
.
. .

:
.1

, . . ,
. , , ,
.
? ,
-, , ,
, .2 , , , ,
. , .

. .: . , . 243-244.
Dunin-Borkowski S. von. Der junge de Spinoza, S. 372. . .:
. , . 226.
2

262

 ;
() ( , ..). , ,
, .
, .
,
, ... , .. ,
, ,
.1

, : ,
, .
. :
, , , , , , , , , , .
, ,
, , ,
,
. , , , ,
, .2

, , .
, ,
. ,
. ,
-
, .
.
, , .
:
. : 1

Mentis idea et ipsa mens una eademque est res, quae sub uno eodemque attributo, nempe
cogitationis, concipitur... Idea mentis, hoc est, idea ideae nihil aliud est, quam forma ideae,
quatenus haec ut modus cogitandi absque relatione ad objectum consideratur [Eth2 pr21].
2
. , . 226.

263

 ? , , . ,
, , , , ! ,
.
, , .
.
! .
, , :
, .1

. , , .
. .
, .
, , .2
. TTP , , ,
.3 , , - ,
...
, ,
.4 .
1

Me hic per naturam non intelligere solam materiam ejusque affectiones, sed praeter
materiam alia infinita [TTP 6, 196].
2
.. . .: , 1991, . 105. : ,
( .. . .: , 1973, . 93).
3
In Deo manemus et Deus manet in nobis ( , 4:13).
4
., , [Eth1 pr15 sch; KV 1.7; Ep 4].

264

 , , , -
, . ,
,
. ;
( , );
. .
. , ,
. , , .
, , , . , -
:
... - - ,
, .1

, ,
.
, , ,
- , .
,
.
, ( ,
) . , , . ,
.
. :
, , ,
- .

.. , . 22.

265

, (mens)
, ,
, , .
Objective , formaliter ; , , , , .
,
, , .
, .
. [TIE, 31] ,
. ,
, , ,
. (vis nativa) (opera intellectualia), , . .
, ,
,
, .
, , ,
...
,
, .
().
: , , . - ,
.

, .
, .
,
[Ep 75].

266

 , , .
, (confusa) .
,
.
. , , .
7. De intellectus emendatione
, , , , , TIE.
,
, .1

TIE ,
, , .
- . XIX , TIE
.
. TIE, , 1661 .
, , .
KV2 , TIE , KV; TIE
, ,
-

. , . 18.
Spinoza B. Korte verhandeling van God, de mensch en deszelvs welstand / Breve trattato su
Dio, luomo e il suo bene. LAquila: Japadre, 1986. (
), , (F. Mignini).
(893 .) .
2

267

.1 , ,
TIE .2
TIE . , , , ,

.3 , .
, , . ,
TIE 1893 . , .
TIE ,4
.. , .. ,
. ,
. , ,
,
.5 . ,
,
.
, ,
TIE .
. ..
, 6

Klever W. Spinozas life and works // The Cambridge companion to Spinoza. Cambridge
University press, 1996, p. 21.
2
, , , [ ]
, [ ] ,
1675 : Ceterum de reliquis, nimirum de motu, quaeque ad methodum
spectant, quia nondum ordine conscripta sunt, in aliam occasionem reservo [Ep 60].
, , , , TIE.
3
, . 10.
4
. . . .: , 1934.
5
.: .. . .: , 1930.
6
. , . 1, . 626.

268

- . , .
, emendatio , .1 , , ?
emendatio. : , , (
).
, de intellectus emendatione,
, ; , ,
Couturat la purification de lentendement, Freudenthal Luterung des Verstandes.2

TIE, , .
(expurgatio) . expurgatio , , .

, (de expurgatione intellectus ut ipse ad
veritatem habilis sit). , ,
. ,
.3
,
, , , , ,
[Phaed. 67cd].

, - TIE ( , 105, 1910, . 330).

2
, . 56.
3
( , . 54), .
, ,
( .. .
. II. .: , 1994, . 81).

269

, , , , .
( )
.
: , . TIE .
?
, . , , , . , , , . , . .

, .
, .
:
, emendatio TIE. ?
, (summa perfectio) [CM 2.3]. , . , , . , TIE,
.
, -
.1

,
, , , , .
. [TTP 4, 159], , emendare perficere ():
1

Ideae, quo plus perfectionis alicujus objecti exprimunt, eo perfectiores sunt [TIE, 108].

270

 , ,
, .1

, ?
,
. : . ,
emendatio, . ,
, , emendatio purification (. );
Luterung. lutern - ,
: , (. . laute
, lautus ), .
, , . .
. ,
.
,


.
, , .
.

;
... , , , ... , ... ;
( , ..)
... , , , , ,
:
, .2

In vita itaque apprime utile est, intellectum seu rationem, quantum possumus, perficere
[Eth4 apx cap4].
2
// . , . 7.

271

 , , . , ,
.
TIE , , , ,
.
TIE:

, ...
, ,
.1

.
, ,
,
.2
TIE
,
, , ,
. , ,
.

, .
,
,
. , , . .3 , , :

, . 3-4.
.. // , 2-3, 1927, . 56-64.
3
.: . , // - . .: , 1925, . 47-74.
2

272

 , , mos geometricus
, , , . . , ,
, , ,
, .1

, . . - ,
, ,
. ,
.
.
,
.2 ,
.


.3
.
,
, (1964) ,
. , , , (1971).

. , . 149, .
. . : ,
1922, . 125.
,
.
3
Spinoza in Soviet Philosophy (ed. by G.L. Kline). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952,
pp. 12-13.
2

273

 TIE , , .1
, .
TIE, notiones communes
, , , .

, , .
,2
. , , ,
,
, , .3

3. :
.. , :
.
, , .
.<> .4

.
, ,
.
1

- : .
2
.: .. // , 2, 1990, . 69-75.
3
.. // , 1977, , . 48.
4
.. // . , 1, 2006, . 295.

274

, , ,
- . , ,
.
.. , ,
, :
,
(
), , .1

, : , - .
...
, , ?

-,
.
8.
II ( 1924 ), . , ,
. :
, .2
: una eademque est res sed duobus
modis expressa...

.. .. : . .: , 1993, . 97.
2
..
/ , 6 . .: , 1982-1984, . 1, . 57 .

275

, ,
.
. , . ( ) , .

, .
, . . ,
, . , : , .

.. .1 .
, ,
. , . - , .
,
, , ,
, .2

? : ,
. , -

1
2

, . 1, . 76.
, . 72.

276

 . ,

, , .1

, -, , . ,
, .
.
(conatus in suo esse perseverare), , (appetitus). :
... , , , ,
[Eth3 pr9 sch].

,
, .
. causa efficiens
, .
.
:

.2

, . ,
( 20- , )
, .3
. ,
1

, . 75.
, . 77.
3
... meine eigne Natur, die ein Ganzes von Bedrfnissen und Trieben ist (konomische
Manuskripte 1857-1858 / Marx Engels Werke. Berlin: Dietz, 1983, Bd. 42, S. 157).
2

277

 . . , .
- .
, , .1

? , .
,
. , ..
, .
, .
,
, : ,
, . : . appetitus
. , ,
, . ,
.
.
, ,
.2

.. / , . 1, . 85.
2
, .

( .. / , . 6,
. 86).

278

 9.
, , . , ,
. , ? Natura naturans
, ,
-. , ,
, , .

. -
, - .
, , - .
-?
.
. , (a toolmaking animal)1
.
. ,
, . , (opera intellectualia) .
(instrumenta intellectualia),
?
. .
. .

.
, - .
,
1

(.:
Boswells Life of Johnson, 6 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1887, vol. 3, p. 245). (das Yankeetum).

279

 . , .
,
.1 - .
.
, .
, , , , . ,
:
,
, . ... . ... ,
, , . ...
,
, ; .2

, .
: , .

, ? ,

( -) .
, , .3
? , , , , , .
1

.: / , . 1, . 319.
.. / , . 3, . 89-90.
3
... , . 138.
2

280

 . . : , .
.
, , ,
.
, , . .1
: ,
, . , ,
, ,
. .
, ,
,
.
:
, .2
, ,
, . , .3

. , , , . ,

, .
, : .4 ,
[Eth2 pr49 sch].
. ,
:
1

Stolz der Vlker auf ihr Werkzeug (Hegel G.W.F. Jenaer Systementwrfe III. Naturphilosophie und Philosophie des Geistes. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1987, S. 188).
2
.. / , . 2, . 360.
3
.. / , . 6, . 90.
4
Vulgus vocabula primum invenit [CM 1.6].

281

 , .1

, B. .
, .
,
, .
, , , . , . , ,
. , ,
. .
-
. , .

, , ,
.
, ,
, .
. ... ,
. ,
, , , ,
,
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282

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284

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285

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.. , . 72.

287

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2
: De potentia intellectus seu de libertate humana.
3
.. , . 357.

288

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289

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2
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Homini nihil homine utilius [Eth4 pr18 sch].

290

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.

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, . 139.

291

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3
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4
.
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292

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3
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4
, . 3, . 75.
5
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6
, . 3, . 469-476.
2

293

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.: Berlin I. Review of George L. Kline, Spinoza in Soviet philosophy // Oxford Magazine,

1953, vol. 71, p. 232-233.
2
. / , . 23, . 21.

294

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(. 326).
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3
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295

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4
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296


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297

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298

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4
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299

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300

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, . 230, 291.
.. // , 2 . .: - , 1971, . 2, . 51.
3
.: Spinoza B. Theological-Political Treatise (ed. by J. Israel). Cambridge University
press, 2007, p. 6, 10, 80. , [Eth5 pr40].
(agere conatus) , [Eth3 pr7 dm].
2

301

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... scilicet historia naturae, ex qua, utpote ex certis datis, rerum naturalium definitiones
concludimus [TTP 7, 98]. . ..
3
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2

303

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4
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2

306

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, .

.. , . 46.
... magnum solamen iis, qui ratione non ita pollent [TTP 15, 187].
3
.: // , 10, 2006, . 127.
2

307


, . ,
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308

 .
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.
2007 -
.
(2007, 2),
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, (--: , 2007).
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.

309


. // , 1925, 7, . 144-168
.. //
, 1927, 2-3, . 22-55 ( . .: - , 1971, . 2,
. 33-58)
. . . .: 1894
M.C. , . .: , 1977
.. . .: , 1964
.. . .: .. , 1914
.. // , 1927, 2-3, . 56-64
.. ? , 1928
., . . . .: , 1932
., . ( 300- . )
// , 1977, 5, . 63-73
.. // , 1897, . 37, . 157-184
. - // , 1885, . 10,
. 114-136; . 11, . 125-146; . 12, . 122-149
. . ,
. .: .. , 1905
.. // , 1970, 6, . 119-130
.. . . ., 1947
M. . , 1931
A.M. // , 1927,
20, . 5-29
.M. (1632-1677) // , 1927, 2-3,
. 5-21
.M. // , 1927, 3
. : . . .
.: Per Se, 2000
. , ( ). .: 1902
.. . .: , 1974. ( 2.
, . 19-54)
.. ( ) // . ( ). .: , 1997, . 170-195
.. // , 1977, , . 46-48
.. // , 1990, 2, . 69-75
.. [ ] // .. : .
.: , 1999, . 201-244
.. . .: , 1914
. // - , 1988. ., 1989, . 332-342
310

 .. . , 1865 (, 1897 .
.)
.. . .: , 1971
.. . .: , 1972 ( V. ,
. 131-160)
.. . ., 1947
.. . .: , 1960
, 2007, 2:
.. . . 1: . .:
- , 1914
A.B. . .: - ,
1933
A.B. . .: , 1925
.. . .: , 1895
.. (.) : pro et contra. .: , 2012
.. (.) . .
. --: , 2007
.. . : , 1998
.. . . .: , 1930
. . .: , 1940
.. . . .:
, 1895
B.H. . .:
, 1913
B.H. // . ,
. .:
, 1914
.. //
, 1913, . 118, . 317-398
.. . .: , 1913
.. . M.: , 1973 (1977, . .)
.. . ., 1964
.. ( ) //
, 1897, . 38, . 383-414
. , . I: XV-XXX. .: . ,
1862, . 191-509
. , . II: , , .
. 2- . . .: .. , 1906 (.: , , 2005)
.. : .
., 1927
.. (.) . . .: , 1999
B.C. . .: , 1914
. . .: 1893

311



 
  
 

 




 

 

  
 
 

 

  



 
  

 

 

 




 


   


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