Степанов Ю. С. - Французская Стилистика - 2003

EBK 81.
20>p-5
CTenaHOB l OpHH C e p r e e B H i
O p a H u y j c K a j i cTHjincTHKa ( b c puni i e i i HH c pyc cKof t ) : Y q e i r o e n o c o n e .
H 3 f l . 3 - e , C T e p e o T H n H o e . M . : E f l H T o p n a j i Y P C C , 2 0 0 3 . 3 6 0 c .
I S B N 5 - 3 5 4 - 0 0 3 8 0 - 6
B flaHHoit KHHre paccMaTpHBaeTca 4>paimy3CKaH CTiurHCTHKa b cpaBHeHHH
c p y ccKof t. CpaBHHHe noMoraeT h o h h t b KaK Ty, ia K h p y r y i o .
KHHra oxBaTMBaeT craracTHicy npaKTH'cicoft peHH (obweHHoro asHKa) h
CTHUHCTHKy XyflOXeCTBeHHOft peiH (H3HKa HCKycCTBa n p 03BI H II033KM). H x
o&beaHHeHHe b o h h o h KHure ocHOBBiBaeTca Ha oixmx npnHmmax a3HKa (oSmefi
JIHHTBHCTHKH H CeMHOTHKH). HOBKte HêH H HOBeiffliaH TepMHHOJIOrna B 3T0 C(tiepe
HanuiH oTpaxceHHe b cneiorajibHO BHncwiHeHHOM ju in HacTosmjero H3flaHHH nepeBOse
OraaBJieHiw Ha 4 >patmy3CKHH a s h k .
Ha 1 erp. ojicbkkh: E. C. Kpyznmoea. HiunocTpaipiH k KHitre apt* HaKaHyHe bokhm
b mohothiihjdc E. C. KpyrjnucoBoit. 1916.
H3âTeaiiCTB0 EflHTOpuaa YPCC. 117312, r. MocKBa, np-T 60-jieTHH OicraSps, a- 9.
JIimeH3HH WJ .N*905175 ot 25.06.2001 r. Ilo^nHcano k neâra 12.05.2003 r.
OopMaT 60x90/16. THpax: 400 3K3. Ileq. j i . 22,5. 3ax. N 2-979/178.
OmeiaTaHO b THnorpa^mn OOO Poxoc. 117312, r. MocKBa, np-T 60-jiern Okth5pi, 9.
!/l3flATEJlbCTBO
HAYMHOft MyMEBHOl/i JlMTEPATyPbl
ISBN 5 - 3 54- 00380- 6
E-mail: URSS@URSS.ru
KaTanor H^qaHK
s Internet: http://URSS.ai
Ten./<J)aKC: 7 (095) 135-44-23
Ten./cfjaKc: 7 (095) 135-42-46
K). C. CTenaHOB, 2002, 2003
EHTopHaji YPCC, 2003
BBEEHHE
I. 0 BIUEJHHrBHCTH4 ECKHE OCHOBbl
CTHJIHCTHMECKOrO AHAJ1M3A
t . KapTa I3MKa C T0>1KH 3peHHH COBpeMeHHOH JIHHrBHCTHKH.
JteHeHHH HypOBHH. HTObl yaCHHTfa MeCTO CTHJIHCTMKH cpeaH Apy-
rHx jiKHrBHCTHqecKHX kcuwjmhh, HeoxoAHMO npeacaBHTb ce6e
OUjyK) KapTHHy H3bIKa HJIHHrBHCTHKH. 0 a MH b TajiHiiax 1 H2.
TaAUiia 1
Kapta s 3UKa c tomkh 3peHa COBpeMeHHOH jihhfbhcthkm
\ ^ M j i e H e H H e
I
OHOCTOpOH-
HHe eaHHHUH
(4)OHeMU),
t . e . He c o o x -
HOCKMbie He-
n o c p e A c t B e H H O
c o 3i i aqeHHeM
11
ByCTOpOHHHe ejlHHHUhl (Mop-
(jieMbi, c a o B a , n p e ^ J i o i K e H H a ) ,
t . e . eooTHOCHMbie H e n o c p e a -
CTB6HHO CO 3HaMeHHeM
y p O B S H f a ^ ^ \
III
COOTHOCHMbie
c B n y T p H a s w -
KOBblM, CHH-
T3KCH.HeCKHM
3Ha i eHHe M
IV
COOTHOCHMHe
C BHeH3bIICOBHM
3nai eHHeM
C T p y i c r y p a
r l o p Ma
VlHHHBH/iya.nb-
Haa p e q t
OCT3HOBHMCH Ha OCHOBHblX nOHHTHflX qjieHeHHHX H ypOBHflX.
^jieneHHH b 33biKe npeACTaBJieHhi b Ta 6 ji nue 1 BepTHa^bHbiMH
KOJIOHKMH.
r i e p B o e u i e H e H H e OTAejiaeT oAHecTopoHHHe 6Ahhhuu H3bi-
Ka (})OHeMu h 3ByKH, t . e. eAHHHUH, He cooTHeceHHHe HenocpeA-
CTB6HBO CO 3HaHCHHeM. <&OHeMH pa3JIHqaiOT 3ByKOBbie OOJIOqKH
cjiob. TaKHM 0pa30M, nepBoe qjieHeHHe npeACTaBJiaeT ruiaH Bbipa-
JKeHHH fl3b!K3.
B T o p o e M J i e H e H H e npeACTaBJ i aeT ABycTopoHHHe eAHHHUH
MOp4>eMbI, CJlOBa H npeAJIOiKeHHH (BbICKa3b I Ba HHa ) , T. e . eAHHHHK.
n e n o c p e , c T B 6HHO CBH3 ainHwe c o 3Ha<qeHKeM. OAHawo n o x a p a m e o y
SHaêHHH 3t o t ruiaH m o j k c t 6biTb Aa J i e e p a c q j i e H e H eme Ha Asa* J.
T p e x b e M J i e H e H H e OTAejiaeT Te eAHHHUbi, KOTOpbie h m c j o t c h h -
TaKCHêcKoe 3HaMeHHe, t . e. y K a 3biBaiOT Ha OTHOuieHHa MewAy Apy-
THMH H3HKOBHMH eAHHHU.aMH H CJiyHtaT AJIH CHHTaKCHHeCKOFO IiO-
HHMaWHH TeKOTa TIOHHMaiH'HH CJBH3 H 'M'JKAy CJTOBaMH. T B C p-
T o e H J i e n e H H e OTAeJiaeT Te eAHHHUH, KOTOpbie h m c i o t HecHH-
T a K c n q e c K o e 3 Ha<ieHHe, t . e. 03HaqaeM0e KOTOpbix JieacHT BHe H3biKa;
9TO HBJieHHH AeHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, npeAMeTbl B IHHpOKOM CMUUie
CJlOBa, BKJmaH aCTpaKTHbie HBJieHHH, AeCTBHH, CBOHCTBa, n p H3-
naKH h t . n .
EcTecTBeHHO, h t o o a h o h t o ce cji obo hjih OAHa h Ta s e Mop-
(J)eMa, hjih Apyroft sjieMeHT H3biKa, woryT lOOBMemaTh ickhtaKiCHne-
QKHe h HecHHTaiHCHqeaKH>e aHaqefHHH. Ho 9TO nmKOJi hxo e KOe&'rer
npaBHJibHOCTH yKa3aHHbix qêHeHHH, a 03HaqaeT TOJibKO, h t o Tanne
CJlOBa, Mop<}>eMbi h Apyrne 3JieMeHTH MoryT H3ynaTbca c pa3Hbix
T0 M6K 3peiHHH. Ta'K, ecJTH (JjpaHuyacKHH apruKJib BbrpawaeT, c ohohoR
CTOpaHbl, IBOaiMOBKiHOCiTb U H6BOl3MiO*HOCTb CMHTaTb Hipe&iMeTH
u n p a i n oduu xneeu, jipcmrB d u p a i n XAe ( K m Be me c r a o ) , t o
o h MMeer eiCHHTaiMCHoeciKoe, iBHesraMKOBoe 3HavewHe h Monter
biTb npeAMeTOM H3yieHHH b M0 p<|>0 Ji0 rHH h JieKCHKOJiorHH. CoBep-
rneHHO hhoh cJi yiaft, KorAa apTHKJib BbipawaeT OTHOiuenne cji oea
k ApyrHM cjiob a m cji oBocoeTHHH hjih npeAJio*eHHH: f a i r e de l e a u :
i l s o n t f a i t de l e a u a v a n t d e p a r t i r o h u sanaCACb npecno eodo
nep e d ebie3OM, rAe e a u paiBsranpaBHO c f a i r e h f a i r e e a u : cet t e
b a r q u e f a i t e a u AOdua d a j i a r enb, rAe OTcyTCTBHe apTHKJia noKa-
sbiBaeT HecaMOGTOHTejibHOCTb cjioBa eau. ApTHKJib 3Aecb coBepweK-
HO T3K w e OTJIHHaeT 0 0 JI0 ,Ky OAHOrO CJIOBOCOqeTaHHH OT OOJIO1!
kh Apyroro, KaK ^ o h c mu pa3JiHqaioT oojioukh cjiob; oh HMeeT e
3t om cj i yqae CHHTaKCH'iecKoe, BHyTpHH3biK0 B0 e 3HaqeHHe H mojkt
H3yuiaTbicH ib OiHTaOH!ce. MeoKiAy t s m bo a c e x l e r u pe x cji yqaax
penb HAeT 0 6 oahom h t om K e cflOBe apTHKJie.
] 1o Ao 6 h o npHBeASHHHM (J)paHUy3CKHM pa3JIHHaK)TCH CJieAyiO-
m,He pyccKHe o6opoTH: 1-e npoTHBonocTaBJieHHe: ocrpbi hook h
1 O nepBOM h BTopoM qfleHeHHH cm. A. M a r t i n e t. Arbitraire linguistique
et d o u b l e articulation, Cahiers F. d e Saussure, 15, 1957, pp. 105116.
6
HOOK OCTpbl, 3AeCb nOpflflOK CJIOB (b COBOKynHOCTH C HHTOHaUH-
eft) Bbipasca-eT ib nepoiM cjiyqae tnpacroe iHasMBaiHHe, bo BropoM
cflyi ae cyKAeHHe, yTBepxAeHHe npH3HaKa, h HMeeT, cjieaoBa-
TCJIbHO, BHeH3faI'KOBOe, B npHHHTOM H3MH 3HaqeHHH TepMHHa, H He-
cHHTaKCHMecKoe 3HaneHHe; 2-e tipOTHBQioctBJieHue ocrputi hook
h hook ocTpbi (b moojimnm mynae, m b BhipajKewHH bto eMij
hook ocrpbil h c yAapeHHeM b oohx cJiyqasx na hook) t o * e pa3-
jiHHHe b nopa^Ke cjiob He HMeeT HHKaKoro BHeH3bK0B0r0 sHaneKHH,
a yKasHBaeT TOJibKO Ha pa3HHity cJjopM, ooJioueK cjioBocoqeTaHHft
(KOTOpbie, KpoMe (j)opMH, pa3JiHqaK>TCH eme h 3HaneHaeu), b 3tom
cJiyiae nopaAOK cjiob HrpaeT Ty we pojib, m o cJjoHeMU b 3ByK0B0fi
OOJIOHKe CJOB H HMeeT BHyTpHH3HK0B0e, no npHHHTO H3MH T8p-
MHHJiorHH, icMHTaiKicmeaKoe gHaêiHHe.
B aacToameft KHHre, TaM rAe p e % h a t o npoTHBonocTaBJieHHH
H II qjieHeHH, HJlaiH Bbipa:>K'aH;HH (nOHWMaeTiCH KaKCIRJOHHM I4t0-
nojiormecmPi, (pOHermecKiih; TaM me, m e penb He HAei 06 3tom,
n.TatH iBHipasceHHH yinorpeJifleaicH KaK -chhohhm oHTaiKiCB'tie-
Hainp'HMep, oiicyTCTSHe w irupHcyrcuBae apTHKJia b faire
eau faire de l'eau hjih pa3HbiH nopHAOK cjiob b ocrpbi hook
hook ocrpbt naaKOJibiKy mu patBMHiBa0m o t h i&opoTbi ecTb qep-
Ta iiuiaHa BbipaiHceiHiKa. B caMoft AeftcTBHTejibHocrK H3HKa eT
peisKHK (TipaiHHU MesAy pa&HH/M'H TcyKaiMH njiaiHa BbpaaceHHa
h nJiaHa coAepwaHHH. TaKHX rpaHHU, HeT, BnpoqeM, h MeacAy ypoB-
HHMH, H Boome Me>KAy KaKHMH-JlHO AeJieHHSMH, npHHHTHMH
aayiKe 0 H3MKe.
3aMeTHM, BirpoêM, mto qjieHeHHs, npeACTaBJieHHbie b TaJiHue
BepTHKaJIbHHMH K0JI0HK3MH, He CTOJlb CymeCTBeHHbl JiJIH AaHHOH
KHHTH, KaK AeJieHHH Ha ypOBHH.
B OCHOBS coBpeMeHHoro npeACTaBJieHHH o H3HKe ji6>kht crporoe
pasrpaHaqeHHe ypoBHe. B Hameft KHHre pa3rpaHHWBaK)TCf CTpyK*
rypJbtH yspoiBeHb, ypoBeHb hqpmm h ypoBHb muahib hAyanbh0h penn1
(inoapo6aee 0 6 ypoHHX cm. wsej.
iêêHHK) H3biKa KaK npeAMeTa HayKH, oSpncoBaBiiieMycH b Ha-
CTOataee BpeMH, TOJibKO b o c h o b h o m C00TBeTCTByeT AejieHKe caMofi
YpOBHH S3bIKa 3flecb BCIOfly nOHHMaiOTCH TK, KK OHH OnHCSHM B paCoTe
Si. C o s e r i u . Sistema, norma y habla, h 2-e ma. Montevideo, 1952; 3-e
l oi aBTOpa - Teorfa del enguaje y lingstica gnrai , Gredos, Madrid,
O coepxaHHH 3Toft pafioTH mojkho noîyiHTfa npeacTaB/ieHKe h3 peiien-
M , ^ rbeBa B c6- CPyKTyPHO-THnoJiorKqecKHe HccjieAOBaHH, AH
CCCP, M., 1962, CTp. 206210.
O HenoMeABaTeji bHocTH rpaAHmiOHHbtx h o k t k h rpaMMat HKa, Mop<bo-
Jlomst*, CHHTaKCHC H H8 nOJIHOM COOTBeTCTBHH HX COBpeMeHHblM npeCTaBJie-
iihhm o 3HKe A. M a r t i n e t . YKa3. c o h . PaHee ara B o n p o c n u m p o K o
obcyxjianHci) JiHHreHcraMH FIpaxcKo uikojih.
7
HaiyKH. Mwor o a y ^ H u x HiocjieiaoBaiHHii, BnoJiHe ' j c t k r i x tno m b m i h h
n o cooTBeTCTBHJo hx npeMeTy Hayna, He yKJiaAbmaiOTCi ueJiHKOM b
TOT HJIH HHOH H3 06menpH3HaHHbJX, OJiee HJIH MeHee yCTOHBLOHXC
OTfleJIOB H3bIK03HaHH3.
TaKHM 0pa30M, KapTa COBpeMeHHO JIHHrBHCTHKH TOJibKO B
rjiaBHOM coBna/ i aeT c KapTo H3HKa. 3 t o n0Ka3aH0 Ha cjieAVfoune
Taj i Hue:
TaAuqa 2
Kapta coBpeMeHHoft j ih h t bh c t h k h
\ MaeHeHHe
I
II
y p o B e H b
III IV
CipyKTypa <>0H0ji0rHfl CipyKTypHaa rpaMMaiHKa
HopMa $ 0HeTHKa
CeMaFiTH'iecKafl (xpaAHUHOK-
Has) rpaMMamKa h j i c k c h k o -
jiorHH
HHAHBHflyajib-
Hah p e i b
toHeraKa h h -
AHBHAyajib-
Ho pe^H
CHHT3KCHC HH-
flHBHflyajIb-
h o h peru
JleKCHKOJIOrHH
HHAHBHAyajIb-
h o p e i H (Ha
npHMep, H3feIKa
KaKoro-jiHo
mc a r em)
2. ypoBeHb CTpyKTypw. IToa cTpyKTypoH Boome, h b h3mkc-
3HaHHH b *iacTHOCTH, noHHMaeTCH TaKoe coqeTaHHe 9JieMeHT0B, b
KOTOpOM aneMeiHT o6yoiio,BJieH ceMH <Apyr.HMH. rpynina
aKCKypcaHTOB, HanpHMep, ne opa3yeT CTpyKTypbi, Tan KaK kojih-
iiecTBO h BHyrpeHHHe oTHouieHHH jhoach b stom cjiyqae 6e3pa3Jini*
Hbl. B3BO COJIaT, HanpOTHB, HBJIHeTCH npHMepOM CTpyKTypbi: OH
MOiKeT cymecTBOBaTb KaK uejioe TOJibKO npn onpeaeJieHHOM h He-
H3MeHHOM (hjih H3MeHHiom,eMCH TOJibKO b y3KHX npeziejiax) KOJH-
qecTBe JiioAeft h npn onpeaeJieHHbix h HeH3MeHHbix OTHOiiieHHHX
Me*Ay hhmh. Kawflbi cojiâT oJiaflaer KanecTBOM cojiâTa jihhiij
B CHJiy 3THX yCJIOBH.
H3biK npeACTaBJifleT coofi CTpyKTypy noTOMy, u t o cTpyKTypHbi-
mh hbjihiotch ero CHCTeMa (|)OHeM (4>0H0Ji0rHH) h cHCTeMa rpaMMa-
t h k h (M0p<}>0Ji0rHH h CHHTaKCHc). 4 t o KacaeTca cJiBapHoro cocTa -
Ba, t o , xot h h Hec0MHeHH0, mt o no KpaHe Mepe HeKOTopbie e r o
Ma'CTH, anpHwep h.m6ha poimcTBa, o6pai3yKT crpyicrypbi, o,HaK>o
OCTaeTCH OTKpbITbIM BOHpOC O TOM, OfijiaflaeT JIH JieKCHKa B UeJlOM
CTpyKTypO B TOM CMHCJie, KaK 4>OHOJIOrHH H TpaMMaTHKa.
8
1
CTpynTypa 83HKa HMeeT HAeaJibHoe cymecTBOBaHHe b BHAe cera
OTHOmeHH, CBH3HBaK>mHX 3JeMeHTbI H3blKa. n p H 9T0M CaMH 3Jie-
MeHTH cymecTByiOT MaTepHaJibHO h OTHKiflb He eo3AaioTCH oTHorne-
hhhmh. Tm He MeHee OTHOiueHHS, HAeaJibHaa cropoHa HeorbeM-
jieMoe cboSctbo J3biKa. Pa3yMeeTca, mto b CHJiy sroro CTpyKTypa
5t3biKa He OCTynna HenoepeACTBeHHOMy Ha6JiKeHHio. Cy>Kfl&HHfi
o He npeACTaBJiaiOT cooft b cymHOCTH rHiiOTe3bi, KOTOpbie npoBe-
pjOTCH b npaKTHKe Aaj i bHefi mero H3yueHHH H3biKa h n0Jib30BaHHH
HM, H, 6CJIHnOATBepjKJiaiOTCH, CTaHOBHTCHTeopHHMH.
TaK KaK Jiymue Bcero H3yqeHH b HacToamee BpeMH CTpyKTypH
b (JjoHCVioniH h rpawMaTHKe, to hmchho m hhx nejiecoo6pa3HO
B3HTb npHMepbi AJia CTpyKTypHoro ypOBHH.
B CHereMe 4)OHeM KajKflbift qJieH $OHeMa onpeAejiaeTCH ero
oraouieHHHMH k apyrHM qjieHaM. OraomeHHH 3 t h npeAeJibHO qerKH,
a KOvTHqecTBO (J)OHeM Bcer.ua CTporo orpaHHueHO (He MeHee 2 0 H
He o j i e e 6 0 ) . TaK, <ppaHuy3CKan poneMa [ r ] 1 oneneJi neTCf i KaK;
1) ajieMeHT KaTeropHH corJiacHbix; 2 ) ajieMeHT noAKaTeropHH co-
rj iacHbix, BCTpeqaiomHXCH h b KOHeqHO h b Haqaji bHoft i i o 3 h u h h :
r - u e, p a - r - - r ; 3) 3JI6M6ht nomaTeroip' HH icsarJalCHbix, Bcer.ua r p a H q -
qamHx c rJiacHUMH, n03T0My b HaqaJibHwx r p y n n a x [r] c t o h t Ha
s r a p oM iwecre, a ib iKonemhi x M a a o p m : t r - a p p e , p o - r t e ; 4) [r]
O'beflHHHeTCH MHOrHMH oSmHMH npH3H3KaMH C 4>OHeMOH [1] KaK
njiaBHbi corJiacHbifl h t . a.
OnwcaHHaa TaiKHM apa30M 4>ohbma [r], KaK h BCJMaa npoHBMa
H bch CHCTeMa 4>OHeM b nejOM, npeACTaBJiaeT c o 6 o h HeKOTopyio a 6 -
crpaKUHfo ( r a K KaK cyiuHOCT, ee 3aKJUOiaeTCH b c t h o u i c h h h k
flpyrHM 4>HeMaM, a OTHOuieHHH m o j k h o npeACTaBHTb TOJibKO KaK
aolCTpaiKTHbre). B aePtcmmejihnacyri x e 3ra 4)OHeMa peajirayercH r
OBOJibHO pa3Hbix BapaaHTax 3ByqaHHH: HanpHMep, hjih KaK nepeA-
HeH3bIHHH& BHpaHT ( r r o u l ) , HJIH KaK 3af l HeH3bi qHH mej l eBOH
3ByK (r grassey), npHneM Ka>KAiH H3 s t h x BapnaHTOB HMeer e m e
MHOJKCTBO pa3HOBHAHOCTeft. Boo6 He, peaJlbHO B peMH npOH3HOCHT-
ch ropa3%o o j i b i u e 3ByKOB, n e u cymecTByeT 4>0HeM.
C T p y K T y p a a 3 bi k a n p e AC T a B J i a e T c o o f t e r o
BHyTpeHHl OI O OCHOBy, OCTa i OUt yi OCH He H3 Me HHOH
n p n p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 HHx B a p n a u H H X b p e i H . Fl03T0 My
CTpyKTypa H3bma ecTb HHBapnaHT ( t . e. qaerb, ocTaromaaca HeH3-
MeHHOH).
3. ypoBeHb HopMM. Ka mh BHAejiH Ha npHMepe c (ppaHixy3-
ckoh tjOHeMOH [r], CTpyKTypa ssbiKa Bcerâ AonycKaer npa peajiH-
33AHH ee B p6MH AOBOJIbHO IHHpOKHe BapHaUHH. FIpeAejIbl 3THX B3 -
pHauHH onpeAeJieHbi caMo CTpyKTypofi. TaK, $paHuy3CKaa <|)OHe-
1 ripHMep H3 CTTbn JT. E jt b m c ji e b a. # 3h k h peqb, pyccK. nepeB. b KHHre
. A. d b e r h h e b a. HcTopna H3UK03HaHHH XIX h XX b kob b OHepKax h
9
Ma {r] MOJKeT c b o o a h o BapbHpoBaTbca b n p e Ae j i a x o t nepeflHea3biM-
Horo BHpaHTa a o 3aAHeH3biqHoro me-aeBoro, KOTOpbift b oTAeJib-
h h x c j i y q a a x MO*eT coBnaAaTb flasKe co 3bohkhm meJieBHM r a n a
yiKtpaniHiOKoro m h t modo r [y]. B ipyicoKOM natiiKe npeAeJibi cbo-
o a h o h BapHau.HH (JiOHeMbi {r] * e : OHa He MoweT A o c r a r a T b cTy-
neHH [nr ], TaK KaK nocjieAHHH HBJiHeTca b pyccKOM BapHaHTOM Apy-
rof i 4>0HeMbi [g]. B s i i o h c k o m H3biKe BapHaumi [r] e m e u i n p e , TaK
KaK b CHy OTcyTOTBHH $ 0 HeMbi [[], [r] M o x e r 3ByqaTb KaK [1],
K a r a e Ba p n a u H H H3 Bc ex, AonycKaeMbi x CTpyKTypoft, o m e n p H -
HSTbi, 3t o onpeaejiHeTCH T p a a n u n e H AaHHoro omecTBa. C o b o -
K y n H O C T b o m e n p H H H T H X , T p a j H U H O H H H X p e a j i n -
s a u H C T p y K T y p b i c o c T a B J i n e T y p o B e H b H o p M b i 1.
Ta K, H3 Bc ex b o 3 m o j k h m x npoH3HomeHHH 4>paHuy3CKor o [r] n p n -
h h t o 3aAHee, n e p e A H e e * e ( r o u l ) BCTpeqaeTCH b k k h o h n a c r a
C>paHUHH, HO C^HTaeTCH HeJIHTepaTypHUM. HeOXOAHMO 3aMeTHTb,
mt o h nepeAHee npoH3HomeHHe Bce * e OTJiHqaeTCH o t pyccKor o, oho
Marne Ha cji yx, a c t o h k h 3peHHH apraKyjimHH b HeM MeHbme
BHpauHH; ho b HeM Bce * e oJibine BHpaunS- h o h o Bce x e TBep-
>Ke Ha cur yx, hom, a i n p m i e p , HicnawoKoe [r]. H s cex BoaMowHbi x
peaj i H3auH pyccKor o [r] npHHHTo o a h o nepeAHeH3bmHbift bh6-
paiHT, a 3aiaHeH3biqiHoe, i s r p a c c Hi p o Ba wn e , t o j w k i o lAooiycrHMO, o He
jiHTepaTypHO, h t o xce KacaeTca HSbmKOBoro, yByjiapHoro npoH3Ho-
ineHHH, t o o h o npH3HaeTCH HeTepnHMbiM.
T a K KaK KpoMe omenpHHHTbix, HHbie BO3M0WHbie peaJi H3amiH
CTpyKTypbi b HopMe o 6 b n mo He 3anpemaiOTCfl noj mocTbi o, a cy-
mecTByroT KaK BapnaHTbi c pa3Hoft CTeneHbio A o n y c r a Mo c r a , t o
Me>KAy BCeMH B03M0JKHHMH peaJIH3aiXHHMH B03HHK310T OTHOmeHHH,
nofl oHbi e oTHomeHHHM BHyTpH CTpyKTypbi, Me)KAy e e 3JieMeHTaMH.
TaK, A4 H pyCCtKOH iHOpMbl peHH IBasCHO He TOJibKO 4)OHOJIOrHM8CKO(*,
c TpyiKTy p o e npoTHBanoiCTaBJieHHe Mfl!rKH,x-TBepwbix corJi aoHbi x $ o -
HeM, h o h npOTHBonocTBJieHHe Tex pea;iH3aij;Hft, BapnaHTOB^ b ko-
Topbi x BonjiomaiTCH a r a <J)OHeMbi, HanpHMep, pa3HHi ia npoH3Home-
i h n y z b e u n b i bimsct o n y z ' b e u t ^ u ihjim k o h h u k Mecrro KOHbHUK.
ripOTHBOn0CT3BJieHHfl 3ByKOB B HOpMe Heb3H CMeUIHBaTb C fipOTH-
BonocTaBJieHHHMH $OHeM: nepBHx npoTHBonocTaBJieHH r 0pa3A0
oj i bme: b CTpyKType npoTHBonocTaBJiHiOTCH TOJibKO <}>OHeMb, b
HopMe peajiH3an,HH oaho (JJOHeMW A p y r Apyry h pea^H3aiiHH
KaKflo (})OHeMbi peajiH3auHHM Bcex Apyrwx $0HeM.
H 3 3T0 OCOeHHOCTH CJleAyeT, MTO HOpMy HeJIb3H npeACTaBJIHTb
c e 6 e c y ma c TBy i o i n e H TOJibKO MarreipHajibHo, Ha n p HMe p , b b h a p e -
a.TbHbix npoH3HomeHHft , KOTOpbie m o j k h o c j i b i u i a Tb . O H a c y me c TBye T
h MaTepuaj i HO, h HAeaJi bHo, TaiK aK ih e e a n e T o ^ b Ko c r p y K -
T y i p y (np:aHii3MBafor o t h o u i eHHH.
MaTepHaJi bHaa c r o p o H a HopMH ^HKCHpyeTCH b nHCbMeHHoft p e -
jh, r pa MMa THKa x h cj iOBapj ix, npoH3Home HHn h OTope c j i o b h t . n.
*7---------------
1 Cm. E. C o s e r i u. Sistema, norma y habla. Cp. A. A. JI e o h t b e b. yj<a3.
peiieH3HH.
10
CymecTBOBaHHe w e e e HfleajibHoft c t o p o h h ,uoKa3biBaeTCH y * e TeM,
HTO IHH OAHO HiB/ieHHe H-QpMbl p^JH iHeJTb33 'B U6JIQM CJIblUiaTb HJIH 3 3 -
(XHCaTb H3 )M3!PH HTOt^QHlHy K) IIUISHiKy OHO n03H3eTCH JI'HIUb OTHO-
C H T e J I b H O , OlHOICHTeJIbWO OTKJIOH6HHH.
4. HopMa peMH HBjieHHe HcropimecKoe. Bbirne mh onpej e-
JIHJIH K3K COBOKyilHOCTb OmenpHHHThlX (TpSAHUHOHHblx) peaJIH33-
UHH O'beKTHBHyK) H nOCTOHHHyK) HepTy H3bIKa ypOBeHb HOpMbl.
Oh in'0w p a 3Ae. i aeTCH n a J i e e a o i m e i n p h 3 'h a 'h h h e n p a b h ji h-
Hb i e p e a j i H 3 a u H H $ O H e M , Mo p <| >e M, c j i o b h t h i i o b
n p e f l J i o * e H H f t , 3 T 0 H o p M a p e i H b c o c t b c h h o m
h j i h y 3 k o m C MHC J i e C J l OB a ( h j i h n p o c t o H o p M a )
h He MeHee o6wenpH3HaHHbi e o u i h k h npOTHB Toro, h t o CHHTaeT-
CH npaBHJIbHHM, OIUHKH, KOTOpbie nO OAHOMy TOMy, HTO OHH o 6 m e -
npH3HaHHbI, CJie^yeT Ha3bIBaTb CKOpee O T KJ I OHe HHHMH OT HOp -
m bi. He cJieyeT AyM3Tb, h t o o t k j i o h c h h h o t HopMbt HeuTO Tai<oe,
OT l e r o MOJKHO H3aBHTb H3bIK 3aKOHOflaTeJlbHHM 3KT0M, paCHpO-
CTpaHeHHeM 0 6 p a 3 0 Ba HHH h TOMy noAOHHMH c peacTBaMH. H3a-
BHTbCH MOXHO OT HHAHBHAyaJIbHHX OIUHOK, HO Te HJIH HHUe OTKJIO-
H6HHH o t npaBHj i bHo peMH cymecTByiOT Bcerfl a. T a n , b coBpeMeH-
HOM pyCCKOM H3bIKe (J)OpMbI IIOBeJIHTeJlbHOrO HaKJIOHeHHH nOAOOKb
BMecTO noAooKU, n e r p o M b b mc c t o n e r p o z a , r p a n e a u b mc c t o rpaM-
e a , b C0 BpeMeHH0 M (J)paHuy3CK0M c h a i s p a s b mc c t o j e n e s a i s
p a s , ce s t m e s p a r e n t s b mc c t o ce s o n t m e s p a r e n t s h b j i h i o t c h o t -
KJIOHCHHHMH OT HOpMbl, HO He HHflHBHflyaJIbHblMH OIIIHKaMH, a HB-
JieHHHMH o6menpH3HaHHHMH B KaieCTBe OTKJIOHeHHH. TaKHe OT-
KJioHeHHH xapaKTepH3yiOT ueJi yio c t ^ e p y pyccKoft h j i h <{)p3Huy3CK0H
per a, Ha3hi'BaeMyio npooTapenneM ( l s n g u e popul ai r e) . CymecT-
ByiOT OTKJIOHeHHH AHaJieKTHbie, A8TCKHe H npOM., Bce 3T0 CHCTe-
Mbl B CBOeM poje.
HBJieHHe HOpMbl B COCTBeHHOM CMbICJie CJlOBa OTHOCHTejIbHO H
COOTHOCHTeJIbHO C OTKJIOHeHHHMH, CaMa HopMa B 3TOM CMHCJie Cy-
mecTByeT j mu i b nocTOJibKy, nocKOJibKy cymecTByiOT o t k j i o h c h h h o t
Hee, HO COepjKaHHe HOpMH H aHKJIOHeiHHH HCTOpHISCKH H3MeiTTI-
bo. F I o h h t h h npaBHJibHocTH p e r a MeHHiOTCi b n p e a e j i a x OflHOrO
H3biKa o t oflHoft HCT0 pHiecK0 3noxH k apyrofi. TaK, jih pyc c Kor o
H3HK3 H3H3JI3 X I X BeKa, b s n o x y TpHoeAOBa, cqHTaj iocb npaBHJib-
HblM COKpSIUaTb H He CKJIOHHTb nepBOe CJIOBO B CJIO>KHbIX HaHMeHO-
B3HHHX: KHH3b Heati HMeJIO CJIHTHOe npOH3HOUieHHe KHeeueaH, c
mecueaHOM.; Mo c K e a - p e K a , Ha Moc Ke a- pe Ke , o t Moct cea-pei cu h t . n.
Tenepb we TaKHe 4>opMbi cTOTaroTCH HenpaBHJibHbiMH, npocTopeq-
HblMH, OHH XapaKTepHU rJISBHblM 0p330M flJIH MOCKOBCKOrO XipO-
CTopeqHH h 3 i h h x AHefl (cp. KynaTbCH na MocneapeKe, na. nurb
l a n u T b n o n a n u A u b mc c t o nonuAU nat o h t . i n . ) . Bo ^paHuyaoKOM
H3biKe TO * e n op bi c wr a j i a c b npsBHJibHoa cj>opM3 a u x I n d e s
6 Hhuu, 6yKB3JibHo e Hhuhx, Tenepb ace s t o 3ByrHT k s k apxa-
3M, 3 npaBHuibHoft 4>opmoh inipH3H3eTica e n I n d e . H p y r o npiiMep -
i l
33MejaHHe IlyuiKHHa: KcTara o rpaMMaTHKe. 51 nnuiy t^bteanbi,
a ae mbLsane, rampe, a He rarapu. IIoqeMy? OTOMy mto Bce
HMeHa cymecTBHTeJibHbie, KonqaoiiiHecH Ha -huh, -hhuh,
- apUH H -apUH, HMeiOT CBOH pOHTeJIbHblH BO MHOWeCTBeHHOM
qncjie Ha - au, - m , - a p h - ap, a HMeHHTeJibHbift mho>kCt*
BeHHoro Ha -ane, -me, -ape u -npe. Bce me cymecTBHTeJib-
Hu e , KOHâowaecH Ha -an h <r-.m , -ap h -ap, hmchot bo mho-
JKeCTBeHHOM HMeHHTeJlbHblH Ha -Hbl, -HHbl, -pbl H -Hpbl,
a poAHTeJibHbiH Ha -aHoe, -HH08, - a p o e , - n p o e B COBpe-
MeHHOM H3hiKe npaBHJio, oTMeqeHHoe riymKHHbiM, ocTaeTca b o u e
jih cjiob, He oosHaqaiomHX HauHOHajibHOcrb ( KpecrbHHUH
upecTbHHe; a r a m n araManu), a b Ha3BaHHHx Hapo#OB 33MeHH-
Ji ocb KaK pa3 npoTHBoncwiojKHHM: m h roBopHM nbt aane, ho o j i z a p u
(XOTH H X3apbl ).
HCTOpHH OJIbUIHHCTBa pOM3 HCKHX JI HTepaTypHHX H3 MK0 B,
OTMmaeT P. A. B y n a r o r a , inotupaaAeJiaemcH a TpH jnap'HOina: ui ep-
b h x a p a K T e p H 3y e T c a TeM, qTO JiHTepaTypHbift H3HK, n o j i y q a a y m e
H3 BecTHyio o p a f i o T Ky h oHapys cHBaH TeHAeHUHio k yer aHOBJi e-
hhkd HeK0 T0 pb i x HopM, eme He o n H p a e r c f l Ha o a h h HaJieKT h c k j i i c -
qHTeJIbHO H e m e He 3HaeT AOCTaTOqHO qeTKHX H3bIK0 BbIX HopM; BTO-
p o nepHOA HanHHaeTCH c a n o x n b h o t o npeBaj i HpOBaHHH ozcHoro
H3 AHaJieKTOB, KOTOpbi Bbi CTynaeT KaK 0 CH0 Ba j i H T e p a T y p H o r o H3H-
Ka, HOpMH K T o p o r o nocTeneHH ejiaioTCH Bce OJiee CTponiMH h
CTeneHb o 6 p a 6 oTKH Bce o j i e e BbicoKoft. Ha KOHe u, T p e r a f i nepHO
o t h o c h t c h k s n o x e , K o r a a Ji HTepaTypHbi e H3biKH npeBpamai OTCH b
h 3h k h HauHOHaJibHbie, Kor . ua c o 3flaioTCH J i H T e p a T y p H u e Ha u a o Ha J i b -
Hbie h 3 h k h . TaKHe naMHTHHKH poMaHCKHX H3HKOB, KaK Ha npHMep,
r i e c H b o P o v i a H ^ e h j i h I l e c H b o Cn Ae , h b j i h k > t c h npoHSBe^ e-
hhh. mh, ico3lnaHHbiiMn Ha wTHTeipa TypHbi x H3bi Ka x n e p ' B o r o n e p Ho wa 3.
O m e e flBJieHHe HopMbi h o m e e noHHrae HopMbi, KaK pa3JiHqe-
Hue qer o- To npa' BHJibHoro o t qer o- To HenpaBHJi bHoro, cooTBeTCTsyeT
BceM jiHTepaTyipHbim 3brKaiM, iHacoMHeHiHO, y * e 0 0 BTopofi>neipHo,a.
PaCX05KAeHHH B nOHHMaHHH 9Tr0 HBJieHHH COBepHieHHO He3HaIK'
TejibHbi cpaBHHTejibHO c pa3H006pa3HbiMH TOJiKOBaHHHMH n o q r a
Bcex OCTaJIbHHX JIHHrBHCTHqeCKHX HBJieHHft H nOHHTH. Bo)KJia B
XVII BeKe bo OpaHHHH onpeAeJiHJi HopMy KaK MaHepy roBopHTb,
ycTanoBHBiiiyiocH c pe ^H Hanoj i ee aBTOpHTeTHo q a c npHflBopHoro
ofi mecTBa h Haxofl amyi ocH b c o o t b c t c t b h h c MaHepo nncbMa y
1 A. C. ri yni KHH. OnpOBepsceHHe Ha k d h t h k h . I l o a H o e c o 6 p . coq., H3-30
AH CCCP, t . XI, 1949, c t P . 147.
5 P. . 5 y a a r 0 b. ripo6jieMbi HayqeHHH poMaHCKHX JiHTepaTypHbix asbi -
ko b , H 3 a - b o Mo c k . y H - i a , M. , 1961, c t P. 18. 06 HcropHHecKofi h s m c h h h b o c t h
4>paHuy3CKoft h o Pm h cm. P. A. B y a a r o b. IloHHTHe o HopMe JiHTepaTypHoro
3HKa b o OpannHH b X V I X V I I BeKax, B o n p o c u H3biK03HanHa, N 5, 1956,
CTp. 1021; K. A. A ^ ^ e H A o p 4>- ripoJieMbt HopMHpoBHHJi $paHuy3CKoro j i h-
T e p a i y p H o r o fl3HKa b X V I I X V l I I BeKax, /loKJiaAbi h cooCm. d)aK. p a n u . Rd.
I MmHHfl, Bun. I , 1958.
12
a a Ho j i e e asTpwTeTHbix ncaTeJi eft o t o x h *. B c y ui Ho c r a Ta
ace, pa3yMeeTCH 6e3 KJiaccoBofi orpaHHqeHHoeTH, noHHMaiOT hopmv
h icobpeiM0HHbie caBencKHe HiocJiewoBaTeJi'H: H o p M a a n p ^ e ^ a e T c ^
creneHbi o ynonpe&JieHHs j j p n yc/ioBHH aBTQpHTCTHOCTH h c t o t o h -
koib 2.
H3 3 t o h oeHHOCTH c J i e a y e T, mt o HopMa HBJieHHe counajib-
HOe, H CTHJIHCTHUeCKOe OnHCaHHe H3bIKa MOKeT CTpOKTbCa TOJibKO
no HCTopn'iecKHM nepHoâM: KaK^bifi nepHO oxaabiBaeT TaKyro
a n o x y , b TeMeHHe noTopofi n o H a r a e hopmh ocTaeTCH oj i e e hjih Me
Hee neH3MeHHHM. Tan, He m o j k c t biTb 4>paHixy3CKoft ct hj i hct hkh
XVI h XVI BeKOB, HO TOJibKO Be CTHJIHCTHKH flJIH Ka)KflOrO H3
9THX BeKOB OTAejibHO- H e MOJKeT biTb oahoh ct hj i hct hkh pyc c Kor o
5i 3biKa XVII h XVIII eKOiB, ho m e paaHbix icthjihicthikh h t . n.
B r a k h h r a c t h j i h c t h k 3 c o B p e M e H H o r o <J ) p a Hu y 3 -
C K o r o h 3 bi K a ( l a n g u e m o d e r n e ) b c o n o c T a B J i e H H H
CO CTHJ I HCTHKOH C 0 B p e M 6 H H 0 r 0 p y C C K O T O H 3 H K 3.
5. HopMa peqH HBJieHHe HanHOHajibHoe. OrpaHHni i Mca noKa
TOJibKO OJHHM IHipHIMepOM. PyOCKOe O 'B HOipMe npOBSHOCHTCH aK
CJieilKa H!(J)TOHrH3IHpO!B3IHHblft 3lBy.K CO CJia'MM HaMaJlbHblM V vO,
ho TaK KaK b pyccKoft HopMe p e q a HeT HHKaKoro pyr or o o, t o oco-
6eHHOCTH c yme c TBy i ome r o o roBOpamHMH He 3aMeqaK>TCH. p n
COHOCTaBJieHHH w e HOpMTHBHOrO pyc c Kor o O C HOpMaTHBHblM (})paH-
uyBOKHM (oTKpbrrbi-M, KaiK b p o r t e ;hjih saiKpbifrbiiM, aK ib r o s e a u ) ,
KOTOpae HHKOr He CblBaiOT flH4)TOHrH3HpOBaHHbIMH, 3Ta qepTa
pyccKor o o p oc a e Tc a b r j i a 3 a . B c e qepTbi HopMu, 0C03HaKTCH o h h
HJIH He 0C03H3I0TCH, BaJKHbl, TaK KaK HMH C03AaeTCa HaitHOHaJIbHaa
npaBHJibHOCTb peHH, npH HecoJiioAeHHH h x p e q b HauHonaJi bHo He-
npaBHJibHa, b Heft omymaeTCH HHOcTpaHHbift aKueHT, HenpHBbiqHbie
OOpOTbl H T. A- H T. n.
TaKHM 0pa30M, ypoBeHb HopMbi Mo * e T biTb o n a c a H h H3HyT-
p n, aK conocTa'BJieHiHe HopMbi b y3iKOM CMbUCJie cj ioBa cociiBeH-
h o inpaBHUibHoro iHJia j , aHHoro a 3 b ma b flaKHyio a n o x y c Hempa-
BEJIbHblM, H H3BHe, KaK COnOCTaBJieHHe Toro, qTO CtJHTaeTCH
npaBHJibHbiM h HenpaBHJibHbiM b o a h o m H3biKe c TeM, qTO cqHTaeTca
npaBHJIbHblM H HenpaBHJIbHblM B flpyrOM H3bIKe.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM HaUie CTHJIHCTHMeCKOe OnHCaHHe ypOBHH
HopMbi bo (})paHii,y3CKOM 3biKe qjieHHTCH Ha flBe qacTH: 1. h a n h o-
h a ji b h a a H o p M a , o n n c a H H a a h 3 b h e, t . e. b conoer aBJi e-
h h h c pyccKoft HopMofi; 2. H a u H O H a j i b H a a H o p M a , 0 n h c a h-
H a a h 3 h y t p h.
O n n c a T b HauHOHajibHyK) HopMy KaKoro-JiHo 3biKa H3BHe 6 e3
cpaBHeHHa c KaKHM-JiHo ApyrHM h 3 h k o m b npHHUHne h 6b o 3 m o j k h o ;
BO BTOpO 5Ke qaCTH 3TOH KHIirH CpaBHeHHe c pyCCKHM H3bIKOM, XOTH
1 U h t . no yKa3. coq. P. A. B y a r o b a. rioHHTHe o HopMe..., CTp. 17.
1 E. C. H CTp h h a. HopMbi p y c c r o r o J i m e p a T y p H o r o H3UKa h KyjibTypa
pera, H3a-bo AH CCCP, M. JI., 1948, c t P . 19.
13
H He HBJIHeTCH 06fl3aTeJIbHbIM, COXpaHHeTCH no COOpaKeHHflM npaK-
THêcKoro yAoc TBa: ycBOHTb BHyrpeHHioio CTHjiHCTHKy qy) Kor o
H3WKa Bce * e Ji eme npH cpaBHeHHH c p o a h m m .
6 . Mto 3HaimT onHcaTb Hau,H0 HajibHyi0 HopMy H3BHe? HauHO-
aajibHaa HopMa h HauHOHajibHbiA xapaKTep. HauHOHajibMbie oco-
eHHocTH pe^H HeorbeMJieMbifi npH3H3K HauHH, xapaKTepH3yio-
meHCH nxHOCTbK) H3biKa, ncHXHMecKoro CKJiaaa, MaTepHaJibHoS
)KH3HH H KyjlbTypH. E[03T0My HaUHOHajIbHaH HopMa OJI>KHa onH-
CblBaTbCa B CBH3H CO BCeMH 9THMH HBJieHHHMH.
HaHojiee qyTKHMH HajnoSTejiHMH Hau,HOHajibHbix pa3JmqHfi
b H3biKe h ayxoBHOM c k j i s a c 6 mj i h bo Bce BpeMeHa nwcsTeJiH. 3ceM
H3BeCTHbI 3H3MeHHTbie CJlOBa JIMOHOCOBa O p33JIHHHH H3HK0B: KaK
roBapHBaJi Kapji FI ht hh, phmckhh HMnepaTOp, HenaHeKHM h3kkom
npHCTOHHo roBopHTb c oroM, HeMeuKHM c BparaMH, 4>paHuy3-
ckhm c flpy3bHMH, HTajibHHCKHM c >KeHCKHM nojioM, a pyc-
CKHM CO BCeMH OHblMH *. B 3THX CJIOBaX 3a BHeiUHeft o6pa.3-
HOCTbK) CKpbIBaeTCH, KOHe^HO, IViyOKSH MbICJIb O CpOACTBe H3bIKa
h xapaKTepa Hapoaa. O tom Hce roBopHT r or oj i b (BbipaacaeTCH
CHJibHo POCCHHCKH Hapofl! H ecjw HarpaAHT Koro cjiobuom, t o
nofifleT oho eMy b pojx h noTOMCTBo... h t . a . MepTBbie yuiH,
I, V); coBpeMeHHMK riyiiiKHiHa n. A. BH3 eM0KHH (OpaHuyscKan
ocTpoa myTHT cjioBaMH h JiemeT yaaHHbiM no,n6opoM cjiob. Pyc-
CKaH yâMHbiM npHBeaeHHeM npoTHBopeqamnx ohhthh. <E>paH-
uy3bi myTHT fljia yxa, pyccKHe a j i h rJia3. FIoiitk KajKAyio pyccKyio
iuyTKy mo j k h o nepeJiostHTb b KapHKaTypy. Hama rnyTKH Bce B jih-
uax..., CTaipaa 3ainnoHai k h h x k s , coq., t . IX, erp. 22) h Mytn-
pee iscex caiM iFIyuiKHiH: EcTb oopaa Mbiojieft h m y bc t b o b a h h ft,
ecTb TbMa ofibinaeB, noBepHH h npHBbmeK, npHHafljiescamnx h c k j i i o -
^HrejibHo .KaiKOMy-HHiyjib Hapojty (BeaKome-HHaH CTaTba O na-
pcwiiotiTH b JUHreparype2) . 3aMeTHM s t o HajiicweHHe rymKHHa:
o p a 3 Mbicjiefi h qyBCTBOBaHHH... npHHaflJieamHX HCKJiloqHTeJib'
h o KaKOMy-HHyjb H a p o a y !
HoByi o cTpyio BHecJiH c i o a a p o m 3h t h k h c h x HHTepecoM k He-
nOBTOpHMOCTH HUHOH3JIbHO flyiIIH.
0 6 3t o m m e nncaji (|>paHuy3 H . T s h ( L e r g i m e m o d e r n e ) ,
canofcTaBJiHH c^paiHuyaoKyro HOHOtCTb h HeMenKyro 3ayMb ( o b s c u r i t
a l l e m a n d e ) , iHeMeu T. M s i h h 3 h uejibifi c o h m CoapeMeHHbix Jiiica-
T e j i e 4.
YqeHbie HanmiaioT HHTepecoBSTbca 3t h m BonpocoM BnepBbie b
naqajie XIX sena. KpyinHeftiiiH H3biK0BeA Tofi napbi HeM en B. TyM-
ojibAT co3flaji yqeHHe o BHyrpeHHeH $opMe H3biKa, cBoeopasHo
1 C<5. PyccKHe nHcaTMH o H3t,iKe (XVIIIXIX bb.), JI., 1954, CTp. 11.
2 ri oJi Hoe c o6p. coq. , H3A-B0 AH CCCP, t . XI, 1949, CTp. 40.
3 B c r a T b e BocnHxaHHe nyBCTBa cjioBa. Coq., t . IX, M., I960, erp. 482.
4 HanpHMep, P. D a n i n o s . Les carnets du major Tompson, Gallimard,
Le livre de poche h p.
14
g raeiOBTopHMOft y awAor o apoAa. 53HK, no <MweHio B. TyiM-
cwibATa, ec r b BHemiHee apoHBuremie HapoAHOOra, ee Ayuia, a ee a y-
ma ee H3biK.
B KOHue Bena b pycJie ncHxoJiornqecKoro HanpaBJiemH Haa
9THM paOTaiOT B. ByHAT B repMaHHH H A. A. noTeHH b Pocchh.
IIoTeHH ycTaHaBJiHBaeT no pa 3HTeJibHoe c x o a c t b o Me*Ay npowc-
XO*fleHHeM H 3 3 BHCHM0 CTbK) CJIOB H IipOHCXOJKAeHHeM H 3aBHCH-
MOCTblO MH^HHeCKHX 0 6 p a 3 0 B HapoAHoro T B o p u e c T B a . ...Bce MHO-
r o o 6 pa3He ero TpyAOB, bch KponoTJiHBaa paoTa ero KOJioccajibHbix
SariHCOK no pyccKO rpaMMSTHKe kj i ohht ch k ycTaHOBJieHWO aHa-
JlOrHH MeiKAy CJIOBOM H MH(j)OM, nHCaJI H3B6CTHblft pyCCKH H03T
h 4iHJiojior AHApeH Bejibift AHApeft BejibiH, caM HHTepecyncb arofi
npoJieMoii h AaBan eft OTâcTH HeBepHyio TpaKTOBKy B nonwrKe
npHcnocoHTb e e k Teopnn pyccKoro CHMB0JiH3Ma, b ijeJiOM BepHO
oueHHJi 3 acjiyrw A. A. FIoTeHH b e e pemeHHH.
B HHMaJie XX Bena HTajibflHCKHH (})HJioco4)-HAeaJiHCT B. Kpoqe
np0B03r Ji aCHA eAHHCTBO SCTeTHKH H JJHHrBHCTHKK Ha TOM OCHOBa-
HHH, MTO HHTyHUHH, H3yMaeMaH 3CTeTHKOK, HBJIHeTCH B TO JKe Bpe-
MH H BHpaxeeHHeM, S3HK0M, B LllHpOKOM CMblCJie CJ10B3, a H3HK
ecTb npeAMeT j i h h f b h c t h k h .
B t o x e BpeMH HAen, cxoAHbie, c o a h o h CTOpOHbi, c m m c j i s m h
A. A. FIoTeHH, h o c Apyro 0 CH0BaHHbie Ha HAeaJiHCTHnecKHx
TeopH3 x B. TyMojibATa h B. Kpone, pa3BHBajiHCb TaK H33biBaeMo
HAeajiHCTHuecKo h j i h acTeTHêcKofi u i k o j i o K. Ooccjiepa. Ho
npiAa'B o c h o b h o h 'OBoe BepiHoft i mmc j i h o HaJiHqiiH H3B6CTH0H a a a -
JIOrHH Me*Ay H3HK0M H HCKyCCTBOM HeOblHaHHyiO, CpaBHHTeJIbHO
c t o h h o h KOHuenu,He A. A. noTeHH, uiHpOTy, K. Ooccjiep HacTOJib-
k o s t e ycTynaeT . A. rioTeHe b Hay^HocTH. O B3rJiHAax K. (oc-
c j i e p a AaeT npeACTaBJieHHe cj i eAyi oui ee ero BbiCKa3HBaHHe: Hc-
OK)>IHTeJlblHeHUiaH HlHAHBHAy a JI bHQCTb B iCBH3H 00 BiCBO'beMJIiO-
u e yHHBepeajibHOCTbio b o t HAeaJi H3biK0B0fl m h c j i h . KaK b h a h o
6 e3 AaJibHeniuHx paccywAeHHft (xapaKTepHbi ft a j i h K. Ooccjiepa
x o a m h c j i h ! ) , s t o ecTb HAeaji nKcaTeJia, wHBonHCua, My3HK3HTa,
Boome Kax<Aoro xyAOJKHHKa. H a c h H3biKa, n o cymecTBy, ecTb noa-
THMecxas HAen, h c t h h 3 K3UKa ecTb xyAo*ecTBeHHaH HCTHHa, ecTb
ocMHicjieHaH p a c O T a 2.
OlUHe COOpaKeHHH o CXOACTBe B HeKOTOpOM OTHOUieHHH I3H-
K3 H HCKyCCTBa AOIIOJIHHIOTCH B 3T0 BpeMH nepBbIMH KOHKpeTHblMH
HaJIIOAeHHHMH HaA HaUHOHaJIbHblM CBOeOpa3HeM H eAHHCTBOM
p a S H H X BHAOB HCKyCCTBa (j IHTepaTypbl H JKHBOnHCH) H H3bIKa,
B Haqavie XX BeKa bo <5paHijHH noHBJiseTCH KHHra H3BecTHoro
HjioJiora Ajibepa XI,03a ^yBCTBo npnpoAbi h er o xyAowecTBeH-
1 A. B e ji h fi. Mbi cj i b H fl3biK (hôco4)hh a 3UKa A. A. r i o T e 6 HH) b c 6
Jloroc, kh. I, M., 1910, CTp. 245.
K- O o c c ji e p. 1 paMMTHKa h h c t o p h h H3HKa. ( K Bonpocy o OTHOine-
" HH e f / y npaBHJibHHM h h c t h h h u m b S 3biKoBeAeHHH), B c6 . <r/Ioroc k h I
M., 1910, CTp. 167.
15
Hoe BbipaiKeHHe K 3 t o eSoyibiiroe h cjihukom aeKJiapaTH'BHoe oo-
iHiH'BHHe HMeeT lace * e t o .aoctohhictbo, mto, nojKajiya, BnepBbie
qemo OTrpaHHHHBaeT TeMy HauHOHaJibHoro cBoeo6pa 3H3 ohhm ee
acneKTOM h, Bbi.ne.rcHB s t o t acneKT, paccMaTpHBaeT ero h b nîane
coflep*aHHH, h b n;iaHe Bbipa>KeHHH. A. /3,03a BoexHmaeT 4)paHuy3-
CKaa MaHepa anucaHHH nefl3a>Ka b m033HH (b oahoh a g t 3J1h Becb
ne3aw!):
Quand avant notre porte
Les grands pays muets longuement stendront...
(Vigny La mai son du berger )
Toute une mer immense o fuyaient des galres
( Hr di a Les Trophes, Antoi ne et Cl opat re ) 2
Oh ne 3aMeqaeT TOJibKO, q r a AeTa^b 3Ta npocTpaHCTBeiwaH,
nefi3a>KM cAeâHbi KaK 6bi KapaH/iamoM, b hhx HeT u,BeTa. Cp.
pyccKyro MaHepy:
Bbixootcy o d m h h dopozy;
CK603b TyMH KpeMHUCTbl n y T b AeCTUT
3ji,ecbHUBeT (MOJioqHo-eJibift, TyMaH) h CBeT (Aopora JiecTHT).
A Be^b neifeaw; JlepMOHTOBa b ero no33HH ame /ta-neKO He t 3koh
KOHKpeTHbiH h UBeTOBOH, KaK y IlyuiKHHa ( p o H x e r A e c a e p t i Hb i
c b o y 6 o p . . . ) .
HaHOJiee OTHeMHBO TaKHe OCOeHHOCTH AOJIJKHH npOHBHTbCK
b onHcaHHH BHemHOCTH Jiio;i.eH h npHpoflbi b nopTpeTe h neiteaKe,
h b KHBonHCH h b HTepaType. EBponeua HHTepecyeT b hhboiihc-
hom nopTpeTe jihuo, ocoeHHo r ; ia 3a, h pyKH (PeMpaHffr), ho 38t o
no3bi oqeHb oflHoo6pa3Hbi. HnoHCKHe nopTpeTu, HanpoTHB, no^ra
Ke paajiHHaior jinua, ho yiCTpeMJiHKxr Bioe HHMaHHe Ha mpiqeciKH,
xapaKTepH3yiom.He couHaJi bHoe noji omeHHe n e p c o H a * e , H Ha no-
3bi, nepetnarouiHe icacTOHinne Ayxa.
B n e f t 3 a * e anoHUH MaTeMaTHKH, o h h c b o h t e r o K r e o -
MeTpnqecKHM j i hh hh m. C x o a h m h TeMnepaMeHT oHapyxHBaeTCa
06biqH0 y aHrjinftcKHX TypHCTOB: b h x a;ib6oMax m h Bcewa Ha xo-
Hhm HapocKH, yAHBHTejibHO ynpomeHHbie, CBe/ieHHbie k HecKOJib-
k h m j i hh hh m, q a d o HeyMe^bie, HHorâ npocTO CKBepHhie, h o cbh-
ftSTevibCTByiomHe 10 inipHiMeqaTejibHOMHyiBCUBe uejioro...3.
1 A. D a n 2 a t. Le sentiment de la nature et son expression artistique. P.,
1914.
2 A. f l o 3 a. yK83. coq., erp. 157.
3 A. JX o 3 a. yKa3. co<i., CTp. 26.
16
Hof l oHbi e p a 3JiHHHH 6 pocaK)TCH B r j i a 3 a h HeoflHOKpaTHO o n n -
cbiBa^HCb h n p n cpaBHeHHH OTAejibHbix w a H p o B Ji HTepaTypbi : r i o q -
t k Bce 4>paHuy3CKHe poMaHbi e AHH006pa 3H0 noc Tpoe Hbi n o TOMy
mi a Hy , KOTopbift T s h 0 x a p a KTe p H3 0 Ba J i KaK KAaccHqecKHfi . . . F l p e o -
jiaflaromee HaAo BceM CTpeMJieHHe k h c h o c t h h KpacoTe p a c n o j j o m e -
HHH 3 aXB3THBa 6T HHTaTe.TH H flCJiaeT e r o OH'HCXOiflHTeJlbHblM ICOBep-
uaTeJi eM, n o n coyqacTHHKOM HCKyCCTBa, TBopi Mor o b c o o t b c t c t -
BHH C 3TOH IKOHUeiIUHeft, CTOJIb CHJIbHOH ICBOMM 6AHHICTBQM. H f l e a / t * e
aHrHHCKoro pOMaHa b t o m , tJTObi H3o6pa>KaTb p e a j i b Hy i o >KH3Hb
b o BceS e e urapoTe, b o BceM e e SecKOHe^HOM p a 3H o o d p a 3H. .. T y T He
3a6oTHTc a 0 6 He p a p x HH nepcoHaJKe, 0 t o m , m t o S h BHABHHyTb Ha
nepeAHHft miaH o a h h x , 3 a Ty me Ba Tb Ap y r wx , Bce HMeiOT paBHoe n p a -
b o Ha HHTepec iHTaTeJis, h 6 o Bce paBHO yqa c TByi oT b moi i i hom n 0 T0 -
Ke >kh3hh, oxBa Tb i Ba t o me M Bce npoH3BeAeHHe. . . B cymHOCTH, a Hr J i n -
qaHHH He CTpeMHTCH k Ap a Ma r a u e c KOMy eHHCTBy b pOMaHe, o h
CTpeMHTCH o j i b u i e B c e r o k TOMy, h t o h KycKH p e a j i b Ho f i 3KH3HH
noAa'BaoiHiCb eMy ( noc j i eaoa Te: i bHo, c o ac e inpsiBiAHiBacTbio h w i y -
HHOft
HcnaHCKHH 4>H;io.nor P. MeneHAec FlHAaJib, cpaBHHBaa anoc pa3-
Hbix Hap0A0B, OTMeqaeT: lecHb 0 PojiaHAe CBoeft cxeMaTH^Hofi
npOCTOTOH, eAHHCTBOM AeCTBHH, BpeMeHH H TmaTeJIbHOCTbIO OT-
Ajikh npeABemaeT K/iaccHqecKyo 4>paHuy3CKyio xpareAHio. Bjiaro-
AapH OJlblIIOft HCTOpHMeCKOH AOCTOBepHOCTH, 0HCK3M Bbicuie xy-
AOJKecTBeHHoft npaBAbi, oxBaraBai omeft Bce cjio>KHbie nepnneTHH
}kh3hh, h Majio 3a6oTe 0 <J)opMe Moft Cha BbiCTynaeT nepeA Ha-
M'H Ka;K inpewsecTHHiK uiemeBpOB HicinaMCKOH aMeAHH. HMeJiyiHrH
rHraHTCKoft paspocaHHoeTbio AecTBHH, MHoronjiaHOBOCTbro AOKa-
3MBaioT Boe poAcuBo ic meKcnHp'oaaKofi OHiteinuHeH Tpare-
AHH 2.
B pa3Hbix HauHOHajibHbix JiHTepaTypHbix MaHepax HCCJieAOBa-
t c j i h HaxoAHT c x o a c t b o c Hau,HOHajbHbiMH xapaKTepaMH h o n p e -
HeêHHyio aHaj i orHi o c h 3h k o m . Pa3JiHHHH Me>KAy h 3h k 3m h h o a o -
Hbi pa3JiHiHHM b HaiiHOHajibHbix x a p a KTe p a x . Cp . HafOAeHHH
III. BaJiJin: . . . E c j i h $p3Huy3CKHft H3biK j i i o h t HCHOCTb, t o HeMeu-
KHH CKJlOHeH K yTOHHeHHHM; OAHH TpHMO HAeT K UejlH, BTOpO' BCK3-
Ay CT3BHT TOMKH HaA H.
H e 06x 0AHM0, 0AH3K0, t o h k o o n p e Ae j i i m, 3 t h ABa TepMH-
Ha..., roBopHT BaJuiH. h onpeAej i aeT h x TaK a c Hoe r b oc h o -
BbBaeTCH Ha aHTHTe3e: OHa Ae&CTByeT c noMombi o a h x o t o m h h . 3 t o
ripHHUHn KJiaccH4)HKamiK, 3 He yrAydAeHHH... B OTJiHmie o t h c h o c
t h , TOqHOCTb (eKapT CK333JI 6bl p33J!HqeHHe) 3T0 CTpeMJieHHe
1 P. Gr l g e r . La caractrologie ethnique, P., 1961, pp. 279280. rpue-
pupTeHangk1" p . , 3f9o. Ha KHre E' B o u t m y ' Est!uisse dune psychologie du
Al e h e h fl e c H j a j i b. ecHb 0 Moeiu Civie. H36p. npon3B., ne-
peB. c HenaHeK., HJI, M., 1961, c t P. 199.
17
aHHicaTb s r j i y b Bemefi, npoHK3Tb b h h x h TaM yKpemiHTbCH, x o t s
h c p h c k o m 3a6jiyflHTbCH. P a 3 Be He BepHO, *j t o HMeHHO Tanoe ane-
qaTJieHHe npOH3BOflHT Ha Hac Aace n p n riOBepxHOCTHOM B3rJiHAe
H6MeUKH& H3HK?
B KOHeMHOM CMeTe, TO^HOCTb B peêBOH AeHTeJIbHOCTH npOTHBO-
CTOHT HCHOCTH... *.
OAOHbie HajiioAeHHH HaKonJieHbi Tenepb b ojibmoM Kcj wne-
CTBe, oflHaKo MHorne H3 h h x c j i h i h k o m cy-beKTHBHbi h j i h Bbipaace-
Hbl B CJIHIHKOM Cy6"beKTHBHOH <})OpMe. Il03TOMy 3aA3He& COBpeMeH-
HO HayKH CT3HOBHTCH CTpOraH CHCTeM3TH33H.HH T3KHX <^3KT0B H
C03H3HHe CTpOHHOH TeOpHH.
IlonbiTKa lyicrsHOBJieBHH 6oiee TOTflbix crpyiKTypHbix aiHajiarH?!
Me*Ay S3bIKOM H JlHTep3TypOH npHHaAJieKHT pyCCKHM HCCJieA0B2-
tcjihm nepflo TiperH XX BaKa KD. H. TbiiHHOBy, B. A. Jlapmiy,
B. B. ToMaueBCKOMy, A. BejioMy h ApyrHM. (K BbipaoTaHHOMy b
Te roAH MeTOAy 3HajiH3a Mbi BepHeMCH b 127.) PyccKHe HCCJieAosa-
TfiJiH ihjih b 3tom Bonpoce o t JiHTepaTypu,
C A p y r o c t o p o h h , o t h c t o p h h h conHOJiorHH (b EBpone) h o t
3THorpa(f)HH h aHTponoJiorHH ( b AMepnne) ABHraJiicb HCCJieAOBa-
TejiH Ha 3ansAe. B CIIIA npoj i eMoi i H3biKa 33HHJiHCb STHor pat j wa
h Ta n Ha3biBaeMaH coi i Haj i bHaa 3HTponoJiorHH, CTSBamHe c e e
3aAa<ie b t o h h x n a c r a , KOTOpaa KacaeTca H3biKa, OTBeraTb Ha
BOnpOC, eCTb JIH COOTBeTCTBHH MeWAy CHCTeMO H3HK3 H 9THHqeCK0S
0praHH3auHeH owecTBa, h ecjiH ecTb, t o Kanne. I I I h p o k o H3BecTHbi
pafioTbi O. B o s c a , 3. CenHpa, B. JI . Yop(J>a2. Bo O p s h u h h
3Ta npoi &i eMa craBHTca b o j i e e t s c h o h c b h b h c coi hoj t o-
r a e 3.
B repM3HHH b psdoTax M. Tpapa, JI. Bencrepepa h Ap. bo3-
HHK3I0T TeOpHH H3bIK0BbIX HJIH nOHHTHHHblX nOJieft, yBH3bIBa*
j o i u n e CHCTeMHoe H3yneHHe JieKCHKH c HCTopnen HapoAa h h s u h O"
1 III. B a ji ji h. 06maa JiHHrBHcraKa h Bonpocw (bpaHirocKoro H3bwa, n e p e s .
c 4>paHu M., YPCC, 2001, 593594.
2 Cm. c6. HoBoe b jiHHrBHCTHKe, Bbin. I, HJI, M., 1960; TaKace pas peuea-
3H Ha paOTM 3TOH IUKOJIN B C. CTpyKTypHO-THnOJIOnmeCKHe HCCJieÔBHHH,
AH CCCP, M., 1962. /I,OBOjitHO nojiHbift o63op jiHTepaTypw b 3 t o h ofijiacTH c m.
b KHHre H. C. J. D u i j k e r and N. H. F r i j d a. National Character and Na
tional Strotyps. Confluence, a sris edited b y the International Com-
mittee f o r Social Sciences Documentation, vol. I, Amsterdam, 1960, c neuna j i b-
h o no jiHHrBHCTRnecKOMy aHajiH3y, erp. 8889; c m. TaKjKe Mcypnaji American
Anthropologist h ap.
a u s s - Sociologie et Anthropologie, P. U. F. P., 1950 (c BBeaeHHeM
C. Levi-Straussa) ; C. L v i - S t r a u s s . Anthropologie structurale, P., 1958,
peueH3HH B. H. T o n o p o B a , b c6. CrpyKTypHO-THnojiormecKHe HCCJieao-
BaHHs. H3 nocjieHHx paCoT P. G r i g e r. La caractrologie ethnique. Appro-
cne et comprhension des peuples, P. U. F., P., 1961; G. Ma t o r . La mthode
en lexicologie, P., 1953; ero He. Lespace humain. Lexpression de lespace dans
la vie, la pensee et lart contemporains, la Colombe, P., 1962, peueHSHa
G. G o u g e n h e i m . Bulletin de la Socit de linguistique de Paris, 1963
fascicule 2 .
18
HSJlbHblM yXOM *. OpHrHHajlbHO CT3BHTCH 3T3 npOJieMa JlHHrBHC-
Ta'MH JI;noHH2.
HecMOTpfl Ha MHorae cnopHbi e noJi oxeHHH h Ha HenpHeMJieMbie
AJia ^HHrBHCTa-MaTepna^HCTa HeK0 T0 pbie MeTOAOJiornqeCKHe ycTa-
HOBiKH, 3 t k raainpaBJieHHH n p c a c t a B'Ji si to t co6of t c e p t eaHbi e nwibiT-
KH y B H 3 a b B paMKaX OAHOft TeOpHH npOJieMbl H3bIK03HaHHH, nCH-
XOJIOrHH, COUHOJIorHH H HCTOpHH KyJlbTypbl. HeCOMHeHHO, MTO H3y-
qaTb HauHOHa^bHyro HopMy p e n n H3BHe ( b t o m CMbiaie, KaK 6 h -
JIO CK33aH0 B b i m e ) B H a C T O H m e e BpeMH MOWHO TOJibKO B CBH3H co
BceM 3Thm KOMnJieKCOM npoJieM.
KpoMe Toro, JiHHrBHcraqecKoe H3yqeHHe HsuHOHaJibHOH HopMbi
HBHe aojijkho o n u p a r y c a Ha npneMbi T&noJioruqeoKOTO omrcaHHB
a3biiKOB. (06 3tom cm. iHH'JKe o BBemeHWH: OmeJiHHrBHCTme-
ckh oHDBbi H3yq&HHH iCtrjihcthikh 4>pa'HHy3CKoro H3biKa b epaBBe-
HHH CpyCCKHM.)
B HacTOHmee BpeMH HCCJieAOBaHHH b o j i a c r a HauH0 H8 JibH0 ft
K y ^ b T y p u h HaHHOHaJibHO nc Hx o ^ o r KH n p n o p e j i H r opa 3AO OJib-
wyio qeTKOCTb h KOHKpeTHOCTb dJiaroAapa o n o p e Ha HsyqeHHe H3bi-
Ka. n p H 3T0M CTajlO HCHO, HTO OHH TeCHO CMidKaiOTCH, a OTiaCTH H
nejpenJieTaOTCH, c Apyr ai M Teqemi eM MbBc>jrn, 'mnyiUHiM k t o h a t e uej i H
o t H3yneHHH H3biKa, h o ocr ai omHMCH a o e u x n o p b pa MKa x j i h h i ' b h -
ctkdkh. 3 t o Ha i pai BJi eHe nom msaiBai raeM c t h j i w c h h k h np n o i p e J i t t
uinpoKyio H3BecTHOCTb c i HaqaJ i a XX b q k h J i a r o A a p n paoraM * e -
HeBCKoro /iHHrBHCTa I I I . B s j i j i h . O m n e 3 a Aa q H c t h j i h c t h k h Bajijm
nOHHMaJI CJIHIHKOM y3K0, KaK K3Vq0HHe Bbipa3HITe!JIbHbIX 3MO-
UHOHaJlbHblX H COHHaJIbHblX CpeACTB H3HKa, OOCOJIHH 3T0 onu-
caHHe o t H3yqeHHH xyAOJKecTBeHHo penn. B HacTonmee BpeMH s t o
onpeAeJieHHe c t h j i h c t h k h b neJiOM He mo j k c t hiTb npHHHTO ( 06
3T0M CM. HHHCe) . 0AH3K0 BaJIJIH He0np0Bep)KHM0 qeTKO c4>0pMyJIH-
poBaji p33JinqHe MejKAy 1) onncaHHeM Bbipa3HTejifaHbix cpeACTB o a -
Horo H3HK3 noepeACTBOM ero cpaBHepHH c ApyrHM, s t o t b k Ha-
3biBaeMaH conocTaBHTejibHan c t h j i h c t h k 3, BHeinHHH c t h j i h c t h k 3,
s t y l i s t i q u e e x t e r n e h j i h s t o H33iB3iHHe Mbi npHHKMaeM 3Aecb
OnHCSHHe HopMbi H3bIKa H3BHe H 2) OnHCaHHeM Bbipa3HTeJIbHMX
CpeACTB KaKOrO-JIHO H3bIKa nyTCM CpaBHeHHH HX OCHOBHblX THnOB,
CymeCTByiOIHHX B 3T0M H3bIKe, 3T0 CTHJIHCTHK3 BHyTpeHHHH,
1 Cm. o h h x A. A. y <{) h m u e b a. TeopHH ceMaHTHqecKoro n o m h bo3-
m o j k h o c t h h x npHMeHeHHH npH H3y*ieHHH c j i oBapHor o c o d a B a H3biKa. M. M. T y x-
m a h. JlHHrBHCTHHecKaa T e o p a a J I . Bef l c r e pCe pa , b c 6 . B o n p o c n TeopHH 3UKa
b coBpeMeHHoft 3apy6e3KHofi JiHHrBHCTHKe, AH CCCP, M., 1961; cm. T a i o s e
A. A. y $ h m u e b a. OnbiT H3yqeHHfl ^ c k c h k h KaK CHCTeMbi, AH CCCP, M
1962 (c 6H6jiHorpa<})Heft); A. H. K y 3 H e n o B a . OHHTHe ceMaHTH*recKo& CHCTe-
mm H3UKa h MeToflu e e H3yHeHH, H 3A-bo Mo c k . yH-Ta, M. , 1963 ( c 0630P0M
paoT).
2 Cm. H. H. K 0 h p a a . O 53Hkobom cymecTBOBaHHH. flnoHCKHft flHHrBH-
CTHHeCKHft c6opHHK>, M., 1959.
19
stylistique interne h j ih , 3 f l e c b , o n n c a H H e HopMbi H3biKa H3HyTpn *.
Cb o h paoTbi BaJiJiH o t h o c h j i k BHyTpeHHeH CTHJiHCTHKe, a npo-
THBOnOJIOJKHblft nOflXOA OT BHeUIHefi CTHJIHCTHKH BHAeJI B KHH-
re O. niTpoMafiepa2. 0 6 a HanpBJieHHH BHyTpeHHHH h BHeuiHSisi
CTHJIHlCTHlKa OCTaiOTCH OjHHIHalKOBO aiKTyaJlbHblMH H Tenepb 3.
rianbiTOH TaiK otnHcaTb <J)paHuy3CKyK) HauHOHaJibHyK) aopMy
b lOanacTaBJieHH'H c pyrHMH cAeJia'Hw b H n r a x J.-P. Vinay et
J. Darbelnet. Stylistique compare du franais et de langlais ,
P., Didier, 1958 h A. Malblanc. Stylistique compare du franais
et de lallemand, 2e d., P., Didier, 1961, H3aBaeMux b capran
Bibliothque de stylistique compare , mon peaaKUHefi A. Mal
b l a n c 4. He3aiBHCMo o t 6ojibiuero h j i h MeHbinero yonexa -roro h j i h
HHOTO KOHKpeTHOrO HnHHaHHH B 9T0fl OJiaCTH H HeCMOTpH Ha OT-
CyTCTBHe THnOJIOrHHeCKOH OCHOBbl CpaBHeHHH ByX H3bIK0B, caMoe
na rrpaBJieHHe o t h x pacnr oqeHb inep'cnb k t h b h o .
1 C h . B a 11 y. S t y l i s t i q u e e t l i n g u i s t i q u e g n r a l e , b c6. e r o pa o T Le
l a n g a g e e t l a v i e , l re d , P a y o t , P . , 1926, p. 105. B nocaHOBKe MHorHX npo6-
jieM BaJiJiH npefiBocxHTHJi HHTepecbi Tenepeui Her o H3biK03HaHHfl. C p . nocTaBjieHHbifl
hm Bonpoc o B03AeftcTBHH Bbipa3HTejibHux cpe^cTB Ha r o B o p s m e r o h cj i yui a-
TejiH, Baj Kuaa h coBpeMeHHas ncHxojiHHrBHCTHqecKaH npofi j i eMa.
2 F . S t r o h m e y e r . D e r S t i l d e r f r a n z s i s c h e n S p r a c h e , B e r l i n , 1910,
( 2 -e H3fl. 1924) .
3 no 3T0My noBofl y B. T. T a K m i m e r b HKiepecHoft CTaTbe O HauHOnaJib-
HblX CTHJIHCTHHeCKHX OCOeHHOCTHX c{)paHUy3CK0r 0 H3bIKa, B c6. B o n p o c w po-
MaHCKoro 5i 3biK03HaHH2 . MaTepHa j i H n e p Bo r o B c e c o Ko n o r o . coBemaHHH no po-
MaHCKOMy H3HK03HaHHK>, KmiiHHeB, 1963, CTp. 687 4 : ...b cymecTBywmHx
p a o r a x n o conocTaBHTejibHoft CTHJiHCTHKe <}>paHuy3CKoro H3biKa HCCJieaoBaHHe
Bej i ocb npeHMymecTBeHHO no c j i e ayr ome My HanpaBjieHHio: 1) conocr aBj ieHHe aHa-
JiorHMHbix cpeacTB BbipajKeHHH b flByx 33btKax; 2 ) BbiflBJieHHe oiuhx KaTeropuft
n j i a Ha BhipasKeHHa; 3 ) onpeaej i eHHe ncHX0jmHrBHCTH>iecKHX TeHeHUHft }13u k s ;
4 ) BMHBjieHHe xapaKTepnbi x qepT TaK Ha3HBaeMoro n a p o f l H o r o j i y x a , 0 T p a * a -
lomHxcsj b H3btKe. S OMy HfleajiHCTH<iecKOMy HanpaBJieHHio CJieayeT npoTsraono-
CTaBKTb noflflHHHO JHHrBHCTHMecKoe HccjieaOBaHHe npodjj eM conocTaBHTejibHoft
c t h j i h c t h k h no cxeMe: 1) conocTaBJieHHe aHaJiorHHHbix CpeACTB BbipaaceHHH b
p a 3HHx H3MKax; 2 ) BbtKBJieHHe oiuhx KaTeropHfi njiaHa BbipaxeHHH; 3 ) bnhb-
JieHHe o u i h x KaTeropHft nj i aHa coaep>KaHH; 4 ) ycTaHOBJieHHe 3aK0H0MepH0CTeS
Hcn0 Jib30BaHHH p a 3j m H h i x CpeACTB jih BbipaJKeHHs KTeropHH nj i a Ha c o ^ e p -
JKaHHH. (CTp. 7 4 )
BepHo, m o coBpeMeHHue Bonpocw c t h j i h c t h k h bo MHoroM HHbie, h o cnncKH
Tex h A p y r n x npoTHBonocTaBjieHu 3ecb cji hi hkom KaTeropnqecKH (cp. x o t h 6 h
npoCj i eMy B03,seficTBHH BHPa 3HTejibHux CpeACTB, HaMeueHHyio BaJiJiH). K
TOMy j n e BpHfl j ih ofiBHHeHHe b na ea j i t t 3Me 3acjiyHceHO, HanpHMep, BaJiJiH TaK, KaK
o h o 3acjiyeHO K. <>occjiepoM.
O pa3HbIX nOHHMaHHHX CTHJIHCTHKH B 20 -e roflbl H O BHyTpeHHeH CTHJiHCTHKe
KaK yneHHH o Bbiope M e m a y paBH0B03M0*HbiMH b H3UKe epeAeTBaMH Bbipawe-
h h h cm. J . M a r o u z e a u . L e s t c h e s d e l a s t y l i s t i q u e , b c6. S y m b o l a e g r a m -
r n a t i c a e i n h o n o r e m I. R o z w a d o w s k i , C r a c o v i a e , 1927, p p . 4751 . XopoumS
oqepK HCTopHH c t h j i h c t h k h P. G u i r a u d. L a s t y l i s t i q u e , Q u e s a i s - j e ? , n
646 , P. I I . F. , P., 1957. (PaCoTbi n o CTHJiHCTHKe xyaoKecTBeHHofi p e q n yKa3aHH 0
cooTBeTGTByiomeM pa3ejie).
* Cm. peueH3Hio Ha nepByi o KHHry: B. T. T a K. B o n p o c w H3HK03HaHHH, N s 3.
1961.
20
CyMMHpya Bce CKa3aHHoe b stom naparpatpe, nam caeJiaTb bu-
BOfl, wto, noMHMo OTAejibHoro H3yneHHa Ka>K,n,o& H3 ynoMHHyrbix
ccj>ep neJioBeMecKoro 6 uthh (KyjibTypa, omecTBeHHoft >kh3kh h
npoq.), HeoxoflHMo H3ynaTb ewe h cahhctbo HauHOnaJibHbift xa-
paKTep HauH0 HajibH0 e HcnyccTBO (npeJKAe Bcero cJi0BecH0 e)
nauKOHajibHbi H3biK, Bce qacTH Kotoporo CBH3aHbi Apyr c ApyroM,
bo MHoroM noaoHH Apyr flpyry. n npOTHBonoeraBJieHbi apyrHM Ta-
KHiM * e aWHOHa^bHHM ejUWT'CTB'M1.
7. HtO 3HaHHT OnHCaTb HailHOHajIbHyiO HOpMy H3HyTpH? OHH-
THe o 4>yHKUHOHajibHHx CTHjmx peiH. B coaepHcaHHH *ieji0BeqecK0 &
peru, KpOMe OCHOBHOft HH(|)OpMaUHH MblCJlH, non BCerfla MO>KHO
HafiTH TaiKe couHaJibHyro HHôpMamno, yKa3aHHe Ha couHaJibHoe
noJio*eHHe roBopnmero h, HaKOHeu, ero OTHOiueHHe k coomaeMO-
My, ofl opeHHe h j i h HeoAopeHHe, paBHoayui He, BocxHiueHHe, npo-
HHIO H T. II., OHHHM CJIOBOM, WHÔpMaUHIO 3MOHHOtHajIbHyiO. OlCTa-
HOBHMCH Tenepb noflpoHee Ha 3to flonojiHHTejibHoft HH<|>opMa-
UHH COHHaJIbHO H 3MOHHOHaJlbHOft.
B o o t o m 4>paHHy3CKOM aHeKAOTe, Bcero b Tpex fipaaax, pac-
CKasbiBaeTCH, KaK nepeAaeTCH pacnopHJKeHHe noâb MauiHHy na-
'ajibHHKa:
Avancez lautomobile du p a- Uodaiire aeroMo6uAb na-
tron ! HaAbHUKl
Sortez la voiture du chef l Bbieodure Mauiuny xo3Ruua!
Amenez la bagnole du singe / JJaea Mo r op o6e3bxnbi!
(i06e3bBHa HpoHHfie-
OKoe oosHaqeHHe xo3SHHa
B cpeae paoqHX.)
Mbi cpa3y BHflHM, ht o nepByio (j)pa3y np0H3H0CHT jihho pecneK-
TaeJibHoe, croamee bmcoko Ha coiuiaJibHoft JiecraHiie h npencnoji-
HeHHoe ncmeHHH k TOMy, kt o c t o h t eme Bbiuie. PacnopnweHHe
noAXBaTbiBaer MeHee BajKHHft h ojiee paBHOymubift k 3T0My cjiy-
xaiHHft. Tperbsi $ p a 3 a npHHauJiexHT paoqeMy, kot oph h c mot pht
6e3 BcaKoro nonTeHHH h Ha xo3HHHa, h Ha ero ManiHHy, h Ha caMbift
npHK33.
3 T a CTopoHa penH, h j i h o n o J i H H T e j i b H a j i k o c h o b h o
MbI CJ I H C T H J I H C T H K e C K a S HH( | ) Op M a QHH, C O H H a JI fe-
HeoaHOKpaTHO Bbi cKasbraaj i ocb m h c h h o a h h m m nepBbtx H. A. Eo-
ayaHOM as KypTeH3 eme b HaMaJie XX Besca, i t o o 6 w a a .iHHrBncTHKa co
Bpe.weneM aojiKHa HacTHMHO c;iHTbca co bcmh s t h m h HayicaMH, h j i h o h h c n e 0 ,
h 0f i pa30BaTb eAHHyro Ha y x y o 4ejioBeKe. y K a 3aHH3H Bbiuie b CH0CKe KHHra H3-
Becj Horo p a H u y s c K o r o JiHHrBHCTa h HCTopHKa Kyj i bTypu G. Ma t o r c e Pbe3-
n u m a r b 3 t o m HanpaBJieHHH. P e q b h a c t n p n s t o m n p e w a e Bcero 0 6 H3yqeHHH
CHHxpoHHM, n a coBpeMeHHM MaTepHajie. C HCTopHnecKoft t o i k h 3peHHH Bonpoc
i!3yqeH r o p a 3 o MeHbiue. B o j i a c r a cpaBHHT&nbHO-HCTopHqecKoft ceMacHOJiorHH
npoOfleMa cxojxfleHKH n pacxoHtAeHH (b t o m qHCfle h c t h j i h c t h t c c k h x ) u i h p o k o
CTaBHTca b noKa eAHHCTBeHHoft p a6oTe P. A. B y a r o b a. CpaBHHTem>HO-ceMa-
CHOôrHiecKHe HccêAOBaHHH (poMHCKHe H3MKH), H 3A-bo Mo ck . yn-Ta, 1963.
21
H a a h s Mo i t HQHa j i b Ha , c o c t h b j i h t n p e ^ M e t H3 y-
Ho p Mb i h 3 h y t p h. hjih, KaK roBopHT HHonia, npeAMeT
BHyTpeHHeH CTHJIHCTHKH H3UK3.
BepHeMca k HameMy npHMepy. npo^TeM e m e pa3 <{)pa3y 3a
(J)pa3o, 3a6biB Ha MHHyry, qro cymecTByiOT ocTajibHbie, t . e. npc-
aHaJiH3HpyeM no r0pn30HTajm. Mbi CMomeM CKa3aTb TOJibKO, mto
pa3HHMH cjioBaMH nepeâHa o^Ha h Ta JKe Mbicjib. Ecjih 0CTaH0-
BHTbCa B 9T0M MeCTe aHajIH3a, TO HeJIb3H O'bHCHHTb Te OTHOCITeJIb-
ho nojpoHbie flJifl TaKoro Heojibinoro TeKCT xapaKTepHCTHKH
nepcoHajKe, KOTOpbie Mbi ycTaHOBHJiH. TOJibKO aHajiH3Hpya TeKCT
no BepTHKaJiH, t . e. no rpynnaM cjiob avancer sortir amener,
lautomobile la voiture la bagnole, le patron le chef lu
singe, iMbi ycTaHaiBJiHBaeM hx pa3JimHe h inajiyqaew Acmommenb-
Hyio HH(J)opMaiiHio. 3Ta flonoflHHTeJibaaa, CTHJiHCTHqecKan HH$op-
MauHH 3aKJimeHa, Ta.KHM 06pa30M, He b cjioBe caMOM no cee (b
aaHHOM CJiyqae Mbi aHaJiK3npyeM CJioBa, TaK KaK CHHTaKcnqecKoe
nocTpoeHHe Bcex Tpex 4>pa3 oahh3kobo) , a b OTHOineHHH CJioBa k
ero CHH0HHM3M, OHa OTHOCHTeJIbHa.
CJlOBa CTHJIHCTHneCKH OKpaineHHHe KHHJKHbie HJIH 4>aMHJIbSiP"
Hbie, XBajieHbie hjih yHHqHJKHTeJibHbie, BocnpHHHMaiOTCH TaKHMK
TOJibKO no OTHOUieHHK) K CTHJIHCTHneCKH He OKpaUieHHblM, HeHTpaJIb-
h h m . HeTpaJibHbie cocTaBJiHKVr HOpMy, Ha $OHe K0T0p0fi Bocnpn-
HHMaiOTCH OTKJIOHeHHH.
Haui npHMep xopoui TeM, qro b HeM ynoTpeJieHbi Bce 0CH0BHbie
CHHOHHMbi Ka*Aoro CJioBa, ohh n e p e a HaMH. IlpH aHaJiH3e mm
flajKe nocTapajiHCb HapouHo 3a6biTb, qTo pHflOM c KajKfloi (J)pa3oft
cymecTByroT ABe Apynie, phaom co cjiobom voiture CJioBa automo
bile h bagnole h t . a. Ha caMOM Aejie bchkhh, k t o 3HaeT <})paHuy3-
CKH H3LJK, 3a6bITb STOTO He MQJKeT. H n09T0My ]\JIH CTHJIHCTK-
qecKoro atJxfieKTa BOBce He 0H3aTejibH0 ynoTpeHTb KaKoe-jm6o
cjiobo phaom c ero chhohhmom. flocTaTonHo Toro, mto chhohhm cy-
mecTByeT b zmhhom H3biKe, h TorAa ajih BCHKoro, 3Haiomero s t o t
H3biK, cTHJiHCTHqecKan oKpacKa AeftcTBHTejibHo ynoTpeJieHHoro
cjioBa Bce paBHo yaeT HCHa. ConocTaBJieHHe, cooTHomeHHe oera-
K)tch b 9tom cjiyqae, x o t h h AeJiaroTCH HHTyHTHBHO. OTHOCHejib-
HocTb ocTaeTca. CoomeHHe npuKaruAul BocnpHHHMaeTcn KaK Hpo-
HHqecKoe TOJibKO n0T0My, qTo b pyccKOM H3biKe HMeiOTCH eme hcht-
pajibHoe n p n e x A U h KHH?KHoe n p u b i AU. HanpoTHB, c t o u i e c T b d e -
c h t HeceT TOJibKO MbicjiHTejibHyio, qHCJiOByro HHcjJOpManHK), 6e3
BCHKoro CTHJIHCTHqeCKOrO OTTeHKa, TaK KaK B pyCCKOM H3bIKe B
3tom CJiyqae, KaK h ajih GojibinHHCTBa KpynHbix qnceji, HeT Apyroro
cpeacTBa Bbipa3HTb t o * e KojmqecTBo. 3aecb mh bhahm, ht o noA-
co3HaTejibHoe cpaBHeHHe, HHTyHimH, nrpaeT ojibmyio pojib b boc-
npHHTHH CTHJ1H.
TaKHM 06pa30M, He Bce ajieMeHTu, HexoAHMue ajih no3HaHHsi
ct hj j h h CTHJieBOH HH(j)opMaii,HH, npHcyTCTByioT b peqeBOH nenH.
âcTb hx npHHa/yiexHT aapecaTy peq 3apaHee, a o bcakoto koh-
22
KpeTHOrO COOUteHHH, H COCTaBJIflCT naCTb e r o 3H8HHH H3HK3. r i o -
STOMy OAHHM H3 KpHTepHB HaXOHCAeHHH CTHJieBMX HepT AOJIKHO
6 b!Tb h x AeftcTBHTeJibHoe BocnpHHTHe r o B o p a mH M. O c i o f l a BbixeKa-
t Heo6 x 0 flHM0 CTb Hc n0J b30BaTb H B o r o c j i y m a o i u e r o HeJioBeKa
a a p e c a T a p e n n h nHTa Te j m a A p e c a T a xyAOKecTBeHHoro npoH3-
sefleHHfl, x o t h 6 bi cnocooM c3M0H36jii0AeHHH a h poAHoro H3bi-
Ka H HHOCTpaHHOrO HCI10JIb30BaHHeM JIHU-HH(j)OpMaHTOB,
AJIH KOTOphlX 3T0T H3bIK pOAHOH.
H r a n , b caMOM H3biKe cymecTByK)T o c o b i e cuereMH, pa3H0BHA-
HOCTH H3bIK3, XapaKTepH3yKUHeCH COCTBeHHO (J)OaeTHKOH ( h j i h
CTHAeM npoH3HomeHHH), rpaMMaTHKo ( h j i h oTopoM rpaMMa-
TimecKHx cpeACTB H3 omeHauHOHaj i bHoro a o c t o h h h h ) h j i c k c h k o h .
3 t H CHCTeMU, Ha3bIBaeMbie ( j ) y HKUHOHa J I b Hb I MH CT HJ I HMH
3 3 HIK a HJ I H p e MH, H3 'K'OTOipbFX OAHH HeHnpaJIbHbl HJIH
HopMa, a A p y r a e Ha $OHe e r o cr aJ i Hcr anecKH OKpameHHbie,
5BJIHIOTCH TJiaBHblM IIpeAMTOM H3yn6HHH BO BHyTpeHHeft CTHJiH
CTHKe, OCHOBO AJIH H3yneHHH AOnOAHHTeJIbHO HH(|)OpMaii;HH, ne-
peAaBaeMOH c penbi o. ( l oApoHee o (JiyHKUHOHaJibHbix c t h j i h x p e q n
cm. cooTiBencTiByiomH& pa3AeJi, '103 h cj i ew. )
8. HecKOJibKo 3aMeqaHi o c b r s h c t h j i h c t h k h c Teopaeft h h -
<f)OpMaUHH. CoCTBeHHO rOBOpH, K 3TOMy Bon p o c y OTHOGHTCH y x t e
c Ka3aHHoe b npe Abi AymeM n a p a r p a t j i e . r ipHcoeAHHHM ci oAa e m e
HeCKOJIbKO 3aMeMHHll.
H3biKOBHe uiTaMnbi TaK HenpHHTHO AeHCTByiOT Ha cnyuiaTeJiH
HJIH nHTaTeJIH nOTOMy, HTO b HHX CJIHIHKOM MaJIO HHCjjOpMaUHH. H a -
npoTHB, CTHJIHCTHH6CKH y r u r a o e c o o m e H n e n03B0Ji neT n e p e A a T b
0W6Hb 3K0H0MHHM CnOCOOM OJlbUIOe KOJIHHeCTBO HHÔpMaUHH.
TaK, eCJIH He HCn0JIb30BaTb CTHJIHCTHMeCKHe B03M0)KH0CTH, t o
MbicJib H3 npeAbi Aymer o npHMepa JXaea Morop oe3bmbi
npHuui ocb 6 u nepeAaTb npH6jiH3HTejibHO TaK: Bbieodure Mauimy
X03HUH! (Ho MHe-TO SA HT HU O X03HUH, HU do eZO MatUUHbl,
h u do 9TOSO npuK3a!)
OnncaHHe o a h o t o BHCKa3biBaHHH, CTHJiHcraqecKH cji owHoro, qe-
pe3 Apyroe, craJincTHnecKH oji ee npocToe, h o 3s t o MeHee s k o h o m-
Hoe (BWHrpuni b craJiHCTHnecKo npocTOTe npHBOAHT k H3JiHuiHe
3 a Tp a T e S H e p r a n ) h MeHee Bbi pa3HTej i bHoe, mo j k h o Ha3BaTb cno
cooM ceMKTHiHeQKosro paBJKmeHHH. (Cm. 100)
B AaHHO CBH3H HHTepecHO A p y r o e . Hc n 0 J i b 3 0 Ba HHe craneBux
B03M0HHGCTeH a j i h n e p e A a n n Aonoj i HHTeji bHof i HH<J>opM3iiHH He Aa-
eT a c o j n o T H o r o Bb i Hr p b i ma ycHJiHH h j i h a c o j n o T Ho f t s k o h o m h h .
B caMOM Aejij BeAb n e p e A a B a e M a n t 3 k h m 0 p a 3 0 M AonojiHHTeJib-
H3H HH(J)OpManHH 3 a p 3 H e e COAep*HTCH B H3UIHX CBeAeHHHX O H3bl-
Ke, Ha KOTOpOM Mbi TOBOpHM. Hmj lOpMaUHH, Ha KOTOpyiO Mbi He
3a Tpa qHBa eM ycHJiHH npH KaxAOM k o h k p c t h o m coomeHHH, n p e A-
CTSBJIHeT COO He HTO HHOe KaK HH^JOpMaUHIO, HaKOnJieHHyiO B H3bl-
Ke, KaK 6bl aKKyMyJ!HpOB3HHyK) MHOrHMH nOKOJieHHHMH, COCTaB-
23
J i a r o m y i o n a e r b AyxoBHor o a o c t o h h h h HauHH h ycB3HB3eMyr o h s m h
c 33HKOM. rioHCHHM CKa3aHHoe Ha npHMepe.
KoJIHneCTBO CTHJIHCTHqeCKO HH^JOpMaiXHH, T. e . COUHaJIbHafl H
aMOUHOHa^bHaa xapaKTepHCTHKa r o B o p a m e r o ( b c i i o m h h m p a c n o -
p a * e H H e noAa Tb SBTOMoHJib) t g m o j i b i i i e , neM n e r n e i mpor a Bono-
CT3BJIHI0TCH, pa3rpaHHHHBaiOTCfl CTHJlHCTHHeCKHe CHHOHHMbl. B
aHeKÔTe c aBTOMoHJieM m h noTOMy CTHJracTHHecKH TaK neTKO
BocnpHHHMaeM p e n b Ks a c Ao r o nepcoHaaca, mt o Bce c h h o h h m h CTpo-
ro pa3r paHH*i eHbi no TpeM c t h j i h m p e r a : KHHSCHOMy, pa3r0B0pH0My
h npoc Tope nHOMy. t JeM w e c t h j i h c t h m c c k s h c ^ e p a c j i o Ba , TeM
o r a n e ero er aJiHCTHnecKoe c o a e p m a H H e *. T s k h m 0p a 3 0 M, s k o h o -
MHH yCHJIHH npH COOlHeHHH C nCn0Jlb30B3HHeM CTHJIHCTHHeCKHX
c p e a c T B o n p e A e j i a e T c a b KOHeiiHOM c n e r e He TOJibKO s k o h o m h h m
BHyTpeHHHM CTpoeHHeM OTAeJlbHOrO COOmeHHH, h o h o i h h m ko-
j mnecTBOM H3biKOBbix CTHJief h h x neTKHM p a 3r paHHneHHe M. Ho
Beflb 3 t o h ecTb p e s y j i b T a T co3AaHHH M o r y q e r o , p a 3 H O o 6 p a 3 H o r o h
OTi uJiHtJjoBaHHoro HanHOHaj i bHor o H3biKa.
MaTeMaTHMecKan HHTepnpeTauHH He b x o a h t b H a m y 3 a f l a u y , h o
33MeTHM Bce ace, mt o n p H M a a 3aBHCHMOCTb KOJinnecTBa c t h j i h c t h -
neCKO HHlJjOpMaUHH OT TOCJia flH(|)(})epeHUHpOB3HHbIX, HeTKO o n e p -
TOHiHblX CTHJieft fl3blKa, HO-BHAHMOMy, |AO>KHa BXOHTb B HOttlCTeTbl
KO/JHêCTBa HHÔpMaUHH B Kaj Kfl OM OTAeJIbHOM COOmeHHH.
3aKOHHO 3 a ^ a T b c e 6 e B o n p o c : *i to Bbi r of l Hee b BHAax s k o -
h o m h h ycHJiHH npH n e p e A a n e c o o m e H H ? ToBopH n p o m e , mt o j i e r -
n e : OBJiaAeTb HauHOHajibHOH c t h j i h c t h k o b e e n o j mo M o' be Me k
MSCTepCKH, npO(J)eCCHOH3JlbHO nHCaTejIbCKH CTpOHTb CBOK) p e n b
( t . e. SKOHOMHTb yCHJIHH B KaJKAOM KOHKpeTHOM COOlHeHHH, UieflpO
33TpaTHB HX Ha H3yHeHHe H3HKa) HJIH, He 3Ha CTHJIHCTHKH, TOBO-
pHTb h nHC3Tb Ji or HnecKH, k s k 6 h cnocooM c eMaHTHne c Kor o ps. 3-
JIQK6HHH, T. 6. npOHr pbI BaTb B '3KOIHOMHH Ha KaKiflOM OTAeJIbHOM CO -
OmeHHH? C HeKOTOpblX T0M6K apeHHH 3T0 BOirapOC 'He mpaSAHblH.
Pa 3 BHTHe H 3 H'H OH 3 JI bH H e H3HIKH He npOCTO H031B0JIHI0T I0JIb3yiO-
HHMCfl HMH HCHO H 3K0H0MH0 Bbipa>KaTb CBOK) MHCJIb, B H3BeCTHOH
Me p e OHH IHaBH3bIBaiOT 3KOHOMHK), TpeyH 'OJIblHHX yiCHJIHH Ha npeiH-
Ba p Hx e j i b Ho e H3yfeHHe.
9. y p o B e H b HHAHBHAyajibHO peHH. O n n c a H n e H3 y p o BHe Hop-
m h Tp aAHttHOHH a h 3 a A a q a c t h j i h c t h k h , HaMHHan c XVII Be na ,
o j i e e h j i h MeHee y c n e i u H o oc yme c TBJ i e HHa a b o MHo r n x p a o T a x
Ha 3Ty TeMy, TOrA3 K3K OnHCSHHe H3 ypOBHe HHAHBHAyaJIbHOH p e -
4H Cp3BHHTejIbHO HOBblH BOnpOC, BblABHHyTblH B K p y r HayiKbIX
n p o J i e M b n e p Bb i e AecHTHJieTHH H a r n e r o BeK3. B H a r n e CTpsHe o h
6 h j i nocT3BJ i eH b CBH3H c onHC3HHeM xyAoacecTBeHHofi p e n n , b
1 3aBHCHMOCTb Ta Hte, mt o b jiorHKe Mewa y oêMOM h coAepxaHHeM noHS-
t h h h b CTpyKType H3HKa Mexcay MapKHpOBBHHOCTbJO cjioBa h c<}>epoH e r o
ynoTpeJieHHH.
24
nacTHOCTH b p a or a x B. A. JlapHHa, K). H. TbiHHHOBa, JI. B. IUep-
6 m h Apyr ax1. C Apyrofi ctopohh, ot jihhfbhcthkh b co6 ctb6Hhom
CMMcjie cjioBa rneji k TaKOMy aHaJiH3y III. BaJiJia 2. FIo3AHee hh-
AHBHAyaJibHan pewb CTajia H3yqaTbCH b cbh3h c omeft Teopaeii hh-
4)OpMauHH h KHepHeTHKoft3 h, HaKOHeu, b caMoe nocjieAHee BpeMH
ABVMH HOBbIMH OTpaCJIHMH 3H3HHH, C OAHOH CTOpOHbl CeMHOTH-
Koii, hjih yneHneM o 3HaKOBbix cncTeMax Booiue, c ApyroS cropo-
Hbl nCHXOJiaHFBHCTHKOH, KOMIIJieKCHOH HayKOH o peMH, H3yqaK3-
mea He TOJibKO caMoe coomeHHe (hjih KaHaJi), ho h Jiroflefi
OTi:paHTejiH h nojiynaTejifl pe^H KaK yraacrHHKOB 'OOOmeHHa
Saecb )Ke cnoco aaajiH3a Ha ypoBHe HHAHBHAyaJibHo pena ona-
CblBaeTCH He33BHCHMO OT HCTOpHêCKOrO npOHCXOJKAeHHH ero COCTaB-
HHX MaCTeH, TaK KaK OH CHHTe3HpOBaJlC3 B C03H3HHH aBTOpa.
y p 0 3 6 H b HHHBHflyJIbHOH peMH COOTBeTCTByeT MeJIOBeneCKO p e -
na bo BceM e e MaTepHajibHOM h ayx0BH0M MHoroo6pa3HH: b (|>opMe
aKyCTHHeCKOH B BHAe 3BVKOBMX KOJieaHHH B03flyxa, B 4>0pMe
( f m s a o J i o r a n e c K o f t h ncHX0( )H3H0Ji0rHqecK0 b BHAe n p o u e c c o B ,
npoHcxoAHmHx b M03ry nejioBeKa h e r o o p r a H a x pena, h b (})opMe
ncHXHiecKOi b BHAe mothbob pena, n o y j K A e H a a k Hea, HaMe-
penaft h t . n. HBJieHHH H3biKa Ha stom ypoBHe MoryT 6biTb MaTe-
pnajibHo 3a4>HKCHpoBaabi b BHAe 3ByK0B0& 3 a n a c a a a MarHHTOtJioH-
Hyio nJieHKy, naTetpOHHyio miacTHHKy h t . n.
CoomeHHe MoxeT paccMaTpHBaTbca h Ha CTpyKTypHOM ypOB-
He, HO TaM peqb MOJK6T HATH TOJibKO O COOmeHHB TaiIB3BpOBaH-
hom, o THine cotomeHHH. 3Aecb ce mpeiHMeT Hamero anacawBH
K0HKpeTH0e coo6 m,eHHe. Tan coomeHBH aojikch H3ynaTbCH BHe
IIHpOKOrO KOHTeKCTa H BHe UIHpOKO WH3HeHHO CHTyaiXHH. 3 A e C b
ce, Ha n p OTHB, c o o m e H a e a o j i j k h o p a c c M a T p a -
B a T b C H TOJ i bKO B CBH3B C KOHTCKCTOM H B CBH3H C
c K T y a u H e , b KOTOp y r o b x o a h t Ka K 0 CH0 B H u e e e
3 J i e M6 HTH OT n p a BHT e , b p e H h n o j i y n a T e j i b p e r a .
Bce 3t o h noAnepiKHBaercH tqpmkhom a 'h a b b a y a ji b h a h p e m b.
3 m m m a m e , TaiKHM o6paac>M, coBepiueHHo He pasHocajibao oupa-
1 JlHieparypa yKa3aHa 3 e cb b p a 3a e j i e o cnocodax aHajiH3a xyaoxcecTBeHHO
pe^H.
2 0 6 m a a MHrBHCTHKa h Bonpocw | )paHuy3CK0ro s a u K a , cm. TaKjxe
3XCCb, 00.
3 Cm., HanpHMep, R. J a k o b s o n . Linguistics and Communication Theo-
ry. Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics , vol. XII, Structure ot
Language and its Mathematical Aspects , 1961 ; y. Pocc 3 ni 6 h BBeaeHHe b
KHepHeTHKy, nepes. c aHra., M., MJ1, 1959: peueH3HH Ha 3Ty KHHry M. H. Bypjia-
kobo, b c6. CTpyKTypHO-THnoaorKqecKHe HcwieaoBaHHa, H3a-bo AH CCCP,
M., 1962.
4 Cm. O. C. A x m a h o b a. O ncHxojiHHrBHCTHKe, Han. Mock. yH-ra, 1957;
Psycholinguistics. A book of readings. Sol Saporta, d., 1962; peuenaHH E. B e n -
v e n i s t e . Bulletin de la Socit de Linguistique de Paris, 1963, fascicule 2;
A. A. J l e o HTb e B. ricHxojiHHrBHCTHKa h npoCjieMa 4>yHKiiHOHajibHbix eaimna
peiH, b c6. Bonpocu TeopHH S3biKa b COBpeMeHHOH 3apy6escHoil jiHiirBKCTHKe,
H3a-bo AH CCCP, M., 1961, TaM x e yKa3aHa apyras jiHTepaTypa.
25
JKeHHK) OTW&TibHO^ COOmeHHe, HO yKaBbl BaeT Ha ypoBeHb aCTpaK-
UHH npH paCCMOTpeHHH c oome HHH, H HMeHHO Ha TaKOft epaB-
HHTeJIbHO CO CTpyKTypHblM HeBbICOKHH ypOBeHb, npH KOTOpOM KaK
p a 3 coomeHHe, KaK OTAejibHoe, BbipBHHoe H3 KOHTeKCTa, p a c -
CM3TpHBaTbCH H He MOHCeT, HO aH3JIH3HpyeTCH B CBH3H C IUHpOKKM
H3HKOBUM H BHeH3bIKOBbIM KOHTeKCTOM HejIOH JKH3HeHHOH CH-
T y a u H e , b KOTopoft n p o n c x o AHT b k t coomeHHH.
Uejib 3Toro pa3j3,ejia onHcanne cnoco6oB aHaJiH3a BCHKoro
HHAHBHAySJlbHOrO COOmeHHH BOOme, HC33BHCHM0 OT TOrO, HpH-
HaAJieJKHT jih o ho npaKTHnecKo hjih xyAoacecTBeHHoft penn. Ksk
pa3 TOJibKO nocji e yacHeHHH cnocooB aHajiH3a m o x h o OTBeTHTb Ha
Bonpoc o tom, neM OTJiHiaeTCH npaKTHqecKoe coomeHHe o t c o o
meHHH KaK SJieMeHTa xyAowecTBeHHo penn, h nepefira k onnca-
hhk) 3Toro nocjieAHero.
10. MjieHeHHe ct hji hct hkh Ha ypoBHe HHAHBHAyajibHofi penu.
3 a KHHra CTHJiHCTHKa c tohkh 3peHHH nojiynaTejiH p e m V a
CKa3aiHoro b JipeAbiwymeM naparpai ê cuiewyer, t o 'CrajiHCTme-
cKoe onncaiHae nabi Ka 6y&eT r op a 3A0 o j i b me cooTB&TcnBOBaTb CBoe-
My oS' beKTy b t o m cJi yqae, ecjiH nepecTaHeT CTpeMHTbCH h aCTpaKT-
hoh CTHJiHCTHKe, noAHMaromecH HaA ompaBHTeJieM pe*m h noj i y-
naTejieM ee h o x B a r a B a i o m e f l TOJibKO t o , t o y h h x o m e r o , h
CTaHCT Ha OAHy H3 AByx B3aHM0HCKJiroqai0mHx Apy r Ap y r a ToneK
3peHHH: j i h o Ha TonKy 3peHHH OTnp aBHrejiH peqn, h b 3t o m cji yqae
nojiytjHTCH CTHji'HCTiHKa onnipaBHTejiH ipenH, j i h o Ha TOHiKiy 3peHs
nojiyqaTeji-H ipewH, h w ^ a s t o yiaeT CTHJiHCTHKa inoj i yqat eJi H tpenn.
B r o p a n h oocTaBJiHeT H-ejib HscroHmeft KHHral .
3 t o t Bbiop tomkh 3peHHH AeJiaeM no cJieAyiomHM AByM npKTO-
H3M: BO-nepBHx, ara KHHra KaK yqeHoe nocoHe AOJiwHa yqHTtf
CTHJiHCTHKe $paHHy3CKOrO H3bIK3, H npH 3TOM npOHeCC nOHHM3HHH,
33CT3BJIHH oyqai omerocH CTaHOBHTbCH b no3Hn,Hio noJiynaTeJiH pe-
qn, kohmho, npeAinecTByeT aKTHBHOMy crajiHcranecKOMy BJiaAeHHio
H3MK0M; BO-BTOpblX, B KHHry BKJIIOqeH H pa3Aeji CTHJIHCTHKH xyAO-
wecTBeHHo pe^H, a TyT y>Ke 3 3 BeAOMO mojkho CKa3 aTb, h t o ojib-
WHHCTBO HHTaTejieft He CTSBHT Cee UeJIbK) HayMHTbCH TBOpHTb xy-
AoxecTBeHHyio peqb, h o TOJibKO npaBHJibHo h rJiy6 0 K0 noHHMaTb
ee; eAHHCTBO H3Jio>KeHHH o e n x qacren KHHra TpeyeT h eAHHoft.
TOqKH 3peHHH.
1 rionHTKH nocTpoHTb Moflejib A3btKa 6e3 o6pameHHH ,i h 5 o k r o Bo p a me wy ,
j i h 6 o k cj i ymaTej i io h , TKHM 06pa30M, nonuTKH ni nocTa3HpoBaTb caMuft k o a
H3Hxa, OTOpBaHHufl o t p e a. i b Ho r o coomeHHH, y r p o x a i o T n p e B p a r a T b h s u k b ne
Kyio cxojjacTHqecKyio $hkuhio, R. J a k o b s o n . Linguistics and Communi
cation Theory. Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, vo l . XII,
Structure of Language and its Mathematical Aspects, 1961, p. 250. Ho
P . HkoCOH OTHOCHT 3T0T npHHUHn, nO-BHAHMOMy, TOJibKO K C06CTBeHH0-JIHHr-
BHCTHHecKOMy HccjieaoBaHHio, T o r a a KaK c n o c o anaj i H3a b CTHJiHCTHKe c t Po h t c s
y 3Tor o aBTopa Ha coBepmeHHO a p y r n x 0 CH0BaHHHX noHCKax HMMaHeHTHofl
c TpyKTypu nosTHHecKoro npoH3BeAeKHH. (Cm. 125)
26
OJIbKO nOCJie C03,HaHHH JIH KaKOrO-JlKO H3HK3 OTfleJIbHO CTH
JIHCTHKH HOJiynaTeJH penn h c t h j i h c t h k h oTnpasHTeJiH peHH ( k o -
Topbie, MO*eT biTb, y n y r HMeTb h coBnaj,aiomHe n a c r a ) CTaaeT
B03M0WHHM C03AaHHe OmeH CTHJIHCTHKH 3T0r0 HSbIKa, COCTOHme
H3 AByx nepBbix n a c r e , h TpeTbe, coepwaueH npaBHJia n e p e x o s a
OT nepBOH KO BTOpOH.
PasyMeeTCH, npH COBpeMeHHOM C0CT03HHH CTHJlHCTHHeCKHX HC-
CJieaoBaHHH n 0 CJiefl0 BaTeJibH0 e npoBefleHHe t o h k h speHHH n oj i y n a -
Tej i s peMH HeB03M0)KH0, Bo MHornx c j i y n a a x HaM npHercH b
3t o h KHHre o p a m a T b c a h k TonKe 3peHHH OTnpaBHTejiH, h k n p n e -
M2M aCTpaKTHO CTHJIHCTHKH. HeOXOHMO nOMHHTb, OAHKO, *ITO
3 t o MeiueHHe e npHHU'KnnajibHoe, a BpeMeHHbi pa on H ' npneM.
C xaiKOfi OTOBfOpKOH s t o t npHiHiuHin a Ha j i i a >6y.neT npi meHeH wH*e.
11. JHHrBHCTHMeCKHH aHajIH3 Ha ypOBHe HHAHSHAyajIbHOH peHK
saKJiKmeTCH b HacKOJibKO mojkho 6ojiee hojihom onncaHHH Toro,
xa K n o J i y q a Te J i b p e n n noHHMaeT h BocnpHHHMaeT ( pacui Ht J poBbi -
BaeT, AeKO/wpyeT) coomeHHe.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 9THM aHaJIH3 Ha ypOBHe HHOTBHUyaJIbHOfi pe-
JHOJixeH CKJiaflHBaTbCH H3 flByx CTyneHeft: a) b CBeTe nmpoKOft
saflann c t h j i h c t h k h H3 aHajnwa Toro, KaK 4>yHKUHOHHpyeT coo
meHHe Boome; 6 ) b c b c t c y3K0ft 3aAara c t h j i h c t h k h H3 onpeAe-
JiaHHH MOpMH coomeHHH h ero cjioBaipa. riepoyio OTyneiHb aHajraaa
MOJKHO Ha3BaTb TKXe nOArOTOBHTe/IbHOH, TaK KaK 3TO 3HaJIH3 o-
meJiHHrBHCTHnecKHH. B HeM Mbi 0CT3H0BHMCH Ha Tpex CTOpOHaX
(fj yHKUHOHH pOB a H H H iCOOlmfHH iMexa,HH3Me OpaTIHO CBH3H, Ha-
KOilUleHHH HHKpOpMaHHH H B3aHM0ffieftCTBHH SJieMeHTOlB h ypoHeH.
12. MexaHH3M oSpaTHon c b h 3h h HaKonjieHwe HHcjiopMausiH.
C HeKOTOpbIMH CJiyqaHMH OpaTHO CBH3H Mbi yjKe CTaJIKHBaJIHCb
Ha CTpaHHuax 3To KHHrn ( c p . aneKAOT c aBTOMOHJieM). 3 t o h b -
JieHHe B o o m e 3aKJi i onaeTCH b t o m, i t o , b o c i i ph h h m a n c o o me HHe ,
aapecaT penn b KaMc^faift aaHHbift mo mc h t conocTaBJiseT h npoBepn-
eT cjibiuiHMoe ( h j i h nHTaeMoe) c t o m, t o o h j i o ycJi bi maHO ( npoTO-
T3Ho) flO Toro. n p H T3KOM COnOCTaBJieHHH He TOJibKO IipaBHJIbHO
BoenpHHHMaeTCH T a jacTb coomeHHH, KOTOpaH i i ph x o h t c h Ha fl aH-
HblS MOMeHT, HO H npOBCpHeTCH ( h HCnpaBJIfleTCfl) TO, ITO bIJIO
BoenpHHfiTo p s H b r n e . C a M o ace c o o me H H e b j i i o o m H3biKe Bc e r Aa
y c Tpoe Ho TaK, h t o o h o n03B0JiHeT a a p e c a T y p e r a 3t o cf leJi aTb.
CpaBHHM a B a BblCKaSHBaHHH:
1. f i otocb cuTbcn c nyru.
2. Botocb, k k 6bi ne 3ariAyTaTbCH.
Be3 BCHKoro TpyAa nepBoe ocosHaeTca hsmh KaK pa3roBopHo-
Ji HTepaTypHaa HopMa, BTOpoe KaK n p o c T o p e n n e . P a 3 H a a oKpac-
Ka cjioBa otocb BOSHHKaeT H3 pa3JiHqHfi b e r o OKpyweHHH. B nep-
bom c j i y n a e CHHTaKOHiiec.KaH KOHCTpyKitHH TaKOBa: (noAJie)Ka-
27
Uiee-M6CT0HMeirae) + ( osiTbca.) + (hhkJmihhthb) ; bo e-ropoM
( ) + ( OKTbCH) + ( KK 6bl He) - f (hH(})HHHTHB). TOpaH KOHCTpVK-
u,hh HMeeT fl.Be q e p npocTOpenHH: nponycK noAJie>Kamero, Bbipa-
JKeHHOrO JIH^HblM M'0CTOH.M0HH0M, H 'C0KJ3 KK 6bl TOCJie IBbipaJKetHHH
60H3HH. B 3tom c j i y q a e CTHJiHCTHnecKyio HHtj j opMauHi o HeceT JieK-
CHqe c Kas eHHHna ( ouTbcn) b c0B0KynH0CTH c onpeeJi eHHof t chh-
TaKCHneCKOH KOHCTpyKU.He. KOJIHneCTBO T3KHX npHMepOB JlerK
MOJKHO yMHOJKHTb. B HaUKX CJiyqaHX CTHJlHCTHqeCKaH HH(})OpMaUHH
BMpaKaerncH HepaOTJi eHe!Ho icjiobom, e r o r p a MMa T me e i Ko f t <j>op-
MOH H CHHTaKOIWeCKOH OT03HHHeH. npOHHTa' B BTOpoe OOQmeHHe
Botocb ( 1 ) , | k &k 6 u (2) / He 3anAyTTbCH (3) /Ha AJiWHy fcyx no3H-
Uhh flo OTMerKH 2, Mbi j xame a o nioaBêHHH npocTOpeniHoro 3ari Ay-
TTbcn oco3aeM a c e 'coomeHHe KaiK OTKJioHHiomeecH o t Hefippajib-
HOH HOpMbl. CtaHaiKO Xapa' KTep 3TOTO OTKJIOHeHHH BOCnpHHHMaeTCH
eme OHBHb p alGn JI H BH 3T0, 3T0 MO*eT bliTb OTKJIOHeHHe OT SHOpMH KS'K
HHflHBHflyaJibHOe, TaK h con,HajibHo-CTHJiHCTHqecKoe npocTopeni f e.
HeMeTKocxb BocnpHHTHH Bbi3BaHa TeM, qTo onymeHHe JMHHoro Mec-
TOHMeHHH-noMej Ksmero CBOCTBeHHO He TOJibKO n p o c T o p e r a c ,
h o h pyrHM c t h j i h m , HanpHMep, pa3r0B0pH0My h k h h j k h o m y . r i p o -
IHTaB TeKCT O OTMeTKH 3, Mbi y * e BOJIHe OTUeTJIHBO BOCnpHHH-
MaeM coomeHHe k s k npocTOpe^Hoe. MexaHH3M opaTHon CBH3H
noflKpenHJi CTHJiHcraqecKoe BnenaTJieHHe npoH3omJi o HaKonjieHHe
CTHJIHCTHqeCKO HHÔpMaUHH.
Mbi BHflHM, HTO CTH JI H CTH 1 6 CK a H HH( j ) OpM 3 UHa MO-
* e T H a K a n j i H B a T b C s n p h c o o me HHH Ha c p a b h h-
t e j i b h o o j i b mo M 0 T p e 3 Ke b p e m e h h, 9To ee BajKHeHiuee
cboctbo, OTJiHqaiomee ee, HanpHMep, ot rpaMMaranecKOH HH$op-
MaotHH, 3a!KJimeiHH0H[ b MopîeMax, h ot 4>0pM0ipa3JiHwreJibH0H hh-
4)OpMaiI,HH, 3KJII0qeHH0H B <J)OHeMaX. OoHeMHaH HHIÔpMaUHH MO-
HteT H3KanJlHB3TbCH ObUIHO TOJibKO B npefleJlaX MOpêMbl, MOp-
(|>eMHaH b npeêJiax CJlOBa. Ho rfle rpamma HaKonjieHHH cth-
JIHCTHqeOKOfi H'H'lj) Qp M aiIM H ? MOJKCT JIH OHa iH3Ka'nJIHB3TbCH ecnpe-
pblBHO, Ha npOTHHCeHHH TeX OTpe3KOB coomeHHH, KOTOpbie B ne-
qaTHoii <})opMe ohmho Ha3HBaiOTCH a3anaMH, rJiaBaMH, tom3mh?
riocTynaeT jih CTHJiHCTHqecKan HHtôpMamiH HenpepbiBHo hjih nop-
uhhmh, t . e. AHCKperaa jih OHa?
nonbiTaeMCH AaTb o t bc t Ha s t h Bonpocbi.
FlepeHHTaeM otphbok H3 H. ByHHHa (JlHKa, r ji. X X V I):
B Konu, e A r a noAootceHue Mo e e y n p a e e e m e o A e e y n p o m i A o c b :
n p e w d e h TOAbKO <rc o c t o r a npu n e u , r e n e p b 6 u a 3 a n u c A e H e i u t c l t
u t i OAy n u A n o e y t o doAOtcnocTb, kclk n e A b 3 n oAee M n e n o d x o H i q y f o :
c t c i a x p a n u r e A e M y n p a e c K O 6u6AUOTeKU H a K o n u e u i u x c n e
nodeaAax y n p a e u pa3Hbix seMCKux u 3 d H i i . ( \ ) / JloAOKHocTb ara,
e u d y M a H H a n a h M e n u C y A u m o , n p e d t i u c b i e a A a Mn e : pa3op u
n p u e e d e n u e e n o p x d o / c 3 t u x u3daHu, eodeopenue u x e n o u e m e -
u u e , h c e n p e d M e r o c o o a p e d o c T a s A e n n o e , e AUHHyta c e o d -
28
nciTyto KOMHTy b tWAytiodsciAbHOM BTdoice, u oopydoea-HHoe
tlOTpeHblM KOAUKeCTBQM tlOAOK U tUKa(p08, a 3TeM H30P 3U HU'
m u u 8bida<iy n o y n p a e e e o e p e Me n n o e no Ab3oe aHue r e x U3 h u x ,
KOU OKMyTCH. HyOKHblMU AH T020 UAU UHOZO OTeASHUR 6 TOT OAU
u h o m o m h t . (2) I H p a 3 o 6 p a A , e o d s o p u A u n p u c r y n u A k uad3opy
u ooKdamK) ebi d a n . H o rate k k e t i d a s a r b n u n e z o n e n p u x o d u -
Aocb, Koe-mo TpeoBAOCb a h OTeASHu TOAbKO oceHbto, n e p e d
3MCKUM c o p a u u e M, TO OCTACH MHe 0UH Ha30p, n p o c r o cu-
denue e a r ou n o Ay n o d e a A b Ho KOMHare... j ( 3)
JlepBHH KycoK BHflepmaH b HeTpa/ibHOM CTMe e m i e pac-
CKa'3'MHKa aiBTOipa, BTopo j i m >b CTHJre'KaHuejiHp'OKiOM: doAXHoen
npednucbieaAa, eodeopenue, na ce npedMer ocoo npedocraeAen-
Hux, noTpenoe koauhbctso, ebidana eo epeMennoe noAb3oeanue,
rex U3 h u x , kou, Bah toso uau uhozo ordeAenua a t t uau uho
M0M6HT. TaKHM 0pa30M, Ha npOTHJKeHHH TeKCT nOHBJIHIOTCH Mec-
Ta, rAe HaKon/ ieHHa h s m h OTHJiHCTHqecKaa HHôpMaiiHH KaK 6b!
npepMBaeTCH, TepaeT cw^y. To, h t o nepBbi S icycoK oco3HaH h s m h
KaK HeHTpaji bHaa p e n b , He MeuiaeT oco3HaTb CJieayiomHH HHane,
KaK KaHueJiapcKHH acapr oH, a e r o OKpacKa n e HaKJiaabiBaeTCH Ha
TpeHH KycoK.
HeTpaJ i bHaH a B T o p c K a a p e n b n e p e H B a e T h BTopoft KycoK,
BKJiHHHBaacb Aa * e BHyTpb <bpa3: noMew,eHue, na c e npedMer o c o
o npedocraeAeHHoe, e ojittHHyto c e o d n a my i o ttoMHamy b
tiQAynodeajibHOM a m a o t e e u oopydoeaHHoe....
B TpeTbeM KycKe npoHcxo^HT B03BpameHHe k aBTOpCKOMy ct h-
rcio, h Torfla npeAHAymee oMCtaeTCH btophhho h 0Ka3biBaeTCH
KOMinecKHM: H p a 3 0 p a A , d o d e o p u A e o d e o p u A c oopBaHKHM
AonojiHeHneM, i t o ycHJiHBaeT komhmbckh 9<J)<})eKT (cp. 42), a
Ha d a o p otKaabBae' ica e neM hihmm KaK c u d e n u e m e n o A y n o d e c i A b -
ho KOMHTe. B CHJiy nepe6oa peqeBHX CTHJiei ( t . e. HHôpMauHH
couHajibHO-CTHJiHCTHMecKOH) m h n o J i y i j a e M s cTeTHnecKoe Bne naT-
Jienne, 0CH0BaHH0 e Ha nepBOM poAe HHôpMauHH K
HaJiioAeHHH, noaoHHe 3t h m , npHBOAHT Hac k BHBOAy o t o m ,
?TO C T KJ I HC T H e C Ka S HH( { ) Op Ma i l HH, O C H O B a H H a Ha
C y me C T B O B H H H ( j f y HKHHOHa J I b HHX CT HJ i e H 3 H K a
( t . e. HHÔpMaUHH COUHJlbHO-CTHJIHCTHMeCKH H 3MOUHOHaJlbHO-
CTHJiHCTHnecKaH),He M o s e T H a K n J i H B a T b C H H e n p e p H B -
h o , OHa A H C K p e T H a h H a K a n J i H B a e T C H b n p e ^ e J i a x
1 T a n n e n e p e f i o n ofl Hor o p e ^ e s o r o c t h j i h ApyrHM s xyaoscecTBeHHOM npoH3 -
BeacHHH MHoro p a 3 6 h j i h npeAMeTOM KccjieaoBaHHH. O h k xapaKTepHU j v i a c n a -
3a, t . e. T a x o r o npoH3BeaeHHH, b k o t o Pom He nepnneTHH ci oat eTa, a caMan
H3HK0B3H TKOHb npOH3BefleKHfl HeCeT Ha c e e 4>yHKUHIO H3MHHHH 1HCTO 3311-
KOBHMH CpeACTB aMH nOKa3 HBfleHH* (B . I H k J I OBC KH) . PaSHOCTb CpejCTE
BHpasceHHft o t a a T e J B H a b HCKyccTBe, h o n a o d o e r p a e r e s TorA, k o t a s OTeyTeT-
BKe pe3KHX COCiJTUfiHblX 3ieMeHTOB He n03B(WIHer STHM H3MeHHTb OTHOlieHHe VK-
TTeJH k H3o 6 pa>Kae.MOMyi>. (B . U k j i o b c k h h . XyAOJKecTBeHHas n p o 3 a. P a 3-
MHmaeHHfl e p a a o p u , H 3A-bo Cob. n n c a t . , r a a B a CjoaceT h c t h / i b , M., 961 ).
29
T e x 0 T p e 3 K0 B c o o me HH H , KOTOp b i e c o B n a a a r o T c
n p e a ji o c e h h e m.
KaK Mbi y * e 3aMeTHJiH h e m e y bhahm HHwe, HHaqe o c t o h t
fleJIO C HaKOnjieHHeM 3CTeTHMeCKOH HH(})OpMaUHH l .
FOBOpH O HSKOnjieHHH CTHJIHCTHUeCKOH HH(j)OpMaiI,HH, npefljiOJKe-
HHe Bnojwe flocTaTOHHO noHHMaTb TaK, KaK bchkh npHBbmaeT no-
HHM3Tb B UlKOJie, HJIH B TpaflHUHOHHO (pHJIOJIOrHqeCKOM CMblCJie.
C 3to TonKH 3peHHH coomeHHe jhooS a j i h h h pacnaflaeTca aa
ynacTKH, Hyntpn Koxopbix BOcnpOHaBOWHTOH JiorHneiOKaH CTpyKTypa
cy*aeHHH cy-beKT-npeAHKaT (S P). Hhhmh cjioBaMH, coo
meHHe oJiaaaeT JionwecKHM phtmom. 3 t o t phtm OAHOBpeMeHHO
ecTb PHTM HaKOIIJieHHH H naaeHHH CTHJMCTHqeCKOH HH4)0pMaHHH.
JlornqecKHH h CTHJincTHMecKHfi pHTMbi npaKTHHecKH coBnaflaroT.
B 9to cbh3h HeoxoflHMo 3aTpoHyTb noHHr ae npeflCKa3yeM0-
CTH. npeflCKa3yeMOCTb CJIOB a HeJlb3H OTOJKAeCTBJIHTb C BepOHTHO-
CTblO 'CUIOBa B itaHHOM KOHTelKiCTe. Bo-tnepBblX, BepOHTHOOTb BblWHC-
JineTCH n a ocHOBe roroBbix k q h t k c t o b (ajiHMHoro MarepHa-
Jia H3HKa), npeACKa3yeMOCTb e xapaKTepH3yeT coomeHHe b mo
MeHT ero ocymecTBJieHHH. B o - b t o p h x , BepoaraocTb ecxb cJie^cTBHe
uejioro KOMnjieKca npHHHH h HCMHCJiaeTCH CTaTHCTHqecKH a j i h koh-
TeKCTOB ojibuioft a j i h h h , Tor\ na KaK npeACKa3yeMOCTb ecTb cjieACT-
BHe npeAuiecTByiomero h onpeAeJiHeTca KaK o>KH,aaHHe cjieAOBaHHH
3 a aHHbiM cj iobom Apyroro c j i o s a b AaHHbift MOMeHT, b AaHHo
CHTyaiIHH, B aHHOM HHflHBHJXyaJIbHOM KOHTeKCTe JHOOH JIHHbl.
HaKOHeu, B3/KH0 3aMeTHTb, HTO B CHJiy Bcex 3THX pa3JIH*IHfl CJlOBa
c Majio BepoHTHoeTbio MoryT HMeTb orpoMHyro npeflCKa3yeMOCTb
B AaHHbl MOMeHT COOmCHHH, HanpHMep, CJIOBO riHMOAaH B T3K0M
coomeHHH: 'Teo(J)KJib ToTbe bc lip e m ie a c EoAJiepoM b IIihmo-
aaHe. EcTecTBeHHo, qro no Mepe pa3BepbiBaHHH npe/moaceHHH
Bce J i e m e h Ji er qe npeacKa3HBaTb c j i e a y i o me e cjiobo. H o KorAa
upeAJiojKeHHe 3aKOHqeHO, n o c j i e tomkh npeja.CKa3aTb cjieayiomee
cjiobo npaKTHqecKH HeB03M0>KH0. H h h m h cjioBaMH, npeACKa3ye-
MOCTb HMeeT TOT * e PHTM, HTO H JIOrHqeCKOe H CTHJIHCTHHeCKOe
CTpoeHHe coomeHHH.
HanoMHHM e m e p a 3 , h t o He bc h coBOKynHaa HH<fiopMauHH, n e -
pewaBaeMaa b coomeHHH, no/ iqHHaeTCH TOMy a c e pHTMy. H a n p o -
t h b , KaK mh y x e roBopHJiH, omHH c mh c j i c oome HHH nepeAaeTCH
b HopMajibHHX ycJiOBHHx HeflHCKpeTHO, HenpepbiBHO.
1 ^ t o KacaeTca HaKonjieHHs HHôpMauHH b M03ry neôseKa Boofime, t o
npoCaeMa 3Ta TOJibKO Ha^Hnaer eTaBHTbefl. H3B c t h o , i t o paaee npHHHTan h h -
(}opMaaHH MojKeT crapaThca. P h t m, b t o m racjie h Ph t m craxa, HMeeT c t h -
pawm.ee B03aeScTBHe. C apyroft eropoHu, M03r BbtpaCaTbiBaeT npoTHB c t h -
pawmHX BoaaecTBHH aHTHpe30HaHCHyjo 3amHTy. Bce s t h Bonpocu HMeioT we-
noepeaeTBeHHoe OTHomeHHe k c o Cc t b h h o h HopMe coo6meHHH. Cp. ripHMeM.
k 83. ITepeqeHb CBaannux c s t h m jiHHrBHCTH'jecKHx npoCjieM c m. b KHhre
CTpyKTypHo-THnoTOrHuecKHe HccjieAOBaHHi, c6. CTaTeft, H3a -b o AH CCCP,
Hh c t . cjiaBHHoBeneHHH, M., 1962, c t P. 285, 291.
30
13- B3aHMOAeficTBHe ajieweHTOB h ypoBHefi coomeHHH, Mbi
BHAe j i h Ha M a T e p n a J i e n p e A H A y m e r o n a p a r p a ^ a (otocb, hto;
OtOCb, KK 6 b l ) , MTO OmaH C6M HTHHQCKaH HHÔpMaUHa H AOIOJT-
HHTejibHan cTHJiHCTHqecKaa HKôpMa una b h 3 B c c t h h x n p e A ^ i a x
peneBo uenH nepeAai OTca HepacqjieHeHHO, t . e. TaK, h t o o a h o H3bi-
KQBoe cpeACTBo Aonoj ma e T hj i h 3aMeHaeT A p y r o e a j i h co3AaHHH
oAHoro, o m e r o CMbi ai a ( c t h j i h c t h h c c k h h ac^tfieKT KaHueJi apcKoro
a capr oHa b HauieM npHMepe AocrarHyT oAHOBpeMeHHo ynoTpeJie-
HHeM OCOblX CJIOB H CHKTaKCHHeCKHM HX OpHAKOM). H3bIKOBbie
HBJieHHa, B3aHMOAecTByromHe h Aa we B3aHM03aMeHaeMbie b o a -
h o t}>yRHHH ib coomeHHH, Mor yr biTb MaTepHajihHO onenb pa 3 -
HOOpa3HH: (JjOHeTHK, JieKCHKa, CHHTKCHC, HHTOHaUHH B OblHHOfi
npaKTHHecKoft p e n n , a b xyAOJKecTBeHHOH e m e h p h t m , MejioAHKa,
3ByKOOHCb, AJIHHa CJIOB H fypa3, COnjleHHHH 4>Pa 3 > THOrpa(J)CKHH
ui pH$T h MHOroe Ap y r o e .
C' HBJieHHHMH B 3 3 H M O A e C T B H H nOCTOflHHO npHXOAHtCH
CTJIKHBaTbCH H B XyAOJKeCTBeHHOH pe^H K3K B n p 0 3e , TaK H B
no33HH. B cjieAyiomeM OTpbiBKe H3 poMaHa B. Hor o Coop Tla-
Ph*cko oroMaTepH, onHcanna Bopa nyAec, BnenaTJieHHe ec-
nopaAKa, xaoca nepeAaeTca ynoipeJieHHeM HeonpeAeJieHHoro ap-
t h k j i h npH OAHopoAHHx HJieHax npeAJi oxeHHa, 3aTeM JieKCHqecKH
cJioEaM! irrgulire, fourmillaient h JiaKCH*reoKHMiH npynnawH
tout cela allait, venait, criait h t . n.:
Ctait une vaste place, irrgulire et mal pave, comme toutes
les places de Paris alors. Des feux, autour desquels fourmillaient
des groupes trangers, y brillaient et l. Tout cela allait, ve
nait, criait. On etendait des rires aigus, des vagissements d en
fants, des voix de femmes. Les mains, les ttes de cette foule,
noires sur le fond lumineux, y dcoupaient mille gestes bizarres.
Par moments, sur le sol, o tremblait la clart des feux, mle de
grandes ombres indfinies, on pouvait voir passer un chien qui
ressemblait un homme, un homme qui ressemblait un chien.
Ces limites des races et des espces semblaient s'effacer dans cette
cit comme dans un pandmonium. ( Notre-Dame , I, II, IV) *.
Il epBaH oeoeHHoeTb 3aHMOAeHCTBHji 3aKJiioqaeTCH b t o m, h t o
o h o ecTb cjpyHKUHH BpeMeHH: neM oj i b me cKa3aHO, HeM AJiHHHee c o
omeHHe, TeM p a 3 Ho o p a 3 He e h j i e r n e ocymecTBHMO B3aHM0AeftcT-
BHe.
p y r a a OCOCHHOCTb B3aHM0AeCTBHfl B TOM, HTO b 3aBHCHMOCTH
o t x a p a K T e p a HH({)opMau.HH, o h o o c y m e c T B J i a e T c a Ha pa3HHX n o
AJiHHe 0Tpe3Kax peneBoS i i e n a . H H ^ o p M a n n a ocHOEHaa, ceMaHTHne-
c k 3 h , a T3K>Ke s e r e THq e c Ka H, KaK m u b h a c j i h , He orpaHHqeHa Ka-
^ -------
1 npHMep H3 KHHrH: P. r. n H O T p O BC K H H. 0>JepKH nO CTK/IHCTHKe [JlpaH-
r;y3CKoro R3HKa, H3A. 2, JI., I960, erp. 56.
31
k h m - j i h 6 o 0Tpe3K0M, OHa HaKanj iHBaeTCH a a p e c a T OM p e ^ H He n p e -
pbi BHo Ha npoTf l xe HHH HecKOJibKHx n p e f l J i o x e HH i , a b xyAOJKecT-
BeHHOH peHH a 6 3 a u , e B, r J i a B h t o m o b ; OHa m o j k c t Aa a c e b m x o a h t h
3a npeAejibi reKCTa k cHTyau,HK[ BHeH3HKOBOH ( c p . noHHTHe Hop-
Mbl ) . HanpOTHB, CTHJlHCTHMeCK3H HH(J)OpMaUH3, CBH33HH3H C p 33-
rpaHHMeHHeM (JjyHKHHOHajibHbix CTHJieH H3biK3, HaKanj iHBaeTCH 3
n p e a e j i a x npef l J i oKeHHH. r i os TOMy h KOMne Hca una ceMSHTHqecKOK h
SCTeTHMeCKOH HH(J)OpMaHHH H, C Ap>TOH CTOpOHbl, CTHJIHCTHHeCKOH
n poHCxoa HT coorBSTCTBtiHHO b Tex ace p a 3 Hb i x n p e A e J i s x . H j u h o -
CTp a u n e H 3 T o r o o i y a c H T , Ha npHMep, c J i e Ay o me e . Ecui h ycTHbi
nepeBOiHHHiK, n e p e s o i Af l Umi o h m x p o h h o , yrcycTHT iceMaHTHne'CKyio
HH(|)opM3HHK), o h MOKeT H3BepcT3Tb, AoaBHB b CBoeM nepeBOAe
j i Hui Hee , KaK 6bi b b o a h o c npeAJi oj KeHHe. E c j i h * e o h ynycTHT c t h -
JlHCTHHeCKyiO HH^lOpMaUHlO, TO HHK3KHM AOnOJIHHTeJIbHblM, OTAeJIb-
HbiM npeflJio>KeHHeM o h e e y * e He b o c c t 3 H o b h t ( m h He r oBopHM,
KOHenHo, 0 t o m c j i y n s e , Kor\o,3 nepeBOATOK n p e p b i B a e T nepeBOA h,
H3BHHHBUIHCb, H3HHH3eT O'bHCHHTb H 0nHCbIB3Tb, HTO HM6HH0 OH
n p o n y c r a j i . B s t o m c j i y ^ a e p e n b He HAeT o j i b i u e 0 n e pe BOAe ) .
npHMeHHTeJlbHO K CTHXOTBOpHO peHH MHOrHe npoJi eMbl , CBH-
s a HHb i e c ocymecTB/ieHHeM coomeHHH h n e p e A a u e H HH(| >opMauHH
( h o , KOHeHHO, 6e3 COBpeMeHHOfi TepMHHOJIOrHH), blJIH OCBemeHbl B
KJ i s ccHqecKof i p a o T e I O. H . TbiHHHOBa npoJi eM3 c r a x o T B o p H o r o
H3HK3 (JT., 1924) . OcogeHHO Ba>KHo a j i h c t h j i h c t h k h c j i e Ay i o me e
e r o nojio>KeHHe: 3 > o p Ma J i HTe pa TypHor o npoH3BeAeHHH AOJi>KHa
HTb 0C03HaHa KaK AHHaMHHeCKaa. h H3MH3M 3TOT CKa3bIB3TCH
BO 1) B nOHHTHH KOHCTpyKTHBHOrO npHHUHnS. H e BCe (J)aKTOpb!
CJI0B3 paBHOueHHbi; AHUaMHHecKH 4>opMa o6pa3yeTCH He coeAH-
HeHHeM, He h x cjiHHHHeM ( c p . nacTO y n o T p e J i s e Mo e noHHTHe c o-
OTBeTCTBHH), a HX B33HM0AeHCTBHeM H, CTaJIO bITb, BHABHraHH-
e MôAHon r p y n n b i 4>aKTopoB 3 3 c ne T Ap y r o f i . n p H s t o m BbiABHHy-
THH <J)3KT0p Aeij)OpMHpyeT nOAHHHeHHbie... *.
14. CTHJIHCTH<ieCKHft aHajIH3 Ha ypOBHe HHAHBHAyajIbHOH PCTH.
^BjieHHe HopMbi BHyTpH HHAHBHAyajibHoro coomeHHH. X o t h AJia
nepeAaHH AonojiHHTeJibHofi cthji hcthhcckoh HHtJiopMauHH hjih, ht o
TO JKe caMoe, AJIH CTHJIUCTHHeCKOrO 3(})({)eKTa, BnOJIHe AOCTaTOHHO
nOJIOJKHTbCH Ha HHTyHH.HK) a A p e C 3 T3 peHH H HeT HeOXOAHMOCTH
ynoTpeJiHTb paom p33H0CTHJieBbie cjiobs, 0AHaK0 HaHojibmHH
scj)$eKT noJiynseTCH hmshho b stom nocJieAHeM CJiyqse. BepHeMca
k aHeKAOTy c aBTOMOHJieM ( 7 ) . Îto mojkct noACKa3aTb hsm Ha-
ma CTHJiHCTHqecKaH h h t y h h h h , KorAa mh h h t s c m Harn paccK33HK
no ropH30HTajiH, t . e. cojiioash b KaxAOH $ p a 3 e eAHHCTBo c t h -
jih? TOJibKO t o, t t o roBOpnmHH nepByio $pa3y BupaxaeTcn khhhc-
ho, BTopo nepcoHa>K HeTpajibHO, TpeTHH npocTopenHo. Co-
nocTaBJieHHe no BepTHKajiH 3HanHTeJibHO pacmHpneT HaniH CBe-
1 YKa3. ccm., CTp. 10.
32
,eHHH. A Tenepb e BHAe SKcnepHMeHTa npo^TeM s t o t paccKa3HK
no HaroHajra, HanpHMep, TaK: Amenez la voiture du patron hj i h
TaK: Avancez la voiture du singe. B s t h x c j i y q a a x Kaacaoe b h c k 3 -
3biBaHHe CTaHOBHTCH e me oji ee eMKHM. r i e p s y i o (Jipaay moj kho
npeacTaBHTb c e e b ycTax neJioBeKa, npeHepeacHTej ibHo o t h o c h -
UierOCa K nOAMHHeHHMM, HO BeCbMS nOHTHTeJIbHOrO K HaHSJIbHHKy.
BTopyio Mor bi CKa33 Tb qeJiOBeK KyjibTypHu k BbipaacaoiHHAcH
f l , a*e C H3bICK3HH0CTbK), HO aceJI3K>mHH OCKOpHTb cBoero HanaJib-
HHK3 h t . a . B c e 3 t o noJiyqaeTCH noTOMy, h t o HHOCTHJieBbie CJtOBa
spKo BbiflejiHioTCH h m c h h o Ha oahooE>p33hom cTHJieBOM <|)OHe. Cym-
HOCTb 3T0r0 HBJieHHH CBOflHTCH K TOMy, HTO CJlOBa CBH3HOrO TSKCT
nOOTHHfllOTCH HeKOTOpblM 33K0H0MepH0CTHM npeflCK33yeMOCTH.
Cy 6 i>eKTHBHo ace, qeJioBeK, BoenpHHHMSiomHft penb, omymaeT 3T0
CEOHCTBO KaK OblHHOCTb CJlOBa H OJKHflaHHe CJlOBa. ECTeCTBeHHO,
h t o HHOCTHJieBbie CJlOBa HMeOT 3H3MHTejibHO MeHbinyo npeflCKa3ye-
MOCTb h BocnpHHHM3K3TCH k s k HeoacHASHHbie, oacHASHHe aApeca-
T3 peqH OKa3bIB3eTC3 KaK bl OMaHyTbIM. 3 t 0 HBJieHHe npHO-
peTaeT BaaiHefimee 3HaneHHe c t h j i h c t h k h HHAHBHAyaJibuot pe-
H OCOeHHO HHAHBHflyaJIbHOft xyAOHCeCTBeHHOH p e H.
HeOJKHAaHHOCTb CJlOBa TeCHO CBH33H3 CO CMHCJOBO eMKO-
CTbiO BbICK33HBaHHH. TOBOpH TOHHee: KOJIHHeCTBO HH(j)OpM 3HHH B
CJIOBe CB33HOrO BMCK3bIB3HHH np0 n 0 p UH0 Ha J I b H0 HeOJKHflaHHOCTH
cj i oBa . KaKHM 0pa30M s t o nojiytiseTCH? f l j i s oTBeTa Ha 3t o t b o h -
p o c h s m npHfleTCH npHBJ i e nb HeK0T0pbi e 3 J i e Me HTa p Hu e cseAeHHK H3
TeopHH HHÔpMaHHH.
KojIHHeCTBO HH(J)OpMaU,HH, COAepHCameCH B coome HHH HJIH
OnHTe, 33BH0HT OT iKOJIHHeCPBa BQ3MOWCHMX HCKOHOB OIBITa H HX
BepOHTHOCTH. PaCCMOTpHM B ICaHeCTBe n p HMe p S HeCKOJIbKO CHTya-
UHH.
I. êJIOBeK B COCTOHHHH pa3f l paaceHHH H AOCSAbl BOCKJIHUaeT:
Ax, eAKU (...)!
II. Ha B o n p o c o c o c t o h h h h 3A0p0BbH Koro-j i h o b s m OTBenaiOT:
O h THOtceAO ( . . . ) .
III. Ha B o n p o c o t o m , KSKyro OTMer ay noJi ynHJi k t o - j i h 6 o Ha
3K3aMeHe, OTBeqaiOT: O h noAynUA ( . . . ) .
IV. Ha B o n p o c o tom, Kyo,a y r n e j i k t o -j i h o , BaM OTBeqaiOT;
Oh yexaA e
CoBepmeHHo h c h o , mt o b nepBOM npHMepe 3 a c j i o b o m eAKu mo-
aceT nocjieflOBaTb TOJibKO c j i o b o naAKu. nosTOMy Bce coAepacaHHe
noHHTHo yace h s cjioBa eAKu, h noHBJieHHe cjioa naAKu He HeceT
HHK3K0 HH(J)0pM3HHH KoJIHieCTBO HHÔpMaUHH, 3 aKJHOieHHO B
s t o m CJiynse b cjioBe naAKu, p s b h o Hyj no. Bo b t o p o m npHMepe o t -
BeT MoaceT biTb h j i h o h THOtceAO oAe n h j i h o h rnxceAO pane . Be-
OBjiexaeMca noKa ot HHAHBH.yaJibHofi HopMbi o e m Ec j i h ace yi HTH-
Batb ee, to oTeyTeTBHe cjioBa naJiKH, t . e. H3MeHeHHe ofimenpuHHTora oSopo-
Ta Hefl oroBopennocTb r o w e HeceT CTHJieByio HH<J>opMauH!o.
33
pOHTHOCTb nOHBJieHHH CJlOBa OAeH 3fleCb paBHa 1/2, a KOJlHqeCTBO
HH(|)OpMaUHH MOJKHO npHHHTb paBHWM eAHHHUe. B TpeTbeM CJiyvae
BepoHTHocTb nojiyqeHHH CAHoro H3 i i h t h aJUioB paBHa 1/5, h k o j i h -
qeCTBO HH(jK)pMaUHH, 33KJlK)HeHHOft B HeflOCTfOmeM CJIOBe, cyme-
CTBeHHo B03pacTaeT. HaKOHeu, b nocjieAHeM npHMepe KOJlHqeCTBO
h c x o a o b npaKTHMecKH ecKOHeqHO, h HHôpMauHH, 3aK.iioqeHHaH b
KaKOM-JiHo oa h om CJioBe-HCxoAe Hec0H3MepHM0 BeJiHKa no o t h o -
ineHHio k npeAbiAymHM. 3 t h m 3aKOHOMepHOCTHM noATOHaeTCH ne-
p e ^ a B a e Ma a HH^ op Ma un a Boo me h CTHJiHCTHqecKaa b qacT-
HOCTH.
BepHeMCH Tenepb k JiHHrBHCTHqecKOH CTopoHe Bo np oc a . Mo j k h o
j i h b nocjieAHeM c j i y q a e , r ^ e CMbicjioBaa HHcjjopMauHH h 6e3 Toro
3HaqHTejibHa, e me e e yBeji nqHTb? M o x h o , h HMeHHo 3a cqeT a o h o j i -
HHTeJibHoft CTHJiHCTHqecKo HH(|)opMau,HH. peACTaBHM c e e npeJK"
Ae, qTo cTHJiHCTHqecKaH HH^ o p Ma u n a HCKjuoqaeTCH, t . e. r oBopa -
1UH& MO*eT npoH3HecTH TOJibKO Ha3BaHHe KaKoro- Ji no r o p o A a ( c a -
mh Ha3BaHHa ropoAOB, KaK h q n c j i a , moj kho 6e3 oj i bi uoH n o r p e m -
h o c t h HCKJiiaqRTb b AaHBOM c j i y q a e B3 e $ e p b i c t h j i h c t h k h 1) . B
3 t o m CJiyqae KOJiHqecTBO HH(})opMauHH onpeAeJi aeTca MaTeMaraneCKH
TaK, KaK o 3t om sj ieMeHTapHo biJio paccKa3aHo Bbirne. Te n e p b
nipew,<rraBHM ce e , qTo B0M0iiHa AonoJiHTeJibHaa CTHJiHCTHqeoKaa
HHtôpMauHa, HanpHMep, r o B o p a i n n m o j k c t OTBeTHTb: Kyda ou
y e x a A ? . O h y e x a A e M o e u A y ! Mbi He oneHHBaeM c e q a c KaqecTBO h
xa p a KTe p s t o h AonojiHHTejibHofi HHôpMaunn (Hec0MHeHH0, qTo
OHa b t o S hj i h h h o CTeneHH HeceT b c e e HponHto 2) , n e n o Ac q n r a -
BaeM TaKwe h KOJiHqecTBO AonoJiHHTeJibHoft HH4>opMauHH. j ih Hac
cymecTBeHHo Apyr oe: HH^ o p Ma u n a B c e r o c oome HHH B0 3 p o c j i a
h m6 h k o b Mepy HeojKHAaHHOCTH cj ioBa Mo e u A a , ynoTpeJ i eHHor o
BMecTO Ha3BaHHa r opoAa .
Ha 3t om npHHUHne 0 CH0 BaH toMop OTAejibHwx norogopoK
r o u l e r t o m b e a u o u v e r t n a r u r b e p a 3p b i r y t o M o e u A y 0 6 aa-
TOMOijHJiHCTe, etaymeM a emeHoft cKopocra, h ueji bix CHTyann.
Cp. y JlepMOHTOBa, pa3roBop 3a 3B3HMM oeAOM:
Ru r i AOMa T e3eAeHUAca:
Kaaue yotcacHbie KAeeeru npo nam MUAbi zopod, bockauk-
nyA oh, a ece 3t crapasi cnAernuu,a Moc ma , Koropan U3 3aeuc-
ru KAeeeuifiT na uoAodyto ceoto conepHuu,y.
FI p u CAoee c r a p a s i c n A e r n u i ^ a pa3paoKeHHan c r a p y u i K a 3 a-
rpHCA z o a o b o u H y r b - n y r b n e n o d a a u A a c b cnapot cet o. (KHHrHHR
JlnroBCKaa, t j i . V ) .
' Cp. J. Ma r o u z e a u . Prcis de stylistique franaise, 4 d., P., 1959,
p. 130 : Le chiffre nous apparat plutt comme un signe scientifique que com
me un lment du vocabulaire.
2 H a TaKOM BocKJimiaHHH aeflcTBHTejibHO ocHOBaua u e j i e Ba a KOMHiecKafl ch-
T y a u w i b pOMaHe y . KojuiHH3a J l yHHuf i Kainem..
34
H H o r a a cTHJiHCTHqecKaa Hrpa e m e cJioHee. Tan, y riyniKHHa:
M e o T yoice r p e m a r Mo p o 3 b i
H c e p e p x r c n c p e d b noAe...
( H u r a r e A b otcder yotc put pMbi p 0 3 b i ;
H a , e o r 603bMU e e c t c o p e l )
(EBreHHfi OHerHH, rJi. qeTBepTsa, XLII)
HHTaTCJib, AeftcTBHTe^bHO, h 5KfleT 3 T o r o c j i o B a , h JKAeT, HTO e r o
o 3KHflaHHe yaeT oMaHyTO. Ho caM3H Hrpa OJKHAaHHH h oMaHa
3Aecb, KaK h B c e r a a b xyAOKecTBeHHoft p e n n , c j i o x H e e , neM b pe<m
npaKTHMecKoS. Bo- nepBbi x, o*HAaHHe 3Aecb 0 CH0 BaH0 Ha TeKCTe
oji buioft fl^HHbi Bce npef l bi aymHe CTpo^H npHyqHJiH MHTareJiH
He JKAaTb OT aiBTOipa JietfiKHX, H3,HTH!X pHftjjM. B0 -BT0pHX, 3X0 flBOK-
Hoe ojKKAaeHe, h OjHO ABa pa3a OK.a3MBaercH oMaiHyTbiM: CHaqaJia
nyi uKHH n o p a a c a e T MHTaTe n n TeM, h t o Bce * e p o c a e T eMy 3Ty
c j i h i h k o m ywe 3aypHAHyio pHtJmy, h TyT me nopaxaeT ero eme
paa, roBopH, rro 3t o HapoHHO, ht o 3to uiyTKa! Ho TatKKe npHeMbi coc-
T3BJH0T IlpeAMeT HOBO rJI3BH CTHJIHCTHKH XyA05KeCTBHH0H
p e m
H3 Bcero CKa3aHHoro b s t o m h npeAHflymHX n a p a r p a ^ a x . cjie-
Ayer, h t o no Mepe pa3BepTHB3HHH coomeHHH, nojiynaTeJib p e r a
BCe BpeMH C00TH0CHT BOCnpHHHMaeMOe C CHCTeMO <f>yHKU,H0HaJIb-
h bix CTHJieS peMH h , Koraa a o c t s t o t o o AJiHHHaa l a c r b coomeHHH
OTHeceHa k TOMy h j i h HHOMy c t h j i i o , h, CJieaoEaTeJibHO, OTHeceHHe
A'OCTaTOHHO HeCOMHeHHO, TO OH yCT3HaBJIHBaeT TeM CaMblM BHyT-
peHHioio HopMy coomeHHH. KajKAan cjieAyiomaH 33 s t h m nacTb
8MCK33bIB3HHH COOTHOCHTCH y>Ke H CO CTHJIHMH peHH, H C BHyTpeH-
HeS HopMoft coomeHHH. B pe3yjibTaTe 3Toro, npH AoeraToiHoft
AJiHHe Bb!CK33biB3HHH h c a M3 ero BHyTpeHHHH HopMa MOeT ftepe-
CTpaHBaTbCH, 0H3 AHH3MHqH3 *. BHyTpeHHIOK) HOpMy COOmeHHH
MOaCHO H33B3Tb HHane H o p M0 S CHHT3TM a T H i e C K O . (Ho
Cp3BHeHHK3 C HeH CHCTMy <|>yHKUH0H3JIbHHX CTHJieH MOKHO Ha3BaTb
HopMo nspsAHrMaTHnecKOH.)
15. B3aHMOAeAcTBHe ypOBHefi s3WKa. M u y * e OTMeâjiH (b
2 h 3 ) , h t o BapaauHH Ha ypoBHe h o p m h orpaHHneHH erpyKTypoS
H3HK3. crecTBeHHO nocTaBHTb Bo np o c h b oj i ee o m e $ o p M e
B neM H K3K npOHBJIHIOTCH 3TH OrpSHH'ieHHH, H BOnpOC 3T0T yfleT
HMeTb HeM3Ji0BaKH0e 3HaneHHe a j i h c t h j i h c t h k h . O a h s k o npojie-
Ma 3Ta TaK cJioiKHa, h t o ocBeTHTb e e bo Bcefi n0JiH0Te moj kho h j i o
' 3 t o noHHMaHHe BHyTpeHHeH h o p m m cooCmeHna flBJiaeTC pa3BHTHeM HAefi
10. H. TbiHSHOBa (cm. 3Aecs>, Bbiuie) h B. A. Jlapima (cm. HHwe, 127) h b h-
KOTOpblX OTHOlUeHHHX 6 J1H3K0 K nOHHMaHHK) HOpMM KaK KOHTeKCTa, BNCKa3aHHbIM
b CTSTfae M. R i f f a t e r r e . Cryteria for Style Analysis, Word, vol. 15, n 1,
1959, p. 159. CjieayeT aaMeTHTb, CAHaKo, qTo M. Riffaterre BhicKa3hiaaeT mhc j i h,
y t e pa3BHTwe b o MHoroM b 20-e f o a h 10. H. T h h h h o b h m k ocofieHHo B. A. Jla-
pHHUM.
H TOJibKO B OTAejibHOM OJIblHOM COHHHeHHH. OCTSHOBHMCH 3AeCb
JIHUIb Ha OflHOM npHMepe H3 rpaMMaTHKH (npHMepbl H3 (J)OHOJIOrHK
H 4>OHeTHKH CM. BbUXie) .
OopMa i mparf ai t , H Me i o ma a cocTBeHHbiM CTpyKTypHHM 3i i a-
HeHHeM 3HaneHHe npoui e aui e r o BpeMeHH, M o x e r b s t h x npeAe-
Jiax npnopeTaTb cboh, A0B0JibH0 ui nponne BapnamiH: TaK o na mo-
* e T coBnacTb h CKpecTHTbca c 4opMoft c o n d i t i o n n e l b MOAaJibHOM
3HaqeHHH B03M0>KH0CTb b n p o m j i o M , Ha npHMep, sans laide de
l extrieur, la ville tombait 6e3 noMomu mene zopod naA 6u
HpOHCXOAHT TO iKe, HTO npH B3aHMOfleHCTBHH cj)OHeM [e] 3aKpWTOrO
H {] OTKpblTOrO, KOrAa B HeKOTOpMX n03HU.HHX OHH CMeiUHBaOTCfl
(HanpHMep, b cepeAHHe cjioBa f Er me r ) *.
HecMOTpsj Ha t o , h t o CHCTeMarauecKH Bonpoc o B3aHMOAeftc,TBHH
Cl'pyKTypbl H HOpMbl B 3T0H KHHre He CT3BHTCH, B HeKOTOpblX CJly-
naax 3t h B3aHMOfleficTBHH CBemaioTCH (TaK, b p a 3flejie KaAp,
paccMOTpeHHbiH Ha CTpyKTypHOM ypoBHe, b pa3AeJie Monva
H HQKOTOpblX Ai pymx).
B CTHJiHCTHKe AOJI3KHO T3KJKe OIIHCblBaTbCH B3aHMOfleftCTBHe
ypOBHH HOpMbl H ypOBHH HHAHBHAyaJIbHOH peMH. B npHHUHne OHO
ocymecTBJiHeTCH noAOHO npeAHAymeMy ( t . e. B3aHMOAeficTBHro
CTpyKTypbi h HopMbi): HopMa penn AonyCKaeT Ba p n a i t f i H Ha ypOB-
He HHAHBHAyaJibHoro c oomeHHH, h o h orpaHHraBaeT h x . 3 t o t Bon-
p o c paccMaTpHBaeTcs b KHHre o j i e e CHCTeMaranecKH, qeM npeAH-
AymHH ( c m. pa3AeJiw noHHTHe KpacoTbi penn, HacTOTa ynoT-
peJieHHi c j i o b b HopMe, onoJiHHTejibHbiS cjiOBapb, Bbi op
KaApa b o 4>paHHy3CK0M h MHorHe Apyr ne ) .
16. OTpaweHHe ypoBHefi 3biKa b KaxtAOM OTAejibHOM c o o m e
HHH. UpeACTaBWM c e e , h t o m h c j i h i h i h m p o a i e HH y i o k c m - t o cjspaay
Ha rpaMeael, He b h a h c a M o r o r o B o p a m e r o . IlpeACTaBHM c e e e m e ,
i t o TaM BMecTO m h j i o n p 0 H3 He c e H0 h , BMecTO p meneJi HBbi H 3ByK,
noxoscHH Ha a b KOHue c j i bi i u a j i o c b HBHoe AJiHHHoe u: Ha t o k h -
eau! H c x o a h H3 TeopHH y p o B H e , m h mohccm onnc a Tb Harne BocnpHH-
THe eTOH 4>pa3bi TaiK, KaK 3 t o n p e a c r r a BJ i e Ho s TaJi. 3 ( cm HHHce).
3aMeTHM npeiKAe Bcero, h t o ypOBHH H3HKa OKa3HBaiOTCH oxpa-
KeHHblMH H B OTAeJIbHOM HHAHBHAyaJIbHOM COOmeHHH, TaK HTO
CaMO OHO MOJKeT bITb paCCMOTpeHO Ha pa3HbIX ypOBHHX, H n 0 H H-
T He y p o B H H b A a J i b H e u i e M a o j i x h o t o j i i k o b a Tb<ca
Ta K: y p o B HH a 3 bi k a h y p o B H H T A e j i b H o r o c o o 6 m e-
H H H.
3aMeTHM AaJiee, mto (JjOHeTHqecKHe 3aMeHbi, noAOHbie 3aMeHe
m k, HecyT coHHajibHyio HHôpMauHio (b A3HH0M c j i yna e 3aMe-
1 Rpyrue, Cojiee CJiosKHbie, npHMepu, cm. b CTaTbe K). C. Ma p T e Mt a B o -
b a. CymecTByeT j i h b o <j>pamiy3CK0 M H3HKe Mode Conditionnel ? ( O p a c x o x c a e -
hhh MescAy 3HaqeHReM h 0CMbiCJieHHeM (JjopMbi), b c6. PoMaHo-repMaHCKaa d>H-
flojioraa, H3-bo AH CCCP, Bbin. 3, M., 1961.
36
TaAuifa 3
y p o B e H b
rip0THB0n0CTaB-
JICHHH
HHfJlOpMaUHH
cTpyK-
TypHbi S
(j)OHeMHHe:
T OTJIHaeTCH OT d,
6...
p OTJIH'JaeTCH OT A,
M...
H T. A.
M npOH3BOAHM 4)OHeMHHft aHa.1K3,
Ji ar oAapa KOTopoMy BoenpHHHMa-
cm CKa3aHHoe KaK na Tpwea e h co-
OTHOCHM 9T0 C HJiaHOM COflepjKaHHH:
( n pu e xa n ) TpaueaeM, nocpedcreoM
TpaMBan. 3 t o ocHOBHaa HKôp-
Maunfl.
Ha
moKaneau,
HOpMbl
1) Tpauea TpaM-
ea
2} na rpaMeau
na r pax saj a
Mu n p 0H3B0AHM conocTaBJieHHe CKa-
3aHHOrO C HOpMaTHBHO (J)OpMOH,
f l a r o s a p s MeMy cKa3aHHoe Bocnpn-
HHMeca KaK He^HTepaTypHoe, np o -
CTopewHoe, c K o p e e . s c e r o mockobckoc
npoH3HomeHHe HeopasoBaHHoro ne-
jioBeKa. 3 t o counaJibiiaa KH<|>op-
MauHa.
h h a h b h -
a y a a b -
HOft pe<iH
M p Mh np0H3B0AHM conocraBJieHHe CKa-
3aHH0r0 C HOpMO npOH3HOlUeHHH
p npoHcamee, 6jiaro,uap neMy mh
y 3HaeM, m o y roBopamero h h a k -
BHAyaffbHufl aecJieKT npoH3HomeHHa,
CKopee Bcero He xBaTaeT 3y6os, h
oh noKHJi ofi H&noBeK. 3 t o hh-
AHBHAyaJifcHaa HHôpMauHH.
Ha Bbi/iaeT HeKyJibTypHoro qeJiOBeKa) n e Boome h n e Bceraa, a
TOJibKO b Hek0T0pbi x aiOBax, HanpHMep, b cj i oBe TpaMea, t . e. bo
s3aHM0eHCTBHH c HeKOTOpbiMH MopêMaMH, b ApyrHx ace cjiyqasix
oKasbisaiTCfl B c e r o j i mi i b HHAHBHAyaJibHbiM Ae(|)eKTOM peqw hj i h
ASMe omojibkqS.
17. IpeAMeT CTHJIHCTHKH. 3KHM OpaOM H B 9T0M 3aK7IIO-
qa e r c H rjiaiBHhiH b m b o a coBOKywHaH h a oBcvi bHo o j i b i n a s h -
<J)opMaiiHa, noj i yqeHHaa h b mh H3 BUCKa3biBaHHH, A o c r a r J i a Ha me r o
BocnpHHTHH j i a r o A a p a : a ) B3aHM0AeHCTBHi0 ypOBHeft coomeHHH
H HBJieHHK) BHyTpeHHeH (CHHTarMaTHqeCKOfi) HopMbi; 6 ) B3HMO-
AeCTBHK) y p o B H e s s bi Ka h B3 aHM0 AeftcTBHi0 e r o 4>yHKHHOHajibHHX
CTHJie, t . e . napaHrMaTHqecKo HopMu; b ) B3aHMOAeHCTBHK> cf>o-
HeTHKH, rpaMMaTHKH H JlfiKCHKH B n p e f l e J i a X OflHOrO ypoBHH H, Ha-
KOHeu, r ) S j i a r o A a p H BsaHMOjieHCTBHio B3 aHMOAecTBH.
H 3 y q e H H e n o A o H b i x B 3 a H M o j e f t C T B H H h c o c -
t a b j i h e t c o c T B e H H b i H n p e A M e T c t h j i h c t h k h . E c -
37
.TecTBeHHO, qro onncaTb h KJiaccH^HUHpoBaTb Bce h x 3aAaqa He-
ocymecTBHMaa. cTaHOBHTb * e , KaKHe epeAeTBa x i o c t o h h h o BHCTy-
naJOT B 3T0 pOJlH (cOCTaBHTt HHBeHTapb HX) 1 H paCKpblTb BHyT-
peHHH eAHHOOpa3HbiH MeX3HH3M HX BOT lieJIb CTHJIHCTHKH.
18. CxOflCTBO H P&3J1HHHH MCMfly npaKTHMeCKOH H XyflOJKeCT-
kshhoh peMbfo. Ecjih Ha Haiu Bonpoc r d e r y r n o wa , CKOMure, no-
x a A y c r a ? npoxo*H o t b 6 t h t IJo h t na yzAy nanpaeo, t o mh n e
CMOKeM H3BJieqb H3 3TOrO OOOmeHHH 'HHKaiKHX y.Ka3aHHH OTHOCH-
TeJibHO jihmhocth caMoro npoxostero h ero othouichkh K CHTyauHH.
MoHceT biTb nojiyqeH3 TOJibKO couHajibHaa CTHJracTHqecKas hh*
sJjQpMaUHH, 06 3T0M CK3KyT COHH3JIbHHe OCOeHHOCTH np0H3H0Uie-
hih (nouira bmcto n o n m h t . n. ) , ocoeaHocTH MoptfrojiorHH (na
yzAe BMecTO na yeAy h t . n. ) .
HH<>opMaHHH b 3t o m a i y q a e , x o t h h nojiyqeHHaH o t JKHBOro q e -
iOBeKa, HHqeM He oTJinqaeTCH o t t o S 6 e3JiHqHOH HHôpMai yaH, k o -
T o p y i o coomaeT HaM, Ha n p HMe p , BHBecKa f l o u a 3a yeAOM h-
npaso.
TaKHM 0pa 30M, B OHqHHX yCJIOBHHX OmeHHH, MH HHTe p n p e -
THpyeM HHAHBHflya^bHbie coomeHHH no cymecTBy He KaK hhahbh-
ayajibHHe, a KaK coomeHHH Ha ypoBHe HopMbi. Mt oh hctoji ko-
BTb coomeHHe KaK HHAHBHAyaJIbHOe, MH AOJIJKHH HMeTb B pac-
nopaweHHH ojiee eihpokhh koht c kc t . M h a o j i hh 3HaTb, KaK npo-
x o k h h , OTBeTHBHiHH Ha Haui B o n p o c o n o q Te , onqHo OTBeqaeT Ha
BonpocH, K3K0B3 e r o HHTOHaixHH npH 3tom, npe ABa p He T JIH OH HX
pa3MMuiJieHHeM (IJonra?... Tlonra nanpaeo, 3a yzAOM) , conpoBoa-
AaeT jih o h hx jKecTOM h t . n. Oahhm cjiobom, qToH HHTepnpeTH-
p o Ba Tb coomeHHe KaK HHAHBHAyajibHoe, mh aoj i j khh HMeTb n p e A -
CTBJieHHe 0 6 HHAHBHAyajjbHOH HopMe. EerecTBeHHo, qTo qeM a j i h h -
Hee TeKCT h qeM jiyqme H3Becraa HaM CHTyau,HH, BXOAHman b Hop-
My, TeM ojibuie y Hac ajih s t o f o B03Mo*HOCTe.
Oa h 3 k o qacTO Aaace HMeromnecH bo3m o * h o c t h b 3t o m CMbicJie
He Hcnojib3yroTCH, t s k KaK b npaKTHqecKOH peqn m h obiqHo He
CTaBHM c e e uejibio noHHTb HHAHBHAyaJfbHOCTb oTnpaBHTejiH p e q n .
^ a m e B c e r o Ha c HHTepecyeT TOJibKO o c h o b h s h c eMaHTHqecKaa h h -
4>opMauHH h p e x e coimajibHo-CTHJiHCTHqecKaH.
B c e 3 T0 03HaqaeT, qTo n p n BocnpHHTHH HHAHBHAyajibHoro c o o
meHHH b npaKTHqecKo p e q n m h b obiqHHX ycjiOBHHx h c t o j i k o b h -
EseM e r o b paMKax ypoBHH HopMbi. E c j i h x e m h *eJi aeM h c t o j i k o -
BaTb e r o HMeHHo KaK HHAHBHAyajibHoe, t o mh Ae;iaeM 3T0 b o t -
HomeHHH npaKTHqecKo p e q n coBepmeHHo TaK w e , KaK n p n b o c -
npHHTHH p e q n xyAoacecTBeHHofi.
1 Cp. p a a i i e . i O B3aHMOAeflcTBHH s.ieMeHTOB h ypoBHefl coomeHHS b xy-
flOjKecTBeKHoft peqn, !. III.
38
19. CTHJlHCTHMeCKH aHaj!H3 Ha ypOBHC HHAHBHAyajibHoro co*
<06meHHfl B XyAOiKeCTBeHHOfi peMH. npOaHajIH3HpOBaTb HiHAHBHfly-
ajibHoe xyAOtHcecTBeHHoe coomeHHe cthjihcthm&gkh sHa^HT: 1) on-
peAe-iHTb ero OTHOuieHHe k HauHOHajibHO HopMe peiH, 2 ) yeraHQ-
BHTb ero COCTBeHHyK), HJIH BHVTpeHHIOK), HOpMy, 3) yCT3H0BHTb
OTKJIOHeHHH B XOA COOmeHHH OT erO COCTBeHHOH, HJIH BHyTpeH-
He, HOpMH.
O T H Ou i e HH e c o o m e H H H K H a i l K O H a J I b H O H HOp-
Me p e m h . BcnoMHHM EBreHHH OHerHH IlyiHKHHa:
'Ee cecrpa 3eaACb T annuel.
Bnepeue UMeneM t k u m
Crpanutibi neoKHbie pOMana
Mbi ceaeeoAbHO oceertiM,
lHCaJl riyUIKHH. J.JIH COBpeMeHHHKOB riyUIKHHa npHBbPIHHM I103TH-
qeCKHM H3HKOM bIJI npHnOflHHTbIH CTHJIb /lepiKaBHHa, a CTHJIb
llyuiKHHa no CBoe (TorAauiHefi) TpHBHajibHOCTH hbjihjich ajih hhx
HeoKHAaHH TpyAHbiM, OTMewaeT B. IIIkjiobckh >. To, <ito
B. UIkjiobckh HaabiBaeT 3Aecb HeoaAaHHo TpyAHHM, KOHei-
HO, npOCTO HeOHCHAaHHOe, OCHOBHOe CBOCTBO BCHKOrO CTHJIH-
CTHqeoKoro s ^ e i c r a (cp. 14). J 3h ik EBreHHH OHerHHa oiviMa^-
CH OT H3HK8 COBpeMeHHOH 6My n033HH CB06H !HeOXHAaHOft npO-
CTOTO, H 3T0 HepBblH 3JI6MeHT 'BHyTpeHHeH HOpMbl peqH B 3T0M
poMaae.
C o C T B e H H a n , h j i h B H y T p e H H a a , H o p M a c o o
m e HH H . B EsreHHH HerHHe, npoH3BeAeHHH, K0 T0 p0 e mh pac-
CMarpHBaeM B ucjiom KaK HiHAHBHAyaJib'Hoe coomeHHe, c o c t -
BeHHaH, hjih BHyTpeHHHH, HopMa 3 t o npeJKAe o c e r o caMa a n y a -
HKH coomeHHH, T. e. TO, ^TO MH BHAHM KHHry, C HeqaTHblM TeKCTOM
b aeft, HaxoAHM b TeKCTe (JaMHJiHio aBTOpa h yKa3aHHe Ha t o , >ito
3T0 pOM3H B CTHXaX, 33TCM (j)OpMa pOMaHa B CTHXaX H, KOHeMHO,
3H3MeHETH 0HerHHCK3H CTpO<f>a C e e pHTMOM, pH^MO H AJIHHO
(cp. 14 h HHJKe 139), h aBTOpCKan pe^b, pe % caMoro nyuiKHHa,
KOTOpaH K3K pa3 H Ka3aJiaCb qHTaTeJIHM TO nopn HeOHKHOBeHHO
npocTo:
...0pa3 n03Ta H ero AyXOBHOrO MHpa CTHOBHTCH HOpMO, OT-
KJioHHHe o t k o t o po OHerraa IlyxiiKHH h Aejiaer coAcpacaHHeM co-
QTBeTCTByiomHx MecT pOMana, HHcaji HccjieAOBa'rejib TsopqecTBa
nyuiKHHa T. A. PyKOBOKHH2.
OTKJ I OHe HHH OT COCTBe HHO , HJI H BHyTpeHHeft,
HOp MH COOme HHH. B EBreHHH OHerHHe 3TH OTKJIOHeHHH
3aKJH0qai0TCH b t o m, >i t o , xejiaH co3AaTb peneBHe opa3bi nepeo-
1 HcnyccTBo KaK npaeM. CCopnHKH n o TeopHH n o 3TH>iecKoro 3biKa I I Fle-
- r epSypr , 1917, CTp. 1213.
r.T, VTF \ . ^ , X ^ K 0 B C *<h - nyniKHK h npo6.ie.Mbi peajiKCTHiecKoro crans.
rHXJJ, M., 1957, CTp. 191.
39
HaKe, riyuiKHH OTCTynaji o t npHHHToro hm aBTopcKoro ct hj i h
BHyTpeHHeft HopMbi h nncaji HHaê, HanpHMep, TaK, w o b i a s h k
npHJiHacajicH o m e JiHTeparypHOH HopMe ero BpeMeH, h Toraa
no^yqa^CH c m j i b JleHCKoro. CaM IlyuiKHH nncaji HHawe, koh-
TpaiCTHO HO OTHOIUeHHKl K CTHUIIO JleHiCKOrO, wcajl TOHHO, TIpeA"
MeTHo, o-beKTHBHo o t o h flyaJiH, KOTopyio 3apaHee BocneBaeT JleH-
ckhh:
B o t nuc r o Ae r b i yotc AechyAU.
r p e MU T O UlOMtlOA MOAOTOK.
B apaneHbi. ct boa y x odnr nyAu...- h t . a .
Pe' ib ace JleHCKoro TaKOBa:
A h biTb M o x e r , h apoHuybi
C o d y e T a u n c T e e n n y i o cenb. . .
3fl,ecb h HHBepcHH onpeflejieHHH, h ocobi e nosTHêcKHe c j i o -
s a epoHut{a, h cjia'BHHH3Mbi cent. 1
TaKHM 0 6 p a 30M, b nJiaHe coomeHHH, ero (JjyHKUHOHHpoBaHHM
H* c n o c o a x nepeâ^H HHtJ)opMauHH HeT HHKaKoro npHHUHiHaJibHO-
ro pa3/iHHHH MejKfly npa kthhecKOH h xynoxecTBeHHofi pe*ibio. 3 t o
He 03HaqaeT, oflHaKo, h t o Me*f l y h hmh HeT HHKaKHx pa3JiHTOH.
HanpoTHB, o h h oneHb cymecTBeHHbi. K hhm mh Tenepb h n e p e x o -
flHM.
20. MHoroapycHaa HHTepnperauHa TeKCTa b xynojKecTBeHHoi
peHH. Opa nHMc a k npHMepy o a h o t o jiMHrBHCTa, npHBeaeHHOMy hm,
n p a Bf l a , b HecKOJibKo pyrofi c b h 3h.
T-:a Y. B03BpamaeTCa omoh b hoboA KO<j)TOHKe HeonpefleJieH-
Horo CHHe-3eêHoro UBeTa. y JKeHmHH, oah3ko, ecrb aji h sToro u s e
r a BnOJIHe TOHHOe H33BaHHe TepMHH MOflbl, OTHOCHIHH 3T0T UBeT
onpe/iejieHHO k 3ejieHofl, a He CHHefi raMMe. T-h Y. XBaJiH koc|>-
TOMKy: KaKOH KpaCHBblH CHHHH HBeT HeCKOJIbKO AHefi CnyCTH
r - w a y . noflTpyHHBaeT Ha,a, MyxeM, yKa3biBaa Ha KaK0 fi-T0 hbho
sejieHbifi npeflMeT h r 0B0 pa: Kanof i KpacHBbi c u h u u b c t , npaB-
Aa?2.
JIiooh nocTopoHHH vejiobck, KOTopbi cjiyqaftHo noflcjiyman
6 h 3Ty <pa3y, noHHJi 6 h e e b npaMOM CMHCJie. 3 r a CHTyauna
OOCTOPOHHHH leJiOBeK b poJiH aape c a Ta penn t- jkh W. hji ji i octph-
pyeT o 6 m,He cBocTBa npaKTHHecKofi penn (cp. 18).
OflHaKo j i h r - Ha y . h t - j k h y . 3Ta ^ p a a a 3aKJnoqaeT h h o h
CMHCJl, HeBblBOKMblH H3 npHMOrO 3Ha*ieHHH ee KOMnOHeHTOB. B
9T0M cj i y qae 4>pa3a t - j k h y . coAepxHT B 3apofl bime 0CH0BHHe
1 r. A. r y K o b c k h ft. IlyniKHH h npoCjieMhi peajiHCTHqeCKOro c t h j i h . T H X J
M., 1957.
2 Ch. F. H o c k e t t . Idiom Formation. For Roman Jakobson, The Hague
1956, pp. 222229. 1
40
CBOftCTBa XVAOJKeCTBeHHOH peiH. C TOIKH apeHHH pea^HaauHH co-
oineHHH H e r o d>yHKUH0 HHp0 BaHHH Memay nepBbiM h BTopuM cjiy-
qaeM HeT HHK3 Kfi paaHHUbl (3TO MM H OTMeTHJIH B OmeM BHfle B
9 H 18). FIocMOTpHM Tenepb, qeM * e p33jmqaioTCH 06a cjiyqaa.
r i p e s a e Bcero, KaK 0 6 st om r0B0pHT h aBTop s t o h KapTHHKH,
bo BTopoM c J i y qa e coomeHHe ojiaAaeT HeK0 T0 pHM cmmcjiom, He-
BblBOflHMHM H3 CMblCJia erO KOMnOHeHTOB, OHO, CJieAOBaTe^bHO,
hhomaTHqHO, no omeMy onpeaeJieHHio HAHOMa.
TaKHM 0pa30M, nepBoe oTJiHqne xyaoKecTBeHHOH peqw o t
ripaKTHqecKoft 3aKJiK>qaeTCH b tom, qTo xyAoacecTBeHHaa peqb b
UeJlOM HAH0M3THqH B IUHpOKOM CMbICJie CJlOBa.
O a h 3 k o CKaaaHHMM xyAOxecTBeHHaa peqb eme He OTAeJiHeTCH
o t Tex qacTe npaKTHqecKofi peqn, KOTOpHe caMH h b j i h i o t c h h a h o -
MaMH. Ht o m npOBecTH BTOpoe pa3rpaHHqeHHe, h c o x o a h m o OTBe-
THTb Ha Bonpoc, KaK n o j i y q s e T c a HAHOMaraqHOCTb xyAoacecTBeHHOK
peq. OpaTHMCH e me k OAHOMy npHMepy.
B nbece A. FI. êxoBa Tpn cecTpu hahomaTHqHocTb nejioro
co3A3ercs npej KAe Bcero hahom araqHOCTbK) eKOTopbix qaiCTeit, co-
BepmeHHo noAOHO TOMy, KaK b HarneM npHMepe HAnoMaTHHHocTb
Bcero BMCKa3biBaHHH r-HCH y . biJia co3AaHa hahomaTHqHOCTbK) oft-
Horo TOJibKO CJlOBa CUHU. OAHOH H3 HaHOJiee HpKHX HAH0M3THq-
Hbix qacrefi t c k c t h nbecbi HBJineTCH cjiobo MocKea. riocMOTpHM.,
KaiK oho npnaipeTaeT 3t o 3HaiqeHHe (BbMiHCHBseM hoapha sce
BMCK33MB3HHH, COAepjKaiime 3T0 CJIOBO, B nOpflAKe HX nOHBJieHHH
b TeKCTe nbecbi).
/JêicTBHe inepisoe. O ji b r a. Oreti noAynuA puaady u ebiexciA c
HMU U3 M0CK8U OUHHaduaTb ART H03ad, U, H OTAUHHO tlOMHfO, 8
HdHAe Mau, bot e 3ry nopy, s Moctcee yoxe ece b têery, reriAO, sce
saAUTO coAHyeM. OduHHaduarb Aer npouiAO, a si noMHto tom 8ce,
kk ydro ebiexaAu enepa.
...H TOAbKO pacrer u Kpenner odna Menra...
H p H H a . y e x a r b 8 MoCKBy. flpodTb OM, nOKOHHUTb Bce 3eCb
U 6 MCKBy...
O ji b r a. JJal Cnopee e Mocuey.
Hp HHa . Epar, eeposirno, 6 y der npocpeccopoM, o h Bce paeno
ne CTanex oKUTb 3ecb. TOAbKO bot 0CTH0BKa 3a edno Maue.
O ji b r 3. Marna y de r npue30Karb e MocKay na ace A e r o , k m -
dbi eod.
T y 3 e H 6 a x . AAeKCandp HanaTbeeuK U3 MocKBbi.
H P H H a. 3 MoCKBbl? Bbl U3 MoCKBbl?
Be p u i HHHH. H a , OTTyda.
H p H Ha . AAeKCandp ManarbeeuH, e u U3 Mocnebi... B o t Heoycu-
OaHHOCTb.
O ji b r a. B e d b m u ry da nepeeaotcaeM..
41
H p H Ha . HyMaeM, k ocenu yotce ydeM t m . Haiu podno zo-
pod, m u podujiucb t o m ... Ha Crapo B c m h h o yAtme... ( 0 6 e
CMeiOTCH OT paflOCTH).
M a r n a . ...A na k k o yAuu,e eu o k u a u ?
B e p u i H H HH . Ha Crapo BacManHo.
O JI b r a. H Mbi TM TOOKe.
H p H H a . Mm e Mocnee nozpeena.
O j i b r a . B Ho eo - Me e un b eM. . .
C Mo c k b o h CBH3aHhi caMwe xopoui ne BoenoMHHaHHH: AeTCTBO,
MaMa, OTeu nojiyqHJi pnraAy b Mo c k b c , h CHMnaTHMHbiH BeprnH-
HHH T03K6 H3 MOCKBH. BepHyTbCH B MoCKBy 3HaMHT BepHyTb
CH K C8MHM XOpOUIHM AHHM npOUIJIOH KH3HH. Ho BCe 3T0 eme He
npouui oe, yaymee.
êficTBHe BTopoe. A h a p e fi. Mne 6urb h a c h o m 3deume 3eM~
c k o y npa au, Mue, tcoropoMy c h u t en. tcaxdyio HO<ib, h t o r npoipec-
cop M o c k o b c k o z o ynueepeurera, 3HaMenuru ynenu, tcoropbiM
ZOpduTCH pyCCKH 3eMASl!... C KKUM ydOBOAbCTBUeM R nocudeA 6bl
renepb e MocKee y Tecroea u a u b EoAbuiOM M o c k o b c k o m...
TeMa Mo c k b h o t oaaTejibHbix Tpex cecTep h BepuiHHKHa ne-
pexoAHT k AHApero, He3aMeTH0 CHHwaeTCH: MocKBa s t o ojibuiHe
pecTopaHw, 3t o uecT0JiK>6HBbie Me^rbi AHApes. H, HaKOHeu, Te
Ma, nepexoAfl k OepanoHTy, 3By'iHT rpoTecKOM: O e p a n o H T . A
e MocK.ee... naicue-ro Kynu,u eAU auhu; ouh, KOTopu cteA copoK
auhob, 6yT0 noMep... H t t ofee nodpRHUK CKU3bieaA Mootcer,
u eper, ydro nonepeic ece Mockbu kht npOTRHyr...
A h a p e h. ...Tu 6bu Kozda-Huydb b Mocme?
Oe p a n o HT. ...He 6 u a . He n pueeA 6oz.
B e r y n a e T KOHTpanyHKTOM HpHHa. H p H H a . T o c n o d u ooice mo,
Mne M o c k b c h u t c r motedyto noub, r cosceM - k k n o M e w a m a n . . .
M u n epee3MaeM r y d a b utone. . .
Oe AOT HK (HpwHe). Cenac na Mockobcko y huotcuKoea
KynuA a r Bac têerHux Kapandauie...
H p H H a . ...(BepeT KapaHAauiH h HOXHqeK, paAocTHo). KaKast
npeAecTb!
KoHe^Ho efi paAOCTHo h OTToro eme, h t o KynjieHO Ha Mo c k o b -
CKOfi.
M a r n a . Choctaub t t , k t o ne 3aMenaeT, Aero renepb uau 3m.
Mne KaoKercR, ecAu 6 u r 6 u a b MoctzBe, t o omocuAacb 6 u pae~
HodyuiHO k nozode...
42
Be d in h h h h. ...0bi ne ydere 3aMenarb M o c k b u , Koeda ydere
sKUTb 8 ne. CnacTbx y Hac ne r u ne ueaer, Mbi roAbKo oxeAaeM
eao.
BepiItHHHH BHOCHT HOByiO HOTy: Mbi HS^HHaeM K a T b BMeCTe
c TpeMH cecTpaMH, JKflaTb yx e ae nepee3Aa TOJibKO b MocKBy, a
eme h n o J i y w r c H jih oh. ToHeHbKoft h o t o h HaqHHaeT 3ByqaTb
coMHeHHe. TeMa M o c k b h oxBarbi BaeT h o b h x repoeB. ...T y 3 e h 6 a x.
...H h c roo, AHptotua, e Mocttay, e ynuBepcurer. H onflTb rpo-
TecK, KK npoTHBOBec pa3pacTaHHK> CBewio TeMbi: C o J i e H H f i .
B MocKee dea y nueepcurera! ( P o o i o t h mKKaHbe).
H p H H a . (ocTaBuiacb oflHa, TocKyeT). B Mocueyl B MocKayl
B MocKayl
jJeHCTBHe TpeTbe. O e p a n o H T . ...B daenadifaroM aody Mocnea
roMe aopeAa. rocnodu r u ootce mo u I &panu,y3bi yduBAXAueb. B
TpeTbeM fleflcTBHH TeMa Mockbh 3ByMT coBceM cjiao TOJibKO
^ e r a p e pa3a, h yst e OTqaHHHeM. Hp HHa . Bce 3auro, Kootcdbi
deiib aabieaio, a oicu3Hb yxodur u HUKoada ne aepuercn, nuKoada,
HUKoada m u ne yedeM e Mocnay... f l atocy, h t o ne yedeM...
# ace ffldAa, nepeeeAUMCx e Moucey, t m une Bcrperurcx mo
MacTOMUu, x MeuraAa 0 HeM, AtouAa... Ho OKasaAOCb ece 83dop,
ece 33dop... TeMa Mockbh 3By*HT y x e b npomeAuieM BpeMeHK, h
OCJieWHHM B3PHBOM OTqaHKHH H HaAJKAH: Hp HHa . MUAUX, 00-
poaax, x yea'jfcato, x ieHto apoua, o h npeKpacHbi neAoaeK, x au-
dy sa neao, coaAacna, TOAbKO noedeM a Mocuayl Vmoaxk> rex,
noedeM! Jlynuie Mockbu nmeao ner na caerel noedeM, Oax! noe-
deMf 3aHaBec.
eftcTBHe qeTBepToe. TeMa Mo c k b h y w e yuui a , pacTBopHjiacb:
O e p a n o H T . JJee t m c x h u At ode noMep3Ao ydro. H e m o e
flerepypae, ne t o e Mocicae ne ynoMHto. H nacvieffiHHH, y w e cob-
ceM Tpe3Bafl, 6yztfiHiHaH penjiHKa OJibrn. Oj i br a. Bce deAaercx
n e no-naueMy. f l ne xoreAa birb HanaAbHtine, u ac e - ram cdeAa-
jiacb eto. B Moace e, ne Sbi mt . . .
j ih npHcyTCTByiomHx npH p a 3r o B o p a x o MocKBe <&epanoHTa h
npoqnx 3Ta TeMa 3ByqHT TaK, KaK 3 E y q a J i a (J>pa3a r - x n Y . a j i h CJiy-
q a H o r o n p o x o w e r o : o h h CJiHiuaT h He cj i Hui aT. C j i o b o Mo c KBa
HMeeT AJIH HHX OflHH CMHCJI, HHTepnpeTaUHH c oomeHHH OAHO-
pycHan. j i h Tpex cecTep, BepuiHHHHa, Ty3eH(5axa TeMa 3By-
h t TaK, a k j>pa3 a t o k h V. a j i h e e h ee Myaca, s t o h a h o m ,
noHHTHbifi hm o a h h m , y Hero Ba CMUcjia h b h h S h C0 Kp0 BeH-
h h h , HHTepnpeTaUHH AByx' bapycHaH. j i h H a c HHTaTeJieii h 3pH-
43
Tejieft nbecw TeMa Mockbh HMeeT t t we cmhcji, qTO h ajih Tpex
cecTep h eme oahh. 3 t o t Tperaft cmhcji cjiojkhjich h3 nocjieAOBa-
TeJibHoro opacTaHHH cjioBa BceMH 3HaqeHHHMH, KOTOpne npHecJia
CMeHa pa3Hbix cmhcjiob Ha npOTHHceHHH nbecu, h KOTopan 3aMeTHa
HaM oahhm: ajih HpnH s e , Mainn, OjibrH Mockbs 3H3qHT
Bce t o x e , ht o h b nepBOM a c hc t bhh: a c t c t b o , cqacTbe, H3MeHHJiHCb.
TOJibKO HaCTpOeHHH, CBH3aHHbie C HHM, T HaAC5KAH K 6e3HaA6*i*
HOCTH, H3MeHHJiaC> MOAaJIbHOCTb. TaKHM 0pa30M, AJIH Hac, HHTa-
TeJieft, cymecTByeT HHTepnpeTaUHH Tpex'bHpycHan.
B 0 3 M OJ KI HOCTb M<H 0 TD H p y ICH 0 H H H 'T e p H p e T a U. K H
r e i C T a h e c T b o c s o B i H o e o t ji h q h e x y A o x e f C T B e H -
h o p e HpycHyi o.
3 t o pa3JiHHHe noATBepxAaeTCH eme h TeM, qTo BbiCK33HBaKH
SaHajibHbie, Hecymne b npaKTHqecKOH peqH HyjieByio HHôpMauHio,
b xyAoacecTBeHHOH peqn HMeiOT a j i h HHTepnpeTaUHH Ha o a h h npye
6ojibme, t . e. BocnpHHHMaioTCH KaK ocMbicjieHHbie. TaKOBH 3Ha-
M2HHTbie qexOBCKHe Aoui adu Kyiuator oeec u ceuo, BoAz a e n a d a e r
e KacnuCKoe MOpe. Mexos Boome 6 h j i MaerepoM t s k h x npHeMOB:
Orei i yMep p o e n o z od Ha3ad, k k pa3 e b t o t denb, nnr oe o m h , a
TBOU UM.eH.UHbl, HpUHCt... Oh blA ZeHepA, K0MaH06A puz ado,
r oBopHT b Tpex c e c T p a x Ojibra, o p a ma HCb k c e c Tp e . C t o ^ k h
3 peHHH npaKTHqecKoi i p e q n s t h ( | ) p a 3H TaK ce He J i e no Sa Ha j i b Hb i ,
TaK t e H3JiaraiOT o m e H 3BecTHoe, KaK Aouiadu..., BoAza.... Ha n o -
A o h h x npneMax c t p o h t c h u e J i H e n be c H coBpeMeHHoro 4 >paHuy3-
CKoro n n c a T e j i H H 0 HecK0 .
B xyAomecTBeHHOft p e q n HHTepnpeTHpyiOTCH KaK ocMbicjieHHHe
Aa me Te BbicKa3HBaHHH, KOTOpbie HecyT OTpHuaTejibnyio HHiopM.a-
UHio, t . e. c TomcH 3peHHH npaKTHqecKOH p e q n h b j i h i o t c h eccMbi c-
JieHHHMH. TaKOBO XJieHHKOBCKOe H 6Mb AyKeT AytCOM HeMHblM.
Ho , KOHeHHO, TaKHe BbICKa3bIB3HHH, HTObl HMeTb CMHCJI, A0JI5KHM
BKJnoqaTbCH b oj i e e n m p o K y i o ocMbicjieHHyio CHTyauHio. B o Bc e x
c j i y q a n x MHor onpycHof t HHTepnpeTaUHH TeKCTa Boo me He oxoAH-
mo a j i h KajKAoro n p y c a BKJiioqeHHe b oco6yi o CHTyaunio. 3 t o x o -
p o m o b h a h o Ha npHMepe c M o o k b o h H3 T p e x e e c Te p : Tpn
Hpyca TOJiKOBaHHH TpH oooTBencTByiomHe hm CHTyaunn:
1) OepamoHTa h n p o q n x , 2) cecTep, BepmH>HHHa, T y a e n S a x a ,
3) 3pHTeJIH.
Ho K3KHM 0 p a 3 0 M npOHCXOAHT BKJIlOqeHHe TeKCTa B KaKyiO-JIK-
60 cHTyauHio?
21. KJHoq k TeKCTy. IIpeABapHTejibHoe 3HaHHe. ^jiHHa TeKer a.
M h yace bhacji h, qTo caMO BHCKasbiBaHHe He HeceT b c e 6 e k s k h x -
ji ho yKa3aHH h s t o , b KSKoe KOJlHqeCTBO CHTyaim oho M o x e r
biTb BKJiK)qeHo. Hmchho n03T0My o a h o h t o * e BbiCKa3biBaHHe
M 0 * e T BOCnpHHHMaTbCH H TOJIKOB3TbCH H0- pa3H0My (ABOHKOe TOJI-
44
KOBaHHe * D 33 bI 0 CHHeM UBeTe, TpOHKOe TOJIKOBHHe psaroBopoB 0
MocKBe) H e 0 6 x0 AHM0 , cJieAOBaTeJibHO, KaKoe-HHynb BHeuiHee n o
OTHOmHHK) K BHCK33bIB3HH10 yK333HHe H3 CHTV3UHIO HJIH CHTy3-
UHH, B KOTOpbie OHO AOJUK'HO HTb KJIK)MeHO, H0KHH K JI K) I BHCKa-
3 bBaHHH.
HeK0T0 pbie npHMepbi KJiroqeH HaM y x e H3Becrabi H3 npeAHfly-
mero K3JioxeHH5i: a) IOhoiom k cthj ho EBreHHH HerHHa 6 hj i o
yK33aHHe Ha oJioxKe poMaH b CTHxax. Kjhotom k <|)Pa3e b
CTHXOTBOpeHHH XjieHHKOBa CJiyHJIO, KaK 3T0 npeKpaCHO Pa3-bHC-
H6H0 B. A. JlapHHblM (CM. HH*e) , TO, TO 3Ta <})pa3a BKJIIOqeHa B
CTHXOTBOpeHHe, CTHXOTBOpeHHe B COpHHK, a STOMy copHHKy npeA-
iixecTBOBJiH Apyr ne c 6 o Phhkh Apyrnx c t h x o b . Ecji h cmhcji BHCKa-
3HB3HHH o6pa3yeT nJiaH coAepxaHHH, t o CHTyau,HH opa3yeT nJiaH
BHpajKeHHH. B 3tom cj i yqae eio biJia JiHJKafimaH JMTepa/rypHaH
cpeAa. HenocpeflCTBeHHbiM x e , MaTepnaJibHbiM kjisohom CJiyjKHJio
t o , mto CTHXOTBOpeHHe HJio HaneqaTaHO b KHHre, Ha o 6 jio}KKe
KOTOpOH CTOHJia (JiaMHJiHH XjieHHKOB h t . n. 6 ) CHTyaunefi AJIH
<pa3bi r-JKH y . hjio ome e aji h Myxca h j k c h h BoenoMHHaHHe o
npoHcmeAmeM paHee, t . e. kjhoj hmcji b s t o m CJiysae cymecTBO-
BaHHe HAeajIbHOe, B C03HaHHH rOBOpHIUHX, HO B C03HaHHH o
Ae&CTBHTeJibHo, HMe&uieti mbc t o inpomjioft cHTyaunn. Ec j i h 6 a
r-K y., 3a6btB a6 s t o m , He o p a s y inoHHJi c e Kp e i mi f t o mh o j i <f>pa3M
j k &h h , Ta HanoMMHJia bi eMy: A noMHuui b mok> c u H t o t o KOtp-
TOHKy? H b t o m cj i ynae k j h o i HMeji 6bi MaTepHaJibHyro, a He HAe-
ajibHyio <j>opMy. b ) h Tpexi^pycHofi HHTepnpeTaUHH b Tpex
cecTpax BaacHo 6 h j i o noMHHTb, h t o m h , 3PHTeJiH, c h a h m b s j i e
TeaTpa, h Bce nponcxoAHmee nepeA h b m h ecTb He HaeronmaH *H3Hb,
a HMHTaUHH HCH3HH. PeeHOK HJIH HeJIOBeK He06pa30BaHHbI BHOJIHe
MorjiH 6bi aipBHHTb paaroBopbi o MociKBe b h x in'pHMOM, npaKTPie-
OKOM cMbicjie ('Ben o m h h m , KaK o h Kh x o t HapiocHJicH a wapHOHe-
t o k KyKOJibHoro TeaTpa, npHHHB h x 3a j k h b h x jiroAefi). Ba)KH0
h j i o , cjieAOBaTeJibHO, noMHHTb, h t o m h b t e a t p e. K. C. Gra-
HHCJiaBCKH npeKpaCHO nOHHMaJI HeQXOAHMOCTt KJHOUa B CBOeM
3H3MeHHT0M TeaTp HaHHHaeTCH C BemaJIKH. B KapTHHe T3 KHM
KJiKiqoM cjiyscHT p a Ma , He 0H3aTeJibH0, KOHewHo, a r e r a a H , a boo-
iue BCHKoe OTrpaHHMeHHe npoeTpaHeTBa KapTHHH o t pe aj i bHor o n p o-
CTpaHCTBa.
TaKHM o6pa3DM, k j i i o h a j i h MHoroapycHoS HHTepnpeTaUHH TeK-
cTa 3aKJiK>raeTCH b k 3 k o m-j i h 6o BocnpHHHMaeMOM aApecaTOM penn
npoHBJieHHH, MaTepnajibHOM h j i h HAeaJibHOM, CHTyauHH TeKCTa,
npoHBJieHHH, yKa3HBaiomeM Ha ycjiOBHocTb TeKCTa. K j i m ecTb
3H3K.
FIOHHTHe KJIKJra, a, CJeAOBaTeJIbHO, B 0 3 M 0 } K H 0 C T b MH Or OHp VCHOH
HHTepnpeTaUHH TeKCTa, npeAnojiaraeT AaJiee ABa cjieflyiomHx Heo-
XOAHMHX yCJIOBHH.
IlepBoe ycjioBHe, caMoe omee, 3aKJH0HaeTCH b h c k o t o d o m noeA-
BapHTeJibHOM 3H3HHH o TeKCTe. TaK, tiTobi BOcnpHHHTb TeKCT Tpex
45
cecTep* KaK xyaowecTBeHHyi o, a He KaK npaKTHMecKyio pe ub, mm
AOJIJKHM 3HaTb, MTO MU B TeaTpe. MtOM OCMbICJieHHO BOCnpHHITb
4>pa3y H3 CTHXOTBOpeHHH, MM flOJIJKHM 3HaTb, qTO 3T0 <{)pa3a H3 CTH-
xoTBopeHHH, HaKOHeu, b o m e f t <f>opMe, mtom noHHtb, pacmH(| )-
pOB3Tb K3KO 6bl TO HH MJIO TeKCT, XOTH M JIpOBeCTH OnHCaHMC
He3H3KOMOrO H3MK3 fleCKpHIITHBHMMH MeTOflaMH, MM flOJIJKHbl
3HaTb, qTO 3T0T TeKCT HMeeT CMHCJI.
Odu^HO, name Bcero, mm TpaKTyeM t s k TOJibKO qejiOBerecKHH
H3biK h n POH3BeAeHHH HCKyCCTBa. Ho h KaKOH-HHyab neft3a>K, ca-
MHH aHa^bHbi H BHfl H3 OKHa, HaKOHeu, bch npHpoAa, MoryT TpaK-
TOBaTbCH TaK * e . npaBAa, a j i h Toro, ^toSm n e i t e a x aeftcTBOBaji
Ka<K KajpTHHa, Haflo npetanojiaraTb b ' npnpcwe c k Ph t h k 3 a p a H e e
omhicji ( aK Ti oneB ...e ne ecTb d y u u a e ne e cr b A3biKl h c hw-
b o j i h c t h ) . Pa3yMeeTCH, 3 t o 3a6jiyjKfleHHe, ho oho noKaausaeT B03-
MOJKHOCTb TP 3KT0BKH npHpOAM KaK 3H3K0B0H CHCTeMM, KaK H3HK3.
B 3tom cjiyqae qejioBeK npHnncMBaeT MaTepHajibHOMy HBJieHHio
c m h c j i , h t o h 3aTeM Ha q a Tb ero HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb. 3 t o , cjieOBa-
TeJibHO, o a h h H3 hpkhx cJiyqaeB caMono3HaHHH q e n o Be Ka s epes npa-
poAy.
Mu 3HaeM, OTMeqaji B. I I I k j i o b c k h h , h t o r a c r a c j i y q a n
BOcnpHHTHH KaK Hero-To nosTHêcKoro, co3flaHHoro a j i h xyAoncecT-
BeHHOrO JIIOOBaHHH, T3KHX BblpaweHHfi, KOTOpbie HJIH CAeJiaHbJ
6e3 p a c q e T a Ha TaKoe BoenpHHTHe; t 3 k o b o , HanpHMep, MHeHHe Ah-
HeHCKOrO 0 6 0 C0 0 H nOSTHHHOCTH CJiaBHHCKOrO H3MK3, t s k o b o , Ha
npHMep, h BoexHmeHHe AH^pen Eejioro npneMOM pyccKHX n03T0B
XVIII BeKa nOMemaTb n p n j i a r a T e j i b Ho e n oc j i e cymecTBHTej ibHux.
EejibiH BOCXHmaeTCH s t h m KaK qeM-TO xyuojKecTBeHHHM h j i h t o h -
Hee c*iHTaH s t o xyAOjtfecTBOM HaMepeHHMM, Ha caMOM AeJie 3T0
OmaH OCOeHHOCTb AaHHOrO H3bIKa (BJIHHHHe UepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKO-
r o ) . TaKHM 0pa30M, Bemb MOxeT 6 biTb: 1) co3AaHa KaK n P03aH-
qecKaH ( b cMbicJie HexyAOHcecTBeHHaa K). C.) h BoenpHHHTa KaK
noaTHêcKaH, 2) co3AaHa KaK nosTHqecKafl h BoenpHHHTa i o k n p o -
33HqecKaH. 3 t o yKa3UBaeT, mt o xyao>KecTBeHHocTb, 0TH0CHM0CTb k
no33HH flaHHOH BemH, ecTb p e 3 y ^ b T a T c n o c o a H a u i e r o BoenpHHTHE,
BemaMH xyAoxecTBeHHUMH s c e b t c c h o m c M u c j i e mm ya e T Ha 3H-
B3Tb BemH, KOTOpbie HJIH C03A3HH OCObIMH npHeM3MH, HeJIb KO-
TOpblX COCTOHJia B TOM, qTOH 3TH BetUH nO B03M0JKH0CTH H3Bep-
HHKa BOcnpHHHMaJiHOb KaK xyAowecTBeHHMe *. H3BecTHo T a K x e
H3 HCTOpHH HCKyCCTB, ITO eCTb TaKHe HBJieHHH fleHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH,
KOTOpMe noflAaiOTCH TpaKTOBKe b AByx n J i a H a x c p a 3 y KaK He3Ha-
KOBMe HBJieHHH H KaK 3HaKOBbie HBJieHHH. KaKO-HHyAb KyCOK
HUIMbl C npHHyAJIHBO npHpOAHO OKpaCKO MO*6T TpaKTOB3TbCH
H3MH KaK KapTHHa 38K3T3, T. e. KaK npOH3BeAeHHe XyAOJKHHKa C
1 B. IIIk j i o b c k h A. HcKyccTBo KaK npneM. C 6 o p h h k h n o TeopHH n o s i H -
l e c K o r o fl3WKa, II, I l e T ep C y p r , 1917, erp. 45.
46
BJIOKeHHblM B npOH3Befl6HHe CMHCJIOM. H o TOT Hte KyCOK HUIMH
MOJKHO BOCIlpHHHMaTb H npOCTO KaK KMeHb C np05KHJIK3MH. Bo-
ji ee CJiOJKHH.fi npnwep peaji bnufi AjieKcefi MapecbeB h repofi
poMaHa B. l o j i e Bo r o IIoBecTb o HacToameM rejioBeKe. PeajibHbifi
ieJiOBeK 0Ka3aJica HacTOJibKO ranHêH, t o n o nr a npHMoe onHcaHHe
ero, noTH e s AonojiHHTeJibHoro BKeceHHH cMbicjia, eraji o npOH3-
BeaeHHeM xyAowecTBeHHbiM, pOMaHOM.
pyre ycJiOBHe HaxoKfleHHH KJiKnia, a cjieAOBaTeJibHO, Mnoro-
HpycHOH HHTepnpeTaUHH, AJiHHa TeKCTa hji h uiHpoTa cffryauHH.
B H3BecraoM CMMCjie, nocKOJib'Ky MaTepaaiJibHaa cTOpOHa 3H3 kob
TeKCTa MoaceT biTb pa3Hofi (3Byqamee cji obo, neâTHoe cji obo,
peMb h abhjkchhh aKTepoB Ha cueHe h t . n . ) , t c k c t h CHTyauna
OAHO H TO * e .
Pa3JiHqHafl AJiHHa HHTepnpeTHpyeMoro TeKCTa ecTb BHeuiHee npo-
HBJieHHe 0 CH0 BH0 r0 paajiH'iHH MeJKfly peqbio npaKTHqecKoft h pe^bio
xyAO>KecTBeHHO&. MHHHMaJibHaa AJiHHa TeKCTa npaKTHnecKoft _pe-
r a o a h o npeAJioxeHHe. W xyAOscecTBeHHoro TeKCTa AJiHHa jib-
ui aa.
MHHHMajibHas AJiHHa TeKCTa Boome AonycKaeT TOJibKO oaho-
npycHyio HHTepnpeTauHio. TaK, 0TAejibH0 ycjiHmaHHbie BHpaxe-
hhh K k o Kpacuabi c u h u tieerl, B MocKayl MOryr HTb socnpH-
HHTH TOJ1HKO <BIlpHMOM CMMCJie; IK3IK npaiKTHqecKaH peMb. JIH BOC-
npHHTHH HX KaK peIH XVAOJKeCTBeHHOH H eo 6x0 AH MO 3H3HHe TeKCTa
JIbieft AJIHHbl, TeKCTa B y3K0M CMbICJie CJlOBa KOHTeKCTa H
TeKCTa b uinpoKOM CMHCJie cjOBa CHTyauHH, t . e. Toro, ht o Bbirne
hjio onpeAeJieno KaK HopMa coomeHHH.
CpeAHHH AJiHHa xyAOJKecTBeHHoro TeKCTa ecTb, Hec0MHeHH0,
seJiHTOHa nocToaHHaH a j i h AaHHOft anoxn h JiHTepaTypHoft cpeAH
( b CMbiGJie B. A. J a p H H a ) , KOHCTaHTa, x o t h a o c h x n o p h He
H3yeHHaH. Ha p y u i e HHe s t o h KOHCTaHTbi BH3biBaeT CTHpaHHe r p a -
h h u MSKAy nipaKTHHeOKoft h xyAooKecTBeHHoft p eqbi o h omymeHHe
JIOMKH 0CH0BHHX n P HHUHn0B HCKyCCTBa BOOme, cp. JIHTepaTypHHH
CKaHAajI, BbI3BEHHbIH Ony6jIHKOB3HHeM caMoro KopoTKoro CTH-
XOTBOpeHHH B MHpe, piOCOBCKOTO O, 3aKpoS CB0H JieAHbie HO-
t h ... (noApoHee o a j i h h c c m. 139).
C Apyrofl CTOpoHbi, B3aHM0AeficTBHe ajieMeHTOB h ypoBHefi
OCHOBHOe HBJieHHe B 4>yHKUH0HHp0BaHHH COOlUeHHH, BM3HBai0m.ee
orpOMHyiQ 3KOHOMHJO BHp3HTeJibHHX cpeACTB h powAaiomee Oiuy-
meHHe scieTHêcKoro yAOBOjibCTBHH, HaraHaeT AeficTBOBarb jiHuib
npH HeKOTOpoft, AOCTaTOKHO OJIbUIOH AJIHHe coomeHHH. TaKHM
0pa30M, B3HM0AeCTBHe, He HBJIHHCb HCKJlKmiTeJlbHHM CBOfiCT-
b o m xyAoacecTBeHno penn, h o Boome b c h k o peun, xopomo no*
crpoeHKOH h Bbi3biBaiome scTeTHHecKoe yAOBOJibCTBHe, npHHaAJie-
j k h t Bce x e npeHMymecTBeHHo pevH xyAoxecTBeHHofi .
HTaK, cyMMHpya MH0 r0 HpycH0 CTb HHTepnpeTaUHH ( t . e. oco-
biA cjiOBapb), HajiHUHe KJircma aji h BKJrosefHHH Tewcra b CHTyaunio
h HeKOTOpan HopMa a j i h h h , npeBHi uai omaa HopMy a j i h h h npaKTH-
47
qeCKOrO coomeHHH TaKOBbl OCHOBHH6 OTJIH'iHH XyflOJKeCTBeHHOH
p e s a o t peHH npaKTHrecKoft *.
2 2 . I o c T p o e H H e 3 TO0 k h h t h . p y r H e B3 rjinja, bi Ha c t h j i h c t h k y .
EHJ I HOr paHf l . Mbi BHAejIH, ^TO C npHHHTOH H3MH TOMKH apeiIHH
CTHJiHCTHKa npaKTHHeCKOH H XyAOJKeCTBeHHOft peHH CMblKaiOTCH,
n 03 T0 My 3HaJiH3 xyAo x e c TBe HHo f t p e n n HeoxoAHMO BKJiionaeTCsi
b 3Ty KHHry, KOTOpaa npHHHMaeT, t s k h m 0pa30M, cj i eAyi omHH b h a :
I n a c T b y p o Be Hb h o p m u 1) <J)paHii,y3CKaH Hau,no-
Ha J i b H a a H o p M a , o n n c a H H a n H3 BHe; 2 ) 4 ) p a H u y 3 CKan Ha uHOHa J i bHa f l
HopMa,onHcaHHaH H3HyTpH;
I I * i a c T b y p o B e H b h h a h b h a y a ji b h o ft p e ^ H ;
I I I ^ a c T b x y A o j n e c T B e H H a h p e q b .
KaK Mbi y x e BHAejiH Ha npeAbi Aymnx CTpaHHuax, c t h j i h c t h k 3
TecHo conpHKacaeTca c Teopnef i HHôpMauHH, n 03T0 My b c o o t -
BeTCTBHH C OIHHM B3rJIHAOM 3TO TeOPHH. OnHCaHHe B KaJKAO H3
^ a c T e p a c n a A a e T c a Ha ABa acneKTa C j i 0 B 3 p b h C o o m e H H e .
ypoBeHb HOpMbl HBJIHeTCH, T3 KHM 0 pa30M, TJiaBHblM npeAMeTOM
onncaHHH h o c h o b o A p y r a x qacTeft .
r i 0 CK0 ^ b K y ypoBe Hb HopMbi H3yqaeTCH b jiHHrBHCTHKe TpeMH ee
QTA6JI3MH (J)OHeTHKOH, r p3MM3THK0 H JieKCHKOJIOrHeH, TO B03-
HHKaeT B o n p o c , He AOJiJKHa j i h c a M a c t h j i h c t h k s p a c n a A a T b c a Ha
TaKHe a c e tPh OTAejia. B t b k o m c j i y q a e , CTHJiHCTHqecKaH cj)OHeTHKa
3 a HHMa ; i a c b bi npsBHJibHbiM n p o H 3 H o i n e H H e M b e r o p a 3 Hb i x Ba-
p n a H T a x (cneHHqecKHM, h t o b h m h t . a . ) a cji eAOBaTeJi bHo, h t h
nHMHbiMH OTKJlOHeHHHMH o t H e r o ( b npocTopeHHH, AHa J i e Kr a x , AeT-
ckoh p e q n h t . a . ) ; i c t h j i h c t i f i c r a n rpaMMaTHKa otnHCbi'Bajia 6 h
pa3Hbie r paMMaTHêcKHe BapnaHTbi ycji0BH0, t . e. H0pMaTHBH0 n p a -
BHJibHbix <})opM CJlOBa h t h i i o b npeAJiojKeHHH, a T a K x e ycjiOBHo He-
n p a BH^ b Hb i x ( Ha npHMep, n p o c T o p e H H b i x ) , h o b t o s t e BpeMH OHa
AOJiJKHa b u i a bi 3aHHMaTbCH h TaK Ha3HBaeM0 p e q b i o a r p a M M a -
THnecKOH, t . e. r paMMaTHêcKH 6e3ycjiOBHO HenpsBHJibHOH (Ha
npHMep, THnH^HbiMH ouiHKMH AeTefi, yqamHxcn h t . n.) npH yc-
j i o b h h e e THnHMHOCTH; CTHjmcTHHecKaa JieKCHKOJiorHH x e oJiee
h j i h MeHee c o s n a j i a bi .c ' OtbPrHO TpaAHUHOHiHOH j i b k c h i k o j i -
r n e S .
TaKoe nocTpoeHHe c t h j i h c t h k h , Boome roBopa, BnojiHe b o 3mohc-
ho, a qacTHMHO h ocymecTBJieHo. (HanpHMep, b KHHrax OqepKH
no CTHJiHCTHKe 4>paHiiyaaKoro fl3HKa P. T. nHOppoBCKoiro, o r o p u e
1 rl03T0My HeJIb3fl COIViaCHTbCH C MHeHHeM P. O. #K06cC)Ha, KOTOpblfi BHAHT
ocoCeHHocTb n03THMecK0H pe b ycTaHOBKe na BbipaweHHe KaK TaK0B0e.
(Linguistics and Poetics, Style in Language , ed. by T h o m a s A. S e b e o k.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1960, pp. 350377); cp. B. B. B h h o-
r p a a o b. O TeopHH no3TH<jecKoft pe^H, Bonpocw B3HK03HaHHH, N 2, 1962.
Pe u e H3Hio B. H. TonopoBa Ha pa(50Ty P. fKo6cona cm. b c6. CrpyKTypHo-
THnoJiorHiecKHe HCCJieAOBaHHH, H 3a - b o AH CCCP, M., 1962.
48
b nepBOM h3A3 hhh ( 1 9 5 5 r. ) Ha3biBajincb OqepKH no rpaMMaTK-
tiecKOvi CTHJiHCTHKe <jjpaHHy3CKoro H3HKa, h H. Frei La g r a m
ma i r e des f a u t e s , P . , 1 929) . OAHaiKO apflA jih o h o HaHojiee ue-
j i e c 0 0 pa3H0 . Yace AsaAUaTb JieT Ha3aA npo4)eccop M0 CK0 BCK0 r0
yHHBepcHTeTa T. O. BHHOKyp BbiABHHyji HHoe MHeHHe. HpHBeACM
e ro BbicKa3biBaHHe. 3 t o h oiuHpHo HHTaTo x opo ui o pa3-bHCHHeTCH
h npeeMCTBeHHOCTb Hue Hauieft KHHra, h, h t o e me BaKHee, npeAMeT
h 3aaaiH caMoft c t h j i h c t h k h :
...MH (JjaKTHqeCKO 5KH3HH H3btKa 0Ka3bIBaeTCH ipe3BbmaHHO
cymecTBeHHHM, KaK nojib3yeTca omecTBO cbohm H3HK0M. HapHAy
c npoJieMoft H3biK0B0r0 CTpoa cymecTByeT eme ripoojieMa hshko-
Boro ynoTpejieHHH, a TaK KaK H3biK Boome ecTb TOJibKO, worfla
oh ynoTpeJmeTCH, t o b peajibHOK AeftcTBHTeJibHocTH CTpo H3biKa
oHapyxHBaeTCH TOJibKO b r e x hjih hhmx 4)opMax ero ynoTpeJie-
hhh. To, "ito 3ia,ecb HasBaeo ynoTpeJieHHeM, npetmcTaiBJiHeT co6oh
COBOKyHHOCTb yCTaHOBHBIHHXCfl B AaHHOM OmeCTBe H3bIKOBHX npH-
BblMK H HOpM, B CHJiy KOTOPbIX H3 HaJIHMHOrO 3anaCa CpeACTB H3M-
Ka npOH3BOAHTCH H3 BeCTHHH OTOp, He OflHHaKOBUft flJIH Pa3HbIX
yCJIOBHl 533bIKOBOrO OmeHHfl. TaK C03A3I0TCH nOHHTHH pa3HUX
cTHJie 3biKa H3biKa npaBHJibHoro h HenpaBHJibHoro, TOpxcecT-
BeHHoro h ejioBoro, o^muHaJibHoro h 4>aMHJibHPHoro, nosTHnecKO-
ro h o6nxoAHoro h t . n. Bce Tanoro poxa H3MKH npeACTaBJiaiOT
coo He mto HHoe. KaK pa3HHe MaHepbi n0Jib30BaTbca H3 H k o m. . .
...HeMero h r0B0pHTb o tom, ijto s t h pa3JiHHHbie MaHepbi roBopHTb
H HHCaTb, pOXAaiOmHeCH H3 BXOAflmHX B KOJIJieKTHBHyiO npHBblHKy
CnOCOOB n 0 JIb3 0 B3 HHH H3MK0M, HMeiOT CBOK) COCTBeHHyiO HCTOPHK)
K H3MeHHfOTCH TaK e , KaK H3 MeHHOTCH 3ByKH, (|>OpMbI H 3H3KH.
Ho HeJibsa 3abiBaTb Tanxe h Toro, uto o t hctophh noAOHbix
npHBHqeK, (âKTHHecKoe coAepxaHHe KOTopo, pa3yMeeTca, npea-
onpeaejieHO HCTOpneft o'beKTHBHoro CTpoH H3biKa, oqeHb iacTO OKa-
3biBaercH 3aBHcameft h caMa oTjeKTHBHaH hctophh 3ByKOB, $opM
h 3H3KOB. TaKHM 06pa30M, nepea h3mh h oqeHb BaxHaa npoJieMa
HCTOpHH H3MKa, 63 H3yH0HHH KOTOpOH HCTOpHH H3brKa H
MQHteT bITb inOJIHO H B TOTOGCTK COO TB CTCTB y lOmeH CBOCMy
npeAiMery.
3 a HOBaa npoJieMa cocTaBJiaeT coAepxaHHe JiHHrBHCTHqecKOfi
RHCU.HIIJIHHH, KOTOpyiO CJieAyeT Ha3B3Tb CTHJIHCTHKO...
JlerKO buio 6 bi... npeAJioxHTb TaKxe h ajih cthjihcthkh BHyr-
peHHee pa3Ae;ieHHe Ha <J)OHeTHKy, rpaMMaraKy h ceMacHOJioraro,
T6M 6ojiee, i i t o OHa, AeiiCTBHTejibHo, 3aHHMaercH ceMH s t hmh Tpe-
mh npoêMaMH. Ho s t o hjio 6h cepbe3HOH oihhkoh, noTOMy hto,
ksk 3 t o BbiTeKaeT H3 npeAbiAymero, 3ByK pe^H KaK cthjihcthhcckhh
4>aKT He cymecTByeT 6e3 cooTHeceHHbix c hhm c^sktob rpaMMaTH-
ecKHX h ceMacHOJioraqecKHX. HHaqe roBopn, nocTpoeHHe cthjih
c t h k h no OTAeJIbHblM UaCTHM H3HK0B0H CTpyKTypbl yHHMTOJKHJIO 6 bl
COCTBeHHblH npeAMeT CTHJIHCTHKH, COCTOHmHfi H3 COeAHHeHHH OT-
49
A&JIbHblX HJieHOB H3HK0B0& CTpyKTypt l B OAHO H KHHeCTBeHHO HOBOe
u e j i o e
B nOCJieflHee BpeMH, B CBH3H CO CTpyKTypHhlM H3yM6HHeM H3H-
Ka, B03HHKJI0 HeCKOJlbKO HHOe nOHHM3HHe CTHJ1HCTHKH. Ha H o J i e e
OTqeTJlHBO OHO BHp a we HO 3MepHKaHCKHM, JIHHrBHCTOM A. Xh j i j i o m:
CTHJIHCTHKa 3aHHMaeTCH BCeMH TeMH OTHOUieHHHMH c pej u*
( a m o n g ) JiHHrBHCTHqecKHX eAHHHU, KOTOpbie no/ mai OTCH h . t h M o r y r
IOflflaTbCH (J)OpMy^HpOBKe B nOHHTHHX OJiee UIHpOKHX OTpeSKOB
p e ^ H ( s p a n s ) , qeM Te 0Tpe3KH, KOTOpbie BKJiKmaiOTCH b npejyi OHce-
HHe2.
B CBH3H C 3THM OnpefleJieHHeM HeOXOflHMO BCnOMHHTb, ITO
COBpeMeHHafl CTpyKTypHaH JIHHrBHCTHKa, HH MHKpOJIHHrBHCTHKa,
H3yqaeT KaHajj coomeHHH, t . e. Te eziHHHUbi H3HKa, KOTOpHe
pa3MemaK)TCH b npej nej i ax o t (Jkjhcmh h o BbicKa3HBaHHa. TaKHM
0pa30M, C 3T0ft TOHKH 3peHHH, CTHJ1HCTHK3 HMeeT CBOHM npeflMe-
TOM Te HBJieHHH, KOTOpHe He MOryT blTb OHHTbl B 3THX y3KHX
n p e a e j i a x .
To, i t o 'npe&eraeT KaiK HenpeacKaayeMHft Bbiop
c k h x eHHHU BHyrpH npe^JiOHceHHfl (ampMep, c j i h m k o m pacra-
Hyroe npoH3HomeHHe t o h hjih hhoh (J)OHeMbi), ct3Hobhtch o-bac-
HHMblM B fiOJiee IUHpOKOM KOHTeKCTe. CBOOflHHe BapHaitHH c
JlHHrBHCTHqeCKOA TOTCH 3peHHH BapH3UHH 6e3 4>yHKaHH; CO CTH*
JIHCTmeCKOH )K TOHKH 3peHHH OH H HBJIHWTCH (HH, 6bITb MOHCeT,
ocTOpoKHee 6yaeT CKa3aTb Kaacyrcn) npeacKa3yeMbiMH. Hhhmh
CJIOBaMH, CBOOflHbie BapuaUHH JIHHrBHOmeCKH CTOHT B OTHO-
meHHHx KOHTpacTHpoBaHHH a p y r k apyry, a CTHJiHermecKH b
OTHOuieHHHX fl0n0JiHHTeJibH0CTH. H, T3KHM 0pa30M, 3aaaqa CTH*
JIHCTHKH 3aKJlK)qaeTCH B TOM, HTOH COKpaTHTb C<J)epy JIHHrBHCTK*
qeCKO npOH3BOJlbHOCTH, OIHCHHH, HaCKOJIbKO B03MJKH0, JIHHI'BH-
CTHi ecKHe BapHai i KH a.
To, qTO 3flecb H3Ji0>KeH0, CKopee He o n p e Ae J i n e T c t h j i h c t h k v , a
oxueJineT ee o t mhkpojihhfbhcthkh. C t o h k h 3peHHa HHor o, c o Bp e -
MSHHoro B3rjiHjxa Ha CTHJiHCTHKy, HaMeqeHHoro T. O. BHH0Kyp0M,
9T0 noHHMaHHe cjihiukom y3K0. He cjiyqaftHO A. Xhjiji Ro n o ma e T
CTHJiHCTHKy napaJiHHrBHCTHKofi yneHHeM o Bbi pa3HTej i bHwx
npneMax, napajmejibHbtx coct bchho peru TOHax ro-noca, e c T a x
h npoq.
BMecTe c TeM, KaK m h b h h m, CTpyKTypHoe noHHMaHHe c t h j i h -
c t h k h n e npOTHBopeqHT TOMy, KOTopoe p h h h t o b s t o h KHHre. Ha-
1 T. O. B h h o k y p. O saaaqax h c t o p h h S3bu<a, cTTba 1941 ro/ja, nepene-
l a Ta H H a a b KHHre: B. A. 3 Be r HHi i e B. Hctophh H3HK03HaHHfl XIX h XX BeKoa
b oq e p i c ax h H3BJieqeHHHx, q. II, M I960, CTp. 257260. T. O. BniiOKyp npea-
BocxHiuaer 3flecb oaho H3 crepj KHeBwx noHaTHft stoh khhi-h B3aHMoaeficTBHe-
ypoBHe, HopM h npoq.
* A. H i 11. Introduction to Linguistic Structures. From Sound to Senten
ce in English, N. Y., 1958, p. 406.
3 A. H i 11. YKa3. coi., pp. 407408.
50
1
npOTKB, OHO CKVOHHCT HCCJleAOBaTJlfl HACTpaHBaTb COCTBCHHO
CTHJiKCTHqecKoe H3yqeHHe H3HKa n a s cTpyKTypHHM, 3 a A a i a , k o -
r o p a n 3Aecb x o t h h Ha Me neHa, h o , P a 3 y Me e T c a , He m o j k c t HTb n o j i -
o c T b i o o c y me c TBJ i e Ha ,
BoJIbUIHHCTBO J1HHFBHCT0B IiepBOft IIOJIOBHHbl XX BeKa peilIH-
TeJIbHO OTACJiaJIO CTHJIHCTHKy XyAWKeCTBeHHOS peqH OT CTHJIHCTHKH
npaKTHqecKO peun h He 3aHHM3Jiocb e i o. TaKOBbi 6 h j i h B3rJiHAbi
III. BajuiH, T. O. BHHOKypa h Ap. CoBpeMeHnoe cocToaHHe ^ j k j i o j i o -
THH, HanpOTHB, 3aCTaBJIHeT O'beAHHHTb OCHOBH OeHX CTHJ1HCTHK.
AKaaeMHK B. B. BHHorpaAOB npeAJioHCHJi HecKOJibKO noHHTHi
<|>VHKU;HOHaJIbHOrO CTHJIH, OCHOBHBaHCb Ha pa3JIH>eHHH HeCKOJIbKHX
-CTHJ1HCTHK: CTHJiHCTHKa H3HK3, HJIH CTpyKTypHaH CTHJiHCTHKa,
OnHCHBaeT, KBaJIH(j)HUHpyeT H O'bHCHHeT B3aHM00TH01IieHHH, CBH3H
H, B3aHM0AefiCTBHH pa3Hbl X COOTHOCHTejIbHHX iiaCTHblX CHCTeM (JOpM,
CJIOB, pHAOB CJIOB H KOHCTpyKUHH BHyTpH eflHHOft CTpyKTypH H3HK3
KaK CHCTMbl CHCTeM. OHa H3)âeT HCTOpHMeCKH H3MeHHK>!UHeCH
TeHAeHUHH HJIH BHAH COOTHOIIieHHft CTHJieH H3blKa, xapaKTepH3yio-
IAHXCH KOMIJieKCOM THIIHTOHX nPH3HaKOB. 3 t H CTHJIH OblMHO Ha-
3HB310TC3 <J)yHKIl,HOHaJIbHHMH, HanpHMep, pa3rOBOpHblfi, npOTHBO-
TiocTaBJieHHbi KHHKHOMy Boome. . . , HayqHO-AeJOBOH..., ra3eTHo-
HJIH JKypHaJIbHO-nyJIHCTHqeCKH..., 0<j)HUHajIbH0-KaHUeJIHPCKHft.., H
weKOTOpbie A p y r n e . M o j k h o b CBH3H c pasjiHHHHMH noHHMaHHH
OCHOBHblX <|)yHKII,HH 5 3bIKa IlpeACTaBHTb H HHOe COOTHOUieHHe
CTHJie. n p H BblAejieHHH T3KHX BaJKHeUIHX OUieCTBeHHblX (JjyHK-
UH& H3HK3, KaK OlUeHHe, COOmeHHe H B03AeCTBHe, MOrJlH 6bl
6biTb b omeM nJi aHe CTpyKTypu H3HKa pa3rpaHHv.eHH TaKHe c t h -
j i h : o h x o a h o - h t o b o (cpyHKiiHH omeHHa) ; oHxoAHO-AeJioBcfi,
o^HUHaJibHO-AOKyMeHTajibHuS h HyMHw ((pyHKUHH coomeHHH);
iyJIHAHCTHqeCKH H XyAOJKeCTBftHHO-JIJieTpHCTH'ieCKH (4>yHKUHH
j)03AecTBHfl) l . Bnpo>i e M, n p o A O J i x a e T o h %e, BHyTpeHHHH
AH$s| >epeHi mai ;HH h s h k o b h x CTHJie MoweT h He onHpaTbca Ha p a3-
JIHWHH 4>yHKIlH H3bIKa. .. Be Ab H B CJIOBe (JjyiIKUHOHaJIbHHS 33KJII0-
*dH ABOHHO CMbICJI. OflO MOJKeT y a 3 H B a T b H H a CBH3b 'CTHJieH C
pa3KHMH 4>yHKUHHMH H3HKa HJIH C T6MH HJIH HHHMH Pa 3HOBHAHO-
c t h m h KOMMyHHKaTHBHOH (|yHKHHH, H Ha (byKKi woHaJ i bHoe p a 3r p a -
H m e t m e c4>ep ynoTpeJieHHH s t h x CTHJieft
K CTHJiHCTHKe H3bIKa HeilOCpeACTBeHHO np^MHKaeT CTHJiHCTHKa
peqH, H3yqajom,aH MaccoByio H couHajibHO, a TaKSte nepcoHajibHO
orpaHHqeHHyi o KOMMyHHKauHK), a TaK)Ke couHaji bHbi e c t h j i h pe^H,
t . e. c nocoSbi ynoTpeJieHHH H3bn<a h ero CTHJieft b pa3Hbi x b h a b x
MOHOJiorHqecKo h AHaJiorHMecKoft p e ^ H h b pa 3HHX BH3BaHHHX
h j i h KOAH(})HUHpOBaHHKX OmeCTBeHHblM blTOM K0MII03HUH0HH0-
peqeBHX CHCTeMax ( 0 (|HUHaJIbHH AOKJiaA, JieKUHS, npHBeTCTBeH-
1 B. B. B H Ho r p a f l o s . CTHmcnnca. Teopng no3TH>iecKoft pe>i. I o s t b k l
Maa-BO AH CCCP, M., 1963, CTp. 56.
3 TaM e , erp. 7.
51
Hoe cji obo, 3aHBJieflHe h t . n . ) , h, HaKOHeu, HHAHBHayajibHO-xapaK-
TepHCTHêcKHe TeHfleHUHH peqeBoro ynoTpeêHHfl h TBOpqecTBa *.
TaKHM 0pa30M, C 3TOH TOHKH 3peHHH B CTHJIHCTHKy peHH BKJ1IO-
taiOTCH KaK COUHaJIbHbie CTHJIH p e ^ H , TaK H HHHBH,Hya.nbHbie
pereBbi e c t h j i h ( t c h a h u h h p e q e B o r o ynoTpeJieHHH h TBopqecTBa) 2.
TeopHH ypoBHefi, npHHHTaa b HameS KHHre, AHKTyeT HHoe no-
CTpoeHHe CTHJIHCTHKH. C 3T0 TOHKH 3peHHH HHAHBHyajIbHaH peqb
qeTKO onfle^HencH ot couHSbHoro THna peqn, a <}>yHKim oh a ji bu h u
CTHJIb H3MKa H <<(J)yHKUHOHaJIbHblft CTHJIb peMH OflHO H TO JK6.
B H'6 J i n o r p a 4 h h. Moqaparibi aiomy io H'JiHorpaKjrao 3apy-
eJKHblX HCCêAOBaHHH no CTHJIHCTHKe pOM3HCKHX H3HKOB H JIHTC-
paTyp (6e3 paoT, onyjWKOBaHHbix b Haueft er paHe) wepJKH
paoTa H. Hatzeld. A critical bibliography of the new stylistics
applied to the Romance literatures (1900 1952) vol. I, I I ; Chapel
Hill ( 1953) . 3aTeM HcnaHCKoe H3flaHHe st oh x e paoTb, Biblio*
grafa crtica de l a nueva estilistica, Madrid, 1955, rme 6ir6jiHorpa-
4>hh npoô^*eHa. H, HaKOHeu, noo/ieAHee AonojiHeHHe k nefi:
H. Hatzfeld et Y. Le Hir. Essai de bibliographie critique de st y
listique franaise et romane (1955 1960) , Presses Universitai
res de France, P., 1961.
oBOJibHO nojiHyro H6;iHorpa<j)Hio (BKjnoqsa pyccKHe h coBer-
CKHe pafoTbi) m o k h o Haftra b KHHrax: P. T. IlHOTpOBCKHH. Oqep-
k h no CTHJiHCTHKe (})paHuy3CKoro H3biKa, H3A- 2-e, JL, 1960;
M. K. MopeH, H. H. TeTepeBHHKOBa. Ct h j i h c t h k 3 c^psHuyscKoro
H3bIK3, M., H h OK3,H3T, I960. 0 6 e 3TH KHHrH HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBHblMH
nocoHHMH no 4>paHuy3CK0H CTHJiHCTHKe b Hauie Bbicmefi uiKOJie,
HanoHeu, pA paoT UHTHpyeTca hjih yK33biBaeTCH b ccbumax
B 3T0H KHHre.
II. OBLUEJIHHrBHCTHMECKHE OCHOBbl H3yMEHHJI
CJHJIHCTHKH OPAHUy3CKOr O fi JKA B CPABHEHHH
C PVCCKHM
B CHHTAKCHCE
23. MjieHeHHe peneBoft yenw KaK 0CH0Ba cpaBHeHHa (JjpaHuys-
CKOrO CHHTaKCHC C pyCCKHM. B COBpeiMeHHOH JIHH TBH C TH Ke Ha CTO
npHXOAHTCH CpaBHHB3Tb flBa HJ1H HeCKOJlbKO H3bIK0B, He33BHCHMO
o t Toro, poCTBeHHbi h j i h HepojCTBeHHbi o h h a p y r Apyry. Tanoe
1 B. B. BHHo r pa , no B. yKa3. coq., erp. 201202.
2 H e 0 6 x 0AHM0 3aMeTHTb, oAHaKO, h t o TaK KaK n p u s t o m coccrapoBCKoe
npoTHBonocraBêHHe H3HK p e q b OTBepraeTCH (..xocciopoBCKoe npoTHBo-
nocTaBJieHHe langue parole... b 3t o m c j i o k h o m Kpyry S3h k o bh x h p e ^ e a w x
B3HMOOTHOIUeHHfl MOJKeT pOHCHHTb OMeHb Ma.TO, B. B. B H H O r p a j t O B .
yKa3. C0<J., CTp. 202), t o p a 3 H u a M e x f l y h3ikom h peqbi o, a noTOMy h M e x a y
CTHJieM S3biKa h CTHJieM pe q n , o c TaeTca Bce x e ne Bnoj me 0npeAejieHH0K.
52
1
CpaBHeHHe n P0H3B0AHTCH CTpyKTypHMMH MeTOflaMH H H33HBaeTC3
CTpyKTypHofi THnoôrHefi. OcHOBaHHeM aj i h CpaBHeHHH moj kct no-
cîyKHTb j n o a a q e p r a a3MKa (hjih HecKOJibKO t e k h x qepT), koto-
p a a noAAaeTca CTpyKTypHOMy onHcaHHio. 3 t o ycJiOBHe o h h h o 3a-
CTaBJiaeT HCCJieAOBaTejieft opamaTbca k (f)0H0Ji0rHH h rpaMMara-
ne: 3a 0CH0BHHe cpaBHeHHH epeTca j i ho CTpyKTypa CJioBa b cbh-
3H co CTPyKTyPo& npeflJioxeHHH, ji ho nopaAOK cjiob h t . n. *, h t o
HweHHo BHHpaeTca 3 3 b h c h t o t uej ie nccjieAOBaHHH h oTâcTH
o t xapaKTepa h KOJiHHecTBa cpaBHHBaeMbix a3biKOB.
B HacTOHme paoTe b 0CH0BaHHe cpaBHeHHa chht3kchcob oo-
h x H3HKOB KJiaeTCfl CTpoeHHe peqeBo uenn. 3 a qepTa BbipaHa
noTOMy, ht o OHa n03B0JiaeT, BO-nepBbix, OTHeTJiHBee scero BHHBHTb
KOHnpacTbi i^paHirysoK-oro h pyccKoro cwHTawcHca; 0-BT0>pbix, ycra-
HOSHTb nPH OnHCaHHH coomeHHH ero HeH3MeHHblfi ochobho koc*
THK (HHBapHaHT), OT KOTOpOTO yAOHO OTCHHTblBaTb CTHJIHCTH-
qecKfie ot kjiohqhhh (BapHaHTM); B-TpeTbHX, naTh THnoJiorHo cjio*
BOCOHeTaHHH B TeX 5Ke nOHHTHHX, HTO H OHCaHHe coomeHHH;
B-qeTBeprHX, CBH3aTb xyflOHcecTBeHHyio peqb c npaKTHnecKofi h no-
Ka3aTb orpaHHHeHHH CTpyKTypajibHoro aHajiHaa xyaojKecTBeHHoft
pe h npeHMymecTBa HHoro cnocoa aHaJiH3a. TaKHM 0pa30M,
CTpoeHHe peqeBO yenn yAOHoe 0CH0BaHHe CpaBHeHHH ajih AaH-
HOfi napbl H3HK0B.
BMQCTe c TeM, 'CTpoeHHe peêBo u e n n ameTeopeTHHecKaa
npojieMa, h noTOMy h c o x o a h mo 0CTaH0BHTbCH Ha aeft HecKOJibKO
noflpoHee.
2 4 . B H A a p e n e B o f i u e n H A H C K p e T H h i f l h . H e AHC K p e T HH .
B HacToamee BpeMH t b c p a o ycTaHOBJieHO, h t o p e n e s a n nenb oj i a-
AaeT CTpyKTypo HeoAHopoAHo KaK b nJiaHe BbipaateHHH, TaK h b
nJiaHe coAepxaHKH. B nJiaHe BbipasceHHH, b 3ByKOBOM n0T0Ke, penb
eCTeCTBeHHO HJieHHTCB B KaXAOM H3UKe TOJibKO OAHHM B03M0KHbIM
cnocooM: Ha CJiorn, peneBbie rpynnH h Ta htm. HanpHMep, p y c c x o e
BbiCKa3biBaHHe n t i o u i e A qjsehhtch TaK: H - n o - i u e A , ho hh b KoeM cji y-
na e ne TaK: x n - o u i e - A . B njiaHe coAepxaHHH penb qjieHHTca na cji o-
Ba h cjioBocoqeTaHHH, HanpHMep, pyccKoe BbicKa3biBaHHe p e e n o f c
o t u a c h o t p y n , ho hh b KoeM cji ynae He TaK: peen o k o t u a -
c h o t pytc (oTBjieKaeMCH 3Aecb o t t o t o 4>aKTa, h t o HJieHeHHH y
roBopamero h y cji yi nai omero pa3Hhie. BepeM TOJibKO o me e aji h
Toro h Apyr oro) . BnoJiHe ohcbhaho, h t o HJieHeHHe peneBoft u e n
Cm., HanpHMep, B. A. y c n e h c k h fi. lpHHUHnbi CTpyKTypHofi THno.iorHH,
M3fl-Bo Mock. yH-Ta, M., 1962; ero ace. HeKOTOpbie Bonpocw CTpyKTypHofi rano-
aorHH ( k THnojTorHuecKOMy onHcaHHio 3h k o b Ha rpaMMaTHiecKOM ypoBHe) ,
aBTOpeepaT KaHA. hcc.. Mock. yH-Ta, M., 1963; J. H. G r e e n b e r g . Some
Universals of Grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningfu
elements, Universals of Language , ed. b y J. H. G r e e n b e r g, Cambridge,
Massachussets, 1983.
53
b ruiaHe BupaweHHH He coBnaflaeT c qjreHeHHeM e e b nji ane coaep-
a<aHHH, HainpHtMep, AanycraMoe t^0116 00^ 6 ^JieHeHHe ano-tuen
eccMbicêHHO b njiaHe coaepxcaHHH, a aonycTHMoe b s t om i ui ane
j i - n o - u i e - A HenpneMJieMO <J)OHeTHiecKH. OAHano He MeHee oqeBHft-
o h t o , h t o b peneBOH uenn Bcei\aa HafiflyrcH TaKHe nyHKTbi, b ko-
Toptjx qjieHeHHH oahoi-o n.naH3 yflyr coBnaziaTb c qjieHeHHHMH Apy-
r o r o . KoHe^HO, coBnaaaiomHx qjieHeHHft 6 yaeT ropa3,no MeHbme, i cm
b ksjkaom njiaHe 0 TflejitH0 .
Hmchho TaKHe coBnaaaiomHe b o o h x miaHax HJieHeHHH h npefl-
cTaBJiHKDT ih Hac 3Aecb HHTepec. H mm aasce eme orpaHHHHM hx
iKO^nqecTBO, BbipaB jiHuib Te H3 hhx, b KOTopbix MeHeHHe peneBOft
Jienn h o c h t xapaKTep no^Horo okohwshhh BbiCK3WBaHHH, t . e.
HHTOHauHH npHopeTaeT HenoepeACTBeHHo nepea s t hm nyHKTOM
OCOblfi BHm (KOTOpHH HCT HeOXOiH'MOCTH 3fleCb OnHCbIBaTb, OH
H 3BeCTeH HHTyHTHBHO, KaK HHTOHaU HH, o6o3Haq 3K> ma KO Heu Bbl-
CK33bIB3HHH), a 3aTeM B03M 0KH3 nay3a. 3 t H HJieHeHHH H330BCM
KOHeMHblMH COrjieHeHHflMH H fiyfleM 003HaraTb HX 3H3KOM # *.
peacTaBHM ce6e Tenepb peqeByio iierib, Ko opyi o mojkho 6h j i o
6 bi OKOHqHTb b nyHKTax a , 6, e, e h t . a. (npnqeM, pa3yMeeTCH, bob-
ce He o6H3aTe^bHo, qTou oHa AeHCTBHTeJibHO 6biâ oKOHêHa b
OAHOM H3 3THX nyHKTOBJ HanpOTHB, HMeeT CMblCJI paTb flJIH HC-
CJieOBaHHH AOCTaTOHHO AJlHHHbie KyCKH) :
A a 6 b r a e 3
# # # # # # # #
TaK KaK 3aKOHMeHHwft 0Tpe30K peneBoft u e n n s c e r a a xapaKTe*
pH3yeTCH KOHe^HbiM coqjieHeHHeM, a o h o bo Bcex H3biKax npeACTaB-
jiaeT c o o h t o hj i h HHoe coqeTaHHe H3MeHeHHH h h t o h s u h h h n3y3bi,
t o OTCHDfla cJi eayeT BSJKHbifl omeTeopeTHqecKHfi b mb oa : opbiB pe-
qeBofi u e n n b j hoom H3biKe AOJiKeH npeABHAeTbCH h roBopaut HM, h
' CJiymsiomHM c HeKOTOpbiM BpeMeHHbiM ynpeacAeHHeM ( t k KaK hh -
TOHauHH HaqHHaeT H3MeHHTbca a o HacTynjieHHH n a y 3 hi ) . 3 t o t hh-
TOHaHHOHHH 3H3K HanOMHHaeT 3BOHOK B KOHTOpCKHX HHiymHX
MauiHHKax, KOTOpbift n p e A y n p e a c A a e T , mt o a o OKOHqaHHH cr poKH
- o c Ta j i o c b HecK0JibK0 yKB. TaK, e o r a r oBops i UHH Ha Me peH OKOHqHTb
BbiCKa3biBaHHe b nyHKTe 6, t o HHTOHsuHOHHbifi c n r e a j i nocêayeT
1 B fleftCTBHTebHOCTH MOJKeT CJiy<IHTbCH TaK, WTO n a y 3H HeT, HO c y m e c i -
B6HH0, 4TO OHa B c e r n a mohcct 6hm> b t bkhx MecTax. ripaRTHnecKoe e e onpeae-
JieHHe, ecjiH OTAerarb MOJiqaHHe o t npej unecTByi omef t eMy HHTOHauHH, npea-
CTaBJiHeT H3BecTHbie TpyHOCTH. XsppHC noHHMaeT e e KaK MOJiqaHHe r o B o p n i u e r o
b n p o u e c c e p e r a (Z e 11i g S. H a r r i s. Methods in Structural Linguistics,
Chicago, 1951, p. 14). B o a e e t o^ho o n p e a e ^ s t e T e e X h ^ , KaK caMyi o jymHHyio
H3 A p y r a x B03M0HCHWX b pe<iH nay3 (A. H i 11. Introduction to Linguistic Struc
tures, N. Y., 1958 p. 21).
54
1
Mexfly nyHKTMH a h 6. Ecjih s t o t carHaJi npo3Byraji, 3HaqHT, ro-
BOpHiUHH HenpeMeHHo aaKOHraT peqb hmchho b nyHKTe 6, ho hc
aajibme. ( 3 t o jierKo npoBepaTb Ha onHTe, cm. npHMepbi cjieAyrome-
r o naparpacjja.) HanpoTHQ, ecJia carea-na MexAy a h 6 ae nocjieAO-
Ba.HO, TO 3T0 3HaqHT TOJibKO, MTO rOBOpHIUHH y/ieT npOflOJIJKaTb
peqb, ho ao KaKHX nop s t o ocTaeTca Heo6o3HaqeHHHM, CJieAOBa-
TSJIbHO, CHTHaJI 0 0CT3H0BKe M0)KeT nOCJieAOBaTb np0H3B0JIbH0, B
jiioom CKOJib yr0AH0 AaJieKOM np o Me a c y r a e 6 e, e z, 2
H T. A.
H3 3Toro cjieAyeT Aajiee, rTo b j i io o m H3UKe b paaBepTbiBaHHH
peqeBOH nana ecTb TaiKae mo mc h t h {ci, 6, e . . . ) , KorAa OHa c b o o a -
Ha, t . e. h j i h MomeT biTb npoAOJixeHa 6e3 orpaHaqeHaa AJiHTejib-
h o c t h , h j i h Mo*eT biTb noAH carHaJi o npajiaxat omeMca npe-
KpameHHH pera, h TaKHe mo mc h t m, KorAa OHa HecBOOAHa, t . e.
CHrHaji o npHJiHJKiomeMCH npeKpameHHH y x e noAaH.
Ecjih b pereBOft mena TaKHe nyiiKTbi a, 6, e... BCTpeqaiOTCH qac~
TO, TO Mbi HSOBeM ee CBOOAHOH, OTKpWTOfi, h Toqaee Bcero-
AHCKpe THof i . Ecjih t 3 k h x nyHKTOB MaJio, t o pereBaa uenb He-
c.Bo6oAHa, 3aKpHTa, He A H C K p e T H a .
HaJiiOAeHHH noKasbiBaroT, mo pa3Hbie r a n b i npeAJioaceHaft vt
cjioBocoaeTaHHH oJiaAaioT pa3HhiM KOJiHqecTBOM TaKHX y3JioB, rAe
mojkho CAejiaTb K0He*iHyi0 0CTaH0BKy, a HHorAa He HMeiOT hh oaho-
ro TaKoro y3Jia, t . e. HaqaB np0H3H0CHTb hx, r o B o p a m a S He Mowei
He 3aK0HaHTb hx Ha Biojme 0npeAeJieHH0M paccToaHHH o t HaqaJia
p e ^ a , b npOTHBHOM cj iyrae np0H30HAeT HHTOHauHOHHaa, rpaMMara-
recKaa hjih JieKCHqecKaa ouiHKa. H s y q e Ha e t b k h x pa3H0BHAH0CTe
OCOeHHO B35KHO B CTHJiHCTHKe (CM. Aaj i ee pa3AeJIbI CjIOBOCOre-
TaHHH, KaAP H A p . ) .
PaayMeeTca, noHaTaa AacKpeTHOCTH-HeAHCKpeTHOCTa He aCco-
JIIOTHbl, a OTHOCHTejlbHbl, OHH MbICJIHMbI TOJibKO napoft H TOJibKO
npK cpaBHeHHH 0Tpe3K0B pereBo uena . TaK, 0Tpe30K A a HeAHC-
KpeTeH no cpaBHeHHio c 0 Tpe3K0 M A 6, TaK KaK Ha npoTaKeaaH
A 6 mohcho biJio 6 u nojiyrHTb ABa BHCK33 bTBaHaa A a k A 6;
A e oji ee AHCKpeTeH, reM A 6 a t . a. Taaace mojkho yrBepxAaT,
rTo pereaaa uenb b qahom aauiKe oji ee hjih, ainpoTH, MeHee a h c -
KpeTaa, reM b ApyroM.
epeAeM Tenepb k cpaBHeHaio Ha s t o 0CH0Be 4>paHuy3CKofl h
pyccKoft pereBux ueneft.
25. 4>paHiy3CKaji peieBan itenb HeAHCKpeTHa b cpaBHeHHH c
pyccxofi . JXjih Toro, mto6 u cpaBHeHae d u j i o noKa3aTejibHWM, Heo-
xoahmo, qTOH b oohx H3HKax cpaBHHBaeMue KycKH pereBOft uena-
biJia conocTaBHMH. TeopeTHrecKH onpeAeJiHTb, KaKHe hmchho ot-
pe3KH conocTaBHMbi, AOBJibHo pyAHO, bo BcaKOM cjiyrae 3Ta 3aAa-
ra JiexuT 3a npeAeJisMH A3hhoh p a d o r a . Mbi yAeM crHTaTb, rTo
npaKTHnecKH conocTaBHMbi Taxae KycKH peaeBofi uenn, KorAa oaho
BbicKa3biBaHae aBJiaeTca nepeBOAOM Apyroro.
55
Bo3bMeM Hayrafl (J)p3Hny3CKoe npeaOJKeHHe h e r o nepeBOfl:
Il lui semblait que les vnements du matin dussent avoir
caus un grand trouble dans toute la maison. Emy Ka3AOCb,
1i t o cobiTUH 9TOZO y Tp a doAOKHbi 6 b u u npou38ecT oAbi uo nepe-
noAox eo eceM doMe.
riepe^HTaeM Tenepb 4>pamxy3CKoe npeflJiOHceHHe h ero pyccKVK
nepeBcw, ocTa h a blt HB a Hicb t s i m, me no ycjiOBHHM rpaMMaraqecKono
crpoeHHH npefljiOHceHHe Mor.no 6h biTb ocTaHOBJieHo 6e3 noTepH
j paMMaTHqecKoro cmmcjis. IIpH stom Kast/uafi pa3 mm aojdkhh 6y-
aeM MHTaTb nojiyqaiomHecH OTpe3KH KaK 33KOHqeHHMe npenojKe-
-HHH, t . e. npaaaBaTb hm HHTOHauHio h nay3y, noKa3HBaiomHe 33-
KOHqeHHOCTb BbicKa3MBaHHH. HoaTOMy, HanpHMep, npeAJio)KeHHe
(cm. HHJKe) He cooTBeTCTByeT n o HHTOHauHH TOMy x e r p a MMa r a -
MecKOMy OTpe3Ky b h c x o a h o m npejyio>KeHHH. B t b k o m cj i yqae H3
4>paHij;y3CKo HenoqKH no/i y^HM cêAyi omHe 0Tpe3KH, k s j k a h h H3
h o t o p m x TajKe ecTb npeAÔKeHHe:
I. I l l u i s e m b l a i t # .
II. I l l u i s e m b l a i t q u e l e s v n e m e n t s d u m a t i n d u s s e n t a v o i r
c a u s u n g r a n d t r o u b l e # .
I I I . I l l u i s e m b l a i t q u e l e s v n e m e n t s d u m a t i n d u s s e n t av oi r
c a u s u n g r a n d t r o u b l e d a n s t o u t e l a m a i s o n # .
npe Aô * e HHe I AOBOJibHO ncKyccTBeHHO (ecTecTBeHHee 6 bwo
6bi ce l u i s e m b l a i t # ) , ho Bce me y^TeM ero 3Aecb. PyccKaa ne-
HOMKa AonycKaeT Ha Tex me yanoBHHX cji eayi omHe P336hbkh:
I . E M y # ( Ha npHMep, KaK o TBe r Ha B o n p o c K o M y Ka3AOCb, h t o
cobiTUH y r p a . . . h t . a . ? ) .
II. EMy Ka3AOCb # .
I I I . EMy KasaAOCb, hto cout uh # (HanpHMep, KaK o t b c t hs
Bonpoc EMy Ka3Aocb, hto c o 6 b i mu n (c yâpeHHeM Ha comthh)
doAOKHbi uau 8bi3daTb oAbuio nepenoAox?).
IV. E M y K3A0Cb, HTO COblTUH y T p a # .
V. EMy Ka3A0Cb, HTO COblTUH y T p a OAOKHbl 6bl.AU # (iK3K OT-
B6T Ha Bonpoc b .zwajiore: HeyotceAu c o u t u h yrpa m o z a u ece s t o
6bL3eaTb?).
VI. E M y K3AOCb, HTO COblTUH y r p a OAOtCHbl blAU 6bL3~
m T b # .
VII. EMy KasaAocb, h t o c o u t u h yrpa doAotcHu u a u 6bi3earb
oAbuio nepenoAox # .
VI I I . EMy KasaAOCb, h t o c obi r un y r p a doAotcHbi u a u ebi 38arb
o A b i u o nepenoAox eo eceM d o M e # .
P3 SToro HaJiioeHHH BbiTeKseT cj ieAyiomHfi b h b o : OKOHânne
BHOK33MB3HHH HJIH OpbIB peêBOft UeUlH ISO 4>paHHy3IOKOM 33bIKe
e MoaseT 6bm> npoHSBeAen b jik>6om Mecre, o h AOJixeH 6biTb npe-
AycMOTpeH c HeK0T0pMM BpeMeHHMM ynpejKAeHHeM, npaKTHHecKH
56
o Hanajia AaHHoro BbicKa3HBaHHH h OTMeneH, MapKHpoBaH rpaM-
MaTH'-iecKH h HHTOHauHOHHO. Cp.: Il ne cessait pas (3) de penser
(2) au livre j j uil venait de lire ( 1 ) . OpbiB npeAJioxeHHH nocjie'
nyHKTa (2) AOJixeH 6biTb 3apaHee, a o 3Toro nyHKTa, T. e. a o ocy-
mecTBfleHHH Bceft penn, MapKHpoBaH noKa3aTeJieM y: il ne ces
sait pas dy penser. OpbiB npeAJioxeHHH nocjie nyHKTa (3) AOjme&
biTb TaKwe MapKHpoBaH noKa3aTe;ieM en : il nen cessait pas.
TpaMMaTHêcKH o 6 Pmb peêBoft uenn MapKHpyeTCH KawAbift pa3-
o c o o h Mopc}>eMo, n o Ka 3 a Te ^ e M 3aKOOTeHHOCTH. Cj i o B a e n , y
l e (KaK MecTOHMeHHe c p e A He r o p o Aa ) Ha Hoj i e e ynoTpeHTeJibHbif
a ê Me Ht b i H3 a T o r o KJ i a c ca .
B pyccKOM npHMepe npeAJiojKeHHe MoxeT biTb rpaMMaTHêcKH
OKOHMeHO b Mecrax, OTMeneHHHx unijjpaMH, npHêM KaxAbift pa3 Mbi
noJiy'iaeM 3aK0 HqeHH0 e npeAJioKeHHe 6e3 BBeAeHHH KaKHx-jiHO'
ocobix naKaBaTMeft sToro. Cp. pyccKoe: O h n e n e p e c r a e a n (3),
dy M Tb (2) o K u u e e , KOTopyt o TOAbKO h t o n p o n e A ( 1 ) .
TaiKHM o5pa30M, (Jjpa'HUySCKHH CHHTaiKCHC 3'HaeT OCOblH BHA
TpaHC<)OpMaAHH, He H3BeCTHbI& pyCCKOMy H3bIKy H 3aKJIH3HaiOmHfl-
ca b rpaMMaTHMecKOM npe0pa30BaHHH He3aK0HqeHH0r0 OTpe3Kg:
p e ieBOH nenH b 3aKOH*ieHHOe BbicKa3biBaHHe. Ho ecJiH OKOHqaHHe1'
peqeBO u e n n b o (})paHuy3CKOM vai ne, veM b pyccKOM, npeAycMar-
pHBaeTCH rpaMMaTHêcKH, t o s t o h 3HaMHT, h t o <J>paHuy3CKaH pe~
qeBaa nenb no cpaBHeHHio c pyccKOfl HeAHCKpeTHa. H aK, pyccKan
peqeBasi uerib 'CiBOiotAHa, OTKpbira, AHOKpeTHa, <J)pa.HHy30Kafl He-
CBOOAHa, 33KpbITa, HeAHCKpeTHa.
yceqeHHH a j i h h h o peneBoft nenH, o KOTOpbix niJia peib Bbirne
mo>kho paccMaTpHBaTb KaK yceqeHHbie OTBeTbi Ha h6khh npeAnojia-
raeMbifi Bonpoc. 3 t o npaKTHnecKH yAoHbiS cnoco nP0H3B0AHTb
TaKHe TpaHC(|)opMau.HH. KaK mh bhacj i h, pyccKHH npHMep Euy k -
3aA0Cb, HTO COblTUH 3T0 OTBeT Ha B o n p o c KcL3OCb AU eMy, HTO
( uMeHHo) c o b i T u n y r p a doAOKHbi 6 b u u e b i 3 e a r b o A b u i o n e p e n o -
a o x e o e c e j u d o M e ? Ecj i h npHMeHHTb s t o t cnoco BonpocoB, t o b q
(bpaHuyacKOM H3brKe moj kho Jieno o6Hapy>KHTb HHbie t h i i i h npeA-
JioxeHH, KOTOpbie hbj i hi ot ch yceqeHHeM oj i ee aj i h h h o peneBofi
uenn h n0Ka3biBai0T HHbie cnocobi AeJiaTb 0Tpe3KH peneBoS uenr
rpaMMaTHieoKH 3aiKomeHbiMH. TaK, naipajuiejibio k pyccKOMv-
E M y Ka3aAOCb, h t o cobiTUH 6yeT I I l u i s e m b l a i t q u e c t a i e n t ls-
v n e m e n t s . noj r naH $opMa SToro yceqeHHoro BbiCKa3biBaHHs I l
l u i s e m b l a i t q u e c t a i e n t l e s v n e m e n t s d u m a t i n q u i d u s s e n t
a v o i r c a u s u n g r a n d t r o u b l e d a n s t o u t e l a m a i s o n . TaKHM 06pa30M,
KOHCTpyKHHH BbiAeJieHHH ( c e s t ) , Ha3biBaeMaa HHane mi s e en reli ef,
TaKJKe M0JK6T BbICTynaTb KaK nOKa3aTe^b 33K0HHeHH0CTH BbICKa3bU
BaHHH n pn ofipbiBe peneBO nenn 1.
1 rtoApoSnee 060 BceM s t o m cm. Harny CTaTbso HeKOTopue 0 CH0 BaHHH
TpaHC(j5opMauHOHHoro CHHTaKCHca (J>paHuy3CKoro fl3bwa, Bonpocu 3HK03Ha-
HHH, Ni 3, 1963.
57
MHorwe pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie THnHHHO <})paHny3CKHe 0C06eHH0CTH
peqn Mop4>oJiorKq'eCKHe>CHiHTawcHraeaKHe h ' cnuiacnptecKHe mo-
ryT 6biTb cBSifl.HH k hemHOKpthocth 4rpaHuy3CKOH peqeBofi u,enH.
HanaMJH'M eKOTOpbe cjryqaH:
1) 3aMeHa apTHK^H: El l e a du courage, h o elle a eu te courage
d e dire la vrit, y nee ecrb Myotcecreo y nee xearuAO Myotceciea
CK3aTb npaedy. B opoe npeJioHHHe mo j k h o paccMaTpuBaTfe k b k
yruiHHeHHe nepBoro h j i h nepBoe KaK yceqeHHe BToporo c c o o t b b t -
CTByiomHMH rpaMMaraqecKHMH MapKHpoBKaMH:
On f a i s a i t un g r a nd cercle autour de nous. On f aisait cer
cle. BoKpye h c copaAacb e KpyotcoK 6oAbiu.an epynna Atode.
CopaAacb e KpyotcoK epynna Aiode.
2 ) npaBonHcaHHe HHora Tome 0Ka3biBaeTCH no,iWHHeHHbiM npa-
SH.iy sa'KpwTOCTH peêBoft uenn, t . e. obohtch k onpeeJieHHio
roro, KaK yaei' okoh^cho HaqaTOe BHCKa3biBaiiHe. Hmchho b st o
CBH3H Me^yeT OpaTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TOHKOe HaJUOflCHHe A. TOMa
OTHOCHTe/ibHO o^Horo TpyflHoro Meera $paHuy3CKoro npaBonnca-
hhh corjiacoBaHHH npnqacTHH: B hcjiom, npHqacTHe part icipe
p as s , cnpsraeMoe c BcnoMoraTeJifaHbiM rjiaroîoM avoir, cor-nacyer-
ch c npsMbiM aonojiHeHHeM b tom cjiyqae, Kor.ua npH nncbMe eoa
AHKTOBKy nnuiymeMy H3BecTH0 3t o flono^HeHHe b momcht Hannca-
hhh npnqacTHH l .
3) HeKOTOpbie Heo;iorH3Mbi, HanpHMep: elle s ent end dire par
quel quun ona cAbimur, KaK k t o -t o e eoeopur.
Ha 6 o v i e e qynKHe k CJioBy j i i o h nRc a Te j i H qyBCTByiOT
3x y oeoeHHoeTb 4>paHuy3CKoft peqeBOH ueri n. 0 6 s t o m cBHAereJib-
CTByeT cêayi oi yHH o t p h b o k H3 Ma p c e J i n }KyaHo:
Dans La faut e pl ut t que le scandal e , j ai cr i t : Louise se
v i t aborder par une vendeuse. On me la reproch.
Louise se choque l oreil le ; si le grief t a i t l j e mi nscri rais
c ont r e moi-mme, mai s non. Il port e s ur la syntaxe.
Que l aut eur pui sse r e ndr e compte de ce quil cri t et il est
qui t t e. Or, le verbe voi r forme ici avec li nf i ni t i f aborder qui
le s ui t une sort e de locution verbale, dont le pronom s e est
compl ment. Louise vi t abor der qui ? elle. Le dfaut de cette phrase
e s t quelle prte une quivoque. Que l on f as s e de s e le com
pl ment de vi t et l at t e n t i on s gare, j us q uau m o m e n t o le com
p l m e n t <r par une vendeuse empche toute amb i gu t 2.
1 A. T h o m a s. Dictionnaire des difficults de la langue franaise, P., 1956,
p. 300. Boome <)>aKT pa3BepraBaHHH peqeBoft uenu bo BpeMeHH, fui h o t h o c h -
TejibHoe BpeMH, a o j d k h o y*ihtwbaTbCA b op(j)orpa4>HH. Cp. npaBonHcaHHe pyccKoi
jacTHuii ne c j i h h o , Kor.ua cHHTarMa He 6y.neT pasBepTUBaTbcu, p a 3 f l e ^ i H0
Korfl a 6yAeT: Henjioxaa KHuaa; ne nAoxax tcnuea, a nAoxoe uadoHue h t . n.
2 M. J o u h a n d e a u . Carnets de l crivain, NRF, Gallimard, P., 1957, p. 23
(SHAeaeHO KypCHBGM hbmh).
53
Cj i oBa, ncwi epKHyTbi e h s m h KypcHBOM, n0Ka3HBai0T, KaK t o h k o
n n c a T e ^ b yjioBH.rc 3Aecb aeftcxBHe MexaHH3Ma opaTHOH c b h 3h ,
MexaHH3Ma npOBepKH BocnpHHHToro paHbrne n o TOMy, h t o BoenpH-
HHMaeTCfl HOTOM.
26. KJiaccHcJiHKauHH cjiBOCOHeTaHHB no npHHUHny a h c k pc t h o -
CTH-HeAHCKpeTHOCTH. CjIOBOCOHeTaHHH B06 me 3TO KyCKH peHfeBOH
uena, nonaflaiomne b Hee naK cjiosa, b totobom BHAe, sto okhs,
xapaKTepH3yiom,HecH He T0;ibK0 fio.iee hjih MeHee ueJibHWM chht3k-
CKieCKHM 04)OpMêHHeM, HO H JieKCHHeCKHM COAep*aHHeM CJIQ*
B3MH, BXOASUIHMH B HHX. OlOBOCOHTHHH paSJIHHaiOTCH HO CTene-
HH yCTOHHBOCTH, KOTOpSH eCTb B TO Ke BpeMH CTeneHb HeCBOOA-
HOCTH H npeflCKa3yeMOCTH. B yCTOHHHBMX CVIOBOCOHeTaHHHX OAHO
jOHBHBUieeCH B peHH HJIH H33BaHHOe CJIOBOn03B0JiaeT npeACKasaTb
Apyrae cjiobs 3Toro CJioBocoMeTaHHH l . CjiOBOCOHeTaHHfl a6c0JH0TH0
cBoOoAHbie, aCcîOTHO AHCKperHHe, t. e. TaKHe, b kotophx cjio-
Ba He npeCKa3yeMbi oaho no ApyroMy AocxaronHo onpeaeêHHO
3aecb HaMH BOOme He paccMaTpHBaioTCH (TaKOBH, HanpHMep,.
noe3d yuieji, noe3d a u h hu , bt o noesd, moh khzo. h t . n . ) . Cj i o-
BOconeTHHH m e xoth 6m c MaJieftmeft npaKTHHecKH 3HaHHM0 ere*
neHbio ycTOft^HBOCTH h npe/iCKa3yeMOCTH, 3Ty nepByio CTeneHb.
HasoseM 3ecb npocTO AHCKpeTH0CTbK>, aojiwhh y * e npeACTas-
JlflTb AJIHHac HHTepeC.
TaKHM 0pa30M, onpeAejiaeTCH nepBaa ojibuiaa rpynna c j io -
BoooHeTaHHa i HHCi Ki peTHMe. CHHTaiKCHH6ca<H h b luiane coaepaca-
h h h o h h npeflCTaBJiaiOT c o o h pa3JiO)KHMbie 0Tpe3KH peneBofi uenH
(Ha npHBeeHHofi paHee cxeMe h x CHMBOJiH3HpyiOT oxpe3KH a e, az, 6 d
h t . n.), h o Bce JKe o a h h sjieMeHT npeACKa3MBaeT b h h x Apyrofi b
CHJiy 3H3M6HH5 H aCCOUHaiJHH HAe. Pa3yMeeTCH, 3TOT nOCJieflHHfil
npK3HaK ocTaerca Bce eme b HaynHOM CMHCJie c j i h u i k o m HeacubiM,
HTObl OCHOBMBTb Ha HeM AaJIbHeHUiyiQ KJiaCCH^HKaUHIO, no Kpa-
ne Mepe 6e3 noMomH c t 3t h c t h k h . BMAeJieHHe TKHX cjiOBOCOHeTa-
HHH OCTaeTCa HHTyHTHBHMM. OAHaKO HMeHHO nOSTOMy HM OTBOAHTCH
o c o mh pa3Aen B o c h o b h o nacTH khhi t h.
jHCKpeTHNe CJIOBOCOHeTaHKH no yCTpOKCTBy OAKHaKOBM B pyc-
CKOM H BO (J)paHUy3CK0M. Cp.;
c zopMUM odopeHueM
avec u n e v i v e approbation
THOKeAO OAbHO
u n g r a n d m a l a d e
TfUKeAO OAH
g r a v e m e n t m a l a d e h t . n. ( r i o A p o n e e cm. o h h x cooTBeTCTBvio-
uwft pa3A&n). J
npefl CKa3yeM0 CTb MOHceT 6 uTb HCiHCJieHa CTaTHCTjmecKH fl ocTaToqs o t o s -
h o , h o ara cTo p o n a B o n p o c a B u x o i m t s a paMKH HacTonmefi KHHrn.
59
p y r a a o j i b m a a r p y n n a cjioBOCOHSTaHHH H e f l H C K p e T H b i e ,
t . e. He p a 3 ^ i o HMb i e h h OAHOBpeMeHHO b n j i a H e Bb i p a x e HKH, c h h -
TaKCHêcKH, h b n j i a H e c o A e p x a H H H , h h b KaKOM-JiHo o a h o m n j i a He
OTAe^bHO. HeAHCKpeTHbie cjiOBOCOHeTaHHH b pyccKOM pe3KO o t j i h -
HaiOTCH OT (})paHUy3CKHX. Cp.:
p y c c K H e
AHOKpeTHOe 1) o t -
UTbCH OT Ky e i UUHa
( H a n i p i M e p , p y n n a
o t K y e u i u H a o t u -
ACb)
HeflHCKipeTH'Oe 2 ) o r -
UTbCSl OT p y K
< j i p a H n y 3 C K H e
1) p r e n d r e d e l a p l a
ce 3 aHUMTb MeCTO
2 ) p r e n d r e p l a c e c a -
UTbCH
Mbi bh a h m, h t o x o t h b nj i aHe coAep>KaHHH h pyccKoe o r u r b c z
o r pyK, h 4)paHuy3CKoe p r e n d r e p l a c e paBHO ycTO&HHBbi h A a x e
Kepa3JIOKHMbI, HO CHHTaKCHHeCKH Hepa3JIOJKHMO TOJibKO (J>paHUy3-
CKoe OTcyTCTBHe apTHKJiH n e p e A p l a c e oTJi HnaeT e r o o t cbooa-
H o r o p r e n d r e d e l a p l a c e ; pyc ca ooe x e o r u T b c n o t p y K CHHTaiBCH-
HeCKH COBepmeHHO OAOHO CBOOAHOMy CJIOBOCOHeTaHHIO OTUTbCH
o t K y a i u u n a . P3 t b k h x HaJiiOAeHHH, KCTopwe moj kho yMHoxcaTb a o
SecKOHeHHocTH, CJieAyeT, h t o pyc c KHe h eAHCKpc t h u e CJioBoeoHeTa
HHH C TOHKH 3peHHH HX CHHTaKCHHeCKOfi <})OpMbI, T. e. Ha CHHT3K-
CHHeCKOM ypOBHe, HeOTAeJIHMH OT CJlOBOCOHeTaHH CBOOAHblX. 3 x a
h x ocofieHHOCTb, B03HHKaK>mafl H3 CTpyKTypbi p y c c K o p e n e B o i t u,e-
n n , h SBJineTCH hx THnoJiorHHeCKoS xapaKTepHCTHKO n p a c p a BHe
HHH C 4>paHIiy3CKHMH. CjleAOBaTeJIbHO, OHH H MOryT bITb KJiaCCH-
(J)HUHpOBHbI n o CTeneHH HeAHCKpeTHOCTH, CJIHTHOCTH TOJibKO C JieK-
ciinecKOH CTOpOHbi, n o x a p a K T e p y c o e r a BJ i Hi o mHx h x cj i ob. Mt o
KacaeTCH $ p a H u y 3CKHX cjiOBoeoHeTaHHft, t o cpeAH h h x h mc i ot c h
pa3HOBHAHOCTH, n 03BOJIHIOIHHe yCT3H0BHTb OJiee ApOHyiO BHyT-
peHHIOK) KJiaCCH(J)HKaUHIO (cm. COOTBeTCTByromHH pa3AeJl) Ha
CHHTaKCHHecKOM ypoBHe.
27. IIOHflTHe AHCKpeTHOCTH-HeAHCKpeTHOCTH B llpHMHeHHH K
xyAOwecTBeHHoft p e n n . Ko r Aa KaKOH-jino 0Tpe3OK xyAOjKecTBeH-
h o peHH HeAHCKpeTeH, t o npH aHaji H3e HeT CMwcjia p a 3 J i a r a T b e r o
h HCKaTb b HeM cKpHToe aBTopcKoe HaMepeHHe (ecj iH, KOHenHO,
co3HaTej ibHo He CTaBHTb CBoe a e j i bi o npocjieAHTb, KaK BoenpHHH-
MaeTca xyAOxecTBeHHoe npOH3BeAeHHe He3aBHCHM0 o t 3aMbi cji a aB->
T o p a ) . B jiioom c j i y n a e , OAHaKO, b3 j k h o pa3JiHHaTb AHCKperabie h
HeAHCKpeTHbie KyCKH TeKCTa.
(50
OflHH h3 n e p B b i x h c h o BbiCKa3aji 3Ty Mbi cji b I Toj i b BajiepH. rio-
3T H TOHKHH 3H3T0K n033HH, OH CHHT3JI, HTO CymeCTByeT CTHX p3C-
cqHTa-HHHfi vers calcul (cp. AHOKperHbi&), cocT3Bê.HHbift noarow
H3 ojiee MejiKHx uacTeH, h c t h x AaHHbii, roTOBwfi vers donn
tout fait (cp. HeHCKpeTHbiH), i i c j i h k o m h pa30M o t j i h b u i h c h b
TsopqecKOM BAOxHOBeHHH noaTa *. H noHHMaTb, h fleKJiaMHpoaatb
Te h Apyrne, no m h c h h i o Bajiepn, cJieAyeT n0-pa3H0My. Opamaacb
c coBeTOM k HcnojiHHTeJiHM TpareAHH PacHHa BaH3eT, o h t o b o -
pHJi:
Mettez-vous un peu dans lauteur. Voyez ses objets, ses
difficults, son facile et son difficile. Vous trouverez bientt quil
faut distinguer entre les vers. Les uns servent la pice mme,
dont ils sont des membres indispensables ; ils annoncent, provo
quent, dnouent les vnements ; ils rpondent aux questions logi
ques ; ils permettent de rsumer le drame, et sont, en quelque
sorte, de plain-pied avec la prose. Cest un grand art que dar
ticuler ces vers ncessaires ; mais lart de les faire est plus grand.
Mais dautres vers, qui sont toute la posie de louvrage, chantent,
et renferment du pote ce quil tient de sa plus profonde nature.
Je nai pas besoin de vous recommander ces divines parties2.
B CJIQBAPE
28. Ht o s hhmht conocTaBHTb cjioBa a b y x 3 h k o b ? Cjiobo
eAHHHua AByxcTopoHHHH, b HeM ecTb cTopoHa ( nj i aH) coaepxaHHfl,
CeM3HTHKH, H CTOpOHa (nJISH) BbipajKeHHH, (J)OpMhI. OSTOMy CpaB-
HH83Tb CJlOBa AByX H3HKOB HyKHO H CO CTOpOHbl HX CeMaHTHKH, H
CO CTOpOHbl HX (J)OpMbI. KpOMe TOTO, CpSBHeHHe CJlOBa npOBOAHTCa
a ) b h o t o k c penH, 6 ) b cjiOBSpe.
B noTOKe p e i H ( h j i h b CHHTarMaTHqecKOM acneKTe) onncbi BaeT-
Cfl CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb CJIOB, HJIH HX BblAeJIHMOCTb, H IIOpHAOK HX,
t . e. pacnojioxeHKe OTHOcHTeJibHO Apyrax cj i ob. BblAeJIHMOCTb cj i ob
H nOpHAOK HX TeCHO CBH3 3 HbI AP y r C ApyrOM. B TaK Ha3MBaeMMX
aHajHTHMecKHX H3HK3X, rAe rpaMMaTHqecKHe 3HaqeHHH 3 a j i o r a ,
BpeMeHH, HaKJiOHeHHH, MecTa h n p o q . BbipaacaiOTCH npeHMymecTBeH-
ho c noMombi o 'CJiyjKeHbix cjio, cj ioBa b u a J i h m h TpyAHee3, a
1 Cm. 06 3 t o m H. H . r o j i e H n m e B - K y T y 3 0 B. Fl oj i b B a s e p a , H c t o
p h h 4>paHuy3CKo J i HTe p a r y p u , t . IV, H 3 a - b o AH CCCP, 1963, e r p . 123.
2 P. Va l r y . Extraits du discours sur la diction des vers. Morceaux
choisis *, Gallimard, NRF, P., 1930, p. 187.
3 Cm. III. Eajui H. Omaa JHHrBHCTHKa h B o n p o c u 4>paHuy3CKoro H3HKa,
pyccK. nepeB., M., YPCC, 2001, r-nasa HeaBTOHOMHocTb tbpamiyacKoro cj ioBa,
466494.
61
nopHflOK TaKOB: cJiyH(e6 Hoe cji obo hct nepeA rJiaBHbiM (bchomo-
r a i e j i bHHH n i a r o J i n e p e a rjiaBHHM, n p e ; y i o r nepeA cymecTBHTeJib-
h u m h t . a . ) , npHJiaraTeJibHoe Haute uocuie cywecTBHTejibHoro. T a -
KOB (j)paHHy3CKHH H3MK.
H e cjiyjKHT BbiAeJieHHK) cjioBa bo 4>paHixy3CKOM h yaapeHKe:
Bo 4>paHuy3CKOM H3biKe mu HMeeM C0BepuieHH0 ocomh cjiyuaK.
3 a e c b yaapeHHe He HMeeT HHKaKoro OTHOuieHHH k pa3rpaHHHeHHH>
cjiob. Ero 4>yKUHH 3aKJUOHaeTca jiHuib b HJieHeHHH peHH Ha npe#-
jiojKeHHH, OTpe3KH npeJiOHieHH h peueBbie TaKTbi. Ecj i h b hs oj i h-
p0BaHH0M cjioBe yaapeHHe Bcei\n,a naj iaeT Ha nocjieflHH cjior, r o
3TO O-bHCHHeTCH TOJIbKO TeM, HTO TaKoe CJIOBO TpSKTyeTCH KaK.
peneBoft t b k t . <>paHuy3CKoe yAapeHHe CHrHaJiH3HpyeT He o Konew-
Hoii rpaHHue cjioBa KaK t s k o b o h , a o KOHue p e n e s o r o TaKTa, OTpea-
Ka npeflciojKeHHH, npeJio}KeHHH b ueJioM. OrrHrHBaHHe y z a p e u m
c nocjieAHero cnora cjiyntHT bo 4)paHuy3CKOM 3biKe HCKJiiOHHTeJib-
HO ueJIHM 3ByK0B0 CTHJ1HCTHKH *. B CHHTeTHHeCKHX H3bIKaX, TJ5.S
yKa 3a HHbi e r p a M Ma r a n e c K H e 3HaneHHH Bbi paKai OTCH n p e HMy we c T-
BeHHO He ocoumh cjiyweHbiMH CJiOBaMH, a 4>opMaMH cjtob (Ha
npHMep, n a a e x a MH) , cjioBa BMeJiHMbi Jierne, ofi ji aaaioT ojibuieif
CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOCThJO H nOpJflOK HX HHOfi: cj i ymeaoe, hj i h boho-
MoraTejibHoe cjkxbo (KpaMe npeaJi ora) Haei nocji e rJiaBHoro, a
npHJiaraTejibHoe nepefl cymecTBHTeJibHbiM. TaKOB, HanpHMep, Jia-
THHCKH H3bIK. PyCCKHH H3bIK He CTOJIb CHHTeTHHeH, KaK JiaTbIHb,.
HO B UeJIOM OTHOCHTCH K CHHTeTHHeCKOMy THny.
KpoMe Toro, jih H3yneHHH cj i ob b noTone p e n n HMeeT c m h c j t
cpaBHHTejibHoe onncaHHe h x j i h h h ; /yiHHa cj i oBa Mepa o t h o c h -
'reJibHan, a j i h Kaacfloro H3biKa c b o h ; flJiHHHbie cjioBa J i e r n e noABep-
raiOTCH coKpaueHHHM H $OHeTHHecKHM npe0pa30BaHHHM.
TaKHM opa30M, H3yneHHe cji ob b noTOKe penn CMbiKaeTCH c
cHHTaKCHHeoKHM onHcaHHeM h 3fl ecb yêT 3aTp0 HyT0 hbmh b pas -
a e j i a x Cjiobo KaK ejmHHiia njiaHa BbipasceHHH, CjiOBOCOHeTa-
hhh, CoomeHHe. Bo Bcex s t h x Haerax onncaHHe cji ob or r a p ae -
ch Ha THnoJiorHnecKoe cpaBHeHHe chht 3 k c h c o b , ywe yKa3 aHHoe b
npebiaymeM pa3jieJie.
B c j i o B a p e ( b n a p a ^ u r Ma THn e c KOM acneKTe) c j i o Ba H3yHaiOTCH
Ka n HjieHH p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 H u x r p y n n n p o B OK , Ha KOTOpbie p o h t c h c
pa3HbIX T0H6K 3peHHfl CJlOBapHblH COCTaB H3bIKa. FIoCJieflHHe MOJKH
pacHJi eHHTb a ) Ha JieKCHKO-rpaMMSTHHecKHe p33pHbi n a c p e -
h h ; 6 ) Ha aOHHTHHHbie KaTer opHH, HanpHMep, Bipaj KeHHe c y c T a -
Hhh, Bbi pa KeHHe npH3HaKa; c s t o t o h k h 3pe HHa mm 3 a Tp o n e M o jx-
Hy H3 c aMbi x eymeCTBeiH' Hbix a j i h conocr aBJ i eHHH 4) p a Hu y 3 CKo r o
H3UKa c pyccKHM rpynn onpeAeJieHHH ( cm. 4 0 ) ; b ) Ha ceMbu
c j i o b ; r ) Ha CHHOHHMHnecKHe r p y n n b i .
H- c - T p y < 5 e K O 0 . O c k o b h ôHOJiorHH, pyccK. nepeB. . HJI, M., I960
cTp. 306, CHoexa 2.
62
KpoMe t o r o , c j i o s a p b mo kho qjieHHTb n a OTfleJibHue cj i oBa h
SKBHBajieHTbi c j i ob cjiBOcoqeTaHHH. 3 t o ueJieHHe coxpaHaeTCH
HaMH KaK ocHQBHoe, h o pa3yMeeTCH, h t o o h o nepeKpemHBaeTCH c
OCTa.lbHblMH.
2 9 . CpaBHeHHe c j i o b no nacTHM p e i H o c H o e a ftpyrHX c o n o -
CTaBJlCHHH. ConOCTitBJIHH CJlOBa AByX H3blKOB KaK CAKHHUU CJIOBap,
Mbi flOJDKHH H3HTH KaKOC-JIHO 0CH0B3HHe CpaBHeHHH, KaKyiO-JlHO
o m y o Mepy, t . e. q e p y , KOTOpas HMejiacb 6 u bo <ppaHuy3CKOM
h b pyccKOM cJiOBapHOM cocTaBe, x o t h , pa3yMeeTCH, He o6H33TeJib-
HO B OflHHaKOBO CTeneHH.
B KaqecTBe TaKor o o c h o b s h h h m u BbinpaeM p a s J i H r a e h m h
r j i a r o j i , TaK KaK 3t o pasjiHHHe HMeeTCH n e TOJibKO b pyccKOM h
4>paHUy3CKOM H3HKaX, HO H BOOme BO Bcex H3BCCTHHX JIHHrBHC-
TaM 553bIKaX, XOTH H npOHBJIHCTCH nO-pa3HOMy (HanpHMep, B H3HK6
H y r a a TOJibKO Ha ypOBHe u e j i o r o npeflJioweHHH) *. CHa qa j i a m u no-
CMOTpHM, HaCKOJIbKO <})paHUy3CKK H pyCCKHH H3UKH 0TJIH<ai01
h m h o t r j i a r o j i a , 3aTeM m o j k h o yêT BUHCHHTb, HacKOJibKO K a x -
Abi H3UK pa3Ji HqaeT npHJiaraTeJibHoe o t cymecTBHTeJibHoro, 3aTeM
pa3Hbie p a s p H f l u npHJi ar aTej i bHor o (HanpHMep, KanecTBeHHHe j o t -
aocHTej i bHue) h p a 3 H u e pa3pHflbi cymecTBHTeJibHoro (HanpHMep,
aCTpaKTHue h KOHKpet Hue), T a K* e h b r j i a r o j i a x ( ne pe x oAHue h
Hene pe x o f l Hu e , B03BpaTHbie) h t . a . TaKHM 06pa30M, Bce cpsBHe-
HHe 3aKJiiOHaeTCH b n0CJieA0BaTeJibH0M conocTaBJieHHH c j i o b o 6 o h x
H3HKOB n o .JieKCHKO-rpaMMaTHHeCKHM KTeropHHM qaCTHM peHH
h oj i e e MejiKHM pa 3pa Aa M BHyTpn q a e r e f t peiH.
30. Pa3j!HHe HMeHH h r j i ar oj i a. 3 t o pa3JiHTHe b p a 3 Hux H3u -
Kax MHpa npoHBJiHeTCH Ha pa 3 Hu x ypoBHHx. KaK yjKe 6 h j i o OTMe-
êHo, b H3HKe HyTKa, HanpHMep, hmh moj kho o T j m w r b o t r j i ar oj i a
TOJibKO b c ocTaBe ue j i bHoro BbiCKa3UBaHHH. B HHceBponecKOM
ce n p a a s u K e pa3JiHieHHe cymecTBOBaJio y e Ha ypoBHe KopHefl h
OCHOIB: HM6JIHCb TOJibKO H'MSH'Hbie H TOJibKO rJiaiXWIbHbie KOPHH H OC-
k o i b u 2. 3 t o paarpaHOTeHne s t o hji h h h o c reneHH yHacj i eaoBaHo
H BceMH H3BeCTHbIMH HHflOeBponeCKHMH H3UK3MH, OflHaKO B p 3 3 -
HOH CTeneHH. TaKHe h 3 h k h KaK pyccKHft h j i h t o b c k h bo mh o t h x
cj i yqaHx coxpaHHK)T pa3Ji nii He Ha ypoBHe o c h o b h a a x e KopHe:
doM-, cuti-, par-, mua-, tâer-, ojibiu-, rviox-, dop- h t . n. o c -
HOBH h b h o HMeHHue, TorAa KaK 6ep-, Hec-, tiAbi-, cra-, u,ee-, nuiu-
Ch. F. H o c k e t t . The Problem of Universals in Language, b c 6 . Unt-
versals of Language, Cambridge, Massachussets, 1963.
2 X o t h HMejiHCb h TaKHe k o p h h h o c h o b h , b KOTopwx p a 3JiH>jHe HMeHH h
r v i a r o . i a He npoHBJiHJioa.
63
h t . n . h 'b h o Maroji faHbi e. ArjiHfiKHH * e h 3h k yrpaTHJi 3 t o
pa3JiHMHe i i o h t h noj mocTbi o He TOJIbKO Ha ypoBHe KopHeft h o c h o b ,
h o h Ha ypoBHe c j i o b , TaK h t o o noAaBJiniomeM oJibuiHHCTBe coBpe-
MeHHUX aHrJIHHCKHX H OCHOB, H CJIOB HeJIb3H CKa33Tb, IViarObHbie
o h h h j i h HMeHHbie: t s k o b u book-, speed-, fall-, beat-, rise- H t . n .
B 3HIVIHHCKOM H3UKe AJ1H TOrO, HTObl C yBepeHHOCTbIO CyAHTb,
HMeeM m u AeJio c hmhcm h j i h rJiarojiOM, He06x 0AHM0 3HaTb He
TOJIbKO c j i obo ueJiHKOM ( t s k KaK, HanpHMep, (a) book ( 1 ) k h u -
za h (to) book (2) pacnpodaTb uAeru He pa3JWHaiOTCH), ho h
BiCe CJIOBOfjKtpMU aaHHOrO CJIOB a. T 0JIblK0 3H3H, HTO book ( 1) MOUKeT
n p n H3BecTHbix ycjioBHHX npHHHTb 4>opMH books, books, TOrâ KaK
book (2) <j)opMu booking, booked h t . a . , m u MO>KeT c yBepeH-
HOCTbK) lOTHecTH book (1) k cymeCTBHrejibHHM, a book (2) k rj ia.ro-
JiaM. TaKHM 0pa30M, B aHrJIHCKOM H3bIKe p3JIHHHe HMH
r j i a r o j i npoHBJiHenca TOJIbKO Ha ypoBHe JiaBQ<|>opM, t . e. Ha cwk-
TaKCHHeokom ypoHe.
OpaHuyacKHH h 3 u k 3aHHMaeT b s t o m CMUcjie npoMej KyroHHoe
noj i oweHHe Me*Ay pycCKHM h aHrjiHHCKHM; pa3JiHHHe HMeHH h r j i a -
r o J i a Ha ypoBHe o c h o b b HeM yTpaneHo r op a 3Ao 6 oj i bme, neM b pyc-
ckom ({fl : r-, ru 3-, b e s - , e k r i - j h T. n. o c h o b h h HMeHH, h r J i a r o -
J i a ) , oAHaKo npOHBJifleTca y * e Ha ypoBHe cj i oBa, e m e a o ypoBHH
c j i o b o 4)Opm: fleur fleurir, rouge rougir, baisse baisser, c
rit crite.
KaK BHAHM, 4>PHUy3CKH pyCCKH H3UKH nOHTH 0AHH3K0B0
x o p o r n o p33rpaHHHHBaK)T HMH H TJiarOJI, 3 nOTOMy HenocpeACTBeHHo
A-JH HX CTHJIHCTHHeCKOrO CpSBHeHHH 3T0 p3J!HHHe HeB3>KH0 (HJIH,
K3K e u i e rOBOpHT, CTHJIHCTHHeCKH HepeJI6B3HTH0). Ho OHO IipHO-
peTaeT CTHJincTHHecKoe 3H3HeHHe nepe3 nocpeACTBo cjiOBOopaao-
B3HHH.
P a a j i H H H e h m 6 h h r j i a r o j i a b c ih c t e m e c j i o b o o -
P 3 3 0 B 3 HB H. H3 CIKa33HiHOr(3 BbliUie OHeBHAHO, HTO BO $p3HHy3-
okom H3brKe y r J i a r 0J i 3 h HMeHH cymecTBHTej ibHoro aoj i qkho t i Tb r o-
pa3AO oj i bui e c oBnaAs r omnx, o m o h h m h h h u x 4>opM, neM b pyccKOM.
C p . : la baisse il baisse, un critil crit, une demande il
demande h t . n . Coa na Ae Hn e r j i ar oj i bHbi x 4>opM c ic}>opM3MH HMen
CBH33HO c H8K0T0pbIMH OCO6HHOCTHMH <|)p3HUy3CKK>r0 CJIOBOOpS-
30BaHH TaK H33UBaeMUM o 6ipaTHUM, h j i h orrJiaroJibHUM c j i o b o -
6p330B3HHeM ( d r i v a t i o n r g r e s s i v e ou d v e r b a t i v e ) . p n s t o m
c n o c o e hmh cymecTBHTejibHoe o6pa3yeTCH o t r j i a r o j r a nyTeM yce-
HSHHH e r o o c h o b u Ha c Ton me r o iBpeMeHH: demander (une) deman
de. Opa THoe c j i ob o o 6p 330B m h e nasecrrHO y ace b c r a p o - h cpe&He-
tf)paHii;y3CKH nepHOA, o h o 0p330BUBaJi 0 TorA3 o c o y i o CHCTeMy,
noiAo6Hyio coBpeMeHHOMy OTr Ji ar0JiBH0My cjiaBoo6pa30BaHHK>, h o He
TOJKAecuBeHiHyio eMy: a 6p a 3aBaBmHecH cymecTBHTeJibHue 6h j i h
MyiHCCKaro powa:
64
K XVI BeKy CHCTeMa o p a r a o r o c;ioBoo6pa3c>BaHHH ne pe c Tpa u-
BaeTCa: o 6 p a 3 y r o mHe c a cywecTBHTeJibHbie Te ne pb JKeHCKoro p o a a :
voler vol
accueillir accueil
effrayer effroi
rabattre rabais
tirer tir
grever grief 1
baisser baisse
relever relve
couper coupe
B Ha c To a me e BpeMH nocjieflHHft c n o c o oneHb pacnpocTpaHeH
b pa3roBopHo-(J)aMHJibapHo pe qn, b qeM h 3aKJitOMaeTca e r o He-
noepeACTBeHHoe c m n H c r a q e c K o e 3HaneHHe:
brouiller brouille
coller colle
claquer claque
moquer moque
passer passe
toucher touche
planquer planque
trotter trotte
redresser redresse
couler coule
T. A.
CjieAyeT 3aMeTHTb, m t o s t h cymecTBHTeJi bHbi e HecKOJibKo ne-
no.THoueHHbi, CHHTaKCKHecKoe yncnrpeJieHHe hx orpaHHqei i o b
oJibuiHHCTBe c j i y q a e B ycTO&JHBbiMH CJiOBOCOMeTaHHHMH, noqeMy H
nepeBOA hx KaK oTAe^bHbix cj i ob HeBOSMOHceH. Cp.: avoir une
brouille avec qn noccopurbcx c km-a., faire une touche kaio-
HyTb na npuMaHny, BAtouTbcn, prendre la relve npuru na CMe-
nocjieaHH u i y i a f i cnopen, 3,aecb KaK y R. G r a n d s a i g n e s
d H a u t e B i v e . Dictionnaire dancien franais. B03M0HCHa h Apyraa s t h m o j i o -
thh: grief < gravis.
65
ny, tre la r e dr e s s e CMorpeTb opaom (<fmr, ), tre la coule
biTb eceeda e Kypce e c e s o l .
Pa3JiHMHe HMeHH h i v i a r o / i a h ecTb t o o m e e THnoorHMecKoe
o c h o b aHHe, Ha# k o t o p h m HaACTpaHBaeTCH AaJi bi ue CTHJiHCTHqecKoe
cpaBHeHHe o o h x s3biK0B. CTeneHb me pa3^meHHH o j i e e mc j i k h x
pa3pHflOB BHyTpH KaTeropHH HMeHH h n n a r o j i a cocTasj i HeT ocoyi o
xapaKTepHCTHKy K a w a o r o H3biKa h n0T0My BbmeceHa b ocHOBHyK)
HaCTb 3T0H KHHrn.
1 B cbh3h c 3thm criocoCoM cjj0B006pa30BaHHH cm. TaoKe B. T. Ta K. O
rjiamnbHO-HMeHHoft KOHBepcHH bo (JjpaHuy3CK0M 3HKe. yq. 3an. HMO, Bbm. 7,
cepHH 4>H.noJior, HayK, M., 1961.
B pyccKOM H3tiKe TaKoft cnocoO cji0B00pa30BaHHH ne THnHweH, h o ero b o j -
MOJKHOCTb 33CBHASTe^faCTBOB3Ha B OTBeTe riyinKHHa KpHTHKy EBreHHH OHerH-
ea. Kpht hk ynpeKaeT riyuiKHHa 3a BupaxeHHe JhodcK.an Mo/ieb u ko h c k u Ton:
KaK npHHTHO 6yeT nHTaTb: pon b m c c t o ponor, Ton BMecTO ronoT, epox BwecTo
epoxor, cahk BsiecTo cARnoTb... Ha cHe 3aMe4y MoeMy KpHTHKy, oTBeqaeT
nosT, h t o pon, Ton h npoi ne ynoTpefijiaioT npocrojiroAHHbi bo MHornx HarnKX
ryepHHHX. Mne cayqajiocb TaKxce cjibiwaTb CTynor BMecTO cryK. (OTBer a
CTaTbio B ATeHee o6 EBreHHH OHenrae.) Cm. TaKKe JI. A. B y j i a x o B C K i i .
PyccKH .iHTepaTypHbifi st3HK nepoofi nojioBHHbi XIX BeKa, M., 1954, CTp. 59.
t a c T b I
H A U M O H A J l b H A f l
H O P M A
A. 4 > P A H U V 3 C K A 5 I H A U , H O H A J I b H A $ HO P MA,
O n H C H H A f l H 3 B H E
CJIOBAPb
C.10B0
CJOBO KAK EJIHHHUA J1AHA BbIPAJKEHHfl
31. >opMa cj i oBa Ha ypOBHe HOpMM, E c j i h Ha CTpyKTypHOM
ypoBHd cj obo xapaKTepH3yeTCH b a n a s e Bbi paxeHHf l onpeAeJieHHHM
COCTaBOM (J)OHeM H 3aKOHOMepHOCTHMH CO'ieTHHH (J)OHeM B MOp-
4>eMH, t o Ha ypOBHe HopMfai k 3 t hm MepTaM npHCoejiHHHOTCH n p y -
r n e , oj i e e kohkpeTHbi e, 6 oJi ee BHflHMbie. r i p e a m e Bcer o pa3JiH' i-
Hbie KOMHHanHH (|)OHeM, KaK h caMH 4>0H0Ji 0rmecKHe n p o n i B o n o -
eraBJieHKH, Ha acrpaKTHOM ypOBHe paBHOMepHO BbiTHrHBaeKbie
b u eno^Ky hj i h c e r a y npOTHBonocTaBJieHHft, b HOpMe p e r a Be r pe na -
IOTCI BOBC6 He OAHHaKOBO qaCTO. OAHH (J)yHK)HHOHaJIbHO CHi/IbHO
Rarpyj KeHH h noaTOMy Ba*Hbi , Ap y r a e BaatHbi MeHee. TaKHM 0 6 -
pa30M, p a 3 J I H lI H a H U a C T O T H O C T b H < f ) y HKUHOHa j I b -
s a f i H a r p y i i K' Hl KOi CTb l})OHM H IKOMiHHa'UHH (})OHeM TIp-
s a g MepTa tj>opMbi c j i ob Ha ypOBHe HOpMbi. T a n , b pyccKOM H3biKe
npoTHBonocTaBJieHHe coi vi acHbi x no TBepocra MsirKOcra h c t o p h -
qeCKH HUIb CpaBHHTeJIbHO H6flaBHO CT3.TO ({jOHOjlOrHMeCKHM. 1103X0-
My, nanpHMep, b c o s p e i i c h h o m pyccKOM H3HKe MeHbuie cj ob, pa3-
JiHMaiomHxcfl npoTHBOnocTaB/ieHHeM TBepAoro n h MHrKoro n, qeM
cj i ob, pa3JiHyaK)iii.HxcH npoTHBonocTaBJieHHeM TBepAoro n h 6, t . e.
n o rayxocTK s b o h k o c t h . B CBH3H c s xhm h npoH3HouieHHe Ma r -
k h x corJiacHbix b pyccKOH HOpMe p e HMeeT MHOHcecTBO s a p n a H -
t o b h KOJieaHH: o r cpe^Hef t CTeneHH CMHrqeHHH HbiH'ne ao npo-
c r o p e ' i Ho KpaiHeH er eneHH HUHne h HeHopMaraBHoft TBepAOCTH
mime. OopMbi c ^bui HM CMHrêHHeM BcrpeqaiOTCH b pe un CTa-
p o r o riKOJieHHH opas oBaHHbi x JiroAeft h coorBeTCTByiOT CTapo j i h-
T e p a r y p n o S HopMe, h o Te ne pb o h h y a t e s a npe a e j i a MH ee: eepbx,
69
HepbKoeb, cepbduTbi, KOHbtpBTbi, nyzbeuu,bi h t . n. Ho Be f t i i i e e e
npoH3HoiueHHe c npeyBeJiHHeHHOH TBepAoeTbi o, CB0HCTBeHH0e r Ji aB-
h u m 0pa 30M peru M0Ji0fle}KH, He boui j i o b j i HTe pa TypHyi o opMy
h Tome HenpaBH^bHo: Odacca ( b m c c t o npaBHJibHoro Odecca),
T3pMUH, nOHHUK, HUCMOH T. n . l. B o (J)paiHHy3CKOM H3bIKe, HainpH' Mep,
pa3JiHHeHHe 3aKpbr r or o {e] (t) h o r a p H T o r o [ e ] [air) b KOime
cj i ob h b yaapHOM c J i o r e np0THB0i i0CTaBJi eHHe CHJibHoe, 4>yKK-
UH0Haj i bH0 oreHb Ha r pyj Ke HHoe , Tor . ua n a n pa3Ji HHeHHe 3 a Kp b i To r o
[ 0 ] h OTKpHTOTO (pe] Menee Bast Ho, h b HopMe perH nepBoe a o -
n y c K a e T 3HanHTeJibHo MeHbuie KOJieaHHH, o r A a KaK npH b t o p o m
B03M0JKHH UIHpOKHe BapHSUHH A3>Ke B yAapHOM CJIOre. C p . p a 3 HH6
npoH3HouieHHH bleu, deux, veule KaK [ v 0 1] h KaK [ vl ] , cMenie-
HHe b c j i y r a n x THna deux belles pommes de belles pommes
h t . n.
T o ace moj kho CKa3aTb h o kom6 h h 3u h h 4)0HeM B MoptJjeMK.
B pyccK-OM H3biiKe npoTHBdnocTaiBjT0Hne Mopêiw - h u k h - w , u k
b i i opMe perH OKa3biBaeTca crjia>KeHHbiM, He CTOJib h b h h m , i i a h
He cro-Jib Ba>X'HbiM, aK o icnpyKType. Cp. inpoH3Homero e zpytUHUK
h epyui UK, KaK n u u ^ m ; npbLUÛK h tipbiuiHUK; TaK * e -h u h -h u
ddAbHU AbHbl, daBHU daBHbl H T. n. B o 4>paHUy3CKOM
cTpyKTypHo pa3Hbie Mop<|)eMbi r j i a r o j i a rais c OTKpbiTbiM
[ s ] 1- e jiwuo e&HHCTBeHHoro qHCJia C o n d i t i o n n e l h r a i c s a -
KpuTbiM [e] 1-e j i h h o eAHHCTBeHHOro HHCJia F u t u r s i m p l e , CMeum-
BaioTCH b HopMe pern h i i p o h 3 h o c h t c h KaK 0TKpbiT0 e [ s ] . TaK * e
CMeuinsaiOTCH cyi|(J)H'KCbi cymecTBHTejibHbix ai h -et: ballet
aAer, cadet ( cadette), balai MeTAU h t . n.
H e K O T O p u e $ o H e M b i h j i h k o m 6 h h 3 h h h i | o H e H ,
He HBJiHioiHHecH Mop4>eM3Mn h, cJieAOBareJibHO, Ha crpyroryipHOM
(M0p4>eMH0M) ypoBHe HHKaKOro 3HareHHH He HMeiouiHe, o k a 3 h -
b a k) t c h H a A e J i e H H b i MH c m u c j i o m Ha ypoBHe HOpMH.
3 t o HBJieHHe BTopaa repTa cjjopMM cj i ob Ha y po a He HOpMbi e r o
MOMCHO Ha3BaTb J O a B O MH O C e M a H | H 3 a U H 6 . H
Hbrx 'CoreTa'HHH. HainpHMep, b pyiQOKOM GOHeraHHH zh- c kbkhm-
j i h 6 o rJiacHbiM oreHb raero CBS3biBaroTCH c HenpHHTHbiM cmhcj i om:
ZHUAb, sho, ZHuda, znyc, zuycaeuTb, zyzHUBbi, zner, znecTU, znarb;
TaK * e c x: noxaHbi, xaM, xaMUTb, xana, xanarb, xapKarb, xapa,
xaxaAb, xaxTb, xuapa, xuepn, XAHb, xujkuh, xuau, xuperb, xtir-
pbi, xuxuKTb h JKaproHHHe xuAMTb, xunecnuiâ h npor. 3aM6"
THM, HTO npH 9T0M npHMOrO 3ByKOnOApa>KaHHH H CBH33HHbIX C HHM
npHMbix HenpHHTHbix accon,HauHH BOBce mo j kc t h He 6 ht > (K3
npHBeaeHHbix c j i ob TOJIbKO HeK0 T0 pbi e x u x u K T b , z n y c a e u T b , z y -
ZHU8U, bITb MO>KeT, HBJIHIOTCH 3ByKOOApa>KaTeJIbHbIMH). Bo
4>paHU,y3CKOM T3KOBO coHeTaHHe chi-\ chialer cf>aM. XH.biK.aTb,
1 Cm. MaTepHajibi y A. B a h a. rtaJiaTa.nH3auHfl b rpynnax c o r j i a c H u x b c o Bp e -
MeHHOM pyccKOM K3bn<e, aBTope<>epaT Kan/i. a h c c . , Mr, 1963.
70
HbiTb; chiarder cjbaM. k o prier b; chicane aeda, KAHy3a, npudup-
k o ; chiche cicapedHbt, CKyHbi; chiffe TpHtina; chignole
<J)aM. rpRcynan noeo3Ka; chiourme Karopza, k t o po k h uk u; chi
per 4>aM. ytipacTb, caucmyTb; chipie $ a M. rnpza, eedbua,
ceapAuecLH otceninuna; chipoter Hexorn ecrb, MeuiKTb, ropeoearb-
c h, npudupaTbcn.; chique KAew, (HaceKOMOe) ; chiqu a p r o a u -
na; chiquenaude u{eA<iOK; chiure nouer *.
0AH3 K0 AOaBOMHaS CeMaHTH3ai!,HH MOJKeT HMeTb MeCTO TOJIb-
KO B OCObJX H3UKOBHX yCOBHHX. XopOUIO H3BeCTHO, MTO COêTa*
hhh câonpoTHBonocTaBjieHHux, oxoj khx 4)0HeM> co3flaroT
npeanocbui KH juin HeneTKoft penu, o h h - t o h 0C03Hai0TCH ^ a m e KaK
HeKpacHBbie. C p . TaK Ha3bi BaeMoe 3 hh hh : u y Moea u y Abu,
(J)aMHJiHH BaAeoea, 4>paHuy3CKoe Can [kae ] Kaun h t . n. Ha*
npOTHB, COêTaHHH M 3KCHM JIbHO IipOTHBOnOCTaBJieHHblX (J)OHeM,
Ha npHMep, CMbWHHX, B3pbtBHbIX (HJIH 4)pHKaTHBHHX) C njiaBHHMH,
HacTO BoenpHHHMaioTCK KaK Kpa c uBbi e . C p . : apTMGTHqecKHe, c u e -
HWMeoKHe HM8Ha OTpaduHa, Jliooeb apcKH, Germne Montro,
Arletti, Carmen del Rio ; Hai3aHHH u s e r a a'BTOMOtdHJieft (aM&pHKa-H-
ckhx) eAbi Moeep, cuhu ApsaAb,' cp. T Ki Ke BHMHi i i J i e HHb i e HMe-
l i a h wa3'BaHH b poMa'HTH'qecKKx inoBecTsix A j i e a c a H w p a F p a
AcoAb, JIuc, h t . n . 2. OflHaiKO TaiK : * e x o p o i n o 'H3b c t h o , t o ioiii,o6-
Hbie coqeTaHH (fioneM hx mojkho Ha3BaTb noTeHuuabHO Kpacn-
BbiMH h noTeni i naJ i bi Ho HeKpaiCHBbiMH ojibuiHMCTBe CJiyqaeB
BOBCe e OCOS'HaiOTICH HJIH Aace CBa3bI'BaOTCH C &CTeTHeOKH npOTH-
Boncuic>KHbiM c m u o i o m . Cp. : p y c c K o e dpnnb, 4> p a r m y 3CKoe charo
gne nadaAb. YCJIOBHH A AOaBOMHOH CeMHTH3aUHH C03AaK)TCH
T a r A a , Konna o n ^ a H e ' B b i p a a c e m a HMer or ca c cme Ta HHa c j i a 6o nfipoTH-
BariocraBjieHHHx (JjioaeM, a b i w i a n e coAapKaMHa n e eAHHHHMoe, a
x o b CK0JibK0-HH6yAb n 0BT0peHH0e c o B n a A e H a e s t h x coueTHHft c
HenpHaTHblM 3MOU,HOHaJIbHbIM CHHJKeHHblM CMHCJIOM, HJIH COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO TO JKe RJlfl CHJIbHblX IipOTHBOnOCTBJieHHH H npHHTHO-
r o CMHCjia.
B Tex CJi ynaax, me 3ByKOBaa $ o p Ma cj i cma pa3i>eAHHeHa
C iCeMaHTHKO, iTIpOTHBOtnOCTaBJieHHfl KpaiCKBOrO H KeK'paCIi-
iBoro 'BMCTyinaioT nipMO h o' PieTJiHBo: Ta b c o 6 c t b eHHbix
HMeHax.
1 Ha TaKoro poAa coneraHHa, KOTopue b o m h o t h x cjiyqasix Hano. wHHawT
m o p $ e m h, HeoflHKpaTHo VKa3HBajiocb h ajih aHrjiHficKoro H3HKa. A. Hill
(Introduction to Lingui st i c St ructures, N. Y., 1958, p. 92) yKa3weaeT snott,
snotty, snout, snier, snake, snow, r a e H a a j i b H o e c o n e T a H He sn- CBH3 biBaeTCfl
c HenpHHTHbiM cmhc-iom. Cp. B. F. S k i n n e r. The Problem of Reference,
Psycholinguistics. A book of r e adi ngs , ed. by Sol Sapor t a, N. Y., 1961, p. 233.
HaaJihHOe sp- b amvmftcKOM x a p a K T e p H o nnn MHorHX cjiob, 3HaieHHe kot opux
HMeeT OTHOiueHHe k HcnycKHHio ero-^Ho ptom (spit, speak, spew) hjih KaKHM-
JiuCo flpyrHM cnocooM (sputier, sprinkle, spray), hjw k qeMy-jiK6 o, HcxoflameMv
H3 oahoh t o^kk (spoke, spire, s pur).
2 r i o f l p o C H e e 06 s t o m c m. b p a s a e - i e X y a o K e c T B e n H a a peib.
71
TaKOBH B3aHMOoTHOuieHKH CTpyKTypbi, b AaHHOM cj i yqae 4>o h o -
JIOrHH, C ypOBHeM HOpMbi.
PaccMOTpHM Tenepb s t h npHMepbi c t o mk h 3peHHH y3K0 c t h j i h -
CTHHeCKOH. TyT MOKHO HaMeTHTb HeCKOJIbKO cJiynaeB.
1) B nepBOM c j i y q a e pa3Ha qacTOTHOCTb (|>OHeM xa pa Kt e pH3ye T
pa3Hbi e 4>yHKUHOHa.nbHbie c t h j i h . HHor. ua b o a h o m c r a j i e c y me c r -
ByeT (|)OHeMa, OTcyTCTByromaH b ApyroM: b pyeCKOM b h c o k o m
cTHJie X V I I I Bena yKBa HTb 3Byqaj i a, KaK ocoan (J>oHeMa [ie],
KOTopoft He bijio b p a 3r 0B0 pH0 M cTHJie b X I X BeKe h b cueHHwe-
c k o m npoH3HomeHHH HamHx flHeii 4>pHKaTHBHoe a 17 ] BCTpeuajiocfe
b cjiOBax KHHJKHoro c t h j i h 6 aaeo, AazodciTb, oza h t . n. Tenepb
me o h o x a p a K r e p H 3 y e T MemflOMeTHH b pas r oBopHof t p e n n : 3&e, aea,
eocnodu h t . n . 2.
B coBpeMeHHo cj)paHiiy3CK0H jinrepaTypHofi HopMe (jKweMa [b]
pacnpocTpaHeHa CJia6 ee, qeM b apro. CpaBHHTejibHaH qacTOTHOcrb
b JiHTepaTypHOH HopMe [b] 1,39%, Toraa KaK [d] 3,55 h [p]
3,54; h o b apro HHaqe. Ha 98 c j i ob CTyneHqecuoro apro Ecol e poli-
technique, COpaHHblX OAHHM H3 CTyAeHTOB, He 3H3BUIHM UeJIH 3KC-
nepHMeHTa, 0Ka3aJi0Cb 21 c j i obo, t . e. 6 o j i e e njiTofi qacra, Ha^H-
HaBui eecH Ha b . 3 t h AaHHbie biJiH oKpyrJieHbi apyrHMH b h -
opKaMH3. 3 t o pacnpeaejieHne <oHeMbi CBH3ao c ee aKcnpeccHB-
HOft pOJIbIO ( c m . HHJKe).
2) B a p y r o M c j i y q a e p a 3 H a n qacTOTHOCTb <})0HeM x a p a K r e p H 3 y -
eT p a 3 Hy r o SMOUHOHaJibHyio OKpacKy c j i o b b n p e a e j i a x OAHoro c t h
j i h . TaKOBbi npHBefl eHHbi e Bbi i ue p y c c Kn e npnMepw c zh h x, (})paH-
uy3CKi i e c ch. A. MapTHHe o ^ n c H n e T o j i b u i y i o qacTOTHOcr b [bl
3 a p r o SKcnpeocHBHof t cJjyHKUneft s t o h (JjOHeMbi: Cette v a l e u r
e x p r e s s i v e , q u o n p o s t u l e i ci p o u r le pass, n e s e m b l e p a s avoir
t o t a l e m e n t d i s p a r u d a n s le c a s d u p h o n m e f r a n a i s [ b] q u i , dans le
d i s c o u r s e t e n t o u t e s p o s i t i o n s , r e s t e e n c o r e de f r q u e n c e relative
a s s e z f a i b l e . Il e s t f o r t p o s s i b l e q u e l e b d'imbcile, q u i s a l l o n g e
s o u s l a c c e n t d i n s i s t a n c e , a i t c o n t r i b u l v o l u t i o n s m a n t i q u e du
m o t et s a p o p u l a r i t . On s a c c o r d e r a s a n s d o u t e t r o u v e r le b de
balourd et de ballot f o r t b i e n a d a p t au s e n s d u p r e m i e r et aux
e m p l o i s p o p u l a i r e s d u s e c o n d , et l o n n o t e r a la v a l e u r f o r t d i f f r e n t e
des s y n o n y m e s bte e t animal a p p l i q u s u n t r e h u m a i n 4.
3) B TpeTbeM cjiyqae pa3Hue 4>yHKii,H0HaJibHbie cthjih xapar r e-
pH3yiOTCH pa3HbIMH BapHaHT3MH OflHHX H TeX * e ({)OHeM. ( 0 6 3T0M
cm. cooTBeTCTByioiuHfi pa3AeJi, 108.)
1 C m. M . B . n a h o b. O c t h j i h x n p 0 H3H0 iueHHH ( b c b 3h c o C i u h m h n po O
leMaMH c t h ^ h c t h k h ) , b c 6 . P a 3 B H T n e c o Bp e Me HHo r o p y c c KO r o H3MKa, H 3 A - b o
AH CCCP, M., 1963 r., c Tp. 20.
1 C m. M . B . H a h o b. y K a 3. c o h . , e r p . 20.
3 A. M a r t i n e t . Economie des changements phontiques, Trait de p h o
nologie diachronique, Berne, 1955, 4.58.
* A. M a r t i n e t . yica3. c o h ., 4. 58.
72
ji h h a c ji o b a OTHOCHTe/ibHO HeKTopo cp e a He /yiH-
Kbi Tp e r b a ne pTa 4>opMbi1 c n o Ba Ha ypoBHe HapMU. Cj i hui kom
AJIHHHHe HJIH CJIHUIKOM KOpOTKHe AJIH flaHHOrO H3hlKa CJIOBa y w e
o a h h m 3 t hm npeApacnoj i oj KeHbi k TOMy, h t o h noJiyqHTb apKyi o
9KcnpeccHBHV!0 OKpacKy. MaTepnaj i h 3f l ec b 3aflaeTCH erpyi crypoH
cj i oBa, t . e. TeMH e r o o c o c h h o c t h m h , KOTOpue o t h o c h t c h k CTpyK-
TypHOMy ypOBHK), HO HX 0C03H3HHe, Ta HJIH HH3H 3CTeTHieCKafl
oueHKa (KpacHBO HeKpacHBO) h 3M0UH0HaJibHaa o R p a c n a
(iCMeirjHO TopSKecTOeHHO >6aHa^bHo h t . n. ) 03HHiKa-
H5T TOJIbKO Ha ypOBHe HOpMbi. Fl o TeM K e npHHHHaM, HTO H B npe -
At i ayi ueM c Ji ynae, x o p o u i e f t HJJiiocTpauHeft 3 f l e c b c j i y w a T c o c r a e H-
Hbie HMCHa. HMeHa, c o A e p a t a m n e oj i ee Tpex cj i oroB, h b pyccxoM,
H BO (J)paHUy3CKOM BOCnpHHHMaiOTCSI KaK HCOblHHbie H HHOr.ua
c p a 3 y * e 3aTeM KaK TopwecTBeHHbi e h j i h KOMHHecKHe. Cp. : p y c -
CKoe AJiHHHoe TopwecTBeHHoe Mapu uHCn u r e a r p c yzyiHHeHHeM
u u npoTHB 3 aypHHoro M a p b u n a pow, a ; hj i h C e p z u e e c u u
Cepzeee h j i h h h o c KMnHecKoe Hynsi leuieMopenepexodsiuêHCKaH
( H e x o B ) ; <})paHuy3CKoe: ohiHHbie Delacourt, Delacroix, Thibault
paflOM c neobi'MHbiMH, cocTa'B'HbiMH, 3HaTHbiMH Mourain de
Sourdeval. nocJi ewHHe ji erKo nepeocMbiiCJiuoTCH b KOMHHecKHe. Cp,:
Daisy Frott de Grandmonde (cm. 4>paHuy3CKHft TeKCT 36).
Mpe3MepHan hj i h, HanpoTHB, HeAOCTaTOHHan AJiHHa cj ioBa mo-
meT cj iywHTb npHHHHofi MHornx cBoeo6pa3Hbi x hbj i chhA Ha ypoBHe
HOpMbi yflJIHHeHHfl H COKpameHHfl CJIOB. TaK, $paHIj;y3CKHfi K3blK,
Boorne b HopMe peHH H3eraiomHft cpaBHeHH, TeM n e MeHee ui h-
P o k o nojib3yeTCH hmh npH o a h o c j i o w h h x hj i h ABycjiowHbix, t . e.
c j i hi ukom k o p o t k h x npHJiaraTeJibHbix: beau comme le jour, blanc
comme neige, frais comme lil h t . a. CpaBHeHue n r p a e r 3ztecb
He TOJIbKO CMHCJIOByiO, HO H MeTpHHeCKyiO pOJIb KaK yWHHeHHe
OCHOBHOrO, CJMflIIKOM KOpOPKOrO CJIOBa. B CHJiy OKCHTOHHHeiCKOrO
c yaapeHHeM Ha nocji eAHeM CJiore pHTMa <J>paHuy3CKoft cwHTar-
Mbi npHJi ar ai ej i bHoe c o cpaBHeHHeM npeBpamaeTCf l b eAHHoe ue -
Jioe, h c h t o Bpofle cjio>KHoro cj ioBa. M e c r o cpaeHeHHH MoweT biTb
sdHHTO ceMaHraiHeQKH nycTbiM sjieMeHTOM. 3 t o roBopHT o t om,
h t o Bbipa3HTeJibH0CTb B03HHKaeT 3Aecb He Ha ocHbBe CMbicJia, a Ha
ocHBe pHTMa. TaKHM ycHJiHTeJieM nacTO HBJiHeTCk n p o c r o f t noBTop
npHjia. raTeJ!bHoro c o cj i obom mais : Il est laid, mais laid I oh
1 PacnpeAej i eHHe c j i o b n o WHCjiy b x o a h w h x b h h x cj i or oB noAHHHaeTCH c r p o -
THM H B TeêiIHe CT0.1CTHft yCTOHWBblM CTaTHCTH'leCKHM 3aK0H0MepH0CTMM, CM.
c!5 9t om C. T. H e 6 a h o b. O noAMHHeHHH p e i e B u x ytuiaAOB HHfloeBponeftcKoft
r p y n n u 3aK0Hy r i y a c c o H a , floKJi aAH AicaAeMHH Ha y K CCCP, 1947, t . LV, Sis 2.
Cp. TaK*e cneAywmHe HaCfliOAeHHJi: a*thh3 cj i oBa no KOJiHnecTBv cvioroB
SBâeTCH nocTOHHHOH ju in KawAoro H3biKa; cymecTByeT crporasi 3aBHCHM0CTb
MejKAy acroToft ynoTpeCjieHHH c a o b c AaHHhiM k o / h m c c t b o m caoroB h cpeAHefl
AflHHpft cnoBa; b flaThiniCKOM aa h i Ke, HanpHMep, cpeAHHH AJiHHa caoBa 2,14 cjjora,
npHreM caMbie AJiHHHwe côBa b ny^HUHCTHKe, caMue KoporKHe b no33HH
(T. H k y 6 a fi t h c. BepoHTHOCTHbie xapaKTepHCTHKH c j i o b c pa3HUM koj i h^gc t -
bom cjioroB b JiaTumcKOM H3UKe, H3b. AH JlaTB. CCP, Ns 7 (92), 1963 r.).
73
CTpamen kk ne 3nato hto! h j i h n y c r o e cpaHeHe c o m p a r a i s o n
t o u t f a i r e comme tout: Il est laid comme tout! (cm. ipa'aae.n
CpaBHeHHe, o Apyr nx h b j i c h h h x b cb3h c b 79 h
7 7 ) . C a j i h h o h c j i o b & HenocpeACTBeHHO CBH3aHH coKpameHHH, k
KOTOpbiM m u Tenepb h nepe&AeM.
32. CoKpameHHH. CoRpamai oTCH obmHo c j i oBa, npeBbrui atO-
m u e HopMaTHBHyio flJiHHy h HacTO noBTop uouiHecH. 3 t h ABa 4 >aKTO-
p a B COBOKynHOCTH HBJIHIOTCfl npHHHHO COKpameHHH. 0HaKO CJIO-
Ba, x o t h h n o a n a ^ a i o u t H e i i o a AeftCTBHe 3t o h npHUHHbi, h o c o c i a B-
JIHIOIHHe CMbICJIOBOH UCHTp B bllCK S 3 bIB 2H H H, ObUIHO He COHpaUtaKJT-
c s ( t 3 k , HanpuMep, b p e q u , c n e u n a j i b Ho Kacai omefi cH HHCTHTyra
HHOCTpaHHblX H3bIK0B, OH He yAeT H33BaH HHfl' 3). MaJIOH3ytieHHOe
e m e b j i h h h h c ceMaHTHqecKHx OTHOiueHH b K3Ke Ha nj i aH Bbipa-
JKCHHH TyT CKa3bIBaeTCH C nOJIHO CHJIO.
O h h h o cpeAHi oi o flJiHHy c j i o B a npeBbi mai OT 3KBHBajieHTbi
c j i o b cOBOcoHeTaHHfl. O h h - t o h nof l Bepr ai oTCH b n e p B y t o oue-
p e ^ b coKpameHHHM. CoKpa meHHH 6bi Bai oT p e ê Bbi e , t . e. )03HHKa*0-
m n e h p a c n a ^ a i o m u e c H b p e n n h c j i o Ba p e M HopMbi He 3 a Kp e n J i e H-
Hbe. OHH BrtOJIHe CpaBHHMbI x: Apyi' HMH HBJieHHHMK CJIOBOTBOpqeCT-
Ba h c ^ 0 B0 0 d p a 3 0 Ba HHH ( Ha n p HMe p , c KOHBepcHefi, c m. 3 5 ) :
4>paHuy3CKoe d ac b m c c t o d accord uder, aho; en cinq secs
BM8CT0 en cinq secondes e dea CKera, p y c c K o e onxop b m c c t o
ouenb xopouio. B oj ibui HHCTBe c j i y n a e B s t o CJiOBa h BbipaxceHHH
ui yr j i H' Bbi e, impHHaAJieaKamHe k $aMHJi bHpHOMy C t h j h o p e n n h j i h k
a p r o . ^ a m e B c e r o o h h p a c K p e i u i e H b i n o y3KHM c ouHa j i bHHM ctjse-
pa M. Ta K, b M0Ji0Ae}KH0M h CTyAeH' ecKOM H3biKe le prof BMe c r o
le professeur ; passer son bac b Ma c r o passer son baccalaurat
cdaTb 9K3M6H Ha aTTecTUT speAocru; le pre-aube BMe c r o le pre
aubergi st e HanaAbHUK MOAodeoKHO TypucrcKo 6a3bi ( lauberge
de la jeunesse) ; faire sa B. A. b m c c t o faire sa bonne action co-
eepuiTb xopouiu nocrynoK ( h 3 y c T a B a Co i cKayTOB) . B a p r o :
les inos = les inoccups ceoodHbie or paOT ( n o p e M H u H s c a p r o i ) ;
le beauf b m c c t o beau-frre uiypun, 3HTb; un beaujol = un (verre
de) Beaujolais cramn Kpacnozo euua Bookoas (oneHb p a c n p o -
CTpaHeHHor o b o OpaHUHH) ; le bnf b m c c t o bnfice apuui; le
dsert BMecTo dserteur de3eprup; embellemerd b m c c t o embar
rass d une belle-mre opeMeneHHbi reuê h t . n . 4 a c T b * e
HMeeT o j i e e h j i h MCHee o m e e xoJKweHHe: un dito = ditorial pe-
daKiiuoHHH CTaTbfi; un B. O. F. = un boeff npe3pHTeJi bHO MeiqaHUH
do M03za Kocre ( o t H33BaHHH SaKaJi eftHOH j i b b k h Beurre ufs
f romage) , c hho h hm picmard ; la G. D. B. = la gdb b m c c t o
la gueule de bois r p y o e nAoxoe caMonyecreue c noxMeAbsi; la
mto MereopoAOzmecKasi cAyoxa, iopo np02H030e, Mereoceod-
Ka; la dact yl o muiuhuctk, la stno cTenozpatpusi, CTenoepa-
CpUCTKa. HaCTb H3blK0BbIX COKpaUeHHH CTOJIb * e HOpMaTHBHO 3 a -
KpenJieHa 3 a TeM h ^ h h h h m npocêccHOHaJibHbiM a p r 0 H0 M: noM-
74
p e x noMomHUK peoKuccepa e rearpe, kuho; conpojuar conpo-
TUBAeniie MarepuaAoe, sapyeoKKa 3apy6eoKH.au Aureparypa; cp/ .
la simultane b m c c t o linterprtation simultane odHoepeMeHHbi
nepeeod c ohozo h3uk na dpyzo b cTyn.eHqecKOM H3HKe;
linterne b mc c t o interne des hpitaux crydeHT-MeduK, npoxoda-
iu,u npaxTUKy e oAbnune b w a p r o He m c a h k o b h t . n. Bo mho-
t k x c j y q a a x coKpameHHft h c x o a h t H3 nHCbMeHHoft peHH h a w e
npocTO H3 npa^HiKH h n 0T0 My, ywyqH inpaH3HeceHbiMH, b ycrHoft
4>pMe npHOpeTatOT CBOifcTBa a 6 c0Jii0TH0 h o b u x cj i ob, aeMOTH-
BHpOBaHHblX 3HaOB. CTpOrO TOBOpH, TaKHe CJIOBa He HMeiOT Kop-
h c h : W , HpeaebLHaHoe npoucuiecreue, U3 pnda eou emxo-
dnuêe cobirue (<J>aM.), les vcs WC earep-KA03eT (4>aM.);
un boeff B. O. F. h t. n. 3aMer aM, h t o b pyccKOM H3UKe, r ^ e ,
KaK b H3biKe CHHTeTHqecKOM, fljiHHa a i o B a b cpeflHeM 6 o; i bi ue, ueM
bo cJ)paHiiy3CK0M, OHa He HBjiaeTCH qacTHM noBOflOM k coKpameHHi o
h nor oMy peqeBhi x coKpameHH THna dac b pyccKOM MeHbme. Ha-
npoTHB, b HeM n p e o ^ a a a i OT , cpaBHHTeJibHo c <J)paHuy3CKHM, H3bi-
KOBbie fiyKBeHHbie coKpameHHH H np0H3B0AHbie o t h h x ai OBa.
B ueJioM * e B o n p o c 0 cjjopMe o i o B a b HopMe peMH e m e MaJio
i3yqeH, h no r o My m h orpaHHHHMCH 3Aecb TOJibKO cAe;iaHHbiMH 3a-
MeqaHHHMH.
CJIOBO KAK EflHHHIJA J1AHA BbIPAJKEHHJ
H OJ1AHA COflEPJKAHH
1. Cj i oBa KaK nacTH pe<w 1
33. PaajiHMHe cymecTBHTejibHoro h npHjiaraTejibHoro BHyrpH
x a i e r o p HH HMeHH. BHyTpH KaTeropHH h m c h b o 4>paHuyacKOM H3bi-
k e npHJiaraTeî bHoe c b h 3 3 h o c cymecTBHTejibHbiM uejfbiM p k a o m
nepexoAHHx 4>opM, TorAa KaK b pyccKOM r p a HHu a o j i e e pe3Ka.
IIosTOMy 3Aecb HeoxoAHMC noAqepKHyTb HMeHHO nepexoAHbi e (f)op-
tMbi, crJiast HBaHHe pa3JiHqHH h rpaHHU-
OpaHuy3CKOMy H3biKy CB0ftcTBeHH0 opaaoBaHHe cymecTBH-
TJibHbix o t npHaraTeJi bHbi x ( h .npHMaicTH) un slavisant
yneHbL-CAaeucT, les francisants cneiûaAUCTbi no <ppani{y3CKOMy
n3biKy, un mendiant huui,u, un malade oAbHO, ma belle
mo h tcpacoma ( $ a M . ) . 3 t o t x e c n o c o H3BecreH h pyccKOMy: pa-
O'iU, TpydHUÛCH, OAbHO (OAbHO Mb HOB), eZAbl, eyAH-
u{ax, cTapax (CttoAbKo Aer ree, crapan?) h t . n. 3 t o HBJieHHe
h o c h t Ha3BaHHe KOHBepcHH. KoHBepcHH ( d r i v a t i o n i m p r o p r e )
0pa30BaHHe HOBoro cjiOBa H3 y x e HMeiomerocH ai OBa hj i h cj i obo-
coqeTaHHa 6e3 KaKHx-ji no H3MeHeHH h x Mopc{>ojiorHqecKoro coc-
TaBa.
Bo $paHuy3CK0M npHJiaraTejibHbie cycTaHTHBHpyiOTCH jierne,
qeM b pyccKOM, KaK Mbi BHfle^H ( une plaisanterie bte ZAynan
1 TeopeTHqecKHe o c h o b w cpaBHeHHa c j i o b AByx h 3u k o b no pa3pflaM acTefi
peuH npeAcraB.ieHbi b o BBeaeHHH ( 29).
75
luyTKa, H3 b t e Mueomoe; un pas cochon cK.BepH.aa. ebixodm,
une a t t i t ude cochonne aceepnoe OTHOuienue H3 cochon nopoce-
hok h t . n . ) h npHJiaraTeJibHbie H3 npHMacTHfi (entre payante
nATHbi exod, une robe voyante xpnoe nAarbe; un manteau
habill napnduoe naAbro h t . n . ) . TaKHe npHJiaraTeî bHbi e He
mnb' KO nonc>;iHfliOT c.aoBapHbift paapHfl cymeerBHreJibHboc [te
beau), h o h Ha aHHbiH cj i yqaH. OpHMepaMH n oai eHer o cj i yj Kar
HecKOJibKO t h i i o b : a) cest un timide oh 3acTemu8bi uejioeeK,
6) l imprvu nenro neooicudaHHoe, HeooKudaHHoeTb, te grave
hchto cepbe3Hoe, onacnocTb, b) quelque chose de bon etcycneHb-
Koe h t . n. , r ) ce quil y a de g r a v e onacno t o, hto... T o x e oco-
6bi S ' Ciiyqaft cy6cTaTHBaiiHH, Tan n a n n o c y r a a e ^ a s t o s k b h b s
JieiiT ( h j i h TpaHCtjJopMauHH) cycTaHTHBHpoBaHHoro npHJi araTeJ b-
Horo b THne te grave cest... onacno to, ht o. . . .
OcofiblH poifl KOIBeplCHH, He H3BeCTHbIH ipyCCKOMy H3MKy, COCTaE-
jisiOT CTpaAaTe^bHbie npHqacTHH b po;iH cymecTBHTe^bHHX co 3Ha-
qeHHeM aêcTBa: le fini 3aK0meHH0CTb paoTbt, ordeAKa, le
model peAbecp, Aenica (popMbi, statue dun model trs exact
h t . n. Hx oqeHb mhoto b jkhbo coBpeMeHHoft peMH, h, kohcmho,
ajieKO He Bce ohh ({>HKCHpyioTC5 cjioBapHMH. Cp.: ...cette petite
porte dans lpaisseur du mur au fond du clotre... en bois sombre,
en chne massif, dlicieusement arrondie, polie par le temps..
cest cet arrondi surtout qui lavait fascine... (Nathalie Sarraut.
Le plantarium).
3 4 . CycTaHTHBHbr c t h j i l . B o j i b i u a a cMOHHOOTb k cycTaHTK-
BauHH n p H J i a r a i e J i b H b i x H a p n ^ y c b h c o k o h qacTOTHocTbi o c y m e c T -
BHTeJibHbix x a p a K x e p Hb i e q e p r a <J)paHuy3CKOH HopMbi >. H m h
c.03aeTCH T3K Ha3UBaeMH cycTHTHBHbiH CTHJib ( s t y l e s u b s t a n
t i f ) . .J1H HJIJIIOCTpaUHH e r o np HBe a e M HeCKOJIbKO 33MeTOK H3 33-
n a o Hb i x 'KHH5K6K nHcaTej i H M. ) K y a H H o 2. Mbi aCTHTaeM h h x He-
o b n i Ho e c t o t c h 3peHHH p y c c K o r o H3biKa KOJiHqecTBO c y m e -
CTBHTeJibHbix h cycTHTHBHpoBaHHHX b pa 3Hof t CTeneHH n p w j i a r a -
re^bHbix:
...Ce qui fait l attrait du style, cest l'imprvu, l absence
dapprt, la rigueur ou le soupon de quelque mystre. Le plus
grand mrite de lcrivain, cest peut-tre de se tenir la li
mite de l obscurit qui avoisine e t accompagne toujours les secrets.
1A. L o m b a r d . Les constructions nominales dans le franais moderne.
Ups al a Stockholm, 1930 (c noapoHoft 6 H 6 / i n o r p a 4 > H e f t ) ; V. B r n d a l . Le
franais l angue abstraite, P , 1935 III. B a ji ,i h Omasi ji HHrBHCTHKa n Bonpo-
c h 4>panuy3CKoro s 3WKa, 591, 592; 10. C. C e n a H o B . 0 napTHTHBHOM onpe-
aeêHHH b ji3thhckom, HenaHeKOM h cjapaHuyscnoM H3UKax, H a y u r a e AOK/ianu
Bbi c mef t niKojihi, <njio.iornHecKHe HayKH, Ns 2, 1959 h Mei aonHcarae b ncropn-
yecKOH rpa.MMaTHKe, BecTHHK MocKOBCKoro yHHBepCHTeTa, K? 2, 1962 k
3AeCb pHJIOJKeHHe.
2 M. J o u h a n d e a u . Carnets de lcrivain. NRF, Gallimard, pp 42, 43.
76
de savoir tre indit, dapprocher l ineffable, sans renoncer la
clart...Quand il sagit de l ntelligible, de l indicible, cest alors
que le langage est le plus troublant, sil sait suggrer ce qui ne
lui est pas permis davouer ou de formuler.
H a pyccKOM H3biKe TpyAHO c e 6 e npeACTBHTb s t o t KycoK, Aame
b ne pe s o Ae , x o t k 6 h n 0 T0 My, h t o p y c c s ui e acTpaKTHbie cymecTBH*
TejibHbie m o h o t o h h h n o OKOHHaHHHM. Cp . : EHOrpa<|>HH flyniKHHa
<5bi,na HanncaHa H3mkom MajieHWKoro n p o p a a , n m i i y m e r o o 6>hc-
eHHH k CMere Ha noGTpoftKy HpnHHHO KJiaAOBKH ibo ABOpe. Ma-
Tepnaj i bHoe oecneneHHe h TaK AaJiee. B o a h o h 4>pa3e ecTb:
BCTynjieHHe, anaj xeHue, BMHCHeHHe h e m e KaKoe-TO emi e,
3aMeqaeT H. Hjib4> b 3anHCHoft k h h * k 6 *. B o 3Moj khochh cyf i er aH'
t h b h o t o c t h j i h b pyccKOM H3HK r o p a s a o orpaHHneHHee.
BnponeM b KaHueJinpcKOM ero BapnaHTe ( h o TOJibKO b s t o m
BapnaHTe) s t o t crajib h bo $paHuy3CK0M np0H3B0AHT OTpnuaTejib-
Hoe neiHaTJieHHe: le droit lobtention dune pension bmcto le
droit pension; on peut stonner de la non-application de la
dcision du Conseil municipal BMecTO on peut stonner que la
dcision du Conseil municipal ne soit pas applique2.
35. CHHTaKCHMecKaa xoHBepcHn b o <j>paHuy3CKOM 3 U K e . Ha
npHMepe n e p e x o / i a npHJiaraTeJibHbix h npHnacTHH b cymecTBHTejih-
Kbie mm n03H3K0MHJiHCb c KOHBepcHeft. E c j i h Hopoe CJIOBO, 0 0 pa 3 0-
BaHHoe c noMombi o KOHBepCHH, OTJiHnaeTCH o t npe>KHero, KpoMe
3HaiHeHHH, 0B0HMH CHHTaCHlH0OKHMH t^yH'KUHHMH, TO TOVA &T0 IKOH-
BepCHH Henoj i naH, CHHTaKCHHecKaH, ecjiH m e c j i o b o npHOpeTaeT h
CJI0B0K3MeHHTejIbHbie (J)OpMH H0 B0H HaCTH peHH, TO 3T0 KOHBepCHH
n oj i Ha s .
OCTaHOBHMCH Te n e p b Ha HeiIOJIHO, CHHTaKCHHeCKO KOHBepCHH,
Ko r o p a n b o 4>paHny3CKOM H3biKe pacr i pocTpaHeHa r o p a a a o uiHpe,
neM b pyccKOM, h TeM caMMM npeACTaBJiaeT c o o h OAHy H3 caMbix
xapaKTepubi x nepT coBpeMeHHoft 4>paHii.y3CKO& p e .
C HIH T 3IKCHH CK 3 H HanOJIHaH KOHBepCHH B paOTOBOpHOM CTfl-
Jie penn AeftcTByeT b o Bcex HanpaBJieHHnx: o t cjioBocoHeTaHHH k
cymecTBHTejibHOMy ses oui-mon-chri ee da, dopozo; o t c j io -
BocoHeTHHH k npHJiaraTejihHOMy vieux-jeu crapoModubiu, ancien
rgime dopeeositonuoHHbi, dernier cri onenb MOHbi, aspect
trs dix-neuvime eud coeceM e dyxe XIX eeica; o t cymeereH-
TeJibHoro k npHJiaraTejibHOMy aspect trs guerre coeceM eoeHHbi
eud h o t npHJiarareJibHoro k cymecTBHTejibHOMy cest un timi
de o h 3acTemu8bi KeAoeeK.
HeCMOTpH Ha TO, HTO HBJieHHe KOHBepCHH UIHpOKO H3BeCTH0,
1 H. H n b E. n e t p o b . Co6p. coq., t . V, CTp. 223.
2 I l p HMe p b i H3 KHHrH R. G e o r g i n. Jeu de mots. De lorthographe aa
style, d. A. Bonne, P., 1957, p. 160.
77
o h o onHbiBaeTCH a o c h x n o p >j h c t o SMnupKHecKH, b o t j i h mh c o r
a<j)4>HKcajibHoro cjiOBOopa30BaHHH, i\ ne AOCTHrHyro r o p a s A o oj i ee
CTporoe onHcaHHe c noMombi o i i o h h t h h cjioBOOpa30BaTejibHoft on-
03HUHH.
CjiOBOopasoBaTejibHOH onno3HUHen Ha3biBaeM na pHoe c o o t h o -
rneHHe Byx cj i ob npoH3s oAHmer o h n p 0H3B0AH0 r 0, 3aKJiiOHaK>
m e e b c e 6 e npoAyKTHBHbifi c n o c o h j i h MOAeJib cJiOBOofipasoBaHHH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, THnHHHaH CMbICJIOBaH CBH3b H 3ByK0B0e COOTHO-
rneHHe Me>KAy qjieHaMH HenpeMeHHan nepTa onno3HUHH. OAHaKe
He cj ieAyeT noHHMaTb 3Ty qepTy KaK p e r y j i a p Ho noBTOpHromeecH
cooTHomeHHe o a h h x h r e x x e 3ByKOB h j i h A a x e (J)OHeM.
B cJiyqaHX r a n a porter : porteur, travailler : travailleur h t . n.
HaJiHUo, AeflcTBHTejibHO, cooTHomeHHe o c h o b h c o a h h m h TeM >kc
MarepnavibHbiM asyiKOBbiM KOMiuieKCOM eur. H o cymecTBeHHHM
npH3HaK0M C/IOB006pa30BaTeJlbH0 MOAGJIH, 3aKJlK)qeHH0ft b cj i obo-
06pa3BaTeJIbH0H 0nn03HUHH, HBJIHeTCH He TOT HJIH HHOft MaTepH-
a J i bHu sjieMeHT, a c noc o np0H3B0ACTBa h o b o t o cj i oBa K TaK, Ha-
npHMep, HempoiAy.KTHBHbiH Te ne pb THin cjiOBOo6pa30BaHHH fon
dre : fonte, descendre : descente, rendre : rente, aller : alle, en
trer : entre, jeter : jete h t . n. , HecMor pa Ha pa3JiH4He cy(J><j)HKCOB,
HecoMHeHHo ecTb o a h h h t t >Ke THn, TaK KaK c n o c o np0H3B0ACTBa
HBoro c j i oBa bo Bcex npHBeAeHHbix o n n o 3HUHHx o a h h h t t e
((J)opMa CTapo(J)paHuy3CKoro npnqacTHH) .
HcT0 JiK0 BaHH0 e TaKHM 0pa30M noHHTHe cj i 0B00pa30BaTeJi b-
h o h onno3HUHH a o j i j k h o biTb Hcn0Jib30BaH0 h a j i h oj i e e c ' r p o r o r o
OnHCaHHH CHHTaKCHqeCKOH KOHBepCHH. H HMeHHO TOH OCOOH h Ma-
j i o HccjieAOBaHHofl e e c}>opMbi, KOTopyro Ha30BeM uertHoft KOHBep-
c n e . IIpHMepoM e e cJi yxHT cj ieAyiomHfi pHA nocj ieAOBaTeibHbix
npeo6pa30saHH:
1) voyage demi-tarif npoe3d co c k u k o ; 3Aecb demi-ta-
rif cymecTBHTeJibHoe, CTOHmee b i i o 3 h u h h onpeAeJieHHH Ap y r o r o
cymecTBHTe/ i buor o, npcAJi or yKa3HBaeT Ha caMocTOHTeJibHOCTb
demi-tarif.
2 ) voyage demi-tarif c TeM * e 3HaiieHHeM, ho b s t o m c j i y q a e
demi-tarif yjKe npHJi ar aTej i bHoe, e r o a m e e Ha CTyneHH Hen0JiH0 H,
CKHTaKCHMeCKOH KOHBepCHH H3 cymecTBHTej ibHoro.
3) voyager demi-tarif nyreuiecTeoeaTb hj i h UMerb npaeo
npoe3da co c k u k o , npHJi ar aTej i bHoe, t . e. onpeACJieHHe npHHMen-
a o e , AeJiaeTCH TaKJKe nyTeM HenojiHoft KOHBepCHH onpeAej i e-
HHeM npHrji aroj ibHWM, HapenneM.
TaKaH u e n Ha a KOHBepCHH CBOCTBeHHa pa3r0B0pH0My c t h j i o
4>paHuy3CK0H p e n n h ocoeHHo e r o pa3roBopHo-(J)aMHJibHpHo p a 3-
h o b h a h o c t h . Cp. TaKJKe: 1) ptisserie de la maison tpupMeHHbi
1 Cp. M u c j i b A. H. Cmh ph h uk o i -o o t o m , wt o 4>opMyj i a CJi0Ba T0)Ke q a c r b
e r o cof l e pa c a HHH, KaK h Ma T e p Ha . i b Hu e KMnoHeHTW. 3 t o m o j k h o c p a a HHTb c TeM,
m ) y TOce/ i 2 1 , 3 1 , 4 1 , 51 h t . a . ec- n. o 6m . e e h x cpopMyj i a: l O a + b (JleKCHKO-
j i orHH a H r j i Hf t c Ko r o s n t i K a , M, 1956, d p . 1 9 . )
78
TOpr (b pe c To pa He ) , 2) ptisserie mai son h 3) se battre
maison npynm nodparbCH ' .
TaKHM o6pa3GM, n e p e a h3mh uenoHKa cymecTByjouiHX b 'peru
npeo6pa30BaHH: voyage demi-tarif voyage demi-tarif voya
ger demi-tarif. 3 t o HBJieHHe coBepmeHHO noAoHC) cJi0B00pa30-
BaTejibHofi uenorKe b a^ HKc a j i b HOM CJi0B006pa30BaHHH: colo
nie coloniser dcoloniser dcolonisation. Cj i 0B006pa30Ba-
Teji bHan uenorKa b ji soom cjiyrafe MomeT 6bm> pa3HTa Ha napHbie
cjT0B00pa30BaTejibHbie onno3HUHH:
1) voyage demi-tarif: voyage demi-tarif
2) voyage demi-tarif : voyager demi-tarif.
TaKHM 06pa30M, n a m a 3aaar a 3aKJiioraeTCH Tenepb b t o m, qr o-
6 bi ycTaHOBHTb, aiKOQa o m a n cj30Bo6pa3OBaTejibHaH MOAeJib, hjih
0TH0meHHe, hj i h 4>opMyji a, cKpbiTaa b KawAOH H3 s t h x AByx on-
n03HHHH.
Cj i 0B006pa30BaTej i bHaH MOAeJib nepBOH onno3HUHH BOBce h c
HBJIHeTCH HOBO&. OHa 3aAaHa TeM HCKOHHO 4)paHUy3CKHM HBJieHHeM,
KOTopoe moj kho Ha3BaTb onpomeHHeM cocTaBHbi x c j i ob c npeAJio-
roM. Cp. 2:
* robe de lainage
* chou fleurs
* police de secours
thtre de varits
* timbre de poste
assurance sur la vie
assurance contre le
chmage
* assurance contre la
vieillesse
mepCTHHoe nna-
Tbe
lieernafi Kanyc-
ra
cnacaTeAbHan
CAyoKa noAU-
1{UU
acTpadHbi re-
arp
noHTOean uap-
tca
crpaxoeame
0KU3HU
crpaxoeanue ua
CAyna 6 e,3-
paOTUUfbl
crpaxoeanue
ah . oecne-
nenm crapo-
CTU
robe-lainage
- chou-fleur
police-secours
thtre-vari
t s 3
timbre-poste
assurance-vie
( p a 3 r . )
assurance-
chmage
assurance-
vieillesse
1 3 t o t npHMep b apyrofi CBH3H npHBeae H y F. B a r. Superlatifs et inten
sifs dans le franais daujourdhui, Le Franais moderne, t. 20, n 1, 1952,
p. 38.
2 3naK * o a t m a e T , h t o noMeqeHHue h m t()OpMU c j i o b b coBpeMeHHOM S3UKe
He ynoTpeJiHHDTCfl.
! llpHMepbi H3 c t aTbh J. Ma r o u z e a u . Entre adjectif et substantif, Le
Franais moderne, t. 22, n 3, 1954.
79
K 3 T0 My- rany 6 j i h3 0 k f l pyr of t , T a K x e h c k o h h h h r a n , r a e BTopoe
cymecTBHTeji bHoe no nponcxo>KAeHHio He onpeAeji eHHe, a npKJio>ne-
HHe k nepBOMy:
canne-fusil c numum, 6 yKB. y donna-
pyocbe
canne-sige c k a h o cryA, d y m TpocTb-
cryA
mari-modle o6pa3noebi MyoK
contrat-type runoeo ozoeop
femmes-fleurs 0KeHW,UHbi, oderue no ocoo
Mode (TepMHH a r e j i b e moa)
h t . n.
B OTJIHHHe OT KOHBepCHH OnpOmeHHe He HaCTOJIbKO npoayKTHB-
Hoe HBjieHHe, h t o S m roBopamHH Mor y n p o ma Tb TaKHM opaaoM
cj i oBa b p e q n n o cocTBeHHOMy >KejiaHHio. O n p o me H He HBjieHne
He TOJibKO cHHTarMaTHqecKoro, pe ne Bo r o , h o h napaAHrMaTHnecKoro
nopHAKa. Ka KAoe onpomeHHoe c j i o b o c0UH3JibH0 onps BAaHo
jt],Ba c j i ob a question h ct peryjiHpHO a s o t 0pa30BaHHH
o np o me HHo r o THna, ho b CHJiy 3Toro caMH TepniOT 3HaqeHHe cy-
mecTBHTejibHMx, 0 AH0 BpeMeHH0 c noTe pe f i apTHKJiH, h ynoAoJi n-
i o t c h npeAJi or y (noAOHbift n e p e x o A n0JiH03H3HHbix cymecTBHTeJib-
HblX B npeAJIOrH HCKOHHO npHCym pOM3HCKHM H3HK3M, cp. JiaT.
causa u3-3a, grat i a p a u ) . Cp. pa3r. Il ne peut pas venir,
question ppet t es Oh ne MOMer npuexarb, ece U3-3a denez. JIh-
Te pa r y pna H HopMa Tpei yer nipeAJiora de : question d'argent. Cp.
Ta Kx e : ct famille tout va bien, ct travail, non pa 3 r . s o t h o -
uienuu ceMbu ece 6AaaonoAyH.no, e oTHouienuu p a o m ner,
BMecTO du ct de la famille, du ct du travail.
r i p o u e c c onpomeHHH cocTaBHbi x c j i ob noAKpenjmeTCH TaKme
H3ApeBjie cymecTBytomHM r anoM H3BaHH: cocTBeHHoe hmh rrpH-
coeAHHaeTCH k HMeHH cymecTBHTe^bHOMy 6 e 3 noMomn npeAJi ora
( o t CTa po ^pa Huy a c Ko r o Koo&eHHoro . nsiAeacs, c p . L Htel-Dieu),
HanpHMep, Muse Antoine Bourdelle. B h33B3hhhx yjiHii, c o 6 cTBeH-
Hoe hmh BOcnpHHHMaeTCH KaK npHJiaraTejibHoe k cjiOBy y A u u , a , nAO-
l l^ adb, H COOTBeTCTBQHHO 9T0My HMH H (j)aMHJIHH nHIXiyTCH q e p e 3
sepTOHKy: Place Gabriel-Pri, avenue Victor-Hugo ( c p . HanHcaHHe
la lie du vin, ho toffe lie-de-vin). Ecjih nepeA cocTBeHHbiM ime-
HeM B H33B3HHH yJIHUbl HJIH IJJIOmaAH CTOHT THTyjI, TO 3TO MeiHaeT
noHHTb h m h KaK n p o c To e npHJiaraTCJibHoe, h coxpaHaeTCH pa3AeJi b-
HOe H3nHC3HHe.
CJi0B006pa3QBaTeji bHaH MOAeJib BTOpofi onno3HUHH voy age de-
mi-tarif : voyager demi-tarif TaKKe 3 aA3 Ha b ApyroM h c k o h h o
4>paHuy3CKOM HBJieHHH c y me c TB0 B3 HHH o c o o h r pynnbi n p n j i a -
raTeji bHbi x, t . e. npHHMeHHbix onpeAeJieHHH, peryjmpHO ynoTpeJi s-
1 Cm. }K. M a p y 3 0 . yna3. coq., erp, 166.
80
i oi i udcch b H0 3 HHHH HapewHft, t . e. aiipeAeJieiHHft npHrjiaroJibHbi'c.
Cp.: parler franais soeopuTb no-<ppanu,y3CKU, parler haut eo-
eopuTb 2 p 0 M K 0 , crier fort Kpmarb epOMKO, tenir ferme dep-
sKaTbca. c t o k o , tenir bon depotcarbcn m o a o i ^ o m , penser gros
rKpynno MbicAurb, voir rouge euderb ece a KpoeaeoM csere,
voir juste dozadaTbCH, rire jaune cMembca npunyoKdenno,
rapporter gros npunocurb Kpynnu doxod, coter cher crourb
opoeo.
Ka.KOBO 6bl HH bIJIO HCTOpHHeCKOe npOHCXO>KAeHHe OOpOTOB
THna parler franais, o h h b coBpeMeHHOM H3biKe 0T03KAecTBJiHK>TCH
c KOHBepCHeH. ( I I o a o h o STOMy, HanpHMep, c j i o b o opration, npea-
CTaBJiHiomee coo npHMoe 33HMCTBOBaHHe H3 jiaTHHCKoro h no
npoKcxomjieHHK) HHKaK n e CBA3aHHoe c TJiaroJiOM oprer, b coBpe-
MeHHOM 53biKe BocnpHHHMaeTCH KaK np0H3B0 flH0 e o t rjiarojia. Bo-
o 6me b cHCTeMe cji0B00pa30BaHHH b c h h x p o h h o m nJiaHe sacTO
0dpa3yf0TCH npOTyxuiHBbie accomsauHH, HHKorAa He cymecTGOBas-
niHe b npe/ib;ayme HCTOpHH.) 3 t o AOKa3biBaeTCH h TeM, hto yc-
ToftHHBbie coqeTaHHH, HanpHMep, tenir bon, ferme b coBpeMeHHOM
H3bme nopGKflaiOT ojiee c b o o a h h c coreTaHHH t o me MOAejm.
Cp.: tenir solide o t npHJiaraTejibHoro solide c TeM me 3HaMeHHeM,
discuter ferme Kpynno nocnopurb.
OnHcaHHbie 3Aecb cj i 0B006pa30BaTej i bHMe MOfleJiH, pa3-bHCHHio-
lUHe uenHyio CHHTaKCHHecKyio KOHBepcHio, MoryT biTb Aajiee KpaT-
k o 3anHcaHbi b BHAe 0TH0uieHH cji0B00pa30BaTejibHbix onno3Hun,
t . e. b BHAe KaK 6 bi CJi0B00pa30BaTeJibHbix nponopnHH, KOTOpbie
roBOpHniH pemaeT b pera:
1) timbre de poste : timbre-postevoyage demi-tarif : X
X voyage demi-tarif .
2) un cri fort: crier fort un voyage demi-tarif: X
X=voyager demi-tarif
B pyccKOM cjioBoopaaoBaHHH HMeeTCH HBJieHHe, noxomee Ha
uennyio xoHBepCHio bo 4>paHuy3CK0M. TaK, pyccKHe npHJiaraTejib-
Hbie t h m ceoeepeMennbi, ocAoenbi, nadoMHbi (paornuK), no-
eOAoenbi, noe3eoHbi, nadoKonnuix, napyKaenbi h t . n. mojkho
paccMaTpHBaTb KaK oTHocHTejibHbie npHJiaraTeJibHbie, 0pa30BaH-
HHe He o t OTAeJiLHbix cjiob, a o t cjioBocoqeTaHHK: 3 ceoe epeMX,
do CAoea, na oMy h t . A- Hmchho 3Ta nepra pyccKoro H3biKa
CTpeMJieKne 06pa30BbiBaTb cy4xf)HKcajibHbie neJibho o<|)opMJieHHbie
CJioBa o t ycTOHHHBbix cjiOBOcoreTaHHft npemAe Bcero OTJiHraeT
hx o t 4>paHny3CKoro. CpaBHHM cJieayromHH paA:
L npHr J i ar oj i bHoe onpeAeJ i eaHe nepeeeA do CAoea
2. npHHMeHHoe onpeAeJieHHe nepeeod docAOBHbl
3. BTopHHHoe npHrJiairojib'Hoe onpeAeJieHHe (cyiuecrayi omee ne
iscenAa) nepeeeA docjioeuo
81
OpasoBaHHe d o c A o e n o m docAOBHbi npeACTaBJiaeT c o o h ko h-
BepcHro, ho ocoor o poAa, npocTO nepeBOAfliuyio c j i o bo b Apyroft
rpaMMaTHMecKHH KJiacc h He MeHHiomyio er o cMbicjia. 3 t o KaK 6u
nycTan KOHBepCHH, He o6pa3yromaH ho bo t o cjioBa.
pyr oe OTJiHWHe pyccKoft ueno^KH ot 4>paHity3CKoft 3aKJHoaeT-
ch b tom, mto b pyccKOM hcxoahoS tomkoh HBJiaeTca npHrJiaroJibHoe
onpewejieHHe, o c|)paHuy3'KOM JKe npHHMCHHoe. OoHQBHoe Ha-
npaBJieHHe KOHBepCHH bo <f>paHU,y3CK0M opaTHoe no cpaBHeHHK) c
pyccKHM. KoHBepCHH He b ApyroM HanpaBJieHHK ot npHivtaroJib-
HOH H03HUHH K IlpHHMeHHOH BO C})paHUy3CKOM 3aTpyAHeHa. XTH B
3tom H3biKe npnrj i aroj i bHoe cji0B0C0qeTaHHe h motkct CTaTb no
cnoc oy CHHTaKCHqecKoft KOHBepCHH onpeAeJieHHeM HMeHH cp.
t r a d u i r e m o t m o t n e p e e o d u T b o c a o b h o , t r a d u c t i o n m o t
m o t n e p e s o d docAOBHbi, a c c o m p l i r t e m p s BbinoAHUTb c e o e -
BpeMenno, a c c o m p l i s s e m e n t t e m p s c e o e e p e M e u n o e e u n o A n e -
HUe OAHaKO (4T0 OCOeHHO B3JKHO 33MeTHTb nepeBOA^HKaM H
Boome pyccKHM, H3yqaiomHM 4)paHuy3CKHfi 53Uk) (J>paHuy3CKH
h3hk CTpeMHTca npH 3tom coxpaHHTb npHrjiarojibHyio 4>opMy on-
peAeJieHHH npH HMeHH. 3 t o oqeHb Ba>KHoe naSjiioAeHHe, KOTopoe
nocJiy^HT HaM aj i h AajibHefiiiiero, yKa3biBaeT Ha to, *ito 4>paHuy3-
CKH H3bIK CTpeMHTCH K C03Aa HHK) yCTOHHHBblX (HeAHCKpeTHUX, He-
pa3Jio)KHMbix) coqeTaHH1. TaK, HanpHMep, Macro m o u v e m e n t a c
c o m p l i e n s e n s i n v e r s e 6yKB. dBuotcenue, c o e e p u i e n n o e e 06p a r -
n y i o c r o p o n y , nonnTHoe deuot cenue, npeAncmHTeJibHee, qeM m o u v e
m e n t e n s e n s i n v e r s e 6e3 npHwacra; t r a d u c t i o n faite m o t
m o t nacTO npeAnoqTHTeJibHee, neM t r a d u c t i o n m o t m o t h t . n.
HanpoTHB, pyccKHH H3MK, HMeiom.H ocobi H pa 3 p a A npHJia-
raTejibHbie, B03HHKUiHe H3 npnr j i ar oj i bHbi x cjiOBOcoqeTaHHH ( d o -
cAOBHbL), npeAnoMHTaeT hmchho hx ajih onpeAeJieHHH HMeHH. Cp.:
CAaeuTbCH no CMepTU CABa nocM.epTH.an; nATUTb no Keapra-
a m nAara noKeapTaAbHan. npmviarojibHoe w;e onpeAejieHHe b
no3Hii,HH n p HMeHH AonycKae Tca TOJibKO np n OTCyTCTBHH c n e u n -
aJibHo npHHMeHHoro AwuTb do zpoa Atooeb do epoa ( do-
epOHH AK)608b HeB03M0>KH0) HJIH B TOM CJiyâe, KOrAa B HMeHH
coxpaHneTCH rjiarojibHOCTb, cp. c y ^ e c T e o e a n u e 3a apooM h otcu3Hb
s a a p o u a a , n e p e e o d d o c A o e n u H h n e p e e o d ( k k npou, ecc n e p e e o -
d a ) docAOBHO2.
1 II osTOMy H 3 y q a T t , TeoperH>ecKH noHHMan h npocTO 3ayTOBaTi> n a K 3ycTb
cjioBocoêTHHH OCOeHHO BawHo flJiH pyccKHX, aceâoiHHx oBâAeTb 4>paHuy3-
CKHM H3UK0M.
2 r i poBeaeHHbi e b caMoe nocj i eAHee BpeMH Hcc.ieAOBaHHH noicasbtBaiOT, xjto
yKaaaHHan 3Aecb HopMa HaqHHaeT MeHHTbCH, npHr j i ar oj i bHoe onpeAej i eHHe Bce wa-
me CTaHOBHTCH npHHMeHHbiM: u c n o Ab 3 o a a r b seMAu n o d p u e 3bm.a u n o d p u e , pe-
i y Au p o B T b 6 A a e y g n o n e e e Aa e a e n o n e e BMecro noH8eHH.an g j w a a u t . n! U 5
3 t o m cm. H. K). III b e a 0 b a. O HeKOTOpwx aKTHBHbix n p o u e c c a x b coBpeMeHnoM
pyccKOM CHHTaKCHCe, Bonpocw H3HK03HaHHH, Ns 2, 1964, CTp. 4. O HeKOTOpbrX
HOBeHLUHX HBAHHflX BO (})paHUy3CKOM H3HKe, B03HHKIUHX nOA BJTHTHHeM aHrjIHH-
CKoro, cm. E 11 e m b 1e. Parlez-vous franglais ? NRF, Gallimard, P., 1964, p. 161
etc. [KOppeKTypHQH c h o c k ) .
82
36. CTHJIHCTHHeCKOe 3HaHCHHe KOHBepCHH. CHiHTaKCHHeCKa5)
KOHBepCHH, ynoTpe J i e HHa n b Me py, CBOHCTBeHHa JiHTepaTypno-pa3-
r o B o p n o My c mn i o , HHTeJiJiHreHTHo 4>paHuy3CK0& peqn Haui Hx flHefi,
a b Hpe3MepHOM KOJiHHeCTBe xapaKTepH3yeT H3biK choob. B Ka-
iecTBe HJjnocxpauHH npHBeAeM o t p h b o k H3 HpoHireecKoro onepKa
D e s s n o b i s m e s . . . 1. Tepofi n r epowHH ero, Bbi/ieauine Ha CBeT h i
KaKOrO-HHyb ABOpHHCKOrO THe3Aa, OTnpaBJIHIOTCH Ha pbIH'OK
3biHpaTb CTapHHHbie Beuw. 3 t o Ma r c h a u x puce s Bjiouih-
Hbifi p u h o k noAOHe CTapo mockobckoA mnKytiKH y CyxapeB-
cxoS auiHH.
Daisy Frott de Grandmonde, veste de daim, foulard d'Her-
ms, visite la foire aux puces avec son beau-frre Fred (en velours
ctes) un dimanche matin.
D a i s y : ...Je vois quelque chose de trs 25, tenez, cette lampe
est idale.
Elle discute un a b a t - j o u r t a ng o pois noirs mont sur fer
forg-
F r e d : Tiens ! La comtesse de Paris et quelques-uns de ses en
fants...
D. : Cachons-nous ! Pas de rvrence dans la banlieue rouge!
F. : Au fond, le peuple a trs bon esprit, mais ces nords-afri-
cains ne laissent pas de m'inquiter.
D. : Cette console est divine... Combien ? Cinquante mille, mais
cest fou, Fred, it looks very Second Empire !
L a m a r c h a n d e : Non, Madame, cest du p u r L ou i s XV.
D. : Si elles se mettent parler anglais maintenant...
F. : Voil un X2 qui nest pas le contraire de ce quon pourrait
aimer.
D. Trs Gr o u s s a y 3. Pourquoi pas une s a l l e de bains
L ou i s XIII ?
F. : Je suis assez pour, mais le 1900 est tout de mme plus
drle...
D. : Je rve du hall Fourcade. meubl es n o u i l l e s et t e n t ur e s
p i st a c h e s ...
$ 3biK 3 t h x rpoTecK' HHx meipconameH He b MeHbiueH CTeneHH, qeM
o a e a u a ( f o u l a r d d H e r m s h npoq. ) h Bce moBewefHHe (cTpax p a -
SoneM KpacHOM nonce riapHJKa caeJiaTb peBepaHC n e p e a r pa^ w-
Heft IlspHKCKOH h t . a . ) , 'BbinaeT hx couHaJiyHyio npHHaAJieWHOCTb.
37. PasjiHHHe acr paKTHbi x h k o h k p t h w x c j i o b BHyrpH Ka e -
ropHH cymecTBHTebHoro. CymecTBHTejibHoe h apTHXjjb. E c j i h n p n -
EHTb 3a HcxoAHyK) t o iikv acTpaKTHoe cymecTBHTe^bHoe c o n p e -
1 Cm. acypHaji Adam, jui njuilletaot 1958, p. 96.
2 un XKpecjio b <popMe X.
11 Groussay cfiaMMHH xyAoacHHKa-AeKopaTopa.
83
AeJieHHbiM apTHKJieM, KaK o6o3Ha*ieHHe KanecTBa (HanpHMep, la
dmocratie deMOtcparun) , t o <J)paHuy3CKH& H3biK AonycKaex a b o -
Hoe ABHweHHe: c o a h o CTOpoHbi HeonpeAeJieHHbiH apTHKJib eAHH-
CTBeHHoro HHCuia hj i h apTHKJiH M'HOJKecTBeHHoro HHCJia ( une d
mocratie deMOKpaTUHecKax crpana, les dmocraties deMoupa-
TmecKue crpanbi), c a p y r o f t apTHKJib HeHCHHCJineMbix cymecTBH-
TejibHbix ( a r t i c l e de m a t i r e ) du, d e l a ( voil de la dmocra
t i e 80T 3T0 deMOKpTUR).
B nepBOM cj i yuae noHBJiHeTCH o a h h jieKCHKO-eeMaHTHHecKHH Ba-
pHaHT cymecTBHTeJibHoro co 3HaqeHHeM KOHKpeTHbie npoHBJienKH
Toro KanecTBa, Koxopoe H33B3HO aerpaKTHbiM cymecTBHTejibHHM,
t . e. oo3HaHeHHe nocTynKa. Cp. :
4 y B C T B a H HX n p OHBJ i e HHH
les haines les dvouements
les courages tes inquitudes
les hontes les franchises
les jalousies les envies
les largesses les rancunes
les bonts les vanits
les respects les tendresses
les brusqueries tes rjouissances
les esprances les cruauts
les tristesses
K a q e c T B a h h x n p o a B J i e H H H
les vengeances les satisfactions
les infortunes tes charits
les bonheurs les dlicatesses
les faveurs les grces
les infidlits les galanteries
les liberts les conomies
les politesses les complaisances
les ingratitudes les discrtions 1
Bo BTopoM cJiynae noHBJiieTCH JieKCHKO-CHHTaKCHHecKHH BapH -
a h t AaJibHemeft K0HKpeTH3auHH KanecTBa, H33BaHHoro acTpaKT-
HblM CymeCTBHTeJIbHblM:
elle a de la complaisance mon gard ;
elle veut devenir musicienne, et elle en a de l toffe ;
elle a du courage h t . a.
Ecj i h cymecTBHTejibHoe 3Aecb noj i yqaeT onpeAeJieHHe, t o ap-
THKJIb BHOBb BapbHpyeTCH:
1 npHMepbi A. M a l b l a n c . Stylistique compare du franais et de l'alle
mand, pp. 5758.
84
elle a eu le courage de dire la vrit
elle a eu ta complaisance de me tirer dembarras ;
elle a l toffe de musicienne h t . a .
BapnauHH apTHKJifl h mc i o t MecTO h n epeA cymecTBHTeJii>HHM c
KOHKpeTHblMH 3HaMeHHHMH H B 3T0M CJiyMae 3aKpenJIHK)T HOBbie
OTTeHKH, a n a c r o h HOBbie 3HaneHHH. Cp. :
elle a loreille fine y nee t o h k u CAyx
elle a de loreille y nee xopouiu M.y3biKajibHbi
cnyx
elle a le cur malade y nee oAbnoe cepdiê
elle a du cur ona xpapan oxeuuûna
cest une blague s t o auetidor
cest de la blague! aro ece uiymut
cest du joli ! xopouieHbKoe deAol
cest un thtre s t o rearp
cest du thtre f s t o npocTO k k a rearpe!
B Hap0AH0 M H3biKe apTHKJb d e l a , d u npH HCMHCJiaeMbix cyrne-
CTBHTejbHHX CT3JI npH3H3KOM BOCKJiHAaTeJibHbix npeAJioiKeHHfi:
cest de la bagnole ! b o t bt o Mauima!
T t x e apTHKJib n p a KOHKpeTHwx cymecTBHTe;ibHbixt q a m e s c e -
FO Ha3B3HHHX JKHBOTKblX, OTJIHtiaeT H3B3HHe BHfla HJIH tlpOAyKTS
OT H33B3HHH OCOH:
cest un lapin s t o k p o a u k
cest du lapin a r o KpoAhnaruna
il y a du lapin dans e s t o m Aecy eodmcR
cette fort k po a u k u
KaK Mbi BHfiejiH, b o <|)paHuy3CKOM H3biKe Bce ceMaHTHsecKHe
p a 3^H>iHH, nepejH<yieHHHe b s t o m n a p 3rpa<J>e, flBJiHiOTca b t o x e
BpeMH H TpaMMaTHHeCKHMH, T3K K3K BblpaiKaiOTCH C nOMOUtblO ap-
t h k j i h . B pyccKOM, HanpoTHB, peryj i HpHo o h h He BocnpoH3BOAJrrcH,
h o h x s n o ^ He moj kho nepeAaTb, e c j i a ynoi peHTb a j i h STOro ue j i oe
BbicKa3biBaHne. Pa3Ji i raHbi e onHcaHHbie 3Aecb B3pH3HTbi <|)paHuy3-
CKoro cymecTBHTej ibHoro moj kho cMHTaTb T3Kce cj i yqaawH KaK 6 h
KOHBepCHH HyTpH cymecTBHTej ibHoro, o r f l a cymecTBHTe^t Hbi e
nepexoAHT H3 p 33pa Aa b p33paA, h, TaiWHiu o6pa30M, noABecTU
h o a oj i e e 06m.ee OTJ mr ae <J)paHiiy3GKoro c o b s o t pyc c Kor o.
3 8 . CocTBeHiio c r a j i nc Tme c KHe o c o 6 c h h o c t h apTHKJi. Oco-
eHHOCTb 4>paHuy3CKoro 3pTHK.iH, OTJiHMaiomaH e r o , nanpHMep, o t
amviHHCKoro h j i h HcnaHCKoro, 3aKJiKmeTCH b e r o t c c h o c b h3h c
npnTH*aTeîbHbiM npHJiaraTeJibHNM ( a d j e c t i f p o s s e s s i f : m a , t a , s a
h t . a . ) - B HeKOTOpbix cjiyqaHX apTHKJb h npHTHJKaTejibHoe apHJia-
r aTej i bHoe B3aHM03aMeHHMbi.
85
Cp. : Elle a la migrain.
Elle a sa migraine.
OpaHuy3CKH apTHKJib (TaK>Ke cneuH<|)HqecKaH <J)paHuy3CKaH
vepTa, e e HeT, HanpHMep, b HcnaHCKOM) cjiyacH'r a j i h pasJiHHeHHH
npHMoro, p e a j i bHor o h nepeHocHor o, o pa 3Hor o , t j i Hrypaj i bHoro 3H3-
qeHHH c j i o b s . Cp . , b n o p T p e i e :
Elle avait les yeux bleus.
Elle avait des yeux bleus comme le ciel de France.
Vous maimez comme un pre. ( J . C h a b a n n e s . L a g l o r i e u s e
c a r r i r e de S i m o n e Do l l y , L e s u v r e s l i b r e s , n 180) .
B o MHornx CJi ynaax Bbiop onpeAeJi eHHoro h j i h Heonpeaej i eHHo-
r o apTHKJia 33BHCHT o t Toro, KaK cy' beKTHBHO r o B o p a m n oueHH-
BaeT AaHHyio nopTpeTHyi o nepTy, CHHTaeT o h e e mh c t o 4>H3HHecK0
h npHAaeT eft h k c t o HHtjjopMauHOHHbiH h j i h o6pa3Hbift xapaKTep.
Cp . : Il avait le menton pointu.
Il avait un menton lgrement pointu h t . n.
TeHAeHUHH ik p a 3JmreHHio abj ax nj i aHOB p e a j i b n o r o '4>H3 HHe-
CKoro, npHMoro h HAeaJibHoro, o p a 3 Ho r o , nepeHoenoro npoHH3bi-
BaeT h 4>paHuy3CKyio jieKCHKy (cm. HH* e 50 h Ap. ) . BbiTb mo j k c t
mm HMeeM Aeji o c o m e n ocoeHHOCTbio MeTanepToft 4>paHuy3-
cKoro H3biKa Boome? B o n p o c 3t o t j k a c t HCCJieAOBaHHH.
39. HeHTpaji H3auHfl apTHKJin. B o n p o c o HefiTpajiH3anHH 3Ha-
HHMblX inpOTHiBOnOCTa'BJieHHH B H3bIfKe BOOme, KOHeHHO, BbIXOAHT
3 a paMKH CTHJIHCTHKH '. TMeTHM 3AeCb TOJibKO HeOXOAHMOCTb
pa3JIHMaTb TpH HBJieHHH:
1. H y j i e B O H a p t h k ji b ( a r t i c l e z r o ) , TOHHee Hyj i eBaa $ o p -
Ma apTHKJin: t t CJiynaH, KorAa MeHHeTca tjjopMa, h o coAepmaHHe
ocTaercH. Hyj i eByi o i $opMy a r t i c l e d e m a t i r e du, de l a h j i h e -
onpeAej i eHHor o apTHKJia MHOJKecTBeHHoro h h c j i s d e s h 3 x o a h m , Ha-
ripHMep, n o c j i e inpemjioira de : le chteau est entour deau bmcct o
le chteau est entour de (npeAJiotr) de l (apTHKJib) eau ; TaKime
le chteau est entour de forts BMecTO de des forts. H 3MeneHHe
(})OpMbI BbI3B3HO CTOJIKHOBeHHeM AByX de.
2. H e y n o T p e J i e H H e a p t h k ji h. XapaKTepHbiM npH3HaK0 M
STOrO aBJieHHH CJiy>KHT HCB03M OJKHOCTb nOACTaBHTb apTHKJIb HH
n p n KaKHx ycjiOBHsix. Cp. b no r o Bo p Ka x Si jeunesse savait, si vieil
lesse pouvait, B H30JIHp0B3HHbIX HeAHCKpeTHblX CJIOBOCOUeTaHHHX
perdre connaissance h t . n.
1 HHTepeeyiomHHCs s t h m >iHTaTib HaflaeT fio.aee nojinoe ocBemenHe Bonpo-
ca b c6. La notion d e neutralisation dans l a morphologie et le lexique , Tra
vaux de linsti tut de linguistique de Paris, II, 1957, P., 1958 h b H a n i e f i e r a - r b e
Larticle franais : structure dlments diffrentiels, Beitrge zur Romanischen
Philologie , Berlin, III. Jahrgang, 1964. Heft 1.
3. H e T p a ^ H 3 a u H H a p t h k j h, t . e. Hcqe3H0BeHHe ap-
t h k j i h KaK CMHCJiopa3;imjHTejiH, AeTepMHHaTHBa: HCue3aeT h 4>opMa,
K CMbCJl, 3HaeHHe A'TepMHHaTH'Ba, XOTH npH HSMeHeHHH KOHTeKiCTa
apTHKJIb MOJKeT nOHBHTbCH. ^TObl yHCHHTb CyiUHOCTb HeHTpaJIH-
3auHK apTHKJiH, npoflejiaeM t&koh aKcnepiiMeHT: b cjieAyromeM
H u s e npeflJioxeHHH ynfcM BbipacbiBaTb nocjieAOBaTeJibHo t e er o
uacTH, ycrpaHeHHe KOTopbix e s a i p a r i i B a e i iCMUCJia ocHOBHoro CKa-
3yeMcro: Notre appareil, peu avant de survoler les Alpes, fit dans
le ciel un vaste demi-tour et retourna sa base dAmsterdam
( Da n i n o s . V a c a n c e s t o u s p r i x ) .
1 3Tan: Notre appareil... fit dans le ciel un vaste demi-tour...
2 3Tan: hji h TaK: Notre appareil... fit dans le ciel un... demi-
tour.., hj i h TaK: Notre appareil fit... un vaste demi-tour.
3 3Tan: AaJibHeAmee coKpameHHe KOHTeKCTa npHBeAST k t o -
My, mt o b BtipaJKeHKH CKa3yeMoro apTHKJib CTaHeT h3J1huihhm:
Notre appareil fit (un) demi-tour. Mbi noJiyHHJiH b pe3yj i bTaTe yc-
TOHHHiBoe Bbi paxeHHe faire demi-tour noeepHyrbCH na 80n, y n o t -
pej i neMoe b TaKOM BHAe 6e3 apTHKJIH.
Mt o xe np0H30uui0 c HauiHM npeAJioxeHHeM? riocjieAOBaTeJibHo
cyxan KOHTeKCT, Mbi c b o a h j i h Bbi paxeHHe k TaKofi no3HUHH, b ko-
Vopoft pa3JiHiHe apTHKJieS KaK aKTyajiH3aTOpoB cj i oBa n e p e c i a e T
HrpaTb KaKyro-JiHo poj i b, hj i h, h h h m h cjioBaMH, apTHKJib Heih-pa-
jiH3veTca. y*e Ha b t o p o m STane cyxeHHH moj kho BHAeTb, h t o Ha-
jiHHHe apTHKJia n r p a e T He CMMCJioByio poj i b, a mhc t o (| iopMajibHyio:
b Ba pn a mr e a apTKKJib ocTajicH TOJibKo H3-sa Tor o, mto cymecTBH-
TejibHoe demi-tour o t c t o h t Aa/ i eno o t CTep>KHeBoro r j i a r o j i a h He-
oGxoahmo noAKpenHTb e r o KaK cymecTBHTeJibHoe, a b BbipaxeHHH 6
apTHKJib 0 CTaeTCH H3-3a HajiH'iHJi npHJi ar aTej i bHoro. n p H AajibHe-
meM cy>KeHHi KOHTeKCTa repsieTCH h 3Ta <|)opMajibHaH HeoxoAH-
MOCTb yAepjKaHHH apTHKJIH. OCHOBHO nOSHUHefi HeHTpaJIH33AHH
aBJIHeTCK A-flfl apTHKJIH TaKaa n03HUHH, B KOTOpO KOHTeKCT, OTpa-
x a i o mH KGHKpeTHyio JKH3HeHHyro CHTyaunio, c b o a h t c h a o mhhh-
MyMa, H T6M C3MHM TepHeT CMbICJI OCHOBHaS (JjyHKUHH apTHKJIH KaK
AeTepMHHaraBa. Cp. TaKe:
Ces deux expressions forment une classe lexicologique homo
gne. Ses deux expressions forment classe.
La pice a fait un four cuisant. La pice a f ai t four.
U avion a fait Londres une escale prolonge plus que dhabi
tude. Lavion a f a i t escale Londres.
De lhuile sur la laine, cela fait toujours une tahe plus som
bre Ctait un Mridional aux traits pais, la voix so
nore, qui faisait tache parmi les Rochellais (Simenon. Le
testament Donadieu).
Il n a pas le got du travail, i l a du got pour des promena
des solitaires. Il na gout rien.
87
Lvnement a trouv de vastes chos travers le monde.
Lvnement a trouv cho dans la socit.
Le parti que cet crivain tire de la syntaxe franaise est ad
mirable. Il sait tirer parti de la syntaxe franaise pour
des effets de style.
TaKHM o p a a o M, aipTHKJib cBoeft MaTepHajibHoft (JjapMOH, TaKme
h HyjieBOfi, h c b o h m OTCyTCTBHeM CHrHaJiH3iipyeT xapaKTep c j i o b o c o -
HeTaiHHH, AHiCKpeTHHH HJIH 'HemiHCKpTH bl H, TipH'HeM HeHTpa JIH33IXHH
apTHKJIH iCTaiHOBHTCH HOKa3aTejieM HeflHCKpeTHblX CJIOBOCOHeTa'HHii.
r i o a p o He e 3t o t Bo np o c p a,oc m a TpwB a eTC h HHe b p a 3 e j i e o c j o b o -
CQHCTaHHHiX ( 6 8 H p. ).
KpOMe Toro, HeHTpajiH3au,HH HBJieHHe, a o n y c K a o i n e e s a p n a -
UHH OTHOCHTCH K C(})epe BHyTpeHHeH (^PaHHySCKOH CTHJIHCTHKH,
h noTOMy OHa y ^ e T paccMOTpeHa aj iee Ta n me b cbh3h c o e r p o e -
HHeM COOmeHHH ( 9 4 ) .
40. Pa3JiHHHe KanecTBeHHbix h OTHocHTejibHbix 3Ha*ieHHH y
npHj i a r aTej i bHor o. C pyKTypa onpeflejieHHH Boome. 3 t o pa3JiK-
m e o a h o H3 caMbix t o h i k h x h c j i o j k h h x BHyTpH KaTeropHH
qacTefi p e r a , norceMy h hoxqj hmo HooJibmoe OTcrynJieHHe
B HOTOpHK) H3bI'Ka H B HJiaiH HH'CTOrO COA,ep}KalHHH B C&MaCHO-
JIOTHIO.
B HHoeBponeficKHx H3biicax o j i e e h j i h MeHee per yj i apHO pa 3-
jiHâjiHCb h c k o h h o flBa BHAa KanecTBa: 1) KanecTBO noc r oa HHoe ,
TeM caMbiM cymecTBeHHoe, 2) KanecTBO npexof l Hmee, BpeMeHHoe,
TeM caMHM HecymecTBeHHoe. B Tex H3biKax, r a e pa3JiHHaJiHCb qjieH-
Hbie ( t . e. c apTHKjieM) h HeqjieHHbie (KpaTKHe 6e3 apTHKJin) 4>op-
mm npHj i a r a Te j i bHor o, s t o pa3JiHHHe Bbi pamaj i ocb oneHb n0JiH0 h
nocJi eaoBaTej i bHo, TaK b peBHepyccKOM *. riepejKHTKH s t o c h c t 6-
Mbl B CCMaHTHKe COXpaHHJIHCb OOHblHe B JIHTOBCKOM H3bIKe H Aa me
b pyccKOM, r a e yweHMe c t h j i h c t h pa3JiHHaiOT TaKHe, HanpHMep, b h -
pajKeHHH: Kk ona Kpacuea c KpaTKOH $opMof t npHji araTej i bHoro,
KaqecTBO nocTOHHHoe, h Kkh ona Kpacuean cezoHH. c noJi Ho
( bi Bi ne HJieHHO) <J)opMoft npHji araTej i bHoro, KanecTBO BpgMeH-
i oe. .SaMeTHM, 0flHaK0, h t o s t o pa3JiHHeHHe B p a a j i h Haxo/ mT no-
1 Cm. 06 3TQM JI. n. H K y 6 H H C K H fl. H3 HCTOpHH HMeHH npHJi araTe; ibHO-
ro, coKjiaAw h c o o 6m. H h c t . fl3HK03H. , b h i i . I, 1952; e r o xce. H c t o p h h p e B -
HepyccKor o H3HKa, M., 1953, erp. 206219; E. C. H c t p h h a. ynoTpefi/ieHHe
MeHHbix h MecTOHMeHHHX 4>opM npH/ i araTej i bHbi x b CMH0a a. i b H0M c n n c K e I Ho b -
ropoCKOft eToriHCH, * H 3b. OTAe/ieHHS pyccK. H3. h lOBecHOCTH (HOPHC)*,
XXIII, 1919; A. T. P y f l He B. K B o n p o c y o npHHi mnax ynoTpejieHHH hmchhmx
h MecTOHMeHHhix npHJiaraTejibHbix b ApeBHepyccKOM H3biKe, Ym. 3an. JleHHH-
r p a a . nefl. hhct. hm. FepueHa, t . 69, 1948; 10. C. M a c j O B , H 3 hctophh
BTOpOrO npHiaCTHH repM3HCKHX H3WKOB, H3bIK H MbllUêHHO, t . II, 1948.
88
TBepJKaeHHe B KHB0M pyccKOM H3bIK0B0M C03H3HHH ceroAHH. P a 3 -
jiHHHe o 6 o h x Bbipa)KeHH T e n e p b CKopee CTHJiHCTHHecKoe: b npHBe-
aeHHOM npHMepe 4) opMa c KpaTKHM npHJ i a r a Te J i bHHM n p n Ha AJ i e x HT
KHHJKHOMy c t h j i k ) p e w , tpopMa c nojiHbiM p a 3 r c B 0 p H 0 - 4 ) a MH ^ b a p -
HOMy CTHJIK).
B jiaTKHCKOM H3 biKe, He 3HaBiueM M/teHHbix 4>opM npi wi araTej i b-
Horo, 3t o pa3JiHHHe He cymecTBOBaJio. Oa h h k o n ox o j Ka a qepT3 npo-
KBHJiacb b j i s t m h h b Tex npHJi3raTeJibHbix, Koropbi e 0pa30BajiHCb
o t cymecTBHTe^bHbi x y x e wa JiaTHHCKoft n o u s e . TaK, (JiopMbi poan-
reJibHoro n a f l e x a CTaJiH o6o3HaqaTb HHAHBHAyaJibHbift npH3aK
npe AMe a a mor p a t r i s jitooeb otu,, a cooTBeTerByi omHe n p a -
JiaraTeJibHbie o mn f t npH3H3K amo r p a t e r n u s 0 TU,08CKax,
h j i h OTenecKan Aooeb. B J i ar aHH n p HJ i a r a Te J i b Hb i e He peryjiapHO
BCTynajiH b TaKHe napHbi e cooTHomeHHH c cymecTBHTeJibHbiM. B oc-
HOBHOM 9T0 HpOHCXOAHJIO B TepMHH3X pOflCTBa. B OCTajIbHblX CJiy-
q a a x npHJiar3TejibHbie ynoTpeJisuiHCb q a m e , HeM poAHTeJibHbift na -
A e x c y me c TBHTe ^ b Ho r o , TaK, n ec nant i a r e n a r i u s , a He arenae ;
MpaMopHbi m a r m o r e u s , a He poAHTejibHbi n a A e x marmor i s
h t . n. Oa h s k o n o s AHe e , H a w H a H c T o r o MOMeHTa, Kor Aa (jpopMbi
poAHTeJibHoro n a A e x a e r a j i H y c r y n s T b MecTO coqeTaHHHM npeAJi or a
c cymecTBHTeJibHbiM, Hs n p HMe p , d e ma r mo r e b MecTO mar mor i s , H3-
JiHtHbie n p HJ i a r a Te j i b Hb i e TeM caMbiM CTaJiH BCTynaTb b p e r y j i n p H b i e
OTHOmeHHf C npeAJIO>KHbIMH COlieT3HHHMH CymeCTBHTeJIbHblX, CTa-
HOBHCb 'CHHOHHM 3 M H T3KHX COqeTa'HHft. TaK, marmoreUS CT3JIO
c h h o h h m o m de ma r mo r e. Eme n03AHee, yace b CT3po(J)paHuy3CKHfl
nepnoA, pacnpocTpaHeHHe yKa33TeJibHoro MecroHMeHHH KaK ap-
t h k j i h npHBeji o k TOMy, h t o nipjKHe $*opMe THna d e ma r mo r e c r a -
Jih cooTBeTCTBOBaTb ABe (})opMbi d u mar br e h d e marbre, r i a p a j i -
JieJbHO 3T0My uieJi npou e c c y T p a r a MHornx j i 3 t h h c k h x npHJiars-
TeJibHbix. Ho OTHomeHHe coxpaHHBuiHxcH k TOMy BpeMeHH ( h opa-
30BaBuiHxcH BHOBb) n p n j i a r a T e j i b H b i x k o p M a M d e marbre, du
ma r b r e oe raBSJi oc b n p e x H H M . TaKHM 0 6 p 8 3 0 M, b coBpeMeHHOM
$paHIiy3CKOM CJIOJKHJiaCb 0pHrHH3JIbH3H CeM3HTHtieCK3H CHCTCM3
BbipajKeHHH KaqecTBa, o' Mqaiom3CH h o t h c k o h h o h HHAoeBporie-
CKofi ( h ApeBHepyccKofl) CHCTeMbi, t a c n p H J i s r a v e J i b H w e p s c n p e Ae -
JIHJIHCb n o npHHLUny nOCTOHHCTBa H HeiI0 CT0 HHCTB3 KaqeCTB3 , H OT
coBpeMeHHofl pyccKOH CHCTeMH, rAe npHJisraTeJibHbie pscnpeAeJi H-
K3TCH no lipHHHHny K3MeCTBeHH0CTH H OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH. (BBHAy
SToro 3CH0, >ito 33TOJIOBOK AaHHoro naparpa<f ) a h o c h t h h c t o y c -
JIOBHblH X3p3KTep. ) CyiUHOCTb (J)p3HAy3CKO CHCTeMbi 3 3 KJIK)qaeTCH
B TOM, MTO K3MecTB3 pacnpeAejiHOTCH B HeS n o cHJie, h j i h CTeneHH.
uepBOH CTeneHbi o KaqecTBa H330BeM HSHojiee noj i Hyi o CTeneHb
e r o .npoHBjieHHH; Macro KaqecTBO OKsxeTCH npH s t o m HaHojiee k o h -
KpeTHHM, noAAaiomHMCs BoenpHHTHK) opraHOB qyBCTB, HJIH Heno-
c KHKpeTHbiM (T. e. c yme c TByi omHM o t -
ABe r a f i j i HUH yAocTBa ooapeHHH Ma T e p n a j i cBeAen b
s
B h a m npoH3BOAHbix onpeaej i eHHH b c o b pcMeHh o m cfipaHuyacKOM fl 3bme
TaAtiifa 4
CeMaHTH-
MecKaa
c t j i e p a
HCXOAHOrO
o n p e e -
JleHHfl
1- h c T y n e H b 2 - h C Ty n e Hb 3 - h C Ty n e Hb
O n p e e a a i o m , H f i n p e A M e i y>i acT-
B y e r b o n p e A e j i e H H H b c c m h
CBOHMH npH3HaK3MH KaK OTAeJlb-
H o e , HHf l HB Ha y a a b Ho e ( h qacTO
M a T e p a a j i b H o e ) HBJieHHe
O n p e a e J i H i o m H f t n p e A Me T y q a e r -
By e T b o n p e A e J i e HHH HacTbi o
CBOHX Ii pH3H3KOB, H8CTO JIHUJb
OTHOuieHHeM k o n p e A e j i a e M O M y
On p e Ae . i Hi o m. Hf t n p e AMe T y <i acTByeT
b o n p e A e a e H H H e m e Me Hb u j e f t
MaCTblO CBOHX n p H3 Ha K0 B,
MeM b o 2 -m c j i y q a e
I
POJICTBO
a m o u r du pre aoOBb oriâ ( hj i h
k OTiiy)
a m o u r de la mre JiioCoBb Mare-
pu ( h j ih k Marepu)
a m o u r du frre nK>6 OBb 6 para
( h k pary)
m a r i de la s u r cecrpun Myac
l i v r e des grands-parents
l i v r e de papa
l i v r e de maman
a m o u r de pre orifoecKan mooBb
a m o u r de mre MarepuncKasi jikj-
6 OBb
a m o u r de frre parcKax jiio-
OBb
a m o u r de sur ccrpuncKan
JHOOBb
f i l s papa nanenbKuu c mhok
a m o u r paternel orenecKan jnoOoBb
m a i s o n paternelle podureAbcnu aom
l a n g u e maternelle podno H3biK
s a l u t frater nel Oparcnu npHBeT
loi a n c e s t r a l e dedoecKu 3aKOH, 3a-
k o h npeduoe
11
COfl epKH-
Moe
s a c de charbon MemoK yeAa, Me-
i u o k c yzAeM
p o t de fleurs r o p i u o K c cfaeraMU
c r u c h e d eau KyBuiHH c eodo
t a s s e de caf qa i mc a KOtpe
p o t de lard r o p mo K c o a
s a c charbon MemoK a h yeAa,
U3-nod...
p o t fleurs r o p m o K a h u,oeToe,
u3-nod...
c r u c h e eau KyouiKH a h eodbi
t a s s e caf KoipeUuan i a u i K a
g r a s lard 3aruibiBiiiHH acupoM
i n d u s t r i e charbonnire yeoAbnasi n p o -
MUBUJieHHOCTb
s t y l e fle uri têeTUcTbi. cTHjib
t i s s u fleuri u,eeTucTan TKHb
p l a n t e aquatique eodnnoe pacTeHHe
p r o d u i t lardae wuponodoHoe Be-
m.ecTBo
n p o d o A M e t i u e
1 C e , . , .
l e c K a a
ct fi epa
HCXOAHOrO
On p e Ae j i e
HHH
1-fl CTy n e Hb
2 - h C Ty n e Hb 3-h c r y n e i i b
On p e Ae j Hf o mH n p e A Me T y q a c T -
s y e T b o n p e A e a e H H H b c g m h
CBOHMH npH3H3K8MH KaK OTAeJIb-
Ho e , HHAHBHAyaj i bHoe ( h i a c T O
M a T e p H a ^ b H o e ) HBJi eHHe
O n p e A e j i H i o m H f t n p e AMe T y i a c i -
By e T b o n p e A e j i e i i H H i a c T b
CBOHX n p H3 Ha K0 B, laCTO JIHUJb
o t H o m e h HeM k o n p e A e j i n e M O My
O n p e A e a f l i o m H f l n p e A Me T y q a c T B y e T
b o n p e A e j i e H H H e m e MeHb i u e f l
JJaCTblO CBOHX n p H3 Ha K0 B,
i e M b o 2 -m c a y n a e
111a
M a r e p H a a
B o o m e
b l o u s o n en soie bleue 6j i y3Ka u3
soAyoeo uieAica
m o n t r e en or 30A0Tbie n a c w
m a i s o n n e t t e en terre bat tue i a u -
HOUTUbl AOMHK
un blouson de soie bleu uiejuco-
eau rojiyas 6jry3Ka
un livre d or KHHra 0T3UB0B
pomme de terre KaproipeAb
laine soyeuse uieAKoeucTan rnepcTb
jeunesse dore 3oaoth MOJiOAOKb
visage terreux 3eMAUCTM u b t j i h-
u a
1116
Ma T e p n a j i
b nnme
caf au lait KO(J>e c moaokom
omelette au lard siHWHua c ca-
AOM
gteau aux cerises nnpor c euui-
HXMU
soupe loignon jiynoBbi. c y n
d e n t s de l ait MoAOknbie 3y 6u
c o u l e u r de lard uneT OKupa
temps de cerises nopa co3peea-
Huib euuieH, ij)Hr. nopa jik>6b h
en rang d oi gnon zycbKOM
s u b s t a n c e laiteuse BemecTBo mo a o h
h o z o uBeTa
s u b s t a n c e lardeuse BemecTBo caAb-
HOZO BHA3
IV
xapaKTep-
h h h
npHsnaK
homme la moustache y c a m
JOjiOBeK, qe/ioneK c ycaMU
dame au chapeau /ja.Ma s mAnne
pommade moustache noMaAa
ah ycoa
b o t e chapeaux KopoCKa ah
uiAxn, tuAnnnan Kopona
homme moustachu ycarbi., y c a ' i
( $ 3 M . )
monsieur chapeaut rocnoAiiH b
uiAsme (4>aM.)
H
<l>
f-c
3
5 - a o
B K n>
o S
S s 5 =
CJ CO
j * ?
K t S J u
J G
S
g o
s
Cu
c s
_ s
* K
S o>
Ef **
a ^ a g
s i s "
f t e - g
o =
g .
O
H kQ
Si
.S3
2
5 s
=t S S
S *
H S
c g ~
>
2
o
s
o
*=s
0)
*st

y
H
4}
S
et
>
Ci,
c
9
s
3
S
!
OJ
et
0)
o<
c
O
K
** H
fl> u
et 0
S*
*8
4> m
O 05
X
3 s
K
<D
*=S
(U
et >^33
OJ eOZ, U3
S B
K
S
&
c * f.
6-i je S es
g * . s
2 ? s o>
o o
33
cp
GQ2
HS
5- -
et /JJ
. o .
a ~ s*
H 5 o es
S CX53 R
3 S s
s -e-S
S u g
W s
0) ;
K
S
CJ
Oh
(C
<y
o
s
s-
<
o
a
PS
o
Q>
o
t-.
3
y
vo
s?
s
*a
c
Q to y
.22 e(
J O
va u-_
Q
g-
co
c0
CO
M
H
V5
S'
co
e
C <y
iTJ _ 00
gSS
1 i
ta
e*
O
g
O
c
g
Q
o
c
t
o
Cu
G
g
a
' o
S?
co
^>3
'a I
u g
g . E
g h S
E a.
I
*xs
to
eu
eo
co
O
tl
S
:s
Sr r^VO
^ o
t o . o
JS
O
O,
Q> (0
H * 3S
3 co
<0 a *
eu * eu
B
^ t-
O S
'S
COO
o
2t
a? >a
ta <i) y
? s
111
Si-Si 1
e a 
TZ -+-* 0)
* -
.U J3
I
a g s
CL2
>. 5 ai
c S
qj 3i
^ $
*-
1 & *
f> CU I
I c
I | s
^ l o
S w. c
*8 a
S - 3 -
^ *3
</> c
ts tl
S*^ 3
O O o
O U ..
o
Cu
o
a
o
#
Si
3
c
-
4 ^
co
CL)
>
es
a w
> eu a
a* et
n
c,
et
92
c,'- Tfer
I
Mm bhahm, h t o onpeAejieHHH 1-fi CTyneHH b nJi aHe coAep*aHHH
xapaKTepH3ytOT npeAMeT noj mocTbi o n e pe 3 Apyr of t npeAMeT, Bam-
HHH B A3HH0H CHTyaU,HH; 3T0 OnpeAejieHHH CHTyaTHBHbie, HX M05KH0
b H3BecTH0 & Mepe, h o AaJieKO He n 0JiH0CTbK> h He BcerAa, ynoAOHTb
BpMeHHbiM npH3HaK3M npeAMeTa, b s t o m c j i y n a e hm, KaK npaBH-
j i o, cooTBeTCTByeT b pyccKOM H3biKe i i ej i oe CJiOBOCOHeTaHHe c K3-
hecTBeHHbim 3H3HeHHeM: dame au chapeau daMa e uiAfine, amour
d u pre Atooeb ot u,o , omelette au lard nuHHuu,a c c u ao m. B
njiawe BHpa>KeHHH 3 t o CBoSoA'Hbie coneTaHHH c npewJi or oM h c a p-
THKJICM, KOTOpblft B HeKOTOpblX CJiynaHX MOHteT HeHTpaJIH30BaTbCfl
(cp. 39 h 69). GnpeweuieHHe c npaAJioroM JienKO noAAaeT-
c h b j i hh hhi o KOHBepCHH; Cp.: caf au lait a caf-crme KaK ptis
serie maison (cm. 35).
OnpeAejieHHH 2-ft CTyneHH xapaKTepH3yiOT npeAMeT ne pe 3 er o
nacTHHHoe coBnaAeHHe c ApyrHM npeAMeTOM hj i h nepe3 er o OTHome-
Hne k STOMy npeAMeTy. 3Ta r p y n n a He HMeeT HHKaKoro peryji spHo-
a o r o cooTBeTCTBHH c KanecTBeHHbiMH hjih OTHOCHTejibHbiMH npHJis-
raTejibHHMH pyeCKoro H3biKa: m o u l i n v e n t e e r p H n a n MeAbnu-
Ha OTHQOHTeJibHoe, l i v r e d ' o r m u e a 0T3biB0e, 6yKB. 3 0 a q t h
Kti usa KanecTBeHHoe, a o 3HaneHHH b t 3kom cj i ynae KaK KO(pe-
h q h nauiKa hji h M O A O w u e 3ybt Hejib3H CKa3aTb onpeAeJieHHO,
KanecTBeHHoe oho hj i h 0TH0CHTejibH0e. B pyccKOM H3biKe hm coot -
BeTCTByiOT h OTAeJibHbie npHJiaraTeJibHbie h uej ibie CBOOAHbie cjio-
BOCOHeTaHHH (MeuiOK U3-nod y z A ) . B nJi ane BbipameHHH, cjiobo-
coneTaHHH s t o r p y n n u HecBooAHbie, HeAHCKpeTHbie, noKa3aTejieM
Hero HBJIHeTCH OTCyTCTBHe apTHKJIH. HaJIHHHe COOTHOCHTeJIbHblX CBO-
OAHblX H HeCBOOAHblX HeAHCKpeTHblX CJIOBOCOHeTaHHH B OAHO&
4>yHKUHH h b 6jih3KOm 3HaHeHHH x a p a m e p H a a nepTa cjjpaHiiya-
ckhx cjiOBOconeTaHH Boodme. (Cp. HHsce p33AeJi CjioBoconeTs-
HHe.)
OnpeAejieHHH 3-ft CTyneHH s t o npHJisraTeJibHbie, ksk np3BH-
JIO, c HpKO npOH3BOAHbIM Xap3KTep0M ( t . e. npHHaCTHH no npOHC-
xo*AeHHio fl euri , de n t , chape aut ) hjih yneHbie cJiOBa h no3AHefi-
uine JiaTHHCKHe 33HMCTB0BaHHH ( v e s p r a l , n o c t u r n e , f r a t er n e l , lar-
d a c h t . n. ) . Bo MHorax cjiynaflx, ho AajieKO He BcerAa, ohh HecyT
KanecTBeHHoe 3HaneHHe (op. : o a h 3 ko i n d u s t r i e charbonni re
H t. n.).
H a pyccKHH H3biK o h h nepeBOAHTca, KaK npaBHJio, t s k j k c OTAeJib-
HbiMH npHJiaraTejibKbiMH.
TaKHM 0pa3OM, OCHOBHOH BbIBOA, KOTOpblH HeOXOAHMO CAe-
JiaTb a j i h conocTaBHTejibflo (J)paHny3CK0-pyccK0H c t h j i h c t h k h , 3a-
KJnoHaeTCH b t o m, h t o <J)paHuy3CKaH CHCTeMa onpeAej i eHH b o c hobc
CBoe He 3HaeT AeJieHHH Ha KanecTBeHHbie h OTHOcHTeJibHbie npHJia-
r ar ej i bHbi e ( h onpeAej i eHHH), CBOHCTBeHHbie pyccKOMy H3biKy, h
CTpOHTCH Ha COBepmeHHO HHblX OCHOBaHHHX.
ECJIH CTpeMHTbCH K B03M0JKH0 60JIbUieMy eAHHCTBy OnHCaHHfl,
TO npHHUHn, BbiHBJieHHH npH onncaHHH np0H3B0AHbix onpeAe.neHHft
93
TaAuifa 5
HcKOHHbie o n p e A Wi e H H f l - n p m ^ a r a T e J i h H h i e 1 ( Ha H6o j i e e n p H J H w a i o i n n e
k pyccKHM KaHecr aeHHhi M n p HJ i a r a T e j i b HUM)
1-a c t y n e h b: b ruiane Bbipaase-
bhh xapaKTepH3yeC0 noaoxeHHeM
n p H a a r a i e a b H o r o nocae onpejieflae-
Moro, b n a a H e C 0 4 e p * a H H n p a M o e
3HaqeHHe, co Bceft bosmowho .euh
AaHHoro npHaaraTej i bHoro nojiHOTO
npH3HSKOB
2-a c t y n e h b npHi i ar ai ej i bHoe
n e p e a onpeaejiaeMUM, 3HaqeHKe ne -
peHocHoe h j i h oomeHii oe
une personne bonne (de caractre)
a 06pM qe/!0B6K
un homme g r a nd bmc okh nejioBeK
une dame petite (de taille) MajeHb-
Kaa sceHmHHa
tin homme mchant s.'iofi ê.ioseK
un chapeau noi r qepuaH maana
une bonne personne xopouiHii, ao6-
pbfl HeJioBeK
un gr a nd homme BejtHKHft leiiOEeK
une petite dame MojiofleHbKaa stceH-
IUHHa
une mchante affaire CKBepHoe ae/io
une noire mlancolie qepHaa we-
JiaHXOJIHH
h t . n.
(tSJ. 4 ) , MOXHO npHM6HHTfa TaKXe H K OHHCaHHO HCKOHHblX, He-
npoH3!BowHbix onpeAeJieHHH-npHJia.raTejibHbix (cm. Tafvi . 5 ) 2.
3aMeTHM j i s aj i bHemer o, k t o MejKfly CTpyKypHoA yero&HH-
BocTbio hj i h, TOMHee, HeaHCKpeTHOCTbK) côBocoweTaHHs h ero JieK-
CHHeCKO yCTOHHHBOCTbK), T. e. MaCTOTOK ynoTpeJieHHH H Bocnpo-
H3BeAeHHH B OAHOM H TOM >K6 BHe, H6T npHMOfi 33BHCHM0CTH. He-
Kor opbi e CTpyKTypHo caMbie ycTOMHBbie, caMbie Hepa3Ji05KHMbie,
KeflHCKpeTHbie cjioBocoqeTaHHH MoryT ynoTpeJiHTbCH cpaBHHxeju.
h o p e ^ x o (TaKOBbi, HanpHMep, en rang doignons zycbKOM, faire
bonne chre qn xopoiuo yzocTUTb h t . n . ) . HanpoTHB, h c k o t o -
pbi e CTpyKTypHo caMbie CBOOAHbie, AHCKpeTHbie coqeTaHHH Mo r y
oj j aaTb o j i b i u o JieKCHMecKo ycTOfiHHBOCTbi. TaKOBO H3 n p a -
BeAeHHHx Bbiiue caf au lait, He Menee ycTOMHBoe, neM moulin
vent, x o t h CTpyKTypHo HecpaBHeHHO oJi ee CBofioHoe, &HCKpeTHoe,
qeM nocj i eAHee ( cp. TaKyio s e cTpyKTypy b dame au chapeau vert,
rouge, long h t . n . ) . HajiHMHe CTpyKTypHo c b o o a h mx , h o JieKcn-qec-
k h ycTO S h h Bbrx onpejiejieHHH ej iaeT h 6o 6x o a h m h m BBeaeHHe o -
n o j i H H T e j i b H o r o c j i o B a p a ( c p . 56 h cj i . ) .
41. AA'beKTHBHbifi CTHJib. nepeiiAe'M Tenepb k Bonpocy o tom,
KaKoe 3HaqeHHe HenoepeAeTBeHHo ajia cthji hcthkh s3HKa HMeeT
t o hj i h HHoe yeTpoHeTBo CHCTeMbi onpeAejieHHH.
1 Cm. o h h x He ycTapeBui yt o o c h x n o p paoTy A. B e r g a i g n e . L a
p l a c e d e l a d j e c t i f p i t h t e e n v i e u x f r a n a i s e t e n l a t i n M l a n g e s G r a u x ,
1884.
2 HCKOHHbMH npHJaraTejIbHLIMH Ha3blBaeM TaKHS, KOTOpue C TO'KH 3peHHH
coBpeMenHor o H3bixa n e np o Hc x o Aa r o t KaKHx-.nn6o cymecTUHTeJibHbix, xoth ca-
MH MoryT 06pa30Bbi BaTb CymeCTBHTejIbHbie.
84
CyTb Bo np oc a 3 aKJiiOHaeTCH b t o m, h t o onpeAejieHHH MoryT ne-
peXOAHTb H3 pa3pHAa B' pa3pf l A (H3 KOJIOHKH B KOJIOHKy) H npH-
o pei aTb BTOpHHHbie (JiyHKUHH. KajKAbiH p a 3 BMecTe c b t o p h h h o h
(JjyHKUHeft OHH n0JiyHai0T Ty hj i h HHyio CTHJiHCTHHecKyio OKpacKy.
OTcyTCTBHe y npHJi arai ej i bHbi x t o t o THna, KOTOpbi npHBeAeH b
KOJiOHKe 3 TaJiHUbi 4, qeTKora pa3AeJieHHH Ha 0 TH0 CHTeJibHbie h Ka-
qecTBeHHbie AeJiaeT b o s mo j k h h m ynoTpeJi eHHe h x b npKO o t h o c h -
TeJibHOM 3HaneHHH, b p o j i h onpeAeji eHHH k o j i o h k h I. HanpHMep,
B o n p o c o npeAHaMepeHHOCTH ( npecTynj i eHHH) b cyAe Ha3biBaeTCH
He q u e s t i o n d e l i n i e n t i o n hj i h q u e s t i o n d i n t e n t i o n , KaiK CJieA/OBaJio
6bi omHAaTb, a q u e s t i o n i n t e n t i o n n e l l e . B s t o m c j i y n a e h x pyccKHM
3KBHB3JieHTOM HHK3K He M05KCT bITb npHJiaraTeJIbHOe, a TOJibKO
poAHTejibHbiH naAe>K cooTBeTCTByiomero cymecTBHTeji bHoro hj i h
npeAJi omHoe coneTaHHe. PaonpocTpaHeHHe npHJiaraTejibHbix b Ta-
Koft (jjyHKUHH nepTa coBpeMeHHoro ra3eTHoro, 0 <J)HHHajibH0 -AeJi0 -
Boro h HayqHoro H3biKa, Boome KHH*Horo cthjih p e r a . Cp.:
l d u c a t i o n s e n t i m e n t a l e
l a r u n i f i c a t i o n a l l e m a n d e
l a r r i v e p r s i d e n t i e l l e
l a s i t u a t i o n i n d u s t r i e l l e
l e s l o i s m c a n i q u e s
l a d f a i t e n i o i s e
l a b a n l i e u e p a r i s i e n n e
l a p h i l o s o p h i e s a r t r i e n n e
l a s u r f a c e l u n a i r e
l ' t a t n e r v e u x
p a r v o i e b u c c a l e
l a f a i b l e s s e m u s c u l a i r e
u n e m a l a d i e v a s c u l a i r e
eocnuranue nyecre
eoccoedunenue repManuu
npubirue npe3udeHTa
noAOOKenue npoMbiuiAenno-
CTU HJIH 8 npOMblUlAeHHOCTU
3KOHbl MexaHUKU
nopaoKenue KOMandu Hut wu
( b (j>yT6 o j i e )
npueopodbi UapuoKa
(pUAOcotpuR Caprpa
noeepxHQCTb Jlynu
cocroHHue nepeoe
H.epe3 poT
CAaocTb MycKyAoe
cocyducroe 3a6oAeeanue
h t . n.
Cp. pyccKH: c e p d e n n o e 3a0AeeaHue b m c c t o 3a6oAeeanue cepdu, a
H cepdeHHbi n p u e e r ; z o a o b h o M03Z h z o A o e u b i e ctuxu; n e p e n o e
n e p e y r o M A e n u e h ne penbi u. neAoeeK h t . n.
B p a 3r0 B0 pH0 - 4>aMHJibHpH0 ft penH TaKoe ynoTpej i e HHe npnj i a-
raTejibHbix ( 3 a HOKJilOHeHHeM, paayMeeTCH, ycTOHBiiiHX'Cfl JiewcHne.-
c k h x ooHCTaMHH, nepemetA'inHx H3 ra3CTHoro H3biKa, l a d f a i t e n i
o i s e ) HeceT HpoHHK):
l e p a n t a l o n p a t e r n e l
d e s c o n s e i l s v e s t i m e n t a i r e s
d e s s o u c i s f a m i l i a u x
l e s e n n u i s b u r e a u c r a t i q u e s
ptOKU o r u , a
coeeru 0 TH0 cuTeAbH0 odeotc-
d u
c eMeHbi e 3 a 5 oTbi
HenpuaTHOCTU n o CAyoxe
( a u b u r e a u )
h t . n.
95
ABTOp 3THX CTpOK CJIblUUaJI, K3K OflHH MOJIOflOft yKHBepCHT6TCKKH
npenoAasaTe^b b CopoHHe c a 3aJi cbohm CTyneHraM: Si vous
ne cessez pas de bavarder, je prendrai mon air agrgatif.__Ec.au
obi He nepecranere OATarb, h 6ydy depotcarb cen c eaMu no-nandu-
dTcnu (k k Kandudar uayic).
Te * e cflBHrH 3aTparHBaiOT n cHereMy cêTa. Cp.: le double
assassinat st o, KOHeqHO, ae d e o n o e y u c T e o , a y u c r e o deyx
neAoeeK; au triple point de vue He c TpoHo t o h k u 3peM.uH, a c
Tpex TOHen s p e n u n , y Ma-MapMe ( Sur le costume fminin bicy
clette ) :Que prfrez-vous du pantalon masculin ou de la jupe,
au triple point de vue de la beaut, de lhygine et de la c o r
rection ? ( uvres compltes , NRF, Pliade , p. 881).
Tana i cHereMa onpeAejieHHK pa3BHBaeTCH AOBOJibHO mnpoKO h
B IIpOTHBOBeC CyCTKHTHBHOMy CTHJIO (CM. 34) C03AaeT aA'beKTKR-
HH CTH.flb 1.
4 2 . Pa3JiH>iMe 3aj i oroBbi x o t t c h k o b y r j i ar oj i a. <>paHu;y3CKHe
rjiarcwibi, b OTJiHHHe o t pycoKHx, e Me r a o Bb i pa xa i o T 3a ^ o r o Bb i e ipars-
JIMMHH. EcJIH CHTTb 3KTHBHHM 3aJIOrOBbIM 3HaqeHHeM TOT CJyMaH,
Kor ^ a rj i aroj i riepexoHbifi h ynoTpeJi seTCH TOJibKO c npflMbiM o-
nojiHeHHeM, a cpeHHM 3aJioroBMM sHaêHneM t t c j i y q a , Kori i a
r j i a r o j i He modkct ynoupejiHTbcs c npHMbiM AanoHeMHeM, h e i c t -
Bue MMCJiHTCH He b u x o a h i u h m 3a npeAeJibi AecTByi omero j m u a hj i h
npeMeTa, t o bo (j)paHU,y3CK0M H3biKe sth 3HaqeHHH MacTO Bbipa-
xaiOTCH ohhm h TeM x t e rJiaroJiOM.
plier aKTHBHoe: il a pl i un morceau de papier o h cno-
k h j i kj io mo k yMarH;
cpe^Hee: les branches pl i ai ent sous les fruits Ber -
BH rHyjIHCb nOfl THJKeCTbK) ./IOOB.
tirer aicTHBHoe: j e l ai t i r par le bras h noraHyji er o 3a
pynaB;
cpe^Hee: il a ti r oh BbicTpejiHJi; la chemine ne
t i r e pas whmoxcw He thhct, b Tpye hbt Tara.
serrer aKTHBHoe: il a serr les poi ngs oh cxaJi KjyiaKH;
epe/wee: serrez vers l a droite riorecHHTecb anpaBo.
donner aKTHBHoe: on m a donn quelque chose Mue Koe-
h t o aajia;
cpeflHee: la maison donne sur le boulevard a o m b h -
XOHT 0KH3MH Ha CKBep.
monter aKTHBHoe: on monte la montre qacbi 3aB0flRT; ce 3
lui a mont le s ang s t o ero B36yaopajKHJio;
cpe^Hee: la temprature monte TeMnepaTypa no-
BbimaeTCH.
1 Cm. TKjKe III. B a a ji h . 06maa jiHHrBHcTHKa h Bonpocw (japanuyacKoro
K3HKa, 434.
90
souffler aKTHBHoe: s o u f f l e r u n e b o u g i e 3 a Ay r b CBeny; i l ne
m a p a s s o u f f l m o t o h Me h h eJiOBenKa He cKa-
3a ji;
cpefl Hee: l e v e n t s o u f f l e BeTep aytT.
KawAOMy H3 cJi ej i yi omHx rJi aroJi oB C00TBeTCTByi0T ABa pyc-
c k h x nepexoAHbift h B03BpaTHbifl: c o m m e n c e r , f i n i r , c e s s e r , p o u r
s u i v r e , a u g m e n t e r , d i m i n u e r , b a i s s e r , o u v r i r , m o r d r e , p i q u e r , b r
ler h Ap. HanpHMep, l e c h i e n m o r d l e s t r a n g e r s c o a n a K y c a e r
nyocux h le c h i e n m o r d c o a n a n y c a e r c n .
3 t h 0 C0 6 eHH0CTH r J i ar 0J i 0B b Ka*AOM H3biKe Mo r y r HMeTb H He-
nocpeACTBeHHoe c t h j i h c t h h e c x o e 3HaneHHe. Ta n , b pyccKOM o6pHB
BbiCKa3biBaHHH n o c j i e r j i a r o j i a , T p e y i o me r o AonoJiHeHHa, hj i h, Ha-
npoTHB, npHcoeAHHenne AonoJiHeHHa k r j i a r o j i y , KOTopufi e r o He
TpeyeT, co3AaioT b JiHTepaTypHoft p e n n KOMHHecKHft 3(J)<}>eKT. A b t o -
p y s t h x CTpoK npnxoAHJi ocb cj ibimaTb b npocTopenHH: Ctoht rpait-
ropa e noAe HenpuKpbiTue. Rootcdb ux nodeepzaer. KaK npneM y
^lexOBa: Haui kaumt ne Mootcer cnococreoeaTb e caMbi pa3. (Ko-
MHHecKHfi EnHxoAOB b BnuiHeBOM c a ^ e , I ) ; y ocToeBCKoro: Ad-
MUHucTpupoeaA koso-to no 3yM... (Becbi) h Ap.
B pyccKofi pa3roBopHof t pe n n MeHa 3 a j i o r o B o r o 3HaneHHa ne-
pexoflHbift r j i a r o j i AeJi aeTca HenepexoAHbiM n a c r o B b i p a m a e c a
npHJaBsneHHeM nacr HUH - c h , OHa 3aMbiKaeT nepexoAHoeTb a caM
AeficTByiomH& npeAMeT. B o 4>paHuy3CK0M s t o n e p e Aa e Tc a (JjopMoS
c a; ew,e o j i e e JjaMHJibapHOH hj i h marne HHorAa npocTOpe^HOM:
a mord ! KycaeTcn! hjph KAtoer! o p n pbiHoft JiOBJie; a gicle !
CpbLseu OTKyda-TO Aernr; a brle ! otcoKercn! a pique ! KOAer-
cnl a tache ! nannaercH! mo o6pa3>uy a pleut ! doxdb uder
( n p o c To p e n n e ) ; a parle ! oh ryda-otce euê pa3aoeapu8aer!
4 3 . Cji yweHbi e cj i oBa. KOHBepCHH npeAJioroB, Hapenun h c o i o -
30b . Oa h o H3 caMbi x xapaKTepHbi x oeoeHHOCTeH $paHuy3CKoro
a 3 b ma HBJineTCH TecHaa BHyTpeHHaa cBH3b ( s o l i d a r i t , KaK CKasa-
j i h 6 a Mbi no-(j)paHny3CKH) npeAJioroB, Ha pe n nS h c o k >30b . Cji oBa
o a h o H3 s t h x n a c r e S p e n n MoryT npH OnpeAeJieHHbix ycjiOBHax
nepexoAHTb n o KOHBepCHH b Apyr yi o. CBa3b n o KOHBepCHH cymecT-
ByeT y h h x He TOJibKO c t o h k h 3peHHa npoHcxo>KAeHHH MHorne Ha-
p e n n a o6pa30Baj i HCb H3 npeAJioroB, a MHorae A p y r n e npeAJi or n H3
HapeHHH, HO H C TOHKH 3peHHH JKHBOrO C0BpeM6HH0r0 H'3bIKa - - oy-
mecTByeT opaTHMoeTb npeAJi oroB b Ha p e n n a h opaTHo.
3 t o x o po r no b h a h o Ha KOHKpeTHbix npocTpaHCTBeHHbix npeAJio-
r a x . B TaJiHue 6 c j i oBa KajKAOH ko j i o h k h aBJiaKerca c t o h k h 3pe-
HHfl 'COBpeMBHHOH CHHiXpOHHH npOHSBOAHblMH n o KOHBepCHH OT CJIOB
COOTB6TCTBeHHO CTOfllUeH CJieBa KOJIOHKH (HainOMHHM, HTO RpaKTH-
h b c k h npewJi or oiuiKHaercH o t n a p e n n a TeM, h t o p e n e Ba a u e n b He
MQJKeT Ha HeM KOHnaTt ca, 3a hhm o 6 a 3a Te j i bn o a o j i j k h o cjieAOBarb
OTHocameeca k HeMy hmh cymecTBHTeJibnoe, TOima KaK n o c j i e bchko-
r o napeHHH pe ne Ba a u e n b MOfflKeT KOHHaTbca). K a b h a h m , BHYTpen-
97
hhh erpyKTypa m 3t om paaAeji e <J>paHuy3CKoA jickcmkh BHep*aHa
oqeHb noc.iew-oBaTejibHO, eHMCTiBeHoe OTMOHeme y n p e j y i o r o B
d e r r i r e h d e v a n t , 3awMCTB0Ba' BmHX o c T a r a i t Ap e s He f i c h h o h h -
m h h 4>opMbi a r r i r e h a v a n t (cynnji eTHBH3M).
3aMeTHM TaKi xe , mt o Mop4) eMH e n / a u ' KOHKypHpyioT b c j i o B a x
4- f l k o j i o h i k h 3 t o oJieAH peBHeH c h h o h h m h h npe/ i onoB e n K <i
TaAuna 6
nepBHHHH
(OCHOBHOft)
npeAJior
Hape^ne
* (bcc cjiyna
onycicaKn
KOHBepCHK)
b cymecT-
BHTeabHoe]
K BropHIHblf
n p e w o r
Bi-opHiHoe
Hapemie
TpeiHUHbift
npeaj i or
COH)3
!
1
sur dessus au-dessus
de
f au-dessus
( en dessus
de dessus
par-dessus
par-dessus
la porte
de dessus
" i
i
sous dessous au-dessous
de
/ au-dessous
l en dessous
par-dessous
par-dessous
la porte
)
dans dedans au-dedans de au-dedans
en dedans
par-dedans
par-dedans
la ville
J hors dehors ;n dehors de au-dehors
en dehors
du dehors
de dehors
la ville
(ou de de
hors de la
ville)
hors que
i
derrire
(npocTpaH.)
derrire (Al
lez devant,
j irai der
rire)
en arrire de
jes bras en
arrire du
corps)
par-derrire
devant
(npocTpaH.)
devant e.n avant de
au-devant
de la ren
contre)
par-devant devant
que (de)
(apx. )
98
BhtpameHHH 4 - h k o j i o h k h , B3HTH6 b (J)HrypHbie c k o k h , c hhohhmhh-
h w, h o p a 3JinrtiaioT.ca TeM, h t o BbipameHHH c au yK3btBaiOT o t h o -
CH-reJibHoe noJi omeHHe, a c en 6e30TH0CHTejibH0e noj i omeHHe, TaK
HTO, HanpHMep, tre log l'tage au-dessous oicuTb araxoM hu-
yce ( 0TH0CHTejibH0 Koro-JiHo hj i h nero- Ji Ho) ; cette carte est bleue
en dessus et rouge en dessous ara OTKpbiTica cuhhh ceepxy u
KpacHaH cnusy (6e30TH0CHTeJibH0 k HCMy-JiHo). (HanpaBJi eHHe
KOHBepCHH OT U 6 ) .
n o CTpyKTypHOH cxeMe, BbiHBJieHHOH b npocTpaHCTBeHHbix npe-
j o r a x , MoryT biTb pacnoJi oj KeHbi H MHorne A p y r n e , HOBhie, t . e.
o my ma e Mwe KaK np0H3B0,Hbie b coBpeMeHHOM H3bme npeJiorH.
Ta J i nua 7 nosTOpneT npemhwymyi o c t o h pa3HHue, h t o o-
j i o h k h 4 h 5 b He OTcyTCTBylOT, HanpaBJieHHe KOHBepCHH TaQKe
TaAuufi. 7
ripOH3BOAHHft
npe/ wor
Hapeuae
BlOpHHHN
npej wor
COK)3
ct de
ct
du ct de de ct
dans la mesure de dans une mesure dans la mesure
quelconque o
mesure mesure que
sur la base de sur une base quel base de
conque
de peur que de peur
de peur de
sous une forme
sous forme de
en face de
quelconque
en face
en faveur de en faveur
un titre quelcon
titre de
loccasion de
que
une occasion
quelconque
dans une direction
en direction de
labri de
quelconque
labri
la merci de merci
la vue le vue
vue dil
au bout de
doiseau
bout
bout de force
la suite <le
(pousser bout)
de patience
par suite
par suite de
hauteur de
la hauteur de a la hauteur (tre
la fin de h se
la hauteur)
la fin
en fin de semaine
maine
enfin
de journe
de la journe
d'anne
de lanne
de phrase
force de
de la phrase
toute force
force
99
c j i e Ba Ha n p a BO. I l pef l CTaBJi eHHe o KOHBepCHH a i o r o p o Aa n a e r p y c -
c k h h n p HMe p : Qn6bu i 8 K O M n a n u v . o h 6ua e K O M n a n a u m o -
A o d b i x A / o d e , r a e b nepBOM c j i y q a e e KOM.na.Huu H a p e q u e , a b o
b t o p o m - cjowHbiH ( np0H3B0AHbi f i ) npeA/ior. Cp.-. Ha x o d y n o e s -
d a o6pa3yiomHHCH ripeAJior h n a x o d y Hapeqne. 3 a z p a Ku u , e
z o p o a o6pa3yiomHHCH npeAJior, 3a z panuu, e HapeqHe.
K 3 To x e r p y n n e cjiob o t h o c h t c h h npeAJiorH c o n t r e , sel on h
s u i v a n t , KOTopue mojkho mnKOBaTb Tome khk npeopa3yeMb;e 3
KapeqHH ( cp. c i - c o n t r e ) , x o t h H a p e q n e y AByx noc./ieAHHx h Apyr o-
r o KOpHH. H o 3T0 OCTOHTeJIbCTBO CJieAyT paCCMTpHB3Tb KaK
cynnJieTHBH3M, Koiopbift, BeAt, e MemaeT oTHocHTb cj i oBa k o a h o h
JieKOHqecKOH hjih rpaMMaTHqecKOH KaTeropHH, cp.: je suis je fus,
udy, uieA h t . a . Cp. :
voici le foss sautez par-dessus ce foss sautez par
dessus ;
voici la loi vous agirez selon cette loi vous agirez en con
formit.
Grporo roBopn, c ToqKH 3peHHH coBpeMeHHofi c h h x p o h h h 6es-
pa3j i HqHO, mt o cqHTaTb np0H3B0AHbi M, a mt o nepBOHaqa; i bHbi M b h -
p a we HHe M, ecj i K ycTaHOBJi eHa h x B03M0*H0CTb TpaHC<j )opMHpoEaTb-
c h A p y r b A p y r a . TaK, Bbi pameHHH k o j i o h k h 2 b coBpeMeHHOM coc-
TOHHHH H3bIK3 C TaKHM Ke yCnCXOM MOJKHO CqHTaTb npOH3BOAHb!MH
OT BbipaxeHHH KOJIOHKH 3, KaK H OpaTHO (TOqHO T a K Xe AJIH k o j i o -
h o k 12 ) . B caMOM AeJie, BbipaaceHHH k o j i o h k h 3 OTJiHqaKrrcH o t
Bbi paWeHHH, CTOHIUHX B TO& X e CTpOKe B KOJTOHKaX 1 H 2 TeM, HTG
apTHKJIb B HHX, KaK npaBHJIO, HeHTpaJIH30B3H.
2. / I p y r H e r pynnnpcBKH m o b npH H3yh c h h h cj i oBapn
Ha ypoBHe Hopiww
44. IlpHHUHn rpynnHpoBOK. KpoMe paonpeAeJieHHH c j i o b no
acTHM p e q n , npH H3yqeHHH cj i OBapn HeoxoAHMbi h A p y r n e r p y n -
nnpoBKH. H a Me q a n h x , h c x o a h t H3 3HaqeHHH, h o BMecTe c TeM ne
MoryT He 3aTparHBaTb h ({)opMbi h x i ui aHa BbipaxeHHH. O a h 3 k o
c c h j i k h Ha 3t o t nj i aH HrpaiOT noAcoHyio poj i b, TaK KaK x o a mh c j u i i
3Aecb o t 3HaqeHHH k 4>opMe. Cji eAyeT saMetHTb, qTo 3t o t nyTt.
BD3ce e 03Ha.qaeT paccyxi aeHHH o t i i o h h t h h k cjioBaM, KaK s t o
AeJiaJi, HanpHMep, H3BecTHbift HeweuKHH HccjieAOBaTejib H. T p n p
M h He 6 yAeM TaKXe BAaBarbCH b cj i oxHeft mHf t Bonpoc o t o m,
i t o TaKoe SHaqeHHe cj ioBa h KaK o h o ycTaHaBJiHBaeTCH. 3HaqeHHe
cj i oBa Mbi npHHHMaeM 3Aecb KaK AaHHoe, t . e. KaK o h o 3 a n u c a H0
B ICJIlOBa'PHX H 0C03HaH0 'B H a LUH AHH HOCHTeJIHMH H3HKa E TCX
Cm. 06 s t o m A. A. y $ h m u e b a. T e o p m i ceMaHTHqecKcro n o n a h b o s -
mo j k h o c t h h x npHMeHeHHH npH H3yieHHH onoBapHor o cocTaBa fl3UKa, b c 6 . Bon-
pochi TeopHH H3biKa b coBpeMeHHoft 3apy6ej KHof t AHHrBHCTHKe, H a a - Bo AH
100
noBCeAH6BHoft peneBOH npaKTHKe. B Hacronmee BpeMH HaKOiuieH
yjKe onbiT yAanHbix conocTaBJieHHH cjiob AByx h3hkob b ruiaHe co-
AepmaHHH. Bo Bcex cjiyqaHX npn 3tom HccjieAOBaTejiH hcxoaht He
H3 anpHOpHblX nOHHTHHHblX CXeM, a H3 HaJIHHHblX B H3bIK6 CJIOB,
TOJibKO JiHiiib rpynnnpya hx TeM hjih hhmm 0pa30M. ConoeraBJie-
HHe He eAHHHHHbix cjiob, a rpynn cjiob, 06'beAHHeHHbix omHoeTbio
3 HaneHHH, hs hkobhx noj i e f t bot ochobhoh npHHUHn conocTaBH-
TeJibHoro H3yieHHH *.
4 5 . CeMbH cjiob. CeMben cjiob Ma3biBaeM OTpameHHe oAHoro
noHHTHH bo Bcex KaTeropHHx nacTen p e m HanpHMep, hmh cyme-
CTBHTejibHoe eeceAbe BMecTe c npnjiaraTejibHHM eeceAu h rJiaro-
jiom aeceAUTbca opasyioT ceMbio -cjiob. Tan a n otjihhh rjia-
roJia o t HMeHH H AeJieHHe SToro nocjieAHero Ha hmh cymecTBHTeJib-
Hoe h hmh npHJiaraTeJibHoe hbjihctch ochobhoh CTpyKTypo qaereft
peHH H B pyCCKOM, H BO 4>paHUy3CKOM, TO CeMbH CJIOB yAOHO onn-
cbiaaTb no 9t oh cxeMe. Bce ceMbH cjiob hbao noApa3AeJiHTb Ha ABe
rpynnbi:
) rJiarojibHbie ceMbH c j i o b , t . e. TaKHe, b KOTOpbix HenpoH3BOA-
HblM, OCHOBHblM, nepBOHanaJIbHblM CJIOBOM HBAHeTCH rjiaroji, a BCe
ocTajibHbie qjieHH ceMbH npoH3BeAeHbi o t Hero HenocpeACTBeHHO
h j i h nocpeACTBOM Apyr ax qacTe penn:
r j i aroj i mdnger rjiaroji nucarb
h mh AeHTejiH mangeur h mh a c h t c a h nucareAb
h mh jipHJiaraTeiJibHoe iKaqecTBeH- h mh npHJiaraTeJibHoe o t h o c h -
o e mangeable TejibHoe nucaTeAbcm ( o t
nHcareJih)
) HMeHHbie CeMbH CJIOB, T. e. TaKHe, B KOTOpblX HenpOH3BOA-
HbiM OCHOBHblM HBJiHeTCH hmh ( cymecTBHTeJi bHoe hJih npnjiaraTejib-
noe) :
hmh cymecTBHTeJibHoe frre mmh cymecTBHTeJibHoe 6par
hmh npHJiaraTeJibHoe fraternel hmh npnjiaraTeAbHoe parcKu
rj i aroA fraterniser rjiaroji paraTbcx
h mh cymecTBHTeJibHoe coonpa- h mh cymecTBHTeJibHoe co&apa-
T6Jib!Hoe confrrie TejibHoe paTcreo
1 TaK, am-jiHHCKHH jiHHrBHCT K. PofiHHHr conocTaBHfl r p y n n u cj i ob, cj ioBa
h cjioBocoqeTaHHH, oieAHHeHHbi e o a h h m noHar aeM s m o u h h p a a o c r H , b aHivraii-
c kom h HeMeuKOM H3t i Ka x (K. R e u n i n g , Joy and Freude, Swarthniore, 1941).
C o b s t c k h HCCJieAOBaTanb B. A. JOpHK o n n c a ; i cj i oBa, o 6 o 3Ha' jaioiHHe naeT, b
pyccKOM h JiaTHiucKoM 3HKax, pa36HB o w e e n o j i e UBeTa Ha He6 oj i bi i me b t o
pHMHHe ceMaHTHMGCKHe nojiH c KaKHM-jiHo ojiee h j i h MeHee o 6mnM 3HaqeHHeM
(OnwT CTpyKTypHoro aHaJiH3a ceMaHTHqecKoro n o j i a UBeTa b pyccKOM h jiaTbim-
ckom H3biKax. Yh. 3an. JlaTBHHCK. r oc . yH-Ta hm. n. CyqKH, t . XXV, Pnra,
1958, <S>HJiojiorHiecKHe HayKH, Bbi n. 1IIA, CTp. 185198), f l oApoHee o Me i o a a x
CKCTeMHoro H3yqeHHH j i c k c h k h cm. p o mi o p y A. H. K y 3 H e n o B o . tloHATHe
ceMaHTHqecKoft c h c t c m h H3HKa h MeTOAH ee HccjieAOBaHHa, H s a - b o Mo ck . yH-Ta,
M., 1963 ( t a M ace AOBOJibHO n o j m a a 66j i Horpa4>Ha). Cm. TaKwe 3Aecb 55.
101
KoHeHHO, MbI c p a 3 y CTOJIKHeMCH c TeM (}>aKTOM, HTO B JieKCHKS
nJiaH cof l epmaHHs He noJiHocTbio C00TBeTCTByeT (He H30M0p(f>eH)
n j i a H y Bbipa>KeHHH. IIosTOMy a n p n o p H o B03M0w:Hue k j i c t o h k h ceMbu
cj i ob (HanpHMep, hmh eHCTBHH, hmh aeaTe^H, n pH/ i a r a Te b-
Hoe KaHecTBeHHoe, npHJi araTeJi bHoe 0 TH0 CHTeJibH0 e, Ha p e n n e h
n p o n . ) 0 Ka>KyTCH 3anoj i H6HHbiMH He ueJMKOM: b o ^ p a Huys c Kc m
ceMbe o t manger nyerofi OKameTCH KJieTOHKa or aocHTeJi bHoro npH-
j i ar aTeJ i bHor o, b pyccKOH ceMbe c j i o b o t nucarb nycTofi 6yn,eT k j s -
TOHKa KanecTBeHHoro npHj i a r aTej i bHor o. KpoMe Toro, OKametCH, ht o
HeKOTOpbie KJieTOHKH, XOTH H 3anOJIHeHb, 0AH3K0, CJI0B3MH COBC6M
HHOrO npOHCXOHCaeHHH, HHK3K He BOCXOAHIHHMH K OCHOBHOMy CJQ3V
ceMbH. CpaBHHM cjieayiomHe npHMepbi:
TaAuna 8
HacTH peMH
riOHHTHS J i e q H T b
pyCCKHfi H3UK 4> paHI i y3CKHf i H3HK
rjiaro.i
HMH AeHTMH
HMH AeflCTBHH
hmh npHJiaraTeJibHoe
naperae
h mh opyHH
np0H3B0AHwfi rjiaro/i
JieHHTb
Bpa> (a He Jieicapb)
jieqeHHe (a He BpaieBa-
hhc)
jieqeHu, BpaqeHN
uejieHO
jieKapcTBo
BbIJieTOTbCH
traiter
mdecin (a He traiteur )
traitement
mdical
(dune faon bienfaisan
te)
mdicament
gurir
He BCe JIHHFBHCTH COrJiaCHTCH, bITb MOSCeT, CHHTaTb CeMbeS
cjiob rpynnHpoBKH, noaoHbie s t o . jOteftcTBHTeJibHO, moj kho 6 h j i o
6m p a 3HTb 3Ty ceMbio Ha HecKOJibKo, c 00 TBeTCTBeHH0 o me My n p o -
HCxoameHHio cj i ob:
1. Aenurb
Aenapb
Aenenue
AeKapcreo
BbUeHUTb
OflHaKO 3T0 HJI 6bl JIOJKHbl, C TOHKH 3peHHH COBpeMeHHOrO
c o c t o h h h h a3HKa, nofl xoA. Beflb h h y Koro ywe npo<|>eccHH Bpa n a He
C3H3HB36TC5I Tenepb CO CJIOBOM AeKpb, a 33HHTHH Bp3H3 CO CJIO-
bom epaneeaHue, x o t h ncTOpHnecKH 0AH0 K0 peHHwe c j i o s a h CBHsaHbr
Ap y r c ApyroM. C Apyrofi cTopoHU, HecoMHeHHO, h t o cMHCJi osaa
CBsi3b M e a m y cjiOBaMH Aenurb Aenenue epan hmhm He o t j h -
naeTCH o t c b h 3 h c j i o b nucarb nucaHue nucareAb, x o t h b n e p -
bom c j i y n a e o 6 m o c T b 3 HaneHHH He aomoJiHHeTCH 0 6 m.H0 CTb0 K0 pH.
2. epan. 3. iêAemi
epaneHbi têAurt
epanesarb
epaneeaHue
102
r i cmoMy, iH63aBHCHMo ot npoHcxocA6HHa cjiob, rpywnupoBKH HX,
nofloHbie to, KOTOpaa OTpaxeHa b TaJinue 8, m u 6yeM c^HTan.
CeMbefi CJIOB. CjlOBOCOMeTaHHH B CeMbK) CJIOB He BKJHOiaiOTCH, XOTH
ohh M o r y T BoenojiHHTb npoeJiw, JiaKyHbi, o6pa30BaHHbie OTcyrcT-
BHeM cjiOBa. Cp. : dune faon bienfaisante b TaJinue.
4 6 . OcoeHHOcTH ceMei i c j i o b b o ({ipaHuyacKOM a a b i Ke cpaBHH-
TejibHO c pyccKHM. r i p e x A e Bcero mojkho 6h j i o 6 h nocTaBHTb Bon-
poc, KaKHe kji6t k h omeft CTpyKTypHo cxeMbi ceMbH cjiob oj i ee
hji h MeHee peryj i npHo b AaHHOM H3biKe ocTat or ea nycTbiMH. O t b c t
Ha 3t o t Bonpoe oj ijkho AaTb HsyqeHHe cji0B006p a 30BaHHH. Moj kho
n p e a n o j i a r a T b , HanpHMep, mto b C0BpeMeHH0M (f)paHiiy3CK0M H3biKe
0pa30BaHHe npHJiaraTeJibHbix npoHcxoAHT npeHMymecTBeHHO b
cijepe c n euHaj i bHor o omeHHH (TexHHqecKoft, ej i 0 B0H h npou. ) ,
Tor â KaK pa3roBopHbi h 3 h k npeanotiHTaeT cjioBOCOMeTaHHH hjih
KOHBepcHK). OpasoBaHHe * e HMeH cymecTBHTeJibHbix o t rjiarojioE
C nOMOIUbK) Cy<f)<|)HKCOB CBOHCTBeHHO H pa3rOBOpHO peUH. O^HaKO
Bce 3t o, paBHo KaK h o j i e e o 6ihh& Bonpoe o t om, HacKOJibKO boo6-
me a4)cj)HKcajibHoe cji0B00dpa30BaHHe mo kho cMHTaTb npHHaAJie-
JKauiHM He OAHOMy KaKOMy-JiHo ct hj i i o $paHiiy3CKoA peMH, a 06-
meHauHOHauibHOMy H3bHcy, a 0 chx nop 0K0HHaTeJibH0 He perneH *.
Mb! OCT3HOBHMCH 3eCb Ha BTOpOM BOHpOCe, O TOM, HaCKOJIb-
KO CBOHCTBeHHO TOMy H pyrOMy H3bIKy 3anOJIHHTb nyCTbie KJieTKH
ceMbH c j i o b cjioBaMH Apyr or o KopHH.
Cpa3y MOJKHO CKa3aTb, HTO 4>paHHy3CKH& H3bIK B 3T0M OTHOie-
h hh aJi eKo o n e p e x a e T pyccKHft. CpaBHHM HecKOJibKO npHMepos:
1 Cm., HanpHMep, nojieMHKy Mew/ i y jiHHrBHCTaMH, chht a oi uHMH, i t o aijxmic-
caj i bHoe cji 0B006pa30BaHHe b C0BpeMeHH0 M <J>paHny3CKOM npHxoAHT b ynaOK
III. BaJMH, )K- M a p y 3 0 h h x npoTHBHHKaMH, HanpHMep, 3. FI mhohom. B HauiH
flHH ^HHrBHCTH CK.'IOHHtOTCH ai l l e HS CTOpOHy riHIIlOHa, Cp. A. JX- ) K a JI O B-
c k h fi. IIpoAyKTHBHue c.TOBoo(5pa30BaTejibHbie TKribi o T r J i a r o J i b n u x n p nj i a r a Te . i b-
h u x b coBpeMeHHOM <J>paHuy3CKOM H3MKe, aBTOpeepaT KaHft. h c c . , I M m H H f l ,
M. , 1962.
1. pr e
paternel
patrie
2. dette
d
devoir
dbiteur
3. b u f
bovin
bouvier
oreu
orqoecKu
O T e n e c r e o
OAZ
dOAOKHbl
blTb OAOKHblM
OAOKHUK
blK
bLHU
noaoHU{UK 6m-
4. prendre
prise
prhension
Koe
63HTJ
83KTUe
XBTHUe
103
CpaBHHB3 H, BHflHM, HTO C TOHKH 3peHHH COBpCMeHHOrO <J)paHIiy3-
CKoro H3biKa cjioBa oahoh ceMbH, Aame HMeiomHe omee nponc-
xoat aeHHe, nacTO, KaK b s t h x npHMepax, He CBH3aHbi Apyr c ApyroM
MOp(j}OJIOrHHeCKOH OmHOCTbIO OCHOBbl. He CBH3aHbI OHH H o6lUHMH
THnaMH 3ByKOBHx cooTHomeHH, TaK buf bovin, m cheval
chevalin, aigle aquilin (nez aquilin opAUHbi hoc) , brebis
ovin h t . n. B pyccKOM x e H3biKe, KaK s t o bhaho x o t h 6 h H3 npH-
BeAeHHbix conocTBJieHHH, TaKOH t h i t ceMbH cjiob BCTpenaeTCH r o-
pa3Ao p e w e , neM bo $paHuy3CKOM. Pa3yMeeTCH, CKa3aHHHM He o t -
pHuaeTCH, h t o b oohx H3HK3X ecTfc 0 6 a THna ceMeficTB, penb h a b t
0 nponopuHHx.
TaKHM 0pa30M, (f>paHuy3CKoe c j i o b o , b oTJiHHHe o t p y c c x o r o .
r o p a 3 / i o n a m e He oHapyJKHBaeT bo BHeuiHe 4>opMe CBoero poACTBa
c pyrHMH cjiOBaMH t o h * e ceMbH h CBoero npoHcxojKAeHHs: BHem-
Hefl (J)OpMOH OHO M0p4>0JI0rHHeCKH H30JlHp0B3H0 OT ApyrHX CJIOB, 3
BHyTpeHHHS $ o p M a b HeM y T p a n e n a BHyrpeHHHH e (J)opMa, cj i h-
nae Man c TenepeuiHHM 3HaneHHeM c j i oBa, yKa3HBaeT Ha p a c x o mA e -
HHe MejK^y nepBOHanaJibHbiM h TenepeuiHHM 3HaneHHeM c j i o b s ,
H3-3a n e r o h Te ne pe ur a e e 3HaneHHe BwrJiHAHT o j i e e KOHKpeTHHM,
HanpHMep, py c c Ko e npedcraeAenue s t o t o , h t o npeACTaBJiaeTCH co*
s e pnaHHi o HeJioBeKa, notifnue t o , h t o b 3 h t o , BaHeHO, o t o h h t o
yMOM ( c p . TaKwe HeMeuKoe Vorstellung o t stellen craeutb, Be-
griff o t greifen xeararb). os TOMy oneHb h s c t o H3-3a OTcyTOT-
bhh BHyrpeHHe $opMbi <|)paHuy3CKHe c j i oBa n o 3HaneHKK) npeACTa-
h^t KaK 6 o j i e e acTpaKTHbie, neM, HanpHMep, cooTBeTCTByromie
pyccKHe hj i h HeMeuKHe. Cp. ide npedcraeAeHue, notion nona-
rue.
OneHb HpKO 9T0 CBOHCTBO npOHBJIHeTCH BO (f)paHUy3CKOM r j i a r o -
Jie, KOTopu n a i n e Bcero n e pe Aa e T TOJibKO rJiaBHMH npH3H3K ( hh -
BapHaHT, CeM3HTHHeCKyiO AOMHHSHTy) Ae&CTBHH, TOrAa K3K, HanpH
Mep, pyccKHH h aHrJiHflcKHS rjiarojibi nepeAafOT eme h KaK 6 bi noA-
pOHOCTH, AeTaJiH 2.
Cp. s) Oh tiepetuibiA peny.
He swarn across the river.
Il t raversa la rivire
6) f d e MHe cecmb (ecmamb, jienb)?
1 E c j i h 3Ha<ieHHe npoH3Bo,nfl iuero cj i oBa b h h o b n p 0H3B0flH0M, t o r o s o p a r ,
i t o npoH3BoaHoe c j i o b o HMeeT BHyTpeHHioio if)opMy.
2 T o x e o MHqa e T (JipaHuyscKHfi H3biK h o t HeMeuKoro. Cp. A. M a 1 b 1 a n c.
S t y l i s t i q u e c o m p a r e d u f r a n a i s e t d e l a l l e m a n d , D i d i e r , P . , 1961 : Sil sagit
d u n p u r c o n c e p t c o m m e d f i n i t i f , e n c o r e l ' a l l e m a n d t r a d u i r a - t il par
u n m o t c o m p o s l o p r a t i o n m m e d u j u g e m e n t q u i l a f o r m , a u l i e u d e f o u r
n i r c o m m e l e f r a n a i s l e r s u l t a t d e c e d e r n i e r e t i l d i r a e n d g l t i g , m o t
m o t : v a l a b l e l a f i n (p. 6 3 ) . ri oApof i Hhi e conocTaBJieHHH pyccKHX i vt aroj r cB c
4>paHuy3CKHMH, CBeaeHKhie b T a & u m u , c m . b CTaTt e B. T. T a k a. O HeKOTcpwx
ocoeHHocTHx p y c cKor o H3MKa cpasHHTej i bHo c ifipaHuy3CKHM, npHj i oaceHue k
P e t i t d i c t i o n n a i r e p r a t i q u e f r a n a i s - r u s s e , M. , 1963 r . , CTp. 706709.
104'
Where do you want me to sit (to stand)-?
O voulez-vous que j e me mette?
b ) KapTuna eucum na crene.
draoicepKa cmoum e yeAy.
Khuz Aeotcam na croAe.
The picture hangs on the wall.
The bookcase stands in the corner.
The book lies on the table.
Le tableau "l f au mur.
La bibliothque> est 1 dans un coin.
Le livre J [ sur la table.
OCHOBHbie OCOeHHOCTH H3HKOBOH CHCTeMbi OêHb HaCTO CT3HO-
BHTCI AOMHHHpyroiUHMH BOOUte, C03flai0T KaK 6bl CHJiy npHBblMKH
h noaaBJiaiOT MeHee HacTbie, BTopocTeneHHbie, x o t h h B03M0>KHbie
cnocobi BbipajKeHHH. B s t h x cjiyqasix ohh 3aCTaBJisiioT HOCHTeJiH
H3biKa H3 flByx B03M05KH0CTCH BbiHpaTb oAHy, onpeaejieHHyio HaH-
oJiee ome TeHAeHHHei, h TaKHM 06pa30M OCHOBHbie oeoeHHoeTH
H3biKa npH0 6 peTai0 T 3HaqeHHe HauHOHaJibHOH crajiHCTHMecKoft nep-
Tbl. 3 t O HBJieHHe Ha3HBaeTCH B COBpeMeHHOH JIHHrBHCTHKe AaBJle-
HHeM CHCTeMbi (cp. 51, 87, 98) . TaK, HanpHMep, ira c.>ieAyiomHX
AByX Teope'fHMeCKH paBH0B03M0JKHbIX BO $paHIiy3CKOM H3bIKe 3K-
BHBaJieHTOB pyccKOH 4>pa3bi oh haua ce6e euna <j)paHuy3 b 6 oji b-
uiHHCTBe cj i yqaeB npeAno^TeT BTopoS o j i e e aCTpaKTHbift:
) Il sest vers du vin.
) Il s est servi boire hjih it sest vers boire.
Kor, na Mbi t o b o p h m 3 e c b o npejxnoTeHHH, t o HMeeM b bha} He
co3HaTejibHyK) uui HôBKy c t h j i h , a npeAnoqTeHHe, Bbi3BaHHoe n p n -
BbmKOH ^k acTpaKTHOMy x a pa KTe py r j i a r o j i a , o t 6 o p Heoco3HaHHbifi,
KOTOpblH T0MH0 TaK HCe IipOHBJIHeTCH H B bICTpOH yCTHOft peHH. Cj i e-
AyiomHH o t p h b o k n e p e ^ a e T TaKyio peib ( p a c c K a 3 r a K j k a c t b I7a-
p H * e n o MH(flyHap0AH0My TeJiec})0Hy 3b o h k 3 H3 >KeHeBhi):
De nouveau, la sonnerie maudite. Cette fois cest Genve.
rTrocadro 58-59? On vous demande de Genve... All ! Lyon,
244 sur 7... Ici, cabine 22... Eh bien, Dijon, vous dormez, mon pe
t i t ? ... Trocadro 58-59? Retirez-vous, monsieur (noAKjnoqHJicH
Apyro aoHeHT)... On vous rappellera... Genve est partie. Le
monsieur est rest. Il veut 59-58. Il veut 59-58 et je suis 58-59.
(P. D a n i n o s . V a c a n c e s t o u s p r i x , H a c h e t t e ) .
B noAMepKHyTbix Meerax pyccKHii Bbipa3HJica 6bi 6o.nee koh-
x p e r a o : on vous demande de Genve eac au3usatom u3 Me
neau; retirez-vous orKAtoHurecb; Genve est partie Meneea
OTKAfOHUAacb, nponaAa.
105
Bo3bMeM x o t h 6m nocJieAHee: rJiaroJi partir MO*ex 03HaqaTi
ydaAenue, ucne3HoeeHue qero yroAHO. Cp. pa3r.:
Genve est partie )Ken eea omKJitOHUAacb... sest dbranche
Vavion est parti caMOAer etiAemeA ...sest envol
le bouton est parti nyzoeuu,a omopeaAacb ...sest dcousu
le hle est parti 3aeap couieA ...a pli
lamour est parti Atooeb nponcuia ...a disparu
Cp. TaoKe:
la bouche dgarnie 6e33y6u por
le front dgarni oAbiceeuiaH eoAoea
la chambre dgarnie KOMnara 6es MeeAU
larbre dgarni zoAoe depeeo h t . n.
P a a o p a HHa n o c h q b h 3 h qe p Ta 4>paHuy3CKoro c j i oBa Hauui a CBoe
OTpaiKeHHe bo MHoni x c j i y q a a x b Tex r pynrmpoBKax c j i ob, Koropbi e
Ha3bIBatOTCH p33HbIMH BHflaMH CHHOHHMOB, H nOTOMy H3M He p a
npHaeTCH ccHJiaTbCH Ha Hee b AajibHeftmeM H3JioxeHHH.
4 7 . pyrHe rpynnHpOBKH c j i o b n o cxo,o,CTBy 3HaneKHn c h h o
k h mh h . ycTaHOBJieHHe chho hkmwh onHpa e Tc n Ha onpeaej i eHHe 3sa-
neHHH cj i oBa. Onpeaej i HH, b c j i e # 3 a Baj ui H, 3 HaqeHHe cnocofi oM
HAeHTHfjjHKaUHH ' , Mbi MOJKeM OnHCaTb He TpH BHfla CHHOHHMHH, K3K
AeJiaiOT OblMHO (CHHOHHMbI HAeOI'pacJmieCKHe, 3M0UH0HaJIbH0-9I<C~
npeccHBHbie h CTHJracTHMecKHe), a ojibixie.
HauHeM onHcaHHe c rpynnbi HAeorpacfjH'iecKHx chhohhmob, t . e.
cjiob, o6o3HaqaiomHX oaho HBJieHHe AeHCTBHTeJibHOCTH, ho no pas -
hhm npH3HaK3M ero, k s k 6bi c pasHbix c t o p o h . CjioBa om, okuau-
uê, iceapTupa, komht, ceo yeoA o6pa3yK) T CHHOHHMHMecKHfe pH.a
k noHHTHio poduo doM, un chez-soi. CjiOBa om, 3daH.ue, CTpoenue,
1 <ca) OnpeaeaeHHeM p e s e B o r o $a KTa m u Ha3UBaeM o n e p a i wi o , ycTaHSEJH
Ba oi uyi o e r o ToqHhifi jiorHqecKH c mu c j i ; 6 ) HAeHHtJiHKanHH CTaBHT c b o c
uej i bi o CB333TL fl aHHufi peqeBoi (faKT c e r o j ior mecKHM SKBHBajieHTOM, n p n p a s -
HHTb e r o k npocTOMy noHflTHio. (III. B a J i J i H . <>paHi*y3CKaa c t h j i h c t h k 3, 108
cTp. 120) HfleHTHifinKauHfl cooTBeTCTByeT TOMy, i t o b ^ o n i Ke Ha3UBaeTCH Ha-
xoacaeHHeM n p o c To r o i i o h h t h h . eficTBHTeJi>H0 , HAeHTHcjjHUHpyiomee c j i o b o Bcer-
a a CooTBeTCTByeT Hepa3io3KHMoft eHHtme mmcji h KOHKperHOMy npeacTaBJ i e-
HHiO HJIH aCTpaKTHOMy nOHHTHIO. 3t HM COOTBeTCTBHeM H paCKpUBaeTCH Mexa-
HH3M HAeHTH<j)HKaUHHi- HAeHTH(J)HUHpOBaTb peieBO (jlaKT MOJKHO TO/IbKO T3KHM
cji obom, KOTopoe BbipaacaeT c o A e p x a w y i o c a b hm Aeio b caMoft npocToft , caMo
oCieKTHBHofi h HaHoJiee afc pai tTHofi <jjopMe { 116, CTp. 129 130).
IIpHMepbi Bwpa*eHHe l e d n o u e m e n t d u n d r a m e H.neHTHiJsHUHpyeT-
c a c j i o b o m f i n ; e m b a r r a s s c j i o b o m m a l a d r o i t ; f r l e b BbipaxeHHH c e s t u n frle
a p p u i q u e l e s i e n c j i o b o m f a i b l e h t . n.
106
u3a. xara, dana, KOTTedox o 6 pa 3 y i o T c h h o h h m h h c c k h pA k noHa-
THK> 3danue.
Tan KaK cj iobo oji aAaeT He TOJibKO nocroflHHbiM (HHBapnaHT-
h h m ) SHaneHHeM, h o h nepeMeHHbiM (BapHaHTHbiM, <J>yHKUHOHaJib-
HblM), TO HAeOrpatJjHHeCKHe CHHOHHMbl K OTAeJIbHHM CJIOBaM MOJKHO
HaxoHTb b nepByio onepe^b b cjiOBOcoueTaHHH. 3 t o nojiomeHHe
6 hj i o noj i o* eHo b 0CH0By onncaHHH chhohhmhh y BajuiH *. TaKHM
opaaoM, c tohkh 3peHHs onocaa HAeHTH(J)HKau,HH, HAeorpadiHHe-
qkhmih chhohhm3mh Moryr biTb h OTejibHue cjioBa n u,ejibie cjicrao-
coneTaHHH, HanpHMep, cjieayiomHe pyccKHe:
COOlHUTb O...
U3eeCTUTb 0...
nanucaTb, h t o ... ( e nucbMe)
tipUCATb nuebMO, hto... (pa3r. 4>aM.)
(Oh npucAaA nucbMo, h t o npueder.) h t . a.
48. BeKTopHue c h h o h h m m . Ocoof i , BantHefi meH a j i h conocTa-
BHTeJIb'HOH CTHJIHCTHKH p3HOBHAHOCTbK> CHHOHHMHH, BCTpeMaiOmeH-
ch BHyTpn flpyrnix CHHOHHMHHeaKHX rpynn, HBJiieTCH Be KT Oi p H H
c h h o h i h m h h . BeKTopHbie CHHOHHMbl cymecrayiOT napaMH. y Ta-
KH'X map cjiob 0603'HaHaeMbiH npeAMeT a e h c tb ht jib>iocth (aeHOTaT)
OAHH H TOT * e , H HaCTb 3>Ha'HeHHH OlHaH, HO TOHKa 3peHHH TOBO-
pRmero KaK 6bi nepeMemaercH (oncioAa TepMHH >BeKTopHufl), oh
K3'K 6hl CMOTpHT Ha OAHO H TO * e HBJieHHe (AeHOTaT) C pa3HbIX
M6CT H, rJIHAH C OA'HOrO MOCTa, Ha3bIBaeT 3T0 HBJieHHe OfflHHM Bex-
TOpHblM CJIOBOM, TJ1HAH C Apyroro MeCTa ApyrHM BeKTOpHblM CJIO-
bom. TaK, ecjiH y a>c ecTb nojifiyTbuiKH MOJiOKa, t o 3 t o t <j)aKT ( a -
HOTaT) MOWHO paCCM3TpHBaTb C pa3HbIX TOH6K 3peHH:
ecTb ei ne noAyrbiAKU ecjiH
OTJIHB3J1H
ecTb yo/ce noAyrbiAKU ecjiH
HajiHBaJiH
ecjiH npe/iuAymee pa3JimHe
He BupascaeTCH, no-pyccKH
CKopee eiê
MOAOKU HeMHOZO, M.CLAO Ha*
npHMep, ecjin MHoro buiih-
J1H H 06 3TOM CO*aJieiOT
ecTb neMHOso MOAOtca Ha
npHMep, ecjiH MHoro Bbinn-
J1H, HO O 3TOM He KaJieiOT.
MOAOKO ( npURTHO) tipOXAdd-
noe, Toraa KaK MorJio 6h
bITb (HenpHHTHO) TOpHHHM
il y a encore une demi-bou-
teille
il y a dj une demi-bouteille
il y a toujours une demi-bou-
teille
il y a peu de lait
il y a un peu de lait
le lait est frais
1 paHy3CKaH c t h - t h c t h i o , 154.
107
le t ai t est tide m o a o k o ( uenpuHTHo) npo-
XAadnoe, TorAa KaK mowi o
6bi 6mb (npHHTHo) t o d h -
HHM.
riapu c j i o b encore dj, peu un peu, tide frais, l an
gl e le coin, le bord la cte h t . n. hb j i h i o t c h b c k t o p h u mm c h-
H0HHM3MH.
BeKTopHbie CHHOHHMbl ecTb HBJieHHe, B03HHKai0iuee n p n onHca-
h h h OAHoro H3biKa epefleTBaMH Ap y r o r o . TaK, $paHuy3CKoe un
peu peu b pyccKOM Macro OAKHaKOBO neMHoeo, tide frais
oHHaKOBO npoxAadubi. (Encore dj, toujours plus, b o j i e e
e-i omHbix OTHOiueHHHx k pyccKOMy ew,e onnrb. Cp.: minuit,
d j , il tait rveill Oh npocnyAcn ew,e Honbto; Cest e n c o r e
moi ! 3 t o Onnmb h!; Je suis t o u j o u r s l H ece ew,e 3decb;
Ses parents sont e n c o r e vivants Eeo podureAU okubu ( a , ko-
He<-iHo, He ew,e ofcueti!); Elle nest p l u s jeune Ona yotce ne
MOAoda hj i h, <iacTO npocT: ona ne MOAOa h t . a - ) .
HHo r / i a p a 3 H u e SHaMeHHH OAHoro cj i oBa 0Ka3biBai0TCH BeKTop-
HHMH CHH0HHM3MH nO OTHOUieHHlO Ap y r K f l p yr y. 3 t O BeKTOpHOe
CJIOBO. BeKTopHbie CJIOBa HMeiOTCH B Ka>KflOM HSbIKe, HO OHapyjKH
BaiOTca obmHo TOJibKO npH nepeBoae. TanoBbi b pyccKOM:
yzoA 1) l'angle (BHeuiHHfi yroji)
2) le coin (BHyTpeHHH yroJi )
epes 1) le bord (c cyiim)
2) la cte (c Mopsi)
noru 1) k roBopHiueMy, venir ; nodu ctoda! viens ici !
2) o t r o B o p a me r o , aller ; nodu k neMy va le voir !
rootce 1) aussi, cp. cnaHCK. tambin
2) non plus, cp. h CnaHCK. tampoco;
b o $paHuy3CK0M:
l'hte 1) socTb
2) X03HUH
louer 1) cdaearb enaeu
2) paTb enaeM
tout l heure 1) TOAbKO hto, nedaeno ( k npouui OMy)
2) eoT-eor, oneHb CKopo (k yaymeMy)
la mi-pente 1) na noAopoze eeepx ( b ropy)
2) Ha noAopoze bh3 ( i i o a ropy) ;
cp. b HCiiaHCKOM:
an 1) ew,e, encore
2) yotce, dj h t . n.
OpaHuy3CKHe c t h j i h c t u BeKTopHbie c h h o h h m w h BeKToppue
cjioBa o6o3Haqai oT o a h h m t c p m h h o m mots vectoriels.
108
4 9 . CHHOHHMbi 3M0UH0HajlbH0-3KCnpeCCHBHblC T. e. pa3Hbie
cj i oBa, npHHaAJieJKamHe k 0 flH0 My 4>yHKU,HOHajibHOMy c t h j i i o peqn,
HMeiOIHHe OflHH H TOT * e fleHOTaT, HO pa3HyiO 3KCnpeCCHBH0-3M0-
UHOHa^bHyro oKpacKy. MacTo h x HeTOHHo Ha3biBaioT c t hj i hc t hmp-
CKHMH CHHOHHM3MH, CMeUlHB3H HX C CHHOHHMaMH, npHHaAJieCaiHH-
MH pa3HblM t})yHKUHOHaJIbHbIM CTHJIHM.
Cp. b HeTpaJibHOM cTHJie <j>paHuy3'CKoro H3UKa i :
H e Tp a ^ b Ho e c j i o b o
(n e u t r e )
c y m e c t b h t e ji b h bi e:
vtements
livre
foule
conversation
papier
gens de maison
n tp h j i a t a t e j i b h bi e:
conome
disert
doux
aimable
prvenant,
tueux
mticuleux,
lanc, svelte
mince
belligrant
tide
bon
rj i a r o j i bi:
vtir, habiller
heurter, frapper
Cp. HeTpaj i bHoe:
avoir des nauses
vomir
une grosse dame
malade
poli, respec-
consciencieux
SMOHOHajibHO-OKpauieHHoe,
yHHMHJKHTeJIbHOe
( a f f e c t i f , d p r c i a t i f )
hcirdes
bouquin
populace
parlotte
paperasse
domestiques, valetaille
parcimonieux
prolixe, verbeux
doucetre, doucereux
mielleux
obsquieux
vtilleux, tatillon'
efflanqu
maigre
belliqueux
tidasse
bonasse
accoutrer, ficeler, dguiser
cogner, taper
CMHr i e HHo e (attnu):
avoir mal au cur
rendre
une dame forte
indispos, souffrant
3M0UH0Haj bH0- 3KCnpeCCHBHbi e CHHOHHMH Ma CTO CBS3aHU He
TOJIbKO C p33JlHMHeM B3TJ1H/IOB Ha n p e ^ Me T (OHH OOpHTeJIbHblS
svelte, pyroft nopnuaiouiHH efflanqu), h o h c xapaKTepoM,
1 npHMepu G G o u g e n h e i m . Adjectifs laudatifs et adjectifs dprciatifs,
Le Franais moderne, t 26, 1958, n 1.
109
npHHTHMM HJIH HeFIpHHTHblM, npHJlHHHblM HJIH HenpHJIHKHMM CaMO-
10 np e AMe Ta , Ha npHMe p, toilette ryuAer, phaom c ojiee He n o -
cpeACTBeHHUM o 6o 3HaHeHHeM les W. C. ( np0H3H0CHTC les vcs)
yopnasi. B thkhx cjiynaax ouwho hh oaho cjiobo He vAepKHBaeTCH
Haflojiro b pa3psiAe HeiiTpaJibHbix h 6biCTpo cxoaht b pa3pHA 3kc-
npeccHBHbix. TaKOBa hctophh bccx cjiob, o6o3HawaiomHx, HanpHMep,
o r x o we e MecTo. HopHaii fibuio K0 rAa-T0 HefiTpajibHbiM cjiobom, h o
nocTejieHno mepeuiJio paapHA He BnojiHe oipHJiHHHbix h biJio s a -
MeHeHo HeflTpaJibHMM cjiobom ryaAer, MyxcKaa KOMHara, daMCKan
KOMHTa H T. n. Bo 4>paHUy3CK0 M TOJKe OAHO Ha3B3HHe bJCTpO CMe-
HHeTCH ApyrHM: lieu daisance, lavabo, toilette, W. C. h t . h . Ha-
npOTHB, CJIOBa, nOHBHBIUHeCI C 3MOUHOHaJlbHO-3KCnpeCCHBHOH OK-
pacKOH, ofibiHHo HeAOJiro yaepjKHBaiOT e e, oeciiBeHHBaiOTCH h h c -
He3aiOT hj i h cnoji3aK>T b pa3pA HeirrpaJibHbix. TaKOBbi, npewAe
Bcero, BOCKJiHuaTejibHbie pa3r0B0pH0-(f)aMHjibHpHbie Hapenna 3d~
pooo! h t . n. OpaHuy3CKHe sensiblement, extrmement Koraa-To
biJiH hpk o SMOUHOHaJibHbiMH CJiOBaMH, a Tenepb 3 t o 6oj i ee hji h Me
Hee HefipaJibHbie chhohhmm trs, hm a CMeHy jtiphxoa' ht OBoe h
noKa eme (paMHJibapHoe extraordinairement. T a n n e HapenHH s t o
mojkho yTBepwAaTb BnojiHe cepbe3H0 He MeHee t o h h o 003Haqa-
k)t cboi o anoxy, qeM (JiacoH oAewAH, MaHepa TaHua h t . n.
TaBAUi fa 9
Snoxa
BocKjiHuaie;ibHhie napeMHg
pyccKne <}>paHuy3CKne
20-e roAW Ha HTb! cest sensass i
30-e roAW 3Ap0B0l cest formidable 1
40-e roAt! TOJIKBOl cest patant !
50-e h 60-e t o a h *efle3Hols cest du tonnerre !
1 Cm. J. M a r o tt z e a u. Aspects du franais, p. 30.
! TaK, HanpHMep, Mor/w 6u h3t>hchhti>ch MOOAbie repon poMaHa B. Ance-
HOBa <3Be3AHUH CHJier. llo-BHAHMOMy, KaiKAoe noKO/ieHiie 6o. nee h j i h MeHee
yCTofiHHBo coxpaHfleT 3M0UH0HaJibHbie cjiob a CBoeft mo.ioaocth. Tax, MHe Kascer -
ch, jiioxH noKo.ieHHa 40-ro r oAa Bce eme roBopst roAtcoeol h He nepeHHMaioT
MonoAeiKHoro acejie3Ho\ HeK0T0pue cjioBa, ho no-BHAHMOMy, toju>ko b tom
tJiyiae, ecJiH ohh M36aBjmi0TCft ot uihiukom 9Mou,HOHajibH0ft OKpaCKH, yAepwH-
BaioTCH HaAOJiro h c t 3hobhtch Cojiee hjih MeHee o6weynoTpe6HTejibHbiMH, npH-
HaAêjKHOCTbio pa3roBopHO-(j)aMnjU)apHoro cthjih Boofime. TaK b pyccKOM c o x p a -
HHeTCH 36po8o, bo <J>paHuy3CKOM c'est formidable l h c'est patant !
110
3M0UH0Ha^bHaH OKpacKa noABHKHa, H3MeHHHBa, HenpoHHa. Oa -
HaKo caMa r p y n n a 3MOUHOHajibHO-3KcnpeccHBHbix c h h o h h mo b
yCTOHHHBa, MeHHlOTCH TOJlbKO BpeMH OT BpeMeHH, H He BCe c pa 3y,
e e MJieHbi. B o t j i h h h c o t c t h j i c h penH, xapaKTepH3yi omHxcH 6oj i ee
hj i h MeHee nocTOHHHbiM cocTaBOM jieKCHKH, r p y n n a 3 M0 UH0 HajibH0 -
9KcnpeccHBHHx c h h o h h m o b HanoMHHaeT B0K3aJi: b HeM Bc e r ^ a Mac-
c a Jiiofleft, ho h h k t o He 3aAep>KHBaeTCH b HeM HaAOJiro.
B 3MOUHOHaJlbHO-3KCnpeCCHBHUX CHHOHHMaX OKpacKa BXOflHT B
cocTBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe c j i oBa, o n a 6e 30THOCHTejibHa. O t smouho-
HaJIbHO-3KCnpeCCHBHbIX CHHOHHMOB (ji ewaiHHX B OAHOM, HeHTpaJIb-
hom, CTHJie) HeoxoAHMO, KaK y n t e m j i o CKa3aH0, CTporo OTJiHHaTb
CHHOHHMhl p a 3HOCTHJieBbie, HJIH COCTBeHHO CTHJIHCTHHeCKHe, CTHJIH-
CTHHeCKan OKpacKa KOTOpblX HBJIHeTCH OTHOCHTeJlbHOft ( o HHX CM.
106 h cJieA. ) Cj i oBa p a 3 r0 B0 pH0 -(j)aMHJibHpH0 r 0 c t h j i h penn,
T. e. CHHOHHMbI HHOCTHJieBbie, CTHJIHCTHHeCKHe. n o OTHOUieHHlO K
HefiTpajibHOMy c t h j i i o , k s k npaBHJio, 3M0UH0HaJibH0 OKpameHbi, o hh
n o OTHOUieHHlO K CJIOBaM HeTpajlbHOrO CTHJIH H 3M0UH0HaJIbH0-9KC-
npeCCHBHbie CHHOHHMbI OAHOBpeMeHHO. OflHaKO C0 6 CTBeHH0 3MOUHO-
HajibH0-3KcnpeccHBHbie CHHOHHMbI BOBce He npHHaAJiewaT TeM c a -
MblM K pa3rOBOpHO-(})aMHJlbHpHOMy CTHJIIO peMH. HanpOTHB, c TOHKH
3peHHH c t h j i h o h h HeflTpajibHbi. ( IfosTOMy BocKJiHuaTeJibHbie Hape-
HH He HBJIHIOTCH 3MOUHOH3JIbHO-3KCnpeCCHBHbIMH CJIOBaMH Hefi-
TpaJIbHOro CTHJIH, OHH CJIOBa pa3rOBOpHO-(J)aMHJIbHpHOrO CTHJIH H
npHBeaeHbl 3AeCb TOJIbKO AJIH HJIJIIOCTpaUHH H3MeHMHBOCTH SKCnpeC-
CHBHOfi OKpaCKH CJIOBa B o o m e . )
50. C h h o h h mh a AByx njiaHOB. j i h c t h j i h c t h k h <|)paHuy3CKo-
r o h pyooKoro h 3 h k o b 2 B a x H a e me c h h o h h m h h Acyx njiaHOB
OCO<5hIH BHA OHHOHHMHH, KOTOpblH pa31>HOHHeTCH T3KHMH, ' HanpHMep,
napaMH KaK: pyceKHe 1. uiupom 2. ouiupHbi; 1. abiuparb
2. u36uparb; <f>paHuy3CKHe 1. large 2. ample ; 1. choisir 2. lire
h t . n. B s t h x n a p a x o 6 a cj i oBa HMeiOT OAHy o m y i o nacTb 3Hane-
h h h (HHBapHaHT hj i h AOMHHaHTy) h Apyr yi o HepeMeHHyio (Ba-
pnaHTHyi o) , OTJiHqaromyK) oho cj i obo KaAOH n a p b i o t Aipyroro.
r i e pBbi e CJlOBa OTHOCHTCH K MHpy (j)H3H4eOKOMy, KOHKpeTHHM H'B-
JieHHHM (H330BeM e r o nepBblH nJi aH*) , BTOpue K AyXOBHOM'y MH
p y HJIH K a&CTpaKTHbIM H'BJieHHHM, nOJIHTHieC'KOH H npOH. JKH3HH
1 SMOuHOHaflbHO-OKpameHHbie caoba BbipawaiOT qyBCTBa qejioBexa, >ito Bc e r -
fla ejiaeT peMb Bbipa3HTejibHoft, t . e. sxcnpeccHBHoft. SKcnpeccHBHaa OKpacKa
MO*eT (SblTb H y C.HOB, BUpaWaiOmHX He TOJTbKO qyBCTBa, HO H BOJIK) H MblCJlb.
SKCnpeCCHBHOCTb B pe'lH 3T0 yCHJIHHe Bbipa3HTeJlbHOCTH H H306pa3HTeflbHOCTK.
SMOUHOHaJibHhie cpe^CTBa H3biKa Bcerâ SKcnpeccHBHbi, h o SKcnpeccHBHbie cpea-
CTBa H3biKa MoryT h He 6bm> 3MouHOHara.Hbi. E. M. r a j i K H H a - O e f l o p y K ,
0 6 SKcnpeccHBHOOTH h 3M0UH0 Ha-ibH0CTK b K3biKe, b c<5. ripo<})eccopy Mockob-
CKoro yHHBepCHTeTa axaAeMHKy B. B. BHHorpaAQBy b aeHb ero 60-AeTHS. M3A-
bo Mock. yH-ia, 1958.
s KaK, BnpoqeM, h HeKOTopwx apyr ax coBpeMeHHux eBponeft cKHx h3ukob,
iianpHMep, anrJiHftcKoro.
111
(BTopofi M a H) HanpHMep, uiupoKan pena, h o otuupnbie nosna-
Hua, choisir une robe acheter, h o lire un dput.
Cp. b pyccKOM H3HKe:
r f l a r o j i M :
(j) o p m b 3 - r o n.
r ; i a r o . n o B
c y m e c t b h t e j i b h h e
n p h j i a r a t e a b h bi e
! P B H H I l J i a H
B t o p o a n J i a K
yduTb npoyotcdarb
eeprerb epamarb
eOAOHUTb BAaHUTb
ebiuparb
U3UpaTb
8 binyCK0Tb
ucnycKTb
ZAOTUTb
nOZAOW,UTb
3aeopoduTb
npezpaduTb
onepeotcaTb ynpeoKdaTb
pOUTb poxdarb 1
crpadarb
CTpaotcdarb
yKOpOTUTb
coKparuTb
deuzaer deuotcer2
Kanaer KanAer
KOAbLxaer(cH)
k o Abmer ( c h)
xpanaer
KpanAer
Kydaxraer
Kydaxner
Maxaer Manier
Meraer(cH) Mener(c h)
MypAbiKaer MypAbiner
nAecKaer(cfi)
nAew,er(cH)
noAOCKaer(cH)
noAow,er(cH)
npbLCKaer(cH)
npbiw,er(cH)
pbiCKaer pumer
TbiKaer(cx)
rbiier(cH)
XHbiKaer
XHbiner
uûnaer
w,unAer
0p03dbl
6pa3dbL
MOHb
MOW,b
neeeoica
HeeeoKa
odoica
odeoKda
cyrb
CyUiHOCTb
repnoK
repnenue
AUHHbl
OAZU
dopoeo
dopOZOCTOHUiU
KOpOTKU
KparKu
TOHKU
yroHHeHHbi
TflOKeAbl
THZOCTHbl
nyotco
Hyvcdbi
UlUpOKU
OUlUpHbl
1 Cp. 3eMAA naua nti me xopouio
eepoee.
112
p o d u m h 3eMAH natua pOMCdacm
3 Cp. K t o sro d e m a e m cKMbto? B o m u deuMcem n y a c r e o dojiaa.
Bo <J>paimy3CKOM H3biKe:
ri epBbi f i n ji a h
r ji a r o ji h :
B t o p oft n ji a h
a d o u c i r c m z n u r b
a t t n u e r CMRZIUTb
b r l e r
COKeKb, C20- c o n s u m e r C0Ke<ib,
peTb UCTpeUTb
c h o i s i r
e u u p a T b l i r e U3UpaTb
d i m i n u e r yMeHbUlTb r e s t r e i n d r e y n e n b -
UlOTb
n a g e r n A a e a r b n a v i g u e r n A a e a r b (Ha
cyzme)
p a s s e r
n e p e d a r b t r a n s m e t t r e n e p e d a r b
p o u r s u i v r e
n p e c A e d o - p e r s c u t e r n p e c A e d o -
8Tb e a r b
p o u s s e r p a c r u c r o t r e p a c r u
r v e i l l e r pa3y- v e i l l e r n p o y d u r b
dUTb
a s p h y x i e r 3 a d y m u T b t r a n g l e r ydyuxuTb
m o t i o n n e r 8OAHO- m o u v o i r eoAHoear b
e a r b
e s p i o n n e r UinUOHUTb p i e r - ebiCAeoKuearb
o v a t i o n n e r y c r p a u - a p p l a u d i r a n A o d u p o -
8Tb o e a - e a r b j n p u e e r -
u,uto c r e o e a r b
c y m e c T B H T e f l b H b i e c y m e c T B H T e J i b H b i e
c c y t f x pHKCo M -ge : c e y ( j ) ( j ) HKC OM - ( e ) m e n t :
c l a i r a g e o c e e u ^ e n u e c l a i r e m e n t npoceew,e-
uue
t a l a g e ebi cTaona, t a l e m e n t 8bi craBAeHue
e u r p u u a HanoKa3
a c c r o c h a g e c u e n n a , ac c r o c h e -
c t ênAenue
CTblHK m e n t
b a r r a g e n p e e p a d a , b a r r e m e n t npez paoKde-
nAOTUH Hue
c h u c h o t a g e n e p e m e n r u -
c h u c h o t e u i e n o r ( b o -
e a n u e ; Me- m e n t o 6 me)
Tod n e p e e o d a
menoTQM
PejKe cxoAHoe pa3JiHHHe npoHBJiseTCH y a p y r o f t n a p u cymec
'Te.TbHbix c cyqwpHKcaMH - ence, - s i o n :
a d h r e n c e n p u A u n a n u e , a d h s i o n
cu, enAenue
C8R3b (<f)H-
( nepeH. ),
3Hq.)
HAeHCTBO
113
n p H J i a r a T e j i b H b i e :
a) aqueux eodmucTbi dlay pa3aeAeH-
Hbl, 80HHU-
CTbl
bon eKycHbi savoureux,
apptissant
anneruTHbi
coteux dopozocToa.-
w,u
cher dopoeo
troit y3KU born y3KU, ozpa-
HUHeHHbl
fragile xpynnu frle xpynKu
large UlUpOKU ample OUlUpHbl
lourd THOICeAbl pnible THZOCTHbl
tnu TOHKU subtil TOHKU
b) fin TOHKU intuitif UHTyUTUBHbl
plein HOAHbl intgral noAHbi,
KOMnAeKC-
Hbl
revche ynpHMbi; ne
noddatoû-
cx opaoTKe
rfractaire ne noddao-
WfUCR 603-
decTButo;
neeocnpuuM-
Huebi
semblable nodoHbi similaire nodoHbi
Cp., HanpHMep, m c a n i s a t i o n i n t g r a l e KOMnAeKcnaa Mexa-
HU3ai{Ufi; m o n f r r e e s t r f r a c t a i r e a u x c h a r m e s d e v o y a g e Hpo-
h h h . He o j i o r . mo u p a r p a e H o d y u i e n k nyreui ecTeuHM; p r o d u c t i o n
s i m i l a i r e CTaHdapTU3oeaHHH npod y Ki ^ u n h t . n.
3 t o pa3JiHHHe npoHH3HBaer JieKCHKy o 6 o h x H3HK0B h BJiHeTCff
o a h o H3 caMbi x JisoonbiTHbix nepT h x ceMaHTHKH. Oh o TecHO c b h -
s a n o c AyJieTHbiM xapaKTepoM j i c k c h k h : cj i oBa o a h o n a p b i OKa3M-
SHIOTCH pa3HblMH BapHBHTaMH OAHOrO KOpHH HapOAHHM H KHHJK-
HbiM ( Ha n p HMe p , f r a g i l e f r l e , pootcarb pootcdarb) h j i h pa3Hbi -
MM CJIOBaMH, H3 KOTOpblX OAHO OUHTb-TaKH KHHJKHOe, APyrOe Ha -
poAHoe.
B pyccKOM H3biKe 3To Aej i eHHe o j i e e n o c j i e Ao s a T e j i b Ho c o c t o -
poHbi 4>opMbi: KHH>KHbie c j i o Ba , KaK npa BHJ i o, npHHaAJi e KaT k o b t o -
p o My nJi aHy. B oj ibui HHCTBe c j i y q a e B c j i o Ba b t o p o k o j i o h k h h c h o '
o 6 H a p y * H B a i O T CBoe k h h j k h o c , n a w e B c e r o e r a p o c j i a BHHCKo e n p o -
HCxojKAeH h e ( x a p a KT e p Hb i e npHMeTbi : coneTaHHH - p a- b m c c t o - o p o -,
-0K.- BMecTO -0K-, -W,- BMeCTO -Hb-, - Tb- , IlpHCTaBKa U3- ( UC- ) BMeC-
TO Obi- H T. A . ) . Ho 0 6 a CHHOHHMa OTHeTJIHBO BOCnpHHHMSIOTCH KaK
OAHOKOpeHHbie. HcTOpHêCKH 3TO OTjHCHHeTCH CojIbUIOH (J)OHeTH-
leCKO JIH30CTbI0 CTapOCJlaBHHCKOrO H3HK3 k ApeBHepyccKOMy.
114
Bo ( J paHu yacKOM H3HKe A ejieHHe co ct opohh (jjopMbi MeHee noc-
JieflOBaTeJibHO, KHHW Hbie cjioBa BerpeqaiOTCfl h b nepBOM, h bo bto-
poM n.aaHe. F l pn s t om chhohhmw Maine pa3H0K0peHHbie h acco-
U HHpyiOTCH B C03H3HHH TOBOpHl U erO TOJIbKO CO CTOpOHW 3HaMeHHH.
O'bHCHfleTCH 3TO TaK W e, KaK H OCO eHHOCTH (J)p3HU y3CKOft CeMbH
CJIOB, MOp<J)OJI OrHMeCKOH H30JIHp0B3HH0CTbK) <J)paHUy3CKOrO CJIO-
Ba (cm. 4 5 ) .
HMe e T c a h e m e o a h o B a w H o e pa3JiHMHe. B pyccKOM pa3r paHHne-
HHe c h h o h h m o b 3Aecb npo x o AHT npeHCAe B c e r o n J i a He 3Hane!KHH,
o h o ceMaHTHMecKoe: uiupoKu He t o e KaneeTBO, m t o ouiupHu,
yKopoTUTb o t h o c h t c h k Apyr HM npeAMeTSM, H e w e j m conparurb
H T. A- H TOJIbKO y w e H3 T o r o , MTO pa3Hbie HBJieHHH flCHCTBHTeJlb-
h o c t h cocTaBJiHK)T TeMM peMH b pa3Hbix ct j j e pa x omeHH ( 6 h t o -
BOfi H KHHJKHO), B03HHKaeT H COCTBeHHO CTHJIHCTHHeCKOe pa3JIH-
MHe, TaK h t o c j i o Ba n e p B o r o n J i a Ha o t h o c h t c h k p a 3 r o B0 p H0 My
c t h j i i o , a c j i o Ba BTOpor o n J i a Ha k KHHXCHOMy c t h j i i o peMH. Bo
<})paHuy3CK0M e pa3JWMHH WByx k o j i o h o k n p e f u e Bcero ( x o t h h
He HCKJllOMHTeJIbHO) CTHJl HCTHMeCKHe, TOTA a KaK CeMaHTHMeCKHe
pa3J! HMHH B03HHK3I0T KaK BTOpHMHbie OT TOTO, WTO B TeX JKH3HeHHbl X
CHTyau ,HHX , rfle npHMeHHiOT KHHHCHyio peqb, npeHMymecTBeHHO ro-
BopHT 0 6 h h h x npeAMeTax, h o k c j i h b CHTysitHHX, rAe ynoTpeJiHiOT
peMb u TOByK), pa roBopHyio. P 33JiHieHHe * e KOHKpeTHoro h a6-
CTpaKTHoro, 4>H3HMecKoro h AyxoBHoro, nepBoro h BTopor o ruia-
HOB BHyTpH OTA ejl bHO B3HTOTO CJlOBa, 4)paHIiy3CKOMy H3blKy CBOHCT-
js eHHo ropa3A O MeHbiu e, HeM pyccKOMy *.
TaKHM 0pa 30M, b p a 3 Hp a e Mb i x n a p a x chhohhmob, tjihah Ha.
OTAejlbHO B3HToe p y c c K o e cjiobo, m u MO*eM cyAHTb w 0 e r o ceMaHTH-
e ( KOHKpeTHaH OHa hjih a cTpaKTHaa , n e p Bb i f i hjih BTOpoA
n j i a n ) , h o e r o CTHJiHCTHHecKo npHH3AJie>KH0CTH ( p a 3 r o B o p H o e
KHH>KHOe) ; n o (|>paHuy3CK0My a c e cjiOBy, B3HT0My OTAeJibHO, mojk-
ho c yBepeHHOCTbK) cyA HTb T0JibK0 0 e r o CTHJiHCTHMecKofi afcepe,
OTHOCHTeJl bHO >Ke 3H3MeHHH ( KOHKpeTHOe OHO HJIH a CTpaKT-
Hoe ) mo>k ho cyAHTb t o j i b K o b KOHTeKCTe. H a n p H M e p , p y c c K o e
coKuzaTb TonAUBo, ho npooKuzaTb 3opoebe, 4>paHu y3CKoe e la
fort consume par le feu x a p a K r e p H 3 y e T He BJieHHe AeftcrBHTeJib-
hoct h, a CTHJib peMH. Consumer mojk ho ynoTpe HTb h b a6cTpaKT-
hom CMU cjie KaK 3KBHB3JieHT pyccKoro oh npooicuaaeT ceoe 3do-
poebe il se consume.
BooGme cj ioBa KaK JieBofi, TaK h npaBofi k o j i o h k h p a c nnc a HH
3Aecb n o h x rJiaBHOMy 3HaqeHHio. Pa3yMeeTca, mt o ojibuiHHCTBo H3
HHX h 3T0 OTHOCHTCH npeJKAe BCeTO KaK BO 4>paHIiy3CK0M, TaK
h b pyccKOM k CJioBaM n e p Bo r o nj i aHa MoryT HMeTb h BTopo-
Cm. o BHyTpeHHeM CTpoeHHH <j>pamiy3CKoro CJioBa B. T. Ta K. HeKOTO-
pwe oomne ceMaHTHwecKHe oeoCeHHOCTH <}>paHuy3CKoro cjioBa b cpaBHeHHH c pyc-
ckhm. JIeKCHKorpa<j)nqecKKft cCopHHK, Bbtn. IV, M., 1960.
115
ereneHHhi e, nepeHOCHbie, ( J wrypaj i bHbi e sHaneHHa, KOTOpbie 6yAyT
n o na f l a Tb b npoTHBonoJi owHyro KOJlOHKy. Ho bo Bcex t 3 k h x CJiyqa-
a x pe q b flOJiwHa h a t h h mc h h o o nepeHOce 3HaHeHHa. Cp.: mupoKue
no3Hanua. BMecTO ouiupHbie no3HanuH. B pyccKOM nepeHoc ocy-
me cTBJ i aer ca npeHMymecTBeHHQ H3 ne p Bo r o nj i aHa bo s To p o n ,
t . e. o t KOHKpeTHoro, MaTepHa^bHoro k aci paKTHOMy, ayxoBHOMy,
KOTopoe b pyccKOM, TaKHM 0pa30M, qacTo 0Ka3biBaTCh nepenoc-
HUM. Cp.: BblUpaTb MOJKHO ynOTpeHTb BMeCTO U3UpaTb, HO HS
HaoopOT (o6o3HawaeM s t o 3HaKOM C ) . TaKme eunycKaTb C uc~
nycMTb, pa3yduTb npoydurb, podurb C pootcdarb, nopoTKU.
C KpTKU, OPOZO C d0p020CT0HU{U. H T. fl. XOTH B HeKOTOpblX
cj i yraax h HaoopoT. TaK, bo Bcex c})opMax rjiaroji oB b 3-m Jivme
Ha c To a me r o BpeMeHH. 3aMeTHM, mto 3HaK C BepuiHHo yKa3bi BaeT
Ha HeTpaJbHo HopMaraBHoe c j i o bo . B o (j)paHii,y3CK0M H3biKe nepe-
h o c 3HaieHHii ocymecTBJi aeTca, rt0-BHAHM0My, o a h h s k o b o JierKo b
o o h x HanpaBJieHHHx: savoureux b nepeH0CH0M 3HaHeHHH m o k c t
3HaiHTb BKycHbL, KaK bon ; ample b nepeHOCHOM 3HaneHHH m o j k s t
3HauHTb uipOKU, KaK large : une veste ample uiuponan, npoc-
TOpHH KypTKa H T. A. ' .
CpaBHHTejibHO p e * e (j)paHuy3CKH& H3biK npoaBJi aeT opaTHyio
TeHAeHUHio o o ma Tb $H3HiecKoe h nepeHOCHoe 3HaieHHH (TeH-
AeHixHio k reHepaJiH3au,HH): grand 1) oAbmo, 2) eeAum; petit
1) MaAeHbKU, 2) MejiKU; beau 1) xopouiu, 2) npeKpacHbi.
HaKOHeu, b pyccKOM pa3JiHneHHe n e pBor o h BTopor o n j i a -
h o b , no-BHAHMOMy, MeHee npoAyKTHBHO, n pe wAe Bcero n0T0My, h t o
CTapocjiaBHHCKHft H3HK AaBHO y w e n e pe c Ta j i tiTb h c t o h h h k o m
AyJieTOB K HCKOHHMM pyCCKHM CJIOBaM. ZI,J1H <})paHUy3CKOrO * e
JiaTbiHb npoAOJiHtaeT nocTaBJiaTb AyJieTbi h HeM Aaj i bui e, TeM
oj i bui e OTAejiaa BTopo, yneHbiH, aCTpaKTHbiH nj i aH o r
n e p B o r o . C p . ocof i o BbiAejieHHbie B u m e nymcTbi 6 b r j i a r o j i a x
npHJiaraTeJibHbix.
TaKHM 06pa30M, paccMOTpeHHnfi 3Aecb o c o u f t b h a c h h o h h m h h
co npHKacaeTca co c t h j i h c t h h c c k h m h c h h o h h m3 mh p a 3 H u x (J>yHKUHo-
HajibHbix CTHJieft (cm. o h h x 106) .
ripocJieAHM onHcaHHyi o ne pTy e m e Ha o a ho m h 3 c t h o m p a 3Ae j i e
JieKCHKH. PyccKHi i 3biK h 3Aecb HeTKo p33AeJi aeT npHMoe h n e p e -
HocHoe 3HaneHHH. B o $paHuy3CKOM nepeHOCHbie 3 HaHeHHs n e p e A a -
i o t c h TeM ce hj i h, pexce, ApyrHM cymecTBHTejibHbiM o m e r o 3Ha~
neHHH. 3 Ae c b , KaK h bo MHornx A p y r n x c j i y n a a x , (J>paHuy3CKoe c j i o
bo c oBMemaeT b c e 6 e ojibiue 3HHeHH& h o h o o j i e e a c r paKT-
ho . Cp. :
CKa3aHHoe a a e c b JierKo m o j k c t 6 u t i nepec Ka 3aHo b TepMHHax AH(}><{>epeH-
UHajibHhifi ajieMeHT 3HaieHHH, cnj i bHaa h cjiaCaa <})opMa, MapKHpoBaHHa
<J)opMa, HeftTpajiH3auH h t . n., h, TaKHM 06pa30M, npHHHTb <J>opMy CTpyKTyp-
Horo onHcaHHH.
116
r i pHMoe 3Ha>ieHHe r i epeHocHoe 3HaneHHe
(OpraH TeJia nejioBeKa (OpraH WHBOraoro,
h j i h HBOTHor o) aHaJiorHMHbiH o p r a H y ne j i oBe Ka ;
nacTb npefl MeTa; HHCTpyMeHT;
TexHHMecKan ae Ta j i b)
b p y c c K O M b o ( J >p a Hu y 3 - b p y c c K O M b o t { ) p a Hu y 3 -
H 3 H K e CK O M 9 3 H K S H3 bl K e CKOM H3 bl K 6
eoAoea t t e f zoAoeKa (6y- t t e d p i n g l e
JI3BKh )
2A3 il m ZA30K il m ( 6 o t 3 h . )
r e g a r d m (lexH.i
pOdb s o u r c i l
m
n e z m
p o e w bord m
HOC HOCUK bec m
H03pfl n a r i n e t H03peeaTbi s p o n g i e u x , poreux
y x o orei l l e f yuiKO (nrojib t r ou d a i g u i l l e m
Hoe)
y6a
l vr e f --- l vr e ( 6 o t 3H. )
MOHKa
3 y 6 1 d e n t f 3yHUK d e n t f
H3blK l a n g u e f
H3blHOK l a n g u e t t e f, l a n g u e
d e t erre
nodopo- m e n t o n
m e n t o n n e t m
dOK m (TeXH.)
opoda barbe f OpOK (kJIHD----
n a )
p a n n e t o n m
SOpAO col m eopAbiuiKO (6y
TbIJIKH)
col d e bout ei l l e
epydb g o r g e i e p y d n a (Hanpn g o r g e f
Mep, y riTH-
uu)
ptOMKO (Ha----
npHMep, y
IITHUbl)
pt oxo v e n t r e
m
v e n t r e m
OKeAydK e s t o
ma c m
oxeAydoi eK
(cepaua)
v e n t r i c u l e m
n o z a p i e d m HOJICK p i e d m
j a m b e f --- j a m b e d u p a n t a l o n
( m r a H H H a )
tlHTKCL
t al on m naTKa (qyjina) t a l o n n e t m
1 Cp. Ta one HHoe paajiHHeHHe c rioMouibio pa3Hbix <j>opM MHOH<ecTBeHHoro
qjicjia3y6bt wanoBena, 3ybH n m i u .
ridAeii
pyna
AOKOTb
nAeno
cnuna
doigt m
( na py-
xe)
orteil m
( Ha HO-
re)
main f
bras m
coude m
paule f
dos m
naAbHUK doigt m
pyiKa _ manette f ; mani
velle f
bras pbinas;
bras nodAO-
k o t h u k ( K p e c j i a ) ;
bras de mer 6yx-
ra
coude de rivire
U32U peKu
nAeno ( p u n a r a ) levier m ; bras m
<rnAeiUKU (Be cintre m
uiaJiKa)
cnuHna dos m
CpaBHHBaH JieByio KOJlOHKy e npaBoft, bhahm, h t o b pyccKOM
H3biKe 0pa30BaHHe yMeHbuiHTejibHoro cyweerBHTeJibHoro c cy(J>-
4>hkcom -k - flji nepeHocHoro 3H3hchhh HBJiieTCH npaBHJioM, Toraa
KaK (|)paHUy3CKHfi H3blK B 3T0H H3CTH JieKCHKH npeACTaBJieTCH 6ec-
CHCTeMHHM.
C f l p y r o c t o p o h u , pyccKH 3 u k h c ceMaHTHnecKoft t o h k h
speHHH 3fl ecb OJiee nocJieAOBaTejieH: b noAaBJiHiomeM ojibinnHCTBe
cJi ynaeB ne pe Hoc Ha3BaHHa ocnoBaH Ha c x o a c t b c 4>yHKix.H (tyyiiK-
UHOHaJibHan ceMaHTHKa), T o r a a KaK bo j})paHuy3CKOM nonaAaK>TC<i
h cj ioBa o6p a 3 b i : c o u d e d e r i v i r e , l a n g u e d e t e r r e 3eMAXtiaH
Koca
5 1 . IloHHTHe Kpacorbi peHH. Ocooe b xamAOM H3 AByx H3H-
kob cTpoeHHe ceMbH cjiob h r p y n n chhohhmob HMeeT npHMenaTeJib-
Hoe cjieacTBHe pa3Hoe noHHMaHHe KpacoTU penn, KpacoTbi cjiora.
Pa3HHIIa CHCTeM OOHX H3HKOB 3aKJII0HaeTCH B TOM, HTO pOflCT-
BeHHbie no CMHCJiy ( t . e. c omei CMbicJioBofi AOMHHaHTofi) cjioBa
b o 4>paHuy3CK0M name pa3JiHHHbi, a b pyccKOM name cxoahh no
KopHio hjih 0CH0Be hjih Aame npoc o npeACTaBJiaiOT cooh pa3Hbie
3HaqeHHH oahot o cjioBa ( c m . 50) . 0-rciOAa cwjiy AaBJieHHH
CHCTeMbl ( 46) B03HHKJI0 pa3HOC OTHOIXieHHe K OAHOKOpeHHblM CJIO-
BaM. OpaHity3CKHH H3hiK noHTH He AonycKaeT noBTopeHHH b oahom
1 O pojw yMeHbiUHTeJibHbix H3MeHeHHA aHaqeHHH b c.iee uinpotcofi nepc-
neKTHBe cm. A. M e II 1e t. Comment les mots changent d e sens, b cC. a B T o p a
Linguistique historique e t linguistique gnrale , Champion, P., 1926, p. 246.
118
BUCK33UB3HHH OflHOKOpeHHblX CJIOB, JIH3KHX nO 3HaqeHHK>, TOrfla
k s k b pyccKOM b o MHorHx CJi ynaax (ocoeHHO b pa3r0B0pH0M c t h -
j i e) 3T0 He cuHTaeTca norpeuiHOCTbio c j i o r a . r i o B T o p u 0AH0K0peH-
HblX CJIOB UIHpOKO H3BeCTHbI B pyCCKO HapOAHO pe^HI KpUKOM
KpuHur, noedoM ecr, baom baut, peeMH peser, cocAyxurb CAyjK-
6 y (kk cAyotcuA coAdam | CAyowy pamnyio | , CAywy pamnyn | ,
cAyotcy Tpydnyto HapoflHaa necHa) . Bo MHornx cj i yqaax o h h He
CMymaioT Hac h b ji mepaTypHOM p e q n : Hanucamb nuebMo,
3 adamb 3 a d m y , Tu36ua, tmo yeMdenux caMU no cee hu-
ano, Mepmean 6yKea... Hyotcuo 6uao deAO deAantb. ( 4 e x o B .
,IU.aa BaHH, I). O h h BnojiHe yMecTHbi h b qeKaHHOft x y ^ o -
HcecTBeHHoft p e n n : JIioaio omKU3Hy h, ho cmpannoio ah)6o-
B b t o ! (JlepMOHTOB. POAHHa) J1 K) 6 JI K) J l I OOBb l o l
HanpoTHB T o r o , f c j i a 6 o c T b atJx^HKcaJibHoro cJi0B006pa30BaHHH,
h t o caMO no c e e cJieacTBHe H30JiHp0BaHH0CTH 4>p3Huy3CKoro
cj i oBa, npnyqHJi a (}>paHuy3CKoe y x o He 3aMeqaTb noBTopoB c x o a h h x
Mop4>ojiorHqecKHx sjieMeHTOB: absolument adroitement neobiK-
HoaenHo aobko, strictement personnellement b crpozo uhubu-
dyaAbHOM nopRKe h t . n. Pa3Be mto qpe3MepHoe CKonJieHHe o a h -
H3KOBO ocj)opMJieHHbix c j i ob BH30BeT HapeKaHHe, TaK )K. Mapy30
nopHuaeT <J>pa3y H3 ra3eTbi Nous apprenons seul ement main
t enant comment vol ont ai rement . . . ( Ca r r e f o ur du 20
91944). Ho Beab 3Ta (J)ipa3a biJia HaneqaTaHa! JXiia pycoKor o * e
c j i y x a coqeTaHHH awe H3 Byx cj iob, Bpoa e yduBureAbHO yroMU-
TeAbHO, ucKAoHureAbHo ucnOAHureAbho oqeHb HenpHHrbi h Bpa/i
j i h MoryT BCTpeTHTbCH o j i e q a r a o M, x o t h 6bi h ra3eTHOM, TeKCTe.
52. a p a j i j i e j i b Hb i e cj i oBa. HHor. ua 3aAaqn c t h j i h c t h k h npn -
BOflHT K HeOXOAHMOCTH OTjeflHHHTb CJlOBa O-HHOMy, HeJKeJW B
c h h o h h m m h aHTOHHMbi, Ha n p HMe p , b r p y n n b i napaJui eJi bHbi x c j i o b
( t e r m e s p a r a l l l e s ) : c e p a a rcapaj iJiej ibHbix c j i o b 0pa3yeTca c j i o -
B3MH, KOTOpbie He HBJIHIOTCH HH CHHOHHM3MH, HH aHTOHHlilaMH, HO
o-beAHHHeT hx t o , mto ohh npeACTaBjifliOT qacTHbie npoaBJieHHa
OflHoft omeft MbicJiH hji h HBJieHHH. napaj i Ji eJi bHaa ce p n a Tpe6yeT
noKpbiBaiomero ee o me r o cjioBa. CjioBa, o6pa3yr omne cepmo, jie-
KaT b oahom nJiaHe, ohh HHKor&a He o6pa3yK)T rpaAauHH THna xo-
aoho, ceeMo, npoxAadno, renAO. B 1914 r oAy 803dyx0tiAaeaHue
6biJio HBJieHaeM Toro s t e nopa^Ka, mto apruAAepun, nexora, canep-
Hbie eocKa, KaeaAepuR Bo3BeaeHHoe b paHr aBHau,HH, oho c t 3 h o b h t -
CH B' pflfl c nOHHTHflMH H03eMHbie BOCKa H BOeHHO-MOpCKO, <pAOT.
O me e cjiobo jih Hero Tenepb He na3eMHbie aocKa, a eoopyvcen-
Hbie CUAbl '.
E c j i h c ToqKH 3peHHH c h h o h h m h h c j i o b o Mena n o n a a a e T b p a s
M e n a c y n p y z a cooK.UTeAbHu,a h t . n. . h j i h b pHA m e n a u y v c ,
1 J.-P. V i n a y e t J . D a r b e l n e t . Stylistique compare du franais et de
l' anglais, p. 87.
119
t o c aHHo t o h k h 3peHHH 3 t o c j i o b o CT3BHTCH b r p y n n y n a p a J I -
i i e/ i bHbi x c j i o b Mena deru, yBeHHHBar omywcf l oi uhm c j i o b o m
CMbH.
5 3 . H3Ji i o6j i eHHue c j i o s a . B Ka*AOM aabi Ke ecTb H3Jiio6jieHHbie
c j i o B a , S KB HBa J i e HT b i k o t o p u x b a p y r o M H 3 b w e o m h h o H e 3 a M e n a e -
Mbi . T a K O B b i b p y c c K O M naJiyK: hoc KaAyKOM, na b ucok ux KaAy-
Kax!, napKer Tpetycui nod KaAyKOM (ri yi i i KHH), y otcenbi nod KaAy-
kom h Aawe 4>aMHAHH KaAyKoe. Bo cj)paHuy3CKOM oTASJieHHoe
c o o T B e T c r B H e 3 T 0 M y no q a c T O T e y n o T p e J i e H H a un pi ed : hoc k-
AyKOM en pi ed de ma r mi t e ; r a i s o n n e r comme un pi ed ZAyno
paccyoKdarb; bte comme ses pi eds BAyn k k npoica; un pi ed
poudr eux huw, u h A e c s T K H < J ) p a 3 e o J i o r H H e c K H X B b i p a w : e H H f t (
pied, de pi ed f erme, au pi ed de l a l et t r e, f a i r e l e pi ed de veau
h t . a . h t . n. ) .
TaKOBO * e b pyccKOM ao: ao pasuA, h t o e ao, h t o no
Ay, na Ay 3apyu, Ha Ay nanucano, n y c r u r b cee nyAto e a o
h t . n. OpaHuy3CKHH m e , KpoMe obi HHbi x a j i h He r o a i y q a e B MeTO-
h h m h h BMecTO eoAoea ( rel ever l e f r o n t nodHHTb aoAoey, courber
l e f r o n t noeecurb zoAoey, bai sser l e f r o n t ony c r u r b soAoey) ,
SToro cJiOBa KaK 6u Boome He 3aMenaeT.
<PpaHuy3CKoe coup He HMeeT a a * e npH6jiH3HTeJibHoro c o o t b c t -
CTBHH B pyccKOM, 'COOTBeTCTBHH, yKa3aHHbie B nepeBOAHblX CJIO-
Ba p s x , oTMenaioT pa3Hwe cj i ynsH n e p e B o a a , TorAa KaK bo <|)paHuy3-
ckom Bce c j i y q a n c s t h m cj i obom o6pa3yK>T eAHHbiii nj i acT B b i p a * e -
h h h : un coup de mai n, de pied, de sol ei l , de l angue, de bec, de scie,
de f i l h t . a . h t . n. Ha ceM3HTHieCKoft KapTe pyccKor o H3biica b
3t om MecTe n poc To e j i o e n a r a o
5 4 . J l a Ky Hb t , h j i h a HTH- cj i oBa. Ka K mm b h a c j i h Ha npHMe-
p a x n pe AUAyme r o n a p a r p a c ^ a , cpaBHHTeJibHoe o n n c a Hn e HopMb
AByx H3biKOB BCKpbiBaeT cymecTByi oi uHe b k 3 j k a o m 3biKe cj iOBap-
Hbie n p oe j i bi , e j i u e naTHa Ha ceMaHTHnecKofi KapTe H3biKa, Ji a-
KVHbi, He33MeTHbie H3HyrpH (HanpHMep, neJiOBeKy, BJiaAeiomeMy
TOJibKO OAHHM H3bIKOM). Jl aKyHbl MOTyT UTb aCOJIIOTHbiMH, H, KaK
npaBHJio, TOJibKO b 3 t h x cpaBHHTejibHo peAKHx c j i y q a a x o h h ouxy-
maiOTCH b HopMe h 0C03Hai0TCH npH cocTaBJieHHH nepeBOAHbix CJIO-
Bape KaK c j i o Ba , He HMei oume SKBHBaJieHTa b BHAe c j i o Ba . TaK,
eCJIH HATH OT pyccKor o, TO BO $paHAy3CKOM He HaXOAHTCH 9KBH-
1 B uiHpoKoft HCTopHnecKoft nepcneKTHBe KaK m o t s cls , mots tmoins
paccMaTpHBaioTCH Ba>KHbie cnoBa Ky j n/ r ypHor o ohxom y G. Ma t o r . La
mthode en lexicologie, P., 1953. TaKoe H3yneHHe jteKCHKH y x e b H a e r o a m e e
BpeMH j i e ^ a e T j i eKCHKo/ i or mo c ouHOJ i or Hqec Kof t AHcmm. nHHoft, a b y a y m e M
BojibeTc cymecTBeHHofi coc aBHofi qacTbio b k o m njieKCHyio HayKy o qe.ioBeKe.
Cp. JI. E f l b MC J i e B , M o k h o j i h cqHTaTb, h t o 3Ka<ieHHH cob o6pa 3yi oT cr pyK-
Typy? r i e p e B o a c <J>paHuy3CKoro, b c 6 . Ho Bo e b jiHHrBHCTHKe, II, M. , 1962,
CTp. 136.
J20
BaJieirra ajih cjiob 0oo6w,e, ytoTHbi, poeecnuK. IlpHHeM, 3T0 xa-
paKTepHaa nepTa 4>paHuy3CKoro, TaK KaK b A pyrnx rJiaBHwx eBpo-
neHCKHx H3biKax TaKHe sKBHBajieHTbi HMeioTCH: JiaT. Omnino-Bo-
o6w,e,. coaetaneus poaecnuic; HeM. berhaupt eootye, gemt-
lich _ ytoTHbi, gleichaltig poeecnuK; aHrJi. cosy ytoTHU
h t. A- 3 aMeTHM, BnponeM, ito b nocjieAHee BpeMH cjioBoconeTa-
HHe en principe Bce ojiee npHJiHJKaeTCH no 3HaueHHio k pyccKOMy
Boo6w,e.
Xopouio 0C03H3I0TCH jiaKyHM, HMeioutHe 6oJibiuoe couHajibHoe
hjih HAeojiorHuecKoe 3HaqeHHe. TaK, Bce npeKpacHo 3HaiOT, mto
pyccKHe 3a.K0H0MepH.0CTb, udeHOCTb, napruHocTb He hmciot Hop-
MTHBHblX 3KBHBajieHTOB B 3anaA HOeBpOneCKHX H3bIK3X (3K0H0-
MepHOCTb, anpHMep, ino-J)paHuy3CKH h loi, h conformit la loi,
h rgularit, h caractre rgulier) 2.
JlaKyHbl MOryT 6bITb H OTHOCHTejIbHblMH, KOrAa CJIOBO HJIH CJIO-
B0<J)0pMa, cymecTByiomHe b HauHOHaJibHOM H3biKe, ynoTpeJiHKvrcH
oqeHb peAKO. JXnn pyccKoft HopMbi xapaKTepHa, HanpHMep, orpoM-
Haa, cpaBHHTejibHo c (|)paHu.y3CKHM, laeroTa ynoTpeJieHHH c ot os a
x o t h , wepTa y* e He TOJIbKO JieKCHMecKaH, ho h rpaMMaraHecKaa.
Cp. H, nooKaAy, nody. Xo t h h c t , nodovcdy. Xorb t u u Meanoe
7-, a dypaK ( He x oB) . Bo <}5paHuy3CK0M aHajionmHoe ynoTpejie-
HHe bien que, xoth (aia HeBOJibHaa nrpa cjiob JinuiHee A OKa3a-
TeJIbCTBO CK33aHHOMy) H B03M 0>KH0, HO npaKTHMeCKH BCTpeâeTCH
oqeHb peA KO h jiokht Ha rpaHHue JiHTepaTypHoft pewH h npocope-
mhh. HanpoTHB, coio3bi moins que h sans que HecpaBHeHHO ojiee
q aCTU BO 4>paHUy3CKOH peHH, MeM HX SKBHBaJieHTbl B pyCCKOH eCAU
TAbKo ne..., 6es t o z o h t o u ... . Cp. Je vous invite dner avec
nous ce soir, moins que vous ne soyez pris ailleurs. flpua-
Aauiaio eac nooedarb ceeodnn BMecre c h mu . Xomx, MooKeT biTb,
eu ydere 3aHHTbi e dpyzoM Mecre? M 3yqaiomHft Hy>KOH H3biK obiHHO
He ynoTpeJineT, rosopa Ha HeM, tkhx BbiipaKeHHft, Koropbie e
HopMe HHneMy He cooTBeTCTByroT b ero poahom H3biKe, t. e. hbjih-
iotch TaM JiaKyHaMH. IloaTOMy npaBHJibHoe (h qacoe!) ynoTpe-
JieHHe TaKHx cjiob, KaK moins que h sans que pyccKHM, roBopn-
m H M n0-4>paHUy3CKH, AOJIMCHO bITb KOCBeHHblM CBHAereJlbCTBOM
Toro, 4to oh OBJiaAeJi (})paHuy3CK0 peqbio.
55. HacTOTa ynoTpejieHHH cjiob b HopMe. rioHHTHe othoch-
TeJihHbix JiaKyH hoaboaht Hac k hoboh xapaKTepHOH qepTe HopMbi.
O JiaKyHaX aCOJlIOTHblX H XOTH H MeHbme OTHOCHTeJIbHblX
3HaiOT OblMHO BCe, KTO TaK HJIH HHaHe 3H3KOMHTCH C HHOCTpaHHblM
H3U K0M. M e K A y TeM TOJIbKO OAapeHHbie ocobiM q yTbeM h orarae
OIlblTOM (J)HJIOJIOrH H nepeBOA'JHKH 3HaiOT, MTO 9TO HeCXOACTBO pac-
npocTpaHneTCH Macro h Ha Te cjioBa, K0T0pbie b A ByH3biHHbix cjio-
1 J. M a r o u z e a u . Aspects du franais, p. 209.
2 A. B. d> e o p 0 b. BBeaeHHe b Teopmo nepeBo.ua, H3. 2, M., 1958,
CTp. 142.
121
Bapax HOpMbi CHHTaiOTCa BflOJIHC COnOCTaBHMbIMH: riO-pyCCKH MU
CKa *e M c HeoJibuiHMH or r e HKa MH x o p o i u u neAoaeK, n p e K p a c H b i
neAoeeK, no-d> paHuy3CKH TOJibKO u n e x c e l l e n t h o m m e ( u n h o m m e
b o n y a e r o o p u ne Ao e e K) ; x o p o m u Masi bHUK y a e T h j i h un
e x c e l l e n t g a r o n h j i h u n g a r o n b i e n s a g e ( b CMWCJie n a u H b K a ) ,
h o x o p o u i u y n e n u K 6 y j x t r u n b o n l v e ) l .
jih Toro. h t o 6u nojiyqHTb npaBHJibHoe, He HCKaweHHoe a 6-
cpaKUHe nepeBOAHux cjiOBape, npeAcraBJieHHe o HopMe penH,
He0 6 X0flHM0 , C OAHOfi CTOpOHbl, yHHTblBaTb npHBblHHOe <J)pa30B0e
OKpyweHHe cjiob, t . e. AHCTpHyuuno. TaKHM 06pa30M, Bonpoc s t o t
cMHKaeTCH c BonpocoM o cjiBocoqeTaHHHx (cm. cjiea. pa3AeJi).
CjioBa, HMeiomne ( xoth 6u npH6jiH3HTeJibHo) 0AHHaK0B0e OKpywe-
Hue, 6ynyr BurJiaAeTb nojiHUMH SKBHBajieHTaMH b nepeBOAHbix
cJiOBapax. C Apyrofl cropoHu, Heo>xoAHMO yHHTblBaTb Tawace para-
HHTeJibHyio qacTOTy ynoTpeJieHHa cjiob, aarne HMeiomHX oahhsko-
Doe OKpyweHHe. HMeHHo h s c t o t s ynoTpejieHHH CBHAeTejibCTByeT
0 IIpHBUHHOM, IipaKTHHeCKH CymeCTByiOmeM HJieHeHHH AefiCTBHTeJIb-
HOCTH C nOMOIUbK) H3bIKa.
O c t 3 h o b h m c h b 3T0ft CBH3H Ha n p HJ i a r a Te J i bHbi x, o 5 o 3Ha qa i oi n, Hx
UBe i a . X o p o u i o H3BecTH0, h t o b Ap e BHe r p e n e c Ko f i J i HTe paType, b
q a c T H o c y T o Me p a , OTcyTCTByiOT c a Mb i e o b i HHu e a j i h coBpeMeH-
Ho r o e B p o n e H u a uBeTOBbie s n H r e T U , TaKHe KaK e o Ay o e n e o , 3e-
A e u a n r p a e a h t . n . H3Be c THu TaKs c e yAHBHTeJibHue oeoeHHoeTH
UBeTOBUx o6o3Ha qe HHf t b J i HTe p a Ty p e A p y r n x Ha poAOB2. BoJibixiHH-
c t b o Hccji eAOBaTej ieA c x o a h t c h Ha t o m , h t o HeA0CT3T0HH0CTb c j i o -
B s p a b q a c r a o6o3HaneHHa uBeTa He HBJ i aeTca cjieACTBHeM Ae$eKTOB
HJIH He p 3 3 BHTOCTH UBeTOBOrO BOCnpHaTHa, a CBH33H3 C COUHaJIbHOH
h scr eTHqecKOf i 4>yHKUHefi H3UK3. T o Me p He Ha3biBaJi H o r oj i y*
6 u m , T p s B y 3eJi' eHoft, n o r o M y h t o a j i h He r o s t o h j i o eHyj KHo
TaBTOJiorHefi. I l o H a T H a h TepMHHU UBeTa p330Bbi0TCH no3AHee, s e
c 3nOCOM, 3 c JlHpHKOH 8.
COBpeMeHHblH pyCCKH H3bIK 0TJ1HH3CTCH B 0603HaHeHHH UBeTOB
or coBpeMeHHoro <|)paHuy3CKoro, npeKAe BCero, yHacJieflOBaHHHM
OT npOIHJIUX 3TainOB p330HTHa H3bIK3, TpSAHUHOHHO HHUM HJie-
HeHneM uBeTOBO AeftcTBHTejibHocTH. B o <})paHuy3CKOM HMeeTca
TOJibKO o a h o c j i o b o a j h r o j i y 6 o f t h3 c t h cneKTpa b l e u , b pyccKOM
ABa c u h u h eoAyo. 3aTO b pyccKOM TOJibKO o a h o c j i o b o k o -
p u m e e b i , <J)p3Huy3CKHfi x e HMeeT 3Ae c b: b r u n , m a r r o n , c h t a i n ,
JI. B. III e p 6 a . ITpeflHCJiOBHe k P y c c K O - t ) ) p a H u y 3CKOMy M O B a p i o , M.,
1957, CTp. 5.
2 J l HTe p aTy p a n o 9TOMy Bonpocy orpoMHa. Cm., HanpHMep, A. H. B e c e . n o b -
c k h ft. H3 h c t o p h h snHTeTa. C6. HcTopHqecKaa nosTHKa, M., 1940; 4>. H. X a c
x a q H X . O no3HaBaeMocTH Mpa. M., 1950, e r p . 72; H. $ . n e ; i e s h h a. O c o o r -
HOnieHHH H3blKa H fleftCTBHTMbHOCTH ( 0 603 Ha qCHHe KpaCHOrO H CHHerO UBeTOB).
H a y q H . AOKJiaAii Bhicrn. u i k o j i n , HJioJiorHqecKHe HayKH, M 2, 19G2, CTp. 149
152; J. A n d r . Etude sur les termes de couleurs dans la langue latine, Klinck-
sieck, P., 1949; Cm. Tat cxce 5H6jiHorpat{>Hio k 44.
3 )K. A h a p e. y n a 3 . coq. , e r p . 18.
122
bai (anedo). 3 t h pa3^HMHH oco3HaHbi n a ypoBHe HOpMH h s a n e -
waTJieHbi b cjiOBapnx. BawHa TaKwe wacTOTHOcTb t b k h x npHJiara-
Te^bHbix b pew. Ec.'ih b pyccKOM H3biKe, a x mo>kho n p e a n o / i a r a T b
3a oTeyTeTBHeM CTaTHCTHMecKHx noacMeTOB, npeoJiaAaiOT. UBeTOBhie
npHJi ar aTe^bHbi e b ochobhom 3Ha*ieHHH, aj i h nepeAanH KpacoHHocTH
MHpa, t o bo 4>paHuy3CK0M ohh ropa3AO oji ee iacTbi b nepeHOCHOM
3HaqeHHH, HeM, Mowex br r b, o' bHCHaeTCH h hx acojnoTHan qacTO-
Ta. Hj ui i o c Tpa u He m o j k c t cj iywHTb cJi eAyi omafl r a3eTHan aHHOTa-
uhh Ha poM3 H n Hc a i e J i a Ge o r g i u s (boci i poh3boahm nojiHw t c k c t ) :
CROCHET POUR CES DAMES
p a r G e o r g i u s
De toutes les couleurs
Voici vingt ans, du Casino Saint'
Martin la Gat-Montparnasse,
Georgius dans son habit bleu, nous
faisait rougir par ses propos extrme
ment verts.
Maintenant, stant orang, il crit,
de faon plutt grise, des romans noirs
qui traitent des blanches et font rire
jaune... Au change, on est violet ! (Gal
li mard).
( Arts > du 24 au 30 septembre 1958.) 1
HenepeBOAHMOCTb s t o h 38M6t kh 3aKJiKmeTCH He CTOJibKO b He-
KOTOpHX OOpOTaX, CKOJIbKO B HeB03M0>KH0M AJIH pyCCKOH peMH
CKOnjieHHH Ha HeoJi bi uoft AJiHHe TeKCTa u b c t o b u x npHJi ar aTej i b-
HblX B nepeHOCHOM 3HaMeHHH. KOHe^HO, 3AeCb 3T0 OAyMaHHblft Bbl-
pa3HTeJIbHHH npHCM, HO OH B B03M0JKH0CTHX HOpMbl.
HanpoTHB, oHJine cpaBHeHH BCHKoro CTpon h BHAa x a p a K -
TepHan pyccKan nepTa Aawe b JiHTepaTypHofi HopMe, HanpHMep,
b opaTopcKoft pe^H. ( Cm . H x e cooTBeTCTByioiuHH pa3AeJi.)
fljiH ofijrerqeHHH, ecj m He nepeBO.ua, t o , no KpaftHeft Mepe, noHHMaHH:
d e toutes l e s c o u l e u r s ABoiiHofi ci i bi cj i : 1) npHMoft, 2 ) ({wrypaJibHbifi; KaK b
Bupaj KenHK o n e n a o u d e toutes l e s c o u l e u r s t o a u e u f e Mbi a u u e a A u l
hj i h u ne eo TOAbKO n e y e u d u u i b na 6e.m m c e e r e l ; C a s i n o S a i n t - M a r t i n , la
G a t t - M o n t p a r n a s s e H3BecTHue TeaTpw-BapbTe; s t r e o r a n g bosmowho,
Hr pa cj i ob Ha pa3HUx 3Ha<ieHHSix v e r t HenpuAui Hbi h ne 3peAbi, T o n u s ' o r a n -
g e r n o e s p o c A e r b , ocTenenurbcn: d e f a o n g r i s e nAacKO, c e p o ; r o m a n s
n o i r s poManbi yotcacoe; . . . t r a i t e n t d e s b l a n c h e s Hr pa cj i ob: 1) te pHbt e poMa-
n u n o e e c r e y i o T o 6 e a u x x e H i n u n a x , 2 ) o t cymecTBHTej ibHoro l a t r a i t e d e s b l a n
c h e s (cp. l a t r a i t e d e n o i r s , l e t r a f i c d e s e s c l a v e s ) ropeooAR otcenuûnaMu d j i n
doMoe repnuMOcru; a u c h a n g e n a n o e e p u y , e pe a yAb Ta r e; o n e s t v i o l e t Hrpa
cj i ob: 1) uBeT onojiHHTe.ibHbift k o r a n g e , 2 ) i j wr. ( h h a h b h v aJibHO aBTopcKOe
cj i 0B0y n 0Tpe6jieHHe) HeqTO Bpoae n u r a r e A b ocraercM c hocom.
123
CjiOBOCOMeTaHHe
flHCKPETHblE CJIOBOCOMETAHHH. OnO/IHHTEJIbHblK CJIOBAPb
56. Hefl0CTaT0HH0CTb ajih uejieft cthjihcthkh ohmhoi-o. c j i oBa-
pa Ha ypoBHe HOpMbi. IIpoHTeM BHHMaTejibHO o t p h b o k H3 poMaa
P o we Baft aHa *. 3 t o caMbifl coBpeMeHHbi, b 3t h a h h nponcxoAfi-
iuh& pa3r oBop AByx BJiioJieHHbix:
Tu es belle, dit-il...
Tu es chouette, dit-il, tu es vraiment chouette.
Il a p e u r de l emphas e . Tu es belle, j aime quon me trouve
belle, mais il a craint de me t t r e u n e d i s t anc e. Il a b a i s s de deux
t ons . Il essaie de me f ai r e e n t r e r d a n s s a f ami l i a r i t .
Elle lui tendit une assiette.
Toi aussi, tu es chouette, dit-elle. Cest vraiment chouette
de maider faire la vaisselle.
3a6yAeM noKa o xyAowecTBeHHOM coBepmeHCTBe s t o t o Kycoq-
Ka, aTMOC(J)epy hht hmhocth, co3AaHHyio AByMH-TpeMH urrpHxaMH h
t o, KaK nepeKJiHKaiOTCH BTopaa h nocjieAHHH 4>pa3bi tu es chouet
te, tu es chouette npoH3HeceHHbie oAHa my>kckhm, ApyraH meH-
CKHMTOJIOCOM. FIoCMOTpHM TOJibKO Ha BHyTpeHHIOIO peHb repOHHH
cpeAHioK) qacTb SToro OTpbiBKa. Mbi HaAeM b He qeTbipe Ha
T3KOM KOpOTKOM OTpe3Ke! KOMnaKTHblX, eAHHblX, HeCOMHeHHO
npHBbmHbix ajih repoHHH (BeAb s t o ee BHyrpeHHHH peqb!) Bbipame-
hhh:
avoir peur de l emphase h j i h x o t h 6 h npocTO lemphase
mettre une distance
baisser de deux tons
(faire) entrer dans sa familiarit.
K a K 6 b i x o p o r n o h h n e p e B e j i H m h h x H a p y c c K H H 3 H K ( h t o ,
B n p o q e M , b Aa HHOM c j i y q a e c o B c e M H e T a K n p o c T o ) , Mbi H H K o r A a
He A o 6 b e M c a b n e p e B O A e T o f t e c T e e T B e H H o e T H , c k 3 k o h 3 t h q e r a p e
B b i p a w e H H H b x o a h t b p e i b r e p o H H H . O H a o b i q H a a <J >paHU, y3CK33
AC By i HKa H3UJ HX AHe f t , TO, HTO MOJKHO bIJIO 6 bl H 3 3 B 3 T b B H3-
Bec THOM CMHCJ i e 9 t o c j i h u i k o m o m e e o n p e A e J i e H H e t o a h t c h
c p e A H H H A e B y u i K a . P y c c K H e A e B y u i K H T a K He r o B o p H T , h o h h
b p h a j i h A y M a t O T T a K o j i i o b h . M e i W A y Te M a j i h c o B p e M e H H o f t O p a H -
U h h 3 t o o b n i H o . Mettre une distance 3 t o H e TOJi bKO HHAHBHAy*
a J i b H o e BbipameHHe r e p o H H H . 3 t o H e y c T o f t q H B o e c o n e T a H H e T o r o
T K n a , K o r o p b i ( J ) HKCHpyeTCH b c j i o B a p e , a o b W H a a ( J ) p 3 3 a , n a -
p a j u i e j i b k 0 6 b i 4 H 0 M y h He c y m e e r B y i o m e M y b p y c c K O M n p n j i a -
r s T e j i b H O M y distant, il est distant oh depxuTca na OTdaAenuu ( b
MOp a J I b HOM C MWC J i e ) , OH He OXOTHO UeT Ha CAUMeHUe h ne o x o t -
1 R. V a i i 1a n d. La Fte, NRF, Gallimard, p. 113.
124
ho donycnaer Atode na cAUMenue c hum. Lemphase h j i h Ji ynuie
peur de lemphase 3 t o t o , h t o b HHTeJuwreHTHOH pyccKOH p e n n Ha-
ui h x flHeft JiHJKe Bcer o n e p e Aa e Tc a k b k deeaAbeauusi caob,
6oH3Hb zpOMKux eblpaotceHU. C l emphase ecTecTBeHHo nepeKJM-
KaeTCH baisser de deux tons, noTopoe x o t h h nepeBOAHMO Ha pyc-
c k h h , o a h a ko BOBce He HMeeT paBHO pacnpocTpaHeHHor o h counajib-
h o omenpHH Toro SKBHBaJieHTa h t . a .
Hh OAHO H3 3THX BbIp3>KeHHH He 33H0CHTCH BO (J)paHUy3CK0-pyC-
cKHe cj i oBapn. M e a m y TeM Bce OTAejibHbie cj i oBa, H3 KOTOpbix coc-
TOflT 3TH BbipameHHH, B 3THX CJIOBapaX 3a$HKCHpOB3HbI.
OcoSeHHo b 3t h x ner apex 4>paHuy3CKHx Bbi paKeHHax He h x c j i o -
BecHbi cocTaB, a t o , h t o b o <f>paHuy3CK0M o h h 6oJ i ee ycTOHHHBH,
HeM h x B03M0>KHbie pyccKHe nepeBOAbi, h h t o c h x noMombi o Hama
repoHHH h 4>paHuy3bi Boome Ha3biBaioT Bemn o6biHHo h h k 3 k
ne o6o3H3HaeMbi e, a cJieAOBaTeJibHO, o h h h o h He 3aMeH3eMbie b
pyccKOM oHXOAe.
H 3 cKa3aHHoro h c h o , noneMy a j i ueJieH c t h j i h c t h k h HeoxoAHM
Ta'KOH, OCOblH, A o n 0 Jl'H H T e JI bH bl H CJI O B a p b, 3aHHMaiOIU,H/
KaK 6bi npOMewyTOHHoe noJiOHceHHe MemAy ypoBHeM WHAHBHAy-
aj i bHor o coomeHHH h ypoBHeM opMbi , hj i h, HHane, a6pa3yiomHft
KaK 6bi cycupaT h o p m h .
5 7 . JI,OnOJIHHTeJIbHblft CJIOBapb COCTOHT H3 AHCKpeTHblX CJIOBO-
COHeTaHHft ' . (HanOMHHM, HTO CJIOBO AHCKpeTflbl npHfijIH3H-
TejIbHO CHHOHHM CBOOAHblH.) ,H,OnOJIHHTeJIbHblfi CJIOBapb AOJIKeH
<J)HKCHpOB3Tb CJIOBOCOHeTSHHH, KOTOpbie BOCnpOH3BOASTCH B peHH
He CTOjib peryj i apHO, KaK OTAejibHbie cj i oBa hj i h Hep33JioHMbi e,
HeAHCKpeTHbie cjiOBOconeTaHHa, h o BMecTe c TeM r o p a 3 Ao p e r y j i a p -
Hee, hcm CBo6oAHbie HHAHBHAyaJibHbie coneTaHHa (noe3d npuuieA,
9t o noe3d, mo u KHuea h t . n. ). B CHHTaKCHHecKOM nj i s He 3 t h
COHeTaHHH aCOJHOTHO CBOOAHbl H pa3JIOJKHMb, a6cOJI!OTHO AHC-
KpeTHH, He HMeiOT HHK3K0ft BHeUIHeft npHMeTW Tor o, HTO OHH BOC-
np0H3B0AHTca oj i e e per yj i apHO, neM HHAHBHAyaJibHbie coneTaHHa
c j i ob BbicKa3biBaHHa. H o b n j i s He coAepxaHHH o h h npeACTaBJia-
K5T COO npHBHHHbie 3CC0UH3UHH HAefi, H 3TO H3X0AHT OTpaMteHHe
b JieKOHHecKOM 3HaneHHH cj i ob. O a h o cj i obo b t 3 k h x coneTSHHax
npeACK33yeMo nepe3 Apyr oe , ecjiH yHHTblBaTb h x JieKCHHecKoe 3Ha-
neHHe2. ri0-BHAHM0My, obiHHo nopo>KAaeT s c c o u h s u h i o HAeft t j i s b -
Hoe, KJHoneBoe cj i obo, HanpHMep, b coneTaHHH cymecTBHTeJibHoro c
npHJisrsTeji bHbi M nepBoe.
1 TeopeTHi ecKyi o oc noBy SToft KJiaccH<})HKamiH c m . b o BBeaeHHH ( 24) .
2 3aMeTHM, h t o 3 a e c b o<5bMHo r / i a s Ho e c j i obo rpaMMaTHHecKH ynpa Bj wi o-
m e e npeflcKa3biBaeT 3aBHCHMoe ( n o cymecTBHTanbHOMy moxcho BcnoMHHTb e r o
npHBu' i Hoe onpeAeHHe n t . n . ) . B HeaHCKpeTHbix cji0B0C0>ieTaHHHx OTHoweHHH
HHbie: b i wa He JieKcnqecKHX 3HHeHHH 6oj i ee pe aKoe c j i o b o n p e a c K a 3UBaeT 6o; i ee
qaCTOe, ho He o C p a r a o ; b rpaMMaTHiecKOM ruiaHe 3aBHCHMoe npe/iCKa3biBaeT
r j i a BH o e , t . e. o p a r a o TOMy, h t o h 3 x o a h m b AHCKpeTHbix cjioBoco>ieTaHHx.
125
TaKOBU une fine allusion, une grave imputation, dtranges
propos, une profonde compassion, une bonne occasion, de sombres
pressentiments, une violente indignation, de vifs regrets, dheu
reux auspices, une claire vision, de mchantes gens, les mauvaises
langues, dinfmes calomnies, une pnible impression h t . n . l . -ia
4>paHuy3CKoro 3biKa xapaKTepHO oHHe t b k h x AHCKpeTHbix cj i obg-
coHeraHHH. C s t h m cBH3aHO h KaK n p n q n Ha h KaK cjieACTBHe oa *
HOBpeMeHHO CTporoe H0pMaTHBH0e TpeOBaHHe H3eraTb b ofibiq-
HOft peMH COqeTaHH, OTKJIOHHIOmHXCH OT yCTOHHHBblX: OqeHb qac-
t o yqHTe^b BUHy*AeH npH3HaBaTb ne pe A yqeHHKOM: 3 t o npaBHJib-
HO, HO TaK He TOBOpHT 2.
3 t o npaBHJibHO, h o TaK ne r0B0pHT! b o t npeKpacnaa 4>P"
MyjmpoBKa npoTHBopeqH MewAy c h c t c mo h h h o pmo h : cncTeMa no3-
BOJiHeT CKasaTb oJibiue, HeM pea;iH3yeT HopMa. HopMa orpaHHqH-
BaeT CHCTeMy. ( Cp. B CBH3H c 3THM HBJieHHe HOpMaTHBHO HCAO-
CTaTOHHOCTH, HHJKe, 100.)
^HCKpeTHbie cJioBocoqeTaHHh BapbHpyiOTCH no CBoefi ycTofiqH-
b o c t h o t OJiee CHJibHOH, KaK b npeAHAymnx npHMepax, k cjiafiofi,
eABa OMHqaiomeficH o t yeToftqHBoeTH acojuoTHO c b o o a h h x h h a h -
BHAyaJlbHblX BMCKa3bIBaHHH.
5 8 . OcofieHHOCTH AonojiHHTeJibHoro c.iOBapn. anojiiHHTejib-
hmh a n o Ba p b onHCbiBaeT cJiOBOCOHeTaHHH r paMMr aqecKH c b o 6 o a -
Hbie, ho ceMaHTHqecKH h coimajibHo ycToftqHBue h omenpHHHTbie.
3aMeTHM, mt o b nocêAHeM cjiynae HeK0T0pue eAHHHUbi TaKoro
cjiOBapa MoryT cocTOHTb H3 OAHoro c.noBa, h o Aasce KorAa o h h c o c -
TOHT H3 OAHOrO CJIOBa, 3TO COHeTaHHH, TaK KaK OHH BKJIOqaiOT
HHTOHauHK) (TOHOByK) Mopcf>eMy) 3.
Cp. 1) p y c c K H e : 2) $ p a h u y 3 c k h e:
vcena, deru... du Sei zi me m 16-ro OKpyra IlapHHia,
6yp>Kya3H0r0 KBapTa-na,
t . e. npHMepHO .ypwy-
CKUU
3a mh o Mademoiselle, 0 6 p a w e H n e k npoAaBmHue,
s il vous plat! noHTOBOH cj i ywamefi h t . n.*
npH Havane AWiOBoro pa3-
roBopa, npHMepHO KaK y
. Hac Toapuui, udbre
nopeaaTb? dopbih
oceeoKutb? saignant ? o 6H4>uiTeKce, nacTbifi Bonpoe
0 (>HUHaHT0 B b pecTopanax
1 Cm . J. M a r o u z e a u . Aspects du franais, Le mot et la formule.
2 TaM * e , erp. 198.
8 C toikh apeHHH npHHunna nepeBoaa, bboahmoto b 116, ohh e/iH-
HHUbi nepeBoaa.
126
peHKa, a ec...
e Tenewe
sur p l a t ! nootcapUTbl ( a ne ceapurb,
npH 3aK33bIBaHHH HHIl)
normment l O, uy npocro, oneubl, xapaK-
Tepnoe BOCKJiHuaHHe b AHa-
Ji ore
je laime ram A h a k >6a k > ne cyxo ( o c h -
pant
chapeaux I (flBa 3HaqeHHH) 1) Bu npoc
To MOAOden! 2) CnuMure
uuimy! (b khho, BnepeAH
CHflineMy) h t . n.
pe)
a oh 6e-
ayMHo!
H T. 1J1.
IlocjieHHe npHMepbi o t h o c h t c h k AByM (oAHa a j i h pyccKoro
CTO.i6ua, Apyraa a j i h $paHuy3CKoro) *H3HeHHbiM CHTyauHHM, x o t h
CaMa CHTyaUHH OKa3bIBaeTCa 3AeCb AOBQJIbHO IilHpOKO. 3 t o He
MrHOBeHHe h He AeHb, a CKopee KaKaa-TO qacTb biTa cpeAHero qe-
OBeKa, HStacHarameroca o h h h o b pa3r0B0pH0M CTHJie JiHTepa-
TypHoro pyccKoro (c00TBeTCTBeHH0, <J)paHuy3CKoro) 3biKa. B t o
we BpeMH 9t h BHpaweHHH, KaK yme 6biJio nOKa3aHo, h bj i h i o t c h
eAHHHuaMH flono^HHTejibHoro cjiOBapa.
CjieAOBaTejibHO, o c hobhmm c b o h c t b o m TaKoro cj i OBapa cjieAyeT
npti 3HaTb t o , h t o o h BcerAa, He3aBHCHMo o t Toro, xoqeT h j i h He xo-
neT 3TOTO e r o cocTaBHTejib, onHCbisaeT aKyro-Ji no cHTyauni o. f o -
BOpH BOOme, CJIOBapb ypOBHH HOpMbi TOJKe OIIHCblBaeT HeKOTOpyiO
cHTyauHio, h o b T3KOM c j i y n a e n o u s t h m i i p h x o a h t c h noHHMaTb Bce
npOHBJieHHH JKH3HH Hau.HH, H TaKaH CHTyaUHH, KOHeMHO, He 003pH-
Ma. CJIOBapb m e Ha ypoBwe HHHHBHAyaJibHoii percn c e r A a yweT
onHCbiBaTb HeKOTOpyro ooapHMyio CHTyaunio, y m e n o o a h o m y TOMy,
mt o e r o eAHHHHbi npHHaAJiamaT k o h k p c t h h m c ooi uchhhm, a e c a n o e
coomeHHe nepei naeT aKyio-JiHo CHTyaunio.
TaKHM 0pa30M, eAHHHUbi cjiOBapa b coBOKynHocra AaiOT e r a -
THHHblH Opa3 KaKO-JIHO WH3HeHHO CHTyaUHH. (nOAOHO 3T0My
Mbi ycTaHOBHM Majibiue MeTao6pa3bi , CKpbiBaiomHeca b coBOKynHoc-
t h HauHOHajibHbix cpaBHeHHft.) H opaTHo: ecjiH HeKOTopbie H3hi-
KOBbie (})aKTU npHHafl Ji emaT k OAHOMy h TOMy m e ypoBHio, ypoB-
HIO HHAHBHAyaJIbHOrO COOlUeHHH, TO, He33BHCHM0 o t Tor o H3BJieqe-
Hbl JIH OHH H3 OAHOrO HJIH H3 pa3HHX H He CBa3 aHHbIX Apyr C
ApyroM coomeHHft, o h h 6yAyT AaBaTb b coBOKynHOCTH MeTao6pa3
HeKoii mH3HeHHOH CHTyaUHH.
B KanecTBe npHMepa npHBeAeM KycoK H3 3anHCHUx KHHmeK
H. HJibcfa:
ynaKoeoHHA KOHTopa BbicrpoynaK
riuenan BaeuAOH
Ct o a o b h ApoMaT
Tarapu npueeAU e caoto neapTupy Aotuadb c oicueodepHu.
f OAyen. KapAUKoe, BpaTbH FAo6yc.
127
rAaea ynpeoKdeHUH tcynuA napniny u co3ba xydooKHUKOe, hto-
6u y3HTb ee Kanecreo.
BoAbtUO, HMblAeHHbL HeAOeeK.
yTupaer AU140 A03ymaMu.
CyMacuieduiu CAecapb ynec eopora. XoreA crpourb Merpo.
HoeeAAa o 3atcpbiTbix deepxx.
Kcucdbi HeAoeeK Aazopoden TOAbKO e ceoe cpede
3 t H , no npOHCXOJKfleHHK) HeCOMHeHHO, He CBH33HHUe Me>KAy co-
6o H 3anHCH, BOCnpHHHMaiOTCH H3MH CTOJIb >Ke HeCOMHeHHO B KaKOK-
t o c b h 3h Apyr c ApyroM, co3AaBan b coBOKynHocTH opa3 onpe-
AejieHHofi couHa^bHH cpeAU.
Cp.: K o r A a ByHHH ocmcjihjich 3aroBopHTb o no33HH npoH3Be-
AeHH MexoBa, Aht oh riaBJioBHH yCMexHyjica: I I os t s mh, mhjiocth-
BbiH rocyaapb, chhtsiotch TOJibKO Te, KOTopue ynoTpeJiaiOT t3khc
cjioBa, K3K cepepucraa. daAb, annopd hjih na 6o, na 6o, e 6opb-
6y co TbMo 2.
59. 0 6 p a 3 u u AonojiHHTejibHoro CJiOBapa. CjiOBapH p a 3 r o Bo p -
Hoft peiH. Kan bhA'HO H3 npeAUAymero, AonojiHHTejibHHH cJiOBapb
uejiec00pa3H0 cocTaBJiHTb no CHTyauHHM, noHHMaa cjiobo CHTya-
Uhh b yK333HHOM mHp0K0M cMbicjie. Hcnojib3yH MeTOA nepeBOAa 3,
MU COCT3BHJIH HeClOJIbKO KpTKHX CJIOBapHKOB. EAHHHUaMH 3THX
cJioBapefl hbjihk)tch eflHHHuu nepeBOAa, t. e. Tanne KycKH peueBoft
nenn, KOTOpue mojkho nepeBecTH (b ashhom cjiynse H3 pyccKHK
33uk) TOJibKO uejiHKOM, cjieAOBaTejibHO KycKH HeAejiHMbie. Hc-
TOHHHK CJlOBapeft HeKOTOpUe HHAHBHAyajIbHUe COOmeHHH. Ho
AJia AonojiHHTejibHoro cjioBapn OTHpatoTCH TOJibKO Te cahhhuu ne
peBOAa, KOTOpue nOBTOpKIOTCH B ApyrHX HHAHBHAyaJIbHblX coome-
hhhx, h HMeioT HeK0T0p0e omee, coimajJbHo 3aKpenJieHHoe coAep-
*aHHe.
IlepBbiS cjioeapHK pa3roBopHois peqH cocTaBJieH Ha ocho-
Be TeKCTa KHHrn P. Daninos. Vscances tous prix *. 3 t o t t c k c t
HMHTHpyeT JKHByro peqb MOHOJiar xeHmHHu, npiiopeTaiouie' i
HJieTu y OKOiuKa rypHCTCKoro areHTCTBa.
P O U R Q U O I N O U S A T T E N D O N S
( L a scne enregi stre au magntophone de poche 3 lieu dans un
bureau de tourisme P a r i s )
Pardon, monsieur, j'tais avant vous t Dailleurs madame est
tmoin... Comment, madame vous navez pas vu ? Vous tiez l et
j tais ici ! a, naturellement !...Quand il faut avoir du courage,
1 H. Hj i b4>, E. r i e Tp o B. Co6p. coq., t . V, M., 1961, CTp. 136.
2 H. 3 p e 6 y p r . riepe<iHTHBaH HexoBa, rHXJl, M., 1960, CTp. 78.
3 O HeM c m. 116.
* Paris, Hachette, 1959, p. 57.
128
il ny a plus personne... Je passerai, cest mon droit... Dailleurs
j ai priorit f Immonde... Immonde individu... Bonjour, monsieur.
Cest bien ici nest-ce pas, monsieur, pour aller en Espagne ?...
Merci... Parce que voil: mon mari et moi nous avons dcid
dy aller cet t... a na pas t une petite affaire pour le
dcider, lui l Mais maintenant, a y est... Lan dernier nous avions
fait lItalie du nord... Il f au t bien changer... Alors, voil. Est-ce
que vraiment il fait si chaud chez vous dans le Sud ?... Oui, bien
sr... Non, videmment... Mais enfin, je veux dire: caniculaire?...
Parce que j aime mieux savoir... Remarquez bien, ce nest pas
tant pour moi... Mais il souffre tellement de la chaleur !... Peut-
tre vaudrait-il mieux pour la premire fois rester dans le Nord ?...
Comment ?... Oui... Non, videmment je sais bien que ce nest pas
vous qui faites le voyage, mais enfin vous tes la pour me rensei
gner... On ne sembarque pas pour Malaga comme pour Deauville,
tout de mme! Je veux bien aller dans votre pays, mais enfin,
hein, ce nest pas la porte ct, et puis, une fois quon y est, trop
tard pour revenir... Surtout si la frontire est ferme... Sil y a des
troubles... A propos... la rvolution... Oui... Une amie nous a dit
quelle nirait l-bas pour rien au monde parce quil peut y avoir
une rvolution... Quest-ce quil y a de vr a i l-dedans ?. . . Non,
bien sr... Mais, enfin, vous devez bien tre renseign, hein ?.%. Il
est vrai quon dit tellement de choses... Enfin vous pensez bien
quil tiendra encore trois mois?... Mais, Franco, naturellement!...
Comment ?... Moi ?... Mais, monsieur, jamais de la vie ! Je ne me
permettrais pas... Ce que je voudrais, vous comprenez, cest ne
pas tre coupe... Oui,... coupe de mes enfants qui descendront de
La Baule quand nous remonterons sur Biarritz, si la frontire est
ferme... Vous comprenez, on a bonne mine... Enfin qui vivra verra,
allons ! Bien, bien... Alors, en somme, on peut y aller ! Bien, bien...
Bon, voyons... Commenons par le commencement... , etc.
Bbi &ej i eHHbi e KyipcHBOM BwpameHHH HMeioT TaKHe nocTonHHbi e
pyoc KHe 3KBHBa;ieHTbr.
a naturellement! ny, Konenno! (npoH.)
...il ny a plus personne ! t k h uko z o ne Haudercn!
(HpOH. )
j ai priorit 1) h uMeto npaeo npoxodurb
6e3 onepedu
2) h uMeto npaeo na cudsmee
Mecro (B rOpOCKOM TpaH-
cnopTe)
parce que voil deno eor e HeM
a na pas t une petite affaire 3to ne napa nycrsiKoa (cae-
pour... j i a Tb wt o - j i . )
129
il faut bien changer
xonercn neeo-Huydb noeeHb-
KOZO
remarquez bien
ce nest pas tant pour (moi)
tout de mme
quest-ce quil y a de vrai
l-dedans ?
je ne me permettrais pas
3MeTbTe
ne CTOAbKO U3-3a (MeHH)
1) ece oice ( b noJ i oweHHH hp.
nepeA nay3oft)
2) ny, 3Haere a u t ( b ncwio-
xeHHH n e p e a nay30 )
HUCKOAbKO 3TO BepHO?
Heyo/ceAU 6u h c t a ( c t a ) ?
(TaKHM x e 0pa30M npoAo;i}KaeM no t o n a c r n TeKCTa, K0T0pa
Bhiuie He BoenpoHSBeAeHa) :
parce que j'allais dire..
sr-sr ?
il suffit dune fois...
j oubliais le principal
a serait trop fort
et a/
h npocro xony cKa3arb...
9TO TOHHO?
ece do nopbi do epejnenu
a 3a6biA (3a6bua) caMoe
eAaenoe
ny, 3t o yoKe nepecnyp!
ny, n y l ( c p a 3 f l p a e H H e M
y r p 0 3 0 f i ) h t . a .
TaKHM Opa30M, MOKHO COCTa'BWTb OIOBapt KJlHUie ipa3r0B0pH0H
pe^H, OBJiaAeHHe k o t o p h m coeraB.rceT AeAcTBHT&nbnyio 3aAany npn
CKTHBHOM H3y*ieHHH <J)paHUy30KC)ir0 H3bIKa.
CJiOBapHK 4>paHuy3CKOH j i HTepaTypnofi k p h t h k h , m o -
BapHK cocTaBJieH no TOMy >Ke npHHUHny (nepeBOA MeCTaMH n p m-
Jiocb AaTb o'bHCHHiomHH) ; oh pacnaAaeTca Ha HecKOJibKO nacTeS
(COOTBeTCTByiOmHX p a 3HhlM CHTyauHHM):
1) KJiiOHeBbie eAHHHiibi, oTpawaiomHe cneuHfJw'ecKoe m
omee a a h e|)paHuy3CKoft k p h t h k h weHeHHe JiHTepaTypHoft Aeft-
CTBHTeJlbHOCTH, JIHTepaTypHblX (f)2 KTOB:
a ) JiHTepaTypnas! TexHHKa:
de nouvelles techniques roma
nesques
les publications dassez bas
tage
la littrature releve
des livres dvasion
HOBbie cfiopMbi pOMana
MaAoxydootcecTBeHHan A u r e -
parypa
BbicoKoxydovcecTeeHHasi a u -
reparypa, nodAunnaa a u -
reparypa ( b h t o h h m k n p e -
AbiaymeMy)
He HMeeT $HKCHpoBaHHoro
3KBHBaJieHTa, 3T0 KHU2U,
3a KOTOpbIMU MOJKHO *3(1-
UTbCH
)o0
ta littrature de l absurde
le roman danticipation
le roman danalyse
les questions formelles
6) THribi nHcaTeêfi :
l h u m o r i s t e i oMopucT
le fantaisiste He HMeeT <J)HKCHpoBaHHoro SKBHBajieH-
Ta, 3 t o He tpHTacT, a nucareAb c
ozaro, npmydwBo (f>aHT03uei>
le visionnaire He HMeeT <J)HKCHp0B3HH0r0 SKBHBajieH-
Ta, 3 t o nucareAb, onucbieatouû
cocreeHHbie npo3peuuH
A u r e p a r y p a (pUAococpuu a6-
cypda
HayHHo-cpaHTacTUHecKU po-
MH
ncuxoAoaunecKu poMan
eonpocbi (popMbi
b ) THnbi TeM:
le document
laventure
le drame hu
main
lhumain
labsurde
la sexualit
npouseedenue, ocnoeannoe na nodAUH-
hom (paKTe u uMurupyiomee (parer,
npoTHBonocTaBJiHeTCH l a l i t t r a t u r e r o
m a n e s q u e npouseedenux, ochoboh-
Hbie na BbiMbiCAe, 0 6 a He rni eiOT $ h k -
cnpoBaHHoro SKBHBaJieHTa
- npuKAtoHemecK.au reMa
He HMeeT $HKCHpoBaHHor o 3KBHBajieH-
Ta , 3 t o reMa HeAoeenecKux erpada-
HU
- zyMHucTUHecKasi reMa
reMa (pujioco(puu acypda
He HMeeT (JmKCHpoBaHHoro 3KBHBa. neHTa;
3T0 CeKCyaAbHH reMa.
2) FIpHeMbi Ka'iecTBeHHOH xapaKTepHCTHKH.
crivains matres
moyens
de leurs
un large ventail de titres
un large ventail de production
littraire
une respiration personnelle
un romancier hors classe
nucareAU-Macrepa,
Aureparypu
Macrepa
lUllpOKU BblOp 3ae0A0BK06
uiupoKu accopruMenr Aure-
p a r y p n o n p o d y K U , u u
ceoeopa3ue, undueudyaAb-
HOCTb
nepeoKAaccHbi p o M a n u c r
131
attacher un crivain un autre nodnepKueaTb dyxoenyio 6 a u -
30CTb odnoeo nUCTSAR K
dpyzoMy
crire en connaissance de cause nucart co snanueM deAa 1
HnHHHbie H a a j i a 4>pa3 b pa3r0B0pH0K penH. FIo TOMy * e npH
n n y moj kho o n n c a Tb THnHMHbie Ha n a j i a <j)pa3 bo c{)paHiiy3CK0H
peni i . OKa3biBaeTCH, h t o c t o h k h 3peHHH coAepjKaHHH Ha na j i a 4>Pa3
OKeHb uacTO npeACTaBJiHtOT He n o AJ i e wa me e TeMy BbicKa3biBaHHH
h n e ocTOHTeJibOTBO MecTa hj i h BpeMeHH, KOTopoe, BnponeM, flO-
BOJibHO nacTO BbiHOCHTCH BnepeA, a ycraHaBJiHBaiOT OTHOineHHe k
3bicKa3biB3HHio: ; i h 6 o OTHOiiieHHe c a Mor o r o B o p a m e r o ; j i h o o t h o -
iueHHe CJ i yui ai omer o. pa3yMeeTca, Tan, KaK s t o OTHOuieHHe npeA-
CTaBjmeT c e 6 e caM roBOpnmHH (HanpHMep, Pour votre part... Ha
eauieM Mecre) ; j i h o , HaKOHeu, co'beKTHBHyio oueHKy mh c j i h . Ca-
Maa )Ke Mbicjib npeaô>KeHHe c cyC-beKTOM h npeAHKaTOM cjieAV-
eT noc.ne. C 0 0 TBeTCTBeHH0 3TOMy HawaJia $ p a 3 moj kho p a c n o j i a -
r aTb n o s t h m TpeM pypHKaM. C t o h k h 3peHH rpaMMaTHMecKoro
crpoeHHH b Kawfl oft pypHKe m o j k c t 6 bm> noAHHHeHHe (HanpHMep,
Je pense que...) h j i h npHCoeAHHeHHe (HanpHMep, mon avis), n p n -
MeM nocJi eAHee h b h o npeo. naAaeT. H TaKHM 06pa30M, moj kho y r -
BepwAaTb, mt o b coBpeMeHHoft (J)paHHy3CKOH peiH cymecTByeT 0 6 -
iiiHpHaH r p y n n a b b o a h m x o i o b , b 6 o;ibiiiHHCTBe crcynaeB 3 aHHMato-
i m h x b BbiCKasbiBaHHH nepBoe MecTO, a o Haâ-na 0 CH0 BH0 r 0 npeA-
jioxceHHH. HJKe npeAJi ar aeM KJiaccH<j)HKauHio Haqaj i cj>pa3 n o yKa-
3aHHbIM 3AeCb npH3H3KaM.
1 UpeACTaBfleHHe 0 neKOTopux cueuHcfm'iecKHX j y i n j i HTepaTypHofi k ph t h k h
K^Hiue h 0 AH0 BpeMeHH0 0 TpyaHocTH BhiflejieHHH cyioBocoqeTaHHfi juin aonoKH-
Te^bHoro cjioBapfl a r o r ue j i ue 4>pa3bi, He o t h o c h u i h c c h HenocpeacTBeHHO k ro-
noAHHTeJibHMy cjiOBapK):
f a u t - i l p a r l e r a ' u n e t e n d a n c e ?
s o n l i v r e e s t d u n l y r i s m e e t d u n e
t r u c u l e n c e qui. ..
il s e p o s e e n d i s c i p l e d H e m i n g w a y
c e s a p p r o c h e s d e l a c r i t i q u e a u p r s
d e l ' u v r e d e B u t o r
u n e c h a p p a t o i r e d u r o m a n c i e r d a n s
q u e l q u e i m a g i n a t i o n u n p e u d i v a -
g a n t e
d e s i d e s a n g o i s s e s , h a l e t a n t e s
l e s j e u n e s r o m a n c i e r s b o u s c u l e n t l e
l a n g a g e , l a p u d e u r , l a v r a i s e m b l a n
ce
i l g a r d e , d u m a u v a i s c r i v a i n f r a n
a i s , l e c t t r u q u e u e r e t p r t e n
t i e u x
UAieeM au Mbi deAo c neAUM 11a-
np a e Ae n u c M?
e e o KHUza n a n u c w a t k A u p m n o
u TaK COHHO
oh cHUaer cen yteHUKOM XeMUH-
eyan
nodxod k p u t u k o b k npouaaedeHAM
EtoTopa
yxod aeropa pOMana e Mup npu-
HydAuaux ipanTasuU
cuanuebie, cyMepenutie m u c a u
Mojiodbie a e r o p b i p o m o h o b a oAbuo
opamatOTcn c m m k o m , npaeuAa-
mu n p u A u t u n , rpeoeaiiUHMU
n p a e d o n o d o u H
ot nAoxux (ppaHLi,y3CKUX nucareAe
o h 3auMCTeyer rptOKanecreo u npe-
TeHljU03H0CTb U T. H.
132
I. 51
1) r i p H c o e H H e H H e :
A mon a v i s , oui.
D'accord, mais a pourrait devenir...
De mon ct, jaurai...
Mol, je peux recevoir dans ma loge...
Peut-tre, vaudrait-il mieux...
Pour ma part, j ai toujours pens que...
Pour moi, laventure commence sur nimporte quelle route...
Pourtant, ds que lon me parle...
2 ) l l o A H H H e H H e . 3 , n e c b cJieayeT 3aMeTHTb, hto Haqajia (J)pa3,
rpaMMaTHnecKH HBJiniomHecH HacTHMH cjiojKHoncwiHHeHHoro npea-
jiomeHHH, Bce ce qaero 0TpuBaK>TCH o t Hero h npeBpamaioTCH b
yCTOftqHBbie C.J10B0C0qeTaHHH, (JyHKUHOHHpyiOmHe nOAOHO OflHOMy
cjioBy. 3 t o xapaKTepHan qepTa <})paHuy3CKoro CHHTaKcnca Boome.
Hw>Ke TaKHe CJiOBOCoqeTaHHH, MorymHe ynoTpe6jiHTbCH b BHê ot-
AeJibHoro cjioBa (h^h npezuiOHceHHH, t . e. c t o h k o h b hhtoh3-
uhh) , noflqepKHyTbi qepToqKoft:
Je crois que vous avez ...
Je me demande ce que lon peut bien croire je me deman
de l = n npocro yduejiHtocbl
Je sais bien que ce nest pas vous qui... Je sais bien l = 3Hato,
3Hatol
Je veux bien que vous veniez je veux bien = cozAacen.
Je vous prie de le faire je vous en prie = npouiy eac.
Javoue que je ne my attendais pas
J ai besoin qu il me fasse...
J ai bien envie de lui dire que...
Il marrive assez souvent dtre visit par...
Il me manque de vous voir
Il me reste de vous dire...
Il me semble que cest mieux...
I I . T u , BU
1) r i p H c o e H H e H H e :
Vous; je vous conseille de ne pas...
Toi , tu t arrangeras
Tu entends, je sais depuis une heure que tu es ici !
2 ) F I o A i H a e H H e ( r p a H H u a b s t o m c j i y q a e u i e x u y no ^ q H-
HeHHeM H npHCOeflHHeHHeM 3bl 6KaH, OJIbUIHHCTBO nOAqHHHTeJIbHblX
133
oopotoB nepexcwrr b o BBOAHbie cjioBa, noA'iepKHyTbie MepToqKoft).
Tu sais bien que je ne suis pas...
Tu sais, je ne suis pas...
Croyez-vous que je puisse... Croyez-vous !=fla ht o ebi!
Si ta crois que tu ne les empoisonnes pas...
Cp.: Tu penses arriver ici et trouver... Tu penses l =A t u kuk dy-
Maeuibl Tu penses chhohhm crois-tu.
Cp.: Pensez-vous ce nest rien du tout, cest une babiole f
Figure-toi que ce matin je descendais...
Sachez d'abord que je nattendais pas...
Soyez sr quil aura su tirer...
Vous comprenez (que) je ne vais pas aller dranger...
Vous ne pouvez pas savoir comme cest beau l
Vous voyez ce que lon veut dire? Vous vpyez?=rioHUMae-
re?; Je vois 1noHUM.ato, nonuMao.
I I I . H h n , HH TU ( b u ) 0 6 l>eKTHBHaH OUP.HKa.
1) n p H e o e f l H H e H H e :
dire vrai, la vrit, alors, premire vue, aprs tout, tout
prendre, au demeurant, au fond, autrement dit, bien entendu, bon !,
bref, cest--dire, dabord, dhabitude, dautre part, dcidment, du
reste, en effet, en fait, en ralit, en revanche, en somme, en tout
cas, et a ! o allez-vous ?, certainement, cependant, heureusement,
plutt, or,... parfaitement, parfaitement bien, par le fait, quand
mme, sans aucun doute, sans blagues, seulement, simplement,
tout de mme, vraiment, cest drle, a ne fait rien, cest vrai.
2) I T o f l HHHe HHe :
Alors quil serait si simple de...
A noter qu 'en juillet...
Au lieu quen vous adressant des policiers...
Mais certainement que je vais...
Surtout qu'ici ce nest pas seulement...
Quant savoir pourquoi je suis en libert...
C'est bien curieux que tu laies rencontre
Il est bien vident quelle a sa migraine
Il est probable qu 'elle aura sa migraine
Il est surprenant quelle ait encore sa migraine
Il est donc lgitime que lAssociation des Explorateurs ait t
mue...
134
O c o f i y i o r p y n n y HaaJi c o c t s b j i h i o t Me*flOMeTHHt
Ah IBon ! ne vous gnez pas pour moi.
Ah l l t mon pauvre pet i t l
Peuh ! Mince de taux de blutageI ( ar got i que )
Ha t II lui a dit...
Hlas t j ai manqu...
Hep I Savez-vous, si...
Heu I Y en a, du populo ! ( popul ai re)
Oh t Mais dites donc !
Ma f o i ! Jtais si content...
Merci I Je ne men charge pas I
Peuh l Je n aime pas beaucoup cette faon de...
Parbleu l
Pardon ! monsieur, j tais avant vous I
THnHHHbie opbiBbi (j>pa3 b paaroBopHofi penH. H x mo s k h o pac-
nojio>KHTb no cJieAyioiuHM pypHKaM:
1) OpbIB C HHTOHaUHefi He3aKOHMeHHOCTH:
) HHoraa b t 3k h x cj i yqaax Mbicjib He 33K0HMeH3:
Ce qui m inquite plutt, cest...
Dans ce petit htel, qui se dit grand, il y a...
) MbICJIb 33KOHMeH3, B 3THX CJiyHHX He33KOHHeHHOCTb HHTO-
H3U.HH npH 33KOHMeHHOCTH MHCJIH HeCeT AOnOJIHHTeJIbHyiO CTHJIHCTH-
HecKyio HH(J)opMauHK>:
Ny aurait-il pas moyen de...
Je sais, monsieur, mais enfin, dans les pays chauds...
Je ne me permettrais pas...
2) OpbIB C HHTOH3UHefi B0CKJ1HU3HHH HJIH BOnpOCa.
B 3TOM CJiyqae CTpyKTypHO He33K0HHeHHbie (OTKpbITbie) CJIOBO-
COHeTHHHH, nOn33IOmHe B n03HUHK) C 3aKOHHeHHOH HHTOH3UHeH,
CT3H0BHTCH yCTOHHHBbIMH H 33KOHieHHblMH: HX Omee 3H3HeHHe
38KJlI0HeHHe MMCJIH, HTor:
Mais je le lui retire, et... ma parole...
Ah l Af a / s , monsieur!
Ce sera nos petits-enfants... et encore !
Non, videmment... Pas un franc prs, mais enfin...
Ce nest pas le palace, mais un htel propre, quoi...
3) 06pbIB C HHT0H3UHeft IIOHCHeHHH. B 3T0M CJiyHSe tj)p33 BO-
306H0BJiHeTCH nocjie o6pbiB3, h 3to CKopee He o6pbiB, 3 nepepbiB.
Msme Bcero noacHeHHeM hbjihiotch Te csMbie bboahuc (})p33bi, ko-
TOpbie onncaHH Bbirne (cm. THnHqHHe Hai s j i s <J>pa3 b pa3roBopHo
penn).
a) B Hanajie:
135
A propos...Jai une amie qui veut vous voir
r i ocj i e cjiob noyHTeJibHoro x a pa i c r e pa BcerAa c.ieAyeT opbi B.
H Boofime, neM CHJibHee HHT0 HauH0 HH0 e BbmeJieHne nepBoro bboa-
nor o cjioBa, TeM oasaTeJibHee opbiB nocJie Hero:
Bon... Vous ou les enfants.
Allez... Rentrons!
Allons... Au travail!
Comment... un parapluie ?
To * e npaBHJio b pyccKOM: A Marna,ona Huneeo ne sHCua!
6) B cepeflHHe:
Elle va le refaire... d accord... mais le temps !
Tandis que l... tenez... il faudra travailler.
b ) Oco6oe 3HaHeHHe npHo6peTaK>T c o k >3u , npoH3HeceHHHe c
opbiBDM nocjie h h x :
Mais... cest tout rflchi !
Mais... tes-vous vraiment content de votre voiture ?
Et... pas dennuis?
60. Pa3JiHHHbie rpynnnpoBKH a h h h u AonojiHHTejibHoro cj i osa-
pn. Ha a t o m, MeHbiueM 0pa.BHTejibH0 c o cj i oBapeM HopMbt ypoBHe
acTpaiciXHH, rpynnnpoB' KH eAnnmu c n o B a p a Hbie. BoJibinyK) B a -
HOCTb n p n o p e T a e T 3Aecb r pynnHpoBKa c j i ob no npHHnnny o 6 m e 3
AOMHHaHTbi h pa 3Hor o 4>pa30 B0 r p oKpyjKeHHH. TaKHM 0pa30M, b
3 t o m nocjieAHeM c j i y n a e , HaMeneHHOM e m e BaJiJin l , 0 CH0 BaHHeM
rpynnHpoBKH npHHiwnOM KJiaccn^HKauHH cjiy>KaT ABa npH3H3K3.
TaK, HanpHMep, cjioBa, HMeromne omyi o ceMaHTHqecKyio a o mh -
HaHTy CHJia, n0JiH0Ta a g h c t b h h , h HBJiniom,HecH onpeAejieHHHMH
rjiarojiOB (npaBan KOJlOHKa), mo j k h o paccMaTpHBaTb KaK c h h o h h -
mu b cJieAyioniHx cjioBocoqeTaHHaxs:
accueillir bras ouverts
aimer perdument
courir, fuir toutes jambes
crier fort
dsirer follement
s ennuyer mourir
geler pierre fendre
har mortellement
manger copieusement
parler haut
1 <J>paHuy3CKaH CTHJiHCTHxa, 154 h 157.
s BojibUjan qacTb npHMepoB 60, 61, 62 3 pafiOT Bhhc, JUpe.iLHe h
Mapy30.
36
pleurer
rflchir
respirer
savoir
sonner
transpirer
chaudement
mrement
pleins poumons
pertinemment
fortement
abondamment
Ta KKe HBJIHlOTCfl CHHOHHMaMH CJIOBa C TOH Ce flOMHHaHTOH
c j i y a o u u i e onpeaejieHHHMH HMeHH
CTpaCTHbl AtOUTeAb
npedaHHbi dpyz
eiueuaa. npocrb
naAxw,u 3h o
3 aKAXTbi epaz
HUCTOKpOBHbl <ppaHU,y3
rpecKynu M0p03
nacToauû MyMHUHa
THMeAOOAbHO (cyiUCCTLI.l-
TejibHoe)
uneaAud eoHbi
npoAuenou dooicdb
ocoo npueuAeeupoeaHHbt
neAoeeK
nOAHbl HeydHHUK
Maxpoebi peannuonep
cuAbHbi eerep
dpsXAbi crapuK
To e npn onpeeJieHHK HMeHH npHJisrsTeJibHoro h j i h npnqac-
t h h . Tan KaK Bce onpeAejieHHH hbj i hi ot ch CHHOHHMaMH o^Horo no-
HHTHH nOJIHOTbl KaqeCTBS CHJIbHO, OieHb, TO yflOHO H30pa-
3HTb 3T0 Ha Ta&JIHIie 10 (npH COHeT3HH B CHHT3rM3Tqe0K0M nJI3-
He HapeqHe npefliuecTByeT npHJisrsTeJibHOMy).
n o 3H3JI0THH C npeflblflyiUHM MOCHO paCCM3TpHB3Tb K3K CH
HOHHMbl noflqepKHyTbie BbipsmeHHH h b cjre/iyiomHX cjiynsHx:
savoir de science certaine
brler d un feu v i f
briller d un v i f clat
regarder A*un il attentif
rflchir mrement
parler d abondance
CHJia, H0JIH0T3 K3H6CTB3, e
cymecTBHTeJibHoro:
un amateur passionn
un ami fidle
une colre noire
une chaleur brlante
un ennemi jur
un vrai Franais
un froid pierre fendre
un vrai homme
un grand malade
un grand mutil
une pluie battante
un grand privilgi1
un rat accompli
un ractionnaire farouche
un vent fort
un vieillard gteux
1 Oui, nous sommes de grands privilgis (R. M a r g e r i t . Le Dieu
nu, Livre de poche, p. 218).
137
TaAUiâ 10
CHHOHHMbI nOHHTHfl CHJIbHO, OqeHb1
i
i
f
o
r
t
c
o
m
p
l
t
e
m
e
n
t
t
o
u
t

f
a
i
t
i
g
r
i
v
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
e
l
l
e
m
e
n
t
g
r
a
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
r
i
c
t
e
m
e
n
t
d
i
a
m
t
r
a
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
x
t
r
m
e
m
e
n
t
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
!
e
n
t
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
a d r o i t
_1_
a b a t t u
+
i
bon
-
bl es s i
i n t e r di t
ma l a d e +
obl i ga t o i r e
i oppos +
t i mi de +
r e v u e t
1 c o r r i g
i
Y c t h h nepeBOOTHK 3ecb, KaK h b c / i y q a e AOMHHaHTU k oj h -
necTBa, H3o6pa3H^ 6 bi b CBoeft 3anHCH Bce noaMepKHyTbie cj ioBa
OHHM H TeM * e 3H3HK0M, HO HHTaJl 6 e r o KaJKAHfi p a 3 IlO-HHOMy,
b 33BHCHMOCTH o t cooxBeTCTByiomero rji aroji a (cm. CJiefl. ) .
Mto KacaeTca BHyTpeHHeft CTpyKTypu 3thx cjiOBocoweTaHHft b
ueJiOM, t . e. n i a mn a h ero onpeaejieHHH, t o 3aMeraM, hto 4>paH-
uy3CKH h 3Aecb (cp, 51) npHeraeT k pa3HOKOpeHHbiM cjiob&m,
Torâ KaK pyccKHfi H3biK ji kj ht noBTOpHTb rjiarojibHuft KopeHb b
npHrJi ar0 Ji.bH0 MonpeAeJieHHH. Cp. y llyiiiKHHa:
Ben KOMHCLTa HHTpHblM AeCKOM
Osapena. BeceAbiM mpecKOM
Tpemum 3aT0n.JieHH.aa nent.
JXo chx nop Mhi paccMaTpHBajiH TKHe rpynnnpOBKH cjioboco-
qe TaHH, r ne oihhm npH3HaKOM nepeweHHoro KOMiiOHeHTa buiu
AOMHHaHTa CHJia, no^HOTa, t . e. KOJiHqecTBeHHbift npH3HaK. He-
peflêM Te ne pb k oj i ee TpyAHbiM cjiyqaHM, b kotopmx AOMKHaHTOM
nepeMeHHQro KOMiiOHeHT 6yneT HeKOTopoe KanecTBeHHoe noHKTne.
Moj kho crpynnnpoBaTb BwpaweHHH c aomhh3hto ocymecTBJie-
KHe:
1 Ue p Hu e 3H34KH OTMewawT HawGojiee THnH' iHyio coneTaeMocTb, h o He hc-
KJiiOHeHH Apyr He ( He x o To p u e h s h h x OTMe>ieKhi + ).
138
1. adopter une tactique
2. sassurer le triomphe
3. aviser des moyens
4. concevoir un dessein
5. dresser une liste
6. engager une lutte
7. prouver un revers
8 . tablir un certificat
9. tablir le diagnostic
10. faire des vers
11. faire un somme
12. franchir une distance
13. livrer une bataille
14. passer un examen
15. prendre des mesures
16. remporter un succs, une
victoire
17. soutenir un combat
18. subir un chec, une dfaite
19. suivre un cours
npUHRTb TKTUKtJ
odepxcaTb noedy
yCTHOBUTb
cpedcrea
cocraeuTb njian
(npudyMaTb)
cocraeuTb cnucoK
nanarb 6opb6y
ucnbiTTb npeeparHOCTU cydb-
6bl
nanucarb cnpaeKy
nocraeuTb duaeH03
COHUHHTb CTUXU
63peMHyTb
UOKpbLTb paCCTOHHUe
darb urey
cdarb 9K3ajueH
npUHHTb Mepbl
UMeTb ycnex, odepwarb no
edy
- npUHHTb 6o
- norepneTb nopaotcenue
- c Aymar b Kypc
61. Pojib TaKHX rpynimpOBOK npH H3y*ieHHH 3WKa h nepeBOAe.
Ha nepBbift b m v i h a , ocoeHHo HHoer paHuy, npHBhiKiueMy H3ynaTb
A3bIK aHaJIHTHHeCKH, nepeBOJlHTb CJIOBO 3a CJIOBO H 3THM0JI0rH3Hp0-
BaTb, TaKHe rpynnHpoBKH KamyTCfl np0H3B0JibHbiMH. Me*Ay TeM
o h h rviyoKO ecTecTBeHHbi h cymecTByiOT b ii0AC03HaHHH KawAoro
HocHTejiH H3biKa. BcnoMHHM, KaK h s c t o b cneui Ke, m h pyccKHe, r o-
BopHM uz par b 3H.aneH.ue. 3 t o noTOMy, h t o b c j i o b o c o h c t s h h h x ue-
parb poAb h uMerb 3HaneHue rjiarojibi c0BepuieHH0 CHHOHHMHHHbi.
BbipaweHHe uzpaTb 3HaneHue k o p o 6 h t TOJibKO HeJiOBeKa 0 6 p a 3 0 B 3 H -
Horo, t . e. npH'BbiKi nero, x o t h h He oco3HaHo, aBTOMSTHnecKH, npo-
BepHTb cjiOBoynoTpefijieHHe conocTaBJieHHeM c o c h o b h h m , c b o 6 o a -
HblM 3HaneHHeM CJlOBa, 3THM0J10rH3Hp0BaTb.
HaJiiOfleHHe HaA paoTof t ycTHbix nepeBOA'iHKOB 3Aecb, KaK h
b o MHorHx ApyrHx cjiyqaHX, pa3T>HCHHeT paOTy Ha u e r o H3bi K0B0r0
n0AC03HaHHn. OnbiTHbifi ycTHHH nepeBOflHHK cxBaTbiBaeT Bc er aa
COAepJKaHHe BbICK33bIB3HHH, 0TBJieK3HCb OT e r o KOHKpeTHOTO CJIO-
BeCHOrO BbIp3*eHHH, eCJIH TOJibKO 4>OpM3 Bbip3>KeHHH He OTKJlOHHeT-
CH OT HOpMbi H, CJieA0B3TeJIbH0, He HeceT AOnOJIHHTejIbHOH CTHJIH-
CTHHeCKOft HH(J)0pM3UHH. OcOeHHO H3rJIHAH0 3TO npOHBJIHeTCH B
(})opMe 3 3 i i h c h . ElepeBOAHecKSH 3anHCb npeACT3BJineT c o 6 o h , Ka
H3BecTH0, He CTeHorpaMMy, a poA HAeo r p s ^ Hne c Kor o nncbMa, r Ae
3a Ka>KAbiM 3H3K0M 3aKpenj i eHo hji h ueJi oe noHHTHe, hji h cc ms ht h-
necKas AOMHHaHT3. ripeACTSBHM c e 6 e , h t o nepeBOAHTca, HsnpHMep,
coomeHHe o t om, h t o h c k t o N, no npnpOAe oneHb CHJibHbift h
139
o n e H b j i o b k h , x o t h h OMeHb 3acTeHMHBbi f i qeJi OBeK, b H a c T OHi u e e
BpeMH c e p b e a H o oj i e H BCJieCTBHe T H w e j i o r o p a n e HHH h n o a x o M y
c o B e p u i e HHO y r H e T e H ( m h H a p o H H o y n o T p e HJ i H 3 / t e c b m h o t o i c a -
qe c TB, n e pe HHCJ i e HHb i x b 60) . B 3 a n n c H ycTHoro nepeBOflMHKa
Ha <J)paHuy3CKOM H3bi Ke 3 T a ^ p a a a n p H Me T TaKOH b h a : N f f o r t ,
J a d r o i t , b i e n q u e J* t i m i d e , m a l a d e , p a r s u i t e J b l e s s u r e
d o n c J a b a t t u , r u e 3 H 3 k o m / h j i h J i i o 6 biM Ap y r HM, h o n e p e a Kaxt bi M
003HaHe HHeM K a n e c T B a o a h h m h TeM * e , yaeT yxa3aHa CHJi a Ka-
q e c T B a . Meacay TeM, npH H3Jio>KeHHH Ha <j)paHuy3CK0M H3biKe nepe-
BOflHHK npoMTe T 3 H a J Kaj Kf l bi fi p a 3 HHaMe ( t r s , e x t r m e m e n t ,
g r a v e m e n t h t . a - ) , b 3 3 b h c h m o c t h o t c o o T B e T C T B y i o m e r o n p a j i a -
r a T e J i b H o r o ( h j i h cymecTBHTejibHoro). M o j k h o CKa3aTb, h t o B b i o p
cjiQBecHOH (JsopMbi onpeeJieHHH 3,aecb (jjyHKUHH o n p e A e j i n e M o r o .
TaAuna i l
CHHOHHMbI nOHRTHH CCHJIbHO, OMBHb
B p a 3r 0 B0 pH0 -(|>aMHJib-
npHOM CTHJie ( oj i br ua a
cjiHTHOCTb c o a r o j i o M )
B Heft rpaabHOM CTHae ( c j i a 6 a a
CJIHTHOCTb c rjiaroJiQM) h ap.
r ^ a r o j i
b
e
a
u
c
o
u
p
f
o
r
t
,

f
o
r
t
e
m
e
n
t
3
*a
a
b
o
n
d
a
m
m
e
n
t
c
h
a
u
d
e
m
e
n
t
a
u
x
c
l
a
t
s
accuei l l i r b r a s o u v e r t s
s a mu s e r r o y a l e me n t +
b a t t r e c omme pl t r e + +
boi r e t i r e - l a r i g o t
c omme une po nge
+ + +
c our i r , f ui r
ve n t r e t e r r e
p e r d r e hal ei ne
t o u t e s j a mb e s
+ + +
dor mi r
p o i n g s f er ms
s u r l es de ux or ei l l es
+ -f*
mor dr e be l l e s d e n t s
+
p l e ur e r c h a u d e s l a r me s + +
+ !
r i r e g o r g e dpl oye + -f
s ue r g r o s s e s g o u t t e s +
4 - ( ame
t r a n s p i r e r )
v e r s e r pl e i n s b o r d s + +
1
140
OnHcaHHbifi 3flecb cnyna <j)opMa;iH3aiiHH h3ukobo0 h h t y h u h h
HeJiOBeKa, KaK h MHo r a e Apyrne, b Haer oamee BpeMa 3aHHMaiOT
Ba*Hoe Mecto b noAf OTOBKe y c T Hb i x nepeBOAHHKOB *.
6 2 . CHHOHHMbl flHCKpeTHblX CJIOBOCOHCTaHHH B f l py r HX CTHJMX
peiH. B npeabiflymeM n a p a r p a 4 ) e mu npHBejm CHHOHHMHnecKHe cj i o-
BocoqeTaHHa b n p e a e j i a x OAHoro, HeTpajibHoro, CTHJia penH. Oa-
H3KO HeKOTOpbie H3 HHX MOryT HMeTb CHHOHHMbl H B ApyrHX (J)yHK-
UHOHa^bHbix c m n a x , name Bcero b pa3r0B0pH0-(|)aMH.nbapH0H pa3-
HOBHflHOCTH HeHTpaJIbHOrO CTHJIfl (xOTa TaM TaKHe coneTaHHa
iviaro;ia c HapenweM naine OKa3biBaiOTCH ojiee c j i h t h h m h , h c a h c -
wpeTHbiMH). 3 t o noKa3aHo b TaJiHue 11 ('cm. abme).
TaK * e CAOBOConeTaHHa c cymecTBHTejibHbiMH:
un brave trois poils
une chaleur crever
une faim de loup
un festin de Balthazar
un feu denfer
un Franais pur sang
une fivre de cheval
un froid de canard
un mal de chien
une noce tout casser
une peur bleue
des ruses dapache
une sant de fer
un saut de carpe
un soleil de plomb
un train denfer
un vent dcorner les
bufs
(Cp. une chaleur suffocante)
(Cp. un vrai Franais)
(Cp. un froid pierre fendre)
(Cp. une colre noire)
(un vent fort) ;
c npHJiaraTeJibHbiMH h npHnacTHaMii:
battu comme pltre
bte pleurer
bte payer patente
chauff blanc
ennuyeux dormir debout
gonfl bloc
laid faire peur
malade mourir
plein craquer
plein aux as
3aMeTHM, h t o b o (J)paHuy3 CK0 M a3bi Ke pasroBopHo-tjjaMHJibHp-
H u e o n p e a e j i e H H a ( c AOMHHaHToft c n ^ a b t o m n n c v i e i i o h t h Bcer -
Aa ) BBOAaTca npe AJ i or a MH de, , a TaKe C01030M comme. B n o c -
Ji eAHeM c ; i y n a e s t o cpaBHeHHH ( noApoHO cm. H H * e 7 3 h Ap . ) .
1 J. H e r b e r t . Manuel de linterprte, Genve, 1952, pp. 39-45.
141
6 3 . AcoJnoTHbi e c h h o h h m u . Ecj i h Tenepb paccMorpeTb ace Bbi-
p a we HHH ( 6 0 6 2 ) , t o JierKO BHfleTb, w t o onpeAej i eHHH b h h x
recHo rpynnHpyioTCH Apyr c ApyroM omeft AOMHHaHTofi h npH-
HaAJiejKHOCTbK) k of l HMy c t h j i i o p e ^ H. TaKHe c j i oBa k c j i o Bo e o q e -
T3HHH Mbi H330B6M a COJ I l OTHb l MH C H H O K H M a MH. H 3 npHBe-
eHHbix Bbipa>KeHHH TaKOBbi, HanpHMep: une colre noire un vent
f o r t une peur bleue; gr av eme nt malade gri vement
bless compltement abattu; un enfant c h t i f une robe
minable une mine pi teuse; le pays nat al la maison
p at er nel l e la langue mat e r ne l l e h t . n. B p y c c x o M
iHTepaTypHOM H3biKe Tai oxe conocTaBHMbi pootedare (npou38odurb
na ceer npH c0BepuieHH0M BHAe podurb npomeecru na ceer).
pootcarb h podurb HecoBepuieHHbifl b h a . O h h BCTpenaiOTCH TOJibKO
b pa3Hwx coqeTaHHHx: 3eMAH podur xa, erpana pootedaer sepoea,
meHw,UHa pootcaer dere. FIpo MywMHHy m o j k h o CKa33Tb TOJibKO po
dur, ho He pootcaer, cp. Oh u dere podur roAbno no pa3peuienuto
HaHAbcrea (cjioBapb YmaKOBa).
Teope THê cKH af i coj noTHbi e c h h o h h m h HHTepecHiji, BO-nepBHX,
n0T0My, mt o HaJ i r oaeHHe HaA h h m h n03B0J i ne T ycTaHOBHTb B a * H b i e
CABHrH B CHCTeMe H3bIKa. TaK, 3B0JU0UHH (J)paHUy3CKOrO H3bIKa c
XVI B e n a cocTOHJi a b 3HaTeJ i bHo& cTeneHH b C03AaHHH a c o j n o T -
HbX CHHOHHMOB H, CJieAOBaTeJIbHO, B BbipaOTKe yCTOftMHBblX J1&K-
ccm c j i o b h cji OBOcoMeTaHHfl. T a n , l o y a l , nepBOHanaJi bHO 3HaMHB-
mee t o * e , h t o l g a l , 3aKpenJi HeTCH b o a h h x J i eKceMax, a l g a l
b Apyrnx: cur l o y a l npedaHHoe cepdu,e, a c t i o n l g a l e 3koh-
Hoe d e c r e u e ; v e n i m e u x oocoJi neTCH o t vn n eux; c h a m p i g n o n
v n n eux nd o e u r b i . zpu, s e r p e n t v e n i m e u x ndoeur ax, 3Men;
n a g e r n A a e a r b o r p a m m H B a e T c b o i o coueTaeMOCTb Kpyr oM j i h u h
x b o t h h x , a n a v i g u e r o t h o c h t c h k KopaJiHM h t . a . h t . n.
B coBpeMeHHOM H3biiKe, no HaJiioAeHHio HCCJieaoBaTeJieH, coBep-
uiaeTCH, x o t h h orpaHHHeHHbi, opaTHMH npouecc: ycTOHMHBue c o -
MeTaHHH HaHHHaiOT AOnyCKaTb CHHOHHMHMeCKHe 3aMeHb! c b o h x kom-
noHeHTOB b He3HaHHTeJibHOM MHCJie BapHauH. BbiBuiHe a c o j u o T -
HhlMH CHHOHHMH CHOBa npHOpeTaiOT CnOCOHOCTb BXOAHTb b Hec-
KOJitKO c j i oBoconeTaHHH. T a n , H a p e n a e gravement BCTpeqaeTCH h
n p n c j i oBe blesser ( c p . Bwr n e ) : Mais Joseph avait t gravement
bless ( A r a g o n . L e s C o m m u n i s t e s ) 2.
6 4 . TeHACHUHH K 0 6 0 6 meHHI0 B p33BHTHH AHCKpeTHUX CJIOBO-
coieTaHHH. B o MHo r a x c j i y n a n x p a 3 r o Bo p Hb i f i CTHJib A o n y c n a e T h b
caMOM Ae j i e 3a Me Hy KOHKpeTHoro r j i a r o j i a 6 o j i e e aCTpaKTHbiM, b h -
p a a c a i o mHM ceMaHTHMecKyi o AOMHHaHTy o j i e e HenocpeACTBeHHo,
6 e 3 ceMaHTHnecKHX noApoHOCTeft, r J i a r 0 J i 0 M f a i r e (TaK, Bbi r ne 6 0
1 E. H u g u e t . Lvolution du sens des mots depuis le XVIe sicle. P.,
1934.
s O. JX. Aj i e n i HHKOBa . HeKOTopwe oco6chhoct h coBpeweHHOft $paHuy3-
csofi 4>Pa3eoôrKH, yq. 3an. I t . XIX, M., 1959, CTp. 293301,
npHMep O. H. AjieuiHHKoBoft.
142
TaAutfa 12
O o m e H Hb i f t (J>paHuy3CKHH
OOpOT
O O o m e n H b i f i pyccKHfi
9KBHB3 JeHT
MaciHbift p y c c o f i
BKBHBaaem ( n p n
Ii eB03M0*H0CTH
o me r o )
r i p o ( J > e c c H a :
Il fai t de la critique
Il f ai t du tht re
11 fait du cinma
Il fait de la peinture
Il fait de la musique
Il fait du dessi n
O h 3aHHMaeTca k p h t h k o
O h 33HHMaeTCH HCHBO-
rlHCblO
O h 3flHHMaeTCfl My3biKoft
O h 3aHHMaeTCH pHCOBaHH-
eM
O h paoTHHK TeaT-
pa
O h patfoTHHK k h h o
y i e H H e :
Il fait du franais
Il fait de larchologie
Il fait de la peinture
Il fai t du dessin
'II f ai t de la musique
Il fait de li nterprtat ion
O h 3aHHMaeTCH 4>paHiiy3-
CKHM
Oh aaHHMaeca apxeo.no-
raeft
O h 3aHiiMaeTCH k h b o -
n n c b i o
Oh saHHMaeTCH pHcyHKOM
O h 3aHHMaercH My3biKoft
O h 3aHHMaercH ycTHbiM
nepeBOAOM
1
1
!
I
I
I
C n o p i :
Il fait du ski
Il f ai t du vlo
Il fait de la nat at i on
O h 3HHMeTCH jibiscaMH
O h 3aHHMaeTCH BeJiocHnefl-
HhiM CnopTOM
O h 3aHHMaeTCH iMaBaHH-
eM
X o a h t Ha j i u Ka x
B o j i e 3 HH*:
Il fait du r humat i sme
Il fait du cur
1 1 fait du foie
OH peBMTHK
O h cepae<tHHK
O h neieHOMHHK
r i p o K e :
Il fai t de lpat e
Il fait du l ard
O h j h o h t o p a
ma Tb Ha c e 6
BHHMaHHe; e r o
noBeAeHHe o 6 pa-
ma e T Ha c e a
BHHMaHHe
O h JKHpeeT
1 Pe^KHii cjiyMafi.
143
b cJiyHaax 4, 5, 8, 12, 18, 19 faire cours), a y Harnero noeroHH-
Horo* Ha CTpaHHuax 9to& k h h t h BOopaacseMoro KOHcyjibTaKa
0nbiTH0r0 y c r a o r o nepeBOfliHKa 0Ka3UBaeTCH aj i h Bcex a 6 b h t -
h s a u s t h r ^ a r o ^ o B o a h h o 6 iu.nft 3Khk.
HanoMHHM eme p a 3, h t o q>p3Huy3CKHi 3 k k Boome, b otjih-
HHe OT pyccKoro, CTpeMHTCH K Bbipa*eHHK) TOJibKO CeMaHTHHeCXOft
Aomhhshth h k onymeHHio ceMSHTHnecKHx nOApoHOCTefi (cp.
46) . Bo mhothx cjiynaHX <J>pany3CK3H 4>p33eojiorHH HCTopHHC-
OKH paSBHBaeTCH HMeHHO B 9T0M HSinpsBJieHHH.
TaK, OOpOT 3aHUMTbCH KeM-AUO (npO<j)eCCHH HJIH nOCTOHHHOe
3aHHTHe) nojiyHHji o my i o 4>opMy: i vi s r oJ i f a i r e + Ha3BaHHe poAa
33HHTHH, Tp3KT0B3HH0r0 K3K HeHCHHCJIHeMSH M3TepH5I, C 3pTHKJieM
d e l a , du, HanpHMep, 3aHUM.aTbCR riAaeanueM. faire de la nata
tion,. A6cTp3KTHbie i i o h h t h h THH3 natation, b H3BecTHofi Mepe a o -
nycK3i omHe c o m c t s h h h c apTHKJieM d e l a , d u ( n o o 6 p 3 3 u y : avoir
du courage, prendre pour de lamour ce qui ntait que de la sym
pathie), He c o c t a b j i h k ) t 3Aecb h c k j h o h c h h h . J l i o o e CJIOBO, MOry-
me e CJiyWHTb npH3H3K0M HJIH H33B3HHeM npO(J)eCCHH HJIH nOCTOHHHO-
ro 33H53THH, TpsKTyeTCH k s k scTpaKTHoe, HanpHMep, faire du v
lo 3aHUMa7bCH eeAOCuneHbiM cnoproM, x o t h cj i obo le vlo k s k
BHpameHHe K0HKpeTH0r0 H HCHHCJIHeMOrO nOHHTHH C TaKHM apTHK-
JieM obiHHo He ynoTpeJiHeTCH. C p s b h h m 3Ty r p y n n y npHMepoB c
HX pyCCKHMH 3KBHB3JieHT3MH (CM. T3JI. 12).
33HHTHe (hj i h npotfceccHH), Bbi pswseMoe b npiiBeaeHHOM b t s -
JHue THne npeAJioweHHfi, HMeeT o m y omyi o nepTy: oho hj i h ae-
JiaeTCH aj i h AyuiH, hji h npeACT3BJieT cooA CBOOAHyro n p o $ e c -
CHio h HenpeMeHHo npoTHBonocTaBJiaeTCH, c oa h o CTopoHbi, $h-
SHHecKOMy TpyAy, c Apyroft 33hht hhm AejioBoro nejiOBeKa.
FocjieAHHe HMeiOT c b o i o THnoByio (J)opMy BbipsweHHH:
il est dans l es a f f a i r e s o h npednpunuMareAb
il est dans le papier o h paoraer e yMaMHO npo-
HblUlAeHHOCTU UAU no CbL-
ry yjaaeu
il est dans le ptrole o h paoraer a HetpTXHo npo-
MbiUlAeHHOCTU UAU nO Cbl-
ry Hecpru
il est dans l enseignement o h paoraer e ceru npocee-
uênua
i l e s t d a n s l e c o m m e r c e o h 3aHUMaeTcsi r o p z o e A e
i l e s t d a n s l e s p a r f u m s o h p a o r a e T e n a p t p t o M e p -
hom npouseodcree uau no
cbiry nap<ptoM.epuu
3Aecb T3Ke 3H3HeHHe npeAJio*eHHH He bmboahmo 3 JiecHHe-
CKOrO SHaHeKHH IKOMOTOH'eHTOB, HO BblBOWHMO H3 HeKOTOpHX 4>OpMajIb-
h u x npH3H3KOB. O a h s k o b OTJiHHHe o t THns il fait du vlo, TAe
OCHOBHblM <J)0pM3JlbHbIM MOMeHTOM bIJlH OCOeHHOCTH AOnOJIHeHHS,
144
3aecb ueHTp t hwc c t h j i o k h t Ha noAJieaomeM. TaKHM 06pa30M,
HMeiOTCH cJieayiomHe 4>opM3jibHbie MOMeHTbi: 1) noaJi ewsmee
J1HU0 HJIH rpynna jihu; 2) r j i aroj i tre; 3) npeaJior dans; 4) hmh
cymecTBHTeJibHoe, obiHHO, t . e. b cboohhx coneTSHHHX, He mo-
rymee 0 03HaHaTb MecT0 Hax0 >KaeHHH HeJiOBeKa. Ecjih HspvmeHO
nepBOe (J>opMajibHoe ycJiOBHe, h noaJi exowee 003HaMaeT npeaMeT,
t o upeJiooKeiHHe aeJiaercH lOBOciuiHbiM h TepnT ynasaHHbifi cmhcji
no caMOH npnpoae Bemefi: Le livre est dans le commerce Knuea
uMeercn e npodaotce.
Ecjih HapymeHO HeTBepToe <J>opMajibHoe ycJiOBHe, h aonojmeHHe
MOjKeT oo3HaMaTb MecTOHaxowfleHHe, t o 4>pa3a T 3 K * e TepneT aaH-
Hbifi CMbicji: Il est dans le jardin Oh e cady.
CpaBHHBaH 4>paHuy3CKHe npHMepH 60 h 64 c hx pyccKHMH
3i<BHBaJieHTaMH, bhahm, mto pyccKHe rj i ar oj i u He noaaaiOTCH ec-
TeCTBeHHOMy OOmeHHK) no CeM3HTHHeCK0H OMHHaHTe, TaK KaK,
b OTJiHUHe o t <j)paHuy3CKoro rJiarojia, b hhx ceMaHTHHecKHe noa-
Pohocth HMeioT He MeHbiuee 3HaHeHHe, HeM aoMHHaHTa. B caMOM
aejie, AJIH pyccKoro TaKHe BbipaweHHH, KaK HanpHMep, CAyiuaTb
Kypc h norepneTb nopaotcenue (npHMepbi 19 h 18 H3 6 0 ) , hmciot
Meway co6oh oneHb Majio omero, n0T0My mto rJiaroJi CAytuarb
XpaHHT JKHByK) CBH3b C (})H3HHeCKHM CAytUHUeM. TaKHM 0pa30M,
aCTpaKTHOCTb 4>paHuy3CKoro CJioBa h KOHKpeTHOcTb pyccKoro
cjioBa Bce Te ace nepBHHHbie ks hc c t bs bo mhotom JieKaT b oc-
HOBe h t 3khx aajieKO pacxoanmHxcH nepT KaK HauHOHajibHbie oco-
eHH-OCTH CTpOH JipeWJlOWeHHH B K3WaOM H3blKe. ( 0 6 3TOM CM. T3K-
w e ipa3a eJ i CoomeHHe. )
HEHCKPETHblE C/IOBOCCmETAHHfl
65. K a x eaMHHUbi nj i a Ha BbipaweHHH. P a a e p e M Tenepb cj i obo-
coMeTaHHe KaK eaHHHuy cj i OBapn. OhiHHbift CJiOBapb cj i ob, onncaH-
Hblft H3MH C p33Hb!X TOHeK 3peHHH BblUie ( 31 5 5 ) , npeaCT3BJIHeT
COOH HeKOTOpyK) aCTpaKUHIO. 3 t o npOHBJIHeTCH BHeillHHM of i pa-
30M XOTH 6 bl B TOM, MTO OaHOMy CJIOBy, 33nHC3HH0My B CJIOBape,
CooTBeTCTByeT n s m e B c e r o HecKOJibKO 3H3HeHH, M e x a y TeM k s k b
peajibHOM coomeHHH n a m e Bcero OaHOMy CJIOBy CooTBeTCTByeT
TOJibKO OaHO 3H3MeHHe. H a TOM ypOBHe aCTpaKHHH, Ha KOTOpOM
HaXOaHTCH ObIHHblH CJlOBSpb CJIOB, T. e. H3 ypOBHe HOpMbI, a 3-
JieKO He BCe B03M0WHbie B H3bIKe CJIOBOCOMeT3HHH aOJDKHbl (})HKCH-
pOBSTbCH. TOBOpH BOOme, 3T0My ypOBHK) COOTBeTCTByiOT TOJibKO
T3KHe CJOBOCOHeTaHHH, KOTOpbie 4>yHKUHOHHpyK3T nOaOHO CJIOBy
Il Ka>KAOe H3 KOTOpblX HBJIHeTCH 3KBHB3JleHTOM CJI0B3. H x Ha3bIBa-
K)T ObIHHO yCTOHMHBUMH HeaHCKpeTHblMH, HeCBOOaHblMH CJIOBOCO-
MeT3HHHMH pa3HO CTeneHH CpameHHH.
X o t h 3TH CJIOBOCOHCT3HHH h (j)HKCHpyK>TCH B CJI0B3pHX COBep-
lHeHHO noaOHO CJI0B3M, OaH3KO 0TJIHH3I0TCH OT CJIOB TeM. MTO HB-
JIHIOTCH >aOCT3TOMHO OJIbUI'HMH OTpe3K3MH p 0H6BOH U6nH. IloSTOMy,
KaK y we 6h j i o CKa3aH0 b o BBeAeHHH ( 24 h c j i. ) , cTpyKi ypa
CJIOBOCOHeTSHH MO*eT hITb BnOJIHe nOHHTHa TOJibKO B CBH3H CO
CTpyKTypofi peneBofi uenn.
66. HeflHCKpeTHbie cjiobocohct&hhh Ha ctpyKTypHOM ypoBHe.
C 3T0fl[ TOHKH 3peHHfl aCOJIIOTHO CBOOAHblM, aCOJIOTHO AHCKpeT-
HbiM cjioBoconeTaHHeM yaeT BCHKoe cjioBoconeTSHHe, ksjkahm 3Jie-
MeHT KOToporo He npeACKa3UBaer c aoc t s t ohho ojibmofi CTeneHbw
BepoHTHoeTH noHBJieHHe Apyroro 9JieMeHT3 '.
PaccMOTpnM Tpn cjieAyiomHX npHMepa:
1. dans le jardin e cady, 2. en rgle e nopndue, e paMKax
3KOHHOCTU, 3. dans le ptrin a nepedeAKe.
I l e p B o e CJioBoeoqeTaHHe a o j i j k h o biTb c s t o h t o h k h 3peHHH
K.iaccH(J)HUHpOBaHO KaK CBOoflHoe, TaK KaK coneTaeMOCTb npeAJio-
r a dans HacTOJibKO uiHpoKa, h t o o h He npeACKa3biBaeT noHBJieHaa
cj i eAyJomer o cj i oBa, k o t o p h m MO*eT 6 uTb KaK jardin, TaK h npaK-
t h h c c k h j i i o o e Ap y r o e cymecTBHTeJibHoe. T o h h o TaK me h b TpeTb-
eM c j i y n a e . M e x a y TeM, o h KopeHHbiM 06pa30M oTJiHHaexcfl o t
nepBor o, TaK KaK HBJiaeTCH $pa3eoj i orHHecKHM cpameHHeM. TaKHM
c6pa30M, yKa3aHHwfi c n o c o e m e He n03B0JieT OTJiHH3Tb CBOOAHbie
côBoconeTaHHa o t h a h o mo b ( hj i h, n o KpaflHeft Mepe, o t HeK0T0 pHx
BHAOB HAHOMOb). H o 3aT0 OH n03B0JlfleT 6e30Uln60HH0 BblAeJlflTfc
neAHOKpeTHbie cjiOBOCOHeTaHHH ooHOBflyK) Maccy cjiOBco' HeTa-
HH, OTAeJIHH HX H OT CBOOA'HblX, C OAHCiH CTOpOHbl, H OT <j>P23eO-
JiorHnecKHx cpameHHH c Apyroft . B caMOM AeJie, bo b t o p o m cj i y-
n a e noHBJieHHe npeAJ i or a en y w e n03B0JiHeT pa3yMeeTCH, o t h o -
cHTejibHo npeACKa3aTb xap3KTep cj i e Ayi o me r o cj ioBa. 3aBeA0M0
HCHO, AJIS BCHKOrO 3HaiOIHerO 4>p3HUy3CKHH H3blK, HTO C0HeT3eM0CTb
en orpsHHneHHa, t . e. h t o cjieAyiomHM n o c j i e en cjiobom He m o k c t
6 biTb h h jardin, hh fort, hh maison, hh Boome KaKoe-JiHo c y
mecTBHTeJibHoe b CBoeft nojiHoft (JopMe ( t . e. c a' prHKJieM) h b cbo-
eM CBOOAHOM 3H3HeKHH MeCT3.
ric3TOMy HeAHCKpeTHbiMH 0Ka3HBaK)TCH, HanpHMep, Bce coneTa-
h h h c OTHOCHTejibHO peAKHMH npeAJiorsMH:
en ce mo me n t renepb b OTJiHHHe o t dans ce moment e
3 t o t MOMenr h ce mome nt (-l ) roeda;
en l air eeepxy, eepx b OTJiHHHe o t dans l'air e eoadyxe;
en confrence na coeewflHuu b OTJiHHHe o t la confrence
na AeKtûu, na Kompepennuu;
hors de combat ebiuiedmu U3 crpon b o t j t h h hc o t en dehors
du combat eue 60h h t . n.
1 Kax y s c e uno 3aMeqeHo, CTeneHb npeACKaayeMOCTH MoxeT 6bm> B h i p a * e n 3
"HaieHHo. H o Af in Hac BajKHa 3Aecb TOJibKO oTuocHTejibHaa n p e ac Ka ay e Mo c b ,
t , e. pa3HHa b creneHH npeACKa3hi8aeMOCTH c b o o a h m x cjiOBocoieTaHHii no c p a a -
HeKHtO C yCTOftlHBblMH.
146
OflHaKO 0CH0BHyK) Maccy cj)paHuy3CKHX cjiOBOCOHeTaHHH coeraB-
jiak i t coqeTaHHH m AByx paBHO ynoTpeHTejibHbix cjiob, HanpHMep,
prendre place cecrb. B tbkhx cjiyHaax oahh aJieMeHT He npea-
CKa3bmaeT Apyroro c AoeraTOHHoft acHocTbio ( A a we ajih HHTyHUHH),
Tan 3Aecb prendre e we He npejicKa3biBaeT place, TaK Ka cyme-
CTByiOT h prendre du th, prendre froid, prendre quelquun avec
soi, prendre un livre h t j , h t . n. Ho o6mee npaBHJio, BHTeKaro-
mee H3 CTpyKTypbr peneBoft uenn, h TyT 0CTaeTCH b o u e : HeflHCKpeT-
HHH xapaKTep CHrHaJiH3HpyeTCa OTcyrcTBHeM apTHKJIH.
67. HeflHCKpeTHbie cjiobocomct a n h h n a ypoBHe HopMbi. KaK
H HH COOTHOCHJIHCb CJIOBa B CJI0B0C0HeT3HHH Ha CTpyKTypHOM ypOB-
He, b HopMe penH k 3T0My npHcoeAHHHeTCH HOBoe OTHOiueHHe no-
pnflOK cjieaoBaHHH b peneBofi uenH. riocKOJibKy bo (J)paHuy3CKOM
H3biKe npeo. iajuaeT CTporo 3aKpenjieHHbifi nopaaoK cjiob, t o b Hop-
Me $paHuy3CKHe CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH ynoHO KJiaccH4>HimpoBaTb b
HanpaBJieHHH pa3BepTbiBaHHa peqeBOH uenn, no xoAy peneBofi ue-
nn. jih pyccKoro H3biKa s t o t cnoco BpA Jh 0 C0 6 eHH0 yaoeH
( b o bchkom cjiynae 6e3 yroHHeHHH), noTOMy mto H3-3a CB060AH0r 0
nopHAKa cjiob Ta'Koe BbpaJKeHHe, KaK HanpHMep, 6urb atcAyuiu
Aojijkho bijro 6 bi CMHTaTbCH npH aHa;iH3e no x o a y peneBOH uenn t o
oj i ee cbooahum b tom BHAe, KaK oho HanHcaHO, Koraa 6urb He
npejj,CKa3biBaeT nocJieAyiomero, t o ycTofiHHBUM b BHAe aKAyuiu
uTb, noTOMy mto cjiobo 6aKAyuiu npeacKa3biBaeT noHBJieHHe cJie-
Ayi omero 6 u t b acojnoTHo tomho. J^jih (})paHuy3CKoro :e H3biKa,
r ae 3H3MHMH JieKCHMecKHH aJieMeHT peryJiHpHO 3aiiHMaeT nocjieA-
Hee MecTO b cjiOBOcoMeTaHHH, nocjie cHHTaKCHMecKH ynpaBJiHiomHX
CJIOB, T3KOH cnoco npaKTHMeCKH yaoeH.
n p H aHaJiH3e no xoAy peneBoft uenn 0Ka3UBaeTCH, mto hcahc-
KpeTHbie 4>paHuy3CKHe CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH HMeroT b nJiaHe BupaweHH
CHHTaKCHMeCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH HeAHCKpeTHOCTH, 33KOHHeHHOCTH, cjiht-
hocth: apTHKJib (h ero BapHauHH), npefljior h MecTOHMeHHe (en, y,
pewe le, la). FIo sthm pypHKaM mu h pacnoJiomHM cjiOBoeoHeTa-
Hua *. KpoMe Toro, BHyTpn K a * A o r o BHAa cymecTByiOT noABHHtHue
1 H p y r a H KjiaccH<}>HKamisi b p a C o e J l . H. H j i h h. Hri bi cjioBocoqeTaHHfi
e coBpeMeHHOM 4)paHuy3CKOM H3UKe, M. , 1960, flOKTOp. a h c c ., I. M I T I H H H .
n p H oaccH<J)HKauHH pyccKHx HeHCKpeTHbix MOBocoi eTaHHft (Kax y w e
OTMe' ta.iocb, BBeaeHHe, 2 6 ) 3 a 0CH0By npHHHMaercfl c j i h t h o c t b h x b nj iaHe
coaepai aHHH. Cm. B. B. B h h o r p a a o b. 0 6 o c h o b h u x THnax <{)pa3eoj i orH' i e-
CKHX eaHHHii B pyccKOM S3HKe, c 6 . A. A. IIIaxMaTOB, H 3-BO A H C C C P , M ,
1946; e r o >Ke. OCHOBHbie noHHTHa pyccKo <J)pa3eoJiorHH KaK JiHHrBKCTHqecKoft
HcuHnjiHHbi, b c 6. Tpyf l H K)6HJieftHo ceccHH Jiry, h s a. J l eHHHrpaaCKor o yH-Ta,
1946; B. A. J I a p h h. OqepKH n o 4>pa3eonorHH, y ? . 3 a n . J I f , c e p n a $ h a o a .
HayK, Bbin. 24, 1956; O. C. A x m a h o b a. OnepKH n o o 6me f t h p y c cx o f t fleKCH-
KOjiorHH, y q n e a r H 3, M. , 1957; H . IXI h c k il h ^ p a a e o j i o r H s i coBpeMeHHoro pyc-
CKoro H3hiKa, H3A-bo B w c r n a a t uKo. i a, M. , 1963 ( b s t o A paOTe h GuSi i nor pa
pus n o pyccKOH (j>pa3eoJiorHH).
147
CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH, t . e. T a n n e , KOTOpbie MoryT biTb npH o a h h x ycjio-
BHHX AHCKpeTHblMH, a npH ApyfHX HeAHCKpeTHblMH. jlS yAO-
CTBa MTewHH npeAnocuâeM sTOMy pa3Aejry er o reoppa(J>H*jeKyio
xapTy (MaccH^HKauHH aaeTCH Ha npHMepax coneTaHHa r î ar oâ
c cymecTBHTejibHbiM):
TaAUu,a 13
KjiaccH<t)HKai(<fl cjioBocoMeiaHHfi no eTeneHH h c a h c k p c t h o c t h
(HecBoSoAHoro x a p a n t e p a ) (Hapact aHHe h c a h c k pc t h o c t h o t t k 3)
Nv C i e n e H b
\ HeAHCKpeT-
HOCTH
Il oKa3a- ' y
Tejib HeAH-
CKpCTHOCTH \
HeAHCKpeTHbie,
Aon yc Ra i omne
n e p e x o A b a h c k -
peTHbie
He f t Hc x p e THu e ,
HeAonycKai omHe
n e p e x o A a b a h c k -
peTHbi e, n o HMeio-
i u e AHCKpeTHyio
n a p y (sKBHBaaeHT)
j
HeAHCKpeTHNe
H30JIHp0B3H-
Hhie
ApTHKjlb 68
f a i r e de mi - t our
f ai r e u n demi -
t o u r
f a i r e col e f onder
u n e col e
f a i r e n a u f r a g e
npefljior 69
t r e en c o n f r e n c e -
t r e l a c o nf
r ence
t r e en v e n t e t r e
d a n s le c omme r
ce
t r e en s e n t i
nelle
MecTOHMeHHe 71
s en l a v e r les
ma i n s s e l aver
l es ma i n s
e n v oul oi r >
68. pTiiKjib h ero OTeyTeTBHe KaK noKa3aejib HeAHCKpeT
HOCTH.
1. H n s m a a c r y n e n b HeAHQKpeTHocTH: HeztHCKperHbie c j i o b o c o -
qeTaHHH, AonycRaiomne nepexoA b AHCKpeTHbie:
faire demi-tour, faire four, faire escale, faire tache ;
avoir te got de qch., avoir du got pour qch., navoir
got rien ;
trouver des chos..., trouver cho ;
tirer l parti..., tirer parti ;
former classe ;
toucher terre
h t . n. (Cm. pa3Ae^ o HeflTpaJiH3auHH apTHKAH, TaM xce Apyrue npa-
Mepbi.)
CjioBocoqeTHHH SToro THna npeACTaBJiHK).' cooh b cymHocr a
CBooAHbie 0Tpe3KH peneBofi uenH, c oAee hji h MeHee OAHHaKOBO
uinpoKO ynoTpeHTeJibHbiMH cjiOBaMH, ho ycTOHBuiHecn Ha CTyneHH
MaKCHMaJibHoro coKpameHHH, t . e. b t 3 k o h n03HUHH, KorAa hh r j i a -
148
r o j i , hh cyiuecTBHTeJibHoe He h m i o t npH cee onpeaeJieHH, a }p-
THWib yTpaHHBaeT cboio pojib h HefiTpaJiH3yeTCH. ripn pacuiHpeHHH
KOHTeKCTa OHHCTaHOBHTCHBnOJIHe AHCKpeTHUMH CJIOBOCOHeTaHHHMH
h BOccTaHaBJiHBaiOT apTHKJib. 3ra rpynna cocTaBJineT b coBpeMeH-
HOM 4)paHUy3CKOM H3biKe JKHBO& H npOyKTHBHblfi THn CJlOBOCOHe-
TaHHft h , no-BHAHMOMy, HBJineTCH HanajibHbiM a i a n o M 0 p a 3 0 Ba -
HKHCjiOBOCOHeTaHHH HeflHCKpeTHblX l.
2. HeflHCKpeTHbie CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH, He aonycKaiomHe nepexoaa
b aHCKpeTHhie, ho HMeiomne AHCKpeTHyio napy (3KBHBajieHT).
faire cole
faire date
faire talage
faire escorte
faire fortune
porter prjudi
ce
porter plainte
porter malheur
prendre appui
ocnoeaTb uiKOAy
(b JKHBOnHCH,
My3biKe h t . n.)
eoTu e ucToputo
- ebicraeAUTb Hano-
K3
- conpoeootcdaTb
aCKOpTOM
cocraeuTb tcanuraA
- npuHUHWTb eped
- nodaTb e cyd
- npunecr u necnac-
Tbe
- h t u onopy
fonder une cole
reprsenter une
date
former un talage
former une escor
te
acqurir de la for
tune
causer un prjudi
ce
dposer une plain
te
entraner du ma
lheur
trouver lappui
CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH 9Toro THna (KOJiOHKa a ) He npeflCTaBJiHiOT b
C0BpeMeHH0M H3biKe CBOOflHbix OTpe3KOB peneBof t u e n n , HH OHO
c j i o b o b h h x h Bce coHeTaHHe b ueJioM HeJib3H pacnpoerpaHHTb HJIH
3aMeHHTb n o nacTHM. OHaKo n pn h h x HaxoHTCH eooTHOCHTeJib-
Hbie no CMHCJiy AHCKperabie CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH, c JieKCHHecKH nojiHO-
ueHHbiM caMocTOHTeJibHbiM TJiaroJiOM h c apraKJieM ( k o j i o h k h 6 ) .
3 t o t THn ( k o j i o h k 3 a ) npeACTaBJiaeT coof t , n0-BHAHM0My, b t o -
pofl 9Tan 4>pMHpOBaHHH HCAHCKpeTHblX CJIOBOCOHeTaHH: b n p o m-
Jiom, noAOHo cjioBocoHeTaHHHM (mepBoro THna faire (un) demi-
tour), OHH blJDH CBOOAHblMH 0Tpe3K3MH peHeBOft UenH, HO OKa3a-
JiHCb CBeaeHHbiMH f l o CTyneHH MaKCHMajibHoro CoKpameHHH h 3 a c -
TblJIH B 3T0M BHJie. CBOOAHbie We, AHCKpeTHbie, HX BapnaHTbl,
1 Pa 3yMeeTca , s t o n e 3HaiHT, t o Kaxcaoe r a s c e coweTaHHe CTaHeT co Bpe-
MeHeM HeaHCKpeTHhiM, h o n o THny o h h o t h o c h t c h k nepBOMy arany He^HcxpeTHorn) .
149
p33BHB3HCb no OJlee AHHaMHHHblM 33KOH3M CBOOAHOrO CJ10B0 -
coneTanHa, rjaBHbiM a6pa30M, noA^WHaacb H3M6HeHHio ceMaHTWKH
r j i a r o j i a b h h x , Bce AaJibine o t x o a h j i h o t ycTofinnBbix BapHamoB.
BcyieACTBHe a r o r o b s t o r p y n n e h opaaoBaJiHCb ABa paAa c j i o b o -
coneTaHHfi (KOJiOHKa a h KOJlOHKa 6 ) : HeAHCKpeTHbift h AHCKpeTHufi.
O t nepBbi x ( a ) mo j k h o nepeTH n pn coKpameHHH peneBOti u, enn
KO BTopbiM ( 6 ) , KaK h b r p y n n e 1, h o npH s t o m HeoxoAHMO s a-
MeHHTb HecBOOAHhift r j i ar oj i (faire, prendre h t . n. ) Ha c b o o a h m h ,
KOHKpeTHM.
OpaHuy3CKae npnMepbi nepBofl h btopoh rpynn b paaJWHHbix
BapnaHTax h 6ojiee h MeHee AHCKpeTHOM nepesoAHMbi Ha pyc-
ckhh b noAaBJiHiomeM oJibniHHCTBe cjiynaeB TOJibKO oahhm Ba-
PHHTOM.
3. HeAHCKpeTHue H30JiHp0BaHHue cjioBoeoneTaHHa.
TpeTbio r pynny coeraBJiHiOT HeAHCKpeTHbie cJioBoconeTanHa, ne
HMeiouiHe AHCKpeTHoro Ba p n a HTa .
a) faire dfaut, faire naufrage, faire fausse route, faire pied
(ocTaearb h o z o h o ), faire fte qn., faire prsent qn., faire
provision de qch. ;
prendre acte de qch., prendre racine, prendre part , prendre
pied (oocHoeaTbcx) , prendre conseil, prendre possession de qch.;
rendre service qn., rendre visite qn., rendre grce qn.,
rendre compte qn. de qch.
6 ) avoir raison donner raison
(re) prendre connaissance perdre connaissance
prendre faim donner faim avoir faim
prendre froid donner froid avoir froid
prendre chaud donner chaud avoir chaud
prendre piti avoir piti donner piti qn.
B rpynne 6 k CHHTKCHnecKHM pa3JiHHHHM npHcoeAHHHiOTCH pas-
n m m ceMaHTHnecKHe, pa3JwnHH BHAOBbie (prendre faim coaep-
LueHHbi, naHHHaTeJibHbift bha npozoAOdarbcn, avoir faim hco-
BepineHHbiH, AJiHTeJibHbift biTb eoAodnbiM, xorerb ecTb) h j i h t ? k
Ha3hiBaeMbie K a y s a r a s H u e , BhipawaiomHecH n a i n e Bcero c noMout bi o
rJiarojioB faire, donner ( avoir tort biTb nenpaebiM, donner
tort=faire avoir tort oeunurb e Henpaeore).
b) Oc ohh bha o6pa3yr oT coneTaHHa, HMeiomne SKBHBajieHT b
QTAeJibHOM rj i aroj i e:
avoir tort
prendre patience
(re) prendre haleine
donner tort
perdre patience
perdre haleine
prendre cong donner cong
qn.
150
prendre llan slancer
prendre lenvol senvoler
prendre le change se tromper
donner le change tromper
s en douter penser
KJiaccmjMKauHH cjiOBocoMeTaHHfi, npoBeAeHHaa 3Aecb Ha ccme-
t 3h h h x r j i a r o j i a c cymecTBHTejibHHM, oqeHb noJi e3Ha h b a p y r n x
CJiyqaftx, nan 'WHTaTeJib MooKeT caM yewHTbCH, opaTHeiiiH'Cb x o
t h 6 bi k npHMepaM 69, coneTaHHHM npeAJ i or a c cymecTBHTejib-
HblM.
BoJ i bi noe KOJinqecTBO HecBOOAHbix cJioocoqeTaHHH pa3Ho c r e -
neHH 3aKpuTOCTH - xapaKTepHan nepTa C0BpeMeHH0 JWTepaTyp-
H0-pa3r0B0pH0H h o p m h . Cp. Il est trs difficile de penser lHistoire
au jour le jour. Il faut faire retraite (orcrynuTb), prendre distance.
(R. Vailland. La f t e ) ; Les parties du jardin ont fait corps, au
XIIIe sicle, avec lenceinte fortifie du village. (TaM we) h t . n.
69. peAJior KaK noKa3aTejib HeAHCKpeTHOCTH. Cp.:
AHCKpeTHoe tre la confren- biTb na tconcpe-
cnoBOCOHeTa- ce penu,uu, Aen-
HHe uuu
HeAHCKpeTHoe tre en confrence coeeuârbcn
cj ioBoeoHeTa-
HHe
h j i h :
AHCKpeTHoe aller la campa- exarb 3a eopod
cj i oBoeoqeTa- gne
HHe
HeflHCKpeTHoe aller en campagne npucrynuTb k
cJioBocoHeTa- deAy
HHe
riocKOJibKy noKa3aTe;ieM HeAHCKpeTHOCTH 3Aecb BbiCTynaeT oco-
6oe c j i o b o npeAJior, HMeiomn co6cTBeHHoe 3HaieHHe, 3t h c j io -
BocoHeiaHHH opa3yK)T oj i ee omne h KpynHbie THna, HeM Te co-
>ieTaHHH, b k o t o pu x n0Ka3aTeJieM HeAHCKpeTHOCTH BHe r y n a e T a p -
THKJib c j i o b o , He HMeromee cocTBeHHoro 3HaqeHHH h Bcero JiHinb
BHAOH3MeHHiomee 3HaMeHHe BToporo K0Mn0HeHTa.
n p e a j i o r en o 6 p a 3 y e T npoAyKTHBHbift THn c oi uhm 3HaneHHeM
c o c t o h h h h , ecjiH hmh cymecTBHTej ibHoe TaK hj i h HHaqe o6o3HanaeT
AJIHTeJlbHOCTb ( t . e. MOJKHO nOCT3BHTb BOnpOC KK dOAZO?)\ r j i a -
t oj i om 0 6 biTO0 cj iyat HT tre, a HHOraa (se) mettre h aller, passer
co 3HaqeHHeM HHHHTeJibHOCTH, Ha q a j i a n p o u e c c a . TaKHM o p a -
3om, o ma H (popMyj i a 3Toro THna TaKOBa: r j i a r o j i tre ( h j i h mettre,
aller, passer) + e n + cymecTBHTej ibHoe, He npoTHBOpenamee 3Hane-
hhi o c o c t o h h h h hj i h n p o u e c c a :
151
tre (se) mettre
en difficult )
en peine j
en obligation j
en devoir i
en vacances i
en cong
en fuite
en droute
en vente
en grve
en qute de qch.
en retard
en prison
en libert
en danger
en cause
en marche )
en mouvement )
en jeu
en mission
en ruption
en crue
en dcrue
en baisse
en hausse
en colre
en joie
en moi
en perte de vitesse
blTb 6 3TpydHU-
TeAbHOM nOAO-
OKeHUU
blTb OAOKHblM
biTb b OTnyctcy
eOKTb
OTcrynaTb
biTb e npodaotce
CTOBUTb
blTb 8 nOUCKUX
neeo-A.
Ona3dbl8Tb
bnb b aaKAtcne-
HUU
biTb na ceoode
blTb B OnaCHOCTU
blTb npunaCTHblM
biTb e deuotcemiu
biTb nocTasAen-
HbiM na Kapry
paoraTb ( o p a -
flHOCTaHUHH)
U3eepzaTbCH ( o
ByjiKaHe)
npubiearb ( o bo-
ae b pene)
cnadarb (o BOAe b
pene)
nadaTb (o ueHax)
pacru ( o ueHax)
biTb e zneae
padoearbcn
blTb 8 BOAHeHUU
Tepnrb npecruoK
h t . n .
npeAJ i or en n p 0THB0 n0 CTaBJiHeTCH b s t h x i i o 3 h u h h x , t . e. b
3 t h x HeAHCKpeTHbix cjiOBOCOHeTaHHHX npeA-nory dans co cbo6 oa-
h l i m 3HaneHHeM: cp. : en pr i s on e 3aKAtOHenuu, b TtopbMe h d a n s
l a pr i s on e s t o TtopbMe h t . n.
E o i h h mh cymecTBHTeJibHoe e HMeeT npH3HaKa ajiHTejibHOCTH,
t o npeAJior en He odpa3yeT, ri0 -BHAHM0 My, c hhm npoayKTHBHoro
THna cjioBoconeTaHHH, a B c e r o /inuib OTAejibHbie 3acTbiBimie eAHHw-
152
u,bi: en vers e cruxax, en prose e npo3e; en relief e u n y K A O.
mettre en relief audeueaTb, nodnepKueaTb, en sentinelle na
nocry, en quenouille e meneaux pynax, nod 6auiM.aK.0M y oteenu
H t . n.
B TaKHx cjioBOccmeTaHHHx ropa3Ao peryjiHpHee BCTpenaerai
npeAJi or . Cp.:
/ \ / Vt
mettre ( h j i h e r r e ) \ au .
aller ( h j i h tre)
mettre ( h j i h tre)
(se) mettre ( h j i h
tre)
l'abri ynpbiTb ot neao-A.
au net
nepenucaTb
au vert
noexaTb na ao h o
npupobi
au frais nocraouTb e npo-
XAanoe Mecw
lpreuve nodeepenyTb uc-
nbiTanuto
lamende noaepznyTb
unpatpy
au rabais npoaearb no yde-
uieeAenno têne
lenchre npoaeaTb no no-
ebiuienno u,ene
au pied du mur npuneperb k cre-
ne (4>h i \ )
laise HyecreoaaTb cen
nenpunyoKden-
HO
au courant aeecru a Kypc de-
A
h t . n.
HaHoJiee ycTO&HHBylO rpynny o6pa3yK>T, n0-BHHM0My, coneTa-
hhh c npeflJioroM de, HanpHMep: tre de service eotcypuTb. B
OTJiHHHe OT CJIOBOCOHeTaHHH C en H , OHH C TpyflOM MbICJIHTCH 6e3
npeflJiora, a nacTO OTpuBe o t wi ar oj i a h BOBtce HMem hho CMbioji,
Cp. les gens de service npucAyza.
flpHMepbi:
) cocTOHHHe (3aHHTHe):
tre de service
tre de quart
tre de retour
tre de faction
tre de garde
) cocToraHe (KanecTBo):
tre de rigueur
tre de mise
deotcypuTb
necru eaxry
eepnyTbcsi
croHTb na nacax
biTb e KapayAe h t . n.
blTb 0R3aTeAbHblM.
CHUTaTbCH npUAUHHbl M
153
tre d usage 6t>iTb e ounae
tre d intrt certain npedcrae.ifiTb HecoMHeHHbi
umepec
FlpeflJior de o 6 p a 3 y e r T a u x e CBOOAHbie CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH co
3HaqeHHeM npHHaAJieHOCTH k KaKOMy-jiHo KpyatKy JiiOAeS: Quant
aux deux plus jeunes enfants, elle hsita les faire manger dans
leur chambre, dcida, en fin de compte, quils seraient du repas.
( Si menon. Le t e s t a m e n t Do n a d i e u ) Wto Kacaercn deyx ma-
rnux dere, t o ona ne 3HaAa, KopMUTb au ux o dercKOd, u e KOHu,e
kohu,08 pew.UAa, hto ohu ydyr oedaTb 3a o6w,um ctoaom c zoc-
THMU.
Nous esprons que voas serez des ntres ce soir. HadzeiA.cn,
ht o 8bi ydere y nac cezodnn eenepOM.
Cp. TaK*e
tre du nombre biTb e s t o m nucAe
tre de 1Acadmie biTb h a c h o m anadeMuu
tre de la famille biTb HAenoM ceubu
h t . n.
IlpoTHBonocTaBJieHHH npeaJioroB npa oahom h tom ace rj i aroj i e,
t. e. b oaho npHrjiarojibHo nosKUHH, npoTHBonocTaBJiHioT 3Ha<ie-
hhh 3Toro rviarojia. Cp.: HeAHCKpeTHoe: croire en Dieu eepurb e
6oza (b ero cymecTBOBaHHe) ; AHCKpeTHoe: croire Dieu ynoaarb
na 6oza; noAazarbCH na nezo, 0TCi0Aa npn 3aMeHe HenpoayKTHBHO-
ro en Ha npoayicTHBHoe dans CTHjmcTHMecKHfi BapHaHT:
il croit dans la mdecine o h eepur e Meduu,uny
il croit la mdecine o h eepur Meduu,une, na-
deercn na nee, noAazaercn
na nee.
70. HexoTopue o c o c h h o c t h HeAHCKpeTHbix cjiOBOCCMeiaKHH b
njiaHe coAepKaHHa. OneHb HHTepecHO OTMeTHTb, mt o , nocKOJibKy
cjioBocoqeTaHHa h bj i h i o t c h eAHHHuaMH CJiOBapH Ha t o m * e ypoBHe
aCTpa'KUHH, MTO H CJlOBa, TO H 'B HHX n p OCJI e * WBa K3TCH HeKOTO-
pwe o 6 m e TeHAeHUHH ( Me Ta ne pTu) , xa pai cr epHbi e a j i h c j i oBa p a
CJIOB. B CJIOBOCOMeTaHHSX OTMeTJIHBO BHAHO CTpeMJieHHe 4)p3Hny3-
CKoro H3biKa pa3r paHHMHB3Tb peaJi bHH, npaMOH, (})H3HMeCKHfi nJ i a a
h nJiaH HAeajibHbifl, nepeHOCHbifi, o6pa3Hbi f l ( cp. Bbmie 5 0 h HHxe
71) . TaK, npeAJ i or b npoTHBonocTaBJieHHH c OTeyTeTBHeM npeA-
J i or a OTMeMaeT nepeHocHwe, t . e. MeHee cBo6 oAHwe 3HaneHH3 He-
KOTOpbix n e p e x o AHb i x r j i ar oj i oB:
154
CBo6of l Hoe h npHMoe 3HaneHHe:
(nepBbi H nJi aH)
prsider une runion npedce-
dareAbCTBoaarb na copanuu
commander une arme k o m h -
doeaTb apMue
viser une cible Merurb e u,eAb
atteindre qch. KOCHyrbcx
toucher qch. rpoaarb
applaudir un acteur anAodu-
poearb aKTepy
satisfaire ses matres, ses be
soins ydoBAereopfiTb rpe-
OBUHUHM X03H68, UOTpe-
KOCTU
suppler un professeur sarn-
HUTb npenodaeareAH
aviser une personne yeedo-
MUTb
insulter une personne ocKop-
UTb KOZO-A.
ycToftqHBoe, nepeHCHoe,
HecBo6o,HHoe 3HaneHHe:
(BTOpOH IIJiaH)
prsider aux esprits birb
BAacruTeAeM dysi
commander ses passions
ynpaeARTb cboumu crpacrnMu
viser aux honneurs Merurb
na nonernoe Mecro
atteindre qch. dorpoHyTbca
h (nepen. ) dourbcn
toucher qch. npuAUOKarbcn
applaudir une dcision
npugercreoearb peuienue
satisfaire ses dsirs nereop-
creoearb
suppler une lacune eoc-
noAHurb npoeA
aviser aux remdes nodyMarj
o Mepax
insulter la dcence oc-
KOpARTb npUAUHUR
Mo j k h o n p e a n o ^ a r a T b , c paBHHBa n s t h n p H M e p u c npHMepaMH
CHHOHHMOB, HTO 3aKpbITOCTh, HeCBOOflHblfi, HeflHCKpeTHN Xa p a K
Tep CJiOBOcoMeTaHHH B o o m e , KaK npaBHJ i o, cooTBeTCTByeT b r ui aHe
coepmaHHH TOMy, h t o mm H a 3 B a ; w BTopbiM mi aHOM ceMaHTHKH.
71. MecTOHMeHue ( en,y) KaK noKa3aTejib HCAHCKpeTHOCTH.
OeoeHHOCTH TaKHx c j i oBoc oHe a HHH b n j i a He c o A e p ma H H s . He TpyA-
HO 33MeTHTb, npOaHaJI H3HpOB3B XOTH M Te Ci/IOBOCOHeTaHHH, KO
TOpbi e npHBe a eHbi b n p e f l b i a y m H x p a 3 f l e j i a x c noMeTof i HeflHCKpeT-
HMe, h t o He a ncKpe THH o h h HMeHHo noTOMy, h t o 3aKJ uoHai oT b c e 6 e
o j i b m e CMMCJia, KaK 6bi 6 o ; i e e u i h p o k h cMHCJioBofi k o h t c k c t ,
neM cyMMa h x K0Mn0HeHT0B, ecj i H p a c c Ma TpHBa Tb n p n Mb i e 3Ha ne -
HHH KOMITOHeHTOB. TaKHM 6 p a 3 0 M , MOJKHO CKa3aTb, HTO HeAHCKpeT-
HblM MOKeT CTaTb BCHKOe CBOOAHOe, AHCKpeTHOe CJIOBOCOHeT3HHe,
ecj i H eMy n p n n a e TCH o J i b u i e CMb i a i a , Hemej i H HMeeTCH b cyMMe
e r o KOMiiOHeHTOB. H 3 s t o t o c j i e a y e T a a j i e e , h t o a o c t 3 t o h h o . n i o o r o
<})opMaji bHoro noKa 3a Te ; i H, He Ko e r o B o o p a m a e M o r o KpecTHKa n e -
p e a JiiobiM c b o o a h m m cJiOBOCOHeTaHHeM, h t o h mm Ha na / i H p a c -
CMTpHBaTb e r o KaK ( J ) Hr ypa ^bHoe Bbi pa we HHe 6 e 3 BCHKoro Aonoî -
155
HHTe/ibHoro H3MeHeHHH ero CMHCJia h j i h crpyKTypu b ueJiOM h j i h b
MaCTHX.
Mu BHAHM, TaKHM 0pa30M, MTO, KaK 3T0 HaCTO HBaeT B H3H-
i<e, noHBJieHHe jieKCHHecKofi eAHHHuu h j i h uejioii r p y n n u c a h h h u
npeAonpeAejieHo 3apaaee mcctom b chctcme, eme ne 33HHTHM, ho
yjKe OTrpaHHHeHHblM COCeAHHMH 33HHTHMH MeCT3MH, B AHHOM CJiy-
qae KJiaccaMH CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH. FIorBJieHHe KOHKpeTHoro MaTepH-
ajibHoro nOKa3aTejia 3Toro Mecra ( Ji ai oca) aej i o cJiyqan hjih,
Jiyqme CKa3aTb, HcropHqeoKaH cJiyqaftHocn>. noHJieHHe * e caMoro
MecTa, hmhikh hjih Jiaoca, b CHCTeMe HCTopHnecKaa 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTb.
MaTepHajibHUMH noK33aTejiHMH nepenocHor o 3HaqeHHH CTaJiH
b o d^paHuy3CK0M H3UKe npeAJiorn npH nepexoAHbix rJi ar oJi ax ( c m .
npeAUAymnfi napar pa<| ) ), a Tanwe MecroHMeHHH-HapeqHH en, y ajih
HeAHCKpeTHux CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH. PaccMOTpHM h x no onepeAH.
HeAHCKpeTHue CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH c en h mc i o t nepeHOCHHH, $ h -
r ypaj i bHu c m h c j i , h TeM caMUM upHJiHwaioTCH k 4>pa3eojiorHqe-
CKHM epameHHHM. AHaKO OT HOCJieAHHX OHH OTJIHMaiOTCH TeM, HTO
HMeiOT AHCKpeTHbl BapHaHT C npHMUM CMUCJIOM H 6e3 en.
TaKHM pa 30M, H b 3t h x n a p a x CJioBocoqeTaHHft ocymecTBJiHeT-
ch b rni aHe coAepscaHH t o w e ABOHOe ceMaHTHqecKoe MJieHeHHe
cjiOBapH, KOTopoe 6h j i o oTMeneHO HaMH a j i h Apy r n x n a c r e n j i c k c h -
kh (cp. 50 h 7 0 ) . Cp.:
CBoSoAHoe h npHMoe ycroqHBoe, nepeH0CH0e,
3HaneHHe: eoBoSoAHoe 3HaqeHHe:
(nepBUH nj i aH) (BTopoft nj i aH)
se laver les mains s en laver les mains
yMbiearb p y m
s ouvrir s en ouvrir qn.
OTKpblTbCn KOMy-A.
ouvrir les yeux en ouvrir les yeux qn. sur qch.
OTKpblTb ZA3 KOMy-A. H HTO-A.
se mordre les doigts sen mordre tes doigts
KyCTb AOKTU
se tenir s en tenir qch.
depOtCTbCH npudepOKUbTbCH nezo-A.
se prendre qch. s en prendre qn.
npUHUMOTbCH HKUHyTbCH HO KOZO-A., KpUTUKO-
6Tb
TaKHe ce pa3JiHHHH, ho ropa3AO Menee peryjisipHO, opa3yeT y .
j e suis h cyuêcTeyto, j y suis n dozadaACH; allez udure,
all ez-y HamHaTe!
En, KpoMe T o r o , o 6 p a 3 y e T o j i e e TecHbi e HeAHCKpeTHue c j i o b o -
coHeTaHHH ( eAHHCTBa) , He HMe i o mn e AHCKpeTHoro Ba p n a H Ta .
156
Cp.: en vouloir qn. cepduTbcx na kozo-a.; en vouloir qch.
noKyuiaTbcsi na: il en veut ses jours oh noKyuiaercx na ee
XU3Hb;
en imposer qn.
s en faire accroire
en remettre
en revenir
il n'en reviendra pas
sen douter
en appeler au tmoignage de qn.
en tre quitte pour qch.
cen est fait de cela
peu sen faut >
il sen faut de peu >
il sen faut de beaucoup
eeoduTb e 3aAyotcdeHue
biTb o cee nepecnyp ebico-
K0 Z0 MHeHUH
npeyeeAUHuearb, npuAZHyrb
1) CHoea 3azoeopuTb o...,
2) Bbi3dopoeeTb
eMy ne nonpasuTbcx
doaadbieaTbcx o neM-A.
anneAupoearb k .unenu/o ko-
z o -a .
OTeAaTbCH neM.-A.
c 3tum noKomeno
3a MAblM deAO CTA0 , OKOAO
rozo
do 3T0Z0 AeKO
Cp. TaK>Ke c y : il sy complat eMy roAbtco t o z o u nado.
72. 4>pa3eojiorimecKHe cpameHHfl. OimcaB TaKHM 06pa30M
OCHOBHyro Maccy HeAHCKpeTHblX CJIOBOCOHeTaHH, KOTOpbie 0 K33U-
saioTCH cj i owhoh no cocTaBy rpynnofi cjiOBOcoqeTaHHH c pa3Hofl CTe-
neHbK) HeHCKpeTHOCTH, Mbi AOJlKHbl nepeHTH K ocooft HX pa3H0-
b i i a h o c t h (j)pa3ecwior HiiecKHM cpameHHHM. riocjieHHe h bo 4>paH-
Uy3CKOM H3blKe, a He TOJibKO B pyCCKOM, HHK3K He OTJIHqaiOTCa
BHeiUHHM 0pa30M, B njiaHe BHpa>KeHHH OT HCKpeTHblX CJIOBOCOMe-
Ta'HHH. HeAHCKpeTIIOCTb HX p a3"bH CH H eTCH TOJibKO JieKCHqeCKH, T. e.
no 3aBepmeHHH b peneBofi u e n n Bcero cJiOBOconeTaHHH, c noMombio
npoueccoB HaKonjieHHH HHcJjopMauHH h opaTHo CBH3H (cm. BBe-
AeHHe).
HeflHCKpeTHbie cji0B0C0qeTaHHH, paccMOTpeHHbie Bbiuie, npn
BCeM TOM, HTO OHH CeMaHTHHeCKH HenOBTOpHMbI, BCe Ke CTpOHTCH
no 0pa3uy hjih a) HCKpeTHoro OTpe3Ka peneBoft uenn, hji h 6) He-
UHCKpeTHblX, HO He eAHHHHHHX, THnHHHblX CJIOBOCOMeTaHHH. TaKHe
cjioBOcoHeTaHHH, KpoMe aHaJiH3a no xo ^ y peneBofi u e n n (cHHTar-
MaTHqecKoro), onycKaiOT TaKKe aHajiH3 no r a n y , no r p y n n e (na-
paflHTMaTHqecKHfi), TaK KaK Karnaoe hbj i hct ch npewcTaBHTeJieM He-
KOTopofi crpyKTypHOH rpyiuibi h j i h THna cjiOBoeoqeTaHHH. CaMoe
pa'ono3Ha' HHe hx b peneBoft uenn oroipaeTCH Ha aAHOBpeMeHHbiH na-
paaiHrMaTHqeaK'H aHaJiH3.
O p a 3eoJiorHqeCKHe cpameHHH He npeacTaBJiHioT HHKaKor o TH
n a , o h h Ka>K,noe b OTflejibHOCTH HeTHnHHHbi, f l ame aTHnnqHbi, eflH-
157
HHMHbl, H H f l H B H f l y a ^ b H O He i I OBTOp HMb l , H n 0 3 T 0 M y OTJIHMaiOTCH T e M ,
m t o 3 H a n e H H e h x H e m r i b K O uiHpe c y M M b r 3 H a q e H H H K0 M n 0 He HT0 B,
h o A a x e B OBc e H e b h b o a h m o H3 3t o c y M M H . t p a 3 eoJi or HHecKHe
cpameHHH 3 a H H M a i o T c p e A H a i 0 B0 C0 MeTaHHH t o s e m c c t o , mt o he-
np0H3B0AHbie ( t . e. H e p a 3 . i o * H M b i e ) c j i o B a c p e A H o T a e j i b H b i x c j i o b .
Cp. c ^ e f l y r o m y i o T a ^ H u y :
TaAuifa J 4
B c<}>epe c j i o b
B c<j>epe CJiOB0C0 i eTa-
HHH
MOA&nb HCHa h npoflyKTHBHa,
AHCKpeTHOCTb
MOfl&nb a c i i a , h o He npoayK-
TRBH8, HeflHCKpeTHOCTb
MOAejIb HeTCH H/IH OTCyTCT-
B y e t , cpameHHe
rec e v - e u r - e u s e
p t c h - e u r - e r e s s e
p r e
faire une cure
faire naufrage
taire bonne (maigre) chrej
3KHM 0dpa30M, pe3I0MHpyH, JieayeT CK333Tb, MTO HeflHCKpeT"
Hbie CJlOBOCOMTaHHH BXOflHT B ABa pHAa KJiaCCOB, ê>KaiHHX KaK
6u b pa3Hwx H3MepeHHHx: a) b k j i s o c CHHTarMaTHMecKHH, t s k KaK
paafBepTbiBaiOTCH peMeBOH u e n n mo npaBH.naM cupoeHHa peseBOH
uenH fl awHoro H3biKa, 6) b J i a c c napaj arMaTHMecKH, TaK a.K npH
paBpTMBaHH'H B peM6B0H UeUH HBHIOTCH peaJIH3aUHefi HeKOTOpO
HMeiOIUeCH B H3bIKe MOA&JIH.
l>pa3eojiorHMecKHe cpameHHH pa3BepTbiBaiOTCH b peMeBOH uenH
no npaBHj iaM crpoeHHH peMeBoft u e n n ( x o t h h c b o s m o x h h m h o t -
KJioHeHHHMH b HeKOTOpbix MacTHx, cp. npurna 3o H3biu,ex, la queue
leu l e u n o o i e a HHe c; i ob3 b o 6o h x cj i yMaax BocnpHHHMaKvrcH KaK
HeKDTOpoe Hapyui eHHe npHBbiMHoro b h a 3 cOBa), t . e. b x o a h t b
CHHTarMaTHMeCKHft pHA TaK x e , KaK yCTOMHBhie H AHCKpeTHbte CJIO-
BOcoMeTaHHH. O a h 3 ko o h h He npeAeraBJiHiOT c o o h peaJi H3au,HH h h -
K3KCH H3bIKOBOH MOA&JIH, C0MeT3HHe 3H3MeHHH C (})OpMOfi B HHX eCTb
HKAHBHAyaJIbHbl (J)aKT, He HMeiOIUHH HHMerO o m e r o C APyrHMH. B
n. nane napaAHrMaTHMecKOM <J)pa3eojiorHMecKHe cpsmeHHH H3o.iHpo-
BSHbl.
ri03T0My HH>Ke aHaJiH3HpyeM h x b njiane CHHTarMaTHMecKOM.
PaCCMOTpHM HeCKOJIbKO npHMepoB:
a) faire tapisserie nodnuparb creny (Ha 6a-
Ji y)
faire la roue KyebipKaTbcn, nepeH. bqokhu-
HTb
fai re fte qn padocrno ecrperuTb k o z o -a .
prendre^ en grippe H.ee3Ato6uTb
158
tre cheval sur ses prin
cipes
6 ) rouler tombeau ouvert
monter sur les planches
avoir une mmoire de li
vre
mnager la chvre et le
choux
mener grand train
faire bonne (maigre) ch
re
montrer les talons
donner le change
prendre le change
faire patte de velours
b) cest une mer boire
malin, malin et demi
les oisons veulent mener
les oies patre
HeTpyHO yeflHTbCH, h t o $pa3eojiorHHecKHe cpameHH o t j i h -
HaiOTCH JIHO TeM, HTO OAHO CJIOBO B HHX HMeeT nepeHOCHblft CMbICJI
(norpynna a ) , j i h 6o TeM, h t o Bce cjiOBOCOHeTaHHe b ueJioM HMe
eT nepeHOOHbift, 0<5pa3HfaiH c mmc j i (inoAipynea 6 ) , j i 6 o b o MHorHx
cj i ynaax TeM, h t o o h h OTpawaiOT uejiyio CHTyaunio, BbipaweHHyio
B 33K0HHeHH0M npe10>KeHHH C MeTatflOpHHeCKHM CMbICJIOM (noA-
rpynna b ) , FlepeHocHbiH * e c mh c j i Boo6me mo k h o oHapywHTb
TOJibKO Ha AOCTaTOHHO uiHpoKOM KOHTeKCTe, n03B0JiHK)iu,eM conocTa-
BHTb CMbICJI CKa3aHHOrO C npHMblM CMbICJIOM KOMnOHeHTOB H OT-
KJioHeHue o t Hero. ri03T0My, noAoHO TOMy, KaK Bbiuie m u onpeae-
j ih j i h HeAHCKpeTHbie coneTaHHH KaK 0Tpe3KH peneBofl uenn, ycTOHB-
ur neca b n03HUHH MKCHMajibHoro coKpameHHH, cjieuyeT onpeAejiHTb
4>pa3eojiorHHecKHe cpsmeHHa KaK OTpe3KH peneBoft uenn, ycTOHB-
IUHeCH B n03HUHH M3KCHMaJIbHOrO yflJIHHeHHH, T. e. B TaKOft n03H*
UHH, KOraa COXpaHHeTCH Becb HHAHBHAyaJIbHblft HenOBTOpHMblH KOH-
TeKCT. TaKHM o6pa3M, 4>pa3eoJiorHHecKHe cpameHHH npeACTaBJia-
K)T cofioft ocoyio, KpaftHKJK) CTeneHb HeAHCKpeTHOCTH. taKTHHecKaa
AJiHHa KOHTeKCTa MoweT blTb pa3Haa. Ha o a h o m KOHue KJiaccH<{>H-
KauHOHHoro pHAa noMemaroTCH nocjioBHUbi, npeAcTaBJiaiomHe co-
6oft 33K0HHeHHbie npeAJiojKeHHfl HJIH A 3 e KpaTKHe paccKa3bi, cp.
pyccKoe: FIoeaduAcn Kyeiuun no eody xodurb, tom eMy u eoAoey
cjioncuTb; 4>paHuy3CKoe: A cheval donn on ne regarde pas la
bride. Ha npoTHBonoJiomHOM KOHue BbipaweHHH THna montrer
blTb npUHU,UnUa/tbHblM
exaTb na euieHO cnopocru
noTu na cueny
UMerb deeuHbto naMHTb
nocTynarb rate, h t o m u b o a -
KU blAU CblTbl U 08l{bl U,eAbl
otcuTb na tuupoKyio Hozy
xopouio (nAOXO) nUTTbOl
daTb Tfiey
oManyTb, npoaecru
daTb ceH npoeecru
(OT OXOTHHHberO BblpaweHHH,
o6o3Hanaiomero yjiOBKy 3BepH,
KorAa t t neTAaeT>)
UpUKUHyTbCH HZHHKOM
STOMy KOHiia ne eudno
HauiAa Koca na KUMenb
sina nypuify He ynar
159
l e s t a l o n s daTb T My , KOTopue MoryT HMeTb h npHMoe 3H3HeHHe:
noKa3aTb nsimu u a u KaAynu, h b stom cjiyqae HecyT b ce6e sect.
HeofixoaHMHft AJIH HX ITOHHMaHHH KOHTeKCT, MTO BOOIHe XapaKTep-
HO AJIH AHCKpeTHbl X CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH. OHKO B OJlbHIHHCTBe CJiy-
qaeB ohh yKa3biBaiOT na ropa3AO ojiee uihpokhh kohtckct, Hewejm
TOT, KOTOpblH aaKJIIOHaeTCH B npHMOM 3HaweHHH HX KOMnOHRHTOB, K
b 9tom cj i yqae h BbicrynatOT KaK Hep33JioKHMbie 4>p33eojiorHHecKe
cpameHHH.
B npoMewyTKe MexAy AByMH nojnocaMH KJiaccH<|)HKanHOHHoro
pHAa paenojiaraeTCH Macca BbipaweHHfi, CTpyKTypHo 6 j i h 3 k h x k He-
AHCKperabiM coqeTaHHHM r a n a faire naufrage, ho BKJimaiomHX b
ceH SoJiee KOHTeKCTa, HeM HeoxoAHMO juin npHMoro CMbCJia (Ha
npHMep, onpeaeJieHHH k cymecrBHTejibHOMy) : faire bonne chre, me
ner grand train, faire amende honorable h t . n. Bce ohh hbj h ot ch
(JpaseoJiorHHecKHMH cpameHHHMH.
HHor aa <J)pa3eojiorHHecKHe cpameHHH HMeror 4)opMaJibHyio npn-
MeTy. Cp. , HanpHMep, en faire sa tte nocrynarb k k 3aAaeo-
paecyduTCH; l chapper belle deuieeo ordeAaibcsi; il y perd son
latin o h ne snaer, h t o u dyMarb.
B t 3 k h x cr cynanx MaKCHMaJibHan /yiHHa KOHTeKCTa caMa no ce-
6 e y w e cnrHaj i H3HpyeT o (JwrypaJibHOM CMbicjie. CjioBa e n , l a h e -
JIHKJTCH KaK 6bl H3JHUIHHM IIOKa3aTejieM 3T0T0, nJieOH33MOM (OHH
H36bITOHHbI). HCTOpHMeCKH, 0AH3K0, npHCyTCTBHe 3THX CJIOB B Ta-
KHX 4)pa33X BblTeK3eT H3 COCTBeHHOrO, npHMOrO 3HaqeHHH HX. HHbl-
MH CJIOBaMH, B OTJIHHHe OT HeAHCKpeTHblX CJI0B0C0HeT3HHH ( i l s e f t
l a v a l e s m a i n s , cm Bui ue) cj i obs e n , l a b x o a h t bo <J>p33eojiorHHe-
CKHe cpsui eHHH He KaK nycTbre c j i o b s , j i nni b b pojih CKHTaKCHHe-
c k h x noKa; 3aTeê 4>Hrypaj ibHoro CMHCjia cJiOBOoneTSHHH, 5e3 coG-
CTBeHHoro JieKCHuecKoro 3H3ieHHH, a b KsnecrBe paBHonpaBHbrx c
ApyrHMH (jieKCH*iecKHx) KOMnoHeHTOB CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH. Bbipa>KeHHe
HMeeT $HrypajibHbiH cmhcj i b nejioM, He3aBHCHM0 o t HajiHHHH hji h
OTeyTeTBHH yK33aHHux cjiob. Cp. , HanpHMep, 4)p33eoj iorHHeCKoe
cpamewHe c e n e n a v o i r le c u r n e t d e qch. ebincHUTb h t o - a .
Aii o h u c t k u coeecTU CTpyKTypHo h THnojiorHnecKH coBepuieHHO
o a h h s k o b o c BbipsjKeHHeM 6e3 en, Hs n p HMe p , m o n t e r s u r les plan
ches noru na ct{eny. B nepBOM CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH en coxpaHH. ao
caoe c o 6 cTBeHHoe aHaqeHHe 33MeHbi noAp33yMeB3eMoro eymecTBa-
TeJibHoro. B o t Apyr ne npHMepw t o t o we r a n s :
i l n'en a cure eMyudeAauer
en faire sa tte nocrynarb kk 3aAaeopac-
cydurcii
en conter (dire) de belles paccKasbiaaTb nebiAuqbi
CKa3aHHoe o t h o c h t c h T3Kxe k 4>p33eoJiorHHecKHM cpameKHHM,
coAep>K3iuHM MecTOHMeHHH le, l a h MecTOHMeHHoe Hs p e q n e y . 3 t h
C.J10B3, k s k h e n b npeAbi aymeM T H n e , b x o a h t b cnoBoconeTanHe 3
160
COfiCTBeHHOM 3H3 H0HHH, HO C TeHeHHeM BpeMeHH, B CHJly o r o , HTO
n e p e c r a i O T y Ka 3bi BaTb Ha KaKOft-Ji Ho KOHKpeTHbift KOHTeKCT, c t s h o -
BHTCH (J)OpM3 JIbHbIMH nyCTbIMH, CHHT3 KCHHeCKHMH nOK3 3 aTeJIHMH
ne peHOCHor o c m h c j i s h t c m caMbiM 4) p a 3e oj i o r HHe c Ko r o , HeAHCKpeT-
Ho r o x a p a K T e p a Bc e r o cj i oBOconeTaHHH;
l'chapper bel l e deui eeo ordeAaTbCH
tu me le paieras t u Mne oreerumb
s e la couler douce vcurb cee riOTUXOHbKy
le disputer qru TRzaTbcn c KeM-A.
il l'a manqu bel l e oh nyrb ne nonaA e 6 e d y
Cp. TaoKe: i l y p e r d s on l at i n o h ne 3Haer, h t o u dyMarb.
CPABHEHHfl
73. CpaBneHHfl HHAHBHAyaJibHbie h cpaBHeHHH omenpHHHTue.
CpBHeHHH MOKHO KJiaCCH(}>HUHpOBaTb C pa3HHX TOHeK 3peHHH, H
neM oji bixi e TaKHX KJiacH^HKauHH-pacHJieHeHHH mh CAeJiaeM, TeM
ncuiHee yneT opHCcraaHa 3T3 CBoeo6pa3Haa nacTb CJioBapa.
npe>KAe Bcero, cpaBHeHHH MoryT 6biTb HHAHBHAy a j i b Hb i -
MH H OUt e n p HHHT b l MH, y CT OHHHB b l MH. B nepBOM cjiy-
n ae uej ibio hx moj kct biTb xap3KTepHCTHK3 npeAMeTa c caMbix
pa3Hbix ToneK 3peHHH, ho n a me Bcero ohh npHMeHHiOTCH aj i h boc-
npoH3BeAeHHH er o HenoBTopHMoro oJiHKa: Mne KMeTCH, hto dyui a
Mon ccoxAacb, npeepTUAacb e MaAenbKyto, 3Ayto coaHKy ( HexoB) .
Bo BTOpOM CJiynae, CTaHOBHCb OIUenpHHHTblMH, yCTOHHBblMH (He-
AHCKpeTHblMH) CJIOBOCOHeTaHHHMH, CpaBHeHHH IiepeAaiOT ObIHHO
TOJibKO Mepy KanecTBa, caMO * e KanecTBO aoji>kho biTb BbipasceHo
OTAejIbHO. riOSTOMy CpaBHeHHH HHAHBHAyaJibHbie H3iue Bcero COCTO-
HT TOJibKO H3 AByX HaCTefl yK333HHH Ha npeAMeT, KOTOpbl epaB-
HHB3IOT (TeMa), H 0I1HC3HHH npeAMeTa, C KOTOpblM CpaBHHB3K)T.
TaK h b npHBeAeHHOM nexoBCKOM cpaBHeHHH He CKa3aHO BeAt>, h t o
Ayuia CTajia MaAenbKO u 3ao, kk coanKa, a nocj i e t o t o KaK
Ha3BaHa TeMa dyuia, cpa3y h a c t penb o coaHKe. I l o <J>opMe
3T0 MeT3(J)0pa. CpaBHeHHH * e OmenpHHHTUe yCTOHHHBhie, npH-
HaAJiemsmne HopMe h s h k s , c o c t o h t o 6 h h h o H3 Tpex Haerefi: Te-
mm h c p a B H e H H H , MewAy KOTOpbiMH nOMemaeTCH 0TAeJibH0e
yKa3aHHe Ha t o , h t o y hhx ome r o, s t o o c h o b b HHe c p a B h -
h h h. KamAoe 0CH0B3HHe, BbipaweHHoe npHJiaraTejibHHM, r Ji sr o-
J10M HJIH CymeCTBHTeJIbHHM, 3aKpenjIHeTCH COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3a OA-
hhm cpaBHeHHeM, JiaroAapn neMy Bce cjioBoconeTaHHe h npeBpa-
maeTCH b ycToftHHBoe. TaK, eoAocu (TeMa) nepeMeHHan n a c Tb
HepHbie (0CH0B3HHe) KK CMOAb (cpSBHeHHe) nOCTOHHHbie,
CKpenJieHHbie Apyr c ApyroM h s c t h . FIo 3 t o npHHHHe ycTOHHBbi
cpaBHeHHH HMeiOT 3H3HeHHe TOJibKO K3K yK333HHe Mepbl HJIH nOJI-
HOTbl K3HeCTB3, HO He C3MOrO KSHeCTBa, H ueJiecoapa3Ho paccMar-
161
pHBaTb Bce yCToAuHBbie cpaBHeHHs Kan acJifOTHue c h h o h h mh no,
OTHOineHHK) Apyr k Apyry, a TaKwe no OTHOiueHHK) k ApyrHM snpa-
JK6HHHM CO 3HaMeHHeM nOJlHOTbl KaHeCTBa, npHBeAeHHHM Bblliie, B
60. BMecTe c TeM OTnaAaeT HeoxoAHMoeTb h pa3-bHCHHTb cpaB-
HeHKH nepeBOAOM, TaK KaK Bce ohh HMeiOT oaho h t o x e 3HaneHHe
n 0 JiH0Ta KanecTBa. B TaKHx CJiynaHX HaeroHineA tcmoh epaBHeHHH
0K3HB3eTCH He Becb npeAMeT, s TOJibKO AaHHoe ero K3iecTB0, u
nosTOMy, HanpHMep, nepHbi kk CMOAb MoweT OTHOCHTbCH K jhoo*
My qepHOMy npeAMeTy
Mame Bcero t o, mto HBJiHeTCH cpaBHeHHeM b oahom H3HKe, b Apy-
roM BupaxaeTca HHaqe. IlpHMeHHH cnoco nepeBoaa, bhahm, hto
pyccKoe cpaBHeHHe npuAun k k aHHbi au c t ! CooTBeTCTByeT bo
4>paHuy30K0M BocMHuafl Hi o (sale) bte collante!, Kpmur k k oe-
AaueHHbi il crie tue-tte. HanpoTHB, (})paHny3CKHe sen moquer
comme de lan quarante, comme un poisson dune pomme, comme
de sa premire chemise cooTBeTCTByroT b pyccKOM nAeearb c ebico-
KO KOAOKOAbHU.
B KawAOM 3HKe cymecTByioT, n 0 -BHAHM0 My, H3JnoJieHHHe
npeAMeTH, K KOTOpblM 06pam3K>TCH rOBOpHUiHe H AJIH epaBHeHHH,
h aj i h KpacoMHoro onpeAeJieHHH, h aj i h MeTa<j)opH. (B ApyroM H3HKe
Te x. e npeAMeTH o c t s i o t c h He33MeMeHHHMH. C s t h m HBjieHHeM mu
y * e CTaJiKHBaJiHCb npH onncaHHH CJioBapa, cm. 53 h 56.) rio-
3TOMy epaBHeHHH ceMaHTHHecKH nepeceKaiorcfl c onpeAejieHHHMH,
MeTa4)OpaMH H nOCTOHHHblMH 3nHTeT3MH (KOTOpne BeAb H eCTb He
h t o HHoe k s k CBepHyrae epaBHeHHH) Bce a r a CTpyKTypHHe t h u h
OKa3HBaiOTCH p33HHMH B3pH3HTaMH OAHOTO H TOTO Xe (HHBapH3HT-
HOro) COAep>KaHHH, pa3HHMH Bbip3>KeHHHMH OAHOH M8CTH ceMaK-
THHecKoro noj i a. Cp.: (})paHuy3CKHe: tourdie comme une linotte
cest une tte de linotte, pyccKHe: neyKAtoMu KaK TiAeHb cudur
T/OAeHb-TtOAeHeM. 9, t u , TioAeub! h t . n. HHorAa OAHa MeTacJjo-
pa BcnjiHBaeT t s m h chm b pa3HHx <iacTHx cTpaHH h b pa3Hoe Bpe-
MH, HO n p H Bcex pa3J!HMHHX XpaHHT KaKOA-TO oi uhh o6pa3, KOTO-
puA noKa33Jic 6h CTpaHHHM b ApyroM H3biKe. TaK npo MOTa b
ropoAKe Fepa, onHcaHHOM )KyaHAO, roBopnjiH bas perc2. H mh de.3
TpyAa y3HaeM b st oh mccthoh MeTac})ope A p y r y , npHHHTyto h
HanHOHaJibHoA <|)paHuy3CKoA hopmoh panier perc. #BJieHHe s t o
b cbh3h c MeTa<})opoA y w e OTMenaJiocb HccjieAOBaTejiHMH3.
1 50JibiuHHCTB0 (JipaHuy3CKHx npiiMepoB ( ho He hx HHTepnperauHH ) saHM-
CTBOBHbi H3 CTTbH J . M a r o u z e a u . Co mpo s s l t a t n a i s s a n t . M l a n g e s
Da u z a t , P. , 6 . r., a TaoKe H3 XHHrn M J o u h a n d e a u Le l a n g a g e de l s
t r i bu, NRF, Ga l l i ma r d , 2e d , 1955. 3 t o He poMaH, a t o , *ito b CTapHHy n a 3t j-
sa-nocb y Hac <}>H3Ho;iorHH. >KyaHAO onHChiBaeT Hte-neft ropoAKa Gu r e t ( D
p a r t e me n t de l a Cr e u s e ) , kbkhmm oh i omhht hx ceMbaecsT JieT Ha3a a . # 3bi x- ~
qacTb hx nopTpeTa. pHMepbi JKyaHAO y a a i Ho AonojreaioT cnHcoK Ma p y 3o. He-
ueHSHH b KHHre R. G e o r g i n. J e u de - mo t s De l o r t h o g r a p h e a u st yl e. A. Bonne.
P., 1957,
2 Cm. M. JK y a h a o. yKa3. c o i .
8 G. E s n a u 11. Li ma g i n a t i o n popul a i r e . M t a p h o r e s occi dent al e s , P.,
1925 ; A. D a u z a t. Les a r g o t s , P., 1929, p. 130.
162
Macr o omenpHHHTMe cpaBHeHHH, ocoeHHo b $aMHJibHpHOM
CTHJie HJIH B npOCTOpe'IHH, CTpOHTCH TaK, HTO cpaBHeHHe, 3aKpenHB-
uieecH 3a KaKofi-JiHo t c m o h , nepexoAHT k apyr of i , npoTHBonojio>K-
ho h eft no 3HaHeHHJO, no^ynaeTCH Bbipa>KeHHe lOMOpHCTHnecKoe h j i h
HpoHHnecKoe. ObiqHO roBopnT t r i s t e comme une p o r t e de p r i s o n
nnaAen kk TtopeMHbie eopora, h o b o t noHBJiaeTCH aimable comme
une p o r t e de p r i s o n Ato6 e3e n kk TtopeMHbie eopora (>KyaKAo).
B t 3 k h x cj i ynanx AefiCTByeT o i u h h npHHimn Bcero CMeuiHoro
6e30HAHaH oiuHKa *.
B pa3AeJi cpaBHeHHH Mbi BKJiionaeM BbipameHHH c ocomm c j i o
bom, bo (JipaHuyacKOM H3biKe comme, a b ipyccKOM kk h npHJio-
meHHH, KOTOpbie MoryT npe o6pa30Bbi BaTbca b oopoTbi n e p Bo r o t h -
na ( c u u t r t oAenb-rt oAeneM h t . n . ) . O a h a ko cj ieAyeT noMHHTb,
HTO BO MHOrHX CJiynaHX BCe 3TH OOpOTbl HBJ1H10TCH yCTOftqHBbIMH
CJIOBOCOHeTaHHHMH He TOJibKO A3HHMX CJIOB, HO H ASHHMX 0 6 p a 30B,
KOTOpbie MoryT 6 biTb BbipameHbi HHane. TaKHM o6pa 30M, c t o h k h
3peHHH CMaHTHKH (Opa3HOCTH) HeJIb3H FipOBeCTH CTpOrofi rpaHH-
Ubi Me * Ay cpaBHeHHHMH, MeTatôpaMH h MeTa(j)opHMecKHMH o n p e -
AejieHHHMH, a c t o h k h 3peHHH CTpyKTypHoft, B nJi aHe BbipameHHH,
HeT pe3KOrO pa3JIHHHH Me * Ay CpaBHeHHHMH, HeAHCKpeTHHMH CJIO-
BOCOneTaHHHMH H CJlOBOCOHeTaHHHMH AHCKpeTHblMH. CpaBHeHHH 3 a-
HHMaiOT KaK 6 bi npoMemyTOHHoe noj i omeHHe Me*Ay AByMH nocJi eA-
HHMH BHA3MH CJIOBOCOHeTaHHH 2.
HeKOTOpbie aBTopbi3 a a * e cnHTaiOT ycroH<iHBHe cpaBHeHHH
CJ10)KHbIMH CJlOBaMH. 3 O yTBepjKAeHHe, 0AH3K0, HeJlb3H npHHHTb
6e3oroBopoHHo. B npHMepax >KyaHAo mm HaxoAHM innocent com
me lenfant qui vient de natre, b npHMepax Ma p y 30 t o * e cpaBHe-
n o t h o c h t c h k naf. B cJiomHbix e CJioBax t k h x 3aMeH AejiaTb
Hejib3H: eB03M0 H 0 CKa3aTb romps-tte BMecro casse-tte.
74. CpaBHeHHH KaK eAHHnubi njiaHa BbipaweHHsi. B pyccKHX
cpaBHeHHHX npeoJ i aAaeT rJi aroj i bHbi fi xapaKTep: Macro 3T0 ueJi bie
BMCK33biBaHHH, nocTpoeHHMe BOKpyr r j i a r o j i a , h MeHHO n03T0My
6e3 cj i oBa KaK4 bo (j)paHuy3CKOM:
timide comme une fille on u Myxu ne oudur
fier comme un paon \
fier comme Artaban } ~ omoeoAeM xodur
1 ApHCTOTem.: CMui Hoe ecTb HeKOTopoe 3a6jiyjK,neHHe, h o 6e3o6n,a.Hoe. Cp.
Mapn T b e h : Oc i poyMHe s t o Heoj KHaaHHoe coeAHHeHHe Mwcjiefi, x o T o p u e a o
TOrO, K83aÔCb, He HaXOAHJIHCb HH B KaKHX OTHOUieHHHX. PaccKa3bi H UlyTKH,
BHCjiHOTeKa KpoKOflHJia, 1947, N 15, CTp. 18.
2 H npH H3yqeHHH H3b!Ka a o j d k h h 3ayqHBaTbca HaH3ycn>, KaK He pa3.io>Kn-
Mbie C.IOBOCO'ieTaHHH.
3 J. M a r o u z e a u . Composs ltat naissant.
4 3 a e c b h b AaflbHefiuieM yaeM b cooTBeTCTBHH c yxoM H3hiKa nHcaTb
4>panuy3CKHe cpaBHeHHH b h h ^ h h h t h s c , a pyc cxHe b j ih h h o R (fopMe.
163
mou comme une chiffe ^
mou comme une chique } ~ us Heeo eePe6KU eUTb
rare comme un merle blanc dnett c ozneM ne cuuêtub
connu comme le loup blanc ezo 3H /o t kk oAyruehHozo
HaCTO pyCCKH H3blK JIIOHX npHCOeflHHHTb CpaBHeHHfl K TeMe
npocThiM conojioxeHHeM naexen, 6e3 KaKoft-jmo BHeuiHeft npHMe-
TH CBH3H (npOMe HHXOH3UHH) : KHUZ TOCK 3eAeHfi; py3bSl
eodo ne p a 30Abeuib; dada docrant e opoy ui na h x. a-, xoxh bo-
o6 me pyccKHH H3biK p e x e Hcnojib3yex 3xox enoeo. Haoopox, (J)paH-
uy3CKH H3biK, uinpoKO HcnoJib3yn 3t ox cnoco6 Boome: habitude
vieux jeu, robe dernier modle, meuble Louis XIV (cm. 35) , h j -
eraex er o b cpaBHeHHHx: livre ennuyeux comme la p l u i e ; a m i s
comme cochons h x. a.
Oco6m CHHXaKCHHeCKHH XHn KJiaCCHlJlHUHpyiomHfi, cocx-
ueHHo 3TO poA Mexaôpu; b pyccKOM H3biKe Mexaôpa jienco
nepexoAHx b cpaBHeHHe. Ero npH3HaK cjiobo 9t o: aro orpe-
HaHHbl AOMOTb, Cp. OH KK OTpe3HHbl AOMOTb', BTO 8a C-
noza napa, 3t o odnozo uo as i nzoda h x. n. Oh ecxb h bo 4>paHuy3-
ckom: cest un panier perc npo Moxa; cest un mle manqu
(npocxopeq.) npo weHiuHHy no-MyjKCKH yMHyio; cest une tte
de linotte npo Tynnuy; cest une mer boire HenanaTbi Kpa
h x. n.
B oohx H3HKax cymecxByiox Tai cxe ofiomeHHbie epaBHeHHH,
3xo 3H3KH 3H3KOB ( l es comparaisons tout f a i r e ) , ohh toahxch
KaK 3aMeHa j nooro KOHKpexHoro epaBHeHHH. h cymecxByiox hmch-
ho b CHJiy Toro, hto, KaK y x e hj i o CKa3aH0, Bce ycTOHHBbie epaB
HeHHH OAHOrO CTHJIH aeOJIKIXHbie CHHOHHMbI. 3xH 3HaKH 3H3KOB
xaKOBbi: k noxBajibHOMy 3H3HeHHio: comme tout, comme pas un,
comme rien ; k HeftxpajibHOMy: comme je ne sais pas quoi ; k paH-
HOMy: comme un cochon, comme une vache1 k k nepr, nan ne
3Hato k t o ( hxo) ; k HBJieHHHM ioroAbi ocofian 3aMeHa Jnoorc
KOHKpexHoro npnjiaraxejibHoro c AOMHHaHxofi CHJibt de tous les
diables. Cp.:
un vent fort = un vent dcorner un vent
les bufs
un grand froid = un froid pierre un froid
fendre
une chaleur suffocanteune cha- une chaleur de tous les
leur crever diables
un grand sol ei l =un soleil de un soleil
plomb
une pluie torrentielle = une pluie une pluie
battante
1 Saoul, plein, sale comme un cochon ; saoul comme une vache. H. B a u-
c he. Le langage populaire, 1950, pp. 137138.
164
7 5 . CpaBHeHHH c t o h k h 3peHHn (J>yHKUHOHajibHbix CTHjiefi p a c -
naaaKSTCH b oohx H3HKax Ha ABe r p y n n u a) OTHOCHTeJibHO Ma-
jiOMHCJieHHH r p y n n a cpaBHeHH khh j k h o t o c t h j i h penn, 6) ochob-
H3K ouiHpHaH r p y n n a cpaBHeHH pa3r0B0pH0-<J)aMHJibHpH0r0 c t h -
ji h, Ma c r o He3aMeTHo nepexoAfliAHx b n p o c T o p e n n e .
) CpaBHeHHH KHHHCHOrO CTHJ1H peMH. O h h HaCTO JierKO H npH-
mo nepeBOAHMbi c OAHoro H3biKa Ha Apyro b CHJiy o Si a h o c t h eBpo-
neflcKoft k h h j k h o h KyjibTypbi:
cassant comme du verre x p y t t Ku kk creroio
froid comme (du, le) marbre xoAodHbi kk MpaMop
laid comme les sept pchs crpauien kk CMepTHbi epex
capitaux
solide comme un roc Kpennu. KaK craAb
ferme comme un roc reepdbi kk KaMenb
dur ( adv e r be ) comme fer Teepdbi kk Kpeuenb
riocjieAHHe TpH c;iyqaH o6pa3yic>T JuofionuTHbift npHMep Toro,
KaK o a h o h t o w e MajieHbKoe ceMaHTHnecKoe noJie n0-pa3H0My n;ie-
HHTCH B AByx H3bIKaX.
HeKOTOpue H3 k h h j k h h x cpaBHeHHH HMeiOT h b t o m h b ApyroM
H3biKe CTHJiHCTHqecKHe CHHOHHMbl cpaBHeHHH pa3roBopHo-cpa-
MHJlbHpHOrO CTHJIH. Cp.
laid comme les sept pchs capitaux laid comme un pou
CTpauieu k k nepr;
froid comme le marbre froid comme un serpent x o ao h u
k k pbia, KK AXZyUiK.
HHor Aa ceMaHTHnecKH SKBHBaêHTHbie cpaBHeHHH npHHaAJie-
i aT b K3JKAOM H3 H3biKOB k pa3HbiM c t h j i h m :'changer dide com
me de chemise KHH*Hbifi CTHJib cyMa nepeMernan p a 3r oBop-
HO-(J)aMHJIbHpHb!H.
B pyCCKHX CpaBHeHHHX OTCyTCTByeT HJieHCKH H aHTHHHblH
njiacT: riche comme Crsus ; vieux comme Hrode ; pauvre comme
Job. HaKOHeu, HeKOTopan qacTb k h h j k h h x cpaBHeHHH HauHOHa^bHa
H HenepeaoAHMa. Cp.: hardi comme un page; hach menu comme
chair pt ; rgl comme du papier musique.
) CpaBHeHHH pa3roBopHO-(J)aMHJ]bHpHoro c t h j i h peqn:
adroit comme un singe npoeopnbi k k MapTuuiKa
agile comme un cureuil bicrpbi k k eAKa
bavard comme une pie o a t a u b u k k copoKa
clair comme le jour )
clair comme de leau de roche ) HCH0 KK eHb
se dmener comme un diable Meverca kk yeopeAbi
dans un bnitier
dormir comme un loir }
dormir comme une marmotte } cnur KaK cypoK
dormir comme un bienheureuxj
165
dormir comme un sonneur
doux comme un mouton
doux comme un agneau
filer comme un zbre
filer comme une flche
frapper comme un sourd
fuir comme la peste
grimper comme un cureuil
lger comme une plume
manger comme quatre
ple comme un mort
paresseux comme un loir
pousser comme une asperge
rond comme une boule
rouge comme un coq
rouge comme une pivoine
rouge comme une crevisse
rus comme un renard
sauter comme un cabri
secouer comme un prunier
serrs comme des harengs
ttu comme un mulet
cnur KK yUTU
npoTKu kk oeenna
AereTb CTpeAO
6uTb Hew,adHO
eOKTb KK OT HyMbl
A3UT KK eAKa
AeZKU KK nepblUlKO
ecTb 3a Hereepbix, e r p u zop-
Aa
AeHbL KK CMepTb
Aenuebi kk cypoK
p a c r u kok zpubi, ne no
HHM, a no nacaM
npyzAbi k k uiap
KpaCHbt KK KyMH
KpacHbi kk MaKoe u,eer
KpaCHbl KK paK
XUTpbl KK AUCa
npblZTb K03A0M
TpnCTU KK z py ui y
HaUAUCb KK CeAbU 6 OH-
Ke
ynpnMbi k k oceA
b ) ,fl,OnOJ]HHM 3T0 T CIIHCOK npOCTOpeHHblMH CpaBHeHHHMH 110
M. XyaHAo:
chaud comme une caille
fort comme un cric
franc comme lor ou comme un ne qui recule
gracieux comme un bouc loffrande
laid comme un pou
las comme la bourrique du diable
lourd comme un plomb
myope comme une taupe
paresseux comme une loche
sec comme lamadou ou comme un coup de trique
srieux comme un pape ou comme un ne qui boit dans un seau
triste comme un bonnet de nui t 1
76. C 3MOUHOHa . l bHOH TOMKH 3peHHH C p B pyCCKOM
H3bIKe H HTObl B 3T0 M yeflHTbCH, flOCTaTOHHO npOCMOTpeTb
npHMephi n pe bi yme r o h n o c j i e a y i o m e r o napar pa<J ) OB 3 Byqa T
1 Cp. TaKxce npHMe pu 3 H. B a u c h e b cnocKe n a CTp. 164.
166
b pyrofi TOHajibHOCTH, lame Bcero r p y e e h OTKpoBeHHee, Torâ
Kax 4>p.aHuy3CKHe Bce Ta ma XapaKTepHaa nepTa 4>paHiiy3CKoro
CJioBapn ojiee CAepmaHHbi h BMecTe c TeM oJiee acTpaKTHbi.
Cp. TaKwe: tomber comme une masse ceaAUAcn k k cnon; k k
nodKOUieHHbi; trembler comme la feuille dpootcur KaK ocuHoeu
AUCT.
He;i b3H CKa3aTb, h t o h CepmaHHOCTb 6biJia c b o c t b o m (JjpaH-
uy3CKOH penn Boome. HapoflHaH penb h b o O p a m m u He oneHb
CTecHHTejibHa . OflHaKO <|>paHuy3CKaH HopMa, no cpaBHeHHio c k o -
Topoft pyccKan oj i ee TepnHMa k KpenKHM BbipameHHHM, OTceKaeT
8ce He TOJibKO cjiHiiiKOM rpyfi oe, h o h c j i h u i k o m KOHKpeTHoe. Cp. :
o n e p e 3pejioft aeBHue monter en graine, yKBajibHO noTu na
ceMena, KaK o n ep e3peJiOM OBOuxe; o xyaoft sceHiUHHe elle em
brasserait le bouc entre les cornes ; o nJioxo npHnecaHHOM nejioBe-
Ke tre coiff comme un chien f ou; o meHmHHe no-MymcKH yM-
ho h cest un mle manqu. llofloHbie s t h m cpaBHeHHH h MeTa-
$ o p u , BnojiHe ounHbie bo 4>paHuy3CKofi HapoHoft penn, b HopMy
ee He nonaaaiOT.
3aMeTHM TaKwe, h t o n o ofi meMy npaBHJiy, cpaBHeHHH p a 3 r o Bo p-
no-<J)aMHJibHpHoro c t h j i h p e n n HecyT aKcnpeccHBHyi o OKpacKy
paHHyio, HpoHHqecKyro, myTJiHByro h t . n.
77. CpaBHeHHH c ceMaHTHnecKoft t omkh 3peHHn. Ha u no Ha j i b-
Hoe CBoeo6pa3He cpaBHeHHH. CpaBHeHHH pa3roBopHO-<})aiM'HjibHpHo-
r o c t h j i h o h h HMeiOT n o n r a Bcemna Hapoj j Hoe mpoHcxowcAeHHe
b Macce cBoefi r J i y 6 0 K0 CB0e0pa3Hbi b Ka * a o M H3biKe h HenepeBO-
HMbl. OnHCbIBaH HeH3MeHHbie TeMH cpaBHeHHH, Mbi flO H3BeCTHOft
CTeneHH MO*eM o nn c a Tb ceMaHTHnecKHe ct jjepH, nojiH, pe r y j i npHo
3aneqaTJi eBaeMbi e b H3HKe c noMombi o cpaBHeHHft. FIoj i h a r a b
pa3Hhi x H3biKax He coBna/ i ai oT. B pyccKOM n 0 CT0 HHH0 xapaKTepH3y-
JOTCH CpaBHeHHHMH TaKHe HBJieHHH, KOTOpUX (J)paHUy3 B CBOeM
h 3 h k o b o m oHxoAe h h o h p a 3 npocTo He 3aMeTHJi 6 bi: dyemcx kk
Mbiuib na Kpyny, AOMaemcfi kk Hoeu zpoui, nocumc x kk c
nucano Topo/tpeeem eAyzo, Mpanuee rynu, mx z k u kk
nyx, nortiHbi kk Mbiuib, cedo KaK Aynb. ( Be p Ho h opaTHoe,
cm. 53 h 56) <J)paHuy3CKHH co CBoeft c t o p o h h 3HaeT MHoro
T3KHX CeMaHTHneCKHX HMeeK, KOTOpbie pyCCKHM H3bIK0M BbipamaiOT-
ch b caMOH o m e cJ)opMe, 6e3 cpaBHeHHH, cBoeo6 p a 3He K0 T0 pbix,
cjieAOBaTeJibHO, He 3anenaTJieHO cjiOBecHo h He 3aMenaeMo: / f f i cr
comme un sapeur ; (s ) d f e nd r e comme un beau diable ; p l e u r e r
comme un beau ; pleurer comme une Madeleine ; rire comme un bos
s u ; saigner comme un buf ; souffler comme un phoque,souffrir
comme un damn ; se tordre comme une baleine ; (se)vendre com
me du bon pain.
1 HHTepecyiomHecH ero pycocue HxaTejiH MoryT oCpaTHTbcsi k K3BecTHofi
paeore A. B o m a. Le langage populaire h k ynoMHHyToft KHHre M. >K y a h a o
Le langage de la tribu.
167
3 t h HauHOHajibHbie, CBoeo6pa3Hue, b ojifaiiiHHCTBe cjiynaeB a e
nepeBOAHMue Ha pyccKH, epaBHeHHH o6pa3yiox TeM caMbiM oco-
UH, HaUHOHajIbHO-HenOBTOpHMblft KâCC $paHUy3CKOH JieKCHKH,
KOTOpbift mu xenepb oxapaKTepH3yeM eeMaHXHHecKH. npBMeaaM
aj i h SToro cnoco MeTaonacaHHH, t . e. nocMOTpHM, KaKo ofimaA
Opa3 B03HHKaeT H3 COBOKynHOCTH OTAejIbBUX epaBHeHHH. MeTa-
onHcaHHe TeMu noKaweT HaM, Kanyio nacTb BHeuiHero MHpa c{>paa-
uy3CKHfi H3UK nepeAaeT (MOAeJinpyeT) cpaBHeHHHMH. MeTaonH-
caHHe eoCTBeHHo epaBHeHHH noxaweT, c noMOuibJO Kanux 0pa30B
5JTO AOCTHraeTCH.
T e m a. <>paHity3CKH H3UK h s t o nepBoe, h t o pocaexcH b
i v i a 3 a onacuBaeT cpaBHeHHHMH AyxOBHue KanecxBa HeJiOBeKa:
eeceAbi, opbi, HecnacTHbi. B o t iero HHKorAa He duBaex b pye-
cko peqn. Topenb h BOCXHmeHHe b Heft c x p u B a mc H 3a myxKofi:
eeser k k yronAeHHUKy, Kpacue k k t e p r e npcadHUK. Ho b Hefi
Hex HHHero noAOHoro (J)paHity3CK0My HecnacreH. k k kc l mhu h. i h
tipetcpacen k k 3ee3da.
Cp. : beau comme le jour
beau comme un ange
beau comme un astre
bon comme la romaine
bon comme du pain
franc comme l'or
gai comme un pinson
heureux comme un roi
joli comme un cur
malheureux comme les pierres
tendre comme la rose
tranquille comme Baptiste
vif comme l clair.
Hh Ha CKaCTAU8bi, hh Ha KecnacTHbi, hh Ha neotcHbi b pye-
ckom H3HKe cpaBHeHH HeT. Oa h 3 k o bo MHorwx cj i yqaax h 4>paH-
uy3CKHft h 3 u k Aaex qyBCXBaM h smouhhm, KaK h CBoSexBaM neJio-
eeKa, oixeHKy HpoHHHecKyio. 3Aecb npoiviHAUBaex, duxb MO*ex, od-
ma n qepxa h <j)paHuy3CK0i h pyccKO o 6 h x o a h o pe^H, KaKaa-xo
cxuA-ftHBan CAepwaHHoexb qyBCXB l .
Cp. : beau comme un enfant de cur
fin comme une aiguille
fin comme lombre
fine comme une mouche
1 Cp. Beaucoup de gens du commun prouvent comme une pudeur
vis--vis des dmonstrations affectives, telle quon peut lprouver vis--vis de
la nudit... Il semble quon puisse reconnatre chez nous dans le langage de
bien des gens du commun une sorte de tabou du sentiment (M a r o u z e a u.
Aspects du franais, pp. 3839).
168
heureux comme un poisson dans Veau
triste comme un bonnet de nuit
triste comme une porte de prison
( h j i h : comme les portes d'une prison)
OrpHuaTejibHbie ayxoBHue KanecTBa h TeJiecHbie CBOHCTBa Bcer*
a oueHHBaiOTCH HpoHHqecKH:
bouch comme une hutre
bouch comme la lune
crott comme un barbet
curieux comme une belette
dodu comme une caille
faux comme un jeton
fort comme un Turc
joueur comme les cartes
malade comme un chien
malin comme un singe
rid comme une pomme cuite
Mu o r o $ p a H u y 3CKHx cpaBHeHHH cJiywaT ycHJieHHeM npocTx
MaTepHajibHbix onpeaejieHH: dAUHHbi, t o a c t m , 3eAeHbi h r j i a-
rcwoB. PyccKHH H3biK npe,nnoHHTaeT h x npocTo Ha3biBaTb, a ecjiH
h ycHJiHBaeT, t o Maine Bcero npocTbiM noBTopeHHeM: AUHHbi-npe-
dAUHHbi. Mo wh o npeanoj i ar aTb, h t o 3Ta nepTa <J)paHuy3CKHx cpaB*
HeHHft CTOHT B CBH3H C HOpM3THBHOfi AJIHHOH (j>paHUy3CKOrO CJIO-
Ba H OKCHTOHHHeCKHM pHTMOM CHHTarMbl. CpaBHeHHH BUCTynaiOT
sAecb cKopee He ceMaHTHnecKH KaK HOCHTejiH o p a 3a, a KaK h h c t o
MeTpHHeCKHe yCHJIHTeH KOpOTKHX H H3-3a CBOeft KpaTKOCTH MaJlO-
Bbipa3HTejibHwx cjiob (cp. 31 H 79).
bailler comme un carpe plat comme une galette
battre comme pltre plein comme un uf
chaud comme la braise raide comme une balle
gros comme le bras raide comme un bigarreau
lisse comme un galet simple comme bonjour
long comme un jour sans pain vert comme du laurier
plat comme une punaise
C p a B H e H H e . ConocraBJieHHe coct bchho cpaBHeHHft npn 0 6 -
IUHX TeMaX OpHCOBbIBaeT C Apyrofl CTOpOHbl HeoT-beMêMbifl o t
H3bIK3 B3MW Ha MHp.
B pyccKOM:
/. eoAbHbi k k eemep (e noAe) libre comme l air
eopbKu k u k nOAbiHb amer comme du f i e l , comme
chicotin
cyxo k u k nopox ( s t o , ko- sec comme un coup de trique
HenHo, He TOJibKO nopox
169
a j i h c p e j i b b i , h o n p e * a e
Bcero npax, cTenuan
nblAb)
oxmbCH k k o z h h c r a i n d r e comme l a p e s t e
t o h k u k k m p o c m u H K a mi nce comme un c o u r a n t
d'air
cKOAbSKu KaK yotc visqueux comme une limace
euKu k k A03a souple comme un gant
Berep, noAbiHb, a o s 3a HauiHMH cpaBHeHHHMH B03HHKaer
opa3 CTenn, e cyxoft TpaBoft, nbijibio, CTeriHbiMH no>KapaMH, MejiKH-
MH peHKaMH,TpOCTHHKOM.
II. zAyxo k k nenb
ndpeHbi, hqaut o KaK opex
KepHbl KaK CMOAb
JKeATblU KK BOCK
sourd comme un pot
dru comme grle
noir comme encre, comme un
corbeau, comme du j ais
jaune comme un coing, com
me un citron
Fl enb, opex, CMOAb b o t h Apyrofi o6pa3 Hauinx epaBHeHHH
Jiec.
III. KpecTbHHCKaa ycaAba:
npxMo Ka K n a A K a
xydo KaK Mcepdb
eepHbi. k k n e c
CBeOKeHbKU K a K oz ypHUK
OKUpHbl KOK 6 opoe
e p e r k k c u e b i Me p t i n
epsi3Hbi k k c e u u b f i
(eoAQCbi) eAbie k k Ae n
OpaHuy3CKHe epaBHeHHH paenojiaraiOTCH c o b c c m HHaue.
I. Bojibuiyio rpynny b h h x ropa3AO o^biuyio, neM b pye-
CKOM COCT3BJ1HIOT CpaBHeHHH, M8J10 rOBOpHIUHe BOOpaweHHK,
omwe MecTa:
amer c o m m e d u f i e l , c o m m e c h i c o t i n
c r a i n d r e c o m m e l a p e s t e
jaune c o m m e u n c o i n g
jaune c o m m e un c i t r o n
libre c o m m e l a i r
lourd c o m m e d u p l o m b
droit comme un i, comme un.
jonc
maigre comme un clou
fidl e comme un caniche
f r a i s comme l il
gras comme un moine, com
me un pt
menteur comme un arra
cheur de dents
sale comme un peigne, com
me un cochon
blond (e) comme les bls
170
mauvais comme la gale
mchant comme la gale, comme la teigne
mince comme un courant d air
noir comme un corbeau, comme encre, comme du j ais.
Ma c Tb cpaBHeHHH s t o h c eMaHr a ne cKOH r p y n n w , x o t h h one Hb
Bbipa HTeJi bHa, h o , BnponeM, KaK h h x pyccKHe 3KBHB3JieHTbi, He He-
ceT HHKaKoro MeTaopa3a:
aller ( qn.) comme un gant
bte comme chou, comme une
oie, comme ses pieds
blanc comme neige, comme
un linge
boire comme un trou
muet comme une carpe
n a f comme l enfant qui
vient de natre
nu comme un ver, comme la
main
propre comme un sou neuf
rapide comme le vent
sobre comme un chameau
tondu comme uf
(nATbe) cudur k k eAuroe
SAyn k k npoKa
eAbl KK nOAOTHO
nber 3anoeM
neM KaK pua
npocr k k MAadeneii
cp. o uh k k nepcr
HUCT KK CTeKAblUlKO
6bl CTpbl KK CTpeA
Tpe3B KK CTeKAblUlKO
AblCbl KK AaOHb
II. Bropan rpynna cpaBHeHHft o 6 p 33yeT HenTO Bpofle KyjibTyp-
h o t o c j i oh, yneHb x noHHTHH, 3aHMCTB0B3HHbix HapoHo penbi o.
Ma c r o phom c hh mh HaxoflHM BapHaHThi HapoAHoro n p 0 HCX0 * A e -
h hh:
droit comme un i, (comme un jonc)
lent comme la justice
saoul comme une grive
III. H TOJibKO b oflHofi r p y n n e cpaBHeHHH B03HHKaeT h c h o o my -
THMbift MeTao6pa3 BHyTpeHHocTb JKHJiHiua, yTBapb:
tremp comme une soupe np0M0Kuiu do numtcu.
(He 3 a 6ya e M, h t o cyn b p o m3 h c k h x c r p s H s x (<Jjp. soupe, nc n . sopa)
3T0 He t o , h t o pyccKoe cyn, a HenpeMeHHO XAe, pa3M0ieHHbi e
noxAeKe. CooTBeTCTBHe * e pyccKOMy cyn potage).
fidle comme un caniche eepnbi k k nec
gras comme un pt
maigre comme un clou
sale comme un peigne
sourd comme un pot
WUpHbl k k opoe
xydo k k OKepdb
ZpHSHbl k k ceuHb
ZAyxo k k nenb
( cp. pyccKoe nec w h b o t h o c A0M3ui Hee, h o He K0MH3TH0e h <J)p3 H-
uy3CKoe caniche nydeAb).
171
souple comme un gant zuk u KaK A03a.
BbiTb MOjKeT npoAejiaHHoe 3Aecb MeTaonHcaHHe noKaxeTCH Ha-
THWKofi. Ho Beflb no cyTH Aejia b HeM HeT HHqero HHoro, KpoMe no-
nbiTKH no nepe^HK npeaMeTOB ycTaHOBHTb, hto bhacjih roBopmne
BOKpyr ce6n, r u e hck3jih ohh cboh epaBHeHHH. npaB. na, HanpHMep.
OZOHb MOJKHO nOCT3BHTb B CBH3b HJIH CO CTenbK), BCHOMHHB CTer.HOH
nOJKap, HJIH C JieCOM, C flepeBHHHUMH H32MH PyCH. Ho, BO-nepBbJX.
T3KHX cjiyqaeB HeMHoro, bo-btopux, hx moxho ot hcct h h Tyaa, h
cioa, hto A a x e erne ycHJiHT MeTao6pa3u. HaTHJKKa MorJia 6h
OKa3aTbCH TOJibKO B TOM, HTO MU OOIHaeM epaBHeHHH, Ha C3M0M
flejie co3aaHHue b pa3Hoe BpeMH h b pa3Hux qacTHX crpaHH. H o
H TyT HTHJKKH HeT, TaK KaK, BO-nepBUX, OHH OOmeHH CaMHM
H3UKOM (OHH CymeCTByiOT OflHOBpeMeHHO, B CHHXpOHHH), a BO-BTO-
pblX, npoeKUHH Bcex JKHBUX (jaKTOB H3UK3, He3a.BHCIMO OT HX
pa3H0BpeMeHHoro npoHcxowaeHHH, Ha oflHy cHHxpoHHyio djioc-
KOCTb OUXHH npHHUHn OnHCaHHH B COBpeMeHHO JIHHrBHCTHXe.
JXa h He TOJibKO b jiHHrBHCTHKe. He TaK jih JiioyeMCH mu epe/ me-
BeKOBUMH coopaMH, 3 a 6 u Ba a o tom, hto OHa qacTb hx apeBHee
apyrof l HHOft pa3 Ha cothh JieT? H, HaKOHeu, TaKHe onncaHHH no-
Ka3UBaioT, hto a y x H3HKa (cm. 107) He MHCTHqecKoe HeyjiOBH-
Moe BuaeHHe, a HBJieHHe, noAAaiomeecH TOHHOMy onucaHHio.
flonOJIHHM CKa3aHHOe HeOJIbUIOH CTaTHCTHKO. npOaHaJIH3HpO-
aB npHMepu ^KyaHAo1 ( h epaBHeHHH, h noroBop.KH), HaxoHHM,
qr o TpH yKa3aHHue Buuie ceMaHTHqecKHe rpynnnpOBKH xapaKrepH-
ayiOTCH TaK:
I. OuiHe MecTa (npaBAa, 6ojib- 95 cjiyqaeB 55%
rnyio qacTb b h h x cocTaBJiHK)T
epaBHeHHH c qacTHMH TeJia) 2
II. a) y c a f l b a , AOMauiHHe w h - 22 cJiyqaH 13%
BOTHUe
II. 6) UepKOBb, 6or , CBHineHHHK 14 cjiyqaeB 8%
III. BHyTpeHHOCTb AOMa, yTBapb 37 cj iyqaeB 24%
H3 Bcex TeMaTHqecKHx rpyinn nocjieAHHH H 3flecb OKa3UBaercH
caMo 3HaqHTejibHoft.
CofiCTBeHHUe MMCHa
7 8 . Co6cTBeHHbie h m c h e KaK o c o 6 u f i Kj i acc c j i ob 3. Co c t b c k -
Hue H M e H a He CBH3aHbI C nOHHTHHMH H Te M CaMUM Opa3yiOT 9 H3U-
Ke o c o u f i K j i a c c c j i o b . He paenpocTpaHHioTCH H a h h x h H o p M b i c j i o -
1 M. >K y a h a o. y n a a . coq.
1 G n e a y e T m BHaeTb b s t o m 3roueHTpH3M p a H u y a c K o r o si3UKa? (Cm. h h -
x e pa3AeJt C o o 6meHHe) ,
* O TeopenwecKOM o 6o c h o b 8h h h BuaeaeHHH a r o r o Kj i acca cm. E. K y p m i o -
b h q. l l o j i o x e H H e HMeHH coflcTBetHoro b H3bixe, b c 6. 9 t o t o aBTopa OqepKH
n o jiHHrBHCTKKe, H J I , M. , 1962.
172
B00pa30BaHHH, CBOHCTBeHHbie HapnuaTeAbHbl M HMGH3M, 0pa30-
B3HH6 COCTBeHHblX HMCH COCTaBJIHeT OTfleJlbHyiO CHCTCMy. 3 t o
xoporno Bbipa3HJi n y u i KHH b eAKOft pe nj i HKe npoTHB peaKUHOHHoro
j i H T e p s T o p a B y j i r a p H H a . Ko HHa a CBoe pa cc yj KAe HHe o c k j i o h c h h h
pyccKHX Ha3BaHH& HapoflOB Ha -an, -clhuh, -ap, -apun h t . n. (npH-
Be ae HHoe 3Aecb b 4 ) , n y u i KHH 3aMeTHJi: EAHHCTBeHHoe h c k j i i o -
He n n e : HMeHa cocTBeHHbie. I I o t o m k h r-Ha EyjirapHHa ypyr
r r . ByjirapHHbi, a ne Byj i r ape 1 (ByjirapHH ycTapeBi uaa Te
n e p b , h o ome npHHHTa n b nyui KHHCKoe BpeMH, <J)opMa c j i o Ba 6 o j i -
rapHH),
O p a 3 0 B a H H e c o c TBe HHor o HMeHH H3 p a 3 B e p H y T o r o o n p e a e j i e -
h h h h j i h npHJi omeHHH c oc Ta BJ i a e T b o $pa Hu y 3 CK0 M H3biKe o c o 6 h h
c j i y n a f t KOHBepCHH, 'B apyTHX p a 3 A e J i a x c j i o b e BCTpenai omHHCH.
FpacJwHecKH s t o OTJiHHaeTCH TeM, h t o MemAy c j i o b s m h onpeAej i eHHH
CTBHTCH nepTOHKa. O h 3 noKa 3bi Bae T, h t o CJiOBa, C u B i u n e c s m o -
CTOHTejibHUMH b c o c Ta B e on p e a e J i e HHH, h h 3 0 i u j i h a o noJi omeHHH
HaCTefi CJIOB3 B CJIO>KHOM COCTBeHHOM HMeHH. C p . Poccuh coxu
npeeparuAacb b Poccuto KocMunecKux KopaAe La Russie-de-
la-charrue-en-bois est devenue la Russie-des-vaisseaux-de-Vespace.
I l o Ka coxpaHHeTcn BHyrpeHHHH <j)opMa HMeHH, t . e. e r o cmmcj i o-
b s h CBH3b c npoH3 BeAuiHM e r o cj i obom ( ficicpa, Topaze) h j i h e r o
no3AHeHiiiHe accouHauHH y m e h h c t o ycj i oBHor o, 3H3K0B0r0 xa ps K-
Tepa (HanpHMep, ncTopHnecKHe rodynos), a o Tex n o p hmh 0 6 -
JI3A3eT CTHJIHCTHHeCKHM B03Ae&CTBHeM, OHO OaHTeJIbHO HJIH OTTaJI-
KHBaiome. Cp . 3ae3da rjoprxHKUHa, radaMana, UleAiKoe, hj i h
KpSCHBHe HMeHa HCnOJlHHTejieft UbiraHCKHX pOMaHCOB JIlOOBb
HapcKH, MapuR BoAOiuuHa, s k t p h c KpywHUHa Orpaduna
H T. n. ( C p . 31. ) PaCCMOTpHM 3AeCb COCTBCHHbie HMeH3 JIIOAe
C TOHKH 3peHHfl HX CTpyKTypbl H CTHJIHCTHHeCKO OKp3 CKH.
79. CTpyKTypa H CTHJIb HMeH. EcJIH p3CCM3TpHBaTb HMeHa c
3T0H TOHKH 3peHHH, TO npe j KAe B c e r o BH1AH3 3a'BHCHMOCTb MeJKAY
AJIHHOH H3HMeHOBaHHH, HJIH TOHHee e r o MOp(J)OJIOrHHeCKHM COCT3-
BOM, H KOJIHHeCTBOM JlIOAeH, H3 KOTOpblX A3HH0e HMH npH3B3HO Bbl-
AejiHTb AHor o eAHHCTBeHHoro Hej i oBeK3. TaK, b ceMbe, r Ae h h c j i o
HJieHOB o u h h o HecKojibKO oj i bi i i e h j i h MeHbi ue a c h t k s , j i i o a h
HMeHyiOTCH o a h h m c j i o b o m : fiera, 3unauda, MaMa, dedyuina
H T. n . B omeHHH Me wAy ceMbHMH, h s c j i y m C e h Bo o f i me b 6 o J i e e
UIHpOKOM KOJIJieKTHBe JlIOAeH, TAe BHyTpHCeMeHbie HMeHOBSHHH H 3*
h h h 3 j o t noBTopHTbCH, TpeyeTCH yAîHHeHHe HMeHH A o n o j i h h t c j i b -
HHM K0Mn0HeHT0M. Cp. p y c c K o e l i er a 3uhuh, 3uhuh dedyiuna
h t . n. Hoc KOj i bKy o me HHe 3 a npeAej i SMH ceMbH o h h h o OAHOBpe-
MeHHO 03H3H3eT H BbIXOA 3 a n p e Ae j I b l ({)aMH.lbHpHO-pOACTBeHHOrO
AH CCCpC Tnx l U!9V9HCTp0niP47BeP),<eHHe Ha KpHKH n<WIHOe Co6p' coq- Hm bo
173
c t h j i h peHH, t o ABoHoe HMeHOBaHHe n p n o p e T a e T n a i n e Bcer o h
oc o y i o cTHJiHCTHHecKyio oKpacKy. TaKOBbi b pyccKOM hmh ot mc-
c t b o : Mean Heanoem, A hhc l Ilerpoena, a bo $ p a H u y 3CKOM Mada
me Paulette, Monsieur Jacques, Mademoiselle Berthe. OCSmeHne
b e me ojiee i h h p o ko m KOJiJieKTHBe jnoAeft , HanpHMep, uexwy yn-
pewfleHHHMH, M e * a y ynpe*aeHHeM h nacTHbiM j t huom h t . n. , Tpe-
6 yeT HOBOrO yiUIHHeHHH HMeHH, KOTOpOe OAHOBpeMeHHO COOTBeTCT-
ByeT H HOBOH, CTHJIHCTHHeCKO OKpaCKe, OHa He HTO HHOe KaK 0(j5H-
UHaJibHaa pa3H0BHAH0CTb KHHXHoro c t h j i h : Mean ffeanoeuH lier-
poe, Anna Flerpoena Bobuieea, Madame Paulette Duval, Mon
sieur J. Blondin h t . n. HaKOHeu, omeHHe b Macui Tadax Bceft c r p a -
Hbi, of i mer ocyaapcTBeHHoe, HanpHMep, per HCTpaunn poxaeHHH,
CMepTH, noJiyneHHe nacnopTa, BHflana HruioMa h t . n., cj i obom sce,
h t o BUAejineT aaHHoe j i h u o h3 Bcex r p a m a a H a a n H o r o r o c y a a p c TBa ,
TpeyeT caMoro JiHHHoro HMeHOBaHH, h o h o eftcTBHTeJibHo hb-
j i s e Tc a b coBpeMeHHbix H3biKax b BHae oHaaTe^bHor o yKa3aHHa
Ha r of l h MecTo pow/ieHHH: Anna IJerpoena BobiAeea, 1908 zoda
pootcdenuH, ypootcema s. TaMoea; Mean Meanoem fier poe, eod
pooKdenuH 1915, Mecro pootcdenusi depeenn IJeTyiunu, IIIeAK0ecK0-
20 paona, M o c k o b c k o o a c t u ; Monsieur Jacques Blondin, n
Marseille, en 1896. n o c j i e A H H e ABa 3Ji eMeHTa ccverpyKTypHOH t o h k h
3peHHH T3KHe >Ke COCTaBHbie HaCTH HMeHH, KaK H COCTBeHHO HMH,
(J>aMHJIHH H npOH. B COCTBeHHblX HMeH0B3HHHX JHOAeH Bce OCTOHT
b npHHunne TaK x<e, KaK b HyMepanHH aOHeHTOB TeJie4>0HH0ft CTH-
Uhh: neM o j i b i u e aoHeHTOB, TeM flJiHHHee HOMep K a x A o r o , a no
KOJIHHeCTBy 3H3K0B HOMepa MOJKHO yCT3H0BHTb C flOBOJIbHO OJtb-
UIO& TOHHOCTbKD KOJIHHeCTBO WHTeJieH TOpOfla. Cp . HOMepa B MoCKBe
B 9-99-14; b Cohh 22-46; riapHwe DAN(ton) 47-98 (nepBbie rpn
yKBbi, nponHCHbie, hbjihiotch sjieMeHTaMH HOMepa, yKBbi b . cko-
Kax HOMepy He npHHaAJi exaT, ho BMeere c nepBbiMH coeraBJiHiOT
Ha3B3HHe Tejie<J)0 HH0 ft CTaHUHH h paf t oHa r o p o a a , b AaHHOM c j i y n a e
D a n t o n ) . 3aMeTHM, h t o TaK Ha3biBaeMbia AoaBOHHbifi HOMep
(n0-i4)paHu.y30KiH poste) H r p a e r poj i b cocTBeHHoro hmc hk b ceMbe
Fiera, Cepeotca npH omeM HOMepe, cooTBeTCTByiomeM 0 (j)HUHajib-
HOMy HMeHOBaHHK) 4>aMHJiHH. T a >Ke aHaji orHH b CTpyKType aA~
pecoB. AHaj iorHH, oaHaKo, orpaHHHHBaeTCH cfpvKTypHbiM ypoBHCM,
TaK KaK Teêt{)OHHbie HOMepa h a a p e c a He onycKaioT Bbropa npw
HaHMeHOBaHHH, a noTOMy h He H Me m ct hji hct hkh b tom CMHCJie,
KaK ee HMeioT cocTBeHHue HMeHa j n o a e .
TaKHM 0pa30M, Mbi HaMera; iH n e r a p e CTpyKTypHbie pa3H0BHA-
HOCTH (HJIH CTyneHH) HMeHOB3HHH, COOTBeTCTByiOmHe OAHOBpeMeH-
H HeTblpeM p33HMM CTHJIHM peHH: 1) p a 3 r O B O p H O - ( j ) a M B J I b -
H p H o e o f l H o c o c T a ' B ' H o e : l i e r h, Paulette ; 2) h e fi t p a ji b H o-
p a 3 r o B o p H o e , j B y c o c T a B H o e ; fl erp HeanoeuH, Madame
Paulette ; 3) k i h h j k h o c , T p e x c o c T a B H o e : I l erp Meanosm
Cudopoe, Madame Paulette Duval ; 4) k h h x h o s s t e , h o o < > h -
U H a j i b H O - K a H u e j i i i p c K o e , M H o r o c o c T a B H o e : / 7 . H. Cu-
174
dopoe, zod pooKdenuH 1909, Mecro poxdenuH a. Mocuea; Mme
P. Duval, ne Paris, en 1915.
OTKJlOHeHHe OT STOfi HOpMaTHBHOH cTpyKTypbi HeeeT TeM ca-
MbiM npKyio OKpacKy HeobmHoeTH. Tan, OAHOCJiOKHOe HaHMe-
HOBaHHe (HMH H 4>aMHJIHH QAHOBpeMeHHO) B nyfi^HHHOfi, 0(J)HUHa^b-
h o h c4>epe, n'pH3Ha'K apTHCTHHHOcra: Nol hmh caBpeMeHHOro
KHHoaKTepa h cueHapHOTa, Arletty KHHoaxTpHca, Mistinguett
3HaMeHHTaH aKTpHca BapbeTe, Colette nHcaTejibHHua h t . n. Tan
* e h ABycJiomHbie HMeHOBaHHH b (})aMHJibHpHOM CTHJie: HanpHMep,
Ha3biBa'HHe AeTeft n o HMeHH h oTwecTBy, h b o t h h x eycb Meau
Heanoeun (MexoB Kaui TaHKa) h t . n.
Pa 3 e ^ e mi e HMenoBaHHH Ha neTbi pe CTyneHH 'HMeeT h HCTOpHê-
CKoe 3HaneHHe, t s k KaK pa3>BHTHe cocTBeHHbix HMeHOBaHH uij i o
HMeHHO 3THMH CTyneHHMH: OT OAHOCOCTaBHOrO HMeHH K MHOrOCOC-
TaBHOMy C0BpeMeHH0My 0(})HUHajibH0My HaHMeHOBaHHK). HsHoJi ee
cj i omeH n e p e x o f l o t OAHoeocT3BHoro HMeHH k ABycocTasHOMy, t . e.
B pyCOKOM 'K CH'CTeMe HMH OTH&CTBO H OTCfOAa K CH'CTeMe HMH
OTMecTBO (JaMHJiHH, a bo $paHixy3CKOM k CHCTeMe prnom nom
de fami l l e. B oohx H3biKax nepeMCHa chctcm HaHMeHOBaHHH
nepexoA o t oahococtsbhoh k MHorococTaBHoS ocyiuecTBJiHacb
nepe3 nocpeacTBO npo3BHiu. Chctcms npo3BHiu ao chx nop oeTaeTCH
nôxo H3yneHH0H h bo mhotom HencHoft *. M e * A y TeM HMeHHo 3T3
CHCTeMa JieKHT B OCHOBe COBpeMeHHOH CHCTeMbI (JjaMHJIHft, a no-
TOMy H B OCHOBe CTHJIHCTHHeCKOrO, 3MOU,HOHajlbHOrO BOCnpHHTHH
'iMeHOBaHHH JiK3Aefl Boome.
80. 3 M0 UH0 Haj i bHan h SKCnpeccHBHan o x p a c x a b cocTBeHHbix
HMeHax. onoj i HHTej i buaf l , 3KcnpeccHBH3H, CTH;mcTHMecK3H ok-
pacKa MomeT HaxJiaAbiBaTbCH Ha OAHy H3 neTbipex o c h o b h h x . TaK,
0AH0C0CTaBHbie HMeHOBaHHH MoryT HMeTb p a 3 Hu e 3KcnpeccHBHbie
BapHaHTbi. TaKOBH b pyccKOM HeTpa^bHbi e lMUTpu h TOpmecT-
BeHHoe, npHnoAHHToe ffuMurpu2, TaKOBbi b o o h x H3biKax yMeHb-
mHTe^bHbie HMeHa phaom c noJiHbiMH: fTern IJerp, Bhh
MbH. BO3HHKH0BeHHe yMeHbUIHTeJIbHOH H JiaCKaTe^bHOH 4>0pMbI
0CH0BaH0 Ha MJieHeHHH cocTBeHHoro HMeHH Ha c^ o r n : wanajibHbiH
c j i o r CT3HOBHTCH JiacKaTe^bHbiM KopHeM. Cp. pyccKoe Ma-
p u H > Ma-iua, f l a-eeA> fla-uia, aHrjiHficKoe Ed- ward> Ed,
Ed-di, Jo-seph>Jo, Jo-ey h t . n.3. Bo ({3paHuy3CKOM, o a h 3 ko,
PyccKHe Mar epHaj i bi b KHHre B. K. H h q a r o b a. H 3 h c t o p h h p v c c k h x h m c h
OTqecTB h <J)aMHflHii, yqneAr H3, M. , 1959; 4>paHuy3CKoe P . L e b e l . Les noms de
personnes, Q u e s a i s - j e ? , no 235, Pr ess es Uni ver si t ai r es d e France, P. 1959.
B ooeHx pa Co Ta x HMeeTca 6H6jiHorpa(})HH.
Cp. A. n . H e x 0 b. f l a M a c coaHKoft ( I ) : 3 t o biJia )KeHmHHa... KaK
OHa caMa ce6 HaahiBaâ, Mhrcjiamaa. OHa MHoro i HTaâ, He nncaj i a b racbMax
&, Ha3biBajia Myaca He JXMHTpneM, a HMHTpneM...
3 E. K y p H J O B H w . rtojiojKeHHe HMemi coScTBeHHoro b H3b(Ke, O t c d k h no
33UK03HaHH!0, H J I . , M. , 1962, CTp. 260261. p h o
175
raaBHUM 0pa30M b CHJiy Tor o, h t o cocTBeHHue oAHocoeraB-
Hue HM6H8 ( pr noms ) o h h h o He h ^ c h h m h , o h h He HMeioT yM6Hb-
uiHTejibHofi (JiopMij. yMeHbuiHTe^bHbie, âcKaTe^bHbi e HMeHa hb-
JHKDTCH He n p OH3 BOAHbIMH OT HHX, a npOCTO HOBbIMH CJIOBajH,
KaK H HOBbIMH HMeHOBaHHHMH: Loulou, Toto, Joujou. H T. TI.
Hmciotch sKcnpeccHBHbie BapnaHTH h BHyTpH ABycocTa3HHx
HMeHOBaHHfi: pyccKoe npocTopeHHoe liera muikuh (t . e. HMeic-
i u h h OTHOineHHe k Marne) ph a o m c HMeHOBaHHeM t o t o x e neji-
BeKa no HMeHH h OTHecTBy Tlerp Heanoem; He roBopa yace o sa-
pHaHTax np0H3H0iueHHH: pyccKoe Mapun Heanoena pha om c Maph
Meanna, 4)paHuy3CKoe Monsieur Pierre phaom c M'sieu Pierre
h t . n.
81. HMeHa c ceMaHTHHecKofl tomkh 3peHHji. OpaHuy30KHe cob-
peMeHHHe HMeHa prnoms b omeM HeHTpajibHbi, k k h coBpe-
MeHHbie pyccKHe. HeftTpajibHOCTb hx BbiHCHHeTCH cpaBKeHHeM x o t h
6 bl C HCnaHCKHMH HMeHaMH, CpeAH KOTOpblX OHeHb MHOrHC BOCXO
AHT K HMeH3M KaTOJIHHeCKHX CBHTbIX H Aa>Ke K nOHHTHHM UepKOB-
a o r o o 6nxoAa: MyxcKHe Jsus Hucyc h mh o j k c c t b o x:eHCKHx:
Ascension Boanecenue (weHCKoe h mh ) , Asuncin Ucnenue,
Amparo yKB. W6eycuw,e ( b necTb AeBbi MapHH), Milagros
6yKB. Hydeca ( b necTb AeBbi MapHH qyAOTBopHo), Concepcin
6yKB. 3anarue, Pilar KyneAb h t . n. B coBpeMeHHOM pyccKOM h
({)paHUy3CK0M T3KHX HMCH HeT.
OaMHJiHH * e n o ms de f ami l l e, B03HHiKuiHe, a * ywe ujio CKa-
saHo, Ha 0 CH0Be npo3BHm, nacTo coxpaHHK>T cboio BHyTpeHHioio
4>opMy, a BMecTe c He h 3KcnpeccHBHyio oKpacKy. FIpo3BHma Aa>
Ba^HCb jhoahm no nepTaM xapaKTepa, no $H3HHeCKhM ocoeHHoc-
THM HJIH no Ha3B3HHHM npeAMeTOB, KaKHM-HHyAb 0pa30M CBH-
SaHHblX C HX AeHTeJIbHOCTbIO. llOTOMy HCTOpHHeCKHH HCTOHHHK,
TeMbt np03BHIU, TOT JKe, HTO y CpaBHeHHfi. KpOMe TOTO, H B COBpe
MeHHOM H3UKe n p 03BHiua o 6p a 3yioTCH TaK x e , KaK h b ApeBHeM
H3UKe KTaKHM 06 p a 30M, CTHJIHCTHK3 COCTBeHHblX HMeK TeCHO npH-
MblKaeT K CTHJIHCTHKe CpaBHeHH. OnHCHBaH n p 03BHIHa, npeBpaTHB-
uinecH c TeneHHeM BpeMeHH b cj)aMHJiHH, mu pacnoJiowHM hx no
TOMy * e TeMaTHnecKOMy npHHunny, h t o h epaBHeHHH.
TeMaranecKHe n p o 3BHma rpynnnpyiOTCH TaK2:
1. BHe i HHHH BHA, r.'iaBHblM 0 pa30M <|)H3HHeCKHe H6A0-
CT3TKH:
1 Cm. B. K. ^ H M a r o B . y K a a . c o q . , CTp. 34. PyccKHe npo3Bmu.a KaK CHCTe-
Ma noHB^9K3TCH c KOHua X BeKa, n o c . i e BBeaeHHa xpHCTHHCTBa h xpHCTHaHCKHX
HMeH ( H a n a r o B ) . $paHuy3CKHe aacBH/ieTejibCTBosaHw c XI BeKa ( Le b e l . y x a a .
c o i . , c t o . 63.)
* PyccKHe npo3BHui a flaioTca n o B. K. HiaroBy, cTp. 3031. y Hero co
ccbui Ko Ha A. M. CejiHineBa; $paHuy3CKHe n o P. Lebel, CTp. 68103,
176
Be36opodo, Ee33y6, Be3H0C,
BeAHHa, BoAbiuo, Bptoxo,
CyxaH, IUadpa...
2. Me p T b i x a p a K T e p a:
BaAy, EaAaMyT, BupioK, By,
EpbiKyn, ByM.aK, BypHaiu,...
le Grant *, le Petit, Cortot (pe
tit), Cabot (qui a une grosse
tte), Bouchart (qui a une
bouche particulire), Camus,
Poing carr, Brassart, Clopet
(boiteux), Pence pele (ven
tre pel), Brl, Escorch, Loi-
chart (qui louche), Gros cul...
le Coy (tranquille), Pute foi
(mauvaise foi), le Niais, Pa-
resce, Bruiant, Hardi...
Bo <J)paHuy3CKOM, no-BHAHMoiviy, HecKOJibKO qame, neM b pyc-
ckom BCTpewaiOTCH TaKHe KaK Astrue poduemuHcn nod c h c t a u -
bo 3ee3do, le Courtais Ato6e3Hbi, Soef mr z k u , Gentil
AazopodHbi, lAmoureus eAtoAeHHbi h t . n. (Cp. cxoAHyio
nepTy <J)paHuy3CKHX cpaBHeHHH, 77.)
3. n p o ^ e c c H H , c o u H a j i b H o e h 3 K 0 H 0 M a q e C K 0 e n o-
ji o xc 6 h b e:
r omap, JXezTRpb, JJbHK, Ko-
vceeHUK, Kohoba, Ccarhuh,
XoAon, BobiAb, roAbrena...
le Fvre (forgeron), le Clerc
(secrtaire), le Sueur (cor
donnier), Maon, Bailli(f)
(gouverneur), Teleron (ou
vrier qui fait la toile), Cheva
lier, Escuier (Lcuyer), Pr
vost (officier charg de la
justice)...
1 B03HHKH0BeHHe h pacnpocTpaHeHHe onpeAeJi eHHoro apTHKJiH b o ({jpan-
uyscKOM (xaK s npoqe M, h bo Bcex poMHCKHX H3biKax) H B m e r c a b 3 h a h KTeyib h o h
d e n e H H <))aKTOM AOJiHTepaTypHbiM. K o r a a apTHMb CTa-ri o6si3aTe.ibHbiM npH
HapnuaTej i bHbi x cymeCTBHreJibHbix, b o 3 h h k ^ o pacxoat AeHHe MexAy nepBHqHoft
yHKuHefl cymecTBHTej i bHoro ( b p o ; m HapHuaT&nbHoro), noKasaTej i eM k o t o p o h
HBJTfleTCH apTHKJIb, H BTOpH'JHO C^yHKUHefl <j)yHKUHeft HMeHH COCTBeHHOrO, KO-
T o p a a xapaKTepH3yeTcsi OTeyTeTBHeM apTHKjii. B / i a r OAap s sTOMy Mbi MOweM
pa3JWi aTb ABa xpoHO.iornqecKH pa3JiHqHbix c j i o s hmch coCcTBeHHUx, npoHcxo-
AHUXHX OT HapHUaTe. l bHbl X:
1) 6ea apTHK.i: B a r b i e r uHpio/ibHHK, C h a r p e n t i e r i u i o t h h k , C h a p e l a i n
Kanej MaH, M e u n i e r MevibHHK h t . a .
2 ) c apTHKjieM: L e f v r e Ky3Heu, L e m o i n e MOHax, L e n o r m a n d HopMaH-
Aeu, L e v e r r i e r CTeKojibmHK h t . a .
0 6 e rpyrrriht KOHTpacTHpyraT c C00TBeTCTByK>m.HMH HapHuaxe^bHbiMH c j i e a y -
j oi uhm 6pa30M:
M e r c i e r le m e r c i e r L e m e r c i e r (raJiaHTeppftiuHK)
d e M e r c i e r d u m e r c i e r d e L e m e r c i e r
M e r c i e r a u m e r c i e r L e m e r c i e r
<TaKHM 0pa30M, b c j i y q a e L e m e r c i e r O T c y T d B y e T CTHweHHe d e + I e > d u h
4 - l e > a u ) ( E. K y p h ji o b h 1. yKa3. coq. , CTp. 2572 5 8 ) .
177
4. O c T O H T e J i b C T B a n o HB J i e HHH HOBOT O q j r e H a
c e Mb H, c e Me Hf a i e o t h o i h e H h h (TaKM<e nopaaoK h BpeMB
poxaeHHH) :
Haden, Ylpodaneu,, EaoKen, Trouv, Chanpi ( enf ant aban-
JltouM, MuAtora, Beccon, donn ou bt ar d) , le Bastart
BeccMeprHO, BecwcTHO,
T ope, Mepreo, Heydana,
Flepeo, Bropo, Majora,
MeHbtuuK, Tlo3de, BnyK,
Red...
Bo <})paHUy3CKOM H3bIKe T3KHX np03BHLU, nO-BHHMOMy, 3H3HK-
'rejibHo MeHhuie, HeM b pyccKOM.
5. M e c o n p o H c x o K a e H H s :
Hec8o, Henaui, HnoaeM, Ka- Debre, Defrance ( de l le-de-
3anen, Ca/iM03epei{, Cepnyxo- Fr a nc e ) , Dauvergne, Daniou,
8UTUH, BapnoKKQ, TpenHUH, Dupont, Duruisseau, Dumont,
Kaaapun, Hemun... Desgranges...
6. P a 3 J i H H H b i e n p o 3 B H i u a :
3aecb b pyccKOM xapaKTepHaa nepTa h pyccKHx cpaBHeHHft
( c m. 75, 76) no-BHHMMy, ropa3,no 6oJibiue HacMeumiBbix
KJiHqeK, h o h h r p y e e h 3êe:
EecnoprouiHUK, BoAean, JJypatc, Quasse-cuite (casse-les-miches,
Ojiyx, TIozaHbi. non... mauvai s boul anger ) , Gale-
miche ( Gchemi che) , En-
goule-vent ( aval e-vent, celui
qui reste bouche be) , Pape
lart 1 (baf re-l ard, hypocr i t e) ,
Couvre-denier (avare), Coque*
torte (mendie-tourte, gueux) ,
Bricart (sot, fou)
BOJIbUie B pyccKOM, nO-BHAHMOMy, H np03BHIU OT Ha3B3HH * a -
BOTHblX:
Bapan, Bo a , Bo a k . Ba o x , T h u -
da, MyK, Bopoe, Epui...
Ho 3aTO b o 4>paHuy3CKOM o/ibiue npo3BHm o t MacTefi CKOTa h
JiouiaAe:
Saur (L.esort, cheval d un roux
dcol or ti rant sur le bl o nd ) ,
1 TJo Kap0,n.K0My noBe.ptio, j h o 6 h t c j i h c a j i a c t h j i h JiioAbMH KOBapHHMH, . i bv-
^ h s h u mh (Le b e I, CTp. 8889).
178
baucent ( cheval t achet ) , flori
( cheval b l anc) , froment ( vache
poil f a uv e ) , taupin ( buf gris,
couleur taupe)...
H B 3T0 M paCXOJKêHHH pyCCKOTO c 4) pa HUy 3 CKHM, blTb M0 >KeT,
npor vi f i Abi BaeT Ta m e n e p T a , h t o h b Te Ma x cpaBHeHHH: b o (J>paH-
u y 3CK0 M n p e 0 Ji3 Aai 0 T y c a A b a , AOMauiHHH c k o t h h 3 , b pyccKOM
HKOe 3Bepbe, MHp 0 X0 THHK3 .
COOB1UEHME
82. AHaj iorHH peneBOfl u e n n c KHHOiJjHJibMOM. CHai aj i a m u
KpaTKO paccMOTpHM coomeHHe H3 CTpyKTypHOM ypoBHe, t . e. He-
3BHCHM0 OT KaKHX-JIHO KOHKpeTHblX CJIOB, COCTaBJIHIOIUHX erO,
a TOJibKO B 33BHCHMOCTH OT THIIOB, HJIH KJiaCCOB, CJIOB; 33TeM OIIH-
UieM OIUHH BHA COOmeHHH H3 ypOBHe HOpMbi, T. e. COOmeHHe,
cocTOHiuee H3 KOHKpeTHbix c j i o b , h o THnH3HpoBaHHoe, oomeHHoe,
OTBJieqeHHoe o t HHAHBHAyaJibHbix CHTyaUHH. 3aTeM o c t s h o b h m c h
Ha HeK0T0pbix M3CTHHX THnax cooiueHHft b n j i a n e BbipameHHH ( h 3 -
npHMep, npeAJio>KeHHH Ha3biBHbie, npeAJiomeHHH BocKJiHuaTej ibi iHe
H t . n . ) , 3 T3 K* e b nj i aHe h coAepmaHHH h BbipameHHH (HanpHMep,
nopTpeT, n e i t o a m h t . n . ) , KOTOpbie, BnponeM, Tome AOCTaTO^HO
o l u h , t s k KaK Tome OTBJieieHbi o t KOHKperabix nopTpeTOB, ne-
3amef t h t . n. , t s k k s k 9t o Tome ypoBeHb HopMbi.
CoomeHHe npeACT3BJiHeT c o o h peneByio uenb, o h o pa3BepTM-
BaeTCH BO BpeMeHH, H3MepHM0 BO BpeMeHH H, rOBOpn 4>Hr ypaJI bH0
( a b npHMeHeHHH k nHCbMeHHOH tjjopMe coomeHHH Aame H. BnoJi He
npHMo), HMeeT JiHHeHHbift xap3KTep. CooiueHHe ecTb CHHTarMa-
THqecKHH acneKT H3biKa, b OTJiHMHe o t nspaAHrMaTHiecKoro, k ko-
TOpOMy OTHOCHTCH yme paCCMOTpeHHblH H3MH CJIOBapb.
P e n e B y i o u e n b MomHo pa c c Ma Tp HBa Tb KaK KHHO(j)HJibM, KaApbi
KOTopor o pa e noJ i a r a i OTCH o a h h 3a Apyr HM b o BpeMeHH h, n o c j i e Ao -
BaTeJIbHO CMeHHHCb, C03A3K3T KapTHHy AeCTBHTeJIbHOCTH. Cp a BHe -
HHe 3t o , y m e npHMeHeHHoe b nccjieAOBaHHHX n o CTHJiHCTHKe ' , Bnoj i -
He o n p a BAb i Ba e T ceH y>Ke n p o c T o KaK a Ha j i or HH, o a h h m TeM, h t o
no3Boj i HeT Har j i HAHo on Hc a Tb p e ^ e B y r o u e n b . O a h 3 k o s t o oj i bui e ,
Heu n p o c T a a aHajiorHH. K cpaBHeHHi o c KHHO(|>HJibMOM n p H e r a -
i o t h ou e Hb yc neui HO h n p n onnc a HHH Bpe Me HHux ncKyccTB:
pOMaHa, noa Mbi , A p a M b i 2. O a h h pOA HCKyccTB, HTb Mome T caMbifi
BpeMeHHofi, o j i e e Bc e r o cnocoHHH n e p e A a T b x o a BpeMeHH h a b h -
meHHe B o o m e , k h h o , n o Mo r a e T r J i y m e yncHHTb c y mHo c Tb
A p y r n x p o a o b . Het iTO n o Ao Ho e n p o n c x o AHT b Ha u i y a n o x y b o mho-
j n* ^ F: XJ j . a D a r b e l n e t . Stylistique compare du franais et
de 1anglais, Didier, P., 1958. (Le film de la ralit).
2 O a h h m H3 nepBhi x n n c a i e ^ b JI. AHApeeB, 3aTeM C. Si be Hur r ef t H (cm 3Aecb
128) h Ap.
179
t h x oJiaerHx HayKH: aJieKTpoHHbie aBTOMaTu n o M o r a i o T j m u i e
noHHTb p a o r y qej i oBeqecKor o M03ra, C03AaHHe HCKyccTBeHHbtx h h -
4>OpMaUHOHHO-JIOrHMeCKHX H3bIKOB H H3bIKOB-nOCpeAHHKOB WH 3JieK-
poHHbix MauiHH n p o j i H B a e r HOBbiH CBer Ha t o , h t o TaKoe 3Hai e-
HHe B eCTeCTBeHHHX H3blK3X. Bo Bcex 3THX H nOAOHbX CJiyMaHX
npoHcxoflHT o a h o h t o e: KaKaH-JiHo, q a w e Bcero HCKyccTBeiiHo
coamaHHaa, MexaHHqecKan cwcTeMa, p a o r a r o m a H aHa.aoniMHO a p y -
rofi CHCTeMe, ecrecTBeHHofi, w i o * h o h h a j i h HaJiroAeHHH- HeAOdyn-
h o hj i h TpyAHOAocTynHofi, n03B0JiH6T noHHTb p a 6 o T y . 3 T o f t Apyrofc
CHCTeMbi. B omeM BHAe n e p Ba a H3 T a n n x c h c t c m Ha3bi8aeTCH mo-
AeJibio BTopofi, a MeTOA H3yqeHHH c noMombi o MOAeJiefi MOAeJU-
poBaHHeM.
TaKHM 0pa30M, h aHajiorHH peqeBOfi u e n n c KHHO(j)HJibMOM eCTt.
HeaTO o^bmee, qeM n p o e r a n aHajiorHH, s t o MOAeJinpoBaHHe, h
KHHO(j)HJlbM 3ACb MOAJIb peqeBOH u e n n .
Bnojme B03M0JKH0, h t o ynoAOêHHe peqeBoft uenn KHHo4>HJib-
My OKameTCH npnroAHbiM aj i h H3yqeHHH H3biKa c p a 3Hbix ToqeK
3peHH, ho Hama 3aAaqa 3Aecb MeHee uiHpoKa: Hcn0^ b 30BaTb 3Ty
MOAeJIb TOJibKO AJIH OIIHCaHHH HaUHOHa^bHOft CTHJIHCTHKH H3BHe,
t . e. aj i h Toro, HTObi noKa3aTb, qeM (j)paHuy3CKaH peqeBan uenb
OTJiHnaeTCH o t pyccKo.
SjieMeHTaMH Haui en MOAejiH, no KOTOpuM n0CJieA0BaTeJibH0 Mbi
h npoBeAeM onHcaHHe, h b j i h i o t c h : a ) b p e m h, h j i h a b h >k e h h e,
b p e q e b o ft u e n h; 6) k a a p, t . e. HeqêHHMoe aaJiee H 3 o 6 p a -
>K.eHHe -KycKa AecTBHTejibfHocTH, >nonaAaK>mero b o t j k t h b ; b)
M O H T a 5K, T. e. c n o c o COeAHHeHHH KaApOB.
83. BpeMsi b peMeBOM ue i m. flHCKpeTHbiP: h HeAHCKperHbift t h -
lbl COOfjmeHHH. EcTb OMbTCJI rOBOpHTb H 0 6 aCOJIlOTHOM, H 0 6 OTHO-
ciiTeJibHOM BpeMeHH peqeBoft u e n n . Aficoj ii oTHoe BpeMH 3 a A a e c s
HeKOTOpblMH eCTeCTBeHHblMH (|)H3HqeCKHMH MepTaMH (KOKCTaHTaMH)
3ByKOBoro noTOKa. TaK, HanpHMep, HeJib3H ecnpeAe^bHO ybCT-
pHTb HJIH 33MeAÎHTb TeMn peHH (COOTBeTCTBeHHO T6Mn HTeHHH TJia-
3aMH, n p o ceH), TaK KaK aKycTHqecKHe Kaqeer Ba 3ByKa ( c o o r -
BTCTBeHHO (})H3H0J10rHqeCKHe KaqeCTBa 3pHTe./IbHOrO BOCnpHHTHJl)
HMeiOT HeK0 T0 pbi e ecTecTBeHHbie npeAeji bi AJiHTejibHOCTH *. O a h a k o
b 3 t h x npe Ae j i a x B03M0WHM Bapnai i HH h Bbi6 op a 6 c 0JH0 TH0 ft a. ' ih-
TSJibHOCTH peqeBoft uenH. 3 t o t Bonpoc npHOpeTaeT oj i hi uee 3 Ha-
qeHHe b c b h 3 h c HopMoft TeMna p e q n h ocoeHHO b cbh3h c noaTK-
qecxof t peqbi o h noaTOMy yneT 3aTpoHyT b cooTBeTCTByromeM p a 3 -
Aeji e HHJKe.
1 Hccji eAOBaHHuft b n o o i e H e e BpeMH MaBHbi p h t m paCoTU qeÔBeqecKO-
r o Moar a, TaK HashiBaeMbift a.m>4>a-pHTM, HMeer q a c r o r y 10 r e p u . ilpeanoflaraercM,
qTo B036y*fl eHHe He Mo * e T pacnpoerpaHHTbeH b Moar y CwcTpee, <ieM 3a 0,1 c ck. ,
t . e. HHai e KaK b c o o t b c t c t b h h c 3 t hm pht mom.
180
T o p a 3AO BawHee OTHoeHTejibHoe BpeMH peqeBoft u e n n . O t h o c k -
TejibHoe BpeM5i 3 aAaeTca nocj i eaoBaTej i bHocTbi o 3JieMeHT03 peneBoft
UenH. Bonpoe 0 6 OTHOCHTeJIbHOM BpeMeHH 3T0 Bonpoe MTO paHb"
me , mt o n o 3JKe
OpaTHMCH k Hame moa c j i h KHHodjHJibMy 2. OpeacTaBHM ce-
6e, mt o mm a o j i j k h m 3aneMaTJieTb Ha nJieHKe flBHJKymyiocs KOJiOHHy
JiiOAeft. n p H 3 t o m m u MOKeM nepeAaTb ABHxeHHe, no KpaHHe Me-
pe, TpeMH p a 3HbiMH cnocoaMH. Bo-nepBbix, mm moj kcm 3aKpenT
06'beKTHB Ha MecTe h nponycTHTb bci o KOJlOHHy n e p e a hhm. B s t o m
cj i yqae ABHweHHe b <})HJibMe 6 yaeT eooTBeTCTBOBaTb no HanpaBJie-
HHK) H BpeMeHH ABHJKeHHIO KOJIOHHM. B-BTOpMX, MM MOWeM ABH-
r a r b 0 6 'beKTHB o t XBOCTa koj i ohhm k e e ro.noBe, o 6 roHHH e e ABHxe-
HHe. B-TpeTbHX, MM MOJKeM ABHraTb 0 6 'beKTHB OT TOJIOBM KOJIOHHM
k e e XBOCTy, b nanpaBJi eHHH 0 6 paTH0 M HanpaBJieHHio e e ABHweHHH.
B nocjieAHeM c j j y q a e s c e r Aa nponcxoAHT s k o h o m h h acojnoTHoro
BpeMeHH, TaK KaK CKopocTb ABHweHHH b KaApe cocTaBJiaeT cyMMy
CKOpOCTH O-beKTHBa H CKOpOCTH KOJIOHHM, H COOTBeTCTBeHHO AJIH-
TeJIbHOCTb <|)HJIbMa KOpOMe, HeM AJIHTeJIbHOCTb ABHKeHHH KOJIOHHM.
Bo BTOpOM c j i y q a e 3ko ho mhh BcerAa B03M0*Ha (naAO TOJibKO, mto-
6 k CKopoCTb ofiT>eKTHBa o j i b me HeM b ABa p a 3 a npeBMmaJi a cko-
pocTb k o j i o h h m ) . O a h 8 ko b AByx nocjieAHHx cj i yHaax HMeeTca cpaB-
KHTeJibHO c nepBMM h cymecTBeHHoe or paHHHHTeJi bHoe ycJiOBHe:
MM AOJIJKHM 3HaTb, TAe XBOCT KOJIOHHM (BO BTOpOM CJiyHae) HJIH,
r a e ro,rioBa ko j i o h h m ( b TpeTbeM CJiyHae), n e r o He TpeyercK a j i h
nepBoro cj i yns H. CJieaoBaTejibHO, b aByx nocjieaHHx cj i ynaHx Tpe-
6 yeTCH npeaBapHTeJi bHNH o c m o t p , 003peHHe, KaK 6 m o 6 eraHHe
BsrJiHAOM Bceft ko j i oh hm (npH ycjioBHH, KOHeMHO, mto ee MOJKHO ox-
BTHTb B3raaAOM).
ynoAOHM Te ne pb noji oHHy Hauieft mmcji h, a cjwjibM peneBoft
uenn, BMpa?Kaiome& 3Ty MMCJib. Mbi a o j i w h m TorAa npHHHTb, mto
cymecTByiOT ABa o c h o b h mx r a n a peneBOH u e n n :
n e p B M T n TaKofl, KorAa peneBSH u e n b p33BepTMBaeTCH
nO Mepe p3BepTHB3HHH MMCJIH, MbICJIb (})OpMHpyeTCH OAHOBpeMeH-
h o c (jpopMHpoBaHHeM peneBofi u e n n , h, HecK0 JibK0 y n p o ma H, moj k-
h o CKa3aTb, mt o b 3t om cjiyMae roBopHmn, HaH3B $ p a 3y, e m e He
3Haer , KaK o h e e k o h h h t (HBJieHHe, x o p o m o H3BecTHoe BceM ycT-
HHM CHHXpOHHblM nepeBOAMHKBM, H, CJieAOBaTCJIbHO, eymeCTBOBaHHe
er o b AeficTBHTejibHOCTH MOJKeT 6 MTb noAT3ep*AeHo Ha onMTe) s.
1 B o n p o e 0 6 OTHOCHTejibHOM BpeMeHH, TaKHM opaaoM, He BKjuonaeT b c e 6 a
Boupoc 0 6 OTHOCHTeJibHoft AJiHTe-ibHOCTH p a Hb i x afleMeHTOB, hj i h Bonpoe o TeMne
h pHTMe peHH. riocjieflHHft Beflb 3aK,nioqaeTCH b BbiacHeniiH t o t o , Kanoft 3JieMeHT
SByqHT Aoj i bi ue A p y r o r o . CjieAOBaTeAbHO, b ocnoBe epaBHeHHH TaM j i o k h t a 6eo-
fflOTHan AJiHTejibHOCTb, h AeJio HAeT o t o m , xaKyi o ao.ikd o<5mero BpeMeHH, b Teqe-
HHe KOToporo aayqHT peqb, no j i y q a e T KajKAWfi JieMeHT a r o f t p e qeBo e n n .
2 3Ae cb o C mn e n p m o i u u i , HajioweHHbie b o BBeAeHHH, p a 3BHBai0TCH b
hhom nanpaBJieHHH c t omkh apeHHa t o t o , KaKHe <J>opMH Moxe T npHHHTb o a h o
BHCKaSMBHHe.
* Cp. T8KH<e MeToa ycTHoro nepeBOflqHKa, SAecb, 116.
181
3 t o t n BbicKa3biBaHHH, cocTaBJiHioiUHH aHaJ i or mo k nepBOMy
c j i y n s i o b KHHO$HJibMe c koj i o h h o h , Ha3biBaeM npepwBHWM, a h c -
K p e T H U M .
B t o p o h t h n p e n e B o f i u e n H t s k o , r a e roBOpHtUHft
n p e * a e npoH3Bej i MbicJib, h OHa ot})opMHJiacb bo BHyrpeHHioK) p e n t
n o nepBOMy THny ( s t o C00TBeTCTByeT o03peHHK) k o j i o h h h ) , h o
bo BHeniHeft p e n n , b peneBoft uenH, r o Bo p n mHf t Bbipa3HJi e e HHsne,
OTCTynHB ( COOTBeTCTBeHHO BTOpOMy HJIH TpeTbeMy CJiyHaiO C KO-
j i o h h o h ) o t p e a j i b Ho r o xof l a mh c j i h . OnHTb-TaKH HecK0 JibK0 y n p o -
meHHo, mo>kho CKa3aTb, h t o 3,necb roBopHiuHH, n a n a B r 0B0pHTb,
npeABHflHT (0C03H3HH0 HJIH n0ACO3H3TeJIbH0), KaK OH OKOHHHT
HanaTyi o (J)pa3y, B s t o m c j i y n a e p e n e B a s u e n b c t p o h t c s npepbiBHC-
t o , n o KyCKaM, cooTBeTCTByioiUHM TeM KycKaM, KOTopwe MOweT
OXBaTHTb BHyTpeHHH B30p rOBOpHIUerO npH 003peHHH HM CBO-
e mh c j i h , ho Kamfl wfi KycoK BhiAaeTCH KaK HeaeJiHMoe ue j i oe , KaK
KBaHT. 3T0T THn BbICK33bIB3HHH H330B6M H e A H C K p e T H U M.
0CT3H0BHMC3 H3 HeCKOJlbKHX npHMep3X. B pyCCKOM H3bIKe BblC-
K33biB3HHe nputue/i 'noe3d c yuapeHHeM H3 noe3d cooTBeTerByeT
HeflHCKpeTHOMy THny, 3 noead 'npuiueA c yaspeHHeM h s npuuieA
AHcxpeTHOMy. B caMOM aeJi e, b nepBOM npHMepe, CK33aB npuuieA,
a He npuuiJian He npu.iu.AO, roBOpHi unS AOJiweH 3H3Tb h c h t o o t o m ,
HTO 0H CKSHCeT AaJIblIie, XOTH 6bl TO, HTO OH COHpaeTCH yK33aTb
Hexoe HBJieHHe, oo3HaHeHHoe cyiuecTBHTejibHHM My*CKoro p o a a .
Bo BTopoM c j i y n a e , CKa33B noe3d, r o B o p n i u n a BOBce e m e He npef t -
onpei aej i neT s t h m $opMbi c j i e a y i o m e r o r j i a r o j i a , cjieflOB3TeJibHc,
B03M0*eH h T3Koft cjiyH3H, r o t a s o h e e e m e He 3HaeT.
Bo $ p 3Huy3CK0 M H3hixe TaKoe Bbi cxa3biBaHHe x a x il nen cesse
pas o t h o c h t c h k HeAHCKpeTHOMy THny, TaK k s k , ynoTpeHB mc c t o h -
MeHHe en b Ha n a j i e npeAJio>KeHHH, r oBopHi un# TeM caMbiM b He-
xoTopbix n p e Ae j i s x npeAonpeAej i nj i h e r o oxoHnaHHe npewj ne Bce
r o n a y3 y, a 3aTeM h HeB03M0>KH0CTb nocT3HosKH HH(|)HHHTHBa noc -
j i e pas. HsnpoTHB, BbiCK33biB3HHe il ne cesse pas o t h o c h t c h k a h c -
KpeTHOMy THny, Ta x x a x , h s h s b 3 t o npeAJi oweHHe, roBOpHmHft He
npeonpeflej iHeT e r o k o h u s , npeAJio>KeHHe m o j k c t 6 biTb OKOHHeHO h
TaK: il ne cesse pas le bavardage, h t s k : il ne cesse pas de ba
varder, a, cj i guoBaTej i bHo, bos moj kch 3Aecb h t s k o A c J i yns , KorAa
KOHua roBopnmHH e m e He npeABHAHT.
yxa 33HH0e 3AeCb HBJieHHe p33JIHHHe AHCKpeTHOrO H HeUHC-
KpeTHoro THnoB peneBOH u e n n moj kho onncbi BSTb c AByx t o h c k
3peHHH. C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, MOJKHO OnHCaTb 3TH ABe pa3Hbie B3pH3-
Uhh peneBOH u e n n b k3kom- j i h6o oa h o m H3biKe h conoeraBHTb hx
c BapnsuHHMH b peneBOH u e n n a p y r o r o H3biK3 ( h t o h bij io c a e j i a -
HO bo BBeaeHHH). 3 t 0 06lUeJIHHrBHCTHHeCK3H TOHKa 3peHHH,
HCXOflH^H3 Hee BbIHBJIHIOTCH 06lUeH3UH0H3JlbHbie OCOeHHOCTH (})p3H-
uy3CKo peneBOH u e n n cpsBHHTejibHO c pyccKoi i . C a p y r o f i CTopo-
HW, K3K Mbi yBHAHM AaJIbllie, B03M0>KH0CTH CTHJIHCTHHeCKOrO
BapbHpoB3HHH r o p a 3 Ao ui Hpe b AHCKpeTHOM THne peneBoft uenH.
182
r i 0 3 T 0 M y M O X H O O n H C W B a T b n p O T H B O n O C T a B J i e H H H B T O p O T O T H n a
n e p B O M y b n p e a e j i a x o a H o r o H 3 b i n a h B b i H B J i H T b T e M c s m u m o i H H e
CTHêBbie B03M0WH0CTH, SaKJUOHeHHbie B C 3 M O M (JiaKTe CymeCTBO-
BWAHfi A B y x T H n O B . 3 t 0 C O C T B e H H O C T H J I H C T K H e C K a H T 0 H K 3 3 p e H H H ,
Kaap
84, H t o Tanoe Kaap b peHH? KaapoM Mbi Ha3HBaeM Mejib-
vaHuiyio, HeaejiHMyio aaj i ee K3 pTHHy aeHCTBHTeJibHOCTH. 3 t o t t
KycoK peneBoft uenn, b kotopom, b njiSHe coaepxaHHH, ecTb cy6 ^-
eKT h npeaHKaT. PacKpbiTb BHyTpeHHroio CTpyKTypy Kaapa 3Ha-
iht noKa3aTb, mto b hcm cy'beKT, a ht o npeaHKaT. f l p H stom
peub naeT He o rpaMMaTHnecKOM noaJie>KaweM h cKa3yeMOM, a o
ncHXoaorHnecKOM cybeKTe h npeanKaTe. I l c HXOJ i o r HHe c KHM
c yf i i be KTOM, hjih t e m o h, H33biB3eM ocH0 BH0 e coaep>K3HKe BMC-,
K33biBaHHH, ero ocHQBy, HanpHMep, dooicdb b coomeHHH dootcdb
uder. r i c H Xo a o r HH e c K HM n p e a n K a T O M, naH p e M o h, H3-
3KBaeM uejlb, HaMepeHHe BblCK33bIB3HHH, TO HOBOe, HTO HMeeTCH
B BHay COOfimHTb. riCHXOJIOrHHeCKHft CyteKT Ha3bIBaiOT HHOraa
HHane: JiorHnecKHH cy'beKT, aHKTyM, hjih, ksk LU. Eajuw, TeMa bwc-
KasHBaHHH. FIcHxojiorHHecKHfi npeaHKaT Ha3biBaeTCH HHane jiorH-
qecKHft npeaHKaT, Moayc, hjih no TepMHHOJiorHH LU. EajuiH no-
BOa BHCKa3bIB3HHH *. HeOXOaHMO OTJIHHSTb nCHXOJIOrHSeCKHe Cy'b
eKT H npeaHKaT (HJIH aHKTyM H Moayc, HJIH TeMy H peMy) OT rp3M-
MaiHHecKHX noaJiewamero h cKa3yeMoro. TaK, ecJiH b onpeaejieH-
Hofl KOHKpeTHO CHTyauHH mh CKajKeM uder 'dooicdbl C yaapeHHeM
na BTOpOM cjioBe, wejiSH cooiUHTb, ht o naaarowHe ocaaKH He
CHer h He r p a a , a hmbhho a o x a b , t o s t o yaapeHHoe b pyccKofl cppa-
3e cjiobo h yaeT peMofi (ncnxojiorHHecKHM npeaHKaTOM), a uder
TSMofi (ncHxojiorHHecKHM cy-beKTOM). M e x a y TeM, rpaMMaTHê-
ckh dovcdb 0 CTaeTCH noaJiewamHM, a uder CKa3yeMbiM. Kaap B
penH mojkho, K0HeHH0, TOJibKO a o iieKOTopoft cTeneHH ynoaoHTb
K3apy B KHHO. TaM, HanpHMep, HejIb3H npeaCTaBHTb aBHJKeHHe OT-
aejibHo o t a BH* y me r o c H npeaMeTa, a b peneBOM Kaape mmkho,
CKa3aB: BouiJia (pKeHw,u.H.a). (Bo3Mo>KHocTb ecnpeaejibHO pac-
HJieHHTb aeftCTBHTeJIbHOCTb BOOme CBOHCTBO CJIOBeCHMX HCKyCCTB
a OTJIHHHe OT H30pa3HTejIbHUX.)
85. K a a p , paccMOTpeHHbifi Ha CTpyKTypHOM ypoBHe. X o t h
C T p y K T y p n o e o n n c a H H e H 3 b w a h H e B x o a H T b 3 a a a H H H a m e f i k h h t h ,
b a a H H O M c j i y n a e T 3 K o e O T e r y n j i e H H e H e O X O a H M O . P s c c M O T p e T b
1 LU. B a ji ji h. 0 6 m a a HHrBHCTHKa h Bonpocu 4>PaHuyacKoro 513HKC,
2728; 61. B apyr Hx Meerax Bajum HasuBaeT ncHxojiorHiecKH c y f o e KT
c i a Sof t qacTbio pHTMa mhcjih, a ncHxoaorHiecKH npeaHKaT CHjibHoft qacTbio
( t 2m ce, 315) . Bce onpeaeAeHHsi h TepMHHM npneMJieMbi, K a x n u i i pnceT
npejMeT c KaKoft-A6o o a ho h cTopoHM, H3 ner o mojkho, Meway npoiHM, 3 a o i o -
3HTb, HaCKO.IbKO CJlOWHbl Te HBJieHHS, KOTOpbie 3flecb Mbi Ha3bIBaeM nCHXOJIOrH-
H2CKHM CyCieKTOM H npeflHKaTOM.
183
K a a p Ha CTpyKTypHOM ypoBHe 3HaHHT ycTaHOBHTb rpaMMaTHMecKoe
conoanHHeHHe ero nacrea.
M u paCCMOTpHM 3AeCb TOJibKO npOCTeHIIIHe, OCHOBHbie KaApbl,
c o c T o a mn e H3 c y S i e KTa h npeAHKaTa. Hx BHyTpeHHee CTpoeHHe
npeAonpeflej ieHO CTpyKTypofi H3biKa, h bo t})paHuy3CKOM h pyccKOM
o h o 0AHHaK0B0 : cymecTBHTeJibHoe ( h j i h e r o SKBHBajieHT, HanpK-
Mep, MecTOHMeHHej BcerAS aBJiaeTca rpaMMaTHiecKHM no,mie>Ka-
iuhm, a rjiaroji ( h j i h ero SKBHBajieHT) rpaMM3THMecKHM CKa3ye-
MblM.
PaccMaTpHBaeMoe TaKHM 0pa30M, b oj i bt uoH a 6cTpaj(UHH, He-
33BHCHM0 OT B03M0KHbIX peaJlH3aUHH B peHH, He33BHCHM0 OT yAa-
peHHH, h h t o h s u h h h np o n . , coomeHHe H330BeM M e T a c o o f i m e -
h h e m. Ec j i h KOHKpeTHaa peaj i H3a u a a MeTacooweHHa b peneBoA
uenH Bc e r a a JiHHeHHa, t o MeTacoomeHHe cxeMSTHMecKH moj kho
npeacTaBHTb k s k BepTHKajibHo, t . e. HejiHHeftHo pacnoj i oweHHyf o
nocjieAOBaTejibHOCTb 3JieMeHTOB, npnneM Ka>KAbiH rpaMMaranecKH
noAHHHeHHwft 3JieMeHT H3o6ps>KaeTCH Bbiuie rj i 3BHor o *. HanpHMep:
H3 o 6 p a * e HHb i e 3Aecb c o o me HH a , k o h c h h o , Hejib3a cj ibimaTb.
MeTaCOOmeHHH AOCTynHbl HaJIIOAeHHIO TOJibKO B OAHOH H3 CBOHX
KOHKpeTHblX pe3JIH3aUHH (nOAOHO 3TOMy B CTpVKTypHOH JIHHTBH-
CTHKe BBOAHTCfl nOHHTHH, C OAHOft CTOpOHbl, t|)OHeMbI H MOp(j)eMbI,
C ApyrOH 3JIJI0(|3OH0B H ajUIOMOpt})OB, B KOTOpblX peajibHO cyi uecT-
ByioT ({)OHeMbi, Mop4>eMbi h npon. CaMa * e (j)OHeMa ecTb MeTa3ByK
no OTHOUieHHIO K peaJlbHblM 3ByK3M peHH. H T3KOBbI Bce 3JieMeHTbI,
o6o3HanaeMbi e TepMHHaMH Ha -eMa. KoHKpeTHbie w e peajiH33UHii
MeracooiueHHH npHHaAJie>KaT ynce k ypoBHio HOpMbi (cm. B b c a c -
HHe) . K paccMOTpeHHK) h x m u Tenepb h nepexoAHM.
86. Kafl p Ha ypoBHe h o p mh , h j i h Bonpoc o peaj iH3auHH c o o -
uieHHa (cocTBeHHO, MeTacoomeHHa) H3 ypoBHe hopmm. H s h h c m
c pyccKor o a3biKa. B pyccKOM npeAJioweHHH H3 AByx MJieHOB HMe-
eM ABe no3HUHH yAapHyi o h 6e3yAapHyi o, KawAoe cj i obo mo j k c t
CToaTb hj i h b o a h o h , h j i h b Ap y r o no3HUHH. 3 t o OTpa)KeHO na
cxeMe (cm, CTp. 185) .
H 3 neTbi pex B03M0>KHbix peaj iH3auHH pyc c Kor o coomeHHa H3
A3yx cj i ob (noe3d npuiueA) TOJibKO nepBbi cj i yns f t , oBeAeHHbi
1 KaK b KHHre L . T e s n i r e . Esquisse d'une syntaze structurale, P., 1953 ;
ero >Ke. Elments de syntaxe structurale, P., 1959.
184
paMKoft, ABJifleTCH AHCKpeTHbiM. OeraJibHbie TpH cj i ynaH no o n p e a e -
vieHHio ( r o B o p a m a f i 3HaeT, KaK o h k o h h h t BucKas uBaHHe, b t t
MOweHT, Ko r a a o h e r o HaHHHaeT) HeaHCKpeTHu. B caMOM aeJi e,
BTCpofs cj i yHa o-bacHaeTca TaK, KaK bJio CKa3aHO Bbiine ( 8 3 ) ;
b TpeTbeM c j i y n a e y a a p e H n e Ha nepBOM cJioBe TpeyeT 3HaHHH h h -
TOHamiH, THOBoro KOHTypa Bcefl <})pa3U, t . e. T a n w e npeaB3pH-
xej i bHoro ^HaHHH o noc j i e a yi ome M; neTBepTbifi a i y n a f t HBJiaeTCH
0pa3U0M HeaHCKpeTHoA p e n e s o f t u e n n b CHJiy C0B0KynH0CTH n p n -
HtH, aeCTByK)LUHX BO BTOpOM H TpeTbeM CJiyH3flX.
3 t o t cp3BHHTejibHo npocTOft npHMep noKa3biBaeT, h t o Heanc-
KpeTHOCTb, HJIH COOTBeTCTByiOUXaH efl CCMbICJieHHOCTb rOBOpamHM
CEoef c o 6 cTBeHoft peHH, m o j k c t hiTb ojibmeft hj i h MeHbuieft, oHa,
cj i eaoBSTej i bHo, m o j k c t HMeTb cTeneHH. B HauieM npHMepe cj i ynaH
2 H 3 MOXHO H33B3Tb nepBOft, HH3Uieft CTeneHbK HeaHCKpeTHOCTH,
a cj i ynaf t 4 Bbicmefi
1 rionuTKH KAaccH(J>HUHpoBaTb THnu npocoro npeaaoceHHH b pyccKOM H3U-
Ke oaHOBpeMeHHO no AByM ochob3hhkm rpaMMaTHqecKoft crpyKType h hhtok3-
uhh npeflnpHHHMaAHCb HeoaHOKparao. Cp. G. L. E b e l i n g . Subject and Pro-
dicate, especiaily in Russian. Dutch contribution to the Forth International
Congress o Slavistics, S-Gravenhage, 1958; peaeH3Hs: B. H. T o n o p o s ,
8 c(5. CipyKTypHO-THnoôrHHecKHe ncc/ieaoBaHHH, H s a - b o AH CCCP, M., 1962*,
CTp. 231. PaHee, b 1935 r., aa.i cboio K;iaccH<}>HKanHio JI. B. mep6a b AOKJiaAe
Bocewb SHaqeHHft npocToro HepacnpocTpaHeHHoro npe;yio*eHHfl b pyccKOM 3hi-
e (floKJiaA He 6u j i ony/iHKOBaH. C ero nojiOHceHHHMH, TaK ace KaK h c skc-
135
3aMeTHM nonyTHo, h t o cymecTByeT npocTof t cnoco p a c n o a Ha -
BaTb yKa3aHHbie r a n b i peneBoft uenH. O h 0CH0BaH Ha t o m , h t o
AHCKpeTHblH THn JIHJKe BCerO CTOHT K MeTaCOOmeHHIO, K HejiHHeS-
HO& aCTpaKTHOH ( J i opMyê coomeHHa, a j i h e r o peaJ i H3auHH b pe-
HeBOH uenH AOCT3TOHHO BOCnpOH3BeCTH TOJibKO JieKCHHeCKHe 3Jie-
MeHTbi MeTacooiueHHH h Te rpaMMaTHHecKHe noKa3aTej iH, K0T0pue
B HHX COAepjKaTCH. ripaKTHHeCKH AHCKpeTHblH THn paen03HaeTCH
TeM, HTO npH npOH3HeceHHH COBepmeHHO pOBHblM TOHOM, KaK bl C
aBTOMaTHHecKofi HHTOHauneH, HanoMHHaoi ueH HHTOHauHio ycTa-
J i or o neJioBeKa, HHT3ioi uero a j i h h h h pHA UH$p, c m h c j i c o o me -
h h h He TepaeTCH. KpoMe 3Toro, AHCKpeTHblH THn He TpeyeT a j i h
peaJIH3aUHH HHKaKHX AOnOJIHHTejIbHblX rpaMMaTHHeCKHX (BKJIIOH3H
nopHAOK c j i o b , HHBepcHi o h npoH. ) noKa3aTeJiefi .
HeAHCKpeTHbie THnbi, HanpoTHB, TpeyiOT AonojiHHTeJibHbix b u -
p33HTeJIbHbIX CpeACTB HHT0H3UHH, yAapeHHH, HHBepCHH H T. n. 3 t 0
COOTBeTCTByeT TOMy, HTO OHH HeeyT AOnOJIHHTeJlbHyiO CpaBHHTCJIbHO
C AHCKpeTHMM THnOM HHÔpMaUHK). FIpaKTHHeCKH HeAHCKpeTHbie
THnbl paCn03H3K)TCH TeM, HTO npH pOBHOM HTeHHH, 6e3 HHT0H3UHH,
HJIH npH OnyiUeHHH AOnOJIHHTeJIbHHX rp3MM3THHeCKHX nOKa33Te-
Jieft, cmwcj i hx TepaeTCH. TaK, Ha npHMep, ecjiH b npHBeAeHHbix bm-
i ne HeTHpex pyccKHX npHMepsx Mbi np0HHT3eM BCJiyx e3 hhtoh3-
UHH (K3K bl CHHT3H OUH... 06a...) nepBHH npHMep, TO CMbICJI
e r o npaKTHHeCKH He H3MeHHTCa. B OCTajIbHblX, HCAHCKpeTHblX, TH-
n s x 3to npHBeAer k HCKaweHHio coomeHHa: TpeTH cjiyHaft yno -
Aoht ch nepBOMy, neTBepTbift BT0p0My, 3 BTOpOH, Boome, noTe-
pa e T rp3MM3THHeCKHH CMbICJI H yAeT BOCnpHHHM3TbCa KSK npOCTSa
nocjieAOBSTejibHocTb He CBa3aHHHx Me>KAy c oof i cj i ob: IJpuuieji.
Iloead... h t. n.
Ht o u He pHCOBaTb e m e OAHy c xe My, n p o c r o nepeBeAeM Ha
<J)p3Huy3CKHft pa30p3HHbie b npeAbiAymeM n s p a r p a ^ e neTbipe
pyc cKHe (})pa3hi. M b i noJiyHHM ao c t 3t o hho n o j m y i o KpTHHy p e a j i H -
33UHH MeT3C00meHHa BO $paHUy3CKOM H3bIKe.
nepHMeHTJIbHfalMH (})OHeTHMeCKHMH HCCJieAOBaHHHMH lUepCOSCKHX THOB, M05KH
no3HaKoMHTbca n o CTaTbe M. A. B H j u i e p . 0 6 h h t o h 3 u h h n p o c To r o He p ac n p o -
CTpaHeHHoro npeaJi oweKHH b pyccKOM S3biKe, Yq. 3an. JITy, N 237, cepHH
HayK, BHn. 40, 1960 r . ) . Hen0CJieA0BaTe;ibH0CTb K.iacctitJiHKauHH
JI. B. UIep6bi 3aKJiKDiiaeTCH b t o m, h t o o h Sepex ABycoeraBHoe n p e ; y i 03Kei rae
AnpeKTop npHi uej i t o KaK 3aKOHqeHHbift KOHTeKCT, t o KaK qacTb 6oJi ee a j i h h h o -
ro KOHTeKCT, HanpHMep: npeKTop npHi uej i , Bbi3breaeT k c e 6 e r i e TpoBa . B noc -
jieAHeM o i y q a e , o a h 3 k o , (j>pa3a VlHpeKTop npHiueJi He To>KAecTBeHHa HCX0AH0My
np e a ^ owe HHi o n o rpaMMaTHqecKoft CTpyKType: OHa He 3aKaHqHBaeTCH KOHeqHHM
coq;ieHeHHeM r a n a ToqKH ( h j i h # ). KpOMe Toro, JI. B. IHep6a He opamaeT
BHHMaHHH Ha n o p a a o K TepMHHOB, B pe3y.nbTaTe q e r o y Hero b ohom THne CBe-
eHbi HeCK0jibK0: f l n p e KTo p ' npHi uej i h ' r i p m i i e j i AHpeKrop. 3ecb, KaK h b
CBoeM yqeHHH o AByqjieHHbix h 0AH0qjieHHbix 4>pa3ax (OoHeTHKa <}>paHuy3CKoro
H3biKa>), JI. B. m e p 6 a , no c y r a aevi a, yqHTbiBaeT h h t o h 3 u h k ) , a He KoMnjieKc
HHTOHauHH + CTpyKTypa. Cm. TaKace A. A. C MO J i b e B C K H f t . HmoHaira 4>paH-
uy3CKoft noBecTBOBaTeJibHOH $pa3bi, a h c c . I MrnHHH, 1962.
186
1. Iloe3d 'nputueji.
2. TlputueA 'noe3.
3. 'Iloe3d nputueji.
4. 'IJpuiueA noead.
Le train est venu.
Cest le train qui est venu.
Un train est venu.
Le train est venu. Cest le
train qui est venu.
Il est venu, le train.
E c j i h paccMaTpHBai b s t h <J>opMbi b nj i aHe BHpajKeHHH, t o , cpaB-
HHB3H npHMepbl BHyTpH KaJKAOH KOJIOHKH, BHflHM, HTO B OCHOBe
Bcex HeAHCKpeTHHX CJi ynaeB KaK b t o m , TaK h b ApyroM H3biKe,
jiescHT o a h h , npoCTeHii i HH ancKpeTHbiH (3flecb n e pBuf i ) THn, TaK
h t o oc Ta J i bHwe m o j k h o pa c u e HHBa Tb i o k e r o T p a H c ^ o p Ma u H H. E c j i h
x e p a c c Ma Tp HBa Tb s t o HBJieHHe b n j i a He c o Ae p x a HHH, t o HeAHCKpeT-
Hbie BbICK33bIBaHHH OHeHb HailOMHHaiOT HeflHCKpeTHbie CJlOBOCOHe-
TilHHH H OTACJIbHbie CJIOBa, MOAeJIb KOTOpblX HCHCHa H KOTOpbie HO-
3TOMV Hepa3Ji o*HMU. HanpHMep, prendre place, crivain (Cp. Ta 6-
JiHuy 1 4 ) . Mbi y x e BHflejiH, h t o TaKHe cj ioBa h cj ioBoconeTaHH5J
3aKJii0Hai0T b c e 6e oj i e e CMbicJia, neM cyMMa c m h c j i o b h x k o m o -
h 2 h t o b : prendre place He npoc TO 3anp.Tb uecro, a HMeHHo cecrb,
crivain He npoc TO nucei{, a nucareAb h t . n. He AHCKpeTHue b h c -
Ka3bIB3HH$i B 3TOM OTHOUieHHH COBepUieHHO nOAOHbl TaKHM CJIOBaM
H CJIOBOCOHeTaHHHM. fleHCTBHTeJIbHO, OHH HeCyT BeCb TOT CMbICJI,
IfOTOpblfl 3aKJIK)HeH B HX KOMnOHeHT3X H HX CBH3H, T. e. BbipaJKaiOT
BCe TO, HTO H AHCKpeTHbie BUCKa3HBaHHH H3 TeX * e KOMnOHeHTOB,
h o cBepx Tor o, HMeioT e m e h t t c mh c j i , K0T0pbift Bbi paxaeTCH hx
o c o o h HHTOHanHeft, 0TH0uieHHeM ee k nopHAKy cj i ob h t . n. , t . e.
BCeMH TeMH 3HaHaiUHMH 3JieMeHT3MH nJi aHa BblpaKeHHH, npHaB-
JieHHeM KOTOpblX OHH H 0TJIHH3I0TC5 OT AHCKpeTHblX (>cp. npHMepbl
2, 3, 4 c 1- m ) .
r i 03T0My b HeHCKpeTHbix THnax noTeHunaJibHO, b CHJiy caMofi
cymHOCTH h x , 3aKJiioHeHa MHoronJiaHOBOCTb coAepxaHHH. TCiOAa
nOSPJIHeTCH B03M0>KH0CTb OAHHM TeM, HTO ynOTpeJieHa HeAHCKpeT-
Has <})opMa BwcKa3biBaHH, nopoAHTb b C03H3HHH aApe c a Ta peHH
f i oj i ee a c c o u Ha u n f t , h TeM caMbiM n e p e a a T b eMy Jibmyio HH<{)op-
MaiiHK), HeM 3T0 B03M0JKH0 B AHCKpeTHblX c| )opMax. Mbi HMeeM 3AeCb
Aejio c HacTHbiM CJiynaeM TaK Ha3biBaeMoro h b j i c h h h ycHJieHHH,
H3BC*CTHOrO B KHepHeTHKe H, nO MHeHHK) HeKOTOpblX, COCTaBJIHIO-
m e r o caMyi o cyTb xyAoxecTBeHHoro a c ^ e K T a *.
Bc e nepenHCJieHHbie b 3 t om naparpa<J>e npeAJiox;eHHH npaBHJib-
HU, T. e. COOTBeTCTByiOT HOpMe, BCe OHH B03M0)KHbie peaJIH3aUHH
Ha ypoBHe HopMbi oAHoro MeTacoomeHHH. O a h 3 k o n o nacTOTe
ynoTpeJieHHH, a cjieAOBaTeJibHo, h n o OBH3aHHOMy c KaixAbiM omy -
meHHK) OblHHOCTH HJIH HeObIHHOCTH, OHH BOBCe He OflHHaKOBbl.
H3 CKa3aHHoro Bbiuie h c h o , h t o o a h o H3 h h x a o j i j k h o npeACTaB-
JIHTbCH CaMblM OblHHblM, CaMblM HefiTpaJIbHblM. TaKOB nepBblH CJiy-
1 Cm. A. K. 5Koj i k o b c k h S . 06 ycH/ienim, b c 6. CTpyKTypHo-THnoJiorjKe-
CKKe HccjieAOBaHHH, H3A-bo AH CCCP, M., 1962 r.
187
naft : a j i h pyc c Kor o noe3d 'npuuieA, a j i h 4>paHuy3CKoro un (le) Iraiti
est venu. B o o i u e , k s k m u y b h a h m AaJi bui e, HeftTpajibHbiM 0Ka3U'
BaeTCH Ta noe coomeHHe, b k o t o p o m nJiaH BbipajKeHHH Hs n oj i e e
eooTBeTCTByeT (napaj i J i eJ i eH) nJi aHy coAepKaHHa. CjieAOBaTeJibHO,
H e T p a j i b H o e c o o m e H H e A H C K p e T H o . (MHorwe 4>aK-
t m , KaK Mbi yBHAHM HH*e, 3 3 c t 3BJ I h i ot n o j i a r a T b , h t o HapacTaHHe
HeAHCKpeTHOCTH, CJIHTHOCTH, HeCBOOAHOCTH COOmeHHH eCTb B TO
w e BpeMH Bce o j i b i u e e h oJibmee yAaJieHHe e r o o t CTHJiHCTHHeCKH
HeTpaJibHoro b h a 3 . )
Heft Tpaj i bHbi e, caMbi e ohiHHbie, coomeHHa, h j i h KaApbi b pyc -
CKOM H ^paHIiyaCKOM H3bIK3X CTpOHTCH He0AHH3K0B0. K paCCMOT-
peHHio h x p33JiHqH Mbi Tenepb h nepexoAHM.
87. auHOHaj i bHbi e o c o c h h o c t h c t h j i h c t h h c c k h ii eTpaj i bHoro
coomeHHH obiHHoro KaApa. A&n*eHHe o' beKTHBa b k &a *
p e t s k e m e mojkiho aaBSTb, i npoAOJiwsa a Ha j i o r a i o c KHHo^HJib-
mom, 3 t o t p33Aeji . ^ BH* e HHe o"beKTHB3 b KaApe 3 t o Bonpoc 0
t o m, KyAa CMOTpHT Ha6ji ioA3Tej ib h KaK nepeBOAHT o h cboS mmc-
JieHHUH b3i vi ha c npeAMeTa Ha npeAMeT b npeAeJ i ax KaApa. OcoeH-
h o c t h 3Toro, ocoeHHocTH t o h k h 3peHHH b npeAeJ i ax KaApa, TOWe
HauHOHajibHaa nepT3.
ri poHHTseM BHHMaTejibHo cjieAyiomyK) <}>pa3y H3 aMepHKaHCKoro
peKJiaMHoro npocneKTa, HanHcaHHoro b ueJioM BnoJiHe npaBHJib-
HbiM pyccKHM h3mkom. B 9T0 (J)pa3e, 0AH3 K0 , ecTb h t o - t o n o p s x a -
i o me e Hac, KaKaa-TO hcckj i aAHoeTb, KOTopyio TpyAHo Aame cHana-
Jia onpeAeJiHTb CJioBaMH:
IloHeueuiucH e 1957 eody cpopd CKaAauHep u nomme ocraer-
CH edUHCTeeHHblM 8 Mupe BTOMOUAeM C yUpafOU{UMCH OKeCTKUM
eepxoM. JXocmamoHHO naotcamb KHOtucy, k k nodHuMaemcH
cm.aAbH.aH tcpbtwa, u 3a 60 ce/cynd Mauiuna npeepaw,aemc&
e omKpbimyto.
IlepeHHTseM nOAnepKHyroe e m e p a 3 : flocraroiHo naotcarb Knon-
Ky, kk noHUMaeT c r craAbHan Kpbiuia... B o t h t o b h a h t Haui Mhic-
JieHHbiii B3op, ABHwymHHCa BCjieA 33 0T>eKTHB0 M r o B o p a u e r o :
c t o h t MauiHHa, BOAHTeJib Ha>KHMaeT KHonKy, h y MauiHHbl noaB-
J i aeTca Kp u r n s . CraAbHaH Kpbiuia c t o h t b cnj ibHoft n o 3HUHH, s t o
cjieAyeT H3 c s m o t o c Tpoa npeAJi oweHHa HHTOHauHH HapacTaeT:
K k nodHUMaeTCR CTOAbHaa Kpbiuia h.. .! CraAbHaH Kpbiuia
npeAMeT, BbipaweHHbifi b CHJibHOH, yuapHof i no3HUHH pyccKOH 4>p3-
3bi, BcerAa cooTBeTCTByeT, KaK mh BHAejiH b npeAbi Aymnx n a p a r p a -
$3 X, peMe HOBOMy coAepjK3HHK>, hobomv npeAMeTy: KpHuiH He
biJio o h 3 noaBHJi acb. MHTaeM AaJibi ne: ...u 3a 60 ceKynd Maui u-
na npeepaw,aercH e omKpbimyto. ri 03B0JibTe, k s k JKeTaK: aBepHoe,
B 3aKpbITyio! HeT, B OTKpblTyiO. OK33bIB3eTCa, 3BT0p (J)pa3bl
Bce npeACTaBHJi HaoopoT: K p u m a 6bij i3 c C3Moro Ha na j i s , a n 0T0M
o h 3 Hcne3aeT. H o t o t a s n p e * A e HyjKHO h j i o CK33aTb HHane: Roc-
raroiHo navcarb KHonKy, kk craAbHan Kpbiuia nodHUMaercH,....
188
h t. a- b yaapHyio no3HU,HK) ao.rcxeH 6hji nonacTb raaroji noduu-
MaeTCH. BHxeHHe b Ka a p e no ripaBHJiaM pyccKoft c t h ^ h c t h k h
AOJIXHO 6bUI0 MTb OpaTHHM.
n o f l o 6 Hbie J i a n c y c w BCTpeqaiOTCH He TOJibKO y Jiioaefi, npHBbix-
UIHX K HHOH HaUHOHaJbHOH HopMe, HO h np H He pe xHOM o p a m e -
hHh c pOAHOft peqbi o. IlocMOTpHM n a c j i e a y i o my i o 3 aMeTKy H3 r a a e -
t h H 3BecTHH (N 288 o t 4 aeK. 1962 r . ) :
PeAKHfi cjiyKafl
BepAHH, 4 AenaSpa (TACC). JlyHa-
pwCa noftMaHa Ha ahhx b BaATHHCKOM
Mope pHaxaMH 3acHHucKoro p u 6 okom-
HHaTa ( I \ n P ) .
B c e c o o m e H H e npHOpeTaeT KOMHMecKH OTTeHOK: n o j i y q a e Tf c a ,
^ t o J i yHa - pbi a n o n a a a e T c a K a x a b i H a e Hb , a He o b ma i i Ho t o , i t o
e e nof t Maj i H, HaKOHeu, peaKHf t c j i y q a f t ! h pwa KH 3 a c HHUc Ko r o
pbiOKOMHHaTa.
eftcTBHTeJibHO, npHHunn CTpoeHHa HefiTpajibHoro pyccKoro Kaa-
pa TaKOB, mto B3op Ha6;iioaaTejiH, 06beKTHB, ABHxeTca b HeM
OT H3BeCTHOro K HeH3BeCTH0My, OT y x e yBHaeHHOrO K HOBOMy, H
TO, HTO CTOHT B HeM BO BTOpO n03HU,HH, BOCnpHHHMaeTCH KaK HO*
s o e .
OpaHuy3CKHfi npHHUHn CTpoeHHa K a a p a coBepuieHHO h h o : aBH-
xeHHe o t o m e r o k MaerHOMy. 3 t o t npHHUHn HeJib3H a a x e Ha3BaTb
opaTKbiM pyccKOMy: o h npocTO Ji exHT b C0 BepmeHH0 h h o m nj i aHe.
OTCroaa KopeHHoe p a c x o x a e H H e M e x a y pyccKHM h 4>paHu,y3CKHM b
cTpyKType t 3 k h x K a a p o s , ueHTp KOTOpbix HeH3BecTHoe, h o -
Boe. Cp. OrKpbuacb deepb u euuiAa 0KeHW<UHa.
OrKpbuacb deepb deepb Ha nocj i eaHeM MecTe, deepb Hame
HeHSEecTHoe, t o , k neMy aBHxeTCH o-beKTHB b s t o m Ka a p e . Bbiui-
Jia MenmuHa eH3BecTHoe oxenuûna c Tpyi cr ypa Ta e c a Ma a .
Une porte s ouvrit et une femme apparut. Une porte so uvr i t
Ha nepBOM Mecr e une porte n 0T0 My mto s t o o me e , hmh, a a j i b -
ui e qacTHoe, r j i a r o j i . To mt o hmh HeH3BeCTHoe, He HrpaeT poJiH
bo (>paHuy3CKOM Kaape, s t o aeTaJi b, KOTOpaa nepeaaeTCH apTHK-
JieM ( c p . 1 1 3) . To x e : une femme apparut.
n o TOMy x e npHHUHny erpoHTCH 4>paHay3CKaa CHHTarMa b o o 6 -
me: o t cymecTBHTej ibHoro k e r o onpeaeaeHHi o, o t r - na r oj i a k Hape-
mhk), a He HaoopoT.
3 t o CTpoeHHe K a a p a CBa3aHo c oaHofi H3 caMbi x oi uhx qepT
$paHuy3CKor o H3MKa nporpeccHBHbiM nopaaKOM cob Boome,
o t rpMMaTHMecKH y n p a BJ i a i o me r o k rpaMMaTHuecKH ynpaBJineMO-
My, o t rpaMMaTHwecKoro n o a ^ i e x a m e r o k rpaMMaTHMecKOMy CKa-
3yeMOMy. H o n o a J i e x a m e e b orpoMHOM, noaaBJi ai omeM ojibuiHHCT-
a e c j r y q a e B , npeaMeT, h j i h npaMMaTHMeCKH o<j)opMJieHo a K n p e a -
MeT, OTCioaa ripeaMeTHOCTb (J)paHuy3CKoro K a a p a h CBH3b s t o h n e p -
Tbi c a p y r o , T o x e oaHoft H3 caMbi x o 6 i u h x qepT 4>paHuy3CK0r0
189
H3bIK3, HMeHHO HJIH HOMHHaJIbHOfi TeHfl,eHU,Hefl (CM. BblUie 34 H
HHJKe 91) .
H3 CKa3aHHoro b npeAHAymHx n a p a r p a ^ a x cjieAyeT, h t o HeftT-
paJIbHOe COOmeHHe, ObUlHblH K3Ap, B K3JKA0M H3 OOHX H3bIK0B
HMeeT pa3Hbie npHMeTbi. B pyccKOM H3biKe BoenpHHHMaeTCH KaK
HeHTpaJibHoe no CTpoeHHio TaKoe coomeHHe, b k o t o po m nepBoe,
cj iaoyflapeHHoe MecTo 33h h t o yjKe H3BecTHbiM npeflMeTOM h j i h
aeHCTBHeM, HJIH OCTOHTeJIbCTBOM, T. e. TeMOH (lCHXOJIOrHHeCKHM
cy-beKTOM), a BTopoe, CHJibHoynapeHHoe Mecro OTBeABHO h o b o my
ajieMeHTy coomeHHH, peMe (ncHxojionmecKOMy npeAHK3Ty) *. Ho
T3K KSK nOpHAOK CJIOB B pyCCKOM CBOOfleH, TO B yAapHOft n03HUHH
Mo*eT OK333TbCH h j i h rjisroji-CK33yeMoe h j i h noAJi eaomee, t . e.
y HefiTpsjibHoro pyccKoro coomeHHH mo j k c t biTb a b s BapnaHTa.
Bo 4>paHuy3CKOM H3MKe HeTpajibHbiM yaeT TSKoe coomeHHe, b
k o t o po m AeftcTByromHH npeAMeT, h c 33b h c h mo o t er o h 3B6c t h o c t h
HJIH HeH3BeCTHOCTH, 33HHMSeT nepBOe MeCTO, a BTOpoe MeCTO 0T-
b o a h t c h cKa3yeMOMy: Le train est venu.
3KHM 0pa30M, B p y CCKOM H3 b I Ke H m e e T C H A B a He -
T p a J i b H b i x b h a a c o o m e H H H o a h o c ti phmhm, Apyroe C
oparabi M nopHAKOM cjiob, ho mpH oa h o h h t o h JKe Heft TpsJi bHoft hh-
TOH3UHH, T. e. T3KOH HHT0H3UHH, K0TA3 yAapH3 BTOpSH n03HUHH:
noe3d 'npuuieA H npuuieA 'noe3d (ara cjiynsH OTMeneHbi os 86 non,
N 1 h fils 2) , npaBA3, k s k y * e CKa3aHO, BTopoft cjiynsfi n ame mo-
JKeT BCCnpHHM3TbCH 'K3K CTHJIH'CTHH6CKH OKp3UieHHblft. B 0 ij) p 3 H-
Uy3C' KOM JKe H 3 bl K e HMe e - f CH O A h H H e &T p a J I h Hb l H
BHA c o o m e H H H C mpHMblM nopHAKOM CJIOB H HeHTpSJIhHOH Hfl-
TOHauneft: Le (un) train est venu.
88. A a n a 3 0 H c t h j i h c t h m c c k h x OTKjioHeHHft. C p y KTy p s H3biKa
npeAonpeAeJi neT h o m n e b o 3m o j k h o c t h c t h j i h c t h h c c k h x 0TKJi0He-
HHH OT HeHTp3JIbHOrO BHA& COOmeHHH.
B pyccKOM H3biKe CTpyKTypHO n p e Ao n p e Ae j i e Hb i ABa 0CH0BHbie
THna OTKJIOHeHHH OT HeHTpaJIbHOrO CTpoeHHH c oomeHHH, a CJie-
AOB3TejibHo, h ABa CHOBHbie CTHJiHCTHnecKHe OTKJIOHeHHH: a ) n e -
pe Me Ha yAa pHof t no3Hu,HH BMecTe c o CTOHmHM b Hefi c j i o b o m: H3
He&Tp3Ji bHor o noe3d 'npuuieji noJ i yns eTCH 'npuuieA noe3d (3t o t
c j i y n a f t a s h b 86 noA Ns 4) ; 6) p 3 3 0 me HHe yAapeHHH h no3HUHH,
t s k h m 0 p s 3 0 M, H3 noe3d 'npuuieA noJi ynaeTCH 'noead npuuieA
(3t o t c j i y n a f t AaH b 86 noA M 3 ) .
B o $paHi i y3CKOM H3biKe CTpyKTyps n p e Ao n p e Ae J i n e T TOJibKO
OAHH B03M0JKHbI THn OTKJIOHeHHH rpaMMSTHMeCKOe p3CHJieHeHHe
1 Cp. c j i e a y i o m e e Ha<5.niojieHHe Ha pyccKHM npeAJioxeHKeM b sKcnepHMen-
Te: CHHTaKCHHecKaa CTpyKTypa npeAJioxeHHH b HamHx onwTa x He oKa s a j i a bj i hh-
h h h Ha e r o noHHMaHHe. j i h t o t o h; i h h h o t o noHHMaHHH hmcj i o 3HaieHHe He t o .
KaKOfi wêH npeAÔKeHHH aaHKMa.i nepBoe hj i h BTopoe Mecro, a KaKOft 9JieMeHT
cyjKAeHHH aaHHMa^ e r o ( 3 . A. n e r a me b a. FIoHHMaHHe npeAJiosKeHHH, 3 k c -
nepHMeHra^bHas (J)OHeTHKa h ncuxoj i orHH peH, I MrilHHH, Yq. 3 a n . , t XX
M., 1960, CTp. 490).
190
(TaK Ha 3bi Bae Myi o cer MeHTa uHi o) n p e a J i o we HHH, BKJHonaH pa3Ji HH-
H u e o o p o T b i Bbiaej ieHHH: Le train, il est venu, h j i h Cest le train
qui est venu.
3 t H THnOBbi e CTHJIHCTHHeCKHe OTKJIOHeHHH h y a y r b n e p By i o
o n e p e f l b pa cc MOTpe Hw b c J i e a y i o i u H x p a 3 a e J i a x .
Oi i HaKO b ue j i oM Bonpoe 3Ha*iHTeJibHO cj i o)KHee.
XoA MbICJIH OT H3BeCTH0r0 K HOBOMy, OT nc Hx o j i o r HHe c Ko r o
c y C t e K T a k ncHX0J i 0r HqecK0My n p e a H Ka T y , o t TeMbi BbicKa3biBaHHH
k n o B o a y , o t CJi aof t n a c r a pHTMa m n c j i h k cHj ibHoii , n p n c y m
BCeM H3bIK3M H HBJlHeTCH OAHO H3 H3bIKOBbIX yHHBepC3JIHH. O p a H -
UV3CKHH H3HK He COCTaBJIHeT HCKJHOHeHHfl. TaKHM 0p a 3 0 M, Mbi
npHxofl HM k n a p a f l OKc y : c o a h o h c t o p o h h , 4)paHHy3CKH& H3biK, KaK
Bce o c T a ^ b H u e H3HKH, p a 3 J i Hu a e T TeMy ( ncHxoj i or Hnec KHH cy6i>-
eKT) h pe My ( ncHxoJi or HwecKHf t n p e a H K a T ) , c a p y r o f t c t o p o h h o h
HMeeT TOJibKO OflHH HeHTpaJIbHblH BHA COOWeHHH, B KOTOpOM TeMa
h peMa, ncHxoj i orHqecKHe cySêKT h npeaHKaT, KaK p a 3 HHKaKHMH
BHeiHHHMH CpeflCTBaMH H He pa3JIHqaiOTCJ.
O a h 3 k o 3 t o npOTHBOpeqne He cymecTByeT, e c j m nocJ i eaoBa-
TeJIbHO IipHMeHHTb K (JjaKTaM TeOpHlO ypOBHeft H3bIKa.
y * e H3 KOHCTaTauHH 3 To r o n a p a a o K C a c j i e a o B a J i o 6 u n p e a n o -
JIOJKHTb, MTO 4>paHUy3CKHft H3bIK OJ i aa ae T HHblMH CpeflCTBaMH p a 3 -
rpaHHHHBaTb ncHxoj iorHHeCKHH cyfi-beKT h n p e a HKa T, qeM Te, k o t o -
p u e a o c Ty n Hb i HaJi i oaeHHi o Ha y poBHe HopMbi. 3 t o n p e a n o j i o w e -
HHe nOJIHOCTbK) nOflTBepaHJIOCb HOBeHUIHMH 3KCnepHMeHTaJIbHbIMH
HCCJieaoBaHHHMH *. O h h noKa3aJ i H, h t o ncHxoJi orHHecKH n p e a HKa T
b a Byc oc Ta BHbi x n p o c r a x n p e a J i o x e HHH X c npHMbiM n o p s a KOM c j i o b
{Le train est venu) Bb i p a x a e TCH b o $p3Huy3CK0M He MeHee o t m c t -
j i h b o , qeM b pyccKOM, h o TOJibKO npOHexoa HT 3 t o , Bo - n e p Bb i x , B
K0HT8KCTe H, BO-BTOpblX, nOCpeaCTBOM TaKHX MOayJIHHHH MeJIOaHH,
PHTMa, HHTeHCHBHOCTH H a p y r HX 3JieMeHT0B HHTOH3UHH, KOTOpbie BO
m h o t h x c j i y q a a x npocTO He BOcnpHHHMaiOTCH pyccKHMH, a a w e npe K-
paCHO 3HaiOmHMH (})paHUy3CKHH H3bIK. TaKHM 0pa 30M, KaWymHHCfl
n a p a a o K C He c y me c TBy e T: pa3Ji HHeHHe n c H x o J i o r u q e c K o r o cy- beKTa
h n p e a H K a T a b pyccKOM H3biKe n p H H a a J i e x H T ypOBHK) HopMw ( t . e.
B03M0XH0 1) BHe KOHTeKCTa H 2) n pH OOlIieHHOft, THnOBO HH-
TOHaiXHH), BO <|)paHUy3CKOM >Ke npOHCXOaHT TOJibKO Ha y p o BHe HH-
AHBirayaji bHOH p e n n .
O 3TOH npHMHHe H3 ypOBHe HHaHBHayaj IbHOH peHH BO C^paHUy3-
KOM B03M0JKHH HHbie BHabI CTHJIHCTHHeCKHX OTKJIOHCHHH OT COO-
meHHH Hefi TpaJIbHOrO THn3, H OHH p3CCM3TpHBaiOTCH B COOTBeTCT-
Byi omeM p a 3 a e a e ( cm. 110 h c j i e a ) .
1 Me eM b BH/iy Ka H^ Hn a Tc n y i o A a c c e p T a u H i o A. A. C M C / i b e B C K o r o
HHTOHauHH 4>paHuy3CKofi noBeCTBOBaTejxbHOH (})pa3bi. (3KcnepHMeHTa^bH0-(|)0Ke-
TnqecKoe Hcc. i eaos aHHe HHTOHauHOHHwx cpeacTB Bupa*e HHH jiorHMecKoro npeflH-
KaTa Ha MaTepHaj i e npocTbi x ABycoeraBHbix noBecTBOBaeflbHbix npeaô KeHHfi c
npHMuM nopnf l KOM rjt aBHbix MJieHOB.) PaoTa 6btJia BbincwineHa b I MmHHH
n o a pyKOBOCTBOM A o u e H t a K. K. Ba p u mHHKOBo f i b 1962 r.
191
89. OtKjioHeHMs o t HefiTpaj ibHoro coomeHHH b pyccKOM H3WKe.
I l p e w f l e Bcero, k s k h j i o CKa3aHO, s t o nepeMeHa yaapHoft i i o 3 h u k h .
OHa 3aoK)qaeTcs b tom, h t o H3 c t h j i h c t h h 6 c k h He&TpaJibHoro bmc-
Ka3bTBaHHH THna noe3d 'npurneA noJiynaeTCH 'npurneA noe3d. Ta
KHe Bbic.Ka3biBaHHH 3aBefl 0M0 ywe o a h h m TeM, h t o o h h o t k j i o k h i o t -
CH OT ObIHHOrO THna, HMeiOT CTHJlHCTHHeCKyiO OKpaCKy. H o KaKOBa
0K?.3KeTcn 3Ta OKpacKa, 3aBHCHT o t peaJ i bHor o KOHTeKera. FIpH-
BeAeHHoe npeAJioweHHe mo wh o npeACTaBHTb cee b AHajiorHHecKofi
paar oBopHof t pe n n , ocoeHHO b c n o p e , KaK onpoBepHceHHe penjiHKH
noe3d ne nputueA; h j i h b np0 CT0 peHH0 M paccKa3e, c pacneBHofi hh-
TOHaiiHefi, HanpHMep, Tan: flpuuieA noe3, cenu mm, noexcuiu, KaK
b HapoAHofi CKa3Ke ' , b t o h h h t o h 3 u h h , c KaKoft, HanpHMep, r 0B0-
P h t c h b CKa3 Ke 0 6 AjieHyuiKe Kunnm k o h i a u , vyzyHHue, mo-
nm hooku yAumnue, xomnm Menn 3ape3amu, BeaAe c
yAapeHHeM h c JierKoft pacTHacKoft na rj i ar oj i ax. . .
Pa3o6meHHe yuapeHHH h nopHAKa b o s mo j k h o , pa3yMeeTCH, ABy-
mh onocoaMH: j iwo yAapeHHe nepeMemaeTCH b TiepByio n03HUKi,
h nopaAOK ocTaeTca npejKHHM, j i h o npn HeH3MeHH0M yAapeHHH
nepecTaBJiHJOTCH noAJiecamee h cKa3yeMoe. B nepBOM cjiynae no-
jiynHTCH 'noe3d npuuieA THn BbiCKa3biBaHHH, xapaKTepHtift h j i h
onHTb-TaKH a j i h AHajiorHnecKoft penn b Tex ce ycJioBHHx, o k s k h x
n j i o CKa3aHo Bbirne, h j i h a j i h CBH3Horo paccKa3a, CKa3a Boome,
c t o h THnHHHofi CKa30B0H HHTOHauHeH, KaKyio CJibiuiHM, Ha npHMep,
B CJleAyiOUteM BCeM H3BeCTHOM AeTCKOM CTHXOTBOpeHbHUe:
Taer cneotcoK,
OoKUAAyOKOK,
JleHb npubieaem,
Kozda 9t o bieaer?
3 t o HeAHCKpeTHbie r a n u . HeAHCKpeTHbiMH, Hepa3Jio*HMbiMH
npeACTaBjiHiOTCH TaKHe coomeHHH h b nJiaHe coAep>KaHHH. Cp.
Uenb / / 'npubieaer o c h o b h o h , CBOOAHbi THn, c bo3moj khoh
nay3o nocjie denb h 'JleHb npubieaer, H3 n p h BeAeH Horo c t h x o t b o -
peHHH, rAe 0CT3H0BKa nocjie denb HeB03M0WHa. B nepBOM cjiynae
BhicKa3biBaHHe OTBeHaer Ha Bonpoc Wt o deAaercH c dneM?, bo b t o -
Pom cjiynae Ha Bonpoc Vro npoucxodur e npupode? h OTBeT bo
BTopoM cjiynae Renb npubieaer yKa3WBaeT He KanecTBO a h h , a
HeKoe ueJibHoe, Hepa3Jio>KHMoe .HBJieHHe npnpoAU npnwBaHHe
AHeBHoro, CBeTJioro BpeMeHH cyTOK.
TaKHM 0pa30M, noATBepjKAaeTCH, no-BHAHMOMy, t o Ba>KHce
1 riepenaTb b neqaTHOM TeKCTe hhtohhuhm HeBG3M0>KH0. riocKo.nbKy HacTOH-
IUHA Kypc CTHJIHCTHKH He COnpOBOHt/iaeTCH KOMnJieKTOM rpaMMO(J)OHHbX n.iaCTH-
hok, aBTopy ocTaeTca nojiaraTbca Ha to, i t o WTaTejiK) H3BecTH0, KaKHe OuBaior
HHTOHauHH y XOPOU1HX paCCKa3<lHK0B pyCCKHX CK330K.
192
uojioKeHHe, i t pyccKoe coomeHHe 0 CH0 BH0 r 0 THna (HopMa coo6 -
UleHHH, OU'MHblfl peMBOH amp) npeACTaBJ!HT codoft CJIOBO-
coieTaHHe CBooAHoe, AHCKpeTHoe, a Bce otkôhhkdiuhcch o t nop-
Mbi coo6 m,eHHH CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH HecBooAHbie, HeAHCKpeTHue.
3 thm noJioxeHHeM h pa 3iacHHeTca CBH3b o6 iu,hx ocoeHHOCTeH pe-
eBOH uenn co ct hj i hct hko (cp. BBeAeHHe, TaKJKe 8 6 ). Cjie-
AyeT noMHHTb npn stom, mto xak coofimeHHe 0CH0 BH0 r 0 bha3, hjih
HopMa coomeHHH b y3K0M cMucjie (noe3d 'npuuie), Tan h otkjio-
HeHHH o t HopMbi coomeHHH ('noe3d npuiueA, npuiueA 'noe3,
1npuiueA noe3) bxoaht b ojiee iiiHpoKoe noHHTHe HopMbi Hop-
My peMH, K3 K COBOKynHOCTb npaBHJIbHblX BbICK33blBaHHft, TaK KaK
Bce 3t h coomeHHH hbjihiotch npsBHJibHWMH (cm. BBeAeHHe).
TaKHM 0<5pa30M, Mbi BHAHM, MTO HOpMa COOmeHHH H pa3JIHHHe
OTKJlOHeHHH o t Hee pacnpeAeJiniOTCH n o pa3HUM cthjihm peMH
OT HapOAHOfi CK33KH H AHaJIOra pa3rOBOpHOft peMH AO JIOrKHeCKH
hcko AeJiOBOfi peMH h xyAOJKecTBeHHoro n 0 BecTB0 BaHHH. H HopMa
COOmeHHH, H OTKJ1OH0HHH OT Hee fllOAMepKHeM 3TO eme p a s
opa3yK)T o j i e e ui npoKoe HBJieHHe p y c c n y i o HauHOHaJibHyK) Hop-
MV COOUieHHH.
Bo t , n-BHAHMOMy, h Bce, mt o m o k h o CKa3aTb o coomeHHH,
paccMaTpHBan ero c BbicoTU acTpaKUHH Ha ypoBHe HopMbi. Oc-
Ta^bHbie oeoeHHoeTH BbiHCHHiOTCH npn onncaHHH Ha ypoBHe HHAH-
BKAyajibHOH peMH (c m. CJieAyioiayio MacTb k h h t h ) .
90. AHa ocoeiiHOCTb nyuiKHHCKoro cthjih KaK HjuuocTpa-
UHfl cxa'aaHHoro o CTpoeHWH pyccKoro a ^pa . OtMeMeHHbie b n p t -
AbiAyiUHX n a p a r p a ^ a x ocochhoct h pyccKofi peMH boshhkjih He
BApyr. Eme b nepBofi Tpera XIX BeKa b nyuiKHHCKOM CTHJie mu
HfiXOAHM MepTbl HHOrO CTpOH. riOCMOTpHM Ha CJieAyiOmHe <|)pa3H
(npHMepoB hx MHoro b nyuiKHHCKo npoae):
1) BoeHHdR KOAA6SUX A 3HCLTb O TlOeZe K3HCKOZO KOAO-
h u k e o e c e Mecr a, z e , n o npednOAOOKenuHM, m o z o h yK.pbi8a.TbCH.
BcKOpe nodnoAKOOHUK C u m o h o b y3Ha.A, h t o 6ezAeu, a e u d e A u n a x y -
m o p a x , H a x o d s i u ^ u x c K o k o a o I u u , k o z o l opoKa. O m p x d b i 6 m -
a u n o c A a H b i a h h o u m k u y z a H e e a , h o n e u m c a u moM
y c n e x a . . . 1
2) nyzanee, noAbaysicb CMurenueM, nanaA c pyzo cropoHbi.
Kpenocmnbie Ka3dKu eMy nepedaAucb2.
3) riyeaneg ycuAueaAcn: npouiAo dee nedeAU co hh, kk hbua-
CH OH nod ffui{KUM ZOpOKOM c zopcTbio 6yHToetu,uKoe, u y x OH
meA do rpex menu nexoru u kohhuv,u, u OAee deenadiâru ny-
uieK. CeMb tcpenocme 6 m a u u m 83nmu u a u cdaAucb eMy*.
(M ' A - c - nyui KHH. HcTopHfl riyraneBa, t j i . II, ricumoe cofip. coq., H3-bo
AH CCCP, t . 9, (I), CTp. 14.
- TaM we , CTp. 19.
3 TaM * e , e r p . 21.
193
4) HaKoneu, ona noHyecreoeaAa tiepeue MyKU. Mepbi 6buu npu-
Hsnbi nacKOpo. rpatpa natum cnoco ydaAUTb. Hotcmop npuexaJ1.
Bo Bcex 3 t k x cjiynaHx BMAeJieHHue (|)pa3H x a p a m e p H o
nyinKHHCKHe. Tenepb hmchho n03T0My ohh omymsioTCH ks k He-
obiHHbie; mm CKa3ajiH 6 bi:
1) Bbuiu nocAUHbi ompfidbi ah nouMKit riyzaHeea,Ho ohu...
2) EMy nepedaAucb KpenocmHbie Ka3UKU.
3) Mm biAu B3fimbi u a u cduAucb eMy eMb Kpenocme
(THnHHHbiH nopHAOK npH nepenHCJieHHH, cp. j i i oo e ra3eTHoe c o o
meHHe o Bbino/iHeHHH SKOHOMHHecKHx miaHOB: 3a ucreKuiu eod
KOMUHT 3HHUTeAbHO 6bipOC. FlCTpOeHO UAU BBedeHO 8 CTpO
ceMb doMenHbix nene... h t . n. H y FlyiuKHHa b npeAHAyme (J)pa3e
TOT >Ke nopHAOK).
4) [JpuexaA dotcmop.
Bo Bcex CJi yqanx Tai co nopHAOK cj i ob HeoxoAHM n 0T0My, h t o
npeAMeT, o k o t o p o m coomaeTcn, cocTaBJiaeT H0B0 e b BbiCKa3biBa-
HHH, Bce coomeHHe CTpOHTCH p3AH HerO, OHO nCHXOAOrHHeCKHH
h orHHecKH npeAHKaT. nyui KHH * e c t p o h t 3Aecb cboi o penb n o
4)'paKU,y3QKOMy THny, CTaBH Ha n a p s o e Mecxo ciOAy rpaMMaTHHe-
CKoe n o AJ i e * a m e e . n p H omhhom HTeHHH, k s k h m HHTaeM mm Tenepb
CBH3HHH TencT, noji ynaeTCH HecooTBeTCTBHe yAapeHHH, npnxoAHme-
r o c a Ha BTopyio no3HU.Hio, h Toro, h t o 3 t h m yAapeHHeM HaAO BbiAe-
jiHTb. Ec j i h * e HKTaTb 3 t h 4>pa3bi c Apyroft HHTOHaHHeH ( KaK, MO-
JKeT blTb, H HHT3JIH BO BpeMeHa ri yHIKHHa), nOAOHO npHBAeHHO
Bbirne CTpOHKe H3 AeTCKoro CTHX0TB0 peHHa JXeHb npubieaer, t o
noji ynseTCH HeoooTBeTCTBHe c t h j i h noBecTBOBaHHH h HHTOHauHH,
KOTOpaa Tenepb cymecTByeT y Hac TOJibKO b CKa3e. B oohx cj iy-
h s h x bha hm, KaK H3MeHH/iacb py c c Ka a HopMa penn co BpeMeH r i y m -
KHH3.
91. OrKjioHeHH o t HeTpaJibHoro coomeHHH bo 4>paHiiy3CKOM
H3MKe. KaK y m e m j i o CKas ano, b o (^paHuyscKOM a y p o s n e HopMbi
HMeeTCH TOJibKO OAHH THn HeHTpaJIbHOrO coomeHHH C rpaMMa-
THHeCKH npHMMM nOpHAKOM CJIOB. OTJiHHHe t e AaHHOrO H HOBOrO,
a C00TBeTCTBeHH0 OTJiHHHe ncHxoJi or HnecKoro npeAHKaTa h c y t -
eKTa o t rpaMMaTHnecKHX CKa3yeMoro h n o AJ i e ma me r o b HopMe He
BbipascaeTCH.
OTKJIOHeHHH OT HeTpaJIbHOTO BHA3 nOJiyHaiOTCH npH r pSMMar a-
necKOM HJieHeHHH, cerMeHTauHH npeAJio<eHHH2. PscnpocTpaHeHO
1 A. C. II y m k h h. Apan IleTpa BeJiHKoro, rji. I, rtojmoe co6p. coq.,
r;i. VI I I (I), CTp. 6.
2 y K3yqafom,Hx <J>paHuy3CKHft a3UK BCTpeqaeTCH 3a6jiywAeHKe, t o c t h j i h -
CTHMecKHM cpeacTBOM b o <}>paHuy3CKOM H3HKe h b j i h t c h h HHBepCHH, n e p e M e n a
nopHAKa c j i o b riiaroji nepeA n o A J i e x a m H M . M e a c ^ y TeM b yTBe paHTej i bHwx co-
omeHHHx HHBepcKH He CBooAHoe, a oyai OBJ i eHHce c p e a c TBO, h n o r o M y c o 6 c t -
BeHHO CTHJiHCTHqecKoro 3HaieHHfl He HMeeT. O H a 06ycji0BJieHa a) j i h 6 o k o h t 6 k -
c t o m nepeqKCJi eHHa, b KaHuej i apcKOM CTHJie: sont passibles damende ceux qui...
etc., 6 ) j i h 6 o Ha.iHqHeM n o A ^ H H a i o m e r o n p e A J i o x e H H H: voici la pice o mon
frre habite hjih ...o habite mon frre.
194
MKeHHe, h t o cer M6HTauHH HMeeT ueJi bi o ncw epKHyTt , ncHXOJiOTBHe-
OKHft flpeAH' K3T, KOTOpufi JipOCTO iepeCTaHOBKOH CJIOB, HHBfipCKeft,
BHAeJieH u T b He MOweT. H o b t b k o m c j i y n a e , hj i o h s e p n o n
OpaTHOe BCHKHft pa 3, KaK Tpe6yeTCH BblAeJIHTb nCHXOJIOrHHeCKH
npeAHKaT, cjieAOBa.no bi o>KHAaTb cerMeHTauHH. M e * A y TeM 3Toro
He npoHcxoAHT. CerMeHTauHH bo 4>paHuy3CKOM npeAJioJKeHHH HMe
eT Apyr oe c oAe p*3HHe , neM nepecTaHOBKa hj i c h o b npeAJiojKeHHH h
yAapeHH b pyccKOM.
IpeKAe Bcero, ceraeHTSUHH He ycTpaHaeT ABy3HanH0CTH BbiCKa-
3bIBaHHH. H B CerMeHTHp0B3HH0M npeAJIOKeHHH HHTQH3UHH momcct
biTb pasHo, a cJieAOBaTeJibHO, pa3HbiM yAer h mcHxojicxrHqecRHH
npeAHKaT. TaK, $ P a 3a Moi je neri ai pas MOweT biTb npoH3He-
C6Ha J1H0 C OCOblM HHTOHaUHOHHblM BblAeJieHHeM moi (b 3T0M
c j i y q s e h h t o h s u h h noAnepKHBseT rpaMMaTHHecKoe BHACJieHHe), j m-
60 i6e3 3Tor o (>b t 3 k o m c j i y u a e h h t o h s u h h y c T p a n a e r rpaMMaraHC-
CKOe BblAeJieiHHe), H COOTBeTCTBeBfHO MHHeTiOH MeCTO TipeAHKaTa.
CerMeHTauHH THna elle le supportait mal,/ce genre dinterro
gation BbiAejiaeT He nCHxoJiorHnecKHH npeAHKaT, a ncHxoji orHi ecKHH
cyS-beKT, Bcio nacTb b h c k 3 3 w b 3 h h h , HAymyio nepeA nepejiOMOM
EHT0H3UHH. KpOMe STOI'O, CerMeHT3UHH K3K bl 33Ap>KHBaeT p33-
BHTHe coomeHHH H BHOCHT B COOIUaeMOe OTTeHOK npHBbinHOCTH,
noBTCpaeM o c t h .
CerMeHTauHH THna Ce genre dinterrogation, elle le supportait
mal onHTb-T3KH H3MeHHeT HCXOAHblS MOMeHT BbICKa3bIB3HHH nCH-
xo. i ornnecKHH c y t e KT .
IIcHxojiorHHecKH ace npeAHK3T coomeHHH, t o H0B0e, p3AH ne-
ro coomeHHe npeAnpHHHTO, yAapeHHoe mal, ocTaeTca npH
CeFMeHT3UHH HeH3MeHHHM
TaKHM 0pa30M, cerMeHTauHH bo 4>paHuy3CK0M H3biKe o p a s -
THBaeT nCHXOJlOrHneCKHH Cy'beKT BbICK33bIBaHHH, TeMy, CTHJ1HCTH-
necKHe w e BspnaHTbi b pyccKOM 06pa3Tbi Bai 0T ncHxojiorHqecKH:
npeAHKaT, peMy.
CjieAOBaTejibHo, npHHHMaa b o b h h m s h h c u c j i h k o m pa3JiHTOoe
CTpoeHHe KaApa b pyccKOM h b o (})paHuy3CK0M, h t o , h t o s t o p a s -
j r a r a e He ycTpaHHeTCH b cerMeHTHpoBaHHbix npeAJiojKeHHax, n p n -
XOAHTCH npH3H3Tb, HTO BHe K0HTCKCT3 ( t . e. Ha ypOBHe HOpMbl)
4>paHuy3CKoe h pyccKoe npeAJi o*eHHe HeaKBHBaJieHTHbi2.
1 CKa3aHHoe 3Aecb ormpaeTCH Ha yx e Ha3BaHHyro pa oi y A. A. C m o ji b e b-
c k 0 r o. Ero ace npHMepK, cm. MHTOHauHH (j>paHuy3CKoft HOBecTBOBaTe.ibHO (j)pa-
3K, aBTope$epaT KaHfl. ahcc., M., 1962, erp. 3.
2 B tpyahom nojioaceHHH oKasbiBasoTca Te npenoaaBaTe^H, K0T0pue cHaqa.ua
ynoaoJiHiOT cerMeHTanHio pyccKOMy Bbme;ieHHio ncHxojioniqecKoro npeaHKaTa,
JioraqecKOMy yâpeKHro, a 3a-reM Tmerao nuTaioTca o6t>hchhtb yqamHMCH, n o m-
My cbh3h u h 4>paHuy3CKHH TeKCT Mo*eT HaqHHaTbcs TaKOH, HanpHMep, <f>pa3ofi:
C'est 10 heures que la manifestation a commenc.
TaK we ouiHOoqHo y JI. B. LUep6bi: no-4>paHuy3CKH JiornqecKH npeAHKaT
BupaiKaerca ocoCbim ciiiiTaKCHqecKHM 060p0T0M: n r u y a Aer u r l oi seau vol e,
ko ' n r u i f a A e r u r (c yAapemseM Ha muu,a) Hao nepeaTb no-4>paHuy3CKH c' est
l oi seau qui vol e (OHeTHKa <j)paHixy3CKoro H3HKa, 209).
195
PaccMOTpHM nofl poHee poj i b cerMeHTauHH b o 6 p a 6 oTKe n c n x o -
J i o n me c Ko r o c y ^ e KTa BbiCKa3biBaHHa. JIj ih npHMepa B03bMeM 0 6 0 -
poT BbiAejieHHH m i s e e n r e l i e f .
HaHt vi ee apxaHHHan CTpyKTypa ( e m e ynoTpeHTejibHaH b cob-
peMeHHOM HaM JiHTepaTypHOM c m n e ) c j i e a y i o ma H: 1) A quoi ils
ressemblent le plus, cest des oiseaux ; 2) o j i e e HOBan: Ce quoi
ils ressemblent le plus, cest des oiseaux ; 3) coBpeMeHHaa CTpyn-
Typa : Cest des oiseaux quils ressemblent le plus.
B coBpeMeHHOM H3UKe nepBbie ABe CTpyKTypbi BocnpHHHMaiOTCH
KaK ycTapeBui ne h j i h KHHJKHO-JiHTepaTypHbie. Hx BbiTecHaeT TpeTbH
c e s t . . . qui , c e s t . . . . qu e , CTaHOBHmaHCH, TaKHM o6pa3c>M, HaHojiee
oiuhm THnoM mise en relief. P a 3roBopHQ-<})aMHJibHpHbiH BapnaHT
co 3HaneHHeM TOAbKO il n y a que : il ny a qu moi que ces cho-
ses-l arrivent ! Il ny a que moi pour ce genre de choses I Cp. Ce
nest qu moi que ces choses-l arrivent. C rj iaroJiOM: Il ny a qu
partir cp. cest partir ; il ny a qu prendre ou laisser, cp. cest
prendre ou laisser. OopoT c e s t npoHHKaeT bo Bce yroJiKH c h h -
TaKCHca. Cp . b npefl Ji oKeHHsi x c coro3aMH: Cest depuis que je suis
l que ma femme est partie ; b BocKJinuaTeJibHbix npeaJi oweHHHx:
Cest fou ce quil est grand ! b BonpocHTeJibHbix: Cest quelle heure
que vous venez? h t . a . h t . n.
B c e cj i ynaH BbweJieHHH nocpeacTBOM o o p o Ta c e s t . . . q u e (b o t -
JtHUHe o t c e s t . . . q u i ) noKa3biBaioT, mt o CHHTaKCHMecKaa uej i b koh-
CTpyKUHH He b t o m, h t o 6 h npoBecTH HOBbie rpaHHUbi BHyrpn e r a -
p o r o npeaJiojKeHHH, a b t o m, iTObi, mpexcae e c e r o , arc -6 bi p a 3HTb
CTapoe, MaJioe npeflJioceHHe Ha cocraBJi fl i omHe e r o CHHTaKCHMecKHe
r p y n n w , a n 0T0 M H3 oj i omkob Bocco3AaTb coBepuieHHO H0B0 e,
d a a e e Kpyi raoe, npeAJi o*eHHe. C p . Il est venu 8 heures de la
prs-midi. Cest 8 heures de laprs-midi quil est venu. 3 a e c b He
npoBefl eHa HOBan r p a HHu a M e x a y r pynnaMH, h o c03fl aH0 HOBOe
npeflJioKeHHe, c h h u m nopa^KOM caMHx r p y n n . O o p o T c e s t . . . q u e
h a p y r n e npneMbi BbiaeJiHiOT h nepepacnpe/ i eJi Hi OT h mc h h o c h h t 3 k -
OHMecKHe r p y n n b i , a e cj i oBa BHyTpH r p y r n i . HHKaKHM CHHTaCKMe-
OKHM, T. e . rpaMMaTHKaJIH30BaHHM epe^TBOM HeJIb3H paaHTb Ta-
Kyio, a' npHMep, mpyinny, a n 8 heures de laprs-midi, n p n weo-
x o a h m o c t h a a j i b He i i i e r o BbiaejieHHH, HanpHMep, cj i ob huit hj i h
laprs-midi, c t p h x o h t c h n' pweraTb k HeoomeHHHM, MacrHbiM, n e
rpaMMaTHKajiH30BaHHbiM, JieKCHMecKHM epefleTBaM, HanpHMep,
Cest 8 heures de laprs-midi je dis bien de laprs-mi
di quil est venu u t . n. .
ObiMHoe npeJioweHHe (HanpHMep, mon pre vient) HrpaeT
BHyTpw npefl Ji o*eHHH c BhmejieHHeM cest mon pre qui vient poj i b
TecHoft oHHTaKCHMecKOH r p y n n b i . Tj i a r oj i ( n p e AHKa u Ha ) ueHTp
po Bor o npefl Ji o*eHHH Tenepb He b CKa3yeMOM npej KHero MaJio-
1 Cp. B. T. TaK. O CTJHKeHHH CHHTaKCHHeCKHx r p y n n bo (fcpaHuyacicoM
3HKe. 4>Hj i o; i onecKHe HayKH, 1959, Ks 4.
196
r o npeflJtoaceHHH (vient), oh o cBeJiocb Bcero JiHLUb k CHHTaxcH-
ecKo rpynne, a b rJiaroJie-CBH3Ke noBoro ojibuioro npeAJioace-
h h s (c'est). rjiarojibHaH rpynna MaJioro npeAJioweHHH opaayeT
Bcero JiHuib r pynny onpeAeJieHHH (qui vient) b coeraBe ojibmoro
upeAJioJKeHHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, Majioe npeAJioweHHe, CBeAeHHoe
k CHH'raKCH'H&CKO r pynne s cocTa'Be iojimhoto, c t 3hobht ch ksik bt
o hhm ojibuiHM, cjiojKHbiM HMeHeM cymecTBHTeJibHbiM (cy6 eraK~
t h b k h m komi ui ckoom) cest-mon-pre-qui-vient. Ero ^ymuHH
b ojibinoM npeAJio*eHHH onpeAejmeTCH ne ero cocTBeHHoft rpaM-
MaTHMecKoA npnpOAOH, a hmc hho s t h m mc ct om. CoBepuieHHO Bce
paBHO, yAeT j i h BHAeJiHeMbift HJieH cjioBocoHeTSHHeM ( cest des
oiseaux quils ressemblent, cest mon pre quils ressemblent),
HMeHeM (cest mon pre qui vient) h j i h HapercHeM ( cest hier
quil est parti).
HaKOHeu, b ms j i om npeAJiOKeHHH npeAHKSUHH n o j r a s , koh-
KpeTHa h p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 H a , r j i s r o j i MOxeT c t o h t v b p33HHX HaKJioHe-
i hhx, BpeMeHax h MHCJiax. B ojibuioM ce npeAJioateHHH oeraeTCH
oa ho hj i h ABa BpeMeHH (prsent ra i m p a r f a i t ) , o a h o aKJiOHeHHe
(indicatif) h HMeeTcs TeHAeHUHH ( b pa3r0B0pH0M H3biKe) k c o x p a -
HeHHio TOJibKO o a h o t o MHCJta ewHHCTBeHHOro ( c p. C ' e s t mes pa
rents qui viennent). H e o 6 xoAHMa a j i h co oi u c hh h o6aBOMH3H
npeAHKauHH b w h o c h t c h b r p y n n y onpeAeJieHHH hj i h 0 6 cT0 HTeJibCTBa
oj i bi uor o npeAJi o*eHHH n o c j i e c j i ob que , q u i . CjieAOBaTejibHO,
pa3AejieHHe npeAHKauHH H c j i c a c t b h h 3Tor o ynpomeHHe HaKJio-
neHHH h BpeMeHH xapaKTepHaa nepTa cerMeHTauHH h o 6 o 6 meH-
Hbix THnoB BbicKa3biBaHna, c p . TaKHce: Il s e r a i t parti depuis long
temps (KJiaccHqecKH THn) h II y a longtemps (cela f a i t long
temps) quil serait parti.
TaKOBbi o c o 6 eHHOcrH o j i b mo r o npeAJioweHHH no cpaBHeHHio
c MajiwM, nonaAa oi uHM KaK u a e r b BHyTpb ne pBor o. Ho ecjiH npH
HHTb bo BHHMaHHe, h t o OJibuiHe npeAJioJKeHHH THna c e s t . . . que,
cest... qui BOBce He0H3aTeJibH0 h b j i h i o t c h np0H3B0AHbiMH o t npeA-
j i o j k c h h h MaJ i or o THna, a b coBpeMeHHOM H3hiKe Bce Mame cyrne-
CTByiOT He33BHCHM0 OT HHX, KaK OAHH H3 B03M0JKHHX CnOCOOB n e p -
BHqHoro BupaHceHHH, t o h c ho , mt o BCe CKa3aHHoe xapaKTepH3yeT
OAHH H3 CaMblX npOAyKTHBHblX THnOB npeAJIOJKeHHH BO 4)paHUy3-
ckom CHHTaKGHce, h xapaKTepHoft MepTofl e r o h b j i h c t c h c y c r a H-
THBHOCTb HJIH HOMHH3THBHOCTb
O c t 3 h o b h m c h Ha onpeAeJieHHH c a Mo r o noHHTHH c y 6 c T 3 H T H B -
a OCT b , HJIH HOMHHSTHBHOCTb, HJIH HMHHOCTb. C TOMKH 3pe-
hh h rpaMMSTHKH onpeAeji eHHe 3TO H3BecTH0: hmh cymecTBHTejibHoe
ecTb npeACTaBJieHHe MwcjiHMoro coAepwaHHH b BHAe OTAeJibHOH c y 6 -
CT8 HUHH, 3 CyCTaHTHBHOCTb, HJIH HMHHOCTb, eCTb, CJieAOBaTeJIbHO,
1 06 9 t o m cm. noApoCHee 10. C. C t e n a h o b. M e t a o r m c a K H e b Hct opH-
l ecKoft rpaMMaTHKe. BecTHHK Mo c k . y H- r a , Ks 2, 1962 h s a e c b , 34 h IlpH-
jiojKeHHe.
197
oJiaaaHHe KanecrBaMH HMeHH. CycT3HTHBHOcTb npoTHBono. ua-
raeTCH rj i ar oj i bHocTH. O a h s k o bo3moj kho h T3K0e onpeaeêHHe,
KOTopoe yneT He pa3' beAHHTb cycTaHTHBHOCTb h rj i ar oAbHocTb
npoTHBonocTaBJieHHeM h x Ap y r Apyr y, a OTMenaTb o m e e b h h x
h paccMaTpHBa b h x k s k uacTHHe c^ yna H HeKOToporo ojiee o me -
r o c n o c o a npeACTaBJieHHH MbicJiHTeJibHoro coAepjKSHHH b H3HKe.
C 3TOH TOHKH 3peHHS H HISrOJIbHOCTb H CyCTSHTHBHOCTb (COOT-
BeTCTBeHHo r j i a r o j i h h mh) paBHOueHHbie c n o c o u npeACTaBJieHHH
MUCJIHMMX HBJICHHH BHeiUHerO MHpa, HO rJiarOJIbHOCTb eCTb T3K0&
c n o c o , n p n k o t o p o m HBJieHHe npeACTaB^neTCH b nacTHOM BHAe, c
e r o CBH3HMH, C AeTSJIHMH KOHKpeTHOrO e r o CymeCTBOB3HHH, npOTe-
K3HHH ( npOUieA, UieA, XOUA), 3 CyCTaHTHBHOCTb eCTb c n o c o
npeACT3BJieHHH HBJieHHH 6e3 CBH3en, BbiAeJieHHbiM H3 OKpysceHHH,
oomeHHbiM ( xooicdeHue) . B nj i aHe BbipameHHH rJiarOJIbHOCTb ecTb
npeACTaBJieHne h b j i b h h h b nacTHOft 4)opMe, oTBenai omeft c bohmh
H3MeHeHHHMH Ha HaCTHbie 33A3HH 33A3HH AaHHOrO COOmeHHH
(XOUA 0TJIHH3CTCH OT XOUT H3MeHeHHHMH <})OpMU, BbITeK3I0mHMH
H3 3aAan coomeHHH, x o t h npeACTSBJieHHoe HBJieHHe b o o h x cj i y-
H3HX OAHO H TO JKe); CyCTSHTHBHOCTb eCTb npeACT3BJieHHe HBJie-
h h h b o m e $ o p Me , h OTBensiomeft HHK3KHMH ( h j i h OTBeH3K>meH
MHHHMaJIbHblMH) H3MeHCHHHMH Ha H3CTHbie 33A8HH 33A3HH AaH-
Horo coomeHHH (XOOKdenue e3p33JIHHH0 K BpeMeHH) .
T s k h m 0pa30M, KorAa m h roBopHM, h t o oomeHHbi e THnu
npeAJioKeHH TepHioT b ni s r oj i bHoc TH h npHo6peT3K)T cycTSHTHB-
HOCTb, m h npocTo HHbiMH cJiOBaMH Bupaj KseM Ty e HepTy 0 6 0 6 -
meHHOCTb npeAJioweHHH. H o , o n n c s B 3Ty nepTy HH3He, m u Ji er ne
33MenaeM e e n o j w o e c x o a c t b o c ApyrHM HBJieHHeM t s k Ha3biBae-
MOH TeHAeHUHe K CyCT3HTHBH0CTH (HJIH HOMHHaJIbHOH TeHAeH-
UHeS) BHyTpH (J)paHuy3CKoro npeAJi*eHHH. TeHAeHUHH s t s oco-
eHHO HeTKO IlpOHBJIHeTCH B CyCTaHTHBHOM CTHJie (cm. 3 4 ) . Cp.
KJiaccHHecKH c n o c o ( c XVII a o cepeAHHbi XIX b. ) BbipsweHHH
AecTBHH: Il s est cri, a agit les bras et a disparu dans la nuit
noire h coBpeMeHHbift onocoi : Il y a eu un cri, un mouvement des
bras et il a disparu dans le noir de la nuit. BMecTO h s c t h u x , r j i a -
roj i bHbi x 4>opM BupajKeHHH m u h 3 x o a h m Tenepb OOmeHHUe, HMeH-
Hbie 4>OpMU.
OnHC3HH3H H3MH TeHAeHH,HH K OOmeHHIO, a CJleAOBaTeJIbHO,
K CyCTaHTHBHOCTH THna npeAJIOJKeHHH, H CyCTaHTHBHblH CTHJlb
c o c t 3 b j i h k )t Ase CTopoHu o a h o h Toft ce o j i e e o m e , MeTarpaM-
MaTHHecKoA, TeHAeHUHH 4>paHuy3CKoro h 3 k 3.
92. Bbi op KaApa bo $ p a H u y 3CK0M *. C 33afl UM b npeAUAy-
m x nap3r pac{) a x pa3-bHCHHeTCH Bonpoc 0 t o m , KaK c t p o h t c h 3Jie-
1 B o n p o c w , n o A o 6 H u e 3T0My, h x o a h t b 6 o J i e e mapoKH n p y r BonpocoB ho-
BO ofijiaCTH HayKH nCHXOJIHHrBHCTHKH, KOTOpyK) MOJKHO OnpeAejlHTh KaK
OTp a a i b 3H3HHH, n s y q a i o m y i o OTHOUieHHe CTpyKTypti n e p e ^ a B a e M o r o coomeHHH
k c Tp y Kr y p e noBeaeHHf yqacTHHKOB aKTa KOMMyHHKauHH, A. A. J I e 0 h t b e b.
198
MCHTspHos coomeHHe b Ka>KflOM H3 AByx H3HK0B, nocne TOrO
KK c03HaTej ibH0 h j i h ecc03HaTeJi bH0 npeflMeTbi coomeHHH
rOBOpHmHM BblpaHbl. Ho KaK npOHCXOflHT CaMblH BblOp npefl Me-
t o b , o KOTopbix nof l eT penb, s t o Bonpo c o t o m, Kyaa c m o t p h t
r o B o p a m n , Kyaa HanpaBJi neT oh c b o h MbicJieHHbift B3op, c bo
O'beKTHB, AO Tor o KaK HHHeT CTpOHTb KaAp. ECJIH CTpOeHHe
KaApa npe a onpe Ae J i e Ho CTpyKTypoft coomeHHH, t o Bbiop npeAMe-
t o b nna KaApa npeAonpeAeJi eH npe Kfl e Bcer o ocoeHHocTHMH cj i c-
aapH. Hcho, HanpHMep, h t o b ajieMeHTapHOM coomeHHH H3 AByx-
Tpex cj i ob He m o j k t biTb penn o t b k h x npefl MeTax, KOTOpbie ne
HMeiOT Ha3B3HHH B flaHHOM HailHOH3JIbHOM CJlOBape ( cp. Bblie
54) . BbipaHHbifi JKe npeAMeT 0 K a * e T c a opHcoBHHbiM HMeHHo
TaK, KaK npeAonpeAeJi neT 3 t o CJIOBapb. T s k h m 0pa30M, Bce oc o-
eHHOcra na c Te penH npeAonpeAeJi ni oT Bbiop npeAMeTOB b KaApe.
HanpHMep, AeftcTBHe yAeT n 0 AaH0 b pyccKOM H3HKe c oJibuiHM, a
bo <paHuy3CKOM c MeHbmHM KOJMHecTBOM AeTaJieS ( cp. 46 H
HH*e 9 8 ) . OCT3H03HMCH oj i ee noApoHO n a HeKOTOpux ocoeH-
HOCTHX.
9 3 . Cy-beKTHOCTb hj i h 3roueHTpH3M $paKU,y3CKoro KaApa.
FIpeAMeTOM, c KOToporo HanHHaeTCH KaAp, BOKpyr KOToporo oh
CTpOHTCH, HBJIHeTCH, Ka flpaBHJIO, UpeAMCT, CymeCTBeHHHH B A3H-
h o h CHTyaUHH. B TecHo c b h s h c 3t h m c t o h t ABe cj i eAyi omHe oc o -
eHHocTH 4>paHuy3CKoro KaApa.
I l epByi O MOJKHO blJIO bl Ha3BaTb Cy'beKTHOCTbIO HJIH A a * e
3TOneHTpH3MOM, TaK K3K C TOHKH 3peHHH <J>paHAy3CKOrO H3bIKa,
cymecTBeHHbiM npeAMeTOM 0Ka3biBaeTCH peajibHO AeflcTByiomHfi
cyt eKT. E c j i h B03M0weH Bbiop MeKAy HcnbiTbiBaiomHM AeficTBHe
h peajibHO AeftcTByiomHM, t o npeAnoHHTaeTCH nocJieAHH (n03T0My
peAKH naccHBHue KOHCTpyKUHH) :
OcoenHO poccLAacb e ZA3a ama tcapmuHa,
On regardait surtout cette toile.
B Katnacmpope nocrpadaAO 5 KeAoeeK.
La catastrophe a fait 5 victimes.
E c j i h B03M0JK6H BblOp MOKAy 3KTKBH0 AeCTBylOmHM npeAMe
TOM h AeflcTByromHM j i h h o m , t o npeAnoHHTaeTCH j i h a o :
Reepb XAonnyAa Menu no nocy, u a u Mena. XAOnuyAO deepbto
no nocy.
J ai reu la porte au nez.
ncaxoj iHHrBHCTHKa h npo-neMa cfyHKUHOHajibHbix eHHHu p e r a , b c 6. Bonpocu
TeopHH a 3 biKa b coBpeMeHHoft 3apy6e5KHOft jiHHrBHCTHKe, H 3/ i - b o AH CCCP,
M., 1961, CTp. 168.
199
E c j i h B03M0>KeH BHop M e x a y AByM? aeftcTByromHMH jiHuaMH,
t o npeAnoHHTaefcH t o , o k o t o p o m Boouxe HaeT peMb b aaHHofi ch-
ryauHH, rj i aBHuft n e p c o H a * :
Kt o -t o eu eoeopur...
Elle sentend dire par quelquun...
ripwiecKy eu cdeAaA onem xopouiu. naputcMaxep.
Elle sesl fait faire la coiffure par un trs bon coiffeur.
I l oc j i e a Hi oi o CTpyKTypy K a a p a h moj kho cHHTaTb o p a 3uoM pewe-
B o r o or ou e HTpH3 Ma . E c j i h npHHHTb bo b h h m b h h c orpoMHoe, cpaB-
HHTejibHO c pyccKHM, pacnpocTpaHeHHe bo <J)paHuy3CKOM H3biKe
noaoHwx o 6o p o t o b (faire faire, faire manger, faire souffrir),
t o npHMepbl aroueHTpHMecKHx KOHCTpyKUHfi JierKO moj kho yMHO-
JKHTb. Cp. :
E cdeAAU onepau,uto.
Elle sest fait oprer.
H ado, mo6bL deru y exaAU.
Il faut faire partir les enfants.
riycTb KTO-H.u6 ydb omeceT s t o nucbMo.
Il faut faire porter la lettre par quelquun h t . n.
BHpaweHHe elle s entend dire par quelquun ona CAbiuiur,
KK KTO-TO BOeOpUT e HeOJIOrH3M, H B HeM aOBeaeHbl a o BHCUie
ereneHH Bce yKa3aHHbie Me p r a . B o t j i h h h c o t p y c c Ko r o 9KBHBajieH-
Ta, b 3 t o h (})paHuy3CKofl 4>pa3e Bce noaMHHeHo h b ommhom h b
rpaMMaTHuecKOM CMbic/ ie.CJIOBy elle, o h o ueHTp BbicKa3biBa-
h h h . 3 t o BbipaweHHe h h p k o HeancKpeTHO. ( O c b h3h c ancKpeT-
HocTbio peMeBoft n e n n cm. Bbiine 25, npHMep M. >KyaHao. )
94. MjieHeHHe Ha nji aHbi. P oj i b apTHKJIH n p n s t o m . p y r a a
0 C0 eHH0 CTb, BbneKai omaH H3 npeaMeTHOCTH $paHuy3CKor o Ka a
p a , 3 t o crJi a*H' BaHe ' BTopocreneHHbix a eTaj i ef t , h HenpeiaMeTHbix,
HanpHMep, aeTaJi efi aBHweHHH, r j i ar oj i bHbi x, h npeaMeTHux, j i a r o -
a a p n neMy Kaap o t mc t j i h b o mj i c hht c h Ha nJiaHbi r aaBHbi h b t o -
pocTeneHHbift. CKa3aHHoe moj kho aonoj iHHTb HajnoaeHHHMH
A. Ma j i bf i j i a Ha H a a o c o 6 c h h o c t h m h <})paHuy3CKoro H3biKa, cpaBHH-
TeJibHO c HeMeuKHM. K o r a a (})paHuy3 roBopHT ce potage est bon
cyn enycHbi, h j i h cest la guerre nmeeo ne noeAaeuib, eo-
Hal, t o HeMen n e p e a a e T 3 t o c onncaHneM aeftcTBHH: die Suppe
schmeckt gut h so geht es nun mal im Kriege her. HeMeuKH h 3u k
HaeT o t <J)aKTa k Haee, a (j)paHuy3CKHft o t Haen k <{>aKTy hj i h, no
KpaHefi Mepe, KaweTCH, mt o 4>paHity3CKHft HaeT o t Haen k (JjaKTy,
noTOMy mt o m o j k c t biTb, h Macro Ha chmom a e j i e SbiBaeT TaK, mto
(})paHUy3CKHft H3bIK CHaHaJia KaK 6 bl BHaHT 4>aKT, 3aTeM COCTaBJIHeT
cyj KaeHHe o HeM h, HaKOHeu, B u p a a c a e r 3 t o t <}>aKT q e p e 3 cocTaB-
200
jieHHoe cyscaeHHe. TaKHM o6pa30M, HHTaTeJiio hj i h cj i ymaTeJi i o n p n -
XOAHTCH npOflCJIbIBTb OpaTHblft nyTb OT BbICKaSHHOrO Cy)KfleHHH
k 4>aKTyi .
OcTaHOBHMOH Tenepb Ha crJ i a*HBakHH npeAMer abi x AeTajieft.
IlocKOJibKy obiwHaH 4iopMa npeAMeTHOCTH cymecTBHTejibHoe, t o
ofibiMHaH $ o p M a crJia>KHBaHHJi npefl MeTHo AeTajiH b Ka a p e Hefl-
TpaJiHsaitHfl apTHKJIH ( o HefiTpaJiH3anHH apTHKJIH cm. 39 h Becb
pa a a e J i CJi 0 B0 C0 *ieTaHHe). T e n e p b Baat Ho noKa3aTb, KaK c no-
MOIUblO apTHKJIH rOBOpHIUHfi KaK 6 bl TO BblABHraeT npeaMeTbl Ha
nepBbift nj i aH, t o , HaoopoT, o t h o c h t h x k <j)OHy. PaccMOTpHM Ta-
ryio cj>pa3y: Linterprte peut parler de ta tribune ou dune table
normale dans la salle (J. Herbert. Manuel de linterprte , p. 8)
t/cTHbi nepeeodnuK mootcer zosopumb c mpuynbi hj i h U3-3U
o 6mh h o z o cmoAa b 3aj i e. Toeopurb c Tpuynbi a e j i o ouHHoe,
nciSTOMy 3Ta n a c r b <j>pa3H o6pa 3ye T 4>oh, rpuyna npHHaflJiewHT k
9T0My cboHy, He OTAaJiHeTCH o t Hero, mt o h nepeAaeTCs o n p e a e J i e n -
HbiM apTHKJieM, n o pme My npaBHJiy (cm. Bhirne 38) 2. YnoTpeJi e-
UHe o n p e a e J i e n Ho r o apTHKJIH p h a o m c neonpeaejieHHbTM b oAHoerpaa-
hom p n a y cymecTBHTejibHbix, KaK b s t o m n p HMe p e , cj i eayeT paccMaT-
pi eaTb KK mepByi o, cj i al yi o crei neHb HeftTpajni3auHH cMuc j i a .
P e 3yjibTaT a n o r o paocj i oeHHe H3o 6 pat at aeMor o Ha aa nj i a Ha : o a h h
npeAMeTbi o t h o c h t c h k <}>OHy, ApyrHe k AeTajiHM n e pBor o nj i aHa.
T t we s ^ e K T , ho ojiee CHJibHbi, AOCTHraeTCH onymeHHeM
apTHiuiH phaom c coxpaHeHHeM apTHKJIH. Cp. Linterprte est sou
vent accul un choix cruel entre exactitude durie part et dautre
part lgance ou mme correction du style. Dans ce cas il ne
doit jamais sacrifier l exactitude, quelles que puissent en tre les
consquences. (J. Herbert. Manuel de linterprte, p. 32). Ho
mribKO Tenepb HaoopoT cjioBa 6e3 apTHKJIH o6pa3yK>T (j)OH, a
cjiobo c onpeAeJieHHbiM apTHKJieM, TaK hjih HHaqe conoeraBJieHHOe
c ohaom cjiob 6e3 apTHKJIH, BHABHraeTCH, AaeTCH KaK 6bi Kpyn-
hhm n-taHOM. Eme Jiyqme s t o bhaho Ha cJieAyiomeM npHMepe:
Tout est mr, grain et paille et le fruit avec la feuille. (P. Claudel.
Connaissance de lEst ) 3.
E c j i h HecKOjibKO cymecTBHTeJibHwx CBH3aHH OTHOuieHHeM noa-
WHHeHHH, TO HelfrpaJIH3aUHH apTHKJIH npH raaBHOM CymeCTBHTe.TIb-
hom aBTOMaTHqecKH BH3UBaeT HeHTpaJiH3auHi o apTHKan npH noA-
iHHeHHOM; npnqe M TaK, mto HeftTpajiH3auHH 9Ta n p n noAMHHeHHOM
A. M a 1b 1a n c. Stylistique compare du franais et de lallemand, p. 74.
Cp TaKwe: A. S a u v a g e o t . Les procds expressifs du franais contemporain,
Klincksieck, P., 1957, pp. 222-225.
1Cp. P. r. n H O T p o B c K H ft. OjpKH no CTHJIHCTHKe <J>pamiy3CKOrO H3bfKa,
2-e h3a., i 960: IpH napa.weJibHOM ynoTpeCjeHHH HecKo.ibKHX cymecTBHTeJibHbix
ueonpeAejieHHbifi apTHx/ib no-nyiaiOT HMeHa, HMeromne oco6o BawHyio aj i h a a n -
Horo noHHMaHH cMbioiioByio 3aocrpeHHOCTb (cTp. 57) .
nocf l ea HHf t npHMep uHTHpyeTCH no G. S c h l o c k e r . Equilibre e t s y m
t r i e dans l a p h r a s e franaise moderne, Klincksieck, P., 1957.
201
cymecTBHTejibHOM BcerAa Ha OAHy CTyneHb oj i b i n e , HeM n p n rJiaB-
h o m:
le tronc dun arbre
un tronc d arbre
(un tronc d'un arbre)
noj maa cjjopMa
HeSTpaj iH30BaHHaa
npaKTHHeCKH HCB03M0JK-
la transfusion du sang
une transfusion de sang
HO
la voix d un homme
une voix d homme h t . n . 1
OAHaKO, eCJIH nOOTHHeHHblX CymeCTBHTejlbHUX HeCKOJIbKO, TO
onHcaHHoe cooTHouieHHe apTHKJieft MeHaeTca; o 6hhho b s t o m cj i y-
n a e cpeAHee cymecTBHTeJibHoe HMeeT HeftTpajiH30BaHHuft apTHKJib,
Tor f l a KaK npefltuecTByromee h nocjieAyiomee coxpaHHK)T ero ( bo 3-
MOJKHO BJ1H3HH $OHeTHHeCKHX yCJlOBH: CpeAHee cymecTBHTeJibHoe
nonajiaeT b (|) oHeTHHecKH cjiayio m>3HAHio). Cp.:
la rapidit de la transmission
h o : la rapidit de transmission de la voix par cble.
3 y 3aOHOMpHOCTb MO>KHO a3' BaTb C H M M e p H H (}) p a h-
n y 3 e k o r o a p t h k ji h.
OpaTHM BHHMaHHe e m e Ha OAHy ocoyio poj i b a p r a w i a . B pyc-
CKOM H3bIKe nCHXOJIOrHMeCKHH npeAHKaT CMHCJIOBO UeHTp BH-
CKa3bIBaHHH C03AaeTCH, KaK Mbi BHAeJIH, CHJIbHOH, yAapHOfi n03H-
UHe bo 4>pa3e. C p . p a 3HHuy noe3d 'npurneA ( 1 ) h npurneA 'noe3d
( 2 ) . Bo 4>paHHy3CK0M Ty * e (jjyHKltfHO MOJKeT BblOOJIHHTb apTHKJIb.
C p . le train est venu ( 1 ) un train est venu ( 2 ) . B s t o m cj i yna e ,
cjieAOBaTejibHO, npOTHBonoeraBJieHHe onpeAeJi eHHoro h HeonpeAe-
JieHHoro apTHKêfl l e / u n BHno. i HaeT ocofi yi o (JjyHKUHio, He OTMe-
neHHyio h3mh pa He e ( c p. 3 8 ) .
HaKOHen, 3aKaH*iHBaH 3t o t pa3Aej i , cj ieAyeT CKa3aTb, h t o a b h -
>KeHHeM oieKTHBa He TOJibKO Bocco3AaeTca npeAMeTHaa KapTHHa
AeficTBHTejibHocTH, h o 3Ta KapTHHa e me h opaaTbi BaeTCH, no-
AaeTCH TaK, KaK s t o Hy * Ho HaJiioAaTeJio r oBop a me My, Kopone
r o Bo p a , OHa e m e h h j i c h h t c h . Ha npeAHAymnx npHMepax m h b h -
AeJiH, h t o b o 4>paHuy3CKofi penH KaAp HJieHHTca Ha nj i aHH, c o o t -
BeTCTBeHHO rjiaBHOMy npeAMeTy, CToameMy Ha nepBOM nj i aHe ( r paM-
MaTHnecKH s t o nj i aH noAJ i e Kamer o) h BTopocTeneHHbiM npeAMe-
TaM, CToamHM Ha b t o p o m nj i aHe h j i h A a w e o6pa3yi omHM Bcero
ji Hi ub (|)o h . H TaK KaK npH 3 t o m r J i a r o j i b Hu e AeTajiH o h h h o n p n -
HocaTca b JKepTBy npe^MeTHbiM, t o b ueJioM 4>paHuy3CKH KaAp
b h t j i h a h t ojiee c t 3 t h h h h m , HeM pyccKHH. B pyccKoft peHH KaAp
He HJieHHTCa Ha nJiaHbi, h o B3TJIHA b HeM KaK 6 h nepexoAHT o t
1 Cp. LU. B a n n h. OCmaa jiHHrBHCTHKa h Bonpocu (bpaHuyacKoro H3biKa
M., yPCC, 2001, CTp. 100.
202
z
g
&
r
A
o
t
i
W
J
i
aeraflK k AerajiH. PyccKHft aap ikvuhukbh h oxBaraBaeT CKOJib
yroAHO fiojibiuoe KOJiHnecTBO AeTajiefi. Cp. Tanyio KapraHy H3
A. 'IarccToro (nwiybie ropoAa, raaBa MejiKHe co6hth5):
B 3 TO epeMH 3 a aKaiûHMu 3 0 CMexAUCb. Oh naenyAcx u Meotcdy
ctoaqmu yeudeA Hadto u Kaicyto-To noAHyto KpacHow,eKyto deeyui-
Ky. Ohu jieotcaAu na jiyMtcy (1), na odefuie (2), na cumu,eebix
t i odyi uKax ( 3 ) . Tleped humu ctoha nootcuAax, na hu3kom xoy
menimiHa, na pytcax depotcaAa riAane, euduMO, noprHuxa. EOAb-
uiue zybi ee BbimHHyAucb ( l a ) ,yAbi6 aAucb dopodyuino (2a),
ZAynoeamo ( 3 a ) .
eTaJiH n e p B o r o n ; i a H a 1, l a , BToporo n J i a H a 2, 2a,
a r p s T b e r o 3, 3a, Bce conojioHceHbi, cBH3aHbi He noAHHHeHHeM,
a COHHEeHHM, MbICJieHHblH B30p CBOOAHO nepeXOAHT OT OAHOH K
Apyrofi , KaK 6 bi He 3aMenaH nepeAOBaHHH miaHOB. 3ra xapaKTepHaa
nepTa p yc c Kor o KaApa Boome, h ona TOJibKO yCHJieHa A. TojiCTbiM,
KOTOpblft JIIOHJI 3T0 CBO&CTBO pyCCKOH peHH.
eTaj i b, nacTb npeAMeTa b pycKOM KaApe MOweT biTb paBHO-
npaBHo conoAMHHeHa c uejiwM, KaK ecjiH 6u penb uuia o AeTajiax
OAHoro r ui aHa. Cp. nopTpeT ypoAJiHBoro neJioBeKa y H. ByHHHa:
M Heronbipb octoa u OKa3Acsi doeoAbno crpatuen: (1) Hep en
( ) yotcacHbi., (6) oAbiuo, (2) Auqo (a) xydoe u (6) luuponoe,
(B)Kpacnoca<pbXHHoe, (3) ZAa3a nocAe purbx MAademecKu Aec-
t xu\u, (4) dbipa p m a nepna, a (5) cum (a) HU30K, (6) nAenucT,
( ) myAOeume ( a) Kopomoe, (6) naynunoe, (7) h o z u (a) t o h k u
h (6) no-Tarapcrcu npuebi (JlHKa, XV).
Becb nopTpeT noerpoeH e r p o r o chmmct phhho h jiofhmho o t
H33biBaHHH AeTajie, oo3HaneHHbix uinJjpaMH, k AeTaJiHM AeTaJie,
003HaqeHHHx yKBaMH. nocjieAOBaTebHoCTb uh4>P coBnaAaeT c
JiorHnecKo, MeTOAHnHOft opncoBKo qe;iOBeKa: 1) ro;ioBa ( n e p e n ) ,
2) j i huo qacTb t o ^ o b u , 3) r Jia3a h 4) poT n a c r a . wma h t . a .
Ho 0Ka3hiBaeTCH nepTa nopa3HTeJibHaa, t h h h h o pyccKaa! to
cm HSAoeeK (5) conoAHHHeH b s t o m nopTpeTe c er o nacTbio nepe-
noM (1) h noAaH coBepmeHHo TeM * e miaHOM, h Aaace nocj t e Ae-
TajiH, roôBbi. Moj kho 6bi.no AyMaTb, h t o cjiobom cm 3Aecb odo3-
naueHO cocTBeHHO reAOj TyAOBuiu,e (cp. ZQAoea oAbtuaH, a cm
MOAeHbKu) , ho HeT TyAOduuê Ha3BaH0 AaJibiue OTAeJibHoft Ae-
Ta^bio.
95. OcoeHHOCTH cneTa. 06uu hm crpoeHnew ^paHuyacacoro KaA
p a pa3-bHCHHeTCH h cêAywmaH, HHane TpyAHo o-bHCHHMaH, nepTa
$paHuy3CKoft penn. CpaBHHM TaKyro pyccKyio 4>pa3y c ee $paHuy3-
CKHM 3KBHBaJieHT0M:
y ecex deTe ecrb omu,bi.
Tous les enfants ont un pre.
203
PyccKHfi 0 6 'beKTHB n p o d o oueHHBaeT a e r a j i h 3 a AeTajibio, h
Kawj j aH paBHonpaBHa, KajKAaa ocBe ma e i c H c a Ma n o c e e : m h o z o
d e r e u . 3HaHHT d e r u bo MHOxecTBeHHOM MHCjie, m h o z o u ort yoe
3HaHHT OTU,bl TOJKe BO MHOKeCTBeHHOM HHCJie. OpaHIiy3CKH 0 6 'b
eKTHB HJieHHT aefiCTBHTeJibHOCTb Ha nâHH. Oh HanpaBJieH Ha oc-
hobhoh npeAMeT les enfants, no OTHOuieHHK) k 0CH0BH0My oriHCbi-
BaiOTCH h fleTajiH. OcTaJibHbie np e AMe r a 0CBein,ai0 TCH n e caMH no
c e e , a Ji nui b b hx cbh3h c ochobhhm. H, TaK KaK y KaJKAoro pe-
6eHa TOJibiKOoahh otbu, to un pre CTaBHTCHb eAHHCTBeHHOMihc-
Jie. TaKHM 06pa30M, oBHCHeHHe yKa3aHHbix pa3^HMHH 3aKJnoqaeTCH
b cy6i>eKTHOMxapaKTepe (J)paHuy3CKOH 4>pa3bi, 0pHeHTHp0B3HH0H
Ha fleficTByiomee ;ihuo, Mame Bcero Ha noA- news i nee. CpaBHHM e me
TaKoft cjryMaft:
Quand le pre commande le retour : Allons, en place pour la
nage l , elle sourit en voyant ses fils, ses deux grands fils, enlever
leurs jaquettes (1) et relever sur leurs bras nus les man
ches de leur chemise (2) ( Ma upa s s a nt Pi e r r e et J e a n , aHTHpo-
BaHO y Damour et t e et Pi chon Des mot s l a pense, t. 6 ,
p . 593).
Ha stom npHMepe -nenco BHêTb, KaKabhwctch Bo <J)paHny3CKo
4>pa3e 0 6 'beKTHB, HaueJiHBaHCb KaxAbift pa3 Ha tt npeAMeT, ko-
Topbifi HBJiieTCHueHTpaJibHbiMb aHHbift MOMeHT. CHa'is.ns Bo6l>-
eKTHBe 0 6 a MajibHHKa, hx ABoe, h n03T0My ABe KypTOHKH jaquet
tes bo MHO>KecTBeHHOMHHCJie. AaJ'bine 06'beKTHBnepexoAHT k ro-
JibiMpyKaM MaJibMHKOB, h TyT 0 6 a MajibHHKa He MoryT yxe ocTa-
BaTbCH b no.ne 3peHHH, 06'beKTHB Haue^HBaeTca TOJibKO Ha OAHoro
H3 hhx, h noTOMy chemise b eaHHCTBeHHOMHCJie.
96. IIpocTpaHCTBo bo 4>paHuy3CKOM KaApe. Bo (J)paHuy3CKOM
K a a p e np0CTpaHCTB0 npeACTaBHeTCH KaK a e T a J i b , MacTHOcrb, aK-
c e c c y a p o 6 c t 3 h o b k h , b 3 3 b h c h m o c t h o t a e c T B y i o m e r o npe AMe Ta h
B nOAMHHeHHOM OTHOUieHHH KHeMy.
KpoMe 3t o o 6 m e f t ocoeHHocTH b npeACTaBJieHHH npoeTpaHeT-
Ba, OTMeTHM e m e OAHy, Bbi TeKar omyi o H3 Hee qacTHOCTb.
Cp.: ecTb u3 TapeAKu manger dans une assiette, 6yKB. ecrb
e rapeAKe.
M o j k h o j ih 0 6 'bHCHHTb noAoHoe p a c x o x A e H H e n p e AJ i o r o B b AByx
S3bi Ka x, nacTO npeACTaBJ i Hi omeecH Hr pof t c j i e n o f i cjiyHaHHOCTH? FI o-
BHAHMOMy, MOJKHO.
Omaa npHHHHa s t h x pa3;iHiHfi HaxoAHT CBoe 0 6 'bHcHeHHe Ha
CTpyKTypHOM ypoBHe. eftcTBHTejibHO, a h (})paHuy3CKoft CHCTeMbi
npeAJi or oB xapaKTepHa n a c r a He&Tpa/iH3auHH (cr HpaHHe) p a 3;iH-
HHH MeWAy ABHWeHHeM H nOKOeM, COOTBeTCTBeHHO MeWAy OTnpaB-
HOH TOHKOft H KOHeHHOH TOHKOft.
204
Cp. : il est de lAcadmie 1 ( T e- tuien, corpydHUK h t . n. )
il est VAcadmie r
du temps de Pouchkine j B0 epeMena FlyaiKuna
au temps de Pouchkine I
tre du repas \ t o n ( npuzjiaueHHbiM) na 0 6 e-
tre au repas i de
tre du nombre de..< \ e nucAe... h t . n.
tre au nombre de... )
TaKHM 0pa30M, CTpyKTypa 4>paHuy3CKoro H3WKa npeaocTaBJia-
c t ABe bo3mckhoct h: manger dune assiette h manger dans une
assiette '.
H o noneMy H3 a&yx B03MO>KHocTeft b HopMe peaH30Baji acb b t o -
p a a ? 06-bficHeHHe h 3aK.moHaeTca b Tex x e o u i h x noji oweHHHxj
BO-nepBbix, 4>paHuy3CKaH HopMa 33MeHaeT pa3Hoo6pa3He aeTa.rce&
oaHoo6 p a 3HeM aeTaj i eH ( 0C06eHH0 BpeMeHHbix h npocrpaHCTBeH-
HUX), KaK 6bl npHBOHT HX K OIHeMy 3H3MeHaTe/UO, B A3HH0M CJiy-
n a e .tchCo k d a n s , j i h 6o k de, Bo-BTopux, 4)paHuy3CKas HopMa
o6o6maeT n p e a a o w H w e coneTaHHa n o CTeneHH hx ynoTpeHTejib-
k o c t h , TaK par mer ycTOHHBee, HeM travers la mer, en vente
vcTOHMHBee, HeM dans le commerce. Ech nepBoe noaoj KeHHe s a c
r a B/iaeT BbipaTb H3 aByx aaHHbi x o a h o (6e3pa3JiHHH0 KaKoe), t o
BTopoe nojiKeHHe 3acTaBJiaeT BbiSparc. BTopoe. noanepKHeM e m e
pa 3, h t o pe n b HaeT He o HeenocoHOCTH (j)paHuy3CKoro abi Ka b k -
pa3HTb HeKOTOpbie pa3JIHHHH. nO-(J)paHUy3CKH BIlOJlHe MOJKHO yKa-
3 a r b OTnpaBHyK) TOHKy, c yaapeHHeM HHTeHCHBHOCTH Ha de d e
lassiette vum a a * e p a r t i r d e lassiette, d e d e d a n s lassiet
te, HO T3KHe yTOHHeHHH OmyiUaiOTCH KaK 3KCnpeCCHBHbie OTKJIO-
h h h b o t HopMbi. Cp . : l e vous parle du studio des Champs-Elyses
h yTOHHeHHe: . . . de pui s le studio des Champs-Elyses. H a p a a y c
s t h m yTOHHeHHe il est tomb b a s du toit b mc c t o obiHHoro: il est
tomb du toit Bno^He b paMKax HopMH 2.
Hefl Tpa^H3auHH npocTpaHCTBeHHbix pa3JiHHH, ocymecTBâeMaf l
c noMombK) n p e a J i o r a , aHaJtorHHHa HeHTpa;iH3auHH c apTHK/ieM (cm.
n p e a u a y u i H n apar pat } >) . PyccKHfi n p e a ^ i o r c p a c Ta e Tc a c i vi a r oa oM,
4)paHuy3CKHfi n p e a ^ i o r c cymecTBHTe;ibHbiM. ri 03T0My 4>panuy3-
1 HecoMHeHHo, t o b Ka wa of l n a p e npHMepoB Me w a y BupaweHHeM c hjih
dans h BbtpaweHHeM c d e ecTb pa3HHna, h o 9Ta pa3HHua npHHJiejKHT nopMe,
a He CTpyKType. BHeuiHHM 06pa30M, n p n H3yeHHH $pa Huy3CKor o a u K a hko-
CTpaHueM, pa3JiHMne CHCTeMHoro h ycjioBHO-HopMaTHBHoro npoTHBonocTaa.ieHHfl
npoaa.iaeTca b xap aKTe p e oiuhok. OmnCKa b cHCTeMKOM noHHMaHHH n p e , wi o r a
( h B006me OlHCKa B noHHMaHHH H n0JIb30B3HHH CHCTeMoft) BJieqeT HenOHHMaHHe
peqH. TaK y a e T , HanpHMep, ecJii! bmscto tre au repas yqamHCH CKaHteT tre
par le repas hjih tre en repas. OmnCica ce b ycJi0BH0-H0pMaTHBH0M ynoTpeOJi -
hh h b CojibniHHCTBe cj i yqaeB He MemaeT noHHMaHHio h BbObiBaer y cjiyniaejia
TOJibKO omymeHHe t o t o , i t o 9to iohhtho h bosmojkho, ho TaK He roBopaT>, hjih
b xyameM c j i y q a e omymeHHe jiOMaHHOCTH peqH.
2 riocjieAHHe npHMepa H3 khht h A. S a u v a g e o t . Les procds ex
pressifs du f r anai s contemporain, p. 221.
SiC-5
c k h 8 n p e AJ i o r , k s k npa BHJ i o, He MeHHeTcn n p n H3MeHeHHH r J i a r o J i a ,
h o 3 3 t o Ka KAoe c y me c TBHTe ^ bHoe HHOCTpamt y Hy>KHO 3 3 yHHB3 Tb
B M e d e c THiiHHHbiM a j i h He r o npeAJ i or oM.
97. BpeMH bo 4>PaHu y 3CKOM KaApe. Bhiuie ( 83), mm p a c -
CMOTpejiu peneByi o u e n b KaK HBJieHHe, cyi uecTByi oi uee b o BpeMeHH.
TaKOBbiM OHa 0CTaeTCH BcerAa, He3aBHCHMo o t Toro, yaeT h j i h He
y a e T npeAer aBj i eHo b Heft KaKoe-Ji Ho speMeHHe cobiTHe. r i p o -
H3HeceHHe J i i o o r o CJiOBa, 03Ha>j ai omero cKOJib y r o AHo HenoABHJKHoe
HBJieHHe, HanpHMep, KMeHb, y m e ecTb 0Tpe30K peneBOH u e n n , p a 3 -
BepTUBaoiueftcH b o BpeMeHH. B s t o m napar pa<| >e p e nb nofiAeT o
ApyroM, o t o m , k s k H30paKai0TCH BpeMeHHbie c o w t h h , caMO Bpe
MH bo ^paHuy3CKo penH.
IIpeACTaBJieHHe BpeMeHH bo 4>paHuy3CKOM KaApe 0CH0BaH0 Ha
t o m K e npHHUHne 3roueHTpH3Ma, KOTopbifl y m e ynoMHHaj icn h3mh
npH onHcaHHH a b h j k c h h h ( 9 3 ) . Jl i ooe BpeMeHHOe c o 6b i r a e H3o 6-
pamaeTCH no OTHOineHHK) k roBopni ueMy, t . e. T a K * e n o o r a o u i e -
hhk) k MOMeHTy peMH: s t o npHHUHn l e mo i ici m a i n t e n a n t 1.
O ci OAa KaTeropHH BpeMeHH Boome h, caMoe rJiaBHoe, KaTeropHH
OTHocHTeJibHoro BpeMeHH ( h j i h cJ i o*Hbi e BpeMeHa, hj i h KaTer o
pHH npeAinecTBOBaHHH) OKa3biBaiOTCH HecyiUHMH, onopHbiMH KaTe-
ropHHMH (KaK ecTb He c yi une AeTajiH b apxHTeKType) b npeACT3B-
JieHHH AeftcTBHH bo (J)paHuy3CKOH <pa3e. 3 T a oeoeHHoeTb cjjpaK-
uy3CKOH peHH OHHHO pa3i)HCHHeTCH yjKe Ha Hanaj i bHbi x STanax
oyneHHH H3HKy (KaK npaBHJia corJiacoBaHHH BpeMeH, KocBeHHofi
penH h t . n. ) h He BH3biBaeT TpyAHOCTeft y pyccKHX. Oc t 3 Hobhmc h
3Aecb TOJibKO H3 AByx AeTajiHX.
a ) r i epBaH s t o ynoTpeJieHHe p l u s - q u e - p a r f a i t . ObiHHo chh-
TaiOT, mt o p l u s - q u e - p a r a i t ynoTpeJJHeTCH r o r A a , KorAa (jôpMa
n p o c To r o , afi coj noTHoro BpeMeHH Bbi3Bajia 6 bi nyTaHHuy njiaHOB.
HanpHMep, Je suis venu huit heures ( 1 ) , il tait parti ( 2)
BTopoe AecTBHe coBepuiHJi ocb np e wAe n e p Bo r o , ecjiH e bmc c t o
p l u s - q u e - p a r f a i t 6 h j i o 6 bi ynoTpeJi eHo p a s s c o m p o s , t o yxce b
Cp.: examb na Aomadu
(npeA.ncK- na eeAOCunede
Hbi naAeac) na aeroMouAe
aller cheval
bicyclette
en voiture
bord dune voiture
par le mtro
par le train
cheval
bicyclette
en voiture
dans le mtro
dans le train
na Merpo
na noe3de
cecmb na Aouiadb monter
(BHHHTeJib- na eeAocuned
h h n a A e * ) na (g) aeroMouAb
na Merpo
na noe3d
1 D a m o u r e t t e et P i c h o n . Essai de grammaire..., t. 7, 29582961.
206
cH. iy ofl Hor o r o r o , h t o b peneBoft u e n n o b t o p o m AeHCTBHH CKa3SEo
n o c n e n e pBor o, o h o h BocnpHHHMaJiocb 6 u n a n npoHcmeAui ee n o s -
* e . O a h 3ko 9t o He eAHHCTBeHHaH oc oeHHoer b (J)paHU,y3CKoro p l u s -
q u e - p a r f a i t . p y r a a cBH3aHa c TeM HeAOCTHJKHMbiM b pyccKofi pe-
h>h pa.3PpaHHHeHHeM njiawoB, KOTopoe Bbi pa s t a e r c H nepea plus-que
p a r f a i t .
Bot Hauajio p a c c Ka 3a K. nayeTOBeKoro Tojih KaiiHTaH
(MHOrOTOHHHMH Mbi OOSHaHHH npOnymCHHbie H3MH H He CymeCT-
3eHHbie B 3TOft CBH3H <})pa3bi) :
Bcto HOHb Had noepeoKbeM rnyMeA Aueenb. MedAenHbie
mo a h u u oc8eina.Au eoAHbi, ueuiue e epez, pacrpenanubie nnara-
Hbi e cady u mo i o KOMnary, noxooicyio na Katory...
Hozda cpuecLACR urneciA, xAecraA no c t c kac i m. mc a k o U zaAbKO
u apocTHO rpnc crenu. R om, CKpuneA...
A ympOM sce materne peeeAO cedoe MZAucmoe MOpe,
u eda.Au eaAeraAu u oKynaAUCb a eody ocku, peena u ebipeauHbte
c Kopneu depeebR...
ri epsaH h nocjieAHHH noAHepKHyrbie cj)pa3bi npHHaAJieJKaT k
pa3HbiM BpeMeHHbiM njiaHaM, n e p B a a onncbiBaeT t o, ht o wjio
HOHbro, BTopaa t o , ht o yTpOM. Ho, ecjin He 6biJio CKa3aHO a
yrpoM, mh 6bi Aawe He 3aMeTHJiH HepeAOBaHHH nJiaHOB. eTajin
h iwiaHhi paenojiaraioTCH 3Aecb t ohho TaK me, KaK b OTpbiBKe
H3 paccKa3a A. Tocroro ( 94). Ho TOJibKO TaM AeraJiH npocT-
paHCTBeHHbie n paenojiaraioTCH ohh o t ojiee omero k oêe
MejiKOMy: na Ayotcuy, na oenAe, na cuTU,eebix nodyuiKax, no cxeMe
O O - * o , a 3Aecb AeTajiH BpeMeHHbie, h n03T0My HHTareJib boc-
npHHHMaeT ecjw HeT ocohx yKa3aHH& Ha opaTHoe KaacAyro
cjieAyiomyo KapTHHy. KaK cJiyHHBiuyiocH noc;ie npeAHAymeft.
3Aecb h KpoeTCH eme o a h o cymecTBeHHoe OTJiHHHe pyccKoft pe-
HH OT c{)paHUy3CKOH.
Bo 4>paHuy3CKoft peHH Aawe b tom cjiynae, KorAa nocjieAOBa-
TejibHocTb cobiTHH h nocjleAOBaTejibHocTb onHcaHHH hx b peneBOH
Aenn c0BriaAai0T, njiaH npouuioro Bce * e OTrpaHHHHBaeTCH c no-
Mombio pl us- que-par fai t . TaK 6biJia 6bi nepeBeAeHa nepBaa (caMaa
nepBaH.^T. e. e3 bcskot o coniacoBaHHH BpeMeHl) $ p a 3a hs pac-
CKasa K. nayeTOBeKoro, h TaK AeficTBHTeJibHo HaHHHaeTca rjiaBa
b poMaHe P . Ba f t a Ha (cosnaAeHne c <J>pa30H nayeTOBeKoro nonra
AocjioBHoe) :
Des orages avaient grond toute la nuit derrire les collines
et lair tait plus frais. (R. Vailland. La F t e , NRF, p. 205).
Bo t ajih cpaBeHHH eme ABa TeKera onnTb npH6 jiH3HTejibiio oah-
HaKQBoro c t h j i h :
207
K k HbiHe cupaercH eeiu,u OAez
TMCTUTb Hepa3yMHblM xa3apaM,
Hx CeAd U HUBbL 3CLyHbL naee
OpeK o h MenaM u nootcapau;
C dpyoKUHO ceoe, e u,apezpadcKO pone,
KuH3b no noAio eder na eepnoM Koue.
(riyiiJKHH. rieCHb o BemeM 0; i ere)
HecMOTpa Ha ôrHHHocTb h HCHOCTb s r a r o nycna, mh Bce >Ke He
pa3JiHqaeM b HeM BpeMeHHwx njiaHOB. Xot a HeT h HyxAbi b tom,
ho Bce x e HeacHO, HanpHMep, opeK a o t o t o KaK Haqaji coupaTbcn
hjih oAHOBpeMeHHo? Eder ouhho KaxeTca npoHexoAHmHM nocvie
cupaercn, xot b Ha caMOM Ae-rce s t o cobiraa OAHOBpeMeHHbie. He
t o y B. Tioro; Bce BpeMeHHMe njiaHH otmct^hbo pacqêHeHbi:
Booz s'tait couch de fat igue accabl ;
11 avai t tout le jour travai l l dans son aire ;
Pui s avai t f ai t son li t s a place ordinaire,
Booz dormai t auprs des boisseaux pleins de bl.
(V. Hugo. Booz endormi )
CMemeHHe BpeMeHHbtx n-naHOB Ao c r a r a e T npeaej i a b pyccKofi
p a 3r 0B0 pH0- 4)aMHjibapH0, ocoeHHO B3b o j i h o b 3hhoA penH ( t . e.
b penH apKO HeflHCKpeTHoro THna) , oTqer o, OAHaKO, OHa He AejiaeT-
ca HenoHaTHoft. Cp.:
Bo eceM eunoear n, epaotcdanun CAedoeareAb, oot u peuiuA cpa-
3y npu3HTbcsi ( 1 ) . . . HuKozda co mho t kozo ne uao ( 2 ) , a
3decb caobho HewcTbi nonyraA ( 3 ) . Epar npuexaA ko MHe e zoct u
( 4 ) , kk yuiAu mm oa na (pponr e copon nepeoM ( 5 ) , t k c rex
nop u ne eudeAueb ( 6 ) . Hy, cmu nonuMaere, eunuA n na padoc-
t hx (7)... (B. EBr eHbeB. HOHHMHaa 3anHCKa, x y p H . Co i ma J i H-
c r a H e c K a a 3aKOHHOCTb, Ne 1, 1963, e r p . 6 5 ) .
Becb KycoK JiorHnecKH n e r a o MJieHHTca Ha TpH BpeMeHHbix
nâHa:
I a o coBepuieHHa npecTynJi eHHa: (J)pa3bi 2, 5, 6;
I I ocTaHBKa npecTynêHHa: $pa3bi 3, 4, npHHeM 4-a j i o t h -
wecKH npeAiiecrByeT 3, 7-h ;
III nocê npeeryn/ieHHa, pa3roBop co c/ieAOBaTejieM: (j)pa-
3a 1.
M e x a y TeM, KaK noKa3biBaeT caMaa HyMepauna, b paccKa3e
noflcyHMoro Bce BpeMeHHbie nâHbi nepenyTaHbi. Bo 4>paHuy3CKOH
peHH t o t o x e CTH.ua h 3MOUHOHa;ibHoro THna n;iaHbi neTKO pacqjie-
aeHbi (cp. MOHoôr, npHBeaeHHbiH b 5 9 ) .
6 ) B o p a a AeTa^b cooTHomeHHe p y c c K o r o BHAa He c yme f i
r j i a r o ^ b H o KaTer opHH b pyccKO 4>Pa 3e c 4)P aHHy3CKHM s p e Me -
208
HeM Hecymefi iTiarcuibHoft KTeropHH bo 4>paHI*y3CKofi ^ p a 3e. B
y^ymeM BpeMeHH OTHOiueHHe oqeHb npocTO: p y c c n n e BHAOBwe p a 3 -
jihmhh b oJibuiHHCTBe c; i yqaeB npocTO HeTpa^H3yioTCH h n e p e s a -
50t c h o a h o h t o A ce 4?opMoft f u t u r s i m p l e . B n p o me a u i e M Bpe
MeHH o m e e cooTHomeHHe raKOBO, h t o pyccKH coBepuieHHbifi b h a
riepeaaeTCH n e p e 3 p a s s s i m p l e , HecoBepuieHHbiH n e pe 3 i m p a r
f a i t
Bdpya eca. uiupotcan crenb saceepKasta poco.
Tout coup toute la steppe tincela de rose.
Mejibnuiia ne omcmaeajia.
Le moulin ne l chai t pas pied.
OflHaKO HHor aa pyccKHft HHTaTeJib HaTajiKHBaeTCH b n e p e B o a e
Ha OTCTynJieHHH o t s t o t o npaBHJia:
Uejiyto nereepTb naca o. Xpucroop cmofui nenodeuoxHO au-
HOM k BOCTOKy.
Un quart dheure le pre Christophore resta immobile, face au
levant.
3aecb BCTynaeT b cHJiy 6o;iee nacraoe npaBHJio: JiHHrBHcrHHec-
kh TOHHoe o r p a HHn e HHe o r p e 3 K a BpeMeHH, b TeneHHe n o T o p o r o fleft-
CTBHe HMeeT MecTo, TpeyeT pass simple. 3aecb un quart dheu
re. Ho JiHHrBHCTHHecKH T0HH0e He o3HanaeT hh aerpoHOMHqecKH,
hh XHTeficKH TOHHoro BpeMeHH: longtemps TaK te orpaHHHHBaeT,
KaK h un quart dheure: Eeopyuixa oazo CAyuiaA... Igorouchka
S'couta longtemps jouer de son violon.
HeKOTOpue a a y q a H Heo'bHCHHMH, OAHaKO, Ha n e p Buf i B3niHA
A a x e h 9t h m nacTHbiM npaBHOM:
Eaopyiutca noeotcan k ocone.
Igorouchka courut jusqu la laiche.
h o : I7o crenu noeofcaAU nepenaru-noAe.
Dans la steppe couraient les aigrettes du chardon roulant.
OoneMy o a h h h t t te, Ka3ajiocb 6 m , rjiaro;ibHbift b h a not-
3ka noeoKAu nepeAaeTCH n0-pa3H0My: courut couraient, qe-
p e 3 p a s s s i m p l e b nepBOM c j i y n a e h q e p e 3 i m p a r f a i t b o BTopoM?
Me w A y TeM, 3 Ae c b Aeft cTByeT Bce t o x e npaBHJio. B nepBOM onyqae
y AencTBHH ecTb npeAJi h o h yKa 3 a H: EzopyuiKa ne eotcaA daAb-
lue ocoku. Bo BTopoM aiyqae TaKoro npeAeaa HeT. 3 t o t npHMep
CI0Ka3bIBaeT, HTO BO (})paHUy3CKOM (jjHJIbMe AeftCTBHTeJIbHOCTH Bpe-
MeHHofi ai peAWi M o x e r dbi Tb o 6 o 3 Ha n e H h KaKHM-HByAb npocrpa-
cTBeHHHM, Ma Te p n a ^ b Hb i M npeAMeTOM, Kaic 3Ae c b o c o k o h .
1 P,jih epaBHeHHH epeM 3êcfa Bcioay paccKaa A. n. MexoBa Crenb h ero
nepeBOfl Ha <t>paHuy3CKHfi h3wk A. P. T c h k h o v . La steppe. Trad. du russe
par D. Roche, Pion, P., 1925.
209
Bo Bcex cj i yqaax h He c yma n KaTeropHH pyccKOH 4>pa3H,
BpeMH (J)paHuy3CKOH. B nepBOH CTpo<j)e ecHH o BemeM OJ i er e
BpeMeHa pacHJieHeHbi He neTKO, ho b h a h npeaej i bHO h c h h : cu-
paercx h eer HecoBepiueHHMH, &fiHin.HHCH bh, opeu y m e co-
BepmeHHUH. B CTpoê H3 Ti or o, HanpoTHB, m h TOJibKO H3 Bcef t ch-
TyaHHH floraflHBaeMCH o t o m , h t o Boa3 ycrpouA cee nocreAb
avait fait son lit, h t o o h a o b c j i s t o Aeô a o KOHita.
98. OeoeHHOCTH npeflCTaBjieHHH AeficTBHft. Hx onpeaejiHK)T:
a) aeTpaKTHoeTb (J)paHuy3CKoro r ; i a r o j i a ( 4 6 ) , 6 ) TpaKTOBKa
b Kaape fleTaJieft np0HCX0,HHmer0 KaK BTOporo nji aHa, btopocTeneH-
Horo, noflHHHeHHoro AeftcTByiomeMy cy6i>eKTy ( 91, 94, 95) . e-
TaJiH rJiaroJibHoro a c h c t b h h paccMaTpHBaiOTCH KaK h Bce npoHHe
AeTaJiH h n0T0My He pacnpocTpaHHK>T r p y n n y r j i a r o ^ a , a n o n a ^ a m
b r p y n n y ocTOHTe^bCTBa. 3 t o npHBOAHT k ceMaHTHnecKOMy pac-
HJieHeHHio niarojibHOH r p y n n n . Cp. :
IJnma enopxnyAa e KOMnary.
Loiseau e s t ent r dans la pice.
Bo c k eopeaAucb a eopod.
kes troupes sont ent res dans la ville.
Marnuna nponecAacb nod apKy.
La voiture est entre sous le porche.
CaMOAer 6u a c6um 3eHUTH0 apTUAAepue.
Lavion a t descendu par la DCA.
<>paHn,y3CKaH HopMa, b OTJiHHHe o t pyccKO, Bno; me n03B0JineT
orpaHHHHTbCH yKa3aHHeM Ha pe3yj i bTaT aeHCTBHH h o n y c r a T b ae-
TaJiH, OTcrofla o a h h oi hhh r j i a r o j i entrer b nepBbix cjrynaHX, 0 6 -
niHH r j i a r o j i descendre b nocjieHeM c j i yna e . OflHaKO, ecjiH Bce
m e He0 6 x 0flHM0 Bbipa3HTb 3 t h fleTa,nH, t o <|)paHuy3CKaH HopMa He
MeHee CTporo npeanHCHBaeT ocraBHTb t t m e oi uhh Ma r o A h
.iHuib flonojiHHTb ero ocTOHTejibCTBeHHOft rpynnon:
Loiseau est entr dans la pice en saut il lant.
Les troupes sont entres de f o r c e dans la ville.
La voiture est entre sous le porche t oute vit esse.
L'avion a t descendu coups de canons par la DCA.
OrpeMjieHHe 3aMeHHTb r j r ar oj i 6oJiee KOHKpeTHbiM, xapaKTepHoe
b t 3 k h x cj i ynanx -a h pyccKo HopMbi, b o (J)paHu,y3CK0M 0K33HBaeT-
CH CBOCTBeHHHM TObKO (J)aMHJlbHpHOMy CTHJ1IO peHH:
Le champion a t d g r i n g o l au 3e round.
HetAnuon 6u a HOKayrupoean e 3-m paynde.
La voiture sest envoye dans le paysage.
Mamuna epe3Aacb e Ktoeer.
210
Les deux rames se sont tlscopes.
Rea oica.e3HodopoycHbix cocraea speaaAucb dpyz e pyza
h t . n.
Bbi paweHHe AeftcTBHH k s k 6 h pacqj i eHHeTcn r j i a r o j i erpeMHT-
CH CT3Tb JIHUJb 3H3K0M AeftCTBHH H COOTBeTCTBeHHO CBH3KO np6A'
jio>KeHHH, t o t a h KaK AeTajiH a h c t b h h THroTeK)T k ocToaTe^bCT-
BeHHoft r p y n n e . ripn s t o m , e a H oAHoro CBH30HHoro cj i oBa H3-3a
e r o a 6c ' r p a k t h o c t h 0Ka3biBaexcH neAocTaTonHo, b b o a h t c h b t o -
poft CBH301HUH i v i a r o j i , h, raKHM o pa s oM, c a Ma i 7i aro; i bHaH cbh3-
Ka no j i yqa e T HBHyio TeHAeHunio k pacqj ieHeHHio. B aHaJiorHHHbix
o i y n a n x pyccKH h3Bik ( a TaKHce bo MHornx c/ i yqs Hx amviHHCKHfi
h HcnancKHii ) orpaHHHHBamcH o a h h m r j i anwi oM c npHiviaroJibHbiMH
aTpHyTaMH. Cp.:
pyccKoe: H 3ay 3a bcimu.
aurJiHfiCKoe: VU call f o r you.
HonaHCKoe: Pasar por su casa.
Ho 4>paHny3CKoe: Je passerai vous prendre ABa rji aroji a.
MHorAa h pyccKH H3biK onncbiBaeT o a h o CJioCHoe Ae&CTBHe
HecmflbKHMH TârOJiaMH, HO B T3KHX CJiynaIX OAHO CJIOSCHOe Ae-
CTBHe pacKJiaAbiBaeTca Ha HecKOJibKO ojiee npocTbix Ae&CTBHH.
OpaHuy3CKH ce h 3h k np0H3B0AHT He ceMaHTHnecKoe p33Jioce-
irne, a b b o a h t pa3Hbie TJiaroJibHbie c b h 3k h a -'i h oAHoro h Toro ce
AeHCTBHH. OpaHiiysCKoe HBJieHHe, aieAOBaTejibHO, a c j i h k o m o t h o
c h t c h k nJi aHy BbipaweHHH, k BHeinHeMy MOHTawy. Cp. npnj i h-
3HTeJIbHO:
OnomnpbiZHyA u yeepnyACH.
Il f i t un saut et se mit hors datteinte.
B pyccKOM s a p n a H T e BTopoe AeftcTBHe npoHCxoAHT B a c h c t b k -
TeJibHocTH OTAeJibHO o t nepBoro, x o t h no BpeMeHH h MOceT coBna-
Aab c hhm (onHTb o6man nepTa pyccKoro H3biKa jnooBb k k oh-
KpeTHOMy k MaTepna^bHOMy). Bo <J)paHuy3CK0M ce BapHaHTe se
mit 3 t o He HHoe Ae&CTBHe, HeM fit, a o a h o h t o ce: b t o BpeMH Kaic
o h cAeâji npbicoK ( f i t ) o h tcm caMbiM h c t s BHe AOCHraeMOCTH.
BTopo ivraroji se mit TpeyeTCH He a ^ h onncaHHH KaKHX-Ho
pea/ i bHbi x AeTaJiefi abhscchhh, a npocro KaK (j)opMa,JibHbii sjieMeHT
ajih npHeoeAHHeHHH nooneAyromero hors d atteinte (se mettre hors,
dans o6pa3yioT ycToHHBbie coneTSHHH). 3 t o $opMajibHoe pac-
q.ieHeHHe.
Ta ce TeHAeHUHH k pa 3Ji0JKeHHi0 iviaroJibHOH rpynnH p a c n p o -
CTpaHHeTCH B COBpeMeHHOM H3HKe H Ha BbipaCeHHe MOAaJIbHOCTH.
CymecTByeT M0Aa^bH0CTb AByx p o a o b : MoAabHoeTb I 3 3 kji io-
neHa b caMOM c o h t h h , o k o t o p o m HAeT penb: Bansi doAvcen npu-
1 rpHMephi A. S a u v a g e o t. Les procds expressifs du franais contem
porain, pp. 222225.
211
tu, t . e. BHyTpeHHH a o J i r Bshh npHHTH. Mof l aj i bHocTb II 3a-
KJIIOHeHa B BbICKa3bIB8HHH O CObITHH: BHH OAOK6H tipUTU, T. e.
roBopHiuHfi noJ i ar aeT, h t o BaHH, aoj i xHO HTb, n p n a e T . C 3 t o t o h -
k h 3peHHH npeflJioKeHHe Bhh doAotceH npuTU aBycMMCJieHHO, t . e.
MOJKeT fibITb HCT0JIK0B3H0 H B OflHOM H B flpyrOM CMMCJie. TaKHe
CJiynaH e m e n a i n e bo (})paHu;y3CKOM H3biKe: il a d partir oh oh-
3aH blA yexarb H OH, OAOKHO blTb, yeXA. Bo 4>paHUy3CKOM H3b-
xe npeAJioxeHHH, c oa e p Hc a mn e MOAaJibHOCTb II, Mo r y r b HeK0T0pbix
cjiynaax TpaHCKjjopMHipOBaTbCH b npeaJi oiKeHHe c C o n d i t i o n n e l :
il a d partir (II) il serait parti.
Cymec TBeHHo 3 a e c b , oaai KO, He s t o , a t o , h t o HMeeTca TeHaeH-
HHH npeflCTaBJIHTb MOaaJIbHOCTb II paCHJieHeHHO. 3 T0 T b h a TpaHC-
4>OpMailHH HeH3BeCTeH B pyccKOM H3bIKe. C p . :
Il a d partir (II) -> il doit tre parti
MoaajibHbiH r j m r o j i Bbi paat aeT n o c j i e pacnJieHeHHH TOJibKO Moaaj i b-
HOCTb ( h BpeMH B nJ I 3He BpeMeHH BMCK33MB3HHH) , a OCHOBHOH TJia-
r o j i KaTer opni o npeamecTBOBaHHa. TeM caMbiM caMofi (JiopMofi
CBoero ocymecTBJieHHH s t o HBJieHHe yKa3biBaeT h Ha c b o o oCmyi o
npHHHHy pacHJieHeHHe BpeMeHHMx nJi3H0B BbiCKa3MB3HHH ( cp.
91). 3 t o t c n o c o o t h o c h t c h n a m e Bcero k MoaaJibHoeTH II. Cp.:
Cette civilisation a d exi st ercette civilisation doit avoir exis-
t=3Ta u,ueuAU3atûH, oaokho biTb, cyuêcTeoeaAa. Cp. T a Kx e no-
aoHoe pacHJieHeHHe r j i ar oj i bHof t r pynn M n p n r j i a r o j i e p a r a t r e
h t . n . :
il parat tre malade
il parat avoir t malade
il paraissait avoir t malade h t . a .
Mo H T a w
9 9 . H t o T a x o e m o h t h j k ? Ro c h x n o p m u pacoMaTpHB3Ji H
K a a p a ^ e Me HTa p Ho e c o o f i me HHe , n p o c T e f i m y i o KapTHHy aecTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH. Pe Hb, OflHaKO, M0>KeT COCTOHTb H H3 OHeHb CJIOKHOTO
cuenJ i eHHH, h j i h , HanpoTHB, a p o f i j i e HHa TaKHx 3Ji eMeHTapHbi x c o o -
meHHH. Ka K mm yj Ke BHaeJM Bbirne, a j i e Me HTa p Ho e c oomeHHe
K a a p , c ocTonmH H3 n o a J i e x s m e r o H CKa 3ye Mor o, MoxceT o n n c a T b
TOJibKO t o , h t o n p e a o n p e a e j i e H o cj i OBapeM a a H H o r o H3biKa, t . e.
HMeiOmHMHCH B H3JIHHHH CJI0B3MH H CJI0B0C0HeT3HHHMH (MOJKHO
y n e c T b TSKwe CBof i oaHoe p e n e B o e 0pa 30Ba HHe h o b m x c j i o b , h o s t o
c yme c TBe HHo He MeHaeT a e j i a ) . C n o Mo mb i o c e cnenj i eHHH a j i e -
MeHTapHblX COOmeHH KaapOB MOJKHO o n n c a T b HecpaBHeHHO
oj i bi ne , npaKTHHecKH 6e 3r paHHHHyi o KapTHHy MHpa. 3 t o a e j i a e T -
c h b o 3 m o x h m m noTOMy, h t o conoj i oHceHHe b p e n e Bo f t u e n n a B y x
npOCTHX 3H3K0B, OIOCOHMX COHeTaTbCH, a HMeHHO T3K0BM CJIO-
Ba H3MK3 H 3Ji eMeHT3pHMe COOmeHHH, pOJ Ka ae T HOBblH peneBOH
3H3K. r i J i a H BblpajKeHHH 3 T 0 r 0 CJIOJKHOrO 3HaKa 0 p a 3 0 Ba H neJIMMH
212
npOCTeUIHMH 3H3K3MH (T. e. H HX nJiaHOM BUpameHHH, H HX n j i a -
hom c oa e p wa HHH) , a n,naH coAepmsHHH a i o m H o r o 3HaKa h b j i h c t c h
HOBblM CJlOJKHblM eAHHCTBOM. OApOHee O TOM, KaK 3TO MOmeT
npoacxoAHTb, nof l aeT p e nb b p33Ae.rce Me T a o n n c a Hn e x y Ao me c r -
BeHHoro npoH3BeAeHHa ( 1 2 8 ) , MemAy xyAomecTBeHHOH h npaKTH-
necKoft p e nb i o h c t b s t o m CMHCJie npHHUHnnaJi bHoro p a 3JiHHHH.
Cuen; i eHHe h ApoJieHHe aj i eMeHTspHux KaApOB Ha3biBaeM, no
ipHHHTOH H3MH aH3JI0rHH C KHHOCpHJIbMOM, MOHTa >KOM.
Yme npK onucaHHH Ka a p a h j i o n0Ji e3H0, KaK m h b h a c / i h , p a c -
CMaTpKBaTb o a h h npocTbi e coomeHHH KaK npe06pa30BaHHH Apy-
THX, IipOCTeIHHX, H OpaTHTbCH TaKHM 0pa30M K OHHTHK) TpaRC-
4>opMauHH ( npe opa s oBa HHH) . B p a 3 Ae ^ e o MOHrame npHMeHCHHe
TpaHc4>opMauHOHHoro CHHTKCHca AeJiaeTCH y m e h c o x o a h m h m .
CaM 9T0T pa3AeJI MOKHO CHHTaTb npOCTbIM BBeAeHHeM B TpaHCÔp-
MaUHOHHblS CHHTKCHC. 3aMeTHM Cp33y, HTO 3T3 OTpaCJlb H3HK03H3-
HHH HMeeT CBOIO TepMHHOJlOrHK): HanpHMep, TO, HTO Mbi H33HBaeM
K3ApOM, Ha3bIBaeTCH 3AeCb HAepHSH CTpyKTypS.
100. Ap o( t a e HHe KaApoB. CeMaHTHHecKHe TpaHccfcopMauHH
Ul. BajiflH. K a i t o i e Ay e T 3 c a Mo r o onpeAejieHHH KaApa, s t o b
nj i aHe coAepmaHHH eAHHHiia, He ApoHMan AaJibi ue. Il 03T0My, k s k
yme h j i o CKa3aH0, ApoJieHHe KaApa He MomeT CTaTb 3hbkom ho-
Boro coAepmaHHH. HHa ne r oBopn, ApoJieHHHft KaAp, hj i h, h t o t o
me caMoe, yceneHHaH HAepnaH e r p y KTy p a . He HeceT KaKoft-JiHo
HOBo o c h o b h o Hi npopMamw (HHorAs A s m e TepneT nacTb ee, cm.
cjieA. npHMepH) . 3 a T o conoeraBJi eHHe yceneHHoro KaApa c e r o Hop-
MaJbHHM, TOHHee HOpMaTHBHblM, BHAOM, MOmeT HeCTH AOnOJIKH-
Te^bHyiO, CTHJIHCTHHeCKyK) HH({)OpMaUHIO. S t o HBJieHHe nOApOHO
H3y n a ^ III. E a j u m , m c t o a KOToporo M0mH0 Ha3BaTb MeTOAOM ce-
MHTHHecKHx TpaHCfJjopMauH. rioBTopHM 3Aecb KpaTKo p a c c y m -
As hhh Eaj i Hi .
O a h o h t o m e coomeHHe MomeT npHHHTb HecK0JibK0 4>opM:
1. Je veux ( j exige) que vous sortiez. H xony (rpeyio), ht g -
bl 8 b l Bbl Ul AU.
2. Je vous ordonne (vous intime lordre) de sortir. H sam
npuKa.3bieato ( npeAaearo) euTu.
'i. Il faut que vous sortiez. Bo m nyoKHO Qbiru.
4. Vous devez sortir. Bu dOAOKHbi ebiru.
5. Sortez! Btkdure!
6. A la porte! 3a deepbl
7. Ouste! Boni
8. .>KecT, yKa3HBaiomHH Ha ABepb, h mh mh k s Ji Hua, BHpa ma o-
ui3H TpeoBaHHe c OTTeHKOM p a 3ApameHHH.
9. H a p y uiHTejib cnoKoficTBHH n o n p o c T y H3roHHeTCH H3 KOMnar a.
213
PaccMOTpeB a r a npHMepH, n p o a o J i x a e T I I I . BaJiJiH, mh
BbiHyxAeHbi KOHCTTHpoBaTb flBa MOMeHTa: a ) n p n nepexoj xe o t
o ^ Ho r o H3 3 t h x THnoB k ApyroMy Ta hj i h HHas MacTb jiorHMecKoro
BbICK33bIBaHHH paCTBOpHeTCH B flpyrOH HJIH HCHe3aeT H3 np0H3H0-
CHMoro BbiCKa3biBaHHH; 6 ) TeM He MeHee, yM jierKO BocnojiHHeT He-
flOCTaTOMHOCTb BHpaXeHHH, IipHTOM 6e3 KaKOrO-6 bI TO HH bIJIO
y m e p a a j i h c ymHOdH BucKa3biBaHHa... B c e B03pacTaK>mafl Heao-
CTaTOHHOCTb 3KCnJIHU,HTH0r0 BbipaXeHHH H apTHKyJIHpyeMblX 3HaK0B
HHCKOJibKo He npenHTCTByeT noHHMaHHio; HanpoTHB, n o Mepe t o t o
KaK ybiBaeT k o j i h h c c t b o cj i ob, Bbi paxeHHe CTHOBHTCH Bce 6 oj i ee
HCHblM H yeAHTeJIbHblM.
IIpHMepbi Baj ui H qacTHbifi cj i yqaf t o Cme r o no j i o x e HHa : npe -
06pa30BaHHe He&Tpaji bHoro coomeHHH b c t h j i h c t h h c c k h OKpaueH"
Hoe a a e T BbiHrpbim b ycHJiHH, h o n p o n r p b i m b JiorHHecKon hchoct ' h
h nojiHOTe (cp. BBeAeHHe, 8) . KpoMe Tor o, BaJiJiH oneHb t o h k o
h BepHO noflMeTHJi B a x H o e a j i h c t h j i h c t h k h HBJieHHe KOMneHcauHii,
KOTopoe 3aKJiioqaeTCH 3Aecb b t o m, h t o ybiBaHHe Ji oraqecKofi noji -
h o t u h ynpomeHHe ôpMbi BHCKa3biBaHHH o t 1- r o k 9-My cj i yqai o
b Tofi x e nponopuHH KOMneHcnpyeTca ApyrHMH cpeacTBaMn: o t 1
k o 2 rpaMMTHnecKoe ynpome HHe KOMneHCHpyeTCH JieKcnqecKH,
o t 2 k 4 Ji eKCHiecKoe ynpome HHe KOMneHCHpyeTCH jieKCHneoKH x e
iIj i h rpaMMaTH' HecKH, o t 4 k 5 BCTynaer b CHJiy o c o a n s He pnmHa / i
HHTOHauHH, o t 7 k 8 h 9 J)H3wqecKoe AeCTBHe. TaiKHM opa30M,
n p n CTHJiHcrHnecKoft KOMneHcauHH rpaMMaTHKa JieKCHKa h h t o -
HauHH x e c T AecTBHe 3Aecb BbiCTynaioT KaK HBJieHHa o a h o -
pofl Hwe. H a s t o m eBoeTBe ocHOBaHa Bbipa3HTeJibH0CTb x y A o x e c r -
b b h h o peiH h i n n p e H3biKa HdcyocTBa. B apxi r r eKType, naj i pw-
Mep, acTeTHiMeoKyio poj i b Hr paeT $ o h , a KOTopoM c m o t p h t c h 3/iaHHe,
h o 4>oh k 3AaHHio He OTHOCHTC h MaTepnaJi bHo HHofi (HanpHMep,
He6o, c a p a f i ) h t . ji . ( noApoHe e 06 s t o m yineT OKa3aHO b pa3AeJie
0 xyAoxecTBefHHOH peHH.)
yceneHHbi e AepHbie c r p y Kr y p b i Boome xapaKTepH3yiOT pe nb
HajiorHHecKyio, npHTOM yceneHHH TeM o j i bme , HeM o j i e e OHa
SMOUHOHaJIbHa.
B CHJiy OTKpbiToro, AHCKpeTHoro x a p a KTe p a peneBOft u e n n , b
pyccKOM H3biKe m o x h o noABepr aTb yceneHHio A a x e HAepHbie CTpyK-
Typbi, 6e3 KaKHx-Ji6 o (KpoMe HHTOHauHOHHbix, TOHHee 4)0HeMa-
THnecKHx) npeo6pa30BaHH, t . e. 6e3 MapKHpoBKH s t o t o yceneHHH.
3 t 0 AOnOJIHHTeJIbHblH HCTOHHHK CTHJIHCTHHeCKHX CpeCTB. Cp. :
Oh cuAen -* CuAenl
Ciuen AUOH -* CuAen?
K k o h cuAen -* KaK o h = cp. KaK o h ezol h t . n.
B o (j)paHuy3CKOM 3biKe HHKaKOe yceneHHe HAepHux cTpyKTyp
HeB03M0XH0. noaTOMy pyccKHe BbiCKa3biBaHHa TaKor o BHAa n e p e -
AaiOTCH BO <})paHUy3CKOM OOpOTaMH BblAeJieHHH (oCTaBIUHHCH noc-
214
j i e yceneHHH nJieH pyccKOfl 4)pa3H paccMaTpHBaeTCH k s k *uieH 3
ciWbHofl ri03HU,HH h c 00TBeTCTBeHH0 nepeuaeTCH Ha i})paHuy3CKOM) :
C u a s h ! -+ O h cuAen -+Fort quil est l -y Fort, celui-l !
YceqeHHe Tex OTpe3KOB peneBofi u e n n , KOTOpbie npeBocxoaHT
n o JiHHe AepHyi o CTpyKTypy, rpaMMarHêcKH oTMenaioTCH (Map-
KHpyioTCfl) 06a 3a i e ^ b H 0 . ( 0 6 o 6 ui.hx npHHunn a x 3Toro HBJieHKa
cm. BBeaeHHe. ) 3 t o o 6m e e CTpyKTypHoe Tpe6oBaHHe, o h o Hapy-
maeTCH TOJibKO b OTflejibHHX u i y n a n x , Ko r a a npnxoAHT b npOTH-
BOpeHHe C TpeOBaHHHMH HOpMbI (pHTMa 4>pa3N, JIOrHWeCKO HC-
HOCTH H T. n . ) :
1) pensez-y, ho rflchissez BMecTO peAKoro rilchissez-y.
3aecb, KOHenHO, HrpaeT pojib h H36biT0HHaH AJiHHa cjioBa rflchis-
sez;
2) voulez-vous men donner bmcct o HeB03MO>KHoro * donnez
men h t . n.
3) Moj kho CKa3aTb: il sest attach un secrtaire, il se lest
attach, h o HeB03M0jKH0 * il se m'est attach, BMecTO 3Tor o npHxo-
o t t c h TOBOpHTb il sest attach ma personne. ( Bosmoj kho TOJibKO
myTJiHBoe tout le monde se marrache.)
4) HeB03M0WH0 un mien portrait h j i h un mien ami (nocj i e/ mee
cymecTByeT TOJibKO Ha rpaHH Jur r epaTypHof i HopMH, b âMHJ i bap-
Hoft p e n n ) , BMecTO 3Tor o npHxoAHTCH roBopHTb un portrait de moi,
un ami moi h t . n.
HopMa 0Ka3biBaeTCH b s t h x c j i y n a a x c j i hui kom y 3Koft. 3 t o hb-
JieHHe Ha3biBaeTca HopMaTHBHofl HeaocTaTonHoeTbK). 0 6 m a a npH-
HHHa e r o 3aKJiKwaeTCH b t o m, h t o CTpyKTypa H3biKa B c e r a a a o n y c -
KaeT 6oj i bui e MaTepnaj i bHbi x peaJiH3auH&, neM OTOpaHO h 3aKpen-
Ji eao obiMaeM b aaHHOM oiuecTBe (aaHHoft j i nr epaTypHof t HopMe).
Ta x , s c e c})yHKUHOHajibHbie c t h j i h , BKjnoMan p a 3roBopHyi o pe n b h
np o c Tope nn e , moj kho CTOTaTb pa3HUMH MaTepnaJibHbiMH peaJi H3a-
UHSMH OAHOH CTpyKTypbl, T. e. p33HbIMH H0pM3MH, HO TOJibKO OflHa
H3 3THX HOpM npaBHJIbHaH HOpMa, JIHTepaTypHO npaBHJIb-
Haa peib.
M o j k h o n p e a n o j i a r a T b , h t o s b j i c h h h HopMaTHBHofl HeaocTaTOM-
k o c t h caMH o6pa3yK)T cncTeMy, h j i h CTpyKTypy, h o Bonpoc 3t o t , oc-
BemeHHe KOToporo a o j i j k h o 3 a K J i m a T b c a b CHcreMaTHnecKOM H3yne-
HHH 0U1H0K, MaJIO HCC.ieAOBaH 2.
101. Cuenj t eHHe KaapoB- E c j i h o c h o b h h m c b o 0 c t b o m 4>paHuy3-
CKOfi peqeBofi uenH c*MTaTb ee 3aKpbiTbift xapaKTep, t o b s t o m
p a 3a e J i e Ha a o cKa3aTb o t om, KaK s t o c b o h c t b o HcnoJib3yeTca,
1 Apyrne cjiyian y J. M a r o u z e a u . Aspects du franais, Les lacunes
du franais .
,s Cm- eflHHCTBeHHyio 6<wibuiyio p a o Ty H. Fr e i , La grammaire des fautes,
215
obirpbiBaeTCH h Boome CTaHOBHTCH ofi meft HauHOHajibHofi, n a c -
t o h Heoco3HaHHofi, npHMeToft (J)paHuy3CK0H peMH. Mbi y w e OTMe-
M3JIH ( 46) B CBH3H C HeKOTOpHMH OCOeHHOCTHMH CJIOB3, MTO
CipyKTypHbie CBOHCTB3 H3blKa, MaCTO B CHJiy ASBJieHHH CHCTeMbi,
CTaHOBHTCH TaKWe OIUHMH CTHJIHCTHMeCKHMH TpeOBaHHHMH. TaK
It CUeiL/ieHHe KaApOB, T. e. CBH3HOCTb AJIHHHOrO BblCKa3bIBaHHH,
rpaMMaTHMecKoe noAMHHeHHe, a He coHHHeHHe, CTaHOBHTCH Tpeo-
BaHHCM (})paHUy3CKOft HOpMbl.
TJiHMHe 4>paHuy3CKOH HopMbi o t pyccKOH bhaho y w e H3 cono-
CTaBJieHHH npocTWx npHMepoB ht obo peMH: Tu c yMa couieAl
TucKaeuib (hjih Aawe OTnywAeHHO, b 3-m Jinue: rucKaer) t k pe-
enKal Oh Me t o m k o ht o noKopMJieu! Tu es fou de serrer ainsi
l enfant quon vient de nourrir ! b pyccKOH cjjpa TpH npoc r a x
BbiCKa3biBaHHH, bo 4>paHuy3CKOH oaho cuenJieHHoe.
B HaHojiee nojiHOM BHAe 3Ta oeoeHHoeTb <})paHuy3CKofl peMH
IipOHBJIHeTCH B KHHJKHOM CTHJie B OHeHb AJIHHHHX, n o CpaBHeHHIO
c pyccKHMH, npe/yiojKeHHHX c o6hj i hc m qui que, HHCKOJibKO, Bnpo-
MeM, He p a 3 f l p a x a i o m H x 4>paHuy3CKoe yxo: CTpyKTypa H3UKa h
3AeCb CTaHOBHTCH OlUHM Tpe60B3HHeM HOpMbl.
102. HeKOTOpbie MacTHbie bham coo6iuchhh. riopTpeT. Pa3Hue
CTpyKTypHwe t h i i u BUCKa3UB3HHH 3aKpenjiHioTCH HOpMOH 33 on-
peAejieHHUMH peMeBbiMH CHTysiiHHMH. B u m e ( 8789) m u ywe
BHASJIH, KSK pa3Hbie HHT0H3I|H0HH0-CHHTaKCHHeCKHe THnbl n poc To r o
ABycocTaBHoro npeAJioweHHH t s t o t i o t k p33HbiM c t h j i h m peMH.
CaMbi e 3TH CTHJIH B CymHOCTH h xapaKTepH3yiOTCH TeM, MTO o h h
3aKperui eHbi 3a HeKOTOpbiMH r a n s MH cHTyauH. PeMeBbie CHTyauHH,
OAHaKO, MOryT HTb H OJiee y3KHMH, MaCTHHMH, H T0TA3 HM COOT-
BeTCTByiOT HeKOTOpbie MaCTHHe BHAbI COOmeHHH. ITOHBJieHHH B pe
MH npeAJioweHHH t o t o h j i h k h o t o BHAa n a c r o AOCTaTOMHO, mt o u
b o i u h x nepTax onpeAeji HTb cHTyai wi o. 3 t o mohcho cpaBHHTb c
nocbiJiKofi npHBeTCTBeHHUx TeJierpaMM H3 o c o u x 6ji 3HKax c pH-
cyHK3MH h UBeTaMH. O a h h b h a TaKoro ji aHKa b h i u h k c a j i h nnceM
roBopHT o t o m, mto noji yneHO He mt o HHoe KaK no3ApaBJieHHe. Th-
nH3HpOB3HHUe COOIUeHHH COBepUieHHO TaK >Ke, KaK 3T0 npOHC-
x o a h t npH nocuJi Ke Teji erpaMM Ha cneijHaJibHHX JiaHKax, 3a pa He e
3aKpenji eHHbix 3a CHTyauneft, a s k v t s k o h o mh i o Bup33HTeJi bHux
epeAeTB. (HsnpHMep, npn onncaHHH nopTpeTa o h h n03B0JiHK)T H3-
6 e w3 Tb j i h u i h h x (noAMepKHyTbix 3Aecb) cj i ob h Boodme He roBopHTb,
mt o o n n c u B a e r c H nopTpeT: y n e z o 6bisi toko-to ao, hoc...; oh
cmOHJi maK,Hmo pynu 6uau aaAOOiceHbi sacnuny... h t . n.) B Kaw-
AOM H3bIKe CymeCTByiOT HaUHOHaJIbHUe cnocobl H3T>HCHHTbCH B on-
peAeJi eHHux CHTyauHHx, OTdnpaTb a j i h s t h x CHTyauH Te h j i h HHue
THHbl BUCK33UB3HHH. B ApyTOM H3bIKe, A 3 e K0TA3 TaM CyiHeCTBy-
OT T3KHe ce THIIU, OHH OdbIHHO He IipHMeHHIOTCH B Tex * e CHTya-
Uhhx. Cn r ya u HH oaiHCUBaeTCH HHaê.
216
C npiiMepsMH 3Toro mh He pa3 y me CTajiKHBajiHCb Ha npeAHAy-
i uhx CTpaHHuax: npHJioxeHHe KHuea tock 3eAenaH b pyccKOM
npiiMeHHeTCH TO.ibKO b cpaiBHeHHHX, t . e. TaM, r a e bo $paHuy3CK0M
KK pa3 a r o r o H36eraiOT; uieHeHHe (J)pa3H c n o Mo mb i o cest que,
c'est qui CBoftcT36HH0 (JipaHuyacKOH HaipOAHOH pena, a pyccKoe
npocTopeMHe owinnaeTCH k s k pa3 npocTofi AByHJieHHofi 4>pa3oii
h t . n.
M h oeraHOBHMCH 3Aecb hmc h h o Ha cnocoe onHcaHH n o p p e i a .
Bo (ppaHuyacKoft HopMe 3Aecb n o n r a HenpeMeHHo Hcno;ib3yeTCH occ-
6or o THna npHJiomeHHe: il resta bouche be. Cp. pyccnoe Oh gc-
tuach CTOKTb c pacKpbiTbiM pwM. C-neAyiomHe npHMepbl BCe MO.-
h o TpKTOBaTb KaK pa3Hbie a i y n a n nopTpeTa b mapoKOM c m h c j i s
CJioBa: j i h u o nej i oBeKa, b h a k o m h 3 t h , xapaKTep ceMbH, n e f i a a m
Bce s t o nopTpeTH. <>pa3H c npHJiomeHEeM noAnepKHyrH. Cp. :
a) Noire pre tait sur le seuil de lcurie. Un sourire en
coin sous sa grosse moustache, il nous regardait venir.
(R. M a r g e r i t . Le Di eu n u , Li vr e de poche , p. 217) .
b) Les plaisirs sont venus se poser sur moi comme des oiseaux
de passage. Pour tout accueillir, j e vivais les mains ouvert es
et nai su les refermer sur rien. (A. Gi de. J o u r n a l , dc. 1942).
Hejlb3H He JIIOOBTbCH XyAOJKeCTBeHHHM COBepUieHCTBOM 3T0H
4>pa3Hl
c) Elle dort maintenant la fentre grande ouverte. ( G. Si
menon. T e s t a m e n t Donadi e u )
A b o t onncanHe KapTHHH, KOTopaa Tome nopTpeT neH3ama:
Les trois tableaux sont presquinvisibles, une aquarelle trs ple,
simple, un chemin travers prs ; un ensemble de rochers frapps
dcume par la mer ; et enfin ce port de pche rempli de trois-mts
dont l quipage, torse nu, cargue les voiles, tandis qu terre, ici
mme, deux hommes et une femme impassibles, draps dans de ri
ches toffes de couleurs fonces, semblent poursuivre un entretien
ou des discours parallles sans rapport avec le spectacle qui se d
roule derrire eux. ( P h i l i p p e S oi l e r s . Le p a r c , Ed. du Seui i ,
p. 16. P r i x M d i c i s 1961)
d) OnHcaHHe BHyrpeHHHx ceMeHHx OTHOmeHH Tome poA
nopTpeTa: Laissons, dit-il, les moyennes entreprises leur n
cessaire dprissement. Cest un sujet pour romancier de la fin
du XIX* sicle.
Les luttes entre les fits, les petits-fils, les filles, les brus, les
gendres. Ce fut Lone qui dveloppa ce thme. Elle connaissait
bien ces grandes familles dentrepreneurs, en Italie du Nord, avec
217
des rameaux vers le Tyrol, le Tessin, la Bavire et la France, un
oncle archevque, un neveu banquier, des petites filles clotres,
des mariages secrets et une nice qui se meurt de consomption dans
une clinique suisse, cause dun amour malheureux. (R. Vailland.
La Fte , NRF, Gallimard, pp. 7677)
3Aecb BHyipeHHHH c r pyKTypa ces grandes familles, avec
des rameaux..., un oncle archevque... Ta x e caMaa, h t o
npH onncaHHH obiHHoro nopTpeTa: ce grand visage, avec des
moustaches, un il pli... h t . n.
5. <DPAHUy3CKAJ! HAU.HOHAJIbHAfl HOPMA,
OnHCAHHAfl H3 HyTPH
103. FloHflTHe (J)yHKu, noHaj i bHoro c t h j i h peHH ( H3bi Ka ) . J3,o c h x
n o p Mbi onHCbiBajia HopMy KaK o a h h H3 y p o B H e H3bma, np0THB0-
nocTaBJi eHHbi ft , c o a h o c t o po h m, acTpaKTHO CHCTeMe ( c r p y KTy -
p e ) , c Ap y r o f i HHAHBHAyaJIbHOH peHH. OAHaKO 3T0T ypOBeHb B
KaXAOM p33BHT0M HaUHOHaJIbHOM H3bIKe paCHJieHHeTCH Ha HeCKOJIb-
k o noACHCTeM: s t o c o a h o h c t o po h u , KHHXHaH peHb, c A p y r o
p a 3 r o B o p H a n h j ih (JiaMHJibHpHaH, h HHwe ee n p o c T o p e n n e , a bo
4)paHuy3CKOM eme h a p r o . KawAan H3 s t h x noACHCTeM H33NBaeT-
CH ( J i yHKUHOHa j I bHbl M C T H j i e M p e HH ( h j i h H 3 bl K a ) .
OyHKUHOHaJlbHblH CTHJIb 3TO HCTOpHHeCKH CJlOJKHBUiaHCH, 0C03-
HaHHan QmecTBOM noACHCTeM a BHyTpH CHCTeMbi o m e H a p o A H o r o
H3biKa, 3aKpenJieHHan 3 a t c mh h j i h h h h mh CHTyauHHMH omeHHH
(THnHHHbiMH peneBbi MH CHTyauHHMH) h x a p a K r e p H3 y i o ma H CH Ha o -
pOM CpeACTB BbipaWeHHH (MOptJieM, CJIOB, THIIOB npeAJIOWeHHH H
THIIOB JipOH3HOIIieHHH) H CKpHTbIM 3 a HHMH npHHUHIIOM OTOpa
3t h x CpeACTB H3 o m e H a p o A H o r o H3biKa *. Cj i o b o (JjyHKUHOHaJib-
Hhi yKa3bi BaeT Ha t o , h t o CTHJib peHH x a p a KTe p H3 y e T c o u n a J i b H y i o
3 a A a n y , <J)yHKU,Hio ofi meHHH.
B 9TO H3CTH KHHrH Mbi OnHUieM 4>yHKUHOHajIbHbie CTHJIH (JjpaH-
Hy3CKoro H3biKa nyTeM conocTaBjieHHH hx Apyr c ApyroM h hcko-
TOpblM HeHTpaJIbHblM CTHJieM, HJIH HOpMOH B y3KOM CMbICJie CJIOBa.
104. noHHTHe HeTpaji bHoro c t h j i h . KpynHefiuiHM HccjieAOBa-
HHeM no 3T0My Bonpocy ocTaeTcn Trait de stylistique franai
se IIIapjiH BajuiH2. Bo Bceft KHHre H3JioceHe BeAeTCH no AByM
1 Cp. B. B. B H H 0 r p a f l 0 B. O 3a/ia>iax h c t o ph h pyccKoro JiHTepaTypHoro
a3hiKa, npeHMymecTBeHHO X V I I XIX bb. - H3BecTHH AH CCCP, OJI5I, 1945,
t o m V, CTp. 225; e r o * e . H t o i -h ocyjKfleHHa BonpocoB c t h j i h c t h k h , Bonpoc u
H3hiK03HaHHa, Ns I, 1955, CTp. 6087.
2 Ch. B a 11 y. Trait de stylistique franaise, 2 volumes, l re d., Heidelberg,
1909. PyccKHft nepeBoa UU. Ba mi H. C>paHuy3CKaa CTHJiHCTHKa,M.,yPCC,2001.
B aaJifaHefimeM c c h a k h aanaiOTCH Ha 3TO H3AaHHe.
218
j i h e h h m : c o a h o h cr poHbi , onMCWBaiOTCH SMouHOHajibHO-aKonpec-
CHBHbie OTKJIOHeHHH OT HeTpaJIbHOrO CTHJIH ( y BaJIJIH HeHTpab-
HOTO H3b i a ) , c ApyrOH CTOpOHbl, COUHaJlbHO OKpalieHHbie OUKJIO-
HeHHH OT HeftTpaJIbHOrO CTHJIH. TOJibKO 3TH ABa KJiaCCa HBJieHHH
BaJiJiH h cnHTaj i npeAMeTOM c t h j i h c t h k h , HCKJiioqaH H3 ee c4>e*pu
xyAO>KecTBeHHyio pe*ib. CooTBeTCTBeHHo 3T0My BaJiJiH nocTyj i HpoBaj i
n o cymecTBy He OAHy, a ABe h o p m h , ABa HefirpajibHbix H3UKa: smo-
UH0HajIbH0-3KCnpeCCHBHbie OTKJIOHeHHH BOCnpHHHMaiOTCH H H3yna-
IOTCH Ha 4>OHe peMH, JIHUieHHOH 3MOUHOH3JIbHO-3KCnpeCCHBHOH OK-
pacKH, s t o n e p n a f l $ o p Ma n 0HHTHHH0 -Ji0rHHecKH ( h j i h noHH-
THHHblfi) H3hIKJ COUHaJlbHO OKpameHHbie OTKJIOHeHHH BOCnpHHHMa-
KJTCH H H3yqaiOTCH Ha (pOHe peHH, JIHUieHHOH COHHaJIbHOft OKpaCKH,
3TO BTOpaH HopMa OIUHft H3blK. 0 6 e HeTpaJIbHbie (pOpMbl B HHC-
t o m BHAe He BCTpen aiOTCH, o h h h mc i o t HAeaJibHyro cj)opMy cymecT-
B0B3HHH B C03H3HHH HOCHTeJieft H3HKa, OAH a KO 3T3 HAeajIbHaH
# o p Ma TeM He MeHee pesJ i bHa. TaKHM 0pa30M h n 0HHTHHH0-Ji0rH-
MeCKHft H3HK H OIUH H3HK CyTb HayHKbie aCTpaKUHH. B AeS-
CTBHTeJIbHOCTH HM npH6jIH3HTeJIbHO COOTBeTCTByiOT: nepBOfi Hayn-
Hb!K H3bIK, BTOpOH pa3rOBOpHbIH H3bIK l .
0 6 i h h H3biK, n n c a j i BaJiJiH, s t o Ta HopMa, npH c o n o e r a B -
JI6HHH C KOTOpOH BbIHBJIHeTCH COUHaJIbHaH OKpaCKa, TOHHO TaK JKe
KaK noHHTHHbift H3HK HBJiHeTCH KpHTepHeM a j i h onpeAejieHHH CO-
CTBHHOfl 3M0U,H0H3JIbH0H OKpaCKH 2.
XUe HopMH BMecTO o a h o h s t o noJioJKeHHe BaJiJiH T e o p e r a n e c -
k h h npaKTHiecKH He 0npaBAaH0 h b Ha c Tonme e BpeMH He m o j k c t
biTb npHHHTO3. Ho pMa HeSTpsJibHbift r a n p e n n eAHH3. Be
HOpMhl BaJIJIH AOJDKHH blTb Ol>eAHHeHbI B OAHy. S t o 03HaqaeT,
KOHeMHO, WTO HefiTpaJIbHaH HOpMa He MOJKeT blTb HH AO TaKO CTe-
neHH JIHUieHa SMOU,HOHaJIbHO-SKCnpeCCHBHbIX SJieMeHTOB KaK nOKH-
THfiHblft H3bIK BaJIJIH, HH AO T3K0H CTeneHH JIHUieH3 COUHSJIbHOH
0KP3CKH KaK OIUHfi H3bIK BaJIJIH. He T HHKSKOrO CMUCJia 3aX0AHTb
b s cTpar apoBaHHH TaK AajieKO. B H3uieM noHHMaHHH H e f t T p a J i b-
K u c t h ji b He a f i c T p a K U H H , a o a h h H3 p e a j i b H O
c y m e c T B y i o i n H x c t h ji e fi o u i e H s p o A H o r o h 3 bi k a,
y n o T p e J i n e M b i S b A e f t c T B H T e J i b H O M o 6 m e h h h ji i o-
A e fi, a n 0 T 0 M y s t o c T H j i b H e b o b c e j i H i n e H H u f l
3 M O U H O H a j I b H O - 3 K C n p e C C H B H b i X H C O U H a j I b H b l X
3 J i e Me H T 0 B , a j i n u i b o J i a n a i o m H f i h m h b m e h b m e fi
C T e n e H H , q e M a p y r h e c t h j i h .
HefiTp3JibH0CTb c t h j i h HMeeT ABa npH3HaKa. C o a h o c t o p o h h
(6e30TH0CHTeJIbHbIH, MaTepHaJIbHblfi, CyCTSHUHOHaJIbHblfi npH3-
H3k) , 3T0 CTHJIb, JIH3KHfi K HayHOMy ( a , CJieAOBaTejIbHO, H nOHH-
1 Cm. ocofieHHO 33, 131 h 219 u h t . coq.
2 yica3. coq., CTp. 247.
3 B HSKOTopwx MecTax KHHrH III. Baraa qyBCTByeTCH, q r o h caMOMy aBTopy
ABoftHoe ejieHHe HHorna Ka3/iocb HeHywHNM. Cp. CMemenne o6mer o h noHS-
THKoro H3biKa He MOxeT npHBecTH k cepbesHbiM nocjieaCTBHHM, er p. 249.
219
THHHO-JiorHHecKOMy) H3biKy, xapaKTepH3yiomHCH t o h h h m , h o b
CTHJIHCTHHeCKOM CMbICJie He SKOHOMHblM CIIOCOOM BbIp3>KeHHH MblC-
JIH ( c p . 8 H 1 0 0 ) . C pyr of i CTOpOHbl (HHCTO OTHOCHTejIbHblH
n p H3 H3 K) , 3T0 CTHJIb, Ha (j)OHe KOTOpOrO f l p y r H e CTHJIH BOCIipHHH-
MaiOTCH KaK OKpameHHbi e b o J i b me H CTeneHH, t . e. npoc TO KaK o n -
peaej i eHHbi M o p a 3 0 M OKpameHHbi e. 3 t o 0TH0CHTeJibH0e KauecTBG
nopo>KAeHO Bnoj i He MaTepnaJi bHbi MH HBJieHHHMH t c m h , K0T0pbi e
c ocTaBJ i ai oT nepBbi f i npH3HaK, h t o , OAHaKO, He Me i u a e T eMy biTb
h h c t o OTHOCHTeJibHUM. E c j i h 6bi OTHocHTeJibHoro npH3HaKa He c y -
meCTBOBaJIO, TO B JHOOM H3HKe HeTpaj l bHbl M CTHJieM bIJI 6u HSH-
o j i e e jiorHnecKHH a j i h fl aHHoro H3biKa c n o c o Bbips>KeHHH m h c j i h .
O h 3 k o 3t o He TaK: b o h o m H3biKe HSHOJiee JiorHnecKHH c no c o 6
BbipaJKeHHH MbICJIH npaKTHHeCKH OHeHb JIH30K K HCHTpaJIbHOMy CTH-
JIK) ( b o 4)paHU,y3CKOM H3bIKe), B ApyroM * e BOCnpHHHMaeTCH KaK
He HefiTpaJIbHblft, KHHiMHblfi ( b pyCCKOM, HCnaHCKOM). KpoMe TO-
r o , OTHOCHTejIbHblH npH3H3K H3MeHfleTCH C TeHeHHeM BpeMeHH flO-
BOJIbHO He33BHCHMO OT H3MeHeHHH rpaMM3THKH H JieKCHKH Ome-
HapOflHOrO H3bIK3, OH OTHOCHTeJieH e m e H HCTOpHHeCKH
105. CHCTeMa (JjyHKUHOHajibHwx CTHjiefi. CncTeMS, t . e. hmch-
HO COOTHOUieHHe 4>yHKUHOH3JlbHMX CTHJieS (J)paHHy3CKOrO H3bIKa,
a s y n e Ha AOBOjibHO nj i oxo. MeTKaa ( h o TeM He MeHee flSJieKO He bo
BceM npHeMJi eMsa) cxeMa fl aHa b nocJieAHee BpeMH B h h h ap-
eJi bHe 2. M u BocnpoH3BAHM 3ecb 3Ty cxeMy c npHMepHMMH pyc-
C'KHMH 3KBHBaJieHT3MH 4p'RUy3!C'KHX TepMHHOB (CM. TaJl. 15).
K P H T H K 3 3 T 0 H K JI 3 'C'C H Kj) H K 3 U H H. OneHb y3HHO B 3T0H
CXeMe p33JIHHeHHe KHHWHO(rO CTHJIH b UejIOM OT H3CTHHX $yHUHO-
1 noCKOJIbKV HeTpaJIbHHft CTHJIb HBJIHeTCH AJIH rOBOpHIUHX Ha 3HKM H3W-
Ke t o t k o h OTCTeTa crHJieBhix o t k j i o h h h A, nocTOJibKy e r o coCcTBeHHan CTHjieHaa
OKpacKa He oco3HaeTcs. H o OHa OTqeTJWBO BbiHBJiaercH n p n conocTaBHTeJibHOM
onHcaHHH, psflOM c ApyrHM flSMKOM. TaKHM o6pa30M, c.ieayeT n p e a n o . i a r a T b , h t o
a<5co.iioTHo HeTpaiibHoro c t h j i h (b BHje a By x aCcpaKUHft B a j u i n ) h h b o/ ihom
H3biKe He cymecTByeT.
4 t o Kacaerca t o t o , M o x e r j i h cymecTBOBaTb afi coj noTHo HeTpajibHtift TeKCT,
T. e. TeKCT, COCTaBJieHHBift UeJIHKOM H3 SJteMeHTOB (CJIOB, KOHCTpyKUH H T. f l . ) ,
JlHUleHHHX CTHJleBOH npHMeTbl, TO Bonpoe 3TOT CnopeH. HaM AyMaeTCH, MTO
He MoxeT. H n o r o mh h h h M. B. riaHOB, cm. e r o CTaTbio O c t h j i h x n p o r a Ho i n e -
HHH ( b CBH3H C OmHMH IIpoCjleMaMH CTHJIHCTHKH) B C. Pa3BHTHe COBpeMeH-
Horo pyccKor o H3UKa, H 3A-bo A H C C C P , CTp. 11: ...MOJKeT BCTpeTHTbca TeKCT
uejiHKOM H3 cj i ob HeftTpaj i bHoro c t h j i h . BnponeM, TaKHe t c k c t w ropa3AO (5ojiee
peAKH, >ieM s t o 06bmH0 npeAnojiaraeTCH. T y r w e M. B. IlaKOB 3a M e i a e r : Cj i e-
AOBaTejibHO, K a K H o p M a ( noAnepKHyr o mhokj K ). C . ) , TeKCT npeACTaBJiaeT
c oCoh coweTaHHe c j io b p a 3Hbix CTHjiefi. H o ecjiH TaKHe t c k c t m HopMa, t o a h c -
THJiJiHp0BaHH0 HeTpajibHbiH TeKCT CyaeT BoenpHHHMaTbeH y w e o a h h m s t h m KaK
OTKJlOHeHHe o t HopMbi, t . e. KaK TeKCT He HefiTpaJibHbiH. 3 t o npeAOJiaraeMOe hb-
jieHHe mo w h o Ha3BaTb napaAOKeoM HeftTpajibHoro c t h j i h ( c p. HHxe n a p a Ao k c
CHHOHHMOB ).
2 J . - P . V i n a y e t D a r b e l n e t . S t y l i s t i q u e c o m p a r e d u f r a n a i s e t de
l a n g l a i s . Di d i e r , P . , 1958. H x cxeMy B0c n p 0H3B0AHT A. M a 1 b 1 a n c. S t y l i s t i q u e
c o m p a r e d u f r a n a i s e t d e l a l l e m a n d . Di d i e r , P. , 1961 h BooSme 3Ty Kjiaccu-
<{>HKauHio MHTTejib, no-BHAHMOMy, CyaeT qacTO Bcr peqa Tb b o (J>paHity3CKHX pa*
OTax.
220
Taiiuna 15
La n
gue
com
mune
t onal i t e s t h t i q u e
A3WK b x y o x e c T B e n -
HOft cjjyHKUHH
s p c i a l i s at i ons f onct i onnel l es
(jjyHKUHonajibHbie cneuHajiH3auHH
0 6
me na-
poA-
fiblft
awK
langue potique
no3THqecKH
H3bIK
Bon
usage
JlHTe-
pa
Typ-
HO-
npa-
BHJIb-
Haa
pe*jb
l angue crite a d mi n i s t r a j ur i di que s ci ent i f i que et c.
KHHHCHblft tive ropHAHê- nayqHbifi H AP
CTHJIb aAMHHHCT-
paTHBHu
CTHJIb
CKHft CTHJIb CTHJIb
... -.......... -i
Lan
g u e
vul
g a i r e
npo-
c t o -
pe>tHe
He-
npa-
BHJIb-
Haa
pe^b
l angue littraire
33HK XyflOKf-
CTB6HH0fi m -
TepaTypu
l angue famili
re
pa3roBopHbiH
CTHJIb
l angue populaire
npodopeqHe
ar got
apro
les j ar gons xcaproHbi
HSJlbHHX CIieUHaiIH3aUHH HyTpH HerO ( b Har neH AHHirBHCIfflieCKOH
^HTepaType a&MHlHiHCTpaTHBMhi&) iopHAHêcKH h n po n . oneuHaJi H3a-
ItKH n a c r o , H MeHee TOHMO, Ha3bIBaK)TCH CaMOCTOHTeJIbHblMH CTHJIH-
mh) . HecKoîb'KHx aaHHbrx o c h o b h u x aeJieHHft a e n e u n a ; i H 3auHH
BnojiHe 'jxoCTaTonHo l .
1 HHoraa HccjieAOBaT&nH CTpeMHTCH ycTaHOBHTb KaK moxho 6o;iee noApc-
Hj io KâccH({)HKauHso CTHJieft, noACTH.neft, cneuHajW3aHH h t . a. 3 t h Heuejie-
coo6pa3Hbie ycHJiHH napoAHpyeT B. KaBepHH b CBoeM poMaHe CKaHAajincT, h j i h
Beisepa Ha Bacw.'ibeBCKOM OcTpoBe, JI., IIpn6oft, 1929, CTp. 251 255:
f l oKJi aA HanajiCH c yTBepxAeHHH, *i t o b HacTOHm.ee BpeMH H3biK npeACTaB-
;HeT c o6oki pe3yjibTax He0praHH30BaHH0ft peweBoft Aefl TanbHocm IlpeACTBHTe-
CoBepuieHHo HenpHeMJieMO BbiaeJieHHe nepe*HTKOB, 3Ji eMemoB
CTapHHHoro noaTHnecKoro c t h j i h b ocofi yi o c ncr eMy. TanoBoS e
COBpeM&HHOM $paiHHy3'OKOM, K3K H B COBpeMeHHOM pyCCKOM, 'HeT.
# 3 h k b xyao>KecTBeHHOH (pyHKUHH ( t o n a l i t e s t h t i q u e ) no caMofi
CBoeft n p n p o a e He Jie>KHT b o a h o m n/ i aHe c $yHKUHOHaJibHbiMH c t h -
JIHMH H nOTOMy AOJDKeH blTb HCMKWeH H3 KJiaCCH^HKaUHH. Ht O
TaKoe l a n g u e - l i t t r a i r e h qeM o h OTJiHnaeTCH o t H3biKa b xy a o we c T-
BeHHOfl (JjyHKUHH, HeHCHO. B o n p o c O H3bIK0B0M CTHJie XyAOJKeCTBeH-
h o JiHTepaTypbi Hejib3H npn3HaTb pemeHHbiM, BeaeTCH ropHHan no-
JieMHKa Me f l y TeMH, k t o cnnTaeT e r o cymecTByiomHM ( P- A. B y a a -
t o b ) h TeMH, k t o ocnapHBaeT e r o cymecrrBOBaHHe ( E . T. S t k h h a ,
j ih CoBepuieHHo pasjiHiHhix couHajibHbix h np0({)eccH0Ha^bHbix rpynn n0Jib3yi0T-
c s oihhm peqeBbiM MaTepnajiOM. CjiywamHe roBopsr t o i ho TaK ace, KaK 6e3-
paoTHbie, jiHua CBo6oAHhix npo(J)eccH TaK we, KaK 6ypjKya3HS.
r i o ^ a r a n , m o qej i oBei ecKaa p e i b onHpaeTCfl Ha pa3JiHqHbie <J)yHKuHOHaJibHhie
AeHTejibHocTH, flparoMaHOB npeJiaraji b b s c t h h o p m 3 t h b h o 6 pa3AeJieHHe ee a
r p y n n a h 3aKpenHTb s t o pa3AeJieHHe rocyAapCTBeHHbiM 33Kohom.
P030Bblfi CTapHK HAHOTHieCKH paCKphlJI pOT H 3anHCaJI B 6.10KH0T KaKOe-TO
B03pa)KeHHe. HeoCxoflHMocTb rocyAapcTBeHHOro 3aKOHa Ka3aJiacb eMy He BnoJi-
He AOKa33HHo.
ITaTHhte acnHpaHTU yieHO CMOTpejiH Ha ceKpeTapa.
TaKHM 0<Spa30M, qejioBeqecKyio peife cjieAyeT pa3HTb Ha r p y n n u , yejK-
AeHHbiM tojiocom HHTaji JleMaH, h MeacAy rpynnaMH npoBecTH CTporne rpaHH-
uu, HapyiueHHe xoTopux c . i e a y e r ofiJiaraTb cooTBeTCTayromHM niTpa<t>0M.
TpaHHUbi Cu.iH oi eayi omHe:
1. n o np0(j>eccH0HajibHbiM npH3HaKaM:
a ) # 3 h k TexKHHecKHft, C'MHorHMH noArpynnaMH.
6) H3biK 6e3pa6oTHUX.
b ) H3MK yaajieHHHx co cj i yj Ku 3a coKpameHHeM uiTaTOB.
r ) JIsbIK paCTpaTHHKOB H T. A-
2. o couHajibHbiM npH3HKaM:
) 53UK rawiyHHTeJMHreHTHHX mon&, HMeHyioiuHX ce6a HHT&njiHreHUHe.
) 53HK Cyp>Kya3HH, TaKjKe HMeHyiomeft c e 6 a HHTejiJiHreHUHeft.
B) f l 3bIK CBOOAHOH npOtpeCCHH H T. A.
B BarneM HHCTHTyTe, HanpHMep, AofiaBHJi o t c e 6 n JleMaH, moj kho C h -
j i o (5h npoBecTH 30Hy MewAy pewbio AeiicTBHTeJibHbix M.neHOB, Hayi Hbi x coTpyA-
h h k o b n e p B o r o h BToporo p a 3 p A a h acnnpaHTOB. H TOrAa c n e p Bo r o anoB3
6yAeT h c h o , k KaKOMy H3 3 t h x pa3pHAOB npHHaAJieacHT t o h j i h A p y r o e j i h n o ,
h t o noBJieqeT 3 a c o 6 o h npeacAe Bcer o noji Heft ui yi o npeAe;iHTejibHOCTb bo B3aH-
lOOTHOUieHHHX.
JlbicHHa n y a ai or o crapHKa nojiHBajiacb k j u o k b c h h h m c o k o m.
HanpaBHB si3hiK n o pa3HMM j i h h h h m peqeBOH AeHTeJibHOCTH, HHTaji Jl e
MaH, Mbi AofibeMcn ToqHoro pa3rpaHHqeHHH MeCAy pa3roBopaMH cjiy>Ke6HbiMH,
CeMeHblMH ( c HteHO H AeTbMH) H JII0<50BHbIMH. OcOb, WejiaOIUaH CKJIOHHTb K
nojioBOfi CB93H Apyr yi o ocofi b, CyAeT n0jib30BaTbCs CoBepuieHHo h h u Mh peneBu-
mh epeAeTBaMH, qeM Ta * e o c o 6 b , A e j i a o i u a a cnyat eCHbift AOKJiaA h j i h npenH-
p a r o ma a c H c JKeHoio. PaBHbiM o6pa30M, JiHua, we j i a i o mHe noqeMy-JiHfio p a 3 r o -
BapHBaTb Ha y j i n u e , a o j i j k h u CyAyT pyKOBOACTBOBaTbCH HopMaMH, oTJiHqaiomHMH
pa3rOBOp C SHKOMblMH JIKAbMH OT pa3rOBOpa C HeSHaKOMbIMH HJIH nOJiy3Ha-
KOMblMH. TaK, CyCieKT, *ejiaiOmHH HaHHTb H3B03IHKa, AOJIJKeH TOBOpHTb C HHM
KaK C He3HK0Mb!M HJIH, HO KpaHefi Mepe, n0Jly3HaK0MbIM JIHUOM. Ho, B BHAy
Tor o, s t o H3B03HHK BJiHeTCH TexHHKOM CBoOoAHofi npotpeccHH, TO cyCi eKT, Ha-
iHMaiomHH e r o , AOJiaceH BBecTH b p a 3 r o B o p jieKCHnecKHft 6 a r a x , xapaKTepH3yi o-
m n i i h 3Ty couHajibHO-npo(})eccHOHajibHyK) r p y n n y .
JleMaH nojioacHji AOKJiaA Ha c t o j i n ccMHHTeJibHO npHmypHJicH.
222
P. F. IlHOTpOBCKHfi) l . HaKOHeu, caMoe rjiaBHoe, b 9TOft T a -
j wue ne yKa3aH HeftTpajibHbifi cra-ib, KOTOpbift b o $paHuy3CKOM,
KaK, b omeM, h b pyccKOM, pacnojiaraeTCH Meamy k h h w h u m h
pasroBopHHM c t h j i h m h , 3axBaTbiBaa MacTHHHo h Tox h ApyroS.
ynoTpeêHHe e TepMHHa l angue commune, ywe Hcn0Jib30BaHH0r0
III. BaJiJiH b o c o i o m TepMHHOJioraqecKOM CMbTCJie ( c m. 105), ipHc-
KyeT BHecTH nyTaHKuy. IlepeejiaB cooTBeTCTBeHHo BceMy CKa3aH-
HOMy 3Ty MaccH<j)HKauHo, Mbi B0cnp0H3B0WHM ee Ha TaJiHue 16
(CM. HHJKe) B COnOCT'BJieHHH c pyccKHM H3hIK0M.
F p a HHUb i m e * A y c t h j i h m h . riposecTH pe3KHe rpaHHUH
MeKAy peneBbiMH cthjihmh HeB03M0*H0s. HaHSoJiee Herao npo-
CJie}KHBaeTCH pa3rpaHH<ieHHe KHHJKHoro ct hj i h (bo 4)paHuy3CKOM
l angue cri t e) o T p a 3 r o B o p H o r o (bo $paHuy3CKOM l angue f ami
lire). HefipajibHbiH * e CTHJib penn ( l cr i t - parl ) OKa3biBaeTCH
Ha CTHKe 3THX AByx CTHJieft, 3aXB3TbIBaH MaCTHHHO 0 6 a H yflyMH
3Aeci, MHe K8 >K6TCfl, noKOHHbiii AOJiweH 6 bj i cjienca yTOHiiHTb Bonpoe,
CKa3a.i o h , KaK e 6 wrb, ec;iH cyfoeKT weJiaeT npocro nofieceAOBaTb c H3B03-
hhkom, BOBce He HaMepeBaacfa BCTynHTb c h h m b np0H3B0ACTBeHHbie OTHOiiieHHH?
Ha jiesoM $j i anr e Kape nocjibimajica cMernoK h nponaji. Kt o- t o H3 aeftcT-
BHtejibHHx qjieHOB npocHyjica, TOAKHyji coceaa h CTaJi cjiymaTb. Ht o- t o H0CHJi0Cb
b B03ayxe, h t o - t o Merna.no cnaTb AeftcTBHTeflbHbiM HJieHaM. Po30bhA crapHK ch-
AeJi, paaziyBuiHHCH, CTpauiHbifi, nmmbift 6pbi3HyTb miioKBeHHUM cokom. Hay^nue
COTpyAHHKH BTOpOrO pa3pRAa, He 3H3H, KaK OTHeCTHCb K AOKJiaAy, TepneJIHBO
xiAaJiH, KaK k AowiaAy OTHecyTCH COTpyAHHKH nepBoro. OTKpoBeHHO cMeajiHCb
noKaMecT t o . u k o CBepxuiTaTHHe acnnpaHTbi.
Kaxaa *ce nojn>3a no^yiHTCH o t BBeAeHHa HayHHofl opraHH3auHH peneBoro
C03H3HHH? C fpJierM3THMeCKHM BHAOM HHT3JI JleMaH. Fl0JIb3a OoJIbUlaH. Pe-
lesaa AeaTejibHocTb OTHHMaer no npn6^H3HTe^bHbiM noAcneraM ht o- t o okojio
200 Kanopnft ejKeAHeBHO. Me/ioaeK roBopHT o t 5 a o 10 nacoB b c j t k h , He cwran
xpana. BaHAy He0pranH30BaHH0CTH peweBofl AeflT&nbHocrH, oh aaTpaHHBaer a m
o5teKTHBH3auHH CBoero co3HaHHH oneHb MHoro JiRmHeft 3HeprHH, soTopyio cjie-
AyeT ncnojib30BaTb no coBepmeHno Apyrofi jihhhh.
XoTa 6 h a ycrpofiCToa pa3yMHbix pa3BJieHeHHH, npHaBHji o t ceCa
JleMaH.
TpyAHo npeAyranaTb' Mepu, nHca;i AaJiee paroMaHOB, KOTopae Heo6 -
xozihmo npHHHTb ajih ycneuiHoro npoBeAeHHa b *H3Hb npHHumia paunoHa-iHaa-
UHH peqeeoro np0H3B0ACTBa. oJiaraio yMecTHbiM npeA.TOWHTb HHCTHTyTy BbiAe-
flHTb aîh 3Toft ueJiH cneuHaJibHbix peneBux areHTOB, o6a3aHHocTbio Koopux 6uno
6 hi HaS.iioaeHHe 3a peneBhiM nopaAKOM KaK Ha yjiHuax h b yqpeJKAeHHax, TaK h
Ma 'lacTHwx KBapTnpax. Eoi h s t o t iwaH noKaweTca KOMy-HH6yAb CMemHbiM, npeA-
Jiararo BcnoMHHTb, ht o MH/iHUHOHepbi ynpaBJiaraT aie y.iHHHWM ABHHteHHeM no-
CpeACTBOM JlHHHOrO B03AefiCTBHS H UejIOft CHCTeMbi niTpa(J)OB. Tohho TaK JKe H
peneBue areHThi, KOTopux cjieAyeT BbifiHpaTb H3 HHCJia <j)H3HHecKH canbHbix jihht
BHCTOB-aenHpaHTOB, mot jih 6 u oCjiaraTb HeGojibtUHM uiTpa(J)0 M rpaxAaH, nepexo-
ARIhhx, 6e3 cooTBeTCTByiomero pa3pemeHHH, H3 oahoA r pynnu peneBofl Aearejib-
HOCTH b Apyryro.
1 Cm. HanpHMep, Te3HCbi (H3A-bo Mockb. yn-Ta, 1961) h pe3WMe paoTbi Meac-
By3BCKoft KOH(J)epeHaHH no npo&neMaM c t h j i h c t h k h xyAowecTBeHHoft jiHTepaTy-
pu, Bonpocu H3btK03HaHHH, Ns 4, 1962, CTp. 159160; P. A. B y Aa r o B . B 3a-
njHTy noHSTHa CTHJib xyAOKecTBeHHoft ^HTepaTypbi, BecTHHK Mock. yH-Ta,
Afe 4, 1962.
2 Cp. P. G u i r a u d. L' argot , Collection Que sais-je ? , P., 1956, pp. 77-78 ;
J. M a r o u z e a u . Aspects du franais, p. 33 ; H. B a u c h e. Le l angage populai
re, Payot, P., 1946, p. 26.
CBHHyTHM b OTAejibHbix c j i y n a a x t o oj i bui e b CTopoHy ofl Koro, t o
6 o ; i b me b CTopoHy A p y r o r o (noApoHee 0 6 s t o m cm. 107). Ha
9 t o pa3rpaHH4eHHe HaKJiaAMBaiOTCH Ap y r a e , coBnaAai omHe c hkm
TOJibKO OTnacTH: nHCbMeHHaH ycTHaa <{)opMhi omeHHH; mohoj i o-
nr aecwaH AHa j i or ni e oKa a pewb. BHyrpH KHH*Horo c t h j i h BbiAe-
JiaeTCH CTporo KHHWHaa (J>opMa, Bonji omai omaHCH o ^ t h hc kj i kwh-
TejibHo b nHCbMeHHofi (popMe penH ( x o t h , b HeKOTOpwx cJ i ynanx,
h b yCTHOH: b HaynHO j i c k u h h , AHcnyTe). B Hee h BKJiKmiOTCH
apxaH3Mbi, 0CT3TKH o c o o r o noaTHi ecKor o H3WK3 h n p o n . Jlp y r a a
nacTb KHHWHoro c t h j i h o x B a r a B a e T h y c r a b i e (popMbi omeHHH
(o^HUHaJlbHHH p33r 0B0p H npOH. ). Pa3rOBOpHblft CTHJIb qJieHHTCH
Ha HeHTpaJihHyK) qacTb, BXOAamyio b o c h o b h o h HeTpaJibHbiH CTHJib
H3biK3 ( c r i t - p a r l ) , ynoTpeJineMbift o a h h s k o b o KaK b ycTHoft, TaK
h b nHCbMeHHO (popMe omeHHH, h ( p a MH J i b H p H y i o q a c T b ,
KOTOpyro a j i h KpaTKOCTH yAeM Ha3biBaTb c t h j i c m ( f a m i l i e r ) , n p n -
Ji Hwai omyi ocH k npocTOpenni o. OaMHJibHpHbifl c r a j i b bo (ppaHuy3-
CKOM H3UK6 CJlOJKHee H T0pa3A0 flOABHJKHee n o JleKCHHeCKOMy coc-
TaBy, MeM B pyccKOM, TaK KaK nOCTOHHHO nOnOJIHHeTCH CJIOBaMH
a p r o , KOTopwe b c j i c a 3aTeM b i c r p o TepHiOT cboi o aproTHnecKyi o
OKpacKy, oecuBeqHBaiOTCH ( c p. 49). B a p r o * e , Ha MecTO yrneA-
IUHX B OUtHft 4>aMHJIbHpHbIH CTHJIb, paCCeKpeTHBUIHXCH CJIOB,
BJiHBioTCH BHOBb 06pa30BaHHbi e ceKpeTHbie cj i oBa (06 s t o m cm.
HHwe, 109).
Me*Ay apro h <J)aMHJibHpHbiM c t h j i c m p a c n o j i a r a e T c n langue
populaire, TOJibKO npH6jiH3HTejibHO cooTBeTCTByioinHft pyccKOMy
npoc Tope nHi o. Langue populaire sto napHWCKOe npocTope-
HHe, HO 3 a HCKJUQ'ieHHeM KeCKOJIbKHX Bi opocTeneHHbi x qepT 3TO
h npocTopewHe Bcefi ropoACKofi p a H U H H K p e c T b f c H C K H e
AHa r f i e KTb i c t o h t ocoo. TaKHM opaaoM, l a n g u e p o p u l a i r e , c
owhoh CTopoHbi, H63aMeTHO nepexoAHT s a p r o , a c Apyr of t b (pa-
MHJIbfipHblH CTHJIb JlHTepaTypHO-npaBHJlbHOH peHH. 3 T0 HarJIHAHO
npoHBJiHeTCH, HanpHMep, b t o m , h t o HeKOTOpue cj i oBa, noMeneHHbie
b cJi oBape K. A. VaHuiHHOH KaK aproTHHecKHe, b cj i oBa pe A. Boui a
( b yKaaaHHoft KHHre) o t h o c h t c h k l a n g u e p o p u l a i r e , a Tenepb oh h
y K e npocTo pa3r0B0pH0-<paMHJibHpHbie, TKOBbi marrant CMeui-
ho, KOTOpOMy b a p r o i p m u j i o Ha CMeHy roulant ; du fric denbau,
CMeHeHHoe b a p r o ApyrHMH (cm. TaJi Huy) , lil 3adapoM h
n p o n . HeKOTOpue CJioBenKH, He n o n a B i n u e b CJIOBapb K. A. TaHuiH-
h o , no-BHAHMOMy, H3-3a h x n e p e c q y p y * e wa p r o HH o r o BHAa, re-
1 La France, en particulier, possde, en plus de ces patois, argots, langues
intrieures, idiomes trangers dbordant sur le territoire national, une langue
gnrale, officielle, littraire, dite correcte et employe par les classes suprieu
res (jiyqrne t a o 6u cKaaan milieux cultivs JO. C.) et un parler populaire,
galement gnral, employ par le peuple... On ntudiera ici que le langage
populaire parisien, qui est aujourdhui en ralit et quelques nuances prs
en gnralit le langage populaire de tous les Franais (H. B a u c h e Le
langage populaire. Payot, Nouvelle dition, P., 1951, p. 22 et ailleurs).
224
TaAuya 16
JHTepaTypHuft
3UK
p3HUy3CKHH H3HK
PyCCKH 33 HK
KUHJKHbtfi CTHJIb
( l angue crite)
JnefiTpajIbHbIK CTHJIb
! (lcrit-parl) HopMa
KHHWHblft CTHJIb
pa3r0B0pHblfi CTHJIb
(l angue familire)
{neftTpaJIbHbll CTHJIb j
|H0pM8
pa3rOBOpHUH CTHJIb
ripocTope^He
i
cocTBeHHo npocTopemie
( l angue populaire)
npocTope4He
apro (ar got)
ne p b Ta we hj i h inpocTopeqHbie, h; i h fla>Ke npocTO âMHJi bHpabi e:
enquiquiner nadoedarb, du bidon epaKU h npoq. *.
106. JleKCHiecKHe p 33jihmhsi yHKUHOHajibHux CTHjiefi. C t h -
jiHCTHMecKHe (pa3HOCTmieBbie) c k h o h h m u . Bonpoe 3T0T J i yqi ne Bcero
paa- bHomeTCH Ha conocTaBJi eHHH c h h o h h m o b , a j i h n e r o HHwe h npH-
soflHTCH ABe T a ^ H U b i 2 CnoBa pacnoô>KeHM n o a./i<| )aBHTy a ko -
JiOHKe 3 Hefi Tpaj ibHOM CTHJie ( cm. t b j i . 17 h 18) .
1 TaKOBa Boofime ofi'beKTHBHaH HCTopHMecKan sbojijouhh CTHJieft (cjioBapH
ne coaAaiOT ee, a oTpawaioT)BcnoMHHW pe$opMy riyaiKHHa. Cp. raKjKe-na-
AiOAeHBe AexcHKorpa<t>a: HccJieAOBaHHe noKaabiBaeT oTpaweHHoe b CJiOBapsix
HeyiuiouKoe npoHHKHoBeHHe b jiHTepaTypHbift H3WK pa3roBopHO-npocTopenHofl
excHKH, BonpeKH ycHjiHHM nypHCTOB h o4>Hima;ibHoft jieKCHKorpa<J)HH, H3ie-
HeHHe couHa^bHo oueHKH ee (nepexoA b KTeroparo HeTpa.ibHofl jieKCHKH oiob,
noMeieHHbix b n e p Bt i x cjioBapx KaK c{>aMHJiMipH3Mbi hjih npocropemiue
affoler, alourdir, attrape, dauber, dolance, taloche, tape), TeHAemiHio k ojiaro-
paxcHBaHHio npocTopeHHwx h rpyfibix cjiob, Bce ojiee cMejiyio (jiHKcauHio paa-
roBopHofi JieKCHKH b cjiOBapax (M. H. TaTHmeB, 1816 r., 0,3%; B. pieJib, 1841
1842 rr., 0,6%; H. . MaKapoB, 1881 r., 1,7%; K. A. ramiiHHa, 1946 r. h 1957 r.,
2,2% k oOiueMy KojiaqecTBy cjiob Ha A, , T, JX H. B o p o 6 b e b a. H3 hcto.
pHH C03AaHH 4paHuy3CKo-pyccKHx cjiosapeft b Pocchh h CCCP, aBTope<t>epaT
KaHA. ahcc. 1 Mr r i HHf l , M., 1963, CTp. 11.
3 CocTBBjieHHe A a * e t 3 k h x MaJieHbKnx cjioBapHKoB oKa3aji oa> AejioM q p e j -
SHHaAHO CJIOJKHhiM K3K H3-3a OTCyTCTBHH XOPOUIHX CTHJIHCTHHeCKHX CJIOBapefl
CHHOHHMOB (B OCOeHHOCTH AJlf! pyCCKOTO), TaK H, rVlaBHMM 06pa30M, H3-33 HeKO-
To p u x TeopeTHMecKHx TpyAHocTeft, o K o o p u x 6y n e T CK338H0 b cêAyiomeM n a -
parpa<|>e. (Cm. TaKwe O. C. A x m a h o b a. O CTHJiHCTHMecKofi AHcJxjipeHUHauHH
c j i ob, b c6. Ilpo<|>eccopy Mo ck . yn-Ta aKaA- B. B. BHHorpaAOBy b Aem. ero 60-j i e-
Tua, H 3 a - b o M o c k . yH-Ta, 1958, CTp. 32 h c j k a . ) C.ioBapHKH nojiywjiHCb pa3Hbie.
B pyccKOM aBTcp pacno. i ow.HJi cjioBa TaK, KaK o h caM h x ynoTpeCj iaeT. 3AeCb o t .
paweH, cjieAOBaTejibHO, KaK npHHHTo roBopHTb Tenepb, e r o h a h o j i c k t . Mu o r He
n03T0My He corJiacaTCH c TaKHM pacnpeaej i eHHeM cj i ob, h o BpHA j i h k t o He c or J i a-
225
107. t > p a H u y 3 C K H f t HeTpajibHbiH c i b b conocTaBjieHHH c p y c -
C K H M . K034)$HUHeHT HopMbi. C p a H H B 3 H H p H M e p b l O H H O H H M O B , M b i
y e j K a e M C H b c n p a B e A J i H B O C T H B i > i C K a 3 a H H o r o b n p e / u u e c T B y i o m e M
n a p a r p a ^ e n o J i o j K e H H a : H o p M a p e n n , t . e . c r a j i b p e n n , J i H u i e H H b i f i
c n e n H ^ H M e c K o f i O K p a c K H , B O c n p H H H M a r o m H H C H K a K H e r p a J i b H b i ,
n o M a T e p n a j i b H O M y c o c i a B y 3 a x B a T b i B a e T h pa3roBopHbift h k h h k -
H b i f i c t h j i h . T a K , H a n p H M e p , e o r a h m c i o t c h r p y n n a H 3 T p e x - n e T b i -
p e x c h h o h h m o b , o m e r a n B o p a s j m n H b i e n o c r a J i H c r a n e c K O H O K p a c K e ,
t o b o h o m c j i y u a e , H e f t T p a j i b H b i M n o K a > K e T C H c j i o b o , C T O H i n . e e b
B e p n i H u e r p y n n b i , b a p y r o M c j i y n a e C T o a m . e e B H H 3 y e e . C p .
6a 3 6JIU3U noAU3ocru pndoM nod o k o m pyno
n o d a r b . H e c o M H e H H , h t o H e i i T p a j i b H b i M n p e A C T a B J i a e T c a 3 A e c b
b 6a u 3u . C T o a m e e B b i u i e H e r o 6a u 3 o m y m a e T c a K a K K H H J K H o e , c t o h -
m n e m e H e r o o i n y m a i o T C H K a x p a 3 r o B o p f l b i e , $ a M H j i b a p H b i e h
n p o c T o p e M H b i e . T a K m e b o t J ) p a H n y 3 C K 0 M - . f u i r s ' e n f u i r d g u e r
p i r , H e T p a j i b H o e f u i r .
M e j K y T e M , n p H h t c h k h T a J i H U n o B e p T H K a j i H T a K m e H e c o M -
H e H H O , H T O 6AU3U H J I H f i r C J l O B a Toro J K e C T H J I H , M T O H U368aTb,
h TpeeoDicuTbcsi, h j i h l e s f o n d s , v e r s h t . n . , t . e . K H H J K H b i e ( c p .
l a fuite des f o n d s y r e H n a c p e d c T e ) . C j i o B a , p a c n o j i o m e H H b i e b
T a j i a u a x n o BepTHKajiH, A e H C T B H T e J i b H O M o r y T B d p e T H T b c a B M e c t e
b k 3 k o m -j i h 6 o p e a j i b H O M coomeHHH ( k o j i o h k h O T p a m a i O T CHHTar-
MaTHiecKHH acneKT, CHHTarMaTHnecKyio HopMy ( c m . BBeAeHne),
C j i o B a m e , p a c n o J i o m e H H b i e b T a j m n a x n o r o p H 3 0 H T a J i H , t . e .
r p y n n b i c h h o h h m o b , h h b o a h o m p e a j i b H O M coomeHHH c o f i r a c b H e
c h t c h c reM, To c.iOBa TaK h j i h HHane pacnpese-HioTCH no c t h j i h m pe<m: b to m,
T0 6 u HanOMHHTb 0(5 3T0M, H 3aKJIKmeTCH uej l b CJIOBapHKa.
<>paHuy3CKHH c/ i oBapb c u e n a a ropasao Cojiee o6-beKTHBHo>. ABTopcKOMy
H3HKOBOMy HyTbio ana 6ujia bojih TOJibKO b nepBHX AByx KOAOHKax (1 h 2 ) ,
MaTepnaJIOB, K KOTOpbJM M0HCH0 CbIJIO 6h OpaTHTbCH, HaCKOJIbKO HaM H3BGCTH0,
He cymecTByeT. Ho h 3Aecb MHor ae pacnpeAeJieHHH bshtw y Mapy30. (J. Ma-
r o u z e a u . Aspects du franais, Masson, Cie, Langage et socit, P., 1950).
TaKHe cjiyqan OTMeieHbi SyKBofi M, K o r o p a a 03HaaeT, t o Bce, h t o b CTpoi
HfleT c.neBa ot nee, npHHaAJiexHT Mapy30, aMKJibapHbi cthju> (4-h koji.) BbiBe-
peH no cjioBapio K. A. TaHuiHHo (5-e H3 M., 1962) h no Nouveau Petit La
rousse illustr, 1957: b STy KOJiOHKy BKJiioqeHbi ^Hiiib Te cjioBa, KOTOpbie no
KpaHefi Mepe b oahom H3 sthx cjioBapeft HMeioT noMeTy a M. , fam. . Kojioh-
Ka Langue p o p u l a i r e (5) c oAepxHT TOJibKO Te cjioBa, K0T0pwe BKjnoneHbi
A. BorneM b ero CJIOBapb (b KHHre H. B a u c h e . Le langage populaire, nouvelle
dition, Payot, P., 1951). OAHaKO CJIOBapb Borna 6btJi c ocTasj i eH e m e b nepBofl
noJioBHHe 20-x roAOB h n0T0My (JwKCHpyeT KaK npocToperabie TaKHe cjioBa,
KOTopae, b CHny npouecca, yKa3aHHoro Bbirne (cTp. 225, C H o a ) , nepeui . i H Tenepb
b 4>aMHJibflpiibiH CTH-flb Ji HTepaTypHO- npaBHJ i bHOf t pew. Ohh B3Tbi b ckoGkii.
Bo MHornx cjiyqaax u s t o x ap aKTep Ha a qe pTa oraomeHHH apro k langue po
p u l a i r e rpaHHa MextAy hhmh He OTieTJMBa, h noroMy caobo yKa3aHO b oSeHx
KOjiOHKax. A p r o a a e T c a no HOBeitaHM cji oBapaM G. S a n d r y e t M. C a r r r e.
Dictionnaire de largot moderne, 3e d., Du Dauphin, P., 1956 h A. S i mo n i n .
Le petit Simonin i l l u s t r , P. A m i o t , P., 1957. Pa3yMeeTca, b saaaqy aBTopa hc
bxoahjio ,iaTb HcqepntJBaiomHH n o a C o p c j o b , nosTOMy qepTOMKH b HeKOTOpwx
c j i y n a a x (ocofieHHO b koji. 5, 6) He 03Haqai0T, hto cjioBa Boo6me HeT.
226
1
.
8
6

V
ClHJlHCTHleCKHe CHHOHHMbI pyCCKOTO ii3blKa
(npHMepw)
TaJiima 17
KHHHCHblft CTHJIb Pa3rOBOpHblH CTHJIb
IlpocTope-
UHe
Cporo
KHHHCHHfi
HeftpajibHbii!
Heftpajib-
iibifl
PaMHJIbHp-
HW
1 2 3 4 5
Cy me c TBHTe j i b Hu e
paTb, BO-
BOopyHeHHue c h -
apMHH
CKO
Jlbl
30A1i l S
apXHT6KTOp
apxHTeKTOp
Tpesora
6eciiOKOft- nepe>KHBa-
CTBO HHH
HTBa
cpajKeHHe 6o
rjiaBa eepiuuHa * Bepxyui Ka MaKyuiKa
flOCTOHHHe
UMymecTBO BefflH
apaxjio
B30p B3rJIHfl
ilOXHTHTCJlb
paCXHTHTejIb BOp HCyjIHK
AeTH AeTBOpa p e n m a
npHblJIb AOXOA aphiiij
blTHe
cymecTBOBaHHe
3KH3Hb acHTbe
KBapTHpOC'BGMIUHK HCHJieU KBapTHpaHT
H3BemeHHe, "1
coofimeHHe |
H3BeCTHe eecmb
JIHK
$H3H0H0MHa JIHUO MOpfla (Mop-
a CHMna-
THMHaa)
BcejieHHas MHp
CBeT
B03BbIUieHH0CTb, n p u r o p o K yrop
XOAM
yBecejieHHe pasBneqe- 3a6aBa n o T e x a
HHe
y a e j i , o j i * y i ac Tb cyba
T ji a r o .i bi
TpeBXHTbCH ecnoKOHTb- n e p e j K H B a t b
ca
H3HBaTb HTb KOJIOTHTb
JiynnTb
HCKpiiTbCn JIHCTaTb j i ecTeTb
CTpauIHTbCH,
HcnuTbiBaib crpa* 6o aTbca OHTbCa,
TpeneTaTb
nepea... KaK 6 h He. ..
pOAHTb
UiaTaTbCH
MeTaTb
SpocaTb K u d a m b
IHBbipSTb
epat nar b B e p i e T b
K p y m u m b
BMe UIHBTb* s n y m u e a m b -
BCTpeBTbj
CH cn
COBBTbCa
* BbiaeJieHHbie KypcHBOM cjioBa cjiyscaT npHMepaMH k 107.
227
npodoxKeKue
K h HHCHU CTHJIb
Pa3r OBOpHbl f t CTHJIb
r i p o c T o p e -
*iHe
O p o r o
KHHJKHUft
He Tp a a b Hb i f i
He f i Tp a j b -
Hblft
Hblft
1 2 3 4 5
H3BJI6KaTb BbIHHMaTb e u m a c K u -
e a m b
e c Tb t c y i u a m b J i o n a b
h n p o q .
Ji yxcaaTb CHTbCH 3 a n ^ y i a i b C H
c nyTH,
3a ^ y AHTb -
c a
3 a 6 o j i e T b 3axBopaTb 3aHe^y>KHTb
yaeJ i aTb BHHMaHHe 3aOTHTbCH x j i o n o i a T b
MeftJlHTb 3aaep>KH- Me u i K a mb
Ba Tbc a
6bITb 33HHTbIM C 33HHMaTb- B03HTbCfl C BajiaHâTb-
CH C CH C
B.' iaAeTb, o j i a a a Tb HMeTb,
y H e r o
e c Tb
u 3 p a c x o d o e a T b HCTpaTHTb npOTpa THTb, n p o e c T b
n p o a c HT b ,
p a c T p a H ^ H -
pHTb
OApCTBOBaTb He c n a T b He COMKHyTb
n a 3
H3BeCTHTb, n0360HUmby}
COOtUUTb, n e p e ^ a b m o . . . f
nOCTaBHTb B H3- n a n u c a m b , (
BeCTHOCTb *j t o . . . ;
B3rjIHHyTb nOCMOTpeTb r j i HHy b
H3rOHHTb n p o r o HHTb BbirOHHTb, n p o n e p e T b
BbICTaBJHTb)
paHHTb p y r a T b p a c n e K a i b OJiaHTb
H3yMHTb, o m a p a u j H T b , )
nopa3HTb yAHBHTb or opoui HTb )
n o 3 Ha Ba Tb H3yqaTb, yMHTb MTO-J. 3aHUMani bcn
OCBaHBaTb ieM-ji.
(3aHHMaTbCH
( J ) paHuy3-
c k h m )
oynaTb, n e p e ^ a - y mi Tb 3dHUMamb- H a y y a T b
BaTb o n u T Kor o- J i . Cfl C KeM-A.
p y i c o n j i e c - an Ao d u p o a a T b x ^ o n a b
K3Tb
228
1
npodoAtceHue
KHHMHh l f t CTHJIb Pa3rOBOpHH CTHJIb
npoc Tope -
MHe
Ciporo
SHHHI HU
HeftTpa^bHbi
Heftpa.ib-
Hblft
<>aMHJibap-
Hblft
1
2 3
4 5
n p H ^ a r a T e J i b H h i e
CecnpHMT- 6e3AOMHU npHTKHyb-
HHI c h He r ae
6^H3JiecamnH 6 j i h 3k h h , )
JIHHCHHfi J
HcnoaHH- KpyriHwft
60JIblU08 3AOpOBHfi
CKH
rpnayiBHft npeacTOHiuHfi 6 yAymnfl
BTOMr oayo
Ha TOft (
HeAe- Ji e f
H npoq.
CKOpbl UCTpblfi npOBOpHblfi
coBepmeHHOJieTHH
B3POCJIHH OJibUlOft
BWCOKHft AJIHHHHft
AOJirHH, )
AJlHHHhlfe
A^HTe^bHblft )
3JlOfi JlKDTbft,
JlHXOft
KpaCHBblft uHmepecHu
(o qejiOBe-
Ke)
oaaTe^bHufl CHMnaTHi-
HMft
H a p e h h s
AO CBH- noica! i noKeaa!
AaHbn! Bcero! J
b saHHOM MeCTe 3flecb mym TyTa, \
Ty'TO'iKH 1
omne
MHOJKeCTBO MHoro Macca nponacTb,
YMa, TbMa
6nm
8AU3U n0JiH30- pflAOM
iyT * e ,
CTH,
nOA HOCOM,
HeAaêKO
noA 6 okom,
pyKoft
nOABTb
b AabHefinieM nOTOM, ) nocAe y * o ,
no3Me J
yKOTKO,
onocjiH ,
BIOC6ACTBHH n o 3 x e
229
CTHJIHCTHMeCKHe CHHOHHMhl 4>paHUy3CKOro H3WKa
(npHMepw)
TaMiya h
KHHKIIblH CTHJIb
Pa3rOBOpHblfl CTHJIb
npocTopeqHe
HeftTpajibHUH
lev
crit parl
fami l ier
l angue
populaire
a r g o t
i 1 2
3 4 1 5 6
C y me c T B HT e j i b HHe
ineptie f absur di t f
btise f
sottise f
--- connerie f
a c q u i e s
c e me n t i i
consente
ment m
accord m ---
p c u n e : fonds m pl ar gent m ppettes f p (ppettes)
pognon m
fric m
auber m
bl m
douille f
galt ouze f
---
rcipient m bouteille f

intestins m p! boyaux m p!
__
vitre f
car r eau mM
---
---
conjoncture f ci r const an
ce f
---
__
denture f
rtel ier m (rtelier)
__
insuccs m chec m
four m
d s a g r
contrari ennuis m pl
embte emmerde-
me n t s m
ts f pl ments m pl ment s m pl
Pl
libralit f gnrosit f

l ar gess es t pl -
t r e h u
main m
individu m.
humain m
homme m
type m
_
i r r gul ari t f
rosserie f
i n v e c t i
ve s f pl
insultes f pl injures f pl
gr os mots m
pl

d e mo i s e l
l e f
-
j eune fille f
fille f
i n c u r i e f ngligence f
laisser-aller
m
.
main f
demeure f
foyer m
domicile m
maison f
hez-soi m
concete f
beurre m
galet te f
carne m
grisbi m
rouille f
t ripes { pl
ratiches mp l
donne
type m
gonze m
entourlpu-
pette
mai son f
(cm. 2 1 )
mme f
gonzesse f
pogne f
louche f
230
n podoAQKeHiie
KHHKHHH CTHJIb i Pa3rOBOpHblft CTHJIb npocTopewHe
lev
HefiTpa.ibHbi
familier
langue
populaire
argot
crit parl
I l 2 | 3 I 4 I 5 6
habits m
Pl
hberger
t
fuir
trpasser
sentre
t enir
dessein m
costume m
dlaisser qn
abriter
sarroger
se lier
tre rassa
si, tre re
pu
craindre
avoir des
craintes
rompre
se dvtir
sassoupir
prendre la
fuite
importuner
pntrer
prouver
subir un
chec
se vtir
consommer,
prendre
ses repas
succomber
oreilles f pl
projet m
vtements m
Pl
r ji
abandonner
cacher
sapproprier
sattacher
saccrocher
en avoir as
sez
avoir peur
briser
se dshabil
ler
dormir
senfuir
senivrer
ennuyer
entrer
essuyer un
chec
shabiller
manger
mourir
parler
a r o j i u
lcher qn
empocher
se crampon
ner
en avoir
marre
avoir la
frousse
avoir la
trouille
casser M
se mettre
poil
roupiller
se sauver M
dguerpir
se soler
embter
bassiner
endosser.
mettre
bouffer
y tre
nippes f pl
plaquer qn
planquer
(en avoir
marre)
avoir les
chocottes
se dfringuer
(roupiller)
(pioncer)
mettre les
bouts
les mettre
se barrer
dtaler
se biturer
(bassiner)
enquiquiner
se nipper
(bouffer)
becqueter
dvisser
dvisser
son
billard
causer
chiquettes f
Pl
nippes
plancouser
enfouiller
en avoir
pais
les avoir
moites
se dfringuer
se desaper
zoner
se casser
se biturer,
se rondir
enchariboter
encarrer
se nipper
briffer
dramer
dposer le
bilan, calan-
cher
231
npodcAxeHue
KllHXCHblf t CTHJIb Pa3rOBOpHH CTHJIb
r i p o c T o p e M H e
HeTpajibiihifi
l ev
crit parl
fami l i er
l a n g u e
po pul a i r e
ar got
1
2 3 4 |
5
6
c h t i e r
t a nc e r
a d mo n e s
t er, se-
moncer
vi t upr er
cr i er
a c h , s i n
d i g n e r
de qch
c hoi r
dr ober
d i s p e n
di eux
al i n
hi l a r e
j u b i l a n t
sen aller
observer
blmer
protester
tolrer
se tirer
daffaire
induire en
er r eur
dvaliser
parcimo
nieux
coteux
dpourvu
dnud
comique
pa r t i r
puni r
r egar der
reprendre
ronchonner
support er
s' en t i r er
tomber
t r omper
duper
voler M
corriger
reluquer
rpr iman
der, gron
der
rouspter
encaisser
s dbrouil
ler
s' t al er
avoir qn
chiper
dvisser
(reluquer)
zyeuter
engueul er
M
e ngui r l an
der
rouscailler
(encaisser)
se dmerder
(s-tal er)
r a ma s s er une
pelle
r amas s er un
gadin
(avoir qn)
entler
rouler
(chiper)
bar boter
lever
I l p K j a r a T e j b H a e
se dvisser
rjoui
jovial
avare
chiche
cher
dpouill
drle
a mus ant
fou
(dtraqu)
gai
l iar deur
r api at
mal ade
rigolo
gri gou
pi gnout
mar r a nt
r oul ant
tap
toqu,
Iou
(rigolo)
ri gouil l ar d
doubler
repasser
-.hambrer
nener en
barque
cal ot ter
dur la
dtente
dur les
lcher
plum
232
7
S
6
T
'
A
Q
U
W
t
e
*
17 podoAxehke
KHHXCHhft CTHJIb Pa3r0B0pHbIH CTHJb npocTOpetiHe
HefiTpajibHwi
langue
populaire
lev
crit parl
f ami l i er ar got
i 2 3
1 4
5 6
i nopin i nattendu.
imprvu
_

misrable infortun
ncessiteux
malheureux
---
bent niais idiot

pomme, nave
vendicati! rancunier
Ha p e ^ H j ]
revendica
tif
H COK>3H
prs (de) proche ct (de)
M

au revoir t au plaisir
de vous r e
voir !
la revoyu-
r e !
maint nombre de beaucoup de. pas mal de une tape de une biture
force bien des une masse de
des t as de
une foule de
quantit de
M
une flope
une dgele
une tripote
--- au fond dans le fond
M,
---
---
en sorte que de manire

que M
de manire
ce que
---
vers du ct de M
---
---
---
au reste du rest e M
---
puis ensui te M puis aprs
---
en vain inutilement pour rien pour la peau
---
car parce que * ---
fort uit e
ment
en consqu
ence
par cons
quent M
par hasard

pa r la suite
l a sui t e
par suite ---
- ,
afin de (que) pour que
---
cependant
pour t ant M
---
comme lorsque quand

---
i ncont i
n e nt
sans r e t a r d t out de suite
---
t out va bien ! a va ! a biche !
a roule l
a ronfle I
233
MoryT (ropH30HTa^faHbie r p y n n u OTpajKalOT napaAHrMaTHHecKHft
acneKT, napaAHmaTHHecKyi o HopMy) . TaKHM of i pasoM, o a h o m t o
>Ke cj i obo b napajiHrMaTHMecKOM nj i aHe b a i OB a p e mo j k c t THro-
TeTb K KaKOMy-JIHO H3 OKpameHHblX CTHJieH, KHHJKHOMy hj i h,
HanpOTHB, pa3r0B0pH0My, a b cnHTarMaTicKOM nj i aHe, b pe n n
He MeHHTb OmeH HeHTpaJIbHOH OKpaCKH BbICKa3bIBaHHH, H nOTOMy
HHK3K He BbIKa3bIB3Tb CBOeft OCOOH OKpaCKH, BOCnpHHHMaTbCH KaK
HeTpaJibHoe. T a w i e cj i oBa b Ta d J i n u a x BHAejieHbi KypcHBOM. Bo
t{)paHH,y3CKOM, KaK h b pyccKOM, bo MHornx c j i y n a n x HeB03M0>KH0
peiHHTb, K3K0H H3 AByX CHHOHHMOB, KHHKHblH HJIH pa3rOBOpHbI,
HeTpaj i eH: s en aller h j i h partir ? prs de hj i h ct de ? cependant
hj i h pourtant ? vitre hj i h carreau ? ngligence h j i h laisser-aller ?
craindre h j i h avoir peur ? h t . n. ( K TOMy Ke n a c r o h mc h h o k h h -
Hoe c j i obo 0Ka3biBaeTca d o j i e e npneMJieMbiM a j i h HeTpajibHofi peHH,
HeM pa3rOBOpHblfi SKBHBaJieHT, B CHJiy KaKOrO-JIHO HHCTO nOHHTHH-
Hor o OTTeHKa: blmer, a He reprendre, sans retard, a He tout de
suite, prendre ses repas, a He manger, en sorte que, a He de ma
nire que, rompre, briser, a He casser, fuir, a He s enfuir h t- a .
Cp . pyooKHe cj i oBa, BbiAejieHHbie b k o j i o h k c k h h j k h o f o c t h j i h ) *,
9 t o npoTHBopeHHe BnenaTêHHH mo>kho Ha3BaTb n a p a a o K -
COM CHHOHHMOB, h O'bHCHHeTCH OHO TeM, HTO HeHTpaJIbHblH
CTHJIb, K3K Mbi y * e iTOBOpHJIH, 3T0 He adCOJlOTHO JIHItfeHHaH BCHKOft
CTHJIHCTHHeCKO OKpaCKH peHb, a peHb, JIHUieHHaH CTHJIHCTHHeCKOH
OKpaCKH JIHUIb OTHOCHTeJIbHO, T. e. peHb OmeCTBeHHO, TpaHUHOH-
h o 3aKpenJieHHan b Heihpaj ibHOM odmeHHH jiiOAeft. B ochobhom
cBoeM HApe OHa, KOHenHO, HeTpaJibHa, ho b A p y r n x nacT&x coAep-
s c h t a o j i i o KHHHCHbix 3JieMeHT0B ( de3 KOTOpbix n o Ka 3 a j i a c b 6bi
CJIH1HKOM 4>aMHJIbHpHOft, AOMaiHHeft) H AOJIIO (JjaMHJlbHpHbX SJie-
MeHTOB ( de3 KOTOpblX n o Ka 3 a j i a c b 6bi cj i hi hkom k h h j k h o ) .
J X o n y c T H M a n h n p H H H T a s n p o n o p H H H H H O C T H J i e -
B bl X 3 J i e M e H T 0 B , H e M e H H I O I H a H H e T p a j I b H O H 0 K-
p a c K H c t h j i h , c o c T a B J i n e T H a H H O H a j i b H y i o 0 c 0 -
6 e h h 0 c t b h e h t p a ji b h 0 r 0 c t h j i h .
OpaHUy3CKHH H3bIK B 3TOM OTHOUieHHH CHJIbHO pa3HHTCH OT
pyccKoro. TaK KaiK bo 4>paHuy3CKOM H3MKe 4>aMHJibspHaa peHb ro-
p a 3A0 TecHee CBH3aHa c a p r o , HeM b pyccKOM, t o TaM OHa i i o h t h
coBepmeHHQ HCKJHOHeHa H3 peHH He&TpajibHOH, TOrAa KaK b pyccKOM,
HanpOTHB, nacTO BKJiiOHaeTCH b Hei hpaj i bHyi o penb. TaKHM o d p a -
30M, OAHHM 3THM OTHOHieHHeM K $aMHJIbHpHOMy CTHJIIO, T. e.
1 Cp. ...pour exprimer le fait dadresser des reproches quelquun, alors
que nous disposons de tout un arsenal de termes spcialiss, nous nen avons
aucun qui soit le mot tout faire : semoncer et tancer tout archaques, admo
nester prtentieux, rprimander scolaire, vituprer sermonnaire, blmer admi
nistratif, gronder et attraper langage petite fille, engueuler est vulgaire...
Dans tout ceci, pas un mot pour dire la chose simplement, sans nuance et sans
particularisation (J. M a r 0 u z e a u. Aspects du franais, pp. 207-208). B01
noHeMy TaK t p j m j h o coeraBjiHTb c j i o B a p b c h h o h h m o b !
234
n p H 3 H a K 0 M HHCTO OTHOCHTeJIbHblM, $ p 2 H U y 3 C K H H e fi T p a JI b -
H b H C T H J I b 0 K 3 3 U B a e T C S C f l B H H y T b l M B C T O p O H }
KHHJ KHOH P H, a p y C C K H H H e H T p a i b H b l C T H J I b
O T O A B H H y T O T H e e B C T o p o H y 4 > a M H J l b H p H O f t p e-
> ! H 1.
H 3 OTHOCHTJl bHOCTH H e H T p a J I b H O r O CTHJIH h H e c o B n a A e H H H HCHT-
T p a j i b H b i x CTHJiefl b p y c c K O M h < J ) p a H u y 3 C K O M c j i e a y e T , h t o n p H
n e p e s o A e H e f i T p a j i b H o r o T e K C T a c p y c c K o r o Ha 4>paHixy3CKHH H e o -
x o a h m o HecK0 JibK0 noflHHMaTb CTHJi b, a n p H nepeBOAe c 4 ) p a H u y 3 -
C K o r o H a p y c c K H H H e c K O J i b K O n o H H * a T b e r o , o a h h m c j i o b o m , Heo-
x o a h m o B B e c T H n o c T O H H H y K ) n o n p a B K y Ha p a c x o * A e H H e HefiTpaJib-
Hbix CTHJi eH, HJI H K0 3 ( j ) i j ) HUHe HT H O p M b l .
M H o r o e H3 t o t o , h t o b o ( J j p a H u y s c K O M o h h h o , b p y c c K O M , x o t h
h c y m e c T B y e T , h o O K a s b i B a e r c a 3 a n p e A e j i a M H n p H B N H ' H o r o c n o c o a
B b i p a m e H H H . P a 3 J i H M H H 3 t h , H 3 A a B H a H 3 B e c T H b i e i i H c a T e j i H M h y n e -
HbiM, H a 3 b i B a K > T j i y x o M h 3 b i k a , l e g n i e d u n e l a n g u e . B o J i b T e p
b CBoeM < > h j i o c o 4 ) g k o m cj i oBape a a e T eMy T a n o e o n ' p e A e j i e H H e :
O n a p p e l l e g n i e d u n e l a n g u e s o n a p t i t u d e d i r e d e l a m a n i r e l a
pl us c o u r t e e t l a p l u s h a r m o n i e u s e c e q u e l e s a u t r e s l a n g u e s e x p r i
m e n t m o i n s h e u r e u s e m e n t . y x o M H 3 b i K a H a 3 b i B a i o T e r o c n o -
COHOCTb B b I C K a 3 b I B 3 T b CaMblM KpaTKKM H C a M b l M r a p M O H H H H M M 0 6 -
p a 3 0 M t o , h t o a p y r H e h s h k h B H p a m a i O T K e t s k y f t a H H O . O t n o H H -
t h A y x a H 3 b i K a ( b o t j i h h h c o t H a u H O H a j i b H o r o a y x a ) H e o T K a -
3bi BaK>TCH h < | ) H J i 0 J i 0 r H 2> H 0 o n p e A e J i e H H e B o j i b T e p a 0 CT a e T C H , no-
m a j i y , caMbiM t o h h h m .
yx H3biKa s t o t o , h t o Karnubifi BJiaAeioiuHH H3biK0 M o m y m a -
e r oJiee h j i h Menee o t h c t j i h b o , s t o , cjieA0 BaTejibH0 , He c b o c t b o
CKpbiToft o t H e n o c p e A C T B e H H o r o H a j n o A e H H H C T p y K T y p u , hj i h c hc -
TCMbl, H3HKa. Z l y x H 3 b I K a 3 T O C B O HC T B O e T O H O p M U ,
b n e p B y i o o n e p e A b p a 3 - b a c H H K > m e e c H K a K y K a 3 a H -
Hb i e B 3 3 H M 0 0 T H 0 m e H H H C T H JI e fi.
1 TanoBo KaqecTBo o 6 o h x Heftipa.ibHbix CTHJieft npn h x c h h x p o h h o m, b a b h -
Hbift MOMeHT, onucaHHH. HcTopH'-iecKH, o a h 3 k o , t o a i e itaqeCTBo h x pa3T.HcaHeTca
e m e HHa<ie: c^paHityacKaa HopMa C03aHa b OCHOBe CEoeft K/iaccHuncTaMM, c h x
nypH3M0M, orpaHHMeHHeM npoc TopenHux c. i ob h t . a .; pyccKaa ace pe aj r acr a-
mh, b HacTHocTH h b ocoeHHocTH riymKHHHM, h noTQMy c caMoro Ha<iaaa
Aa we n o MaTepHaJibHoMy cocTaBy cjioBapn cSjiHjKena c pa3roBopHWM c t h j i m.
B aa/ifaHeftmeM k 9 h m MaTepnaJibHhiM ocoCeHHocTHM npHcoeaHKHJiacb h TeMH
w e ocHOBonojiojKHHKaKH aaôJKeHHas TpajjHUHH 0TX0.ua o t pa3rosopHoro c t h j m
BO $paHUy3CK0M H cSjlHXeHHH C HHM B pyCCKOM. H 3AeCb MU b h a h m (cp.
46, 51, 87, 98), KaK MaTepaaJibHaH opraHH3auHH CHCTeMW co3AaeT h ayxoBHy.K)
npHBUHKy k TOMy h j i h HHOMy cnocoy BbipajKeHHH.
TaKHM o6paaoM, noHarae HefiTpajibHoro cthjih oTjraqaeTCH o t noHHTHH Heftr-
pa.ibHKfi njiacT cjiob. HHTepecHbie coo6 paeHHH b stom paay HAeft BbicKa3aHbi
M. B. IlaHOBbiM b ynoMHHyTofl CTaTbe: MoaceT noKa3atbca, ht o npa onpeAejie
HHH cthjih BMecTO yacTOTHOcra CHTyauH peneBoro o6meHHH HyjKHo onepHposaib
TOJibKO laCTOTHOCTblO CaMHX CJIOB B CTHJIHCTHHeCKHX napaAHrMax; OAH3KO 3T0
ne TaK. (cTp. 14, CHOCKa, yKa3. coi. ) .
2 HanpHMep, D. M o r n e t. Histoire de la clart franaise. P., 1929. Cp. Tax-
ace: A. D a u z a t. Hi st oi re de la langue franaise Payot , P., 1947, p. 347.
235
OcTaHOBHMcj Tenepb Ha HecKOJibKHx npHMepax k CK33aHHOMy.
B C3MOH TOHHO&, pOBHO, HeftTpaJIbHO (f)pa3e B pyCCKOH peHH
Bf l pyr npocKaJib3HBaeT pa3r oBopHoe, 4>aMHJibHpHoe, AOMauiHee
c j i obo. TaKOBO o h o caMO n o c e 6e, h o o ho BOBce He AeJiaeT pa 3r oBop-
h o h bck) 4>pa3y: npocTo H3BecTHaa, h SJibiuaH HeM bo (})paHuy3-
CKOM, T0JIHK3 pa3rOBOpHOCTH, K3K Mbi BHAeJIH, CBOHCTBO HMeH-
h o HeHTpaJIbHOH pyccKo penH, h He 6yAb s t o t o j i h k h , pe n b n o n a -
3 a j i a c b 6 bi KHHi>KHOH. Cp. HaJiOAeHHe 10. O j i e mn HaA rcyurKHHCKOH
4>paaoft:
yMeHHe t o h h o h KpaTKO Ha3BaTb nepej KHBaHne, nyBCTBO, Ay-
iueBHoe KanecTBo b ri yuiKHHe nopa3HTej ibHo:
...X03HUH, U3 nomeHUH u padocru nmeso ne en, zocru raKOtce hu-
HUUCb u c AaeoaoeenueM cAymaAU, k k eocydapb no-neMeum
pasaoeapueaA c nAennuM tueedoM o noxode 1701 eoda.
To x t e npHi uj i o 6bi b roJiOBy h Jl bBy T 0JiCT0 My: KorAa BHe3anH0
b a o m n p a e x a j i u a p b , X03HHH nepecTaJ i ecTb H3 i omt chkh h pa -
AOCTH.
H TaK >Ke CKa3aj i 6 bi T o j i c t o o t o c t h x , KOTOpbie cj iymaiOT p a 3-
r o B o p u u a p n c njieHHbiM i h b c a o m: o h h c n y ma i o T c JiaroroBeHH-
eM *.
B c e Ka3aHHoe Oj i ei i i ei s e p Ho , oh He 3aMeTHJi TOJibKO cj ioBa
SOCTU HU.HU.JlU.Cb BHyr pH 3T0H CTpOrOH H TOHHOH (})pa3bl. Cp. /
Jl epMOHTOBa: dru CAOea ona CKa.3a.Aa yAuaxcb dunAOMary u
63SAHHy8 na IJeHopuna. MutiAOMaTe36eAeHujicx... ( K h h t h h h J I h*
roBCKan, rj i . VI).
y $0HBH3HHa: Tearp npedcraBAHer KOMHary, ypaHnyto no-
epeeencKU. Epueadup, e ctopryKe, xodur u Kypur tk. Cuh ezo,
e de3a6uAbe, Koeuficji nber na. CoeemuK, e Ka3aKune, CMorpur
e KaAendapb. IIo dpyeyto cropony ctout ctoauk c naHUM npuo-
poM, nodAe K0T0p0S0 cudur coeeTHUUf e de3auAbe u kopuere u,
oweMHflcsi, ia pa3Aueaer... ( Bpnr a AHp, I, I ) 2.
Cj i oBa 3 t h nocpeAH CAepjKaHHOH h CTporoii (f>pa3bi He rpaM-
MTHnecKaH auiHKa, h o HaM AyMaeTCH, h t o o h h Toxce h ecTb Ta
yjibi'Ka, 6e3 KoropoH n e j h o h j i pyocuof l p e n a nyiuKHH.
HanpOTHB, 4>paHuy3CKaH HeftTpaj ibHan HopMa peHH npeAnHCbi-
BaeT CTpor oe eAHHCTBo $ p a 3hi, o a h o j w m b c j i o b o , o j i e e conHoe,
neM ocTaJibHbie, pHCKyeT npHAaTb BceMy $aMHJibHpHbiH OTTeHOK.
Cp. 3aMeTKy M. )KyaHAo:
Elle ne stait pas mani f e s t e encore, scrie une Italienne,,
en apprenant que Nanine a gifl sa mre.
Une Franaise ne se serait peut-tre pas exprime ainsi. Le
got excessif de la mesure expose une timidit qui se solde par
quelque platitude Hpe3Mepnoe uyecTeo Me pu npueodur k pooc-
1 K). O j i e m a. JlHTepaTypHaa TexHHKa. H3p. coi., M., 1956,
2 XI. H. 4>ohbh3hh. m6p. coh. h rwcbMa, THXJI, M., 1947, erp. 10.
236
t u . a poocTb k Heebipa3UTejibH0CTu penu Cp. TaKme obrqHoe
pyccKoe (Be*JiHBoe) opameHHe:
Bu ne MOMere Mne riOMOHb?
Ne pour r i ez- vous pas maider? He mozau 6bi eu Mne no-
MOKb. rio-pyccKH 3Ta Tome B03M0JKH3H cjiopMa yme He Heft-
TpaJibHaH, a KHHmHan.
Cjihuikom KaTeropHHHoe ynywee 3aMeHfleTC5i _bo 4>paHuy3CK0 M
4>opMoft Condi t i onnel . TaK me cMHnjaeTcn yTBepmaeHHe, ot hoch-
meecH k yaymeMy:
Ecau eu ripuedere... Si vous pouviez venir, si vous ve
niez... Boome r a n si + pr sent (si vous venez...) HecpaBHeimo Me
Hee ynoTpeHtejieH, qeM ero SKBHBaîeHT b pyccKOM.
HanpoTMB, 4>pauy3CKaH p a a r o Bo p Ha n pewb h cooTBer-
CTBeHHO HopMa 3a60THTCH O CJIOBaX, OCOleHHO 0 BeSCJIHBOCTH
c j io b h (jJopMyjinpoBOK. Cp. HaJiioAeHHe >KyaHo:
Un pet i t Angl a i s (quelle chance pour lui !) est venu passer les
vacances chez nos piciers. Les at t ent i ons quon lui prodigue, le
nombre et la qual i t des pl at s quon pr pa r e avec soin pour le
g t e r le st upfi ent .
Il adore (avec moi) l picire, une forte femme, un peu t r a n
ge, excentrique, non s a ns caractre. Cest aupr s delle quil aur a
le plus appri s. P a r exemple, quelques j our s aprs son arrive, lui
propose-t-on de chosi r ent r e deux dessert s, a va nt de faire le me
nu, comme il r pond : a mest gal . Mme Robin lui fai t r e ma r
quer gent i ment quil s er a i t plus l ga nt de ne pas s exprimer de
la sort e et t out de s ui t e il propose : Madame, j e ne me soucie .
Lpicire cl at a de r i r e et ne cessa de le faire quau moment o
l enfant eut t r ouv moyen dtre la fois correct, ai mabl e et
si mple : Vous me mbar r as sez ou Ma da me comme il vous pl a i
r a . Encore : Pui s que vous insistez, s il vous pl at , un gt eau pl u
t t que des fr ui t s .
Notre j eune An g l a i s t si sensi bl e ce genr e de t r ai t ement ,
densei gnement que, veut-il amuser l picire, pl us de t r oi s s emai
nes aprs, il se penche sur son paule, en m u r m u r a n t : Madame,
je ne me soucie .
Cette scne relve de la ci vili sati on l a pl us haute. Cest l
toute la Fr a nce : le got de ces r affi nement s, de les sent i r et den
parl er, de chercher non seulement le mot j ust e, mai s celui qui
dans t elle ci r const ance donne convient le mieux. Jusque par mi le
menu peuple (j e l ai const at cent fois chez mes parent s, t out pe
tit s commerant s de province quils t ai ent ) on t rouve cette p a s
sion du l a n g a g e , ...B stom bch Opa mma: bo BKyce k H3HiimbiM
oopoxaM pevH, b tom, KaK jiioht h-x nonyacTBOBaTh h o hhx noro-
! M. J o u h a n d e a u . Carnets de lcrivain, NRF, Gallimard, P., 1957,
p. 29.
237
BopHTfa, noHCKaTfa cj i obo e t o j i k o BepHoe, h o h caMoe noAOaiO"
m e e cj i yna o. a m e cpe^H r t pocTor o n a p o ^ a ( h s t o 3a Me na n ecHT-
KH p a 3 Ha CBOHX 'pQjWTeJIHX, a OHH bIJIH a c e r o JIHIUb JiaBOH'HH-
K3MH B TipOBHHUHaJIbHOM ropOfliKe) HaXOAHIUb 3Ty 'CTpaCTb K XOpO-
meft penH i.
108, 0 6pa 3Ubl CTHJICM. (4>OHeTH4eCKHe K CHHTaKCHHetKHe pa 3-
j i k h h h . ) 3 t o t Bonpoc AoeraTOHHO noji Ho ocBemeH b Harnefi ji HTepa-
Type, k KOTopoft h OTCbiJiaeM HHTaTejia 2. 3, necb Mbi orpaHHHHMca
HeCKOJIbKHMH 06pa3U3MH pa3HbIX CTHJieft, KOTOpbie MoryT nOCJiy-
JKHTb MTepHaJIOM flJIH CeMHHpCKHX 33HHTHH H CaMOCTOHTeJIbHblX
HajiOAeHHii.
3 t H HeOJiyUlHe TeKCTbl, 3aHMCTBOBaHbie IH3 JOMOpHCTHHeCKOft
KHurn Pa&MOHa K e H o 3 E x e r c i c e s d e s t y l e , na po/ ui H, h o n a p o -
Ahh JiecTHiUHe h HHTepecHbie KaK p a 3 TeM, h t o np e a e j i b Ho hc h o
n0Ka3HBai 0T caMbie 0 CH0BHbie nepTbi K a ma o r o c t h j i h . KpoMe Toro,
bo Bcex TeitCTax BOcnpoH3B0AHTca ohh H t o t m e ci omeT, h t o AeJia-
eT conocTaBiieHHe 0C06eHH0 HarJiaflHbiM.
1. He TpaJIbHblH C T H .1 b pHH. Cpe^H TeKCTOB KeHO HeT
Tanoro, KOTOpbiH HaHojnee HenocpeacTBeHHO Bomiomaji 6h hch-
Tpa^bHbl CTHJIb, OSTOMy IIpHBOflHM flBa TeKCTa: nepBbl HeCKOJIb-
KO B KHHJKHOM CTHJIC, BTOpOH HeCKOJIbKO B pa3rOBOpHOM. OflHaKO,
B CBH3H CO CK33aHHbIM BbJUie, HeCOMH6HHO IiepBblH TeKCT JIHHte K
HeftTpajibHOH HopMe. MHTaTeJb caM ybmht, ht b nepBOM tckct"
Hy>KHO ypaTb h. ht nepenecTH b Hero H3 BToporo, htom onncaTb
co6bie CTporo HefiTpaJibHo:
a ) Un jour vers midi du cot du parc Monceau, sur la plate
forme arrire dun autobus peu prs complet de la ligne S (au
jourdhui 84), j aperus un personnage au cou fort long qui por
tait un feutre mou entour d un galon tress au lieu de ruban.
Cet individu interpella tout coup son voisin en prtendant que
celui-ci faisait exprs de lui marcher sur les pieds chaque fois
quil montait ou descendait des voyageurs. Il abandonna d ailleurs
rapidement la discussion pour se jeter sur une place devenue
libre.
1 M. J o u h a n d e a u . Carnets de lcrivain, p. 24.
2 n o c t h j i a m npoH3HouieHHH JI. B. IH,e p 6 a. O c t h . t h x npoH3HoweKHH, b c6.
aBTopa H3p. pa6 . no pyccKOMy H3., y>inefl rH3, M., 1957; e r o w e . 4>oHerHKa
4>paHuy3CKoro fl3UKa (HeoAHOKp'aTno ne peH3AaBa. i acb) ; P. F o u c h . Les diver
ses sor t es de franais au point de vue phontique, Le Franais m o d e r n e ,
t. IV, 1936. no CHHTaKCHcy h n o r p a M M a t m e BooSme P. T. Il h o t p o b c k h h
0>tepKH n o CTHjiHCTHKe 4>paHuy3CKoro H3biKa (H3A- 2., 1960); Bce pa3JiimMH (JjyiiK-
HHOHaabHUx CTHêfi ocBemai orcH b y>ie6HMKe M. K. M o p e h h H. H. T e t e p e b-
h h k o b a. CthjiHCTHKa <j>paHuy3CKoro s b i n a , M., I960.
3 R. Q u e n e a u . Exercices de style, NRF, Gallimard, 31e d., P., 1956.
P. KeHo, 06.1aAaTe.ib roHKypoBCKofl npeMHH, KpyriHHft coBpeMeHHbift nHcaTejib
h (j)HJioflor, o a h h H3 ocHOBonojioiKHHKOB KOBoro, npaKTHqecKoro, HanpaBêHHH b
H3biK03HaHHH, H3Becraoro noA Ha3BaHiieM le franais lmentaire .
238
<
'
.
S
S
T
>
o
u
e
<
J
3
;
s
1
i6b Deux heures plus tard, je le revis devant la gare Saint-Lazare
en grande conversation avec un ami qui lui conseillait de diminuer
lchancrure de son pardessus en en faisant remonter le bouton
suprieur par quelque tailleur comptent.
b) Je suis mont dans lautobus de la porte Champerret. Il y
avait beaucoup de monde, des jeunes, des vieux, des femmes, des
militaires. Jai pay ma place et puis j ai regard autour de moi.
Ce ntait par trs intressant. Jai quand mme fini par remar
quer un jeune homme dont jai trouv le cou trop long. Jai exa
min son chapeau et je me suis aperu quau lieu dun ruban il y
avait un galon tress. Chaque fois quun nouveau voyageur mon
tait, a faisait de la bousculade. Je nai rien dit, mais le jeunei
hom,me au long cou a tout de mme interpell son voisin. Je nai
pas entendu ce quil lui a dit, mais ils se sont regards dun sale
il. Alors, te jeune homme au long cou est all sasseoir prcipi
tamment.
En revenant de la porte Champerret, je suis pass devant la
gare Saint-Lazare. Jai vu mon type qui discutait avec un copain.
Celui-ci a dsign du doigt un bouton juste au-dessus de lchan
crure du pardessus. Puis lautobus ma emmen et je ne les ai
plus vus. Jtais assis et je nai pens rien.
.2. K H H K H bl H C T H JI b.
a) Ce fut midi. Les voyageurs montrent dans lautobus. On fui
serr. Un jeune monsieur porta sur sa tte un chapeau entour
dune tresse, non dun ruban. Il eut un long cou. Il se plaignit
auprs de son voisin des bousculades que celui-ci lui infligea.
Ds quil aperut une place libre, il se prcipita vers elle et sy
assit.
Je laperus plus tard devant la gare Saint-Lazare. Il se v
tit dun pardessus et un camarade qui se trouva l lui fit cette
remarque : il fallut mettre un bouton supplmentaire.
b) Ctait midi. Les voyageurs montaient dans lautobus. On
tait serr. Un jeune monsieur portait sur sa tte un chapeau qui
tait entour dune tresse et non dun ruban. Il avait un long cou.
Il se ptaignait auprs de son voisin des bousculades que ce dernier
lui infligeait. Ds quil apercevait une place libre, il se prci
pitait vers elle et sy asseyait.
^ Je lapercevais plus tard, devant la gare Saint-Lazare. Il se
vtait dun pardessus et un camarade qui se trouvait l lui faisait
cette remarque: il fallait mettre un bouton supplmentaire.
P 3 3 H O B H J I H O C T H K H H J K H O T O C T H JI H s p c i a l i s a t i o n s
fonctionnelles :
L e t t r e o f f i c i e l l e . Jai lhonneur de vous informer des
faits suivants dont jai pu tre le tmoin aussi impartial quhor-
rifi.
239
Ce jour mme, aux environs de midi, je me trouvais sur la
plate-forme dun autobus qui remontait la rue de Courcelles en di
rection de la place Champerret. Ledit autobus tait complet, plus
que complet mme, oserai-je dire, car le receveur avait pris en
surcharge plusieurs imptrants, sans raison valable et m par une
bont dme exagre qui lui faisait passer outre aux rglements et
qui, par suite, frisait lindulgence. A chaque arrt, les alles et
venues des voyageurs descendants et montants ne manquaient pas
de provoquer une certaine bousculade qui incita l'un de ces voya
geurs protester, mais non sans timidit. Je dois dire quil alla
sasseoir ds que la chose fut possible.
Jajouterai ce bref rcit cet addendum : j eus loccasion daper
cevoir ce voyageur quelque temps aprs en compagnie dun per
sonnage que je nai pu identifier. La conversation quils chan
geaient avec animation semblait avoir trait des questions de na
ture esthtique.
Etant donnes ces conditions, je vous prie de vouloir bien,
Monsieur, mindiquer tes consquences que je dois tirer de ces faits
et lattitude quensuite il vous semblera bon que je prenne dans la
conduite de ma vie subsquente.
Dans lattente de votre rponse, je vous assure, Monsieur, de
ma parfaite considration empresse au moins.
P r i r e d i n s r e r 1. Dans son nouveau roman, trait aec
le brio qui lui est propre, le clbre romancier X, qui nous devons
dj tant de chefs-d'uvre, s est appliqu ne mettre en scne que
des personnages bien dessins et agissant dans une atmosphre
comprhensible par tous, grands et petits. Lintrigue tourne donc
autour de la rencontre dans un autobus du hros de cette histoire
et dun personnage assez nigmatique qui se querelle avec le pre
mier venu. Dans lpisode final, on voit ce mystrieux individu
coutant avec la plus grande attention les conseils dun ami, ma
tre s dandysme. Le tout donne une impression charmante que le
romancier X a burine avec un rare bonheur.
3. P a 3 r O B Op Hb I H C T H JI b B e r o 4> a M H J I b H p H O H
p a 3 HO B H H O C T H :
a) Moi, je comprends a : un type qui sacharne vous mar
cher sur les pinglots, a vous fout et rogne. Mais aprs avoir
protest aller sasseoir comme un pteux, moi, je comprends pas
a. Moi, j ai vu a lautre jour sur la plate-forme arrire dun auto
bus S. Moi, je lui trouvais le cou un peu long, ce jeune homme et
aussi bien rigolote cette espce de tresse quil avait autour de son
chapeau. Moi, jamais joserais me promener avec un couvre-chef
1 3 t o t TepMHH npHMepno CooTBeTCTByeT pyccKOMy nacbMO b pefl aKi ouo,
o 6 p a 3 e u ra3eTH0ft 33MeTKH.
240
1
pareil. Mais c'est comme je vous le dis, aprs avoir gueul contre^
un autre voyageur qui lui marchait sur les pieds, ce type est ail
s'asseoir sans plus. Moi, je lui aurais foutu une baffe ce salaud
qui maurait march sur les pieds.
Il y a des choses curieuses dans la vie, moi je vous le dis, il
ny a que les montagnes qui ne se rencontrent pas. Deux heures
plus tard, moi je rencontre de nouveau ce garon. Moi, je laperois
devant la gare Saint-Lazare. Moi, je le vois en compagnie dun
opain de sa sorte qui lui disait, moi je lai entendu: Tu devrais
remonter ce bouton-l. Moi, je lai bien vu, il dsignait le bouton
suprieur.
b) Ce que nous tions serrs sur cette plate-forme dautobus !
Et ce 'que ce garon pouvait avoir lair bte et ridicule ! Et que
fait-il ? Ne le voil-t-il pas qui se met vouloir se quereller avec un
bonhomme qui prtendait-il ! ce damoiseau I le bousculait ! Et
ensuite il ne trouve rien de mieux faire que daller vite occuper
une place laisse libre ! Au lieu de la laisser une dame !
Deux heures aprs, devinez qui je rencontre devant la gare
Saint-Lazare ? Le mme godelureau ! En, train de se faire donner
des conseils vestimentaires ! Par un camarade l
A ne pas croire !
c) Moi, je ne sais pas ce quon me veut. Oui, j ai pris lS vers
midi. Il y avait du monde? Bien sr, cette heure-l! Un jeune
homme avec un chapeau mou ? Cest bien possible. Moi, je nexa
mine pas les gens sous le nez. Je men fous. Une espce de galon
tress?... Il saurait querell avec un autre monsieur? Cest des
choses qui arrivent.
Et ensuite je l'aurais de nouveau revu une heure ou deux plus
tard ? Pourquoi pas ? Il y a des choses encore plus curieuses dam
la vie. Ainsi, je me souviens que mon pre me racontait souvent
que...
d) Tiens ! Midi t temps de prendre lautobus ! que de monde !
que de monde! ce quon est serr! marrant! ce gars-l! quelle
trombine! et quel cou ! soixante-quinze centimtres ! au moins !
et le galon ! le galon ! je navais pas vu ! le galon f cest le
plus marrant ! a ! le galon ! autour de son chapeau ! Un galon !
marrant! absolument marrant! a y est le voil qui rle! le type
au galon ! contre tin voisin ! quest-ce quil lui raconte ! Lautre !
lui aurait march sur les pieds l Ils vont se fiche des gifles ! pour
sr ! mais non! mais s i ! va h y ! va h y ! mords y lil! fonce!
cogne ! mince alors ! mais non ! il se dgonfle ! le type ! au long
cou ! au galon ! cest sur une place vide quil fonce ! oui ! le
gars !
Eh bien ! vrai ! non ! je ne me trompe pas ! cest bien lui !
l-bas ! dans la Cour de Rome ! devant la gare Saint-Lazare ! qui
241
se balade en long et en large ! avec un autre type ! et quest-ce
que Vautre lui raconte ! quil devrait ajouter un bouton ! oui !
son pardessus ! son pardessus !
4. r i p o c T o p e M H e .
Ltait un peu plus dmidi quand j ai pu monter dans lesse.
Jmonte donc, jpaye ma place comme de bien entendu et voilatipas
qualors jremarque un zozo lair pied, avec un cou quon aurait
dit un tlescope et une sorte de ficelle autour du galurin. Je Iregar-
de passque jlui trouve lair pied quand le voilatipas quismet
interpeller son voisin. Dites-donc, quil lui fait, vous pourriez pas
faire attention, quil ajoute, on dirait, quil pleurniche, quvous
Ifaites essprais, qui bafouille, deummarcher toutltemps sull pa
nards, qui dit. L-dsus, tout fier de lui, i va sasseoir. Comme un
pied.
Jrepasse plus tard Cour de Rome et jlaperois qui discute le
bout de gras avec autre zozo de son espce. Dis-donc, qui lui fai
sait lautre, tu dvrais, qui lui disait, mettre un ottbouton, quil
ajoutait, ton pardingue, qui concluait K
1 09. A p r o . A p r o b coScTBeHHOM CMbiuie cj i oBa s t o npot j j ec-
CHOHaJibHbiS w a p r o H BopoBCKoro MHpa b o $ p a HUHH2. CymecTBOBa-
Hue SToro w a p r o H a npocj i ej KHBaeTca n o HeKOTopbiM Meci aM nucb-
MeHHbix naMHTHHKOB 4>paHuy3CKoro H3 biKa y w e b X I I I Bene, a c
XV o HeM HMeioTCH TOHHbie AOKyMeHTajibHwe CBHflerejibCTBa. CaMO
c j i o b o l a r g o t b o c x o h t k X V I I Beny h TaK onpefleJiaeTCH b cjiOBa-
p s x t o S a n o x u : l e l a n g a g e d e s g u e u x e t d e s c o u p e u r s d e b o u r s e ,
qui s e x p l i q u e n t d u n e m a n i r e q u i n e s t i n t e l l i g i b l e q u c e u x de
l e u r c a b a l e ( D i c t i o n n a i r e d e R i c h e l e t , 1680) 3.
C o BTopoS nojioBHHbi X I X B e n a npoHcxoflHT bt cTpoe p a c c e n -
penHBaHHe a p r o . E r o JieKCHKa CMeuiHBaeTCH c npocTopenHbiMH
nJiacTaMH j i c k c h k h , npeHMymecTBeHHO B npocTopenHH I l a p H Ka , h
b t o e BpeMH Bce ojiee h o j i e e BHeApHeTCH b H3biK opasoBaH-
h o h nacra omecTBa, a 3aTeM h b Ji i rr epaTypHyi o HOpMy, n o n a ^ a a
b t t e e nj i acT, KOTOpbiH o p a 3 y e T cocTBeHHo (})aMHJibHpHyio penb.
1 ripocTopeme, HecMOTpH Ha OTcyrcTBue (JwKCHpyioiueft ero nncbMeHHocra,
Boofiiue oâflaeT oqeHb 6o,ibiuofi ycToqHBOCTbro. PyccKHe TeKCTU XVIXVI
BeKOB h yKa3H He pa no cthjiio Majio qeM 0Tjraqai0TCH o t C0BpeMeHH0r0 HaM
npocTopeqHH. To x e BepHo h ajih $paHuy3CKoro. f l o )K. Mapy30, npoCTOpeqHe
a * e pofl cycTpaTa, aMopTH3Hpy(omHft HOBOBBeAeHHH b -iHTeparypnoM 3biKe, co-
npoTHBjiHiomHftca hm. De mme que la l angue littraire est novatrice par plus
dun endroit, de mme la l angue populaire peut tre dans une l ar ge mesure un
ac t eur de conservation . J. M a r o u z e a u. Aspects du franais, p. 40
2 P. G u i r a u d. Largot. Collection Que sais-je ? , P., 1956 : Largot
donc e s t la l angue spciale de la pgre, cest--dire l'ensemble des mots propres
aux t r u a n d s (p. 7) ; B. 5K h p m y h c k h ft. HauHOHa.ibHWH s h h k h couHa.ibHhie
AHaaeKTH, JI., 1936, erp. 129. 3Aecb sce 6n6jiHorpac}>HH no apro.
UHTHpyercst no n . T h p o. yna3. coq., CTp. 6.
242
l a n g u e f a m i l i r e (KOJiOHKa 4 b TaiJinuax c h h o h h m o b ) . O r c i o j x a
a p r o npoHHKaeT b xyaomecTBeHHyi o J i HTe p a Ty p y H o TaK k b k
4>paHuy3CKoe n p o c T o p e n n e , l a n g a g e p o p u l a i r e , no KpaftHefi Mepe
KaK e r o o n n c a j i A. 5 o u i 2, h ecTb b o c h o bhom napHmcKoe n p o e r o p e -
nne, t o ycTaHOBHTb neTKHe rpaHHiubi, c o a h o CTopoHbi, Me wa y l a n
g u e p o p u l a i r e k a p r o , c Apyroft MemAy l a n g u e f a m i l i r e h a p
r o , HeB3MO>KHO. TaK, npHBefleHHbiH KaK o 6 p a 3 e u p a 3 r o B o p n o
peHH b n p e a b w y me M n a p a r p a t j j e t c k c t P. K s h o Mo i j e no
c y m e c r e y c t o h t Ha r paHHue MemAy pa 3r o Bo p Ho ' penbi o b e e $ a -
MKJIbHpHOft p a 3 ;H0BHJH0CTH M a p r o ( c p . Ta'KHe 'CjlOBeWH KK a
vous fout en rogne ne3er uct pookoh, nanpauiueaeTCH na dpatcy).
KpoMe Toro, n p o u e c c pacceKpeHHBaHHH j i c k c h k h BeAeT k p a c c j i o e -
hhi o a p r o : mzigue (moi) ifioJiee a p r o r a n H o , HeM bibi, entraver, new
piger, foutu, neM fichu h t . n . 3. H e cj ieAyeT 3 a 6 biBaTb, 0AHai<0 , h t o
Bce CKa3aHHoe KacaeTca b ochobhom j i c k c h k h a p r o , b ueJioM e a p
r o HBJieHHe oJ i ee CJi omHoe4.
KaK couHaJi bHhi ma pr oH, a p r o o t h o c h t c h k ui HpoKo r p y n n e
eonHaji bHbi x AHajxeKTOB5. Bo OpaHUHH TaKHMH coiwaJibHbiMH m a p -
roHaMH h j i h H3biKH o t x o h c h x npoMf>icjioB ( p r o f e s s i o n s s a i s o n n i
r e s ) : KaMeHuiHKOB, Tpy6oHHCTOB h n p o H . 6. 3 t h cneu,HajibHbie a h -
JieKTbl pa3BHBaJ!HCb B OJiaCTHX, nOf l BepmeHHHX MHOrOH3UHHOMy
bj i hhhhk) . KjiaccHHecKoS oJiacTbio Hx. 6bi J i a CaBof t a, J i emamaH h e
CKpemeHHH neTbi pex H3biKOBbix noTOKOB: 4>paHuy3CKoro, HTajibHH-
CKOro, npBaHcaj i bCKoro h KeMeuKoro. C JiHHrBHCTHHecKoft t o h k h
speHHH oneHb HHTepecHo c x o a c t b o ycjiOBHH npH opa30BaHHH a p r o
H npH TaK Ha3bIBaeMOM CKpemeHHH H3bIKOB, HanpHMep, CaKCOHCKO-
r o h KeJibTCKoro b AHrjiHH, -cjiaBHH'OKHx h r p e n e o Ko r o a Baj i Ka-
Hax h t . n. l o p a K a e T TawKe h c x o a c t b o BHyTpeHHHx S 3 h k o b h x n po
u e c c o s : yTpaTa <f)JieKCHH, HapacTaHHe aHaJiHTHHecKnx nepT h t . n
B c e 3 t h Bonpocbi e m e Majio H3yneHbi, 0AHaK0 y m e HaKonjieHHbie
fajuoaeHHH H a a pa3BHraeM counaJi bHbi x AHaJieKTOB 3acTaBJiaioT
OTpOCHTb MHeHHe O TOM, HTO 3TH AH3JieKTbI, HCapr OHH yCJIOBHbie
h HCKyccTBeHHbie H3biKH. H a caMOM Aejie ma pr oHbi b uejiOM Majio
HanoMHHaioT s c n e p a HTo h j i h BOjianiOK. X a p r o H b i pa3BHBaiOTCH b
! 0 6 a p r o b jurrepaType cm. (HecKojibKO ycapeBuiHe b 3toh h a c t h ) paOTH
A. D a u z a t . Les argots, Delagrave, P., 1929 h B. >Kn p My HCKHf t . Hautro-
HaJIbHb$ H3bIK H COUHaJIbHUe AHa.leKTbi, CTp. 122.
2 H. B a u c h e . Le l angage populaire, nouvelle dition, Payot, P., 1951,
pp. 22, 23, 26 h ap.
3 J. M a r o u z e a u . Aspects d u i r a n a i s , p. 33.
4 CjiOBapB apr o (ocnosHbie): G. S a n d r y et M. C a r r e r e. Dictionnai
re de la r got moderne, 3 e d., Editions du Dauphin, P., 1956; A. S i m o n i n . Le
petit Simonin illustr, Hachette, P., 1957; Dr. J. L a c a s s a g n e et P. D e v a u x.
Largot du milieu, A. Michel, P., 1948 (dictionnaire argot-franais et f r an
ais-argot.) .
5 O couHEJibHhix HaJieKTx cm. B. ) K h p m y h c k n ft. YKa3. coq.
Maons, peigneurs de chanvre, ramoneurs, chaudronniers et rempailleurs
de chaises a mb u l a n t s , A. D a u z a t , p. 16.
243
OCHOBHOM, KaK BCe eCTeCTBeHHblfi H3bIKH, XOTH H OTJIHHlOTCH OT HHX
HecKOJibKHMH cymecTBGHHbiMH nepTaMH. A p r o HaHojiee H3yneH-
Hbi h BMCCTe c TeM Ha n o j i e e CBoeo6pa3Hbi H3 c ounaj i bHbi x fl na-
JieKTOB ' .
npe>Kin,e Bcero, KaK OTMenaeT . THpo, a p r o oTJiHna'eTCH
o t ecTecTBeHHoro HauHOHajibHoro 3UKa CBoe $yHKUHe. <>yHK-
Uhh HauHOHajibHoro H3HKa o' beflHHeHHe HauHH, (fiyHKUHH a p r o
ot e/ i HHeHHe oaho& couHSJi buon npocjio&KH ome cTBa h npOTHBO-
nocTaBJieHHe ee ocraJibHoft nacTH o m e e r B a . 3 t h m a p r o oTjmnaeTCH
TaK>Ke o t TaKHx cou,HajibHbix >Kapr0H0B KaK c a n p ( l e s a b i r ) , 6hh-
a e - Ma p (la b c h e - d e - m e r ) , Pidgin English Ha BjiHWHeM b o c t o k c ,
langua f r a n c a b a c c e f m e Cpefl H3eMHoro Mopa. 3 t h h 3 h k h , b npo -
THBonoji owHocTb a p r o , HMeioT (JjyHKUHeH He omeHHe BnyTpH ysKOH
h 33MKHyTOH coi maj i bHoft r p y n n b i , a omeHHe Me wa y pa3HOH3biHHbi-
MH COUJHaJIbHblMH r pynnaMH 2, MaCTO B npOUIJIOM Me wa y K0JI0HH3a-
TopaMH eBponeftiiaMH h K0Ji0HH3yeMbiM Ty3eMHbiM HaceJieHHeM.
KpoMe Toro CJieACTBHe (JjyHKUHH a Pro xapaKTepH3yeTCH
oqeHb ysKOH ceMaHranecKofi ct jiepofi, h o 3aT0 b s t o ct{>epe jieKCHKa
a p n o npeAeji bHO H3HToqHa. TaK, HMeerca 160 TexHimecKHx b i p a -
>KeHHH AJW noHHTHH eopoacreo, yKpacTb, op (drille, grivois, nar
quois, filou...), 40 flJlfl nOHHTHH OMaHyTb, 45 AJIH nOHHTHH
yeotcaTb, CKpbiTbCH, okoj i o ceMHAecaxH cj i ob a j i h noHHTHH nedepacr,
o k o j i o nHTHAecHTH A-rca noHHTHH npocTUTyrna h t . n . 3.
TeMnM H3MeHeHHfl a p r o c j i e a y i o me e e r o o t j i h h h c o t Hauno-
HSJibHoro H3biKa HecpaBHeHHo oJi ee biCTpwe. H s t o n o ijeJiOMy
pHAy npHHHH; H3-33 OTCyTCTBHH nHCbMeHHOCTH H (J)HKCHpOBaHHOH
JiHTepaTypHoft HopMbi h H3-3a biCTporo pacceKpequBaHHH c j i o -
Ba p a . noaTOMy b p h a j i h m o j k h o roBopHTb, h t o s p r o pa3BHBaeTCH,
CKOpee o h o npocTo H3MeHaeTca. y Hero HeT n p o r p e c c a b t o m CMHCJie
k 3 k o h ecTb y BCHKoro ecTecTBeHHoro H3biKa, HMei omero nncbMeH-
HOCTb.
BHyTpeHHHe 33K0HOMepHocTH s p r o c 6j i h >k 3 i o t e r o o t h s c t h c
eCTeCTBeHHblMH HaitHOHaJIbHblMH H3bIK3MH, a OTH3CTH C HCKyCCTBeH-
HbIMH H3bIK3MH.
KaK yKa3biBaiOT HccjieAOBaTejiH 4, cj i oBapb s p r o CKJiaAHBaeTCH
H3 a ) TeXHHHeCKHX TepMHHOB, npOêCCHOHajlbHOfi JieKCHKH BOPOB-
CKoro peMecj i a, 6) SKcnpeccHBHbix cj i ob. B s t o m CMHCJie ecj i n
nmpoKO noHHMSTb r p y n n y TexHHHecKHX TepMHHOB npHHijHn CTpoe-
h h h cj i OBapa b a p r o t t * e , h t o h b HanH0H3JibH0M H3biKe. 0 6 p a 3 -
Uh TexHHHecKoro cj i OBspa s p r o npHBeAeHbi Bbiuie. B o t HecKOJibKO
06p33UOB SKCnpeCCHBHOrO CJIOBSpH:
1 Pa3flM 06 apro H3jiaraeTCH no yica3. coq. IT. T h p o.
2 n . T h p o, CTp. 29.
3 n . T h p o, CTp. 36.
4 TaM x e .
244
bondir sur le paletot=sauter sur le dos
bomber une surface tonner
bote tantes = tablissement de plaisir frquent par des
hommes-femmes
glisser dans la feuille confier loreille
piano-piano doucement
risquer le paquet= tenter sa chance
se rtir le cuir = prendre un bain de soleil.
B COBape a p r o oneHb p a 3 BHTO CHHOH.iMHHecKoe cj i OBOopaso-
3 3 HHe. Kan TOJibKO zojioea tte mwiyHHJia HaHMHOBaHHe $ p y K-
TS, BG3MOJKHO, HTO HM bIJIO CJIOBO poire B CBH3H C H3BeCTHC
KapHKaTypofi Ka J y a - OHJ i Hnn a , b s t o m 3HaneHHH nepeHBaJi o
Maj o-noMaJi y 6 0 JibiuHHCTB0 Ha3BaHH& ApyrHX cj>pyKTOB: pche, pom
me, citron, cerise, jxamz h TaKHe, H3 KOTOpbix c TpynoM moj kho H3-
BJisHb MCTa(J)opy, HanpHMep fraises KJiyHUna h cassis lepHan
CMopoduna K M e T a $ o p a mo j k c t br r b h o j i e e c j i oj khoh: charrier
dans les bgonias chmboj i j i o b k o c t h , eBepxAoeKoeTb, nocj i eÔBa-
TejibHo aopo>KAaeT pitiner la plaie-bande, bousculer le pot de
fleurs h a a * e npo c To jardiner. CBoeo6pa 3He s t o t o c n o c o a cj i obo-
0pa30BanHH s a k j u o Ha e Tc a b t om, h t o c o x p a n a e T c n HeKKft c e m a h-
I H H e C K H KO A, h j i h OIHH 0pa3, MeTao6pa3, KOTOpblH H OTje*
AHHHeT Bce KOHKpeTHbie pa3JiHHHbie npoaBJieHHH e r o MeTaôpbi .
S n a a 3 t o t MeTao6pa3, BcerAa moj kho noHHTb a oBoe a p r o r a n e c K o e
BHpajKeHHe, KaK 6 bi MaTepHaJibno h o b o o h o h h 6 h j o h KaKoft 6 bi
HacTHbi KOHKpeTHbiH o 6 p a 3 b HeM h h BbipaJKajicH. Cp. tre fau
ch blTb e3 Spotua, yiICB. blTb CKOlueHHblM, COtCaTblM, n03B0JIH-
eT 6e3 TpyAa noHHTb e r o chh ohhm tre comme les bls 6 yKB.
biTb k u k nuienuiia.
OAHaxo i pH BceM BHyTpeHHeM, TOJibKO a p r o npHcyiueM CBoeopa-
3HH CMaHTHHeCKHX KOAOB, OHH, nO-BHAHMOMy, B TO JK6 BpeMH H Ha-
uaonaJi bHO CBoeo6pa3Hbi : MeTa4)opa bo $paHuy3CKOM a p r o c t p o h t -
Cf. coBceM He TaK, KaK b pyccKOM, h o 3aTo HHorAa BbipajKeHHe
(Jj paHuyscKoro a p r o n opaj KaeT cbohm BHyTpeHHHM c x o a c t b o m c Ka-
KHM-JIHO HCIiaHCKHM, HJIH HTaJIbflHCKHM, HJIH APyrHM pOM3HCKHM
BbipajKeHHeM. C p . un flatteur Abcret4 HMeeT b a p r o MeTacjjopH-
necKHH 3KBHBajieHT un lche-cul AU303ad. H b s t o m BupaJKeHHK,
IOCTpoeHHOM BnOJIHe n o BHyTpeHHHM 3aXOHOMepHOCTHM (J)paHUy3-
CKoro a p r o ( cp. un casse-pieds HadoedAUBbi, uydHbi neAoeeK,
un baisse-froc Tpyc, un pousse-canule cauurap h t . n . ) , mm
y3HaeM BApyr HenaHeKoe HapoAHoe un lame-culos AU303ad, nod-
xaum. B o n p o c o HauHOHajibHOM CBoea6pa3HH MeTa({>op h cpaBHe-
rfHK, nOAHHTblfi B 3T0 KHHre (CM. Bbllie 72 H CJieA-), nOHTH COBCeM
a e H3yneH. ,H,03a CHHTaeT, h t o a p r o He HMeeT cnei maj ibHofi: ceMHTH-
1 A. JX o 3 a, c tp. 138.
245
KH, HO TOJibKO OTAaeT npeAnOHTCHHe HeKOTOpblM CeMaHTHqeCKHM
npHeMaM, c ymecTByi omHM b HauHOHaJibHOM a 3HKe . Bo J i e e cneuH(J)H-
h c c k h m CeMaHTHqeCKHM aBJieHHeM b a p r o J ( o 3 a CHHTaji h p o h h o ' .
E c j i h p a c c Ma Tp n Ba Tb cJi OBapb a p r o He c t o h k h 3peHHH e r o
npOHHKHOBeHHH B OmeHaUHOHaJIbHblfi H3bIK, a C^ TOHKH 3peHHH
BHVTpeHHe CTpyKTypbi a p r o , t o c j i o B a p b s t o t Ta&HbiH. LI,ejib r o -
Bo p a mHX Ha a p r o h m b h h o bi Tb HenoHaTHbiMH He n o c Ba me H-
h h x . n o HaJiioACHHflM cneunaj i ncTOB, n p n p o A a TaHHoro c j i OBa p a
a p r o ABOHCTBeHHa. C o a h o h c t o p o h h , C K p b i a a e T C H c m h c j i c j i o -
Ba bath b m c c t o beau h t . n . C Ap y r o f i c t o p o h h , C K p b i B a e T C H
(J) o p m a : laub, laubiche, baveau b m c c t o beau. r e p B H n p n e M C03-
A a e r TaHHyi o JieKCHKy, BTopof t Ta&HbiH k o a . A p e B H e e ( J)paHuy3CKoe
a p r o h m s j i o TaHyi o JieKCHKy. C HanaJiOM np0HHKH0BeHHa cJi OBapa
a p r o 'b omeHanHGHaJ i bHHH h 3 h k , t . e. b CBH3H c pacceKpeHHBaHH-
eM e r o , noHBJ i aeTca BTo p o n p n e M c o k p h t h h k o a . TaKHM o p a -
30M, r a HHbi c j i o B a p b BopoBCKor o MHpa n p o A O J i x a e T c y me e r BOBa Tb
b h o b o h $ o p M e 2. P a c n p o c T p a H e H H e HeKOTOpbix c j i o b a p r o a a e r o
n p e Ae j i b i ( Ha npHMep, tzigue, mzigue) A e u i H ^ p y e T koa* I l 0 3 T0 My
k j i i o h KOAa nepHOAHnecKH m c h h c t c h , h o oi uHf i n p h h a h n k o a a,
MeTaKOA, o c Ta e T c a . B a p r o , nepef i Aa b He r o H3 J Ka p r o Ha m j i c h h k o b
n a p HWCKo r o n p H r o p o A a L a V i l l e t t e , i i o h b h j i c h cJi eAyi owHH k o a :
L... K em
3 t o 3H3HHT, h t o HanajibHbiH corj i acHbi H BCHKoro uiH(J)pyeMoro cj io-
Ba, o6o3HaHeHHufi b 3 t o h (JiopMyjie n e pe 3 K, OTOABHraeTca b KOHeu
cj i oBa, rAe k HeMy npuaBJiaeTCH cyjDcjjHKC -em, b Hanaj i e cJioBa
ypaHHH corJiacHbiH saMeHaeTCHTia L. TaKHM 0pa30M c j i obo bou
cher 3auiH<jbp0BaH0 s t h m k oa o m b loucherbem.
ri o3AHee noaBHJica h o b m S k o a L... du, HanpHMep, cave lavedu
h , aaKOHeu, coBCeM HeAaBHo k o a N... du: cave navedu. M o w h o
OJKHAaTb nOHBJleHHH KOAa B... H T. A . 3. LlpH BCeX 3THX H3MeHeHHHX
KOAOB OUIHfi npHHUHn HJIH MeTaKOA, OCTaeTCH nOCTOHHHblM. 3 t o
n0CT0aHCTB0 MeTaKOAa a p r o Bnoj i He conoeraBHM0 c ycTOHHHBOCTbK)
aCTpaKTHoro CTpyKTypHoro KapKaca ecTecTBeHHbi x H3biKOB.
KpaTKHH 030p (J)paHUy3CKOrO a p r o Mbi 3aK0HHHM 0 pa3HHK0 M
KOAa loucherbem, f i j i e e r a m e cnapoAHpoBaHHoro PaflMOHOM K e Ho 4.
( K o h c h h o 9 t o t TeKCT nepeAaeT TOJibKO BHeuiHee BneHaTJieHHe o t
3aKOAHpOB3HHOH TaKHM 06pa30M peHH.)
1 A. J\ o 3 a. L[h t . c o i ., d p . 155.
2 n . T h p o. h t . coq., CTp. 1819.
4 TaM s e , CTp. 6769.
4 Exercices de style. O 4>panuy3CKOM apro Ha pyccKOM H3WKe c m. 3aMeTKy
P. n . I L I e K y p o B a . proTK3Mbi b coBpeMeHHOM (J)paHuy3CK0 M H3bwe, b c6. Bon-
pocw pOMaHCKOrO H3blK03HaHHH, KHUIHHeB, 1963. (Cê^yeT OpaTHTb BHHM3HHe
Ha HeHCHOCTb TepMHHOJiorHH b 3t o h 3aMeTKe, HanpHMep, npocTopeqHe=pa3-
roBopHaa (fopMa* qero? yna3. coq., CTp. 236.)
246
S
b
l
'
a
u
u
w
j
c
b
L o u c h e r b e m .
Un lourjingue vers lidimege sur la lateformeplic arrir dun
lobustotem, je gaffe un lyptinge avec un long loukem et un la-
peauchard entour dun lalongif au lieu de lubanrogue. Soudain il
se met a leuleguer contre son loisinv parce quil lui larchemait
sur les mipouilles. Mais sans lagarreboum il se trissa vers une
lacepeme lidve.
Pius tard je le gaffe devant la laregame Laintsoin Lazarelouille
avec un lypetogue dans son lenregome qui lui donnait des lon-
seilcons propos dun loutonb.
M a c t > I I
M H f l H B M f l y A J l b H A M
P E H b
COOBIUEHHE
110. FjiaBHOe B3aHMOAC0CTBHC B3aMMOfl,eHICTBHe HHTOHaUHH
H rpaMMaTMHCCKOH CTpyKTypH. B 3TOM pa3flCJie fl,OJIHHbI hITfa p a 3 -
BHTbl H AeTaJlH3HpOB3Hbl Ha. UOaeHHH Haf l T3KHMH B33HM0AeHCT-
BHHMH HHTOHaiWH H TpaMMaTHêCKOH CTpyKTypbl, KOTOpbie npOHCXO-
flHT TOJlbKO B KOHKpeHOH peêBOS CHTyaUHH H nOTOMy 63 Hapy-
uieBHa e Tp o r o e TH oniicaHHH He moi vi h bi Tb onnc a HH Ha ypoBHe
HopMbi b npeflbiayme nacTH (BBeaeHue h 8689).
CHHT3KCHiecKaH CTpyKTypa 4>paHuy3CKoro H3biKa xaKOBa, mt o
b n p e a e j i a x o Ho r o npeAJioweHHH He n03B0JiH6T OTjmqH?b H0 B0 e co-
aepHtaHHe o t a a HHor o, t . e. TeMy o r peMbi, ncHXOJiorHHecKHH cy'b-
eKT o t ncHxcwiorHHecKoro npeAHKaTa, a s t h h s c t h o t rpaMMaTHHecKHX
n o f l j i o K s w e r o h CKa3yeMoro. P 3 3 j i h h h h s t h cymecTByi oT h bmh bj i s -
K5TC BO 4>paHUy3CKOM J3bIKe TOJIbKO Ha ypOBHe HHAHBHZtyajIbHOH
p e u a nocpeACTBQM h h t o h 3 u h h . T s k h m 0pa30M, ec/iH r ps MMa-
MecKoe CTpoeHHe (BKJuoqafl cerMeHTauHi o) h o m a n , THnoBaa
a o c x o s H m e - n a ^ a i o m a H HTOHamiH OTAeJibHoro 4>paHuy3CKoro n p e -
JIOWeHHH HBJIfleTCH KaK 6 bl MeXaHH3MOM r p y o HaCTpOHKH, TO
K0HKpeTH3H HHTOHaUHSI B KOHTCKCTe MeXSHHSM TOHKO HaCTpOH-
k h. 4 acT0 $ p a H u y 3CKyio h h t o h 3 uhk> npeACTaBJiHioT cefie moho-
t ohHoi , HecnocoHo Bbipa3HTb CMbicjioBoe (ncHxojiorHHecKH cyi i-
6 k t npeflHKaT) ^.neHeHHe BbiCKasbiBanHa. ObiqHo pojib h h t o h 3 -
UHH B KOHTeKCTe HCCJieAOB3TeJlH CBOAHT K BbIp3ceHHIO a({>(JeKTOB
(3 caMyro HHTOH3UHK) k T3K Ha3biBaeMOMy SMâTHqecKOMy yaape-
h h o ) , HsnpHMep, k npoTHBonocTaBJieHHK) rana La cavalerie ce
nest pas l'infanterie1. Mextay xeM, po/ib HHTOHau,HH mupe. 0 6 p a -
t h m c h k cj i eAyromeMy KOHTCRCTy (Ssrtre. La naus e , Livre de
poche, p. 16) :
Il est une heure et demie. Je suis au caf Mably, je mange un
sandwich, tout est peu prs normal. Dailleurs, dans les cafs,
tout est toujours normal et particulirement au caf Mably, cau
1 3 omeM, TaK noj i a r a j i h JI. B. m e p 6 a, x o t s b cBoeft <E>OHeTHKe $paH-
uy3CKoro ssbiKa o h k BbiAeJiHji H3 3M$aTHqecKHx yflapeHHft eine oHy pa3HO-
BHAHOCTb, H83B8B e r o (HeyaaHHO) JiorK>iecKHM (yKa3. coq., 209212).
251
se du grant, M. Fasquelle... Il se promne entre les tables et
sapproche, en confidence, des consommateurs :
Cest bien comme cela, monsieur ?
E c j i h npoH3HecTH 3Ty $ p a 3 y c obiHHbiM THnoBbiM y u a p e a n e M
Ha nocjieflHeM cjiOBe, He c mh t 3 h opameHHa, t o yuapeHHe naAaeT Ha
comme cela, 6e3yAapHoe bien opaTHTca b ycHj mTej i bHoe Hape-
HHe CHHOHHM tout fait, H Bce BbICKa3btBaiHHe ipHMeT CMblCJI
<l 9 t o decTBUTeAbHO TaK, cydapb?. H o , k o h c h h o , Becb KOHTeKCT
npoTHB TaKoro TOJiKOBaHHH. $ p a 3 a HMeeT TaKO c mh c j i : Hy, t k
xopouio, cydapb?- ( Xo 3h h h cnpaui HBaeT, HpaBmrca j i h KJiHeHTy 0 6 -
CTaHOBKa e Ka(})e) h, 3 H a w r , bien h h t o h 3 u h o h h o b bi a e-
j i e H H o e n e K0 H e H H 0 e c j i o b o .
SKcnepHMeHTaj i bHue (JjOHeTHHecKHe HccJieAOBaHHH n o n a s a J i H !,
w o b o $paHi i y3CK0 p e n n b npeAJi oweHHax c npHMbiM nopaAKOM
cj i ob, 6e3 KaKO-JiHo cerMeHTauHH, o a h o 8 HHTOHaUHefi ncnxoJi orH-
necKH npeaHKaT o u h h o Bbi paacaeTca. OoHeTHHeCKHMH cpeACTBa-
mh Bbi paxeHHa npeAHKaTa bo Bcex e r o noj i owe HHa x Ha (f)OHe oc-
TJbHblX MeHee BaWHblX naCTefi BbICKa3bIBaHHH BO (J)paHUy3CK0 M
a3HKe aBJiaiOTca: o j i e e 3aMe/uieHHbi TeMn npoH3HeceHHH h oj i ee
noJiHbi h apKH, o j i e e rycTOH h HacbimenHbift TeMp r o j i o c a , h t o
33MeTH0 Ha rJiacHbix ( b ne pByi o o n e penb yAapHbi x c j i o t o b npeAHKa-
Ta, h o TaK>Ke h HeyAapHbi x), o j i b m a a OTHeTJiHBOCTb Bce apTHKy-
JiauHH, TeHAeHUHH k BoccTaHOBJieiiHK) e r j i o r o [ 9 ] b HeyAapeHHbix
CJi or ax 2.
B 33BHCHM0CTH OT TOrO, KaKaa HaCTb BWCKa3bIB3HHH BblfleJiaeTCS
B KanecTBe npeAHKaTa Hanaj i bHaa, cpeAHHHaa h j i h KOHeHHaa,
yKa3aHHbie omne HHTOHauHOHHbie npHeMbi A0n0JiHai0Tca ApyrHMH:
n p n HanajibHOM noji ojKeHHH nay3of t , KOTOpaa o mh h o HBaeT He
4>H3HHecKHM nepepbiBOM 3ByHaHHa, a CHJibHbiM nocjieaHHM p h t mh -
necKHM yâpenneM npeAHKaTa h cjiao yuapHo CJieAyK>meH
nacTbi o; n p n cpeAHHHOM nojiojKeHHH BawHoe 3HaneHHe nojiynaei
MejiOAna, KOTOpaa npHOpeTaeT ojibuiHH AHana30H h o j i e e H3Jio-
MaHHyro j i hhhi o.
B uej ioM, bo $ p a H u y 3CKHX 4>pa33X npeAHKaT BbipawaeTCH n e
epeAeTBaMH cneuHaJibHbix yAapeHHi, OTJiHHaK>mHx HanaJibHbie cj io-
t h Bbi fl eji aeMoro OTAejibHoro cj i oBa ( t . e. He 3M(jjaTHHecKHM h He
mepdoBCKHM JiorHqecKHM yAapeHHeM, 10. C . ) , a cpeacTBaMH
fl03Hp0BKH aKueHTHoro Beca p h t m h h c c k h x r p y n n b ueJiOM, t . e.
cpe^CTBaMH HopMaJi bHoro pHTMHqecKoro y j t a p e H H a 3.
HHTOHauHOHHbie cpeacTBa BbipaceHHH npeAHKaTa bo $ p a H u y 3-
c k o peHH 3K0H0MHee, HeM b pyccKOfi, r a e uej iH BwpaaceHHa n p e
AHKaTa CJiywaT ObIHHO BCe CTOpOHbl HHTOHaUHH H TeMnOBbie, H
1 C m . y n o MHKy xo e h s m h SKcnepHMeHTaJi bHoe c c j i e a o B a H H e A. A. CMcvibeB-
c x o r o MHTOHauHH <j>paHuy3CKoft noBecTBOBaT&nbHoft $ p a 3 M .
2 A. A. C m o n b e b c k h fi. y K a 3 . p a 6., a BT o p e i b e p a T , CTp. 14.
8 Ta M ce, CTp. 15.
252
,3HHaMHHCKHe, H TCMOpOBbie, H Me^lOAHêCKHe KOHTpaCTbl MeJKAy
oraT M MOAy^HUHe npeAHKaTOM h posHoft , mo h o t oh hoA HeBbipa-
3HTe/!bKo HHTOHauneH BTopocTeneHHbix q a c r e f i (ppa3bi , rAe sTofi n e -
j ii noATOHeHbi h pa3Mepbi n a y 3 h o i u h h p h t m 1.
B 3KcnepHMeHTe o6Hapy*H. nc5i jnaonbi THbi i i 4)aKT: pyccKHe,
A a * e n p e K p a c H o BJ i a Ae i omHe cjpaHHyscKHM s3biKOM, b o m h o f h x CJiy-
q a n x , b OTj i mHe o t ({j paHuysoB, 6 h j i h He b c o c t o h h h h onpeAeJi HTh
npH n p o a i y w H B a H H H , KaKa n a c Tb c|)pa3t>i BbiAeJi eHa roBopHi nKM b
KanecTBe npeAHKaTa. HHT0 HauH0 HH0 e BbiAeJieHHe npeAHKaTa bo
4>paHuy3CKOH peMH 0Ka3biBaeTCH, t 3 k h m o f i p a s o M, 3 a n o p o r o M
BOCnpHHTHH pyCCKOrO. npHMHHbl 3TO IViyXOTbl, KOHeUHO, He 4>i!'
3Ho.norH<iecKHe, a (J)yHKHHOHajibHO-fl3biKOBbie. H3BecTHH noAOHbte
TpyAHocTH BoenpHHTHH (boHeM qy>Koro H3HKa, p a 3 Me p a c t h x o b ( c p.
130) h t . 11. H e BOcnpHHHMaeTca Bce t o 3ByK0 B0 e h HHTOHaiiHOH-
Koe, nro b p o a h o m H3biKe He cjiyKHT pa3JiHHeHHio cMbi a a.
HeHb BaJKHO OTMeTHTb TaKJKe, HTO SKCnepHMeHTH nOKa3a^H
cymecTBOBaHHe h b pyccKOM h b o <|)paHuy3CKOM s3bi Ke t b k h x eJiy-
MaeB, KorAa r p a m m axHêcKH 3a?oHqeKHoe npeA-floweHHe np0H3H0-
CHJlOCb POBHO, HeHTpaJIbHOH HHTOHanneH, T3K HTO p3JIHHHTb
e My h peMy, ncHxoj i orHqecKHe npeAHKaT h cyfi-beKT uj i o- h c b o s -
mo kho. B 3 t h x c.iyiaHx Bce BbiCKa3HBaHHe ue./ioM coeraBJiHJo
oSbiHHo ncHxojiorHHecKHfi npeAHKaT b fi oj i ee i u h p o k o m KOHTeKCT-
HOM HeJlOM. TaKHM 0pa30M, CymeCTBOBaHHe HeAHCKpeTHHX (Hepa3-
j i o j k h mh x , BoenpoHSBOAHMHx KaK ue-noe) BHCKa3biBaHHH, TeoperH-
recKH oocHOBaHHoe Bbi rne (cm. 2 4 , 88 , 8 9 h Ap. ) , AOKa3UBaeTca
SKcnepHMeHTajibHO.
111. fl ooHHbie B3aHMOAeficTBHH cuenj i eHHe sjieMeHTOB p e -
mcboh uenH. Cuenj i eHHe 3anpeAHKaTHbix h j i h AonpeAHKaTHbix 9Jie-
MeHTOB peneBO u e n n (ocoeHHo nepBbi x) b OAHy pHTMHMecKyio h
CMbCOByio r p y n n y OTMeqeHO h b o 43pa.Hny3c.KOM H3HKe: c p . il ne
lui devait donc rien ' d avance ( R. R o l l a r t d ) . 3Aecb ncHxc; i orH-
'jecKHH npeAHKaT d'avance, a AonpeAHKaTHaa qacTb cjiHBaeTca s
eAHHyro r p y n n y , pHTMHqecKH h n o CMbicJiy s t o ncHxoji orHqecKHS
cyteKT, AaHHoe, TeMa BHCKa3HBaHHH 2.
H o ocoeHHo OTneTJiHBO cuenj i eHHe n p o c j i o KHBa e r c a b pyccKOM
H3biKe. Bo3bMeM Te x e npocTeui He npHMepbi n p o c r a e npeA-flooKe-
h h h H3 noAJie>Kamero h CKa3yeMoro h pacnpocTpaHHM h x o c t c a -
TejibCTBaMH. E c j i h BbicKa3biBaHHe JJeepb OTKpUAacb, Aon yc na i ome e
nyTeM nepecTaHOBOK cj i ob h yAapeHHfl MeTbipe $opMb , pacui HpHTb
BBeAeHHeM GCTOTeJbCTBa e BAyuHe ttopudopa, t o KOJiHnecTBO
B03M0>KHbix nepecTaHOBOK HjieHoa npeAôaceHHH SHaqHTe.'ibHO B03-
pacTaeT. BajKHbi, OAHaKO, TO^bKO nepecTaHOBKH b c b s o h c yAape-
HHeM H HHTOHaUHeH. ECjIH yneCTb 3TO. TO BK.HOqUTb OCTOHTeJIb-
1 A. A. C mo -i b e b c k h . yK33. pa6 ., CTp. 15.
2 fpHMep A. A. CMojibeBCKoro.
253
CTBa mo>kho, n 0-BHflHM0 Mv, ^ByMH cnocoaMH: j i h o npncoeAH-
HHTfa e r o k o a h o h H3 AByx y a t e AaHHbix no3HUHH, j i h o nocTaBHTb
e r o o a h o b caMOCTOHTejibHyro no3HUHio.
BKJnonaa ocTOHTeJibCTBO b OAHy H3 AaHHbix pHTMHnecKH h y u a -
peHHeM C03AaHHbix n o 3 HU,H, noj i ynaeM Te >Ke ABe pHTMHnecKHe h
yAapHbi e r pynn bi , mto h a o 3Toro: 1) JJeepb e ZAyune Kopudopa
'OTKpbUaCb (KaK H f l e e p b 'OTKpbUCb), OCTOHTe.'IbCTBO, n p n c o e -
AHHeHHoe k noAJi emameMy, AejiaeTCH CKopee e r o onpeAeJieHHeM;
npeAJi oweHHe oTBenaeT Ha Bonpoe Ht o edeAaAoeb c t o deepbto, ko-
Topan e ZAyune Kopudopa? 2) B ZAyune Kopudopa OTKpbuacb
'deepb (KaK h OrKpbuacb 'deepb) OcTOHTeJibCTBO BKJironeHO b
cKa3yeMoe; npeAJio>KeHHe OTBenaeT Ha Bonpoe Ht o e ZAyune nopu-
Opa OTKpblAOCb?
E c j i h w e ofi eroHTeJi bCTBy c o 3 Aa e T c a OTAej i bHan no3HUKH, t o TyT
oriHTb B03M0WHH ABa c j i y q a a : 1) j i ho npeJKHHe HJieHM npeAJ i o-
SteHHH pHTMHHeCKH O'beAHHHIOTCH B OAHy n03HU,HK) H CTaHOBHTCH
h j i h cj i owHbi M c ySt eKTOM Reepb OTKpbuacb 'e ZAyune Kopudo
pa ( npeAJi oj KeHHe OTBenaeT Ha B o n p o e fleepb OTKpbiAacb zde?),
h j i h cjio>KHbiM npeAHKaTOM B ZAyune Kopudopa 'OTKpbuacb
deepb (npeAJi oweHHe OTBenaeT Ha Bonpoe Ht o npou3omAo e ZAy-
une Kopudopa?), b o o h x c j i yna HX o c Ta e Tc n ABe n o 3 H m w ; 2) j i h o
n p e ( HHe HJieHbi 0CTai0TCH KajKAbifi b CBoeft OTAeJibHoft no3HUHH, h
k 9 t h m AByM npHCoeAHHHeTCH TpeTbH II03HHHH; To r Aa n o j i y q a e T c a
MHOJKeCTBeHHOCTb n03HUH H COOTBeTCTByiOmaH eH HeKOTOpaH He-
onpe Ae j i e HHo c Tb HHTOHau,HH, HeM KaK p a 3 h c o 3 Aa e T c a OTKpbiTOCTb
p y c c K o peneBOH u e n n ( c p . - 2 5) . Cp. npe*HHH n pHMe p: B s t o
epeMa 3a aKau,ua.Mu sacMenAUCb. On naznyAcn u Meotcdy c t b o a mu
yeudeA Hadto u KaKyto-To noAnyw, KpacmuêKyio deeyuiKy. Oh u
AeoicaAu n a jiyoKKy, n a odef ui e, na cumulee b i x nodyt ui cax. . .
(A. T o j i c t o . T o J i y b i e r o p o A a ) , HeJi b3H CKa3aTb, HMeeM j i h mm
B 3T0H 4>pa3e TpH OCTOHTCJIbCTBa HJIH OAHO CJIO>KHOe H TAe Hy>KH0
nocTaBHTb J i or Hne c Koe y Aa p e HHe b n p e AMAy me n n a c r a $ p a 3 H .
Ta KHe c j i y n a n h mj i h b o J i b mo M HHCjie oHa pywe HW b 3 Kc n e p n -
MeHTe ( c m. Bbi r ne) , Kor Aa c j i y ma o i u HH He Mor pa3JWHHTb n c n x o j i o -
r n n e c K H e c y beKT h npeAHKaT. 3 a HeonpeAej i eHHOCTb ecTb c b o c t -
b o xyAOHcecTBeHHoro n0BecTB0BaHHH Bo o me , h ocoeHHO M0H0J i 0r a,
CBH3Horo p a c c K a 3 a . P a 3 y M e e T c a , h t o 3 t h m c b o h c t b o m He m o j k t
o J i a Aa Tb p a 3 r o B o p H a n p e n b , r A e K a w A a a 4>pa3a h b j i h c t c h ( h b h o
HJIH HeHBHO) OTBeTOM Ha KaKOH-HHyAb BOnpOC H nOTOMy HeceT
o j i e e h j i h MeHee n e r a o e J i o r Hn e c Ko e yAa pe HHe ]. M o w h o yTBepj K-
1 Cp. b SToft CBH3H HHTepecHoe HaJiiOAeHHe axa#. JI. B. IHep6bi: f l n a f l o r
9t o b cymHocTH uenb peroroic. MoHoaor s t o yace 0praHH30BaHHaa CHCTeMa 06-
JieqeHHx b cjioBecHyio 4)opiny Mucjre, OTHiOAb He sBjiHromaHca penjiHKoft, a
npeaHaMepenHbiM B03AeficTBHeM Ha OKpyjKawmHX. Bchkhh Monoôr ecTb jiHTepa-
TypHoe npoH3BeAeHHe b 3anaTKe. HeaapoM M0H0 /i0 ry Haao yqHTb, B MaÔKyjib-
TypHoii cpeae TOJibKO HeMHorae, j hork c TeM wnu hhhm jiHTepaTypHHM aapoBa-
HHeM, CnOCOHbl K MOHOJIOry; O^blUHHCTBO He B COCTOHHHH HHHrO CBH3HO pac-
254
. aa b, to oreyTCTBHe j i o n we c Ko r o yAape-HHH b HssecTHOM CMHCJse
CBoficTso pyc c Kor o c j i oKHor o pacnpocTpaHeHHor o npeMOKeHHH b
XyAOKeCTBeHHOM IlOBeCTBOBaHHH. riOflBHJKHOCTb yflapeHHH B pyc -
ckom HSbiKe h t o , mt o 3t o n 0fl BH*H0CTbK) uej i bi e r p y n n w cob
ceflHHaiOTca b o a h h npeAHKaT, HMeeT neJibiH pHA c j i c a c t b h h . npe>K-
Ae Bcero, t o , h t o HecKOJibKO c.?iob, KOTOpbie rpaMMaTHêcKH MoryT
biTb pa3HHMH HJieHaMH npeA-flo>KeHHfl, o 6 p a 3 y n o a h h ncHXoôr n-
qecKHfi npeAHKaT, cnanBai OTca, co3AaB3H h b ^ t o BpoAe a j i h h h o f o
c^foKHoro cjiOBa. 3 t o 3aMeTH0 yace b npHBeAeHHo Bbirne ( 90)
nymKHHCKOH <J)pa3e rpa<pa huiau ctioco ydaAUTb. OHa h j c h h t c h
t3k: Fpaipa ( n a y 3 a ) HaiiiAU-cnoco-yda/iUTb. Ilocji eAHHe Tpn
CJioBa, o6pa3yKmi e c noMom,bio eAHHoro j i or HqecKor o yAapeHHH
npeAHKaT, AeftCTBHTeJibHo cnaHBaioTCH, a H a u i A U - c n o c o Boome
opa3yK)T eAHHCTBO noAOHe c r o K H a r o r v i a r o j i a . rpa<pa 'natuau
cnoco ydciAUTb nmaeTCH h co3HaeTcn KaK rpa<pa 'cyMeAU
ydaAUTb. KoMnqecKH o 6 birpbiBaK)TCH TaKne cj i yâK y J l e c Ko e a : Oh
dotue/i do Toao, hto cta Menn tepneTb ne MO<ib (ri oJi yHQm-
hhkh) Te pne Tb- ue - MOHb paBHOCHbHO OAHOMy rârojiy Cp.
Ta K* e M0CK0BCK06 n p o e r o p e i H o e n a n u r b m - n u T b n o w -
nuAu h t . n. (BBeAeHHe, 4). CnaKa cj i ob b CKa3yeMOM x a p a n -
TepHa k a j i h p a 3 r o Bo p Ho r o c t h ^ h b coBpeMeHHon jiHTepaTypHO
4>opMe: 3 t o nuc bMO, K o r o p o e e u a A y n o - c d e A a A u - H . r o n a n u c a A U . Ta-
Kiie ofiopOTH, b oJi binoM KOJiHHecxBe naxoAHMbi e y JI. TojicToro,
npnnHCHBaioTCH 0 6 bniH0 <J)paHuy3CKOMy b j i h h h h i o . BpaA h, oa -
HaKO, 3Aecb Aeîo b o a h o m b j i h h h h h . Bo 4>paHuy3CKOM o h h AeScTBH-
TejibHo. pacnpocTpaHeHbi cp. La lettre que vous avez eu la btise
d crire, la lettre que vous avez t idiot d crire h t . n., 0AHaK0
b s t o m H3bme cjiHTHbie b npeAJio>KeHHH rpynnu ci*eiMeHbi He pT-
MOM h CTpoeM BbICKa3bIBaHHH, OHH CyiII,eCTByiOT AO BbICKa3bIBailHH,
3t o cpameHHH jieKCHqecKHe. Cp. E l l e avait lair s r i e u s e
Ona KasaAcb cepbe3Ho 3Aecb avoir lair cj i oj khmh i\naroJi, ch-
hohk m paratre, sembler, noqeMy h npHJ i ar aTe^bHoe c o r j i c y e Tc a c
elle, a He c lair (ne CMemHBTb co cboGoahhm cjiOBOCOMeTaHHCH
Elle avait l a i r s r i e u x y nee 6 b u c e p b e 3 H b i eud) . B pyccKOM
sce 3 t o cuenJieHHH TOJibKO b npeAJioweHHH.
CKasaTb>. {CoBpeMeHHH pyccKHfi JMTepaTypHHS h s u k , b c 6, aBTopa H36paH-
KHe p a 6 o r t i n o pyccKOMy asbi Ky, M., 1957, CTp. 115). Pa3yMeeTCH, Mbicjib
JL B. LUepSw m h noHHMaeM n e b t o m CMHCJie, wo MajioKyj&TypHbie j h o a h He-
cnccofi Kbi HHqero c b h 3 h o paccKa3aTb, p e TaKHx fl i oaeft qacTo HecpaBHeHHO
fio. iea a p s a , 6oJi ee BHpa3TeJibHa, i eM y jiOAeft o6pa30BaHHbi x, a c. i eaoBaTe^bHo,
no- c aceMy h 6 o ^ e e CBasna, a b t o m CMbicjie, h t o nepBbi e BCHKOMy nocjieflOBa-
Te.ibHOMy h cBH3H0My p a c c K a s y npHAaioT <}>opMy A a a J i o r a , npHMoft pe^H, He
paccKa3biBajOT, a CKopee Boc.npcn3BonHT b J i m a x npoHCuieAmee.
1 rjiaroji MOHb ocofieHHO JierKo oOpaaoabiBaji Tame coqeTaHHH bcio nepsyt o
nojOBHHy npoiujioro Bena. Oh h CbWH b j y x e JinrepaTypHoft HopMbi Cm. JI. A. B y-
j a xoBCKH. PyccKKft jiHTepaTypHbtft h3hk nepBo nojioBHHM XIX BeKa, V'i-
neAi'Hs, M., 1954, CTp. 425426.
255
OcoeHHO nacTo nojiyH3K>Tca Tanne cn.enjieHHH n p n BBeAeHHH
npHMoft peHH (BnponeM, He b j i ynmeM c m r c e ) . Cp . HTO-HHyab s p o -
Ae: Her, TpnxnyAa ona z o a o b o ; EdeM, 3aXA0nnyA ou k h u -
zy. CoupaTecbt. rio-4>paHU,yacKH, KaK p a 3 n 0 T0 My, h t o Tanne
CUtenjieHHH He HBJIHlOTCa yCTOHHBblMH COHeTaHHHMH CJIOB, TaK CKa-
3 aTb Hejib3 H, h o HeOXOaHMO BBecTH r j i a r o j i roBOpeHHH faire,
dire h t . n. Non, f i t - e l l e en secouant ta tte ; On part, a - t - i l
d i t en fermant brusquement le livre. Prparez-vous. Bo s mo k h o
Ta'Ktwe n p o c r o e npHeoeAHHeHHe, p33BHBineeca cpaBWHxeJibHO He a a s -
ho, c cepejiHHbi XIX BeKa b c b h 3 h c HecocTBeHHofi npaMof t penbi o
( s t y l e i n d i r e c t l i b r e ) : Non. Elle secoua la tte ; On part. Il ferma
brusquement le livre. Prparez-vous ' .
112. 4>paHuy3CKafl HHTOHauHa, paccMOTpeHHaa OTaejibHO. o
c h x nop Mbi opamajiHCb k h h t o h 3 u h h KaK 0flH0 My H3 AByx B3aw-
MOAe&CTByromHX epeACTB b OMnjieKce HHTOHanHa rpaMMaTHHS-
CKaH cTpyKTypa npeAJioKeHHH. T e n e p b Mbi paccMOTpHM h<htoh2ii hi o
OTAJIbHO, KaK npHMOe CpeACTBO BbipaWeHHH CMHCJI3 BOOme. C
9TOH TOHKH 3pHHH BHAbl HHT0H3HHH pSCnpeAeJIHIOTCH nO AByM
dojibuiHM r p y n n a M, s t o $ y h k u h o h a j i b h a a k j i s c c h $ h k a-
UHf l H H T 0 H 3 U H H :
1. H h t o h s u h h , con poBo wAa i oma H rpaMMaTHHeCKyio CTpyKTypy
B c e B P e M H, OT H3H3JI3 AO K0HU3 BbICKa3blBaHHH, TOHOBblH KOH-
Typ:
a) TOHOBblfi KOHTyp HBJiaeTCH H 3 b I T 0 H H b I M B TOM CJiyHae,
KorAa o h B u p a ma e T Bce t o w e , h t o h rpaMMaTHnecKaa CTpyKTypa
(AyJi HpyeT ee) ; n p a k t h h ecKH yAoHbift c n o c o OTJiHHHTb e r o s t o
HanwcsTb BwcKa3HBaHHe H n pone c Tb e r o rJia3aMH, ecjiH BNCK33H-
B3HHe npH 9T0M OCTaeTCH 0AH03H3HHWM, TO HHT0H3HHH H3bIT0HHa.
I l pHMep: Cest le train qui est venu. Cp . pyccKoe: Bo t u Bh h npu-
uieA.
6 ) TOHOBblH OHTyp HBjiaeTCH k o m n e s c h p y io i u k m, o r Aa
o h ycTpsHHeT MH0r03H3HH0CTb rpaMMaTHHecKOH CTpyKTypw; e r o Ha-
x o a h m b Tex c j i y n a a x , rAe ncHxoJiorHHecKHfi npeAHKaT He coBnaAa-
eT c rp3MM3THHecKHM CK3 3 yeMbiM: Il ne lui devait donc rien
d avance '3apanee o h nunezo euy ne 6u a doAMeH.
2. -M'HTOHanna, oanpoBoxAai oms H rp3MM3THHecKyio CTpyKTypy
TOJibKO H 3 C T b Bp e Me HH, OHa H3CJIHBaeTCH Ha HOpMaTHBHblA,
THHOBOH TOHOBWI KOHTyp H HBJiaeTCB HOCHTeJieM 3M0UHH. H 3 -
npHMep, B-a-a-Abuio 6ma apy3l, Cest m-m-agnifique, h j i h Cest
excellent! B o o h x 4>p3Huy30KHx c j i y n a a x HHTOHauHH aKycTHHeoKH
p33Haa: bo (J)p33e c magnifique HHTeHCHBHoe CHjioBoe BbiAeJieHHe
c o r j a c H o r o n p n o h h h o h mc j i o a h h . B o $ p 3 3 e c cest excellent
o 6 u h h 3 h HHTf CHBHOCTb, h o p e 3 Ko e noBbi meHHe t o h 3 h s c j i o r e -ce/ - .
1 Cp. G. G o u g e n h e i m. La prsentation du discours direct dans la
Princesse de Cives et dans Dominique , Le Franais moderne , t. VI,
1938.
256
B THna HHTOHauKH c o 3AaeT HOpMy coomeHHH, b r e n 2 hb-
JIH6TCH HfIAHBHAyanbHO CTHJIKCTH'eCKHM OTKJOHeHHeM OT Hee
113. ^ p y r w e noGoMHue BsaHMOfleCTBMfl apTHKji t. Opof i j i s -
Ma onenb x o p o r n o M-ia nocTaBJieHa e m e ana A. J I . B. m, ep6o& B
e r o owepKe Coc Ha JlepMOHTOBa b cpaBHeHHH c ee HeMeuKHM
npoTor anoM
y l ' e He CKa3aHO:
Ein Fichtenbaum steht einsam
Im Norden auf kahler Hh!
B nepeBOAe JlepMOHTOBa:
Ha ceeepe uk o m c t o ut o u h o k o
Ha z o a o eepuiune coma.
npouHTHpyeM KOMMeHTapafi J Hepbi k 3T0My MecTy: rio-He-
MeuKH ncHxo.iorHviecKKM h rpaMMaTHvecKHM noAî e*amHM h b j i h s t -
c a cToamee Ha nepBOM Me c e Fichtenbaum, Koropoe, t s k h m o p a -
30M, h BJiaeTca r e po e M nbecbi . Ho-pyccKH cocna c a e ^ a H a j i chxj i o-
niMecKHM CKaayeMbiM h, cToa Ha KOHixe (Jjpasbi, KaK 6 h OTBeqaer
Ha Bonpoc: K t o c t o h t o a h h o k o ? . O t b c t m b a o coAepJKaTeJibHbi,
T3K KaK HHiero He pa3T>acHaeT HaM; h o c e i t e a c a h Hac s t o h He-
EawHO BaJKHO TOJibKO noAHepKHyTb, h t o y JlepMOHTOBa c o c s a
^HUieHa TOfi AeCTBeHHO HHAHBHAyaJlbHOCTH, KOTOpyiO OHa HMeeT
B HeMeuKOM opui ' HHaê a i t n o AJ i e * a me e . . . HyxcHO, BrrporeM, c a -
saTb, mt o OTCyTCTBHe b pyccKOM H3biKe HeonpeAeJi eHHoro a p r a u i a
AeJ i aer HeB03M0>KHbiM CAeJiaib H3 c ochw HHAHBHAyabHOCTb, k o t o -
p a a H y. h a A-na o 6 p a 3 a : CocHa c t o h t o a h h o k o Ha rcwioft BepuiKHe
sejibs CKa3arb, TaK k b k s t o 3HavHJio bi, <ito cochu pacTGT o a h h o
ko Ha r oj i bi x BepniHHax; CKa3aTb HeKaa cocHa HeJib3a, t b k Kai<
9T0 rOBOpHT Aas ce OJlblue, 'ieM HeMeHKH TCKCT h CTHJIHCTH'ieCKH
He h o a x o a h t . J l y q r n e s c e r o 6 u j i o 6 bi CKasaTb OAHa cocHa, KaK m u
roBopHM o a h h a o k t o p paccKa3hi Baj i naM, OAHa c r a p y u i K a , j kk-
By ma n b s t o m AOMe, h p h x o a h t k HaM h t . n. OAHa ko s c e * e o a -
ffa C0CH3 3ByqHT IieCKObKO AByCMbICJieHHO BBHAy HenpHBbIlIHOCTH
HHAH3HAyajiH3au,HH KeoAyuieBjieHHbix npeAMeTOB: o a h h c t o j i c t o -
HJI B XOMHaTe MOJKeT 3HaHHTb TOJbKO, HTO B K0MH3Te, KpOMe CTO-
Ja, HHêro He u j i o .
CKasaHHoe IU, ep6 oH, o t h o c h t c h h k 4>paHuy3CKOMy asbi Ky b e r o
COnOCTaBJieHHH C pyCCKHM. B o $paHUy3CK0M apTHKb BSaHMOAeH-
CTByeT c nopflAKOM cyi03 h HHTOHauHeH npH BHpaHceHHH TeMbi h pe-
Mbi (ncHxoj i or HqecKor o c y G ^ e ^ r a h ncHxo/ i orHHecKoro npeAHKar a) ,
a HHorAa, KaK 3Aecb, h KOMneHcnpyeT s t h cpeACTBa, h BhiCTynaeT
b KanecTBe MexaHH3Ma t o h k o Hacrpo&KH.
1 cOnblThf ^HHrBHCTHqeCKOrO TOJIKOBaHKK CTHXOTBOpeHHH, I I . B c6. aBTOpa
H3 6 d . pa Co Tu n o pyccKOMy a3biKy. M. , 1957, CTp. 97.
257
114. OftHa ocoeHHOCTb 3ar0Ji0BK0B KaK cjieACTBHe npeflWAy"
mero. PoMH Monaccana Une vie Ha3aH b pyccKOM nepeBOAa
?KH3Hb. 3 O , KOHeHHO, He BepHO HH JIHHrBHCTHHeCKH, HH SCTeTH-
qecKH. CjieAOBa.no 6 bi CKa3aTb H c t o p h h o a h o j k k 3HH, x a n KaK
4)paHuy3CKHe acTpaKTH&ie cymecTBHTeJibHHe, ynymi ynoTpej i eHH
c HeonpeAeêHHbiM apTHKJieM h j i h bo MHOJKecTBeHHOM HHCJie, 0 6 0 3 -
HaqaiOT KOHKpeTHoe: T a w x e L e s v i e s i l l u s t r e s 3 HaMeHHTbje
KHSHeonHcaHHH (cp. 3 7 ) . He Be p n o s t o h scTeTHHecKH, noTOMy
h t o M o n a c c a H He AyMaji npHAaTb h c t o p h h >kh3h h o a h o h KeHmHHb
acTpaKTHoe 4>HJi0C0(})CK0e oomeHHe. TaK Mor 6u nocTynHTb nK-
caTej i b cBepmeHHO Ap y r o r o MHp0B033peHHH, HanpHMep JleoHHA
AHApeeB, KOTOpwft, AefiCTBHTeJibHO, Ha3Ba^ oAHy h s c b o h x a 6 -
CTpaKTHbix nb e c >KH3Hb Hej i oBeKa. HenpaBHJibHbift nepeBOA HCKa-
s t a e x o j i h k He TOJibKO npoH3BeAeHHH, ho h nncaTej i H, ho , k conca-
JieHHio, yjKe HaaenHO 3a.KpenJieH TpaAKAae.
CpaBHHBaa 4>pauyacKoe U n e vi e c pyccKHM }KH3Hb, mh
3aMenaeM, h t o pyccKoe cjiobo B3Toe OTAejibHO, 3BynHT ropa3AO
o j i e e o 6 m,e h aerpaKTHO, neM <J)paHuy3CKoe c HeonpeAejieHHbiM
apTHKJieM, npHMepHO TaK, KaK (J>paHuy3CKoe c onpeAeJieHHbiM
La v i e j i h 6ea apTHKJia Vi e et l a n g a g e . Meacny TeM b oji b-
uiHHCTBe cj i ynaeB, KaK s t o npe Kpa c Ho noAMeraj i JI . B. Il êpSa, npH
AaTb HHOe, ojiee KOHKpeTHoe 3HaneHHe pyccKOMy cymecTBHTeJibHO-
My BHe KOHTeKCTa HJIH b KOpOTKOM KOHTeKCTe, HanpHMep b 3aro*
JIOBKe, OKa3bIBaeTCH HeB03M0>KH0. B3aHM0AeHCTBHe BbIpa3HTeJIb-
HHX CpeACTB peHH MOJKeT pa3BepHyTbCH TOJibKO Ha AOCTaTOH'HO OJIh-
rnoM OTpe3Ke peneBOH n e n n : o h o cjieACTBHe (4>yHKu;Hfl) BpeMeHH.
3 t h m h o^HCHneTCH Heobi HaHoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe 3 a nocjieAHHe
JieT 10 15 HOBoro THna r a 3eTHor o 3aroj i oBKa c o cj i obom Kozda:
Kozda yr e pma coeecrb
Kozda net npuHU,unuaAbHocru
Kozda npuxoduT Atooeb h t . n.
TaKaa $ o p Ma cJi yxHT 3Aecb TOJibKO o a h o u e j i H c y 3HTb
c j i h h i k o m uiHp0 K0 e 3HaneHHe cymecTBHTeJibHoro. B caMOM AeJie.
CKaaaTb Coeecrb yrepnna hj i h IJpuHiûnuaAbHocTU ner, Aa e m e Ha-
ne n a Ta Tb s t o b ra3eTe, HeB03M0H0, TaK KaK 3aaBJieHHe npHOpe*
TaeT xapaKTep BceoSi nHoc, KaK b nyuiKHHCKOM: Her npaebi na
3eMAe, ho npaedbi ner u ebiuie. IHeApHH we , npHAaBan CK330HH0My,
BHAyMaHHOMy hm cj i yna i o MHpOBO Macui Ta, BnojiHe Mor Hann-
c a r b b 3aroj i oBKe flponaAa coeecrb.
CJlOBAPb
115. CocTaBJieHHe c j i o Ba p a HHAHBHAyajibHo penH cnocoO
ycTHor o nepeBOAHHKa. H a n o j i e e npocTo h h a j i h Haueft n e j i h HaH-
o j i e e s k o h o m h h ( h o, KOHenHO, He eAHHCTBeHHhifi) c n o c o anaJiH-
3 a n e p e B O A .
258
Z
3
6

a
o
u
g
O
^
s
1
EHa a . i e m u a o j u k h u b b c c t h h onpeAeJiHTb Ba x He f t me e i i ohh-
Tne (mto 0aH0BpeMeHH0 ya e T h ormcaHHeM cHTyaUHii, BHe k o t o -
poS HeMbicjiHM a n a j i H3 HHAHBHAyajibHofi p e ^ n ) noHHTHe nepes oA-
HHKa. B o o m e roBOpa, nepeBOAHHKOM ( x o t h h xyauiHM, hqvl mno-
Be.K) MOJKeT UTb H MauiHHa
OanaKO 3êcfa m u orpaHHHHBaeM noHHTHe nepeBOOTHKa h m c h r o
ue;iOBeKOM, h a e ^ a e M s t o no cj ieayi omHM coopaaHHHM. M u JKe-
JaeM MaKCHMaJlbHO, HaCKOJIbKO 3T0 COBMeCTHMO C C03HaT8iHbHb!M
HaÔAeHHeM, aHaJlK30M, npH6.TIH3HTbCH K eCTeCTBeHHblM yCJIOBHHM
omeKHH Ha ecTecTBeHHbix H3UKax. j i h omeHHH Ha ecTecTBeHHKX
a3HKax, cj iOBapb KOTOpux He HMeeT TepMHHcmorHHecKoro xapaKTe-
pa h 0Tpas<aeT jKH3HeHHue cHtyauHH, He noAAaiomHecH crpyKTyp-
HOMy onHcaHHo, neoxoAHMa C0 B0 KynH0 CTb HeKpTopux 3 a p a He e
A2HHHX CBeAeHHH, CKâflHBaiOmHXCH a ) H3 3H3HHH flaHHOrO H3blKa
b e r o c r aj i eBbi x p 3 3 h o b h a h q c t h x h 6 ) H3 o m e r o 3HaHHH CHTyaunn,
K KOTOpo OTHGCHTCH Aa,HHOe KOHKpeTHOe COOILieHHe. 9 t H , T3K Ha-
b i s a e Mu e , 6 a 3 0 B u e c b c a c h h h MoryT 6 biTb a o c t o h h h c m t omk o qe-
jOBeica, h o He nepeBOAHecKO m s u i h h u .
TaKHM 0pa30M, m u bb oa hm b aHaJiH3 reOBeKa-nepeBOAHHKa,
e J i a a a i o u i e r o o t j i h h h u m 3HaHHeM o o h x h 3 u k o b h o i h h mh CBeae-
h h h me o npeAMeTe, coomeHHe o k o t o p o m o h coHpaeTca nepeBo-
AHTb.
H e cae^ye-T npeACTaBJiHTb c e e 3Tor o nepeBOAHHKa KaK aeKoe
acTpaKTHO-HAea^bHoe j i h u o . HanpoTHB, p e ^ b h a g t o d a Mux o6u -
HHX eCTeCTBeHHUX JIIOAHX, XOTH 6bl T3KHX, KOTOpbie paOTaiOT
AecHTKaMH Ha j i k j o h MejKAyHapoflHOH KOHêpeHUHH, b Opr aHH3a-
Uhh 06' beji HHeHHUx H a n n f t h t . n.
KpoMe nepBoro orpaHHueHHH (nepeBOOTHK AOJiaceH HTb HeJio-
bbk, a He Maui HHa), H6o 6 x o a hmo BBecr a eme cj ieAyiomHe nerape
ycôBHa.
1 - e y c J i o s H e . IlepeBOAHHK AOHceH p a o i a T b mc t o a o m ycT-
Horo CHHxpOHHoro nepeBOAa, t . e. nepeBOAHTb c oo dme Hne OAHOBpe-
mhho c e r o npoH3 HeceHneM roBopamHM j i huo m r a x , Kak s t o e-
J i aercfl , HanpMep, o r ^ a . p e % o p a o p a nepeBOAHTCH 3 a m u , h
nepeBOA n e p e ^ a e T c a cj iymaTe.naM Hepe3 HayuiHHKH. 3 t o orpaHHqe-
Hue onHTb-TaKH npHJMJKaeT Hac k ecTecTBeHHUM ycJiOBHHM o 6 me-
HH53: ycTHufi nepeBOAHHK, KaK h j i i o o aApe c a T ycTHoft pe i H, o 6 h h -
ho n e SHaeT, KaK k o h mh t c h He mrcbKO Bce coomeHHe, h o A a x e k
HaqaTaa roBopnui HM (J>pa3a. CjieAOBaTe^bHO, aHaJiH3 p e q n n p o n c -
XOAHT 3AeCb B CymeCTBeHHO KHblX yCJOBHHX, h mu a o j i j k h u hx
c oxpa HHt b r i p a HarneM aHaj]H3e c HaynHo uej i bi o.
JXji h aHaJiH3a i6 epe.M ycoK m OKepKa TeotJiHJiH T t t e o B o a j i c -
pe, h o B006pa3HM c e e , h t o Toxfoe op a To p , a nepeBOAHHK m u
! Cm. b c b h 3 h c o c n o p a M H BOKpyr MamHHHor o n e p e B o a a H. Ba p - X j i / ( e. i ; .
Byaymee Maui HHHor o n e p e B o ^ a , Haynu. AOKJiaAW b u c i u . i u k o ^ h , HjioorH<i!
Ha y xH , N 4, 1962, CTp. 203206.
259
C3MH ( t . e. H, 3BT0p 3TOH KHHrH, H BH, HHT3TeJIH). HocTynHM TaK,
KaK nocTynaroT Omh h o n p n nepeBOAe c J i n e r a , t . e. CyAeM h h -
TaTb (})paHuy3CKH TeKCT n p o ceH, TOJibKO r; i a3aMH, h n o Mepe HTe-
h h h nepeBOAHTb BCJiyx no-pyccKH. I l p a s t o m mb i coxpaHHM c n o c o -
HOCTb CaMOHSJIIOAeHHa H OAHOBpeMeHHO He CJIHUIKOM, BO BCHKOM
c j i y n a e , TOJibKO b AonycTHMbix n p e a e j i a x , o t k j i o h h m c h o t peaJibHHX
ycjiOBHH p a 6 o nepeBOAHHKa.
2 - e y c ji o b h e. ByAeM cqHTaTb, h t o n0 HHTH0 CTb h nepeBO-
AHMOCTb o a h o h t o me. 3 t o AonymeHHe onaTb-TaKH coBepmeHHO
onpaBAaHo h c t o h k h 3peHHH TeopHH 1 h, caMoe rj i aBHoe, c t o h k h
3peHHa Ae&CTBHTeJibHOCTH: ycTHbi nepeBOAHHK HHKorAa He HMee
n p a B a CKa3aTb, h t o penb o p a r o p a HenepeBOAHMa H3-3a Toro, h t o
CJIHUIKOM HAHOMaTHHHa. B c e HTO OHHTHO, AOJI>KHO H MOJKeT bTb
nepeBeAeHO2.
3 - e y c J i O B H e . A j i h nepeBOAa ( t . e. h a ^ h noHHMaHHH) h c o 6-
x o a h m o cjieAOBaTb 3a o p a o p o M n a HeK0T0p0ft BpeMeHHft AHCTan-
Hh h ( d c a l a g e ) . TaK, ycj i bi ui aB b cJieAyromeM HH*e f kDt . . . ] , m u h c
MOJKeM e m e HHnero noHHTb, t o h h o TaKwe h Ha ypoBHe [ k ot r s r . . . ] no*
HHMaHHe e m e a e a o c t 3t o h h o . TOJibKO y c j i u u i s B [ k o t r e r m a ] , Mbi mo -
weM noHHTb h cooTBeTCTBeHHo nepeBecTH: e npoTueonoAooKHOCTb.
H o noKa s t o t n p o u e c c ocymecTBJiHJicH y Hac b co3HaHHH, Ham o p a -
Top nor ne j i Aaj i bi ne. T e MecTa TeKCTa, b k o t o p u x Hame noHHMaHHe
HaKanj i HBaeTca HacTOJibKO, h t o AeJiaeTCH b o s m o j k h m m nepeBOA,
o 6o3Ha ne Hu b t c k c t c BepTHKaJibHUMH nepTOHKaMH.
4 - e y c ji o b h e. H e yneM o p a m a T b b h h m3 h h h Ha MeJiKHe c t h -
JiHCTHHecKHe norpeuiHOCTH nepeBOAHHKa (BeAb Haui nepeBOAHHK
He MauiHHa, a HeJiOBen), h o 3 a n p e r a M eMy (KaK s t o onaTb-TaKH Ae-
jiaeTCH b AefiCTBHTejibHOCTH) TonTaTbCfl Ha MecTe, nepemeBbiBaTb
codcTBeHHbi nepeBOA h noBTOpftTb cKa3aHHoe x o t h bi h b yj i yn-
meHHOM BapnaHTe.
o c j i e AHe e ycjioBHe Tecno c b h s s h o c TpeTbHM h npeAnoJ i ar aeT,
"hto nepeBOAHHK He AeJiaeT o u i h o k b rpaMMaraneCKOM noHHMaHHH
TeKCTa. OnbiT nepeBOAHHKa h AonycTHMoe BpeMeHHe OTCTaBHHe
OT o p a r o p a BnOJIHe n03B0JIHI0T BbinOJIHHTb 3TO yCJIOBHe B AeCTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH.
B c e CK33aHHoe n o xoa c e Ha r p y c A0B0JibH0 c j i o j k h h m h npaBH-
J13MH, OAHaKO TaK h biBaeT b npaKTHneCKOH p a o T e ycTHor o n e
peBOAHHKa.
EiepeitAeM k TeKcry.
Contrairement1 | aux murs un peu dbrailles des artistes2 |,
Baudelaire3 | se piquait de garder4 | les plus troites convenan
1 Boome nepeBOA m o j k h o cêjiaTb o c h o b h u m , HeonpeaejmeMHM rioMTHeM
CeMHOTHKH, a nepeBOAHMOCTb OTOHCAeCTBHTb CO CMblCJIOM.
2 Cm. J. H e r b e r t . Manuel de linterprte, Cenve, 1952.
260
ces Bi , et sa politesse 6 | tait excessive7 | jusqu paratre8 _|
manire 9 | .11 mesurait ses phrases 10 | , nemployait que 11 | ies
termes les plus choisis 12 | , et disait13 | certains mots 14 | d'une
faon particulire15 | , comme sil et voulu18 J les souligner n i
et leur donner 18 | une importance mystrieuse 19< ( Il avait dans
la voix20 J des italiques21 | et des majuscules Initiales22 ! La
charge23a | trs en honneur236 ! Pimodan23c | tait ddai
gne23 (! par l u i 24 | comme artiste 25 j et grossire26 j mais il ne
sinterdisaitpas27 [ le paradoxe26 | et loutrance29. | Dun air trs
simple, trs naturel et parfaitement dtach30a | , comme sil et
dbit m | un lieu commun30c j la Prudhomme30(i j sur la beau
t 30e | ou la rigueur de la temprature 30f, | il avanait30 || quel
que axiome sataniquement monstrueux31... |
HepeBOflH n e p B b l f t OTpe30K 3T0 f i CJIbUUHMQ (ijfJIH HHTaeMOH)
HMH pe^H CJI0 B3 MH npOTUBOnOAOMKOCTb, MU BblHyjKfleHhl 0 CT3 -
BOBHTbca h nepe>KAaTb. B c e BpeMa n o n a o p a T o p n p 0 H3 H0 CHT cJie-
i y f o u i H H OTMeqeHHbiH b TeKere Ky coK 2 , m h m a c m ( s t o h ecTb
OTcraBaHue d c a l a g e ) . H npHHHHa n a m e r o OTcraBaHHH He Heno-
HiiMaHHe, TaK K3 K m h npeKpacHO noHHMaeM 0 Tpe3 0 K 2 Aasce Ka
TaK.HX j ' p o b h h x KaK aux murs | un peu dbrailles. H o n e p e-
aecTH we MoaKeM, n o r o M y h t o n o i B ^ e H e c j i o B a aux murs 3 a c r a B -
J i a e r HenpeMeHHO OHAaTb onpeAeJieHHH k HeMy. F Io a o h o 3 T0 My b
p y c c K o f t p e q n Bwpa>KeHHe neAoeeK xapaurepa... HenpeMeHHO 3 acTaB-
Jisier OJKHAaib onpeAeJi eHHa xapaKrepa t u x o z o , ymzo, p o 6 k o -
eo, CMejiozo h t . n . . . T o ace OTHGCHTejibHO A p y r H x o c t s h o b o i c B H y r p n
O p e s Ka 2 , ToJibKO noHBJieHHe c j i o b s artistes n o K 3 3 biB3 eT H3 M; * j t o
c H Ta r M 3 3 3 BepmeRa, h Mbi 6 e3 33TpyAHeHHH moj km nepeBecTH:
HeCKOAbKO p38H3HblM MHepaM At ode UCKyCCTea. p 3 3yMeeTCH MbI
MorJiH 6 bi nepeBOAHTb h n o j s c t h m , He AOJKHAancb o k o h h s h h h c h h -
a r M b i , h o b t s k o m c j i y q s e n o 3 3 BepuieHHH ee o p a T o p o M HaM n p H i u -
f l o c b Oh BepHyTbCH k ee H a q s j i y h n e pec T poHTb b pyccKOM n e p e -
BOAe nopHAOK c j i o b . 3 t o 6 h j i o 6 h HspymeHHeM 4 - r o ycj i oBHH. T a -
KHM 06pa30M, A^HHHOe 0TCT3BaHHe BbI3B3H0 3AeCb HHCTO CTHJIHCTH-
'lecKHMK npHHHHaMH, nepeBOA 6e3 o t c t s b s h h h 6 b i / i 6 bi no n a Te n ,
HO mepoxoB3T h CTHJiHCTimecKH HenpasHJieH. T p e r H KycoK n e p e -
b o a h t c h 6e3 3aTpyAHeHH h Aa>Ke He nepeBOAHTCH, a CKopee KaK
6 m TpaHCjiHTepHpyeTCH b ycTHo $ o p Me , TaK KaK m u n p o c r o
noBTopaeM c j i o b o [ b o d l e r ] c pyccKHM 3KU,eHTOM yOA-'isp].
OTpe30K 4 OnHTb 3aCT3BâeT H3C JKAaTb. H o npHHHHbl OTCT3B<>
h h h HHbie, neM b OTpe3Ke 2 . 3Aecb mm h He moi vi h 6 h nepeBgCTK
s e p i q u a i t c p a 3 y n o o i e e r o 3aBepuieHHH, TaK KaK b s t o t mo mc k t
o h o HaM e m e He Bnoj r a e noHHTHo. B caMOM a e j i e , co3HaHHio npeA-
CTaBjlHlOTCH OAHOBpeMeHHO HeTblpe B03M0*Hbi e 3HaqeHHH:
1. E o d A e p k o a o a c h ...
2. EodAep k o a o a cee...
261
3. BodAep ouotcctAcn...
4. BodAep CTCL8UA cee e 3acAyzy...
E c j i h nepBoe h BTopoe 3naneHHa c p a 3 y oTnaAaiOT, TaK KaK no
ycjiOBHK) nepeBOAHHK oJiaAaeT 6a30BMMH CBeAeHHHMH, b AaH-
h o m c j i y n a e o h b h a h t ne pe A coof t no me HHor o ceAor o rocnoAHHa
{Tea(j)HJiH roTfae) , H3 J i a r a i o me r o MeMyapHOM CTHJie BoenoMHaa-
HHH IOHOCTH. o CHX HOp B BOCnOMHHaHHHX K6 npOMeJIbKHyJIO HH
o a h o h MaTepnaj i bHOH AeTaj i H, Bpa A ji h mm MOweM J KAar b e e H
3AeCb. KoAOTbCR H KOAOTb Cee OTBepraiOTCH H3MH KaK MaJI-
EepoHTHbi e. Ho A s a o c Ta j i b Hb i x 3HaHeHHH, nocKOJibKy h x o J i b m e ,
HeM OA'HO, H OHH npeACTaBJIHIOTCH HaM paBHOBepOHTHblMH, 3aCTaB-
j i h j q t ojKHAHTb npoAOJiweHHa. 3 t o npOAOJiJKeHHe noc Tyna e T co cj io-
bom garder, h TyT mm MoweM nepeBecTH 0Tpe30K 4: CraeuA cee
e 3acAyey to, hto oh xpanur.
OTpe3KH c 5 n o 9 6 e s 3axpyAHeHH nepeBOAHTca KaK: caMbie
CTpoeue npaeuAa npuAmuH5- j , a o h a h AO s t o t o MecTa, mm noHK-
MaeM, ht o b npeAbi aymeM OTpeaKe JiyHiiie 6mj i o 6m CKU3aTb BMecro
XpaHUT, COAK)daeT, HO b COOTBeTCTBH'H C yCJlOBHHMH 3 H 4 OC-
TaBJiHeM 9 t o HaJHOAeHHe 6e3 pe3yjibTaTOB h HAeM AaJi bi ue: a ezo
eeMAueocTb 6 | bua vpe3Mepno7 | do tozo, hto K3aACb 8 I Ma-
nepHO9. | Ha CTMKe OTpe3KOB 7 h 8 moj kho cAeJiaTb HHTepecHoe
HaJiiOAeHHe: h h b pyccKOM, h h bo 4>paHuy3CK0M pHTMHneCKoe HJie*
HeHHe peHH He coBnaAaeT c OTpe3KaMH Tor o pOAa, Ha K0T0pbie mm
pa36HJIH Haui TeKCT: pHTMHHeCKH H HHTOHaUHOHHO CTMK3 MeiKAy 7
H 8 HeT.
OTpe30K 10 TpeyeT OTCTaBaHHH n o t o s e npHHHHe, h t o OTpe-
30K 4: i l mesurait HMeeT Tpn 3HaneHHH: 1) oh U3MepAA, 2) oh co-
pa3MepsiA, 3) oh ua pocry... il mesurait 1 m 65 pocry e HeM
buo 1 m 65 cm. riOHBJieHHe ses phrases 3acTaJiHT Hac BbrpaT
3HaHeHHe, BOBce He npHmeAui ee HaM BHanaJie Ha yM: oh 63eeiuuea.i
ceou (ppa3bi. OTpe3KH c H n o 19 JierKo mepeBOAHTCH Ka: ynorpe-
a r a TOAbKO 11 | caMbie u3bictiaHHbie ebipaotcenua 12 | u eoeopuA 1S j
(noHTH c p a 3 y * e mm cnoxBaTbiBaeMCH, h t o J i ynme mj i o 6m CKa-
3aTb npou3HocuA' hj i h euzoeapueaA, ho n o 3 A Ho ! ) HeKOTOpbie
cAoea u, ocoeHHbiM 06pa30M 15, / kk yro xoreA 161 nodHepmyTb
UX 17 I UAU (onblTHMH nepeBOAHHK TaK H CK3)KeT B 9T0M MeCTe,
He 3aAyMMBaHCb, uau, a He u) npudarb um 18 KKoe-ro ocoeHHoe
MUcrmecKoe 3HaneHuew. i
OTpe30K 20 3CTaBJiHeT Hac CAeJiaTb ouiHKy n o w a a y f t eAHH-
CTBeHHyio, K0Topo He H36ejKHT h xopoui H nepeBOAHHK: il avait
dans la voix TaK h c h o n o cMbicJiy h TaK npHBMHHo conocTaBJiHeTca
c pyccKHM y nezo uao e zoAoee 20 f , h t o mm TOTHac h nepeBOAHM
3T0H 4>pa3, H yBbl! Hepe3 HeCKOJIbKO MfHOBeHH AOJIJKHbl
BepHyTbCH Ha3aA h nonpaBHTbcn: y nezo buu e zoAoee. Ho b c j i a
s a TeM Ha c Ty n a e T 3aMHHiKa: des italiques ! B c e * e onbiTHM h c o
BKycoM nepeBOAHHK n e p e Be Ae T npaBHJi bHO h He AowHAaHCb p a s - b a c -
HeHHH Aaj i bHef t ui HM: kk bi uipucpr-Kypcue. K o j i c s h h h a t e e r o
262
aaMeTHM 3 t o oTJjHMaroTCH a o t 'Eb/KHAaHHH 3 c j i y q a e 2 wce
n 0 HHTH0, h o omymeHHe a e ^ o r o B op e n h o c t h , T a n h o t 'BOJieaBHi
B C^ynaflX 4 H 10 HeB03M0>KH0CTb BblOpa MCHtAY HeCKOJIbKHMK
3 KaieHHHMH: 3fl ecb KoêaHHH OTpaHiaiOT Mepy HeojKHAaHHOCTH
s n o ^ H e HCHoro cj i oBa. 3 t o , CeAOBaTeJibHO, c o c t b c h h o c t h h c t h -
necKHH 3$4>eKT. CêAyi omHH 0Tpe30K 22 nepeBOAHTca y w e coBep-
meHHO npocTO KaK 3azAaenbie Symbi 22 | .
CjieAyiomHH cj i ynaH oneHb CJioêH. B caMOM Aeîe, y c j i b i ma s
la charge23a | , m u , nepeBOA^HKH, n p n Bceft Harneft npeABapHTeJib-
KbMH yCJlOBHHMH npHHHCaHHO OIlblTHOCTH, nOCTaB-fieHU B TyiIHK:
Soj i bui e AecHTH 3HaqeHHH BepTHTCs b HameM co3HaHHHl BpeMu, 0 6 .1-
aaHHocTb, nopynenue, odeunenue... A speMH h a c t ! Op a To p BMCKa-
san yme OTpe3KH 23 b , 23c , 23. .. H b o t m/ i bKO TyT mm, HaKOHey,
noHHMasM, h t o p e ^ b HAeT o CAoeeenoM uiapwe, h TaK mh h n e p e -
b oahm, 3aTeM c n e u i a , HaroHHH opaTOpa, mt o6 m yM8 HbiuHTb OTCTa-
BaHHe a o 6e30nacH0H (He r po3 Hi ne 3a6biBaHHeM CKa3aHHoro) Hop
mm, nep&BOAHM: bieiuu 3 6 0 Abui0M nonere23*3 | e Tl umda*
ne 23 ( h j i h, ecjiH mm ii omhhm h c t o p h o JiHTepaTypM a oreAs IJu-
McdH, HMeHHo TaM ToTbe BnepBbie BCTpeTHJicn c BoAJi epoM),
biA npesupaeM23 | um 24 | sa aprucTunnocTb 251 u epyocrb23 | ,
h o oh He u3eaaA27 | napadoKcoe28 | u caMbix npaHux cyotcde-
HU 29 | .
OTpe30K 30 npeACTaBJineT Ty * e TpyAHocTb, h t o h 23: d un
air... c eudoM ? tohom ? auda ? roua ? Bb i o p Hej i bsa CAeJiaTb
BriJiOTb a o il avanait, n o c j i e n e r o dun air p a 3 T>HCHHeTCH KaK c eu-
doM, h Bce nepeBOAHTCH o ^ e n b J i er ao: c eudoM cmum npocrbiM, ec-
recTsenHMM u coeepuienno 6e3pasAMHbiM 3 0 a , | k k ecAu 6 bi o h
BbicKuabieaA 306 | KKoe-Huydb o6 w,ee Muenue30t | na Manep ripto-
dOMa30 | o Kpacore 308 | uau o npeepaTHocrnx nozodu3011 on (pop*
MtjAUpoeaA30 | KaKyto-nuyb camHUHCKyio atccuoMy31 | . . .
3aMeTHM B' eaKioqeHHe, h t o aj i h aTor o c n o c o a aHaJ i ns a BOBce
s e 06H3aTejibH0 AecTBHTeîbHo nepeBOAHTb c H3MKa Ha h3NK, a
AocraTOHHO HajiEOAaTb 3a rpaHHuaMK h p h t m o m CBoero iiohhm&-
HHfl BO BpeMeHH.
EAHHHUeH ypOBHH HHAHBHAyajIbHO peMH H HBJIHeTCH e A H H H U 3
n e p e s o A a , E n ( u n i t d e t r a d u c t i o n ) , KOTopyio mm onpeAeJiaeM,
TaKHM 0pa30M, KaK MHHHMa^bHbiH 0Tpe30K peneBoft ueiiH,
Mo r y mn MTb nepeBeAeHHMM n p a yK33aHH0 M c n o c o e n e pe -
BOAa.
E a h h h u m nepeBOAa hbî hi ot c h o c o o p a 3H0 BHAH0 CTbi0 cj i obo-
coneTaHHH. ConocTaBJi eHHaa co cj iobom, t . e. c eAHHHue ypOBHH
HOpMbI, E n eAHHHUa ypOBHH HHAHBHAyaJIbHOH peHH, MOKeT cob-
naAaTb c h h m npuMepbi 1, 3, 26, 28, 29; MoaceT biTb m n p e cj i o-
Ba 4, 5, 8 , 10 h Ap. h MO*eT 6 MTb ace c.JiOBa, o r A a o a h o cj i o-
bo HcxoAHoro H3biKa cooTBeTGTByeT r p y n n e c j i ob H3NKa nepeBOA? :
un artiste HeAoeetc ucKyccrea (TaKJKe refaire cdeAatb 3hobo
h t . n . ) .
263
ConocraBJieHHaH c HeaHCKpeTHbiM cjioBoconeTaHHeM, t . e. c Apy-
THM THIIOM eflHHHU Ha ypOBHe HOpMH, E n eAHHHlia ypOBHH HH-
AHBHAyajibHOH pena, mowct biTb hm 15, 236 HeAHCKpeTHbie
COHeTaHHfl H B HCXOAHOM H3bIKe H B H3bIKe nepeBOAa, OHa MOJKeT
COBnaCTb C HeAHCKpeTHblM CJlOBOCOHeTaHHeM H TOJibKO B OAHOM H3
H3HK0B. Booine HeAHCKpeTHbie CJI0B0C0HeT3HHH ypOBHH HOpMbl
Bce hbjihiotch E n Ha ypoBHe coomeHHa, ho opaTHoe He BepHO
He Bce E HeAHCKpeTHbie CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH na ypoBHe HopMbi.
116. KJiaccH(])HKai;HH c a h h h u SToro cji oBapa.
OnncaHHbi e conocTaBJieHHa MoryT cr aTb o c h o b o h KJiaccacjjHKa-
U.HH (HJIH KJiaCCH$HKaUHH) E n . Mbi 0CT3H0BHMCH 3AeCb, OAHaKO,
Ha KJiaccHtJiHKUHH HHoro poAa, BbiTeKaiomefi H3 c a Mor o 0 CK0 Ba-
HHH BMAeJieHHfl E n . OCHOBaHHeM TaKO KJiaCCH(|)HKaUHH AOJIKHO
CTaTb acoj i i oTHoe BpeMH p e n e Bo n e n n , a HMeHHo B e J i H H H H a
B p e M e H H o r o o T c i a B a K H i i , h j i h p a c x o a c A e H H H ( d
c a l a g e ) , Me j k a y n p o H 3 n e c e H H e M r o B o p a m e r o h no*
H H M a H H C M c j i y m a T e j i H . H a 3 t o m CHOBaHHH HaMenaioTCH
TpH r p y n n u En:
1) E n , HMeioiuHe MHHHMaJibHOe BpeMeHHoe pacxoKAeHHe, t . e.
nepeBOAHMhie t o t h s c no np0H3HeceHHH, TaKHe E n coBnaAaroT co
CJIOBOM (npHMepbl 1, 3 H AP-)-
2) E h , HMeioiAHe HeKOTopoe OTCTasaHHe, npeBbiinaoiitee mhhh-
MyM nepBoro cjiynaa (npHMepbl 2, 4, 5, 8 h Ap.). B stom cjiynae
BejiHMHHa pacxoxAeHHH BbicTynaeT KaK Mepa nepeBOAHMOCTH En.
Ta K KaK E n 0 6 ji aAai 0 T BHyrpeHHHM c b o h c t b o m B3aHM0Ae&CT-
b h h ajieMeHTOB, t o pa3AeJiHTb h h x JieKCHHecKHe, *M0 p<J)0 Ji0 rH'He-
CKHe H CHHTa'KCHHeCKHe MOMeflHTbiaHaqiHJIO blpaOCMaTpHBaTb B'Ce c
COBepmeHHO HHoro ypOBH aCTpaKAHH, C TOHKH 3peHHH ypOBHH
HOpMbl, 3HaHHJI0 6 bl CMeiUHB3Tb ypOBHH a6CTp3KUHH. OAHaKO, TaK
Ka'K 3TQ MOQKeT npHroAHTbCH AJIH epaBHeHHH C TpaAHIWOHHOft TOH'Kft
apeHHH, 3aMeTHM, HTO npH HeaXOAHMOCTH T3KOrO Cpa'BHeHHH BeJIH-
HHHa BpeMeHHoro pacxojKAeHHH MomeT xapaKTepH30BaTb nepeBO-
AHMOCTb H M0p4>0J10rHHeCKH, H CHHT3KCHHeCKH, H JieKCHHeCKH, t t a-
npHMep:
a) jieKCHHecKH: la charge 23a HMeeT 6ojibiuee pacxowAeHHe,
neM se piquait 4, a nocJieAHee 6ojibinee, neM contrairement 1. 3 t o
CooTBeTCTByeT TOMy, ht o KOJiHHecTBO JieKCHnecKHx 3HaneHHH y la
charge ojibiue, neM y se piquer, a y 3Toro nocjieAHero ojibine,
neM y contrairement.
6 ) M0 p<J)0 Ji0 rHHCKH: dun air trs simple 3 0 a HMeeT 6 oJi bi nee
pacxoj KAeHHe, HeM la beaut 30e . 3 t o CooTBeTCTByeT TOMy, h t o Mop-
4>ojiorHHecKH npeAJi or de 6 oj i e e MHoro3HaneH, neM npeAJ i or s u r .
b ) CHHT3 KCHH6CKH: se piquait de... 4, aux murs... 2, il mesu
rait.. . 10 H AP- HMeiOT npH6jIH3HTeJIbH0 OAHHSKOBOe pacxojKAeHHe,
ho ojibinee, neM, HanpHMep, disait 13. 3 t o CBH3aH0 c TeM, hto TpH
nepBue cjiyqaa o6pa 3yi oT CHHTaKCHHecKH ycToftHHBHe cjioBOcone-
TaHHH, ho c nepeMeHHbiM BTopbiM KOMnOHeHTOM, Hero HeT y dire.
264
3) E l i , HenepeBoaHMbi e BnjioTb a o OKOHqaHHH npeAJioweHHfi,
t . e. HMeiomae MaKCHMaJibHoe, npaKTHMecKH 6 eCK0 HeHH0 e BpeMeHHoe
paCXOJKAHHe. ConOCTaBJeHHbie C eAHHHU3MH ypOBHH HOpMbl, THKHe
E l i C00TB6TCTByi0T ObIHHO (|>pa3eO/IOrHHeCKHM CpameHHHM.
Ocooe cTHJiHCTH'ecKoe 3HaqeHHe h mc k j t Te E n , KOTOpbie nepe-
BOAaMbl C MHHHMaJlbHblM HJIH CpeAHHM BpeMeHHHM pacxowAeHHeM
(THn aux murs... 2 ) , h o n o 3aBepuienHH nepeBOAa AaiOT b fl3HKe
nepeBOAa BHpaaceHHH, x o t h h noHHTHbie, h o ocTaBJiaramHe BnenaT-
jieHHe HeyMecTHocTH hj i h Heyo o KecTH. TaKHe cj i ynaH 0C0 6 eHH0
BaHCHbi AJIH H3yqeHHH HaiIHOHajlbHOfi CTHJ1HCTHKH OAHOrO H3bIKa B
conocTaBJieHHH c ApyrHM. B HauieM orpbiBKe TaKOBbi kommchth-
poeaHHbi e BbMie c j i y q a n 2, 4, 13, 18, 20,
C.neAyeT 3ai*ieTHTb, h t o H3yqeHHe HHAHBHAyaJibHoS pe^H o a h h
u s caMbix HacymHb x 3a Aa q coBpeMeHHoft jiHHrBHCTHKH. AHajiH3 e e
A a e t b pacnopHKeHHe HccêAOBaTeis h T a n n e E n , KOTOpbie i i o b t o -
pHIOTCS B pa3HUX HHAHBHAyaJIbHblX OIOBapHX, nOTOMy MTO OTpa-
xa OT C0 U,Ha^bH0 3aKpenJi eHHoe coAepKaHHe. TaKHe E n a o j i k hw
BOflTH B AOnOJIHHTeJIbHMH CJIOBapb.
SaMeTHM, HKOHeu, *}t o npeAJioxceHHbie 3Aecb npHHUHnbi E n cy-
a.ec'BeHHO orarwaroTCH o t h a c h J . - P . V i n a y e t J. Da r b e n e t
( S t y l i s t i q u e c o m p a r e du f r a n a i s et de l a n g l a i s ) , KOTOpbie, b o -
nepBbix, h c x o a h t npH ycTaHOBJieHHH c a k h h u nepeeoAa H3 paoTbi
nepeBOAHHKa HaA nHCbMeHHblM TeKCTOM, H BO-BTOpblX, B OJblHHH-
CTBe cjjyqaeB He pa3.HHqaioT c a h h h u ; nepeBOAa H obiqHbix (J)pa3eo-
JioruqecKHX coqeTaHH.
i 7 . 0 6 p a 3 e u c j i o B a p a HHAHBHAyajibHoft peHH. B KaqecTBe n p n -
Mepa HHAHBHAyaj ibHoft p e q n e p e j i t c k c t , yjKe nocjiyjKHBuiHft hbm
Ajih cocTaBJieHHH AonojiHHTejibHoro cj ioBapH Ha ypOBHe hoPmm
KDHoôr aMbi n epeA ok ou t k om TypHCTCKoro areHTCTBa ( 5 9 ) . TaK
a TeKCT o a h h h t t x e , t o OTqeMHBO BbiCTynHT pa3HHua Mexay
i ) OfibMHHM CJIOBapeM Ha ypOBHe HOpMbl, 2) AOnOJIHHTeJIbHblM
o o B a p e M Ha ypoBHe HopMbi h 3) ai OBapeM Ha ypoBHe h h a h b h -
AyaJibHOH p e m
JXjIH COCTBJieHHH CJTOBapH HHAHBHAyaJbHO p e r a STOrO MOHO-
J i o r a HeoxoAHMo pacqj ieHHTb peqeByio n e n b . Bo3bMeM a j i h npH-
Me p a cepeAHHy TeKCxa:
...Alors, v o i l . 1 ! Est-ce que v r a i m e n t 2 | i l f a i t s i c h a u d 3 |
chez vous 4 | da n s le S u d ? . . . " j Oui*, | bien s r . . J j Non, | vi
d e mmen t ... | Mais, e n f i n ,101 je veux dire 11: | caniculaire? ...121
Parce q u e 13 | j aime m i e u x 14 | s a v o i r . . . 15 | f l a , t k b o t 1. |
HeyoceAu npaeda 2 | rate OKapKO3 1 y eac * | a toze?. . . 5 i Ha 8 \
KoneHHo ...7 I He r ,8 { pa3yMeeTCR... | . H o e c e - r a m ,10 f k uMeto e
eudy j e cajuoe wcapnoe epeMx Ara? . . . 12 | IIotomu hto 13 1
upednoHurato 14 j snarb sapanee ...lb | .
265
PaCHJieHHB TaKHM 06pa30M TeKCT flO KOHUa, Mbi yBHflHM, HTO He
KOTOpbie eAHHH'ii,bi nepeBOAa (E) c t o b t o p h i o t c h b TeKCTe c H3!BecT-
h o peryj i HpHocTbi o h Aa s t e b o a h o h h t o h e n 0 CJieA0 B3 TeJibH0 CTH.
C r p y n n n p y e M hx:
1) Upej KAe B-cero, h t o nooieinoBaTeJibHoCTb n a c r a u oui
non mais (enfin) ( 3 A e c b 6 8 10) , noBTopaiomHXCH b o a -
hom h t o m e yi<a3aHHOM nopHAKe, Ha30BeM s t h cuenJieHHH Tpna-
Aoh TpHWAbi n a npoTHiweHHH TeKCTa. KawAaH T3 Kan T p n a A a
He h t o HHoe KaK o i o w H a a eAHHHua HHAHBHAyaJibHoro cj i OBapa s t o h
AaMbi, ee HHAHBHAyajibHaa MaHepa noAAepxHBaTb p a 3 r o B o p K cHa-
n a j i a KaK 6 bi c o r J i a c n e c coeceAHHKOM {oui), 33T6M o t b o a e r o B03-
paKeHHH h 0 AH0 BpeMeHH0 noATBep*AeHHe cor/ t acHH (non, non
videmment) h, H3K0Hen Bce-TaKH B03paweHHe, Hecor J i acne
(mais, enfin) ! Pa3yMeeTCH, Ka wAa a TaKaa TpnaAa h h b Kaico CTe-
neHH He HBJineTCH ycTOHHBbiM cjioBoconeTaHHeM eAHHHuei a o -
noJiHHTeJibHoro cj iOBapn, a TeM o j i e e cj i oBa pa Ha ypoBHe HopMbi.
2 ) KaiKAyi o TaKyio r p n a A y b TeKCTe oKpyscai oT 0 AHHaK0 Bbie
E: e n npeAinecTByeT Bonpoe: 1. Est-ce que vraiment | il fait si
chaud? (BonpocHT. E) ; 2. Peut-tre \ vaudrait-il mieux... \ res
ter | dans le Nord ? 3. A propos... I la rvolution... B o n p o c w coc-
TaBJiHiOT xapaKTepHyi o nepTy o i o B a p a s t o S HHAHBHAyaJibHofi penn:
B COBOKynHOCTH OHH XapaKTepH3yiOT HcnaHHIO C TOHKH 3peHH5
A3MH.
3) KaKAyro TpaaAy 3aMbiK3eT yTBepwAeHHe o m e r o x a pa KTe p a ,
poA 3KCHOMMajih AaMbi: 1. Parce que j aime mieux savoir ; 2. Vous
tes l pour me renseigner... On ne sembarque pas pour Malaga
comme pour Deauville ; 3. Vous devez tre bien renseign. C 0B0Kyn-
HOCTb 3KCHOM T3K5Ke XOpOUIO XapaKTepH3yeT HHAHBHAyaJIbHOCTb
AaMbi: 3KCH0M3MH AJIH Hee HBJIHIOTCH ee HenOKOJieHMbie rtpHBbHKH
(jaime mieux savoir) ; yBepeHHocTb b t om, h t o h h h o b h h k , p a 3 eMy
njiaTHT, o 6 h 3 3 h ece 3Harb; Ha o p o m n x h c t h h nocJiOBHU, b h a o -
H3MeHHeMbix n o CHTyanHH (on ne sembarque pas pour Malaga...).
K 9T0My HyKHO npHCOeAHHHTb H ApyrHe nOCJIOBHUbl, BBOAHMbie CJIO-
b o m enfin : enfin, hein, ce nest pas la porte ct omaa h c t h -
H3 b (J>opMe KJiHine; enfin, qui vivra verra o ma H h c t h h a b <j)opMe
nOCJIOBHAbl h Ap.
4) Ocoyio r p y n n y cjioBSpH cocTaBJiHK>T E T3 Koro poA3 : ma
dame est tmoin ; cest mon droit ; j ai priorit s t o noHTH k>phah-
HecKHe TepMHHbi, bo bchkom CJi ynse TOHHoe o6o3HaneHHe n p a s ,
KOTOpwe TBepAO 3HaeT 3a co6o 3Ta AaMa. O h h coBnaAsiOT c <J>pa-
3eOJOrHHeCKHMH CJIOBOCOHeT3HHHMH ypOBHH HOpMbl H XapaKTepH-
3yiOT 3Ty AaMy HHAHBHAyaJibHO TOJibKO CBoe HSCTOTHOCTbK) b e e
peHH.
CK33aHHOrO A0CT3T0HH0, HTObl COCT3BHTb Ce6 e npeACTSBJleHHe
O HHAHBHAyaJIbHOM CJIOBape A3HHO& HHAHBHAy3JlbHOH peHH H n o
cj i oBs pi o o x a p a ' KTe p e AaMbi onnpsBHTeJiH s t o h pe n n .
266
H a c T b I I
XyflO>KECTBEHHAfl
PEHb
| 118. C n o c o S u aHaj H3a xyaowecTBeHHofi p c n n . CoBpeMHHaa
T e o p n s H3HK3 r pe ye T onHCMBaTb peMb He Boome , a c o n p e a e -
JieHHHx TOMeK 3peHHa: j i h o o t OTnpaBHTeJiH ee, j i h o caMO coo -
meHHe, He3aBHCHMo o t OTnpaBHTeH h rrojiyqaTeJiH, j i h o o t noj i y-
MateJii pe^H (cm. BBeaeHHe) . 9 t o p a 3a e j i e Hn e o j i wh o biTb co-
x p a n e Ho h npw aHaj i K3e xyflOKecTBeHHO peMH. eftcTBHTeJibHaa
HCTOpHH CTHJIHCTHKH pa3BHB3Ji aCb TaKHM 0pa30M, MTO HCCJieOBa-
t c j i h b cawoM ejie, x o t Macro He co3HaBaH t o f o , oJiee h j m MeHee
paSJIHMajIH 3TH TpH TOMKH 3peHHH. TaKHM 0p330M, B03M05KHM H B
JI.e&CTBHTeJIbHOCTH CymeCTByiOT, XOTH H JIHIHb B OCHOBaX CBOHX, TpH
CTH^lICTHKH XyflOJKeCTBeHHOft peMH: a) C T HJ I HC T HK OT 8 B T 0 -
p a , ir e 'H e t h m e ik a h, H3yMaiomaH peMb c t omkh 3peHHH ee
COSAaHHH; 6 ) C T HJ I HC T HK B H y T p e H H H H , H M m a H e H T-
H a h, H3yM3K)maH BHyTpeHHioK) CTpyKTypy c o3aaHHor o peMeBoro
npoH3BefleHHH EesaBHCKMO o t Toro, KaK c o 3 a a B a ; i e r o aBTop h ne-
s s b h c h m o o t t o t o , KaK BocipHHHMaeT e e MHTaTejib, cj i yui aTej i b;
3) C T HJ I HC T HK B O C I p H H T H H , HJIH CTHJIHCTHK nOJiyMSTe-
j s xyfl owecTBeHHo peMH, MHTaTeJiH, cj i yma TeJ i a. Ha s t h x Tpex
CTHJIHCTHK3X Mbi CeMaC H OCT3HOBHMCH, paCCMOTpeB HSHOJiee BH"
A* omaxcH h x npeACTaBHTejieft.
119. KpaTKHg OMepK ac To pmi c t h j i h c t h k h xyAomecTBeHHOH p e -
h. Pa3JiHMHbie, b t o m MHCjie h ynoMHHyTbie c n oc o bi aHajiH3a
xy.a,03secTBeHH0H peMH i i omt h Bce cocymecTByiOT h npHMeHHiOTCH Te-
ne pb, Mej Kfly xeM b o 3 h h k 3 j i h o h h p a 3 o e BpeMa h a a w e b p a 3Hbie
HGTopHMecKHe anoxH, h KaJKAbiH HeceT Ha c e e b oj i bi uei hj i h
MeHbme CTeneHH OTneâTOK cBoeft o t o x h . ri osTOMy o3op onocooB
a>H3JIH3a B CTHJIHCTH'Ke CCTb OAHOBpeMeHHO HCTOpHH 'CTHJIHCTH'KH 1.
_ HcTopHfi c t h j i h c t h k h 8 i ioji hom BHfle etue n e Ha n ac a Ha . MacTfeio ee moskho
H 3 h t h b KHure B. B. B i i H o r p a a o B a , O a3HKe xyAowecTBeHHofi jHTepaTypw,
M, 1959 (Becb paaaeji L H3yqeHHe S3UKa xyAoacecTBeHHofi jiHTeparyphi b ca-
seTcicyio snoxyjs. ) h na 4>paHnyscK0M 33HKe ( o 3anaf l Hofl TpaflHUHH) b KHHre
P.G u i r a u d. La Stylistique, Que, sais-je ? *,n 646, Presses Universitaires de
rrance, P., 1957. PasH006pa3HeftniHe HccjieflOBaHHs nocjieAHHx JieT, rtpeacTaBJieH-
Hwe na I MexayHapoaHoft KoncbepeHUKK no BonpocaM naar mcH b BapmaBe b
I960 r., ony6JiHKOBaHbi b copHHKe PoeticsPoet ykarioaTHKa, Warszawa,
269
HCTOpHH CTHJIHCTHKH nOKa3bI BaeT, HTO CTHJIHCTHMeCKHe VêHUH
b Ka KAy i o fl aHHyi o a n o x y BOSHHKaKiT b OTBeT Ha noTpeHoeTb no-
HHTb HCKyccTBO HMeHHO 3Toh s i i o x h . JI or HqecKHH MeTOfl, y H a a i e A C -
BaHHbl OT pHTOpHK XVII XVIII B6K0B, OTBeqaeT caMOMy x a p a K -
T e p y HGKyccTBa 3t o& n o p b i . PyccKHH 4)opMa; i H3M B03HHK nepEO-
Ha n a j i b Ho KaK a Ha ^H3 ( J j yr ypHCTHqecKor o e r a x a h b i i o ; i h o h Mepe
TOJlbKO K STOMy CTHXy H HpHJIOiKHM. MeTOA IIInHUepa B03HHKaeT B
CBH3H c jiHTepaTypo 3K3HCTeHUHaJiH3Ma h aaeT HaHJiyquiHe pe3yjib-
Tara n p n aHajiH3e HMeHHo ee, HanpHMep, pOMaHOB CapTpa. Cthh-
CTHKa aKaaeMHKa JI. B. IUepbi B03HHKaeT m aHanma peaJiHCTH-
qecKHx npoH3BeAeHHH pyccKo JiHTepaTypbi XIX BeKa h noaroMy
HMeeT HanoJ i ee uiHpoKoe 3HaqeHHe h npHJi oneHHe.
TaKHM 0pa30M, HCTOpHH CTHJIHCTHKH npeAeJIbHO HCHO nOKa3bl-
BaeT, iK'K xyA,o*ecTBeHHafl peqb, HCKyccTBO, a oho b AaHHOM cjiy-
qae npaKTHKa, itoctohhho onepexaeT HayqHoe oco3HaHHe cthjih-
CTHKy.
CTMJIMCTMKA OT ABTOPA
1 2 0 . JlomqecKHH anajiH3. M, PycTaH. Oahhm H3 caMHx pac-
npocTpaHeHHbi x, TaK KaK s t o obiqHbi uiKOJibHbi cnoc of i pa3-
6 o p a , e x p l i c a t i o n de t e x t e , HBJiaeTCH yHacjieAOBaHHbifi o t pHTOpHK
X V I I X V I I I BeKOB ôrHqecKH, AOKa3 aTejibHbift aHa^H3 . O h r a n p o -
ko H^BecTCH H3 MHOTORpaTHO >nepeH3AaBaBMieftCH bo OpaHUj m
k h h t h M. PycTaHa KHn r a 3 Ta KaK He;ib3 H J i yqrne A0 Ka3 biBaeT
c<J)0 pMyj i Hp0 BaHHyK> HaMH b npeAHAymeM na pa r pa <f ) e Mbic.rib: cno-
c o 6 CTHJiHCTHqecKoro aHaji H3 a HAeT BC-neA 3 a KaacAbiM h o b h m a o-
CTHKeHHeM HCKyccTBa. J I or HqecKH c n o c o P y c r a H a oirapaeTCH Ha
^HTepaTypy KJiaccHii,H3Ma <h Ma.no -nproAeH m u ananma xyAowe-
CTBeHHbix npoH3BeAeHHi A p y r n x a n o x h HanpaBJieHHft. CaM P y c r a n
3aMeqaeT: KaK npaBHJio, BaM He npHAeTca o-bHCHHTb o t p w b k h H3
TKHX aBTOpOB, KOTOpbie MbIC/IHT BKpHBb H BKOCb, HJIH He BSAeiOT
POAHHM H3bIK0M, H./IH nHUiyT, He 3H3H TOqHO, HTO XOTHT CKa3aTb...
B a m a p a o T a , TaKHM 0pa30M, 6 yAeT 3aoK>qaTbCH b BbiaBJieHHH
h c h o c t h MbicjiH... (cTp. 5 9 ) . He j i e c THa a xapaKTepacTHKa a r a o t -
h o c h t c h y PycTaHa, KOHeqHO, B o o me k coBpeMeHHbiM aBTOpaM.
Pa3yMeeTCH, TaKHM CnOCOOM HeJIb3H aHaJIH3Hp0B3Tb HH pOM3 H
A p a r o Ha , C a p T p a hj i h r i p y c x a , h h noaMy B o A^ e p a . 3 t t onocoO
npoTHBopeqHT yace xa p a KTe p y npoH3 BeAeHHH XVIII BeKa, bo mho-
roM o j i e e SMOHHOHajibHbix, qeM A0 Ka3 3 TeîbHux. CaMbift m c t o a ,
TBeqaiomHH B n o M e K;iaccHitf3 My XVII BeKa, HanoMHHaeT h r o r -
AauiHHe coBeTbi pHTOpHK ( r p ynnHpo Ba Tb HAen n o c x o a c t b y , n o koh-
TpacTy h t . n . ) (cTp. 5 4 5 8 ) .
0 6 p n c o B a T b n e p c o H a * h ^ h xapaKTep 3HaqT c r pynnHpoBaTb
BOKpyr K3 k o h - j i h 6 o oahoA 0 T.nHqHTe.nbH0 ft qepTbi eAHHCTBeHHO Te
1 M. R o u s t a n . Prcis dexplication franaise (mthodes et applications).
8 e d., P., 1911.
270
Aeraj i H, KOTOpbie MoryT a xy MepTy noAKpenHXb. BbifleJia&Te axy o t -
JiOTHTeJibHyo qepTy, h j i h Barn p a 3 op He yAacTca. To >e a CKa3 aj i
6b\ h 0 6 onHcaHHHX. CpeAH Tex CTpaHHU. P y c c o , KOTOpbie aaiCT
oHbHMH MaTepnaJi j i s p a 3 6 o p a , cj iefl yeT nOMeCTHTb h npeKpac-
Hoe onHcaHHe c o p a y p o w a a Ha BHHorpaAHHKax, b KHwre V Ho-
BOH 9jI0H3bI. EcH BaM npHAeTCH KOMMeHTHpOBaTb qaCTHHHO HJH
nOJIHOCTbK) 3 TOT TeKCT, OCTaBbTe CBOeft 3aAaHe BblAeJIHTb OCHOB-
HyiO MNCJlb H HyBCTBO, KOTOpbie AeJiaiOT H3 3T0H AOBOJIbHO AJIHHHOH
r/ iaBbi eAHHoe noaxHqecKoe uej i oe. Bbi JierKO oHapyHcmre Mbicjib,
^ exi amyi o b 0 CH0 Be ee: npHpoAa OKa3bi s a e T Ha qeJiOBeKa caMoe
6 / i aroTBopHoe Mopaj i bHoe BJMHHHe... ( c T p . 4 9 ) .
MeTO PycTaHa npeAnoj i ar aex, mt o qHxaxeJiio y>Ke H3BecTHa
rjaBHaa Mbicjib npOH3BeAeHHH, h aHaJiH3 saKJiioqaexcH T0^bK0 b
t o m , t obi oHapywHTb ee b j i i o o m KycKe TeKCTa h AOKa3axb
noAopoM AeTajie.
121. IlcHxojiorH<iecKH>i aHajiH3 M. FpaMMOHa h Ap. CHJiOMeT-
pOTecKHH MeTOfl. B KOHue XIX Hanajie XX BeKa b c b h 3h c 6yp-
h u m pas'BHTHeM ncHxojiorHMecKoft HayKH AormecKHH cnoco CMe-
H5eTCH nCHXOJIOrHHeCKHM, KOTOpbl bICTpO CTaHOBHTCa OmenpH3-
HaHHbiM. IIpHMepoM e r o MoweT cJiyacHTb pa3op aceH JIa<|)OHxeHa
MopHeoM TpaMMOHOM Box KaK aHajiH3Hpyex o h acHio .JlHCHua
H K03eJI. JlHCHHa H K03eJI 3aXOXejIH llHXb H CnyCXHJIHCb B KOJIOAeU.
K o r a a o h h HanHHCb, JiHCHua roBOpnx K03Jiy, qxobi o h Bcxaji Ha
Am 6m , TorAa JiHCHixa no er o ciiHHe h poraM Bbiepexca HaBepx, a
noxoM h K03Jia BbiTamHT. CKa3aH0, CAejiaHO. Ho, oqyxHBiimcb Ha-
s e pxy, jiHCHiia h He noAyMaJia TamHTb K03Jia, n buia TaKOBa. Bac-
HH HaHHHeTCH CTHX3MH:
Capitaine renard alloit de compagnie
Avec son ami bouc, des plus haut encorns :
Celui-ci ne voyait pas plus loin que son nez ;
Lautre tait pass matre en fait de tromperie
KaacAoe cobo 3Aecb He HanpacHO, a noAroTaBJMBaex AabHeft-
mee pa3BHXHe c o h x h h : 1) capitaine ne nocxosHHbi a n nx e x ji h-
CHHbi, 01H AaH efi JIa(J)OHxeHOM x0 JJbK0 b 3xoh acHe: 3Aecb j i h-
CHua KannxaH h KOMaHAyex; 2) encorn obmHoe c bo c xb o
K03a, ecjiH o HeM ynoMHHyxo 3Aecb, xo noxoMy, mxo AaJi bme sxoMy
CBOCTBy npHHaA-JieKHT O^bUiaa pOJIb B pa3BepTbIB3HHH CObITHH;
3 ) ne pas voir plus loin que son nez w j i o CTepTOH noroBopKOH yj Ke
bo BpeMena JIa<f>OHTeHa, ho oh o k h b j i h c t ee, npHMeHHB k K03Jiy:
e c ^ H ne euderb daAbuie cocreeHHoeo noca oTHioAb He npH3H3K
y n a , Aaace n p a a-tchhhom Hoce, t o mto CKa3aTb 0 K03ê, y KOTOporo
> B KHHre M G r a m m o n t. Essai de psychologie linguistique. Style et
poesie. Delagrave, P. , 1950, p. 136 et suiv.
271
h BOBce Hoca HeT? 4) JlHCHUa, HanpOTHB, xapaKTepH3yercH ksk
pass matre en fait de tromperie.
TaKHM opasoM, b cbmom Hanajie 3aAana npOTHBonoJiojKHoerb
AByx xapaKTepoB, JuadonbiTCTBO MHraTeJia 'B03y>KAeH0, h ero booO-
paxceHHe H a r a n a e T paoTaTb, orapaBJi HCb o t s t h x AaHHHX. Ho
BOpawaeMoe nHTaTejieM eme A0B0JibH0 CMyruo, TaK KaK He npo-
H30IHJI0 e m e HH OAHOrO C0HTH3, h HHTaTeJlb TOJibKO JKAeT COblTHh",
b KOTOpbe HenpeMenHO a o j i j k h h b o h t h y x e HaMeêHHbie aBTopow
n e r u p e " ajieMeHTa: JiHCHua yAeT KOMaHAOBaTb KeM-To; KaKyic-TO
pOJib b c o k t h h x 6yAyT HrpaTb pora; k 3 k h m- t o 0pa30M nposBHTca
neAa^bHOBHAHOCTb K03Jia; k t o - t o G y a e r oMaHyr JWCHneft. 3 t h iie*
Tbipe HencKbix nyHKTa, êTbipe Bonpoca, OTMaera coAepxaT y:<Ke,
KaK BHAHM, H0TB6TH. B nOJIHHX OTBeTaX H 3aKJlK>qaeTCH paSBHTHC
CKmeTa.
II'CHXojiorHsecKiHH ana^H3 TecHO 0B3a!H c HKyccTBOM ApaMK, a
He cjiyqaHHo caMaa acHH BocnpHHHMaeTcn npn stom KaK poA Apa-
MaTHqecKoro npoH3BeAeHHH MHorne nyHKTH b aHa;iH3e TpaMMO*
Ha oqeHb HanoMHHaK)T 3aAaHHH K. C. Ct3hhcjiaBCKoro no onpaB-
AaHHio AeftcTBHH, no AecTBHK) b npeAJiaraeMbix ocTOKTejibCT-
Bax h npoH. Cp. y TpaMMOHa: y 33ona JiHCHua, BbipaBuiHCb
JiaroAapn CBoeMy XHTpoMy njiany Ha nosepxuocTb, ripHHHMaeTca
CKaKaTb o t paAOCTH BOKpyr KOJioAAa h CKaneT ao Tex nop, noKa
K03e;i ne noHHJi, >to ero oManyjra... ^ t o JiHCHna npbiraeT o t pa-
AOCth, b stom HeT h n i e r o HeripaBAonoAOHoro, ho AeTajit axa nac
He HHTepecyeT... ojibme Toro, KaaceTca HaM npn AaHHbix oct oh-
Te^bCTBax HeyMecTHOHi JiHcnua HecoMHeHHo TOponHTca BHpBaTbca
H3 KOJiOAua, rAe ona qyBCTByeT cea KaK b Ka n n a n e , bo BJ i aer a
nepsoro nonaBinerocn oxot hhk3 hjih KpecTbHHHHa, KOopoMy cjiv-
HHJlOCb 6bl npOHTH MHMO. OHa CJWIHKOM yMHa AJH roro, ^to6w.
BbipBaBuiHCb HaBepx, pe3BHTbca okojio KOJiOAUa, rAe ee Morjui 6h
3aMeTHTb H3AaJleKa, OHa TOponHTCH CKpbITbCH... (cTp. 141 142).
TaK h noc Tyna e T Ji Hcnna y JIa(J)OHTeHa.
y CTaHHC.iaBCKoro ( b pewHccepcKOM njiaHe OTeJi.no2) npo-
t h b c j i o b:
OTe J i J i o . Mne xorenocb 6u yuearb ezo deenrb a s t cpndy!
CAaenaa xenuûna! dopozan ofceninuna! MUAan otcenu^ma!
Ji r o. Hy, 3a6ydbTe 9T0.
O t e ji ji o. 0, n y c r b otce ona nponader, nycTb c z u h b t , n y c r b cr
ner dobi nei o ada cezodna, otce Honbto. He ofcuTb e n a caere nerl
Cepiê Moe npeepar uAoeb e KaMenb; h y d a p u A no neM u cuAbuo
3a t u u pyt cy.
1 Booiae HHTepec h m c h h o k 6 a cHe y npeACTaBimui eft ncHXOJiorHqecicoro
HanpaBJieHHH e cj i ynaeH. Cp. A. A. Il o t e 6 h h. H3 3airacoK n o Te o p n n cjioBec-
HOCTH.
J K. C. CTaHHCj i aBCKH. PeacHCcepCKHfi njiaH OTejwo. H3a-bo H c -
KycCTBo, M. JI., 1945, CTp. 348349.
272
CaHHCJiaBCKH nni ueT; Ka n y i o tJmsHHecKyio s a A a q y nofiJioKHTfa
hoa 3 t o Tp a r a n e c Ko e MecTO?... Ctcopee pa3 da.8 U.Tb zada.
A noA o l uhm nojio>KeHHeM CTaHHCJiaBCKoro o x o t h o noAnHcaJi-
Cfl 6 bi h M. FpaMyioH:
Mu 3 HaeM, h t o IUeKcnHp n e p e c o 3AaBa./i qyjKHe h o b c j i j i h . H mh
nepeco3fl aeM npOH3BeAeHHH ApaMaTyproB, m u BCKpbmaeM b h h x t o ,
h t o cKpu' r o noA cî ob3 mh; mh BKJiaAUBaeM ,b qyjKoft TencT c b o
noflTeKCT, ycTaHaBJiHBaeM CBoe oTHomeHHe k j u o a h m h k ycj i o-
bhhm h x >KH3HH; m u n p o n y c n a e M qe pe a c esi Becb MaTepHaJi, no; i y-
qeHHHH o t aBTopa h pewHCcepa; mh BHOBb nep e pa a THBa e M e r o
b c e 6 e, oHBJiaeM h AonojiHHeM cbohm BoopaaceHHeM .
C TOHKH 3peHHH MHOrOHpyCHOH HHTepnpeTaUHH XyAOKeCTBeHHO-
r o npoH3BeAeHHH, ncHxo-norHqecKHft aHaJiH3 0 CTaeTCH b n p e Ae ^ a x
a e p Bo r o a p y e a , npHMbix SHaqeHHfl, o 6 p a 3 a x BmHoro MHpa, h
b npHHunne He OTJiHnaeTCH o t npaKTHHecKoro BoenpHHTHH pe^H, pa 3-
Be HTO TOHKOCTbIO Cy>KAeHHH H KOJIHHeCTBOM nOAMeMeHHblX AeTaJie.
He ^ a p o M npH 3 t o m c n o c o e TpeyeTCH noAJioKHTb pea. i bHoe, *H3-
HeHHOe, ^H3HMecKoe hh aêMeHTapHO ncHxoj i or a qe c Ko e AeHCTBHe
( = CHTyauHio) noA aHaJiH3HpyeMbi t c k c t - 3 t o , pa3yMeeTCH, He He-
AOCT3TOK, ncHxoJiorHHecKH aHajiH3 HMeeT n e p e a c o 6 o BnoJrae on-
peAeêHHyro 3 a a a n y h Bnoj me ee p a 3 p e i u a e T. OAHaKo caMa 3aAaqa
He coBnaAaeT c 3aAanef t codcTBeHHo CTHJiHCTHHecKoro aHajiH3 a ,
K3K m h Tenepb e r o noHHMaeM. 3 r a ocofieHHocTb nc Hx o^ o r n q e c Ko r o
anajima HpK-o npOH' BJihercH npH pa3i ope, aropHMep, pHTMa. o
rpaiiMOHy, pHTM CTHXa MeHHeTCH BCHKHH pa 3 , K3 K MeHHeTCH nCH"
xo.i or HqecKaa ( c p. n o CTaHHCJiaBCKOMy, 4>H3HqecKaH, aêMeHTapHo-
nCHXoJiormecKaH) 3 a A a q a onHCUBaeMoro n e p c o H a m a . r i p HMe p u
M. rpaMMOH, onHTb-TaKH He cjiywaftHo, BUHpaeT H3 aceH JIa<J)OH-
TeHa h oMeAHft M o j i b e p a . y J l a 4)0 HTeHa ( J l eB, b o j i k h j i Hcmi a)
HCHua He HBHâcb BOBpeMH k yMHparomeMy JibBy h, npHAH c
ono3A3HHeM, BbiHy*AeHa onpaBAHBaTbcs. TpaMMOH a c j i h t 3Ty wacTb
TeKCia Ha 6 KycKOB, o h h cooTBeTCTByioT pa3HbiM 3 aAaqaM, KOTOpbie
CT3BHT nepeA c o o h ^ n c n n a ( cp. KycKH h 3aAaqH y GraHHCJiaBCKO-
r o ) , b KaKAOM KycKe c b o h p h t m .
3. OBHHeHHe (î Hcnna caMa r oBopaT o t o m , h t o ee o b h h h j i h ) :
l e crains, sire, dit-il, quun rapport peu sincre
Ne mait mpris imput
Davoir diffr cet hommage
2 . H3BHHeHHe:
Mais jtois en plerinage
Et macquittais dun vu fait pour votre sant h t . a . 2
1 K- C. C T a H H C j i a B C K H f t . PaSoTa aKTepa n a a cofioft. T H X J I , M. , 1936.
erp. 103.
2 M. G r a m m o n t . Essai de psychologie linguistique, p. 148149; Le vers
iranais, ses moyens d expression, son harmonie, 10e d., P., 1913, p. 134 et suiv.
273
TaKHM o6pa30M, npH ncnxojiorHHecKOM aH3JiH3e KawAOMy 3Ha-
qHMOMy SJieMeHTy npoH3BeAehHH (cjioBy, pHTMy, coqjieHeHHio <j)pa3
h t . n.) noAHCKHBaeTCS ncHxojiorHHecKoe coAepwaHHe, cootbctct-
Byiomee toh CHTyauHH o'beKTHBHoro MHpa, KOTOpaa onHCbiBaeTCP.
b npoH3BeAeHHH.
y e b flecHTbie roAbi XX BeKa 3t o t c r o c o aHajiH33 Bbi3BaJi pe-
aituHio, npHBeAinyio k 06p330B3HHK> h o bo k u i k o j i h , H3BecTHoft noA
HasBaHHeM pyccKoro 4>opMajiH3Ma.
B nocjieOTee BpeMH ncHxojiornqeCKHH aH3JiH3 nojiyuHJ HHoe Ha-
npaBJieHHe b bha CTHJ i o Me Tp Hi e c Ko r o m e t o a a, npHMepom
KOToporo MOJKeT cJiy)KHTb p a o T a O . P o c T a H a i.
CTHJlOMeTpHqeCKH MP.TOA CBH3bIBaeT pa3HOBHAHOCTH CTHJIH, HJIH
Jiynuie CKa3aTb P33hobhahocth c j i o r a , MaHepH peqn c npoHBJieHHH-
mk JiHqHOCTH nHcaTejia: GrHJib CJioBecHbix npoflBJieHH ct3hobht-
CH TaKHM 0pa30M aHaqHMblM: nOTOK CJIOB, Haop 6eCCBH3HHX 4>pas
npeACTaBJiHeT cooh P33hobhahocth noBeAeHHH neJiOBeKs; TaK Ha-
3HBaeMue cthjih affirmatif, ngatif, dubitatif, interrogatif... T3K-
)Ke c oct sbht Binojine owpeAeJieHHbie HSbiKOBbie t h u u noBeAeHHH...
Ecjih coAepMtaHHe pew... HBjiaeTCH cjthuikom 3aByaJiHpoBaHHUM
npoHBJieHHeM n0AC03H3TeJibH0ro ajih Toro, *m>6bi Ha Kero mojkho
bIJIO nOJIOWHTbCH, TO He OK3JKeTCH JIH, HanpOTHB, BbIpa3HTeJIbH0H
4>opMa peHH? (erp. 11). TaHM opasoM, npeAnoJiaraercH bosmow-
HHM yCT3H0BHTb nCHXOJIHHrBHCTH*ieCKyiO THnOJIOrHK) peqeBblX Ma-
Hep 2.
HeKOTOpbie omne noJiosKeHHH O. PocraHa auuiH npaKTHqe-
CKoe npHMeHeHHe b ero HocjieAOB3HH 33 hmctbob3hhh KopHejm y
caMoro c e a 3. IlpexcAe <>. PoeraH TiuarejibHo oficJieAyeT MaTe-
pnaJI 33HMCTBOBaHHH KopHeJieM Bbipa*eHHH, nOJiyCTHUIH h ue-
JIHX CTHXOB H3 COCTBeHHblX OJiee P3HHHX nbeC, H BBOAHT OpHrH-
najibHyio KOJiHqecTBeHHyK) Mepy KoatjxjjHUHeHT noApawaHHH,
Bbi pawa oi uHCH OTHOineHHeM m/ n, r A e m KOJiHwecTBO 3 3 h m c t b o -
BSHHblX CTHXOB, a n KOJIHHeCTBO CJiyqaeB, B KOTOpblX 3aHMCTBO-
b3hhh MorjiH 6bi HMeTb MecTO. HanpHMep, ecjiH nocjie a s h k o nbe-
c h KopHeJieM hjio HsnncaHo nTb Apyrnx, t o AaHHan nbeca MorJia
1 F. R o s t a n d . Grammaire et affectivit, J. Urin, P., 1951.
2 0 6 p a 3 U b t pa3HHx p e n e B u x MaHep, x o T o p u e , BnpoueM, n e BUêpHcanbi no
KaKoMy-jiHo eumoMy npHHiuiny, cm. b KHHre R. G e o r g i n. La p r o s e
daujourdhui, A. Bonne, P., 1956. CxoAWae kjxsh BHCKa3HBajiHCb y Hac b 30-e
ro/iu A. EejibiM. Cp. ero onncaHHe H e r a r a B H o r c c t h j i h y rorojis: OopMajibHO
npHeMH Cr pai i i Hof t MeCTH h n e p B o r o t o m b MepTBbi x y w cKJiHKatoTCH b
o h j i h h OTpHuaTejibHux onpeflejieHHft Ha h h h He (hbhmx b Grpaai HOH Mec-
t h . noApa3yMeBaeMHx i acTO b Me p T Bu x y i n a x ) ; h o npHeM Mep TBu x f l y m
nocTpoeH XHTpefi... 3f l e c b OTpnuaTeji bHue oopoTbi BeflVT k BneqaTJieHKio He-
onpeftejieHHocTH. TaKOB Hh h h k o b : B pHHKe c h a h t neqTO cpeAHee: He x p a c a s e u ,
h o He ypHofi HapyxHOCTH, h h cj i hui kom t o j i c t , h h cj i hi dkom t o h o k ; Hejiban c n a -
3aTb, qTo6bi CTap, OAHaKO * e h n e TaK, h t o 6 u moj i oa; Bi,e3fl e r o He npoK3BSJi...
HHKKoro uxyMa h He 6biJi conpoBosKAeH mmm ocoSenHUM. (A. B e ji h 6. M a c -
TepcTBo Tor oj i H, c t d . 8081).
3 Limitation de soi chez Corneille, Bovin, P., s. d.
274
nocyiyjKKTb nHTb p a 3 h c t o h h h k o m 33HMCTBOBaHHH ( n 5) . Ko34>4)R-
U h c h t 3aHMCTB0B3HHH KopHej i a y caMor o c d a OKa3HBaei ca oneHb
BbicoKHM, h 3T0 My $a KTy O. PocTaH AaeT ncHxoaHaj iHTHqecKoe t o j i -
KOBaHHe: HeyBepeHHOCTb KopHefl a b y c n e x e HeKOTOpbix h o b h x nbec,
3 .aeMeHTbi KOMnênca Heno^HoueHHoeTH h 6ecco3HaTeJi bHoe erpeM-
;ieHHe k caMoyTBep*,n,eHHK) onopof t Ha ya a q Hbi e n b e c u . n o a o Ho e
m e HCCJieflOBaHne, npoBeAeHHoe a h conocTaBJieHHH 3aHMCTB0Ba-
h h S PacHHa y c a Mo r o c d a , PacHHa y KopHe-na h KopHeJi a y P a c a -
Ha, AaeT b odmeM o a h h h t t e k o s ^ h a h c h t , 3HaqHTejibHo MeHb-
Lun, qeM Koa4)({)HU,HeHT y KopHeJi a. 3 t o t K03$({)HUHeHT O. P o c r a n
CHHTaeT BbipaweHHeM HopMaj i bHoro m/ i HqecTBa 3aHMCTBOBaHHH
nnn a 3 h h o h a n o x n h AaHHoro HtaHpa.
ilOHHTHe HOpMbI 3aHMCTB0B3HHH B 3T0M BHAe MOKeT 0Ka3aTb-
C53 n o ^ e 3HHM h npoHTb h o b h h CBeT Ha HeK0 T0 pbi e HaîoAeHKa
JIHTepaTypOBeAOB. TaK, dbITb MOJKeT, HHOMy HCTOJIKOBaHHK), He npoc -
t o KaK uiTaMnbi, noAAaeTca Had.nOAeHHe B. Sfi xeHayMa Ha a sa-
HMCTBOBaHHHMH Ty p r e He Ba y caMor o c d a : P a 3 nocTpoeHHaa h
OTpadoTaHHaa ( J j pasa rAe dbi h c qeM dbi b cBa3H oHa h h h bh-
wiacb 0Ka3biBaeTca npnroAHof t h Ha A p y r n e c n y i a H , b ApyroM
Ka Hp e , b ApyroM OHTeKCTe *.
122. CoBpeMeHHaa 4>paHuy3CKaa uiKOJia >K. Mapyao,
III. pK)HO, )K. HTyaH, l. THpo. C caMor o H a q a j i a CeAyeT Bbme-
JiHTb n . THpo, p a o T a i o m e r o b oJ i acr a Ma Te Ma n n e c Ko S , c t 3 t h c t k -
qeCKO CTHJIHCTHKH H TeM CaMblM CTOHIUerO OCOHHKOM BO (J)paHUy3-
CKO UIKOJie ( o M3TeMaTHMeCKO CTHJIHCTHKe MbI B 3TOH KHHre BOOd-
t ue He roBopHM, TaK KaK s t o coBe pu i e mi o ocodbi ft H b o mh o t o m
odocoêHHbi H acneKT) 2-
T p n l Apyrax HOCJieAOBaTejia o&pa3yK)T t o , mt o c djibiHM n p a -
bom moj kho dbiJio 6 bi Ha3BaTb coBpeMeHHoft q[)paHuy3CKoft i h k o j i o b
codcTBeHHo GTHJiHCTHKe (TaK KaK padoTbi O . PoCTaHa BbIXOAHT 3a
np e a e j i b i TpaAHuaoHHo noHHMaeMot c t h j i h c t h k h ) . Ho , KOHeqHO,
Ha3BaHHe $ p a Hu y 3 CKa a uiKOJia oqeHb ycÔBHO, TaK KaK h yKa-
3aHHbie TpH aBTopa bo mhot om pacxoAHTca, a KpoMe h hx, ecTb h
h Apyr ne.
paHuy3CKaa u i m n a bo mhot om djM3Ka aceHeBCKOft O, Ae-
Cocciopy, A. Ceuis, III. Bajuin, ocoeHHO k nocneAHeMy. OyHAaMeH-
TaîbHbie padoTbi III. E a j u m nojmocTbK) xpa Ha i OT 3HaneHHe h b
HaiHH AHH, XOTH III. BaJUIH npHHIUmHaJlbHO OTpHU,aJl CTH;iHCTHKy
xyAOwecTBeHHOft penn (o p a d o T a x III. Bajum c m . BBeAeHHe h
Apyrne MecTa s t o h k h h p h ) .
Ocodyio n o 3HUHK) 3 aHHMaeT }K. Mapy30, KaK h LU. Bajuiu, CKen-
1 Apt h c t h 3m TypreaeBa, Mo BpeMeHHHK, JI., 1929, erp. 96.
2 O n. r H p o, CM. KpHTHiecKyio CTaTbio A. J. G r e i m a s. La linguistique
st atistique et la l inguistique structurale. A propos du livre de P. Guiraud
Problmes et mthodes de la statistique linguistique , Le Franais moder
ne , t. 30, 1962.
27!>
TOTeCKH OTHOCHIUHCH K B03M0WH0CTH nOCTpOCHHH CTHJIHCTHKH xy-
floecTBeHHOft peiH. E r o MHoroqHCJieHHHe p a o r a no c t h j i h c t k k 6,
H3 KOTOpbix caMHH H3B&CTHas P r c i s de s t y l i s t i q u e f r a n a i s e ,
Ma s s o n , P . , 4e d., 1959, npeACaBJinex coofl noj moe h TOHKoe onu-
caHHe BbipasHTejibHbix pecypcoB JiHTepaTypHoro H3biKa Boome.
06uj,He COOpaweHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO CTHJIHCTHKH xyAoxecTBen-
HOH peHH pa3BHB3K)TCH B Ha we BpCMH l|)paHUy3CKHM JJHHrBHCTOM
IIIapjieM BplOHO. B CBoeS CTaTbe XeopHH c t h j i h c t h k h 1 III. Bpi o-
h o p a 3AeJiH6T cymecTByiomHe CTHJincTHqecKHe HccJieAOsaHHH Ha
t p h rpynnbi: 1) HHCTaa CTHJIHCTHK, 2) c t h j h c t h k 3 , npHJioHceHKaa
K H3yHeHHI0 H3bIK XyOHteCTBeHHOH JIHTepaTypH H 3) pa3J!HMHbie
CTHJIHCTHHeCKHe H3HCKaHHH, K KOTOpHM OH OTHOCHT IIIHpOKKft K p / r
nHcaHH o t cxapHHHwx pHTopHK, HacTaBJieHHH o t o m , KaK n p a -
BHJibHO H3,naraTb c boh mh c j i h , no Ji HTepaTypHo k p h t h k h h p a o T
Jl. Illnnuepa (cm. HH e ) . K nepBofi rpynne Haao oTHocHTb, h o - b h -
AHMOMy, ' raKHe HccJieAOBaHHH, k b k p a o TH III. BajuiH h /K. Mapy-
30. III. BpOHO OHHTaet B03M0*H0ft AHaxpOHH'eOKyiO CTHJiHCTHKy,
HanpHMep, nayqenHe MeTa(J)opbi Ha npoTHJKeHHH h c t o p h h xymost ecT-
seHHOft j i HTepaTypbi 2. 3a,naqe CTHJiHCTiiqecKHx HccjieaoBaHHH b t o -
po& r p y n n u BpOHO CHHTaeT H3 yqeHHe c t h j i h nncaTeJi eft . T e o p e r a -
qe cKaa no3HUHH III. Bp o n o no3HTHBH3M. JJ j i h BpOHO xapaKTep*
h o CTpeMJieHHe H36ewaTb KaKoro 6 h t o h h mj o *reopeTH3HpOBaHHH.
S a f l a n a c t h j i h c t h k h xyfl owecTBeHHo p e r a chctcmaTH3<mHH iaK-
t o b : Ha n p HMe p , cocTaBJi eHHe c n n c K a anKTTOB y Jl aMapTHHa, 33TCM
TaKor o x e ennCKa y Ti or o, s b t c m cpaBHeHHe o o h x cnncKOB.
Pa3JiHHHbie B3rJiHAbi Ha CTHJiHCTHKy nonwTaJ i ca ofi omHTb a p y -
rof i npeACTaBHTeJib <j?paHuy3 CK0 H u i k o j i h AHTyaH3. l i p e m i e
Bcero OH OTACJIHeT CTHJiHCTHKy H3HKa OT CTHJIHCTHKH Xy/tOJKeCTB'H-
h o h p e q n , onpeAeJi af l nepByro, BCJie 3 a X . M a p y 3 0 , KaK moho-
rpa(f)HH o CTHJiHCTHqecKHX n p n e Ma x h cpeacTBax ( p r o c d s ) , nori b-
30B3HHe KOTopbiMH He 06>3aTeJibH0 Bep.eT k acTeTHqecKOMy pesyjib-
TaTy. C t h j i h c t h k 3 xyflOJKecTBeHHOH p e q n onpeAejiaeTcsr, onHTb-TaKH
no )K. M a p y s o , KaK MOHorpa^HH 0 6 aBTopax. H a j i e e >K. AHTyaH
HaMenaeT c j i h h h h c oenx c t h j i h c t h k b TaKHx, HanpHMep, HccjieOBa-
h h h x , KaK onHcanae onpeAej i eHHoro npne Ma y 0 npeAeji eHH0 r 0 aB-
Topa (npH3HaBas, BnpoqeM, mt o s t o BpeMeHHbiH r a n paoT, oyc-
JiOBJieHHbi TenepeuiHHM c o c t o s h k c m c t h j i h c t h k h ) 4.
1 Ch. B r u n e a u. Les thories de la stylistique, Romance Philology , V,
2 CaM III. BpioHo abji oveHb HHTepecHhie o t i ur u HaxpoHHHecKoft c t h j i hc t h
kh, 0C0'e_HH0 b CTaTbe La phrase dart dans la littrature franaise du XIXe
et du XXe sicle, Studia Romanica , Gedenkschrift fur Eugen Lerch. Stutt
gart, 1955.
3 G. A n t o i n e . La stylistique franaise, sa -dfinition, ses buts, ses mtho
des. Revue 'de lenseignement suprieur, n 1, 1959, pp. 4260.
4 ripaKTHqecKH caM oh ocymecTBHJi 3 t o TpeoaaHHe, HanacaB HCCJieAoaaaae
Le rle impressif des liaisons de phrases chez Andr Gide , Studia Romani
ca, Gedenkschrift fr Eugen Lerch, Stuttgart, 1955.
276
Xoth cawoMy }K. AHTyaHy KasceTca, hto oh coBMecraji ochob-
HHe TOHKH 3peHHH Ha CTHJIHCTHKy, OH, OAHaKO, CKJIOHHeTCH HBHHM
0pa30M oahoS k CTHJiHCTHKe reHermecKoft. Ochobho 3aAaneH
CTHJIHCTHKH XyAOSCeCTBeHHO peHH npeACTaBJIHeTCH eMy OTBeT Ha
Bonpoc, K a npoH3ouiJio xyAaacecTBeHHoe np0B3BeAeHHe, xoth oh
H yKa3bIBaeT Ha HeOXOAHMOCTb OTrpaHHHHTb CTHJIHCTHKy OT HCTO*
pHH. rOBOpH 0 6 OrpOMHOM KOJIHHeCTBe KHHT, nOCBHIH,eHHHX PyCCO,
HepBaJiio, BepjieHy hjih PeMo, oh BocKJiHuaeT: Ho mh asm
e m e OAHy KHHry, KOTopaa OTBeTHJia 6 h Ha Bonpoc, no npaBAe
CKa3aTfa, eAHHCTBeHHO BawHHH, H3 nero h KaK cAeJiaHH R v e
ries hjih Sylvie , hjih Sagesse , hjih Une saison en enfer ?
(CTp- 6 0 ) . 3THM 33MeH3HHeM OHh KOHMaeT CBOO CT3Tb!0.
CTpeMJieHHe KJI3CCH(|)HII.HpOBaTb H paCCM3TpHBaTb OTAeJIbHHe
4)aKTH cjiH*aeT c t h j i h c t h k h III. BplOHO h >K. HTya'Ha c Jiorurae-
c k h m cnocoioM aHaji H3a.
B uejioM Bce onHcaHHHe HanpaBJieHHH o6pa3yK)T t t ran c t h -
JHCTHHeCKHX HCCJieAOBaHH, KOTOpHH MH H33B3JIH CTHJIHCTHKO& OT
aBTOpa, HJIH CTHJIHCTHKOH reHeTHHeCKOH. 0 T a CTHJ1HCTHK3, ocoeH-
h o b ee ncHXOJiorHHeCKHX P 33 h o b h a h o c t h x ( c p . M . TpaMMOH), Tec-
HO COnpHKacaeTCH CO CTHJIHCTHKOH BOCnpHHTHH, OAH3KO rpaHHUa
MejKAy hhmh onpeAeJineTCH 3 aAane&: reHeTHHecKan c t h j i h c t h k 3 c r a -
BHT CBOeH liejIbK) p3CKpHTHe aBTOpCKOrO 33MbICJI3, BOCIipHHTHe 3Ke
IipOH3BeAeHHH HHT3TeJieM JIHUIb CpeACTBO K 3T0H UeJIH. H a n o -
j i e e KpynHyio CTHJiHCTHqecKyio TeopHio co3Aaj i b s t o m Kpyr e HAeft
JI. IIInHitep.
123. CmnHCTHKa JI. Ulnnuepa. n o MiHeHHio Jleo UlnKuepa
( Kpy nHe me r o aBCTpHHCKoro <j)HJi0 Ji0 r a , jKHBmero nocJieAHHe t o a h
nepeA CMepTbio (1961 r.) b CIIIA), HccjieAOBSTejib xyAOJKecTBeH-
Horo npoH3BeAeHHH a o j i j k c h noAxoAHTb k HeMy n p e x A e Bcero
HO 3T0 TOJIbKO CpeACTBO npOHHKHyTb B SBTOpCKH 3aMbICeJI *K3K
HHTaTeJIb. n p H 3T0M OH OH33TeJIbHO 33MeTHT K3KyiO-TO HeObTOHyiO
qepTy 3Toro npoH3BeAeHHH. Pa3MHuuiHH HaA He, HCCJieAOBaTejib
oH33TeJibHo npHAeT k ee o m e npHHHHe. TaKHM opaaoM, o t 3 a-
MeneHHOH AeTajiH o h b o c x o a h t k omeMy no j i o *e HHi o. 3 t q t 3T3 n
IUrraHep H33HBaeT HHAyKTHBHHM. TaK, B OAHOM H3 p0M3H0B $ p a H -
uy3CKOro nacaTej i H III.-JI. OHjmnina HeobiHHo ynorpef i j i HeTca
OHHHHft CORD3 UOTOMy HTO, a Ome OCOeHHOCTbK), BHTeKaiOmeft H3
HeofibiMHoro ynoTpeji eHHH coro3a tioroMy hto, OKa3biBaeTca nceB-
Aoo6 i>eKTHBHaH MOTHBHpoBKa; r e p o (})paHuy3 CKH y p x y a Ha-
uaJi a XX BeKa nyBCTByeT, KaK HeyerofiHHB $yHAaMeHT oKpyma o-
m e r o e r o MHpa, k s k pymaTCH, pacnjibiBaiOTCH, ycKOJib3aiOT c a Mu e
OCHOBbl MOpaJIH. OSTOMy BCe, HTO OH TOBOpHT, OH CTpeMHTCH nOA"
KpenHTb (nycTb j i o j k h o h , nycTb a j i h cocTBeHHoro ycnoKoeHHH)
CCHJIKO Ha O-beKTHBHyiO npHHHHy (C0K53 UOTOMy HTO). TaKHM 0 6 -
pa30M, HCCJieAOBaTejib oueHHBaeT HaSAeHHyio hm ocoeHHocTb b hih-
P o k o HCTopwKO-jiHTepaTypHofi h coHHaJibHo nepcneKTHBe.
277
Bi' OpOH 3 T a n KccjieAOBaHHH U l n n u e p Ha3biBaeT AeAyKTHBHbiM:
npHHHB Ha&AeHHoe o m e e nojioxceHHe s a ocHoay, nccjieAOBaTeJib
AOJiweH npoBepHTb e r o ApyrHMH ocoeHHocTHMH npoH3BeAe.HHH. p H
3Tom o h Ji erKo oHapywHT, cymecTBeHHa hj i h HeT noAMereHHaa km
AeTaj ib h h 3 x o a h t c h j i h ycTaHOBJieHHoe hm o Cme e noJi oxeHKe b
yeHTpe Kp yr a a' BropcKHx HAeft h j i h c Kpao. Jt BycTopoHHee ABH)Ke-
HHe HCCJieAOBaTejibCKOH m h c j i h CHaqaj i a o t AeTaj m k omeMy, 3a-
reM ofi paTHo o t o m e r o k AeTajiH U l n a u e p Ha3HBaeT cJjhjio-
ji onmecKHM KpyroM, TaK KaK, n o e r o mhhhi o, TaKoft x o a mmcjh
n p n c y m j u o o mv 4)HJi0 Ji0 rHqecK0 My H3biCKaHHK) o t ycaHOBJieHHs
3THM0Ji0rHH a o onpeAeJieHHH ol uhx noHHTHft, HanpHMep, noHHTHH
pOMaHCKHe H3bIKH.
TaKOBa MeTOAHKa L Unn ue pa . H s t o , AeScTBHTeJibHO EepHbift
nyTb k ueJiH: Bce hj i h h o h t h Bce c t h j i h c t l i nocrynaiOT TaK >Ke. O a -
h 3 ko, A a me ecjiH paccMaTpHBaTb cncTeMy f f i nHi j e p a TOJibKO KaK pa-
6 o<ihh npneM, MeTOAHKy, t o h T o r ^ a e e n e Be3Ae moj kho npHMeHHTb.
HeM MeHbnie J i H i n o m . aBTopa OTpasHJi acb b e r o nponsBeAeHHH, TeM
J i e r a e ouiHHTbCH HccJieAOBaTejno. CjieAOBaTeJibHO, npHMeHHMOCTb
9 t o h MeroAHKH TeM MeHbiue, neu Aaj bi ne o t c t o h t npoH3BeAeHwe
o t Mauiefi c.OBpeMeHHO& h c c j i eAOBaTe ji k> anoxH. 3 t o o t h o c h t c h , no-
BHAKMOMy, ko Bceft ji HTepaType, npeAmecTByi omeft , HanpHMep, bo
' ' paHUHH X V I I I BeKy, t o n o p e , KorAa po*AaeTCH n o H a r a e
g n i e , h ocoeHHo k cpeAneBeKOBOft JiHTepaType, rAe h h a h b h -
AyaJibHoe aBTOpcTBO qacro h j i h BOBce OTeyTeTByeT h j i h HaMepeHHO
CKpHTO l .
C t h j i h c t h k JI. U l n n u e p a HeJib3 H npnAaBaTb 3 HaqeHHe TeopHH
CTHJieBoro HccjieAOBaHHH, x o t h caM aBTop, no-BHAHMOMy, paccMaT-
pHBaji e e KaK Teopni o. OHa ocHOBbisaeTcn Ha h h t y h h h h HccJieAOBa-
TeJi s, caM e e co3AaTej ib nncaJ i : ... onblTHoeTb b npHMeneHHH 4>hjio-
J i or HqecKor o Kpyr a caMa n o c e d e e m e HeAOCTaTOHHa a j i h Toro,
HTObi 0 CH0 BaTb Ha Hefi npor pa MMy , npHroAHyio a j i h Bcex cjiyraeB.
JlJlh KaHCAOrO CTHXOTBOpeHHH KpHTHKy Hy)KHO HMeTb o c o o e BAOX-
HoseHHe, ocofbift CBeT c B e p x y 2.
0AH0BpeMeKH0 co Ul nHuepoM b t o m ce Kpyr y HAeft Bpamaj i HCb
HCCJieAOBaHHH H APyTHX 4>HJIOJIOrOB B pa3KbIX CTpaHaX. YnOMHHeM
1 3 a ocoCeHHocTb mcto^hkh Illrwuepa OTMeiia.nacb h caMHM aBTopoM (cm.
cfopHHK Linguistics and Literary History, Princeton, 1948, npHMeiaHHH)
KpHTHKaMH. C XaTU<j)ejibA ripHBOflHT npHMep Toro, KaK MeTOflHKa IHmntepa
MosteT HCK33HTb nepcneKTHsy, npHQHcaB cpeAHeBeK0B0My nHcarejiio coBpeMemiyKi
HaM ncHxonorHio. (H. H a t z f e 1d. Recent I t al i an Stylistic Theory and Stylistic
Criticism. St udi a Philologica et Lit t er a r i a i n honorem Lo Spitzer , Bern,
1958, pp. 227243).
2 Linguistics and Literary History, p. 28. J l s a npeKpacHbte ninniiepoBCKue
pa36opa Ha 4>paHuy3CK0M H3UKe MoryT 6 m b peKOMeHAcmaHbi KaK a** caMo-
CTOJirejibHo npopaoTKH, TaK h a m ceMHHapcKHX aaHHTHft: L. S p i t z e r . fax-
plication linguistique et littraire de deux textes franais (J. Romains, Ronsard).
L e fr anais moderne, 1935. floApoCHee o ero Me-rOAe K). C. C i e n a H o .
floKaaaTe^bCTBo h aKCHOMararaocTb b cth^hct hkc. MeTOA Jl. l il nnuepa Becr-
hhk M r y , N 5, 1962.
278
8

6
V
/
'
Q
u
e
0
a
<
S
3Aecb XeJbMyTa Xani,j)ejibAa, KpynHefi mer o HeMeuKoro c t h j i h c t 8 ,
aBTopa oji binoH HJiHorpa^HH n o c t h j i h c t h k c ( c m. BBe a e Hne ) .
B 2 0- e roAH X. XaTU,(|>ejibA BbicTynim c HAeefi eAHHCTBa HHTepnpe-
Tau,HH xyfl o:ecTBeHHoro TeKCTa ' . To/iKOBaHHe T e n c r a a o j i h h o c a a -
AbIBaTbCH H3 aHaJIH3a C p33HbIX TOHeK 3peHHH OT (JjaKTHHeCKOrO
Ao scTeTHêcKoro ocMbicJieHHH. OcoeHHO ueHHa y XaTii4 >e;ibAa
HAea JiHTepaTypHO-HCTopHqecKoS nepcneKTHBbi ( l i t e r a r - h i s t o r i s c h e
E i n s t e l l u n g ) . BMecTe c TeM b pa oTe 1922 r o Aa XaTUêJi bA npn-
HHMajj e m e pHA y e r a p e B i u Hx noJio>KeHH&. TaK, MeJiKHe jKaHpbi
CTHxoTBopeHHe, acHi o, anwrpaMMy, no e r o m h c h h k ) j mn i b peKO-
MeHAyeTca paccMar pHBaTb b c b 3 h c ue/ i bi M c o p h h k o m , k k o -
TopoMy o h h npHHaAJi est aT, h o s t o He od3aTeJi bH0 (CTp. 6 ) . 3a-
Aaua nowi eAHer o 3 T a n a a' HajiH3a b t o m , h t o h CTpeMHTbCH noKa-
3aTb CBH3H MQJKAy 'COAepjKaHHeM H (jjOpMOH B HX ra'pMOHHH HJIH
AHcrapMOHHH (CTp. 9 ) . Oo p Ma 3Aecb noHHMaeTca e m e KaK cocyA,
S KOTOpHH M05KH0 BJlHTb TO HJIH HHOe COAepJKaHHe.
BHVTPEHnnn (HMMAHEHTHAH) CTHJIHCTHKA
124. PyCCKHH tj)OpMJIH3M. HenocpeAcTBeHHbiM nOBOAOM k
B03HHKH0BeHHK) pyCCKOTO (J)0pMaJIH3Ma, KaK y w e bIJlO CKa3aHC,
flBHOCb CTpeMJieHHe TeopeTHHeCKH OCMblCÎHTb 4>yTypHCTHHeCKHH
c t h x . TaKHM 0pa30M, HOBoe HanpaBêHHe B03HHKaeT Ha CKpeme-
HHH Asyx BejHH B (})HÔJIOrHHeCKOS MblCJIH peaKUHH Ha nCHXO-
ôrnqecKHfi aHa^H3 h noA b j i hhhhc m npaKTHKH 4>yTypH3Ma. CymecT-
B0 Ba; i 0 ABa neHTpa py c c Ko r o (J)opMaJiH3Ma. B MocKBe Moc-
KOBCKHH JIHHrBHCTOTeCKHH KpyHCOK: FI. Bor aTbl peB, P. 5KOCOH,
T. BiiHOKyp h Ap.; b F l e Tp or p a Ae OmecTBO n o H3yieHHio noaTH-
qecKoro H3biKa 0I1053, c;io>KHBiiieec:H H3 As yx rpynnHpQBOK
b o a h o h biJiH n p 0 (|)eccH0 HajibHbie JiHHrBHCTbi, yneHHKH BoAyaHa
Ae KypTeHa h e r o i ukoj i m, J I . flKyHHCKHH, E . . IIojiHBaHOB, b
Apyroft jiHTepaTypoBeAbi B h k t o p I I I k j i o b c k h h , B. M. Sft xeHayM,
C. H. BepHUlTeHH. (BOJIblHHHCTBO H3 HHX B AaJIbHeHUieM nOJIHOCTbIO
o t o i u j i o o t HAe 4>opMaJiH3Ma.)
TeopHH p y c c Ko r o 4>opMa^H3Ma xapaKTepH3yeTca coBOKynHO-
CTbK) HeCKObKHX OCHOBHblX nOJIOHCeHH (HeKOTOpbie H3 9THX nOO-
jKeHHH MorjiH, BnpoqeM, h He pa3AejiHTbCH OTAejibHbiMH npeAeraBH-
t c j i mh HanpaBJi eHHa). B o t s t h 0 CH0 BHbie nojioKeHHH 2.
1. Pe/IHTHBHOCTb, OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTb JIHTepaTypHOrO (J)aKTa. To,
h t o ABiiHeTCH JiHTepaTypHbiM 4>aKTOM b OAHy a n o x y , He h b j i h c t c h
1 H. H a t z I e 1d. Einfhrung in die Interprtation neufranzsischer Texte,
Mnchen, 1922 (pa36op otpubkob h3 iwcaT&neft ot Jla<|)OHTeHa ao P. PoMasa);
onojiHeHHoe 4>pamw3CKoe H3Aaime Initiation lexplication de textes franais,
M. Hueber, 1957.
2 ITo paoie V. E r 1i c h. The Russian Formalism, History Doctrine. Mou
ton, The Hsgue, 1957.
279
hm b Ap y r y i o a noxy, C s t o h t o h k h 3peHHa, HanpHMep, 3arracHbi e
k h h j k k h nncaTeJ i a ecTb J i HTe paTypubi f i wa Hp h JiHTepaTypHbift:
4)aKT b Haui e BpeMa, ho He h j i h hm b s n o x y ri yui KHHa. 3 t h m
nojioiKeHHeM h j i o npeAB0 CXHineH0 noHHMaHHe AeftcTBHTejibHOCTtf
Boo me KaK crpyKTypbi , r a e SBJieHHe, cbaKT, co3AaeTca He ra/ibKO
CBOen HenOBTOpHMOH MaTepnaJlbHOH (JOpMOH, HO h OTHOUieHHeM K
apyrHM hbj i c hhhm, cjjaKTaM. 3 T a t o h k b 3peHHH p a 3BHBaeTca b h b -
CTsinee BpeMa npeACTBHTeJiHMH CTpyKTypHoft aHTponoj iorHH, ce-
m h c t h k h h t . a .
2. Or p Hu a H n e 0pa3H0H reopHH HOKyccTBa.
3. CymHocTb HCKyccTBa b o c T p o r e b h a c h h h MHpa, b B03Bpame-
HHH OCTpOTbl BHAeHHH. OTCK>Aa OCTpHHSHHe CJIOBa, 3aTpyAH&H-
HocTb tfjopMbi h o o me Hu e Bcer o 3Toro b o B3WaAe Ha ncKyccTBO
KaK Ha npHeM.
4. OTci oAa o p b a npoTHB pa3Aeji eHHa HopMbi a coAepwaHHH
b np0H3BeAeHHH HCKyccTBa, pa3AeJieHHH xapaKTepHor o a j i h ncHxo-
Ji or nHecKor o HanpaBjieHHH.
T e o p n a pyccKor o <j>opMajiH3Ma Hecj i a b c e e psA o p r a f l a n e -
CKHX, HeyCTpaHHMblX nOpOKOB. CaMbl rJiaBHblft H3 HHX 3aKJIIOHaJICa
b HeH3ewHOM cyjKeHHH t o h k h 3peHHH Ha Ji HTepaTypy. P a 3 cym-
HocTb HOKyccTBa b npneMe, t o npoH3BeAeHHeM HcnyccTBa 0Ka3bi-
BaeTCH Bce, nocTpoeHHoe c noMombi o npHeMa. 3 t h m xyAOwecTBeH-
HOCTb CMemHBaeTCH c jiHTepaTypHOCTbK). JlHTepaTypHHM npoH3Be-
AeHHeM OKa3biBaeTCH Bce, h t o TaK h j i h HHane nocTpoeHo c no-
Mombio npHeMOB, h noaMa nyui KHHa, h BTOpocopTHoe npoH3BeAeHiie
HaHHHaioxuero mi caTej i a, h Aa.ce ' n p o c r o MaKyj i aTypa. P e a j i b H a a
SCTCTHHeCKaH HeHHOCTb OKa3bIBaeTCH BblpOUieHHO H3 paccMOTpe-
h h h . TeM o j i e e 0K33biBaeTCH 3a o p t o m conHaj i bHaa 3HaHHMocrb
nn c a Te j i a , HexoB MOJKeT biTb npHpaBHeH B. 3 a f l n e By , IlyuiKHH
KyKo^bHHKy.
C 0 0 TBeTCTBeHH0 3T0My H BHyTpeHHHH aHaJIH3 XyAOJKeCTBeHHOrO
n p 0H3BeAeHHH 0 Ka3HBaeTca oneHb o a h o c t o p o h h h m . H 3 anaJi H3a
ycrpaHneTCH Bce, h t o 0pa3yeT, n o Hamefl TepMHHOJiorHH, nepBbi
nj i aH npoH3BeA&HHH, e r o nepBHH a p y c n p a M u e 3HaHHHH cj i ob,
yi<a3MBaiOmne Ha BHea3bIKOByK> AeftCTBHTCJIbHOCTb. npOH3BeAeHHe
0Ka3biBaeTCH repMeTHHecKH 3aMKHyroft b c e e cHCTeMo. TaK a i i a -
AH3HpyeTCH B. xeHayMOM r or oj i eBCKaa JIlHHejib K p h k Aica*
kh h AKaKHeBHHa 3aneM b h Mena MynaeTe!, 0Ka3biBaeTca, He HMe
eT n p a Mo r o 3HaneHHa, BWTeKaiorxi,ero H3 npHMoro CMbicjia s t h x
CJIOB, a TOJibKO BTOpOnJiaHOBOe, HAHOMaTHHHOe, 3TO Bcer o JIHIISb
npneM bo BHyrpeHHeft cTpyKType rpOTecKa. 4>opMajibHbift m b t o a
...He 0 TpHii,aeT HAeHoro coAepwaHHH HcnyccTBa, h o c n i n a e T TaK
Ha3biBaeMoe coAepat aHne o a h h m h3 aBJieHH tJ>opMbi.
1 B. M. S a x e n Ca y M. KaK CAeiiana IHHe/ib rortwia. B c6. C k b o 3
JWTepaTypy.
280
MJCJb TaK )Ke npoTHBonocTaBJiaeTCH m h c j i h , KaK c j i o b o cj i os y,
o 6 p a 3 opa3y -
^ a / i b H e f i m e e p33 BHr a e HAeH pyccKor o <$)0pMa.nH3Ma nojiyHHJiH
b CTpyKTypaJibHOM aa a j i H3e .
HeKOTopae HCCeAOBaTejm, HanpHMep B. 3 p ^ n x 2, b h a h t b
CTpyKTypajiH3Me npeoAOJieHHe o a h o c t o p o h h o c t h (j>opMajiH3Ma. Ec.-
j i h c r a p o e Ji HTepaTypOBeaeHHe 330THJi0Cb o coAepataHHH, no.ia-
r a a , h t o <|>opMa Bcer o Ji nui b cocyA, a <{)opMaJiH3M h j i a p y r o
KpaHOcTbK), y d p a H HH CBH3b n p 0 H3BeAeHHH c BHe e r o Ji emameH
AeKCTBHTeJIbHOCTbK), TO CTpyKTyp3JIH3M npeACTaBJi aeTca hm y a a n -
HblM yCTpaHCHHeM OeHX KpafiHOCTe. OflHaKO, yCTpaHHH HeKOTOpbie
Kpa&HOCTH 4>PMajlH3Ma CTpyKTypajiH3M no-npe>KHeMy He c t 3 b h t
Bonpoc 0 6 OTpaJKeHHH p e a ^ b H o c r a b xyAOHcecTBeHHOM npoH3BeAe-
h h h (noApoHee o cTpyKTypaJibHOM aHa-nnse cm. h h j k c ) .
BMeCTe C TeM C pyCCKHM <J)0pMa.IH3M0M CBH33H Ite^H pHA
AocTHJKeHHH b c n o c o e aHaji H3a xyAoecTBeHHoro npoH3BeAeHHa.
H s h h x b 3HH0H CBH3H Hac HHTepecyeT OJibuie Bcer o yneHne
K). H. TbiHHHOBa 0 Ae4>opMauHH npaKTHHecKOfi p e n n b peHH n o a r a -
HeCKOH, 0 n03THHeCK0H CeMaHTHKC H np. , CJIOBOM Bce TO, HTO COB-
Ii aAaeT C H3JIOJKeHHMM 3AeCb nOHHTHeM B3aHMOAeHCTBHH (cm. T3K-
e HH*e O B33HM0AeCTBHH B XyAOJKeCTBCHHO peHH), H yneHHe 0
HOpMe.
125. CTpyKTypajibHbifi aHajiHs. CoBpeMeHHue npiHJioaceHHH
CTpyKTypajibHbix h c x o a h h x npHHunnoB k aHaj i H3y n o a r a n e c K o r o
npoH3BCAeHHH 6 h j h n p 0 AeM0 HCTpHp0 B3 Hbi P . O. J koc oh om b e r o
cnydJiHKOBaHHOH Ha 6 0 JirapCK0 M H3biKe CTaTbe C p y KTy p a nocj ieA-
a e r o CTHxoTBopeHHH B o T e s a 3. O c t 3 h o b h m c h 3Aecb Ha s t o S paOTe.
HcxoAHoe T e o p e r a n e c Ko e nojiojKeHHe P . O. H k o 6 c o h 3 CBoero
pOAa npHHAHn OTHOCHTeJlbHOCTH, Bbipa)KeHHbl B CBOe BpeMH CenH-
pOM: BbiCK33HBaHHH MoryT biTb pa3JiHHHM b MaTepHajibHOM acneK-
Te, h o ToafAecTBeHHH b p c j i h u h o h h o m, HeMaTepnajibHOM acneKTe;
HanpHMep: ynureAb ocraeuA ynenuKoe nocAe ypoKa h ynenum 6 u-
au ocTaeAeubi ynureAeM nocAe ypOKa. H c x o a h H3 SToro npHHHHna
MOJKHO BbJAJIHTb B nOSTHHeCKOM np0H3BeAeHHH nOBTOpfllOmyKJCH
rpaMMaTHHecKyio Jwrypy, K o r a p a n HapaAy c o 3ByKOBOK <j)Hry-
p o HBJIHeTCfl OCHOBOH CTpoeHHH CTHXOTBpHOrO npOH3BeA6HHH.
BcHKoro pOAa H3MeHaeMbie h HeH3MeHaeMbie n a c r a pe n n , KaTe-
ropHH HHCîa, pOAa, n a A e x a , BpeMeH, b h a o b , HaKjioHeHH, 3aj i oroB
j v i a r o j i a , Kj i a c c u OTBêneHHbix h KOHKpeTHbix cj i ob, oTpnixaHHH,
c n p a r a e M H e h He c n p a r a e Mb i e 4>opMbi r j i a r o j i a , onpeAeji eHHbie h ne-
onpeAeêHHue mc c t o h m c h k h , apTHKJiH h pa3JiHHHbie CHHTaKCHnecKHe
eAHHHU,H H KOHCTpyKUHH, OJiaAaiOmHe nJiaHOM CO/'-'DJKaHHH H n; i a -
1 B. I U k j i o b c k h . CeHTHMeHTajibHoe nyTeuiecTBHe, JI., 1924, CTp. 129.
3 V. E r l i c h . The Russian Formalism, CTp. 181.
3 OrpvKTypa Ha nocjieaHee B 0TeB0 CTHXOTBopeHHe, E 3HK h .iHTepaTypa,
,Ns 2, 1961.
281
HOM BUpajKeHHH, C3MH B neJIOM HBJTfltOTCH nJiaHOM BbipaXCeHKH &AH
HeKOToporo cojxepjKaHHH ( BTopor o a p y c a , CK33ajiH 6bi mi, cm.
o MHoronpycHOH HHTepnpei auHH xyAOKecTBeHHoro Tei ccra Bbime,
2 0 ) .
3 t o t npHHUHn h npHMeHCH P . O. Hkoc oho m k aHajiH3 y n o c ^ e a -
Hero CTK XOTB Op 6H H H XpHCTO BoTeBa ,Ka3Hb BaCH^H JleBCKQrO.
X. BoTeB (18481876), KpynHefi mH ojirapCKHii noaT, a B. Jlea-
c k h S HapoAHbi r e p o i l oJi r apHH, opeu, npoTHB Type mc or o n r a .
CTHXOTBOpeHHe Mbi BOCHpOH3BOAHM B OpHrHHaJle, pyCCKHH HHTa-
r e ^ b , b omeM, cyMeeT noHHTb h oueHHTb er o.
OBECBAHETO HA BACHJI JIEBCKH
O, MUKO MOR, pOUHO MUA,
3<xwp n DKAHO, Th MUAHO tlACLHeUl?
rapeane, u t u, nruifo npoKAera,
h h u epo TaM rb apoano apaneui?
Ox, 3HH, 3HH TU nAKeUi, MKO,
3ary, ne t u eu nepna pouHx,
3Ty, ne t b o ht ceeuên aAac, mko,
e aAac 6 ea homouy, aAac eve nycTUHH.
riAanul TaM 6au30 Kpa apad Cotpu.i
c n p w , 3 eudnx, uepno ecuAo,
u T60 eduH cuh, E?>Azapuo,
eucu na neao ct>c erpamna cua.
r a p e a m r apanu apo3no, 3Aoeemp,
ncera u eT>Ai(u burt b no a ht a,
crapi{u ce moart 6 oay aopeuô,
OKenuTe nAanar, nuw,sn deu,aTa.
3uMara nee ceora 3Aa necen,
Buxpoae eoHRT TpT>nu a noAero,
u cryd, u Mpa3, u nAH 6 ea nadeoteda
HdsieaT na re cKpv na 0^ 11,670.
(X. BTeB. CHXOTBOpeHHH, Co $ h h , 1956)
OcHOBHaH nepTa CTpyKTypbi 3T0r o CTHXOTBopeHHH H a p a c r a -
HHe o 6 ,beKTHBH3 Ma. 1) O h o npoc;ie}KHBaeTCH n o TeMe nAana. B Ha-
li a. ne 3Ta TeMa npoxoAHT b opameHHH Ha tu, nAaneui, b KOHue
b $ o p M e TpeTber o JiHua oteenure nAamr. 2) O t o m e roBopHT Apy-
m e *iacTH CTpyKTypbi: b nepBUx AByx CTpodj ax n p e o J i a A a m <j>op-
m u opameHHH h JiHHHbie $opMbi MecTOHMeHHH, b nocjieAHHX AByx
o h h BCTpenaioTCH TOJibKO o a h h p a 3 . 3 ) PacnpeAe.rceHHe 3 BaTebHbix
<J)opM o p a 3 y e T n o CTpo4>aM ySbi Bai omyt o reoMeTpHqecKyi o n p o -
rpeccHr o 4 : 2 : 1 . B c e opameHHH TOJibKO b HeueTHbix c r a x a x .
4) B c e rj i arobi ynoTpeJieHbi b HacToameM BpeMeHH, KpoMe a3
282
eudnx npome z mi e e , h o h o c t o h t b acojiOTHOH cepeAHHe Bcero
CTHxoTBopeHHH. 5) n o c j i e nepej iOMa, npHXOAamer oca Ha cepeAHHy
III CTpo<J)bi a3 eudnx, noaBJiaiOTca cymecTBHTebHbie c rj iaroji OM,
o p a 3yi omHe KopoTKHe 0AH0 p 0AHbie Bb!CKa3biBaHHa: r a p e a m r epa-
HU H AP- 0 6 p a 3 pOHHbl O'beKTHBHpyeTCH H AeTaJIH3yeTCfl.
KpOMe Toro, BCKpwBaioTca Ap y r n e q e p cTpyKTypbi. 6) B e r p o -
<J>ax IV h V BHAen KOHTpacT 0pa30B c MeTpHnecKHMH cpe,n;cTBaMH.
IlepBbie TpH CTHxa b IV h n e p B t i e ABa b V xapaKTepH3yroTca r paM-
MaTHHecKHMH yAapeHHHMH Ha nepBOM h npeAnocJieAHeM c j i o r e Ka>K-
Aoro nojiycTHuiHH. K 3T0My npHcoeAHHaeTca qepeAOBaHHe o a :
IV, 3 ...eopeiUfO V, 3 ...nadeoKda
IV, 4 ...deiâra V, 4 ...CT>pu,eTO
(ApyrHMH TeKCTaMH noATBepjKAaeTca, hto Botcb H0n0^b30Ba.i
3t o nepeAOBaHHe c03HaTeJibH0.) 7) CHHTaKCHC AByx nepBhi x CTpo<|>
COAepmHT TOJIbKO CJIOJKHOnOAHHHeHHbie HJIHCJIOWHbie npeAÎOJKeHHH,
nocjieAHHe CTpO(})bi TOJibKO QAHOpoAHbie npocTbie. He 3a6brro ao
KOHira CTHXOTBOpeHHH H BT0p0e 06paiH,eHHe nepBOH CTpOfjpbl. Opaa
3Aa neceu na 3UMara HeH3e>KHO cJiHBaeTca c 3Aoeeôro zpanene
Haâ.na npeAHAyme CTpo(J)bi.
I l e p e x o A o t Ji HpHHecKo cHMB0^H3au,HH, KOTo p a a n o j i y q HJ i a 06-
p a 3 b o p a me H H H x h B o n p o c a x ne p Bo f t CTpo<})bi, k pa c c Ka 3y o t o m ,
K3K0H o t k j i h k n o p o AHJ i a Ka3Hb J l e BCKor o b ojirapCKOM HapoAe,
b b o a h t c h b co3HaHHe HHTaTeJiH q e p e 3 n e p e x o A o t m i a n a TponoB h
<J)Hryp k yKBajibHOMy, cfjaKTHqecKOMy c n o c o y p a c c n a s a . O a h h
H3 caMbi x 3(|)(J)eKTHbix napaAOKCOB b CTOi/ib 6 o r a T o f t x y Ao x e c TBe H-
HbiMH He0* HAa HH0CTHMH n o 33HH BoTeBa npoHCxoAHT o t c n o c o a ,
xoTopbi M 3 a n o j i HH e T c s ceMaHTHHecKaa h cHHTaKCHqecKaa c x e Ma
BUCKa3HBaHHfl b n o c j i e A H e crpo<f)e. J I h u o , K o r o p o e c o B e p m a e T
AecTBHe, TyT h He j i h u o , h He npeAMeT, s i o 3HMa, BHxpn, c r y -
Mca, Mopo3, n j i a q ( cTp- 9 ) .
H3 p a 3 opa P. O. 5l Ko6coHa Mbi onycxHJiH ofi niHpHHe h noApo-
HeuiHe SKCKypcbi o u e 3 y p e h yAapeHHax b c r a x e EoTeBa, 06 a; uiH-
Te pa u Ha x h ac c oHa Hc a x, h o h BocnpoH3BeAeHHOH n a c r a AOCTaTOHHo,
MTobi noKa3aTb o 6 iu,hh CTpyKTypajibHbi npnHUjHn b AeficTBHH:
npej KAe cr axoTBopHoe npoH3BeAeHHe oTAeJiaeTca o t cMbicJia, 3 aKJiio-
MeHRoro b HeM KaK coomeHHH ne pBo r o a p y c a , t. e. o t e r o n p a -
Moro cMHCja; 3aTeM o h o paccMaTpHBaeTCa KaK CJioCHaa CTpyKTy-
pa ypaBHOBeuieHHoe pacnoJi oKeHHe noBTOpaiomHxca rpaMMara-
<iecKHx h 3ByKOBbix <})Hryp, npHHeM hjih ycTHOBJieHHH napaj i. ne. aH3-
Ma OTAejibHbix $ H r y p bo3mo kho opameHHe k h x ceMaHTHKe, n p a -
MOMy CMHCJiy; 3aTeM Boeco3AaHHaa TaKHM 0pa30M CTpyKTypa mo-
*. eT fibiTb cooTHeceHa c BHe e e JioKamHM HBJieHHeM AeftcTBHTejit-
HOCTH (AeHOTaTOM), KOTOpOe H aHJIH3HpyeTCH COUHOJIOrHHeCKH,
ncHxoôrHqecKH h t . a . Ha npaKTHKe, OAHaKO, CBa3b c o cmhcj i om
n e p s o r o a p y c a ( c AeHOTaTOM) npeACTaBHTejiaMH CTpyKTypa^b-
Horo aHaj i Hsa HHKOrAa He ocBemaJ i acb, a noTOMy CTpyKTypajibHHH
283
aHaJiH3 ao chx nop ocTaerca npneMOM, 38MKHyTbiM b cee h Bbi3H-
BaeT pe3KHe B03pa*eHHa npeACTaBHTejieft KaK ncHxoJiorHHecKoro,
TaK h coimoJiorHHecKoro aHaJiH3a l .
CTHJIHCTHKA BOCnPHHTHH
126. CTHHCTHHecKHfi a n a j i H3 J I . B. UepSbi. H e n o j m o T a ci pyK-
TypaJ i bHor o aHaji H3a noaTHHecKHX npOH3BeeHHH ocoeHHO o t mc t -
j i h b o npoc Tyna e T b epaBHeHHH e r o c o cnocooM, Ko r o p u f t Mbi Ha3-
bbj i h bi c t h j i h c t h k o h BocnpHHTHH. np e Kpa c Hbi e opa3Ubi e r o &a-
h h aKaaeMHKOM J l . B. U i e p o f t b e r o Onbi Tax JiHHrBHCTHHecKoro
TOJIKOBaHHH CTHXOTBOpeHHH, I. BocnoMHHaHHe l l yui KHHa, I I .
Co c Ha JlepMOHTOBa b epaBHeHHH c e e HeMeuKHM np o To r a n o M 2.
B TeopeTHqecKOM oTHomeHHH ocoeHHo HHTepeceH nepBHft OnMT.
y * e B HCXOAKOH CBOe TOHKe STKDAbl I l i e p b l UpOTHBOCTOHT
CTpyKTypaJibHOMy aHajiH3y. E c j i h s t o t aHajiH3 coBOKynHOCTb e3-
j i h h k h x npHeMOB, t o MeTOA I l l e p b i 0 CH0 BaH Ha rjiyOKO j i hhhom,
HHTaTejibCKOM h HHTaTejiH TOHKoro noAxofl e k npoH3BeAeHHK>:
aHaj i H3y b HCKyccTBe npeAiuecTByeT Hacji awAeHHe scTemnecKOH
HeHHOCTbio. U, ep6 a nni ueT: H o a npeABHJKy k BOspaaceKH*. Mh o -
r o e y mchh MoaceT noKa3aTbCH n e p e e n y p cy-beKTHBHHM; h h c s t h m
TOTOB COrJiaCHTbCH H B TOM CMblCJie, HTO MOH HaJIIOAeHHH He Bcer-
Aa BepHbl, H B TOM, HTO OHH HHOrAa HC HMeiOT OmerO 3HaneHHa,
HBJISfCb CJIHUIKOM HHAHBHAyaJIbHHMH, HO H CHHTaiO HyjKHblM OA-
HepKHyTb, HTO BCe CeM3HTHHeCKHe HaJIIOAeHHH MoryT bITb TOJibKO
cy' beKTHBHUMH. B caMOM AeJie, k3k h m ApyruM m o j k c t biTb, Ha
npHMep, HaJiioAeHHe Toro, h t o tj jopMa ocpuifep HMeeT c on pa Te j i b-
HblH H HeCKOJIbKO npe3pHTeJIbHH& OTTeHOK, TOrAa KaK (|)OpMa o<pu-
uepbl flBJISeTCH ObIKHOBeHHblM MH03KeCTBeHHbIM HHCJIOM? T4 t O Ka*
caeTCH Bceo6 mHoc 3HaneHH, t o h ho3Boji io c e e HanoMHHTb,
h t o no3THHecKft h 3 h k e o cymecTBy -CBoeMy He BceomHfi , a MOKeT
bITb B OTAejIbHblX CJiyHaHX nOHHTeH JIHUIb OHCHb HeOJIbHIOMy Kpy-
r y j i h h . BeAb He b c h k 3 h My3biKa, He BCHKaa acHBonncb BceM no-
HHTHbi, BceM AocTynHbi, n o KpaHeft Mepe HenocpeACTBeHHO ( I ,
CTp. 2 7 2 8 ) .
OTCTaHBan copoK JieT HaaaA HHAHBHAyajtbHOCTb HaJioAe-
h h h b CTHJiHCTHKe, I l l e p a npeABocxHTHJi o m e e ' r e n e p b Ha yna oe
noJio)KeHHe: ecjiH cpocHTb c o c h c t o b HaJHOAaTejis, t o b o m h o -
t h x cJiynaHX b pe3yj i bTaTe nojiynHTCH oj i bui ee HCKameHHe o' beK-
1 CTpyKrypajibHOMy aHaji3y P. O. 5lK0(5c0Ha nporaBonocTaBjiaeT cbo, He-
4)opMa/ibHNH aHa;iH3, H. H. B a j i a m o B . CTpyKTypa CTHxoTBopeHHH EpemaHo
Jl ope j i e a h ae<j)opMa.m>Huft aHajiH3. Hayr a. aoKaaAfai Bt i c ui . oikoah. <>hjio-
Jiorni. HayKH, 1963, Ne 3, oco6. er p . 9395.
2 Cm. copHHK JI. B. m , e p 6 a . H36paHHhi e paCoTw no pyccKOMy m u K y ,
M., 1957. riepBH Onnr HanncaH b 1922 r., BTopoft b 19261936. (O nepBwx
K3/iaHH3X HX CM. B TOM 3Ke cOopHHKe.)
284
THBHOH HCTHHH, HeM eCJ IH y H e C T b HHAHB H f l y a j l b H O C T b Ha 6 . HK) Aa Te J I S
h caenaTb nonpaBKy Ha Hee.
HMeHHO B HHflHBHAya^lbHOM TOJIKOB3HHH HHAHBHAyaJIbHOrO Xy-
fl owecTBeHHoro npoH3BeAeHHH I l l , ep6 a b h a h t omeCTBeHHoe 3Hane-
HHe 4>nJioJiora-cTH^HCTa: H y x e HeoAHOKpaTHo BbicKa3biBajicH
y d H o h nenaTHo o t o m , h t o Har ne Ky^bType H3AaBHa He XBaTaer
yM6HHH BHHMaTeJIbHO HHTaTb H HTO HM H3AO HayHHTbCH 3TOM)'
HCKyccTBy y c}>paHuy30B. 3 t o ocoeHHO BaKHO c e i m c , KorAa mh
coa a a e M HOBHe Ka Apn h HHTaTejieH h nHcaTej ieA. H h yny cnacT-
jivjb, ecjiH moh onbiTbi nepeca*HBaHKH <J>paHHy3CKoro e x p l i c a t i o n
d e t e x t e (TaK Ha3HBaioTCH cooTBeTCTBeHHbie ynpaat HeHHH bo tjjpsH-
nyscKHx mKOJiax, cpeAHHx h b h c u i h x ) Haft Ayr noApa>K3TeJieH h
noMoryT AeJiy erpOHTeJibCTBa h o b o couHajincTHHecKOH Kyj i bTypu
b Hame cTpaHe ( I I , CTp. 9 7 ) .
O c h o b h o h npneM IU, ep6bi TO*e n p 0 THB0 n 0 Ji0 * e H cr pyKTypaj i b-
HOMy aHaji Hay. r i ocj i eAHH npeAnHCHBaeT HJieHHTb h ApoHTb t c k c t
xyAOwecTBeHHoro npoH3Be/ieHHH a o t o S CTeneHH, a o KKOH Boome
B03M0JKH0 HJieHeHHe H3HK3 H peHH (BnO^He M05KH0 npeACT3BHTb
c e e CTpyKTypaJibHoe HJieHeHHe noaMbi, AOxOAamee a o AHcfxfiepeH-
,H3JibHHx npH3H3 KOB 4>OHeM) K MeTOA LUepH npeAnncbi BaeT n e
HJieHHTb TeKCT Aa j i b me neKOToporo npeAeJi a. rioAOHO 3T0My aHa-
JIH3 XHMHHeCKHX KOMnOHCHTOB KpaCOK He OTHOCHTCH y}Ke K 3H3JIH3y
KapTHHbi. n p e A e j i s t o t IU, ep6 a no J i a r s e T TaM, r Ae KOHnaeTca 4>yHK-
LUIOHaJIbHOe BOCnpHHTHe SCTeTHHeCKO UeHHOCTH HJIH, B OTAejIbHHX
cJi ynaHx, t s m , rAe KOHnaeTCH 4>H3HOJiorHHecKoe BoenpHHTHe ( noc -
JieAHHfi npeAej i , k o h 6 h h o , ni Hpe nepBOro, c p . 3Aecb, 83). TaKHM
06pa.30M, L0, ep6a, n o cymecTBy, b b o a h t , x o t h h He o 6 oc hob mb a ex,
OHeHb BaJKHOe nOHHTHe COBpeMeHHblX nCHXOJIHHrBHCTHHeCKHX HC-
CJieAOBaHH noHHTHe n o p o r a B o e n p H S T H s . 9 t o noHHTHe o t -
HOCHTCH JHeplOH OAHHaKOBO H K n ^ a Hy COAepKaHHH, H K HJiaHy Bbl-
paweHHH. CAeâ' B pa A HCnepnHBaoi nHx saMenaHH mo pHTMHKe
nyiuiKHHOKoro BocnoMHHaHHH (KOTOpbie, oah3i ko, Bce yMemaroTCH
Ha n o J i y r o p a c r p a H K u a x , b t o BpeMH KaK b h k j i 3 A k h Jl KocoHa 3aHH-
MaioT HecKOJibK CTpsHHn yopHCToro r n p H ^ T a ) , UJ,ep6 a KOHnaeT
cjieAyiomHM: 3aMeHaTe; i bH0, h t o s t h m a h mc hh h HCHepnbiBaeTCH
pHTMHHHOCTb CTHXOTBOpeHHH, eCJIH He CHHT3Tb TOrO, HTO OHH HanH-
c s h h npaBH^bHbiM hmom; CTpoeHHe c t h x o b b oTHOmeHHH <J>pa30B0-
r o yAapeHHH, e c j m ih noBTOpneTCH, t o b omeM H 3 3 Me T HO a j i h
c.aymajomero (I, CTp. 36, n0Aqep;KHyT0 mhoi o, K). C.). B Apy-
roM Mecxe o CKonjieHHii HeyAapnbi x c j i o t o b : H HecKOJibKO y n po-
maio CHCTeM3 TH3 ai ;Hio AHApen Be j i or o , KOTopan h b j i h c t c h n e p e c -
H y p A p o H O f i , a n o T Q M y , M o x c e x 6 h t b , h H e c K O J i b K O
1 CTpyKTypaJt tHuft MeToa ecTb He h t o h h o KaK HepapxHHecKoe TOeHenne
TeKCTa, t . e. no cymecTBy, i i o h c k aHa.iHTiwecKHx TeKCTa (noOHo
TOMy, HanpHMep, KaK 4>OHeMbi h h x AHtêpeHUHaji bHbi e npn3HaKH aHa.iHTH-
necKHe aêMeHTbi HSHKa). M e r o A JI. B. UlepGbi, HanpoTHB, HanoMHHaeT coBpe-
MeHHBle nCKXO/IHHrBHCTHHeCKHe nOHCKJI eAHHHU BOCnpHatHH.
285
H C K y C C T B e H H O f i C TOHKH 3peHHH CeMaHTHHCCKOA. ( I , 37,
CHocKa, n o A He p r a y r o mhoi o, K). C. ) .
T a x o e e orpaHHMenne aHaj i H3a UJ epa cHHTaJi npHHUHnnaJib-
h o BawHbiM h b nj i aHe coaepMtaHHH: I l oj i b3 yi o c b cJi ynaeM, oah3Ko,
yKa3aTb, h t o He HaAO BcerAa bo h t o 6 h t o h h e r a j i o paabiCKHBaTb
CMbicjioBbie accounauHH b KaatAOM OTAeJibHOM CJiynae. B asMKe
n0CT0HHH0 HMeioTCH oji ee h j i h MeHee n y c r w e Me c r a , He HMeio-
m n e cymecTBeHHoro 3HaneHHH, n o KpaHHea Mepe a j i h r o B o p s i n e r o .
T b k h m nycTUM MecTOM h b j i h i o t c h b oJibuiHHCTBe cjfyHaeB (JjopMb
rpaMMaTHHecKoro poAa HMeH cymeerBHTeJi bHbi x b pycCKOM H3bme
( 0AH3KO B nOSTHHeCKOM 33bIKe OHH MOryT COXpaHHTb TO HJIH Apy-
r o e 3Ha*ieHHe). TaKHM nycTbiM mc c t om HBJiaeTea ynoTpeJieHHe <|)op-
Mbi poAHTeji bHoro naaeJ Ka BMecTO BHHHTeJibHoro n o c j i e OTpHuaHHH,
hj i h, HanpHMep, n o c j i e r J i ar oj i oB xony, uiyy h t . n. TaKHM nycTbiM
MeCTOM HBJIHIOTCH BO <f)paHHy3CKOM H3bIKe HeKOTOpbie cj i ynaH ynOT-
pejieHH s u b j o n c t i f h t . a . h t . a . ( I , 39) . OraocHTejifcHo h o h h
TeHb Hy*HO 3aMeTHTb, h t o 3Aecb pa3yMeeTCH He MpaK, a o t -
pacMBaeMaa TeHb, h t o b CBH3H c noJ i ynpo3p3HHas h Haji HKeT
AaeT BnenaTJieHHe KaK0ft-T0 noj i ynpo3paHH0 saBecbi , onycKa o HeS-
c h Ha r opoA, MOjKeT CbiTb, KpbiJibeB KaK0ft-T0 BOJimeHOH nrH-
H h - h o h h k t . n. CaMo co.6oft pa3yMeeTCa, h t o h Bocce He xohv
CKa3aTb, h t o 6 m SAecb pHCOBaJiCH KaKo-Jino KOHKpeTHHfi o p a 3 ;
Ha oopoT, BCHKaH ri onnTKa Hepe c n yp KOHKpeTHSOBaTb 3 t o t o p a 3
OKasbi Baer ca He npHHTHOft, noi nj i of t , h bch n j j e j i e c r b c o c t o h t b Henc-
h o c t h . . . ( I , 4 2 ) .
OomaH c bok HaJiiOAeHHH o n y c r a x Mecr ax h CB5i3aHHbix c
h h mh npeAeJi ax aHaji H3a, IIXep6 a n n c a j i : MHe KaxeTCH Tenepb,
h t o CJiyxoBoft o 6 p a 3 noaTa a o j u k c h biTb KpaHe He0AH0p0AeH n o
cBoen h p k o c t h : HeKOTOpbie ajieMeHTbi a j i h Hero BHCTynaiOT c 6oj b-
i n e c h j i o h , h b c h k o c Maj i ef t mee OTKJlOHeHHe b 3 t o oJiacTH oh
BocnpHHHJi 6bi KpaftHe 6oJie3HeHHo; Ap y r n e h 3 x o a h t c h b t c h h , a
KOe-HTO OH nOHTH HTO H He CJIblIUHT H, npH yCJIOBHH COXpaHeHHH 00-
mefr nepcneKTHBH h p k o c t h , t o t o b npHHHTb pa3Hoe. Ta Koe noHH-
MaHae OTBenajio 6 h TOMy, h t o m h HajnoAaeM Boo me b H3bKe, rAe
m h BcerAa moj kcm pa3Ji HnaTb BajKHoe, cymecTBeHHoeH. TaKCKasaTb,
ynaKOBOHHHH MaTepnaj i . . . ( 1 , 3 2 ) .
TaKHM 0pa30M, ecjiH CTpyKTypaJibHbift aHajiH3 TpeyeT cnj i oui -
Hor o HJieHeHHH TeKCTa, BKJnonaH h ynaKOBOHHbi MaTepnaj i , h
MecTa n y c r a e b cMbicjie acTer anecKof i aeHHOCTH, xyAO*:ecTBeH-
HOH (JjyHKUHH H Aax<e H3HKOBOH 3H3HHM0CTH BOOme, MeTOA LUep-
6 h n p e A n o j i a r a e T n p e wAe OTAeJieHHe ynaK0B0HH0r0 MaTepnaJ i a o t
xyAoatecTBeHH Har pyweHHor o, Hecymerc xyAOjKecTBeHHyio t}>yHK-
u,hio, h 3aTeM aHaJiH3 TOJibKO nocj i eAHero.
3 t h npHHUHnbi n o j i o xe Hb i h b ocHOBy HacToame k h h t h .
3aMeTHM nonyTHo, h t o cpeAH nacTHbix npneMOB aHaj i H3a ILJep-
6 a b b o a h t AeJieHHe TeKCTa Ha n p o c T e n u i n e aJieMeiiTbi CBH3HOH ne-
jioBeHecKofi p e n n , OTBeHaromHe c a h h h m h AaJiee, b mo mc h t p e n u , He
286
p a 3JiaraK)ui,HMCH npeACT3BJieHHHM, t o , h t o h n03B0JiHK) c e 6 e
np0BH30pH0 K3biBaTfa c|>pa3aMn... ( s deenaduarb nacoe no ho-
HaM 'U3 apoa ecraer apaaHUÛK...) ( I , 3 0 ) . p a a a IU,ep6 hi
3Aecb JH3Ka k BBeaeHHOMy HaMH noHHTHo eflHHHUbi nepeBOAa,
E n .
LUepa o my n b o i i o a x o a h j i h k i i o h h t h i o Me Ta o6pa 3a , ho oho y
Hero TOJibKO HaMeneHo: HeMbi e Ha nepBbifi B3rJiHA mo j k c t npe/ i -
CTaBHTbCH CTepeoTHnHoft Me Ts ôpof i ; OAHaKO Ha caMOM a e j i e o h o
r opa 3A0 3HaHHTeJibHee: yjiHUbi, nj i omaAH, AOMa HeMbie, MOJina-
ma e , He roBOpa uHe, ho h t o - t o 3Haqam,He h t . a . E c j i h s t o t a cco-
UHaTHBHblH p HA COIIOCTaBHTb C I I 0Ji ynp03paHH0CTbI 0 HOHHOH TeHH,
TO lOJiyHHTCH HTO-TO TaHHCTBeHHOe, HTO H a c TaK n p e J I b m a e T B
noj i ycyMpaKe ne Te pypr c KHx ej i bi x Honeft ( I , 4 2 ) . B Apyr oM Mec-
t c : H 3 n p o a e J i a H H o r o JiHHrBHCTHHecKoro a Ha J i H3a c J i e a y e T c o Be p -
rneHHo HeABycMbicjieHHO, h t o cymHocTb CTHxoTBopeHHa T e n u e cbo-
Ah t c h k TOMy, h t o HeKHH MywHHHa, CKOBaHHbi n o pyKaM H HOraM
BHeuiHHMH 06cT0HTejibCTBaMH, CTpeMHTCH k HeAocTynHof t flJiH Hero
H TOWe HaXOAHmeHCH B TH}KejIOM 33T0HeHHH JKeHIUHHe, a CyiUHOCTb
CTHXOTBOpeHHH Jl epMOHTOBa K TOMy, HTO HeKOe OAHHOKOe c y m e -
c t b o J i a r o / i y mHo MeHTaeT o KaKOM-TO AaJieKOM, npeKpacHOM h
roiKe o a h h o k o m cymecTBe ( I I , 104) .
H o BnojiHe s t o t c n o c o HaxoJKAeHHH MeTao6p33a, hj i h MeTSonn-
caHHe, 6 h j i pa3BHT ApyrHMH pyccKHMH c})HJioJioraMH ( CM_ 1 2 8 ) .
127. B, A. Jl apHH. 3a po * Ae HHe ceMHOTHnecKoft c t h j i h c t h k h .
CeMHOTHHeCKan CTHJIHCTHK3 OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha noHHTHH 3H3K3.
3HaK M3TepHaJibHoe BbipaKeHHe ycjiOBHO 3aKpenJi eHHoro 3a hkm
3H3HeHHH. He33BHCHM0 OT TOrO, OHHM3Tb HJIH HeT H3HK BOOfime
KaK CHCTeMy 3 h s k o b 3 t o t Bonpoe m h 3Aecb He p e ma e M h He npeA-
peut aeM b xyAOJKecTBeHHoft peHH MHorne e e 3JieMeHTbi 3Ha-
kh. XapaKTep h Ma r e pHa j i He cymecTBeH a j i h 3HaKa. B c o o t b c t c t -
BHH c 3THM CeMH0THHCCK3H CTHJIHCTHK paCCM3TpHBaeT CJIOBeCHyK)
4>opMy xyAOJKecTBeHHoro npOH3Bea,eHHH Ji nui b KaK nacTb e r o 3Ha-
KOBOrO BblpHCeHHH, XOTH H OCHOBHyK) HaCTb. pyrHMH 3HaK3MH
OKa3bIBaiOTCS OTJIHHHe npOH3BeAeHHH OT HOpMbl AaHHOrO * 3 H p a ;
mpH(j)T, k o t o p h m HsneHaTaHo npOH3BeAeHHe; xapaKTep KHHrn h j i h
COpHHK3, B KOTOpOM OHO OIiyJIHKOBaHO H T. n. CeMHOTHHeCK3H
CTHJIHCTHK pa3BHB3eTCH b nocj ieAHee BpeMH, OCOeHHO nOCJie Bbl-
x o a a b CI I I A KHHr H. M o p p n c a O a h s k o nepBbi e anbiTM b a na J i n -
s e TaKoro poAa h j i h caeJi aHbi y Hac e m e b 20- e roAbi. H a n o j i e e
npHMenaTeJibHan p a o T a , c b o 6 o a h 3 h o t KpaHHOCTeft m h o t h x coBpe-
MeHHbix ceMHOTHHecKHx H3bicKaHH, HJi a Ha n Hc a Ha T01\na
B. A. JlapHHhlM, KOTOpblH C(pOpMyjIHpOBaJI pSJA nOJIOXeHHH CeMHO-
1 Ch. Mo r r i s . Foundations o the Theory of Sign, 1938 n Sign, Langua-
ge and Behaviour, 1946.
287
THHeCKOH CTHJIHCTHKH (Ha3B3HHe 3TO npHHaflJeJKHT HaM) Mhl OC-
THOBHMCH 3AeCb H3 TCX IIOHHTHflX, BBeAeHHblX 5. A. Jl apHHHM,
KOTOpbie HCn0JIb30B3HH B HaCTOHIUeft KHHTe. OAH0 H3 OCHOBHblX
nOHHl'He CO6 CTB6KHO HOpMbI npOH3BeA6HH5 HJIH BbICKa3bIBaEHH.
C o C T B e H H a f l H O p M a BbICKa3bIBaHHa 3T0 eTO K0 HT6 KCT,
no 0 TH0 IH8 HHK) K KOTOpOMy OnpeAeJIHIOTCH OTKJIOHCHHH 2. KoHTeKCT,
o6pa3yi oin,KH Hopwy, CK.naAbiBaeTCH, Bo-nepBbix, H3 o me j i Hi e pa -
r y pHoa HopMbi, k o t o p o h b i HxepaType cooTBeTCTByeT jiH)KaftuiaH
TpaflHUHOHHH CpeAS nOSTHMeCKOrO CTHJia, T. e. COBOKyiIHOCTb n p o -
H3BeA.eHHi AaHHoro caHpa. Ha s t o m <}>OHe h boci phhhmaeTCH k s j k -
AOe HOBOe npOHSBeACHHe. Bo-BTOpblX, H3- >KH3HeHHOi CHTyaUHH, K
k o t o p o h npHHaAJiesHT AaHHoe coomeHHe. B-TpeTbHX, H3 k o h t 6 k-
CTa c a Mor o npoH3BeAeHHH, t . e. c a Mo r o e r o TeKCTa. BocnpHHTHe
npoH3BeAeHHH nponcxoAHT bo BpeMeHH, caMa JWTepaTypa eCTb kc-
KyccTBO BpeMeHHe. oaTCMy h cocTBeHHaa HOpMa coomeHHH
(npaKTHviecKOH pe^H, xyAosKecTBeHHoii peMH, npoH3BeAeHHa B me-
j i om, KTopoe BBAb TO>Ke c o o 6 meHHe) noABHKHa. y me n e p s b i e
T a s T u xyAosiecTBeHHoro npoH3BeAeHHH, HanpHMep, CTHXOTBOpe-
h h h , e r o p h t m , pa3Mep, MejioAHKa, h o T a Kx e h npo3bi , n e p B u e
CJioBecHbie o 6 p a 3 u 33A3i ot HopMy. B caMOH o me f t (fiopMe s t k
COOpaMeHHH BbICKa3bIBa^HCb H paHee, BO OpaHUHH HeKOTOpbIMH
^HJioJioraMH XVII BeKa h M. PpaMMOHOM 3. B nocj i eAHee BpeMa o h h
noj i y r a J i H noATBepjKAeHHe h b ncHxojiHHrBHCTHKe4.
1 CraTb 1925 roxa O JinpiKe khk pa3fr0BH^H0CTH xyAoasecrBeHHoS peva
(CeMaHTHiecKHe a n o a u ) , ony.iHKOBaHa b c 6. PyccKaa peMb, HoBaa cepas,
Bhii. I, Academia, JI., 1927. Hejib3s He corJiacHTtca c mhhhm, ht o KOHCpjsyK-
THBHaa KpHTHKa TeopKH 0 I 1 0 I 3 a co cropoHM pKâ îofloroB (JI. B, lUepCa,
B. A. JlapHH, B. B. BHHorpafloB, T. O. BHHOKyp), KpHTHKa 6e3 npefly6eHCeHHOCTH,
ho AoCTaTorao o e r p a a , HanpaBêHHaH Ha aocTHteHHe paBHOBecHa (chhtc3 ) $op-
Maji bHoro h coAepxcaTeJi bHoro H a a j i b n p a e Ma x HHTepnpeTauHH xyOKecTBeHHQ-
r o npoH3BeaeHHH, Ha peaHJiHTaiiHio npaKTHieCKoro ( o ms Ha p o f l Ho r o ) n3biKa
noeHHHCKHX npeyBenHi eHHi i, ofiecneqHJi a b Aa/ibHeftmeM HeocnopHMue yct i exH
CQBeTCKoa (JwjiojiorHH B STOft oJiacTH r . B. C t e n a*h c B. B. A. JlapHH (k
70-BeTHK) co a h h pojKfleHHH), BecTHHK JleHHHrp. yH-Ta>, Mi 14, c e p u n hctophh,
H3UKa h jiht., Bbin. 3, JI., 1963, cTp. 148, TaM ?Ke cnHcoK TpyROB npoip. B. A. Ja-
PHH.
2 YqeHHe o KOHTeKCTe KaK o HopMe BMCKa3MBaHHH 6bi.no pa3BHTo b nocjiea-
Hee BpeMa aMepHKaHCKHM HcoieACBaTMeM M. PH({)(J)aTeppe. M. R i f { a t e r r e.
Criteria for Style Analysis, Word , Vol. 15, n 1, 1959, ORHaKO BnepBue côp-
MyjMpoBa.fi ero HMeHHo B. A. JlapHH.
3 M. G r a m m o n t . Essai de psychologie linguistique. Style et posie. De
l grave, P. , 1950.
4 flajKe MejKAy pa3jiHHHWMH roBopamHMH ywcKor o no.ia (He r oBopa o
pa3Hnue Mewjiy MyjK'jHnaMH h weamHHaMH, 10. C.) woryT 6biTb pa 3 JiMMHH b
cjropMaHTax (aayKOB), KOTOpbie oumio He BocnpHHHMaiOTca. B stom cj i vqae
npoHcxoflHT, no-BHAHMOMy, He oCmufi c a b h t Bcex (jjopManT, a Co.iee Heperyjiap-
Hbte H3MeHeHHfl b o a h o h ôpMaHTe. JXxya npeflnojiaraeT, <j t o y caymaiomero
HMeercs b M03ry CBoero poAa TpeyrojibHHK rjiacHwx, b KOTcpuft o h aBToMaTKqe-
ckh npeo6pa3yeT Monenb, no KOTopofi roBopflT p y r a e roBopaujHe, E. Fischer-
J 0 r g e n s e n , b c6. Psycholinguistics, ed. by Sol S a p o r t a , N. Y., 1961, p. 133.
288
M h b h a h m , mt o noHHTHe HopMbi y B. A. J l a p n H a , He r B p a y>Ke
o TaKHx cymecTBeHHbix noApoHOCTflx KaK npeABoexHmeHHe HeKo-
TOpbix OTKpbiTHft nocj i eAHx jieT, ' HanpHMep, MexaHH3Ma opaTHOfl
CBH3H, BeCbMa COBpeMeHHO B HeJIOM. B 3TOM noHHMaHHH OCymeCTB-
Ji ea CHHTe3 COCTBeHHOH HOpMbl COOmeHHfl B JIHHrBHCTHMeCKOM
h jiHTepaTypoB8A,licoKOM CMHCJie (noApoHee c m . Bs eAeHHe) .
flOHHTHe 9T0 npHMeHHMO H K BbICKa3bIBaHHIO (cOOmeHHIO) B
npaKTmecKof t peMH (cm. BBeAeHHe), h k xyAowecTBeHHOMy n po-
H3BefleHHK) (TSKJKe COOmeHHIO) B UeJIOM, H k OTA&IbHOH MaCTH
xyAOKecTBeHHoro u e j i o r o . TaKHM 0pa30M, 3 t o n o H a r a e HopMH
ofiêflHHaeT npaKTHHecKyio peMb, xyAOKecTBeHHyio pe.Mb h cjioBec-
Hoe xyAoacecTBeHHoe npoH3BeAeHHe, ycTaHaBJiHBaa h x o my i o ocho-
By. O h o pa3BHCHaeT TaKHe, HanpHMep, h b j i c h h h , KaK p a 3Hoe boc-
npHHTHe xyAoacecTBeHHoro npOH3BeAeHHH BnjiOTb a o KpaTKCro
CTHXOTBOpeHHH h j i h Aaace CTpoKH b 3anHCHoft KHHKKe n nc a Te j i a
B 33BHCHM0CTH OT TOrO UeJIOrO, B KOTOpOe OHO BKJIIOHeHO.
B HeM KpHCTaJiJiHayiOTCH TaKHe, HanpHMep, neHHue, h o ao c h x
nop blBHIHe He BnOJIHe OTHeTJIHBbIMH, He HaXOAHBUIHe Ha3BaHHH,
HaOJIIOAeHHH:
OpaCTaHHe JIHpHMeCKOft 3M0UHH CIOHCeTOM OTJIHMHTejIbHaa
MepTa n o 33HH AxMaTOBO, E e c t h x h cymecTByiOT He b OTAeJibHocTH,
He KaK caMOCTOHTeJibHbie jinpHMecKHe nbecbi , a KaK M03aHMHue n a c
r a i ^ , KOTOpbie cnenjiaiOTCH h CKJiaAHBaiOTCH b HeHTO noxoHt ee Ha
oj i b i uo S poMaH 1.
Hjih b o t s t o :
BepHyBiuHCb b MocKBy, y w e CMepTejibHo oJibHoft, HjibtJ) CHOBa
BepHyj ica k STofl HAee h CTaji peryj i apHO 3anncbi BaTb c b o h Haj no-
AeHHH, h o yHte He b $ o p M e AHeBHHKa, a b BHAe KopoTeHbKHx c a -
MOCTOHTeJibHbix 3anHceft . . . 3 T a nocjieAHHH p a o T a He npocTo
nHcaTeJibCKaa KyxHH. H a m o B3rJiHA e r o nocj ieAHHe 3anHCKH ( o h h
HaneMaTaHbi c p a 3 y Ha ManiHHKe, rycTO, Mepe3 OAHy CTpoMKy)
BbiAaiomeecH Ji HTepaTypHoe npoH3BeAeHHe. O h o i i o s t h m h o h r p y c r -
h o 2.
128. BcnoMoraTej i bHbi e npweMw c t h j i h c t h k h BocnpHHTHH.
Cnoco MeraonHcaHHH. M o j k h o OTBeprHyrb TypreHeBa, h o
o c T a e r c a Typr eHeBCKoe, Ta KaTer opHH, KOTopon o h e a u BnOJIHe
He AOCTHP, HO B03M02KH0CTb KOTOpO HBCTByeT H3 e r o * e TBOpeHHH,
OTpaAHaH h HcejiaHHan. CjiaAKH 3 a n a x ji Hn, h B o o m e s t h j i i o h -
Mbie TypreHeBCKHe j i H n u , h crapbiH caA, h erapHHHbifi JiaHHepOBCKH
BaJIbC B HCTOMe He3aCHyBUie HOMH, H OCoeHHblH, TOMHTCJIbHblH,
1 B. 3 x e H ( 5 a y M , AnHa AxMaTOBa. OnbiT a naj i H3a. IleTepCypr, 1923,
CTp. 120.
2 E. n e t p o b. H 3 BocnoMHHaHHH o 6 Hjibe. H. H n bip, E. n e t p o b. Co6p.
cev t . V, M., 1961, CTp. 517. Cp. t c k c t H3 3anHCHbix k h h x c k H;ib<j>a b 96,
II*
CBe>KHft 3 a n a x pyccKo JieTHeft h o h h , h b e e t c h h x HeBHAHMHii, ho
MHJIH AHTpOKa, KOTOpOrO TmeTHO KJIHHeT 3BOHKH rOJIOC M3JIb-
IHKa, H StaBOpOHKH, KOTOpbie Ha KpbIJIbHX c b o h x yHecj w p o c y H eio
OpOCHJIH CBOH JIHKyiOmHe neCHH, H BCe 3TH CHpeHH H eeeUKH, oc-
BemeHHbie TypreHeBCKO j nooBbi o, h n p y a H3 3aTHiubH, h THxaa
J l H3a B THlHHHe MOH3CTUpH, H yCaAb6a, flBOpflHCKOe rHe3flO, H, KaK
Ayrna BceMy 3T0My, $ e a ycaf l bbi , MOJiOAaa Aesyni Ka. . . l . B o t ohh-
caHHoe 3Aecb, HeH3peqeHHbiH h b o a h o m cj ioBe HeH3peKaeMbiH o p a 3
h ecTb MeTaopa3. HaxoacaeHHe x e e r o MeTaonncaHHe.
M e T a o p a 3 TaK x e o t h o c h t c h k o 6p a 3aM, KaK cJ)OHeMa k 3By-
KaM, b KOTOpblX OHa Bonj i omeHa.
IlpHHUHn MeTaonncaHHH npeACT3BJiaeT c o 6oh, no-BHAHMOMy, 6 0 -
Ji ee CTporHH npneM, HeM pacnpocTpaHeHHbie ao c h x nop npHeMb
CTHJieBoro HCCJieaoBaHHH, HanpHMep, uinnuepOBCKHS c n o c o boc-
xowAeHHH o t (paKTa pe^H k cHCTeMe 0pa30B npOH3BeAeHHH h AaJib-
rne k ero HAe&HOMy co Ae pa t a HHi o2.
BnepBbie AHApefi Eejibift npHMeHHJi MeTaonncaHHe KaK cnoco
aHaJiH3a cjiOBecHoro xyAOJKecTBeHHoro npoH3BeAeHHH b KHHre Floa-
3h h cjioBa 3: KaKOBo oraouieHHe FlyuiKKHa k BOAe, B03Ayxy, c o j i h -
uy, Hey h npoHHM c t h x h h m npHpoAbi? O h o b cyMMe Bcex c j i o b
0 c onnue, a He b AHTTe, He b hx orpaHHHeHHoft cepHH, KaKOBO ot -
JiHHHe cojiHita IlymKHHa o t cojiHua TioTHeBa? J l nui b u n T a r a u e
cyMMbi pernaT HaM s t o t Bonpoe... (cTp. 9) .
A. B e j i w i BbinncbiBaeT H3 npoH3BeAeHHfi Tpex noaroB Fl yi n-
KHHa, BapaTbiHCKoro h TioTHeBa Bce MecTa, rAe i ' obopht c h 0 He-
6 e. TAe^bHbi e H3o6pajKeHHa He6 a cyMMHpyiOTCH b TpH KJiaccn-
qecKHe mo a c j i h o He6e: Heoceod dajibHu Aeuêr rj i acHT HaM
no33HH ri yui KHHa; h rj iacHT no33HH TioTHeBa: ruiaMeHHaa. r ee pdb
ZAHUT, H OAHHO HeO pOHOe CK33aJI 6 bl HaM BapaTbIHCKHH
Ha 0CH0B3HHH COpaHHH H OpaOTKH CyMMbi BCeX M3TepH3JI0B O
HeM. H3 nOAOHblX KJiaCCHHeCKHX, CHHTeTHHeCKHX 4>pa3 B0CC03Aa-
BaeMa Ka p r a Ha npnpoAbi b j h o o h H3 n o 33Hft (cTp. 13 14) . H
Aaj i ee A. Bej i bi S Bocco3AaeT t p h KapTHHbi, Bce TpH KapTHHH
pa3Hbie. r i os Tb i n0-pa3H0My ApoHT npn poAy. 3 t o OTKpbiTHe A. Be-
J i or o Ha MHor o JieT onepeAHJi o Te3Hc B. J I . Y o p ^ a ( c m. BBeAe-
HHe) O H3bIKOBO KapTHHe MHpa.
HHTepecHO paccMaTpHBaj i c h m b o j i h b no33HH A. AxMaTOBoS
aKaA. B. B. BHHorpaAOB. Conoj i oj KeHHe chmboj i ob y A. AxMaTOBOH
po>KAaeT no3TH*iecKHH o p a 3 , He coAepJKamH&ca h h b o a h o m H3
h h x 0TAeJibH0 : ConocTaBJieHHbie c h m b o j i h , HAymne CHanaj i a ABy-
MH CMbICJIOBbIMH JIHHHHMH, eCTeCTBeHHO nepenJieTaiOTCH, TO C06AH-
HHHCb, t o pa3pbiBaHCb h, TaKHM 0pa30M, onpeAeJiHH cj i oBecHoe Ha-
1 K). A S x e H B a i b j . TypreHeB. CiiJiysTM pyccKHx rmcaTeJteft. Bun. 2.
H3fl. 3, 1913, e r p . 194195.
2 Cm. L. S p i t z e r . Linguistics and Literary History, Princeton, N. Y.,
1948 (3,necb 123).
3 A. Be j i bi f t . rio33HH cji oBa, r t e T p o r p a a , 1922.
290
noj i HeHue f l p y r A p y r a . C j i h i h h AByx niiaHOB c o 3AaeT m'
OKHe n p e 0 ' 6 p a 3 o b a h h h (noAnepKHyTO m h o ^ C. ). Hc h o
H3 3 TODO, HTO H MeTai(|)OpW B CTHJie AxMaTOBOH, n o KpaftHeft Mepe HK
rocnoACTByromHft t h i i , AOJi>KHbi 6 wTb o c o o r o CTpoeHHa: o h h o hh-
MaroT ueJi bie npeAJiojKeHHH h Aa>Ke h x u e n n 1. C p . :
CaMbie reMHbie h u e eody
CeeTAblMU CTUTb dOAOKHbl.
H a h cpaeneHUH c a o b ne nady,
Tau T60U eybi HexHbi.
( Be J i a a c Ta a , 3 1 ) .
3 f l e c b nepBbi e Afie c t p o h k h o 6 p a 3 y i o T o a h h o p a 3 , BTOpbie ABe
A p y r o f t , He cBH3aHHbi?i c nepBbi M. 3 t o H3o6pa >Kae Moe . C o n o j i o -
jKeHHe h x po KAaeT h o b m h o p a 3 , He c o Ae p j Ka mn f i c H h h b o a h o m H3
n e p BOHa n a j i b HHx c j i o Be c HHx 0pa 30B. 3 t o Bbi paj Ka e Moe .
H c x o a h o TonKof t Me Taonnc aHHH KaK n p n e M a a Ha J M3 a cJiy>KHT
no/iojKeHHe o t o m , h t o H3o6pa>KaeMoe b npOH3BeAeHHH HCKyccTBa
He t o m e c a Mo e , h t o BbipajKaeMoe.
IIoAxoAfl noAOHbiM 0pa30M k poMaHaM f l o c To e Bc n o r o , M. B a x -
t h h 3aMeHaeT: HecotBMecTHMeSuiHe aJieMeHTbi Ma Tepnaj i a oc t oc b-
ckcwo paonpeAej i eHbi Me>KAy HecKOJib'KHMH MHpaMH h HeeKOJibKHMH
no^Honpa'B'HbiMH C03H3HHHMH, o h h AaHbi He b o a h o m iKpyro3ope, a B
HfiCKOJibKHx, ' noJiHbix h paBoueHHhi x Kp y r o 3 o p a x , h He MaTepna. i
HenOCpeACTBeHHO, HO I3TH MHpbl, 3TH C03HaHHH C X Kpyr030paMH co-
neTaioTCH Bbi cmee c a h h c t b o , TaK CKa3aTb, BTOporo nopHAKa, b
eAHHCTBO no^HcfjoHHHecKoro poMaHa. M n p nacTyuiKH coneTaeTca c
MHpOM mHJiJiepoBCKoro AH({)HpaM6 a, Kpyr 030p CMepAHKOBa cone-
TaeTCH C Kpyr030p0M J^MHTpHH H HBaHa. 2'
B of i pa3H0H CHCTeMe xyAOJKecTBeHHoro npoH BeAeHHH M e r a o n u -
c a n n e npeA>noJiaraeT cymecTBOBaHHe AByx cncTeM opa30B
CAHa cHCTeMa CKJiaAHBaeTCH H3 HenocpeACTBeHHo cjioBecHo Bbipa-
JKHHHX 0pa30B, BTOpH HenOCpeACTBeHHO H8 BbipaJKeHH3H H
Aa>Ke HHTaTejieM He oco3HaBaeMaH ( h o TeM He MeHee peaAbHan h
xyAOHcecTBeHHo Ae&CTBeHHas), CKJiaAHBaeTCH Ha nepBofi CHCTe-
Me, TaK HTO HeCKOJIbKHM HJIH AaJKC MHOrHM CJIOBeCHO BHpaweHHblM
o6pa33M nepBoft cHcreMbi cooTBeTCTByeT o a h h 6 oj i e e o 6 uj,hh
0pa3 BTOpO CHCTeMbl.
HaxoKAeHHe 0pa30B BTOpo& CHCTeMH Hepe3 nepByi o h ecTfc
n p o n e c c MeTaonHcaHHH xyAOJKecTBeHHoro npoH3 BeAeHHH. Ec j i h b t o -
pyi o CHCTeMy cocTaBJiai oT ABa h j i h HecKOJibKo MeTa0dpa30B, t o ohh,
n 0 -BHAHM0 My, MOryT biTb onHTb onncaHH c noMombi o TpeTbeft
cncTeMbi 0 f i p a 3 0 B, npHne M KOJiHiecTBO 0 6 p a 3 0 B s t o MeTacHcr eMhi ,
1 B. B. B H H o r p a / i o B . IIo33HH Ahhu AxMaTOBoft, JI., 1925, CTp. 28.
s M. B a x T H H . ri poCê Mbi i03thkk AocToeBCKOro, M., 1963, CTp. 2021.
29 J
t . e. KaK 6 h MeTaMeTaodpasoB, 6 yAeT c 00 TBeTCTBeHH0 MeKbine,
neM npef l bi Aymee h t . a , n o x a , b koh c h h om HTore, mm He ao&am
flo MHHHMaJibHO B03MO*Horo b flaHHofi CHTyauHH KOjiHHecTBa Mexa-
o6pa3B, KonopMe n o 'COAepxaHHO aoj i hchm ecJiH QTnpatBHaa
TOHKa 6 M/ia HaftAeHa BepHO coBnacTb c TeM, h t o Ha3MBaeTcs
xyAOJKecTBeHHOH Hfleen npOH3BeAeHHH. TaKHM o p a s o M, MeTa
onHcaHHe xyAowecTBeHHoro npoH3BeaeHHfl npeACTaBJiaeT c oof t b
cxeMe nnpaMHAy.
C x e Ma m eT a on h c a h m a x y a o e c t b e Hh o r o
n p o H 3 B e A e H H H
KoHenHMA MeTao6pa3 -
h a c h npoH3BeAeHHa
MeTao6pa3bi 2-h c h c t c mm
MeTaopasM 1-ft CHCTeMM
CôBecHMe o6pa3M
(HaHa.no aHa;iH3a)
OueHb apKo BMpa3Hji m h c j i b o MeTao6pa3HOCTK ( p a s y Me e Tc a ,
n e ynoTpeJ i aa SToro cj i oBa) xyAoxecTBeHHoro npoH3BeAesHa
C. 3 fi3eHuiTeSH. CKa3aHHoe hm 0 6 HCKyccTBe k h h o o t h o c h t c h h k
HCKyccTBy cj i oBa: O/ i acTbi o MeTa4>opHHecKoro h o 6 p a 3 H o r o n a c b -
Ma HBâeTca c<j>epa MOHTajKHMx conocraBJi eHHft , a He c s m h H3o6pa-
3HTeJibHHe MOHTajKHMe KycKH a j i e e C. 3 fi3eHiUTefiH paa-bacHa-
eT HeyAany rpH(f>4wTa, n u T a B i u e r o c a b <pnibMe HeTepnHMOCTb
BMpa3HTh HACK) CTHXOTBOpeHHa YoJiTa YHTMeHa:
BecKOHBHHO Kanaercsi KOAbieAb,
CoeduHmman Hacronmee u Bydymee
b oTAeJbHoft KapraHKe: OTciOAa n e y Aana c pe4>peHHMM nOBTO-
peHHeM KaApa, b k o t o p o m J l f u m a H Th u i KanaeT K0.iul5e.nb. l e p e -
BOA BAOXHOBHBUierO rpH(|)({)HTa OTpblBK H3 Von Ta YnTMCHa He B
CTpOH, He B rapMOHHHeCKyiO nOBTOpHOCTb M0HT3>KH0r0 BHpajKeHHH,
a b OTAeJibHyro KapTHHKy, npHB&n k TOMy, h t o KOJi ueJi b k h k b k h c
Morîa adcTp a r Hp o Ba Tbc a b o 6 p a 3 b c h h o 3apo3KAaioiUHxcH s n o x h
HeMHHyeMO TaK h o c r aBa. nacb m t o b o Kojibiejibio, Bbi3UBaa Ha-
CMemKH, yAHBJieHHe hj i h AocaAy y 3pHT6Jia (cTp. 76) .
npHMep H3 C. 3 fl3eHuiTeHHa A0 Ka3biBaeT, h t o n p h h h h n a Ha -
ji h 3 a xyAOxecTBeHHoro npOH3BeAeHHa onHCMBaeMMM 3Aecb c no-
c o 6 om c o B n a A a e T c n p H H u n n o M n o c T p o e H n s n p o n s -
1 C. 3 3 e HUI Te f t H. HKICeHC, rpH$4)HT H MM, B C. A. Y. r p K ^ H T ,
T0CKHH0H3AaT, M., 1944, ctp. 76.
292
Z
.
8
6
V
A
O
u
e
t
i
3
x
s
seAeHHa xyAOJKHHKOM-TBOpuoM. TeM caMbiM AOKa3biBaeTca n p a -
BKAbHOCTb npHHAHna amnma.
C. Si t eeHur r eH o a h h H3 nepBbix yKa3aj i TaKKe ^Ha c x o a c t b o
CTpyKTypbl KHHOMOHT3K CO CTpyKTypOH nOSTHneCKOHi peMH (noc-
jieAHtoto o h Ha3HBaeT 3M0ii,H0HajibH0 p e n b i o ) : TaK nocreneHHo
pa 3 r a Ab i Ba e r c a Ta Ha cTpoeHna MOHTa>Ka KaK TaftHa CTpyKTypbi
3MOU,HOHaJlbHOH peqH. HO KaK CaMblii npHHUHn MOHTaKa, TaK H
Bce CBoeo6pa3He e r o CTpoa cyTb t o m h h h c k o j i o k c a 3 b ma B3bojiho-
BaiiHOH SMOUKOHa-flbHO peMH (cTp. 8 2 ) .
HaKOHeu, eMy Ke npHHaAJieHCHT yKa3aH5te Ha coBnaAeHne rjiaB-
Horo Me Ta o p a 3 a c HAeeft npoH3 BeACHHa: CKaqoK ( b 3 M0 UH0 Hajib-
h o c t h h 0 pa3H0 CTH nyTeM npHMeaeHHa MOHTaKa, K) . C. ) ona-
3 aJ i ca 3 a npeAeji aMH b o 3 m o * h o c t h cueHbi ck3mkom 3a npeAeJibi
CHryauHH: b oacTb MOHTascHoro opa3a, MOHTawHoro iiohhthh,
MOHTaKa KaK cpeAcTBa npe KAe Bcero pacKpwBaTb HAeoj iornqecKyio
KOHiienAHJO (cTp. 7 5 ) 1.
1 Hfleio MeTaonncaHHH HCHBonHCHoro npH3BeAeHHa BhicKa3aj k ojib BaJie-
pH b 1926 r. (P. V a 1 r y. Le r et our de Hollande, Varits , uvr es compl
tes, vol. I, NRF, Bibliothque de la Pliade, 1958, pp. 852853), r o B o p a o 4>hjk>-
co|)ckhx nopTpeTax y PeMpaHATa: 3 t h 6e3BecTHbie (j)HJioc.o<j)bi Ha nopTpeTax
PeMpaHATa aaMKHyjiHCb b cefie. Hx mucjih eme TOjibKo 3peior. Jlyn cojmua,
33MKHyrKft BMecTe c hhmh, ocBeiaaer hx KaMeHHoe jKHJiHine, hjih, jiymue cKa33Tb,
ofipa3yer H3 CBeTa KaK 6u paKOBHHy b TeMHOM o<5T>eMe KOMHaTw. Illronop bhh-
t oboS jiecTHHuw, cnycKaromefica H3 MpaKa, yxoaauaH BAajib nycT&suHaa rajiepea
HeaaMeTHO co3AawT hjih yneJiHHHBaioT BuenaTJieHHe, ht o mu h paccMTpHBaeM
BHyTpeHHOCTb K3KOft-TO CTpaHHOft paKOBHHbf, 06nTaeM0ft MaJieHbKHM pa3yMHhlM
cymecTBOM, BHAejiHKHiiHM MaTepnaJi Aâ Hee b BHjie CBeTa. HAea caMoyrJiyJie-
hhs, Hêa rjiyfiHHH, mhcjh> o tom, ht o 3to cyiueCTBo caMo co3AaeT c4>epy caoero
aHaHHa, HaBeBaiOTca caMon K0Mn03Hiwefi. OHa HeoTHeTjiHBo, h o Henpe0A0JiHM0
HaraJiKHBaeT Ha AyxoaHbi e anaj i orHH. HepaBHOMepHocrb pacnpeae/ i eHUH CBeTa,
f+iopMa ocBemeHHoro npocTpancTBa, TecHOTa MecTa, OTBeAeHHoro njieHHOMy jiyny
cojiaua b 3 t o h KaMepe, r Ae o h B u a e j i a e T h AaeT B0 3 M0 * H0 c t b o n p e a e . i n r b He-
CKObKO npeAMeTOB, ocTBJiaH ApyrHe HeacHWMH h 3araA0HHUMH, 3acTaBflaioT no-
HyBCTBOBaTb, HTO nOAJHHHhl 0* e T KapTHHbl COCpeflOTOHeHHOCTb H CWHflaHHe
mhcjih. CaMa <j)Hrypa Ma;ieHbKoro Mbi cj i aut ero cymecTBa He06biKH0BetiH0 yaanHO
noMemeHa no OTHomeHHio k <{mrype CBeTa.
Koraa-To a noAOJiry p a 3 Mu m . i a j i 06 s t o m t o h k o m HCKyccTBe HcnoJib30BaTb
OBOJIbHO np0H3B0JIbHbt SJleMeHT AJia Tor o, HTOH HCnOABOJIb BOSAeflCTBOBaTb
s a 3pTej i a, n o x a e r o B3raA 3aHaT o t h c t j i h b o bh ^ h mwmh h JierKo p a c n o 3HaBae-
MHMH npeAMeTaMM. B t o BpeMH KaK coaHaHHe HaxoflHT h Ha3WBaeT x o p o mo on-
peAeJieHHbie BeH, 3 H a i a i m e a j i e M e H T b i k a p t h h bi (noAnepKHyTo mhoio,
s t o Uta'ie nasBaHHbift c j i o s a p b ne p Bo r o a p y c a , A?. C . ) m h HCHWTWBaeM
npHrJiyureHHoe, h KaK <5bi i omhmo 3Tor o n p o n c x o a m e e , B03AeftCTBHe iy(Te h 3o h
RBe'rOTeHH. 3 a r e o r p a ^ H s TeHH h CBeTa He a Bâe Tca 3Hanamef t jxna paccyAKa; eMy
o s a npeACTaBjiaeTCB 6ec(| iopMeHHoft, KaK OecôpMe nHu onepTaHHa k o h t h h 6 h t o b h
Mopeft Ha KapTe. H o r j i a 3 s aMenaeT t p , h t o pa3yM He m orner onpeaej i HTb, h x y ^ o * -
h h k , KOTopuft n o c B a m e n b TaHHy aTor o HenojiHoro BocnpHaTHa, MoxceT nr paTb
h s HeM, npHAaBaTb coHeTHHio CBeTOBHx h TeaeBwx nflTen 4>opMv, cj i yxamyi o
onpeAeaeHHOMy 3anamm, c k p h t o <pym<uHH b B03AeHCTBHH npoH3BefleHHa. T a-
k h m 0 6 p a 3 0 M, OAHa h T a ace k a p T h h a Ka K 6 h o a a j a e T o a -
H 0 B p e M e H H 0 a b y m a K0 Mn 0 3 HCH9 MH, OAHa 0 6 p a 3 0 B a n a
Ha p Hc o B a HHb i MH t e ji a m h h n p e A Ms t a MH , A p y r a a - C B e t o B b i -
293
MeTaonHcaHHe xyAOJKecTBeHHoro npoH3seAeHHa ecTb HCCJieAOBa-
TeJibCKHH npneM, npHBOAHtuHH k npaBHJibHOMy pe3yJifaTaTy b t o m
c j i y n a e , ecjiH HCCJieAOBaTeJieM npaBHJibHo BbtCpaHa HcxoAHaa Ton
n a cjiOBecHbift xyAOxecTBeH' Hbiii o p a 3 . (Cp. BBeAeHHe, 27).
He b c h k s h AeTajib npoH3BeAeHHH ecTb xyAOiKecTBeHHUH o 6 p a 3 . Ec-
j i h Bbi paHHaa HccjieAOBaTejieM AeTaj ib He xyAO*ecTBeHHH 0 6 -
p a a , h j i h paA Ae xaj i e noAMeneH Henoj mo, t o Becb a a a j i H3 MOJKer
npuaecTH k HeBepHbiM pe3yJi bTaTaM. Mej KAy TeM, a o c h x n o p Bbi-
6 o p HCXOAHO TOHKH B CTHJ16B0M HCCJieAOBaHHH 0CH0B3H Ha HHTyH-
AHH ' .
CpaBHHM B 3TO CBH3K HHTepeCHOe, XOTH H HeCKOJIbKO COOpHOe,
MeTaonHcaHHe pOMaaa EBreHHH OHerHH y B. H. TypHHa 2.
Hccji eAOBaTeJi b o p a m a e T BHHMaHHe Ha ABa paAa c j i o b 6c h o bm-
pa x e HHb i x opaaoB. ri epBbi p a A s t o n a e r o e ynoMHHaHue 0
CHere:
Ileped nOMepKUlUMU doMaMU
BdoAb cohho yAUifbi pndaMU
ffeoHbie (ponapu tcaper
BeceAbi u3AueafoT ceer
M padyeu na cnez Haeodnr...
B o t CHer npeApaccBeTHbiH:
C KyeiuuHOM o x t z h k o . cneuiur,
IJod ne cn.ee yrpeHHu xpycrur.
H o n a T b CHer:
...BeceAbiu.
MeAbKaer, BbeiCH nepeu cnez,
3ee3daMU nadan na pee.
m h m e c t a m h {noflqepKHyTO mhoi o , JfO. C.). BocxHmancb, CwEa.i o, npH b h a
HeKOTOpUX KapTHH PeMpaHATa 3THM KOCBeHHbtM B03AeftCTBHeM Ha 3PHT6JH ( ko-
Topoe 3TOT XyAOJKHHK, KaK 3KB3(j)OpTHCT, HenpeMeHHO AOJIJKeH <5bIJI, MHe KaKeT-
c a, yjIOBHTb H n p0a HaM3Hp0Ba Tb) , H nOCTOHHHO Ryu&jl O noCTOblX 3tJ)(|)eKTaX,
KOTopue MoryT 6ut h co3flaHw pacq.neHeHHUMH rapMOHHHMH b opKecTpe... B a r n e p ,
KaK h PeMfipaHAT, yMM aaxBaTHTb j xyiuy c j i y ma Te j i a KaKoft-HHCyAb apKofi BeAy-
uueft napTHeft, a Meacjjy TeM, OMaposaB h npHKOBaB e r o k sToft Mo mn o TeMe,
B 0 3 6 y * a v i b TeMHOM noj r e e r o c j j y x a , b oeraBjieHHMX 6e3 k o h t p o j i h BHHMaKHH,
6e33aHTHbIX OSjiaCTHX BocnpHHTHH, npeAHyBCTBHH rOTOBHmHXCa CoCbITHft, 05KH.
a s h h h , Bonpocb; , 3araAKH, HeoTqeTHBHe Haâ. na h o b w x TeM...
! Cp., HanpHMep, JI. III n h u e p: y m b h h c j i o b o m c t o a i i o h t h c h h o h h m
cj i oBa conepe>KHBaHHe, Linguistics and Literary History, p. 38.
2 B. Typ<5HH. ToBapHiu BpeMH h TOBapnm HCKyccTBo, M., 1961, erp.
3444.
294
C a e r h b c m TaTbHKbi:
...HedeuoKHbi c o c h u
B ceoe HXMypeHHO Kpace;
OTHenetibi ux eereu ece
Kaokmu cneza; cK803b eeptuunbi
OcuHj 6epe3 u auii nazux
Cuner AyH ceeruA hohhux;
ffopozu ner, nycru, CTpennunu
MereAbio ece sanecenbi,
rAyKO 8 cuez nozpyoxeHbi.
Tarbnna e Aec; Medeedb 30. neto;
Cnez pbiXAbi no noAeno e...
h t . a .
pyrOH pH cjiOBecHbie o6pa3bi CMepra:
G n a n a ^ a KaMeHb c anHTa^Hefi :
CMUpeHHU ZpeUIHUK, JJmUTPUU JIpUH,
rocnodnu pa u pueadup,
IJod KMH6M CUM BKytUCieT MUp.
THeJib JleHCKOro:
Ha zpydb KAader ruxonbKO pyny
H nadaer. TyMCtHHbi 63op
H3o6paotcaeT cMeprb, ne Myny.
h t . a .
e p B b i >pA COBecHbix odpa30B cHer B. H. TypHH 0 6 0 6 -
lUaeT MeTaopaaoM c m h h noKOêHH, coBepi uar omeft cH i i o a o h o
cMeHeBpeMea r o ^ a :
Vebil Ha 0KU3ueHHux 6pa3dax
MznoeeHHO xareoi t noKOAeHbR,
Tlo rano b o Ae npoeudenbR.
Bocxoht, 3petor u nadyr;
JXpyzue um eocAed udyr...
B t o po h ph o o ma e Tc a p Me i ao6pa3e KOHenHocra Bcero Ha
seMJie.
,H,a.riee B. H. TypHH oomaeT MeTao6pa3 n e p B o r o pa-fla h Me-
Taopa3 BToporo ps,aa h 3aBepmaromHM MeTa0pa30M 0Ka3biBaeT-
c a , n o e r o Bbi paxeHHi o, xyOKecTBeHHbift o6pa3 JiorHKH hctophh,
opa3 l e p e a y i o m H x c a iiOKOJieHHH, ripasamero *H3Hbi o h CMepTbio
3aK0Ha. O h , s t o t opa3, AecTBHTejibHo h eccnopHO npOTHBOCTOHT
HAeoJiornH KpnocTHHHecTBa, noMHTaBiuero cea He3bi6/ie.MbiM, en-
HHM, AaHHblM 0AHa5KflbI h HaBcer Aa ( e r p . 4 3 ) . H Mbi BHAHM, h t o
3 t o t caMbi o 6 mH& 0pa3 aeCTBHTe^bHO coBnaAaeT c HAeeft h j i h ,
no KpaflHeft Mepe, c o a h o H3 HAeft npoH3BeAeHHH.
Cji eAyeT 3MeTHTb, BnponeM, h t o Ha3BaHHe o 6 p a 3 a j i h j i o -
t h k h h c t o p h h BbipaHO HeynaHHO. Y x e MeTaopa3 nepBofi CTy-
rteHH 3aTpyAHHTejibHo npeACTaBHTb c e e HarjiHAHO, t . e. h m c h h o
i o k opa3, TeM oj i ee s t o TpyAHo a j i h MeTaopa3a c b u c o k o
CTeiieHbK) OOmeHHH.
j,Ba o i a h x MeTaopa3a MoryT u t i . conocraBHMbi KaK ABe
4>pa3bi, ABe pa3Hbix BpeMeHHbix t o h k h TBopnecTBa o a h o t o xyAom-
HHKa CJIOBa. J o r A a HX MOJKHO CBS33Tb MbICJleKHblM ABHHCeHHeM, K3K
3TO JiecTHme n p 0AeM0HCTpHp0Baji A. Bejibifi
B Be n e p a x Ha xyTOpe j i h s ,H,HKaHbKH u,BeTa n a c r a , o t pa-
Ay r a ; TeHAeHHHa cBeTa BcnbixHyTb, AaTb OTCBepK; $ o h TbMa
hj i h CBeT, h cBeTOTeHB He npeACTaBJieHa; MaJio peJibe$OB; cJjoh bbi-
t j i h a h t nji0CK0CTbK>; b r J i a 3 a x paHT o t npHJiHxeHHOCTH k rJia3aM
KpacoHHbix naTeH; n KpacHoe Mope 3anopo?KueB pacTacKHBaeTca
Ha OTAejibHbie, BejiHKaHbHx pa3MepOB, Tej i a: 3 a t c j i o m TeJio...
H 3TO C03HaTejIbH0.
O t BenepOB a o nepBoro TOMa MepTBUx Ayui KpacKH rac-
HyT, KaK 6u BbmBeTan h b TeHb caAHOb; nepeA rJiaaaMH o a h h
npeAMeT, o a h o ji huo b (jpoKyce; oho HBeTHaa CKyjiwiTypa, pe3b-
6a, a He XHBonncb BOBce: h RaxeTca HenoABHJKHbiM oho; OKaMeHe-
HHe yAeji Bce oji ee HecBooAHbix, oyjKHBaiomHx ce a weCTOs
repoeB s t h x ; KaK yATO ycHJine hx HaTH ce e Mecro b jkhbo&
KapTHHe, KTopoH opBaHO Ae&CTBHe PeBHsopa, HeAapOM noA-
MeHeHHce KyKJiaMH MeiepxoJibAOM...
HexoBCKHe 4>pa3bi 0 a c t h x , copaHHbi e H3 pa3Hbix MecT h Aa me
pa3HHx paccKa30B, h nocTaBJieHHw p h a o m , BApyr OTK.pHBaiOT n e -
ojKHAaHHoe KaKO-TO oj i e e o i u h o p a 3 : B3pocji HS He b CHJiax
oTBeTHTb Ha Bon poe peeHKa, o p a s , KOTopcxo m u e m e n e 3HaJiH
y HexoBa, h o HecoMHeHHo nexoBCKHH: OTe u 3arJiHAHBaeT b r J i a s a
MajibHHKa. H eMy KaaceTca, h t o H3 h h x t j i h a h t h MaTb, h xcena,
h Bce, h t o o h j i i o h j i KorAa-JiHo. PeeHOK nJi aneT: ffopoao nana,
eepueMcsi k dnde! Tau eAica! Tau Crena u Kojix! HeJioBeK, MbiKa-
fomHftca n o KH3HH, MywcKHM nj i aneM BTOpHT CBoeft nJi aHymeft Ae-
BOHKe h y e wAa e T ee: HpyoKoneK mo, hto me h Moey c de mi bl
rioMiL Meunl Hy, noMu/2.
H HeOJKHAaHHO Mbi HaXOAHM B 3TOM ApyrO, y x e KOHKpeTHbl,
nexoBCKHH o p a 3 : AeByuiKa o p a m a e T c a k crapHKy, HacTaBHHKy:
IloMOZUTe! pbidaer ona, xearan Mena 3a pyny u u,eAyn ee.
Bedb eu mo OTeu,, mo eduHCTeeHHbL dpye! Bedb eu yMHbt, 0 6 -
pa306HHbi, oazo okuau! Bbi biAu yHUTSAeMt Fosopure Me: HTO
MHe deATb?
1 MacTepcTBo Fortuisr, d p . 123.
1 1 0 . A f t x e H B a a b f l . fleTH y He x o Ba . Cnayaru d v c c k h x nt t caTe/ i eft , s u n . 2,
H3. 3, 1913, erp. 217.
296
o c o e e c r u , K c l t h , n e 3h i o
jUaea, K t h , s a e r p a Ka T b . . . ( Cny^Hafl HCTopiin),
129. Paccna3 o paccxa3e. 3 t o TO*e onoco ana.riH3a h, xoth
Ha nepBbiH B3 t j i h a Mo x e T noKa3aTbCH HHane, AaJieKO He caMbifi
npocTOH. Bot KaK nHcaTe^b 10. Ojierna paccK33biBaeT o paccKa3e
Typr e He Ba (npHBOAHM cJiOBa OjieuiH no. nHocTbi o1) :
Ka x a f l BepuiHHa xyAOJKeCTBeHHOCTH ^ K h b h c moiu,h! H t o 3a
p a c c K a 3 ! B e c b b t o m KojiopHTe coj i Hua, cMemaHHoro c TeMHOTOfi
noMemeHHa, KOTOpbift h ecTb j i c t o ; Becb b onHcaHHHx j i c t h h x Be
r ne h ocTOHTeJibCTB MeAa, oc, jiyneH, ji ecHbix h b o t h h x . TaM
H C0 H, o KOTOpOM paCCKa3bIBaeT Jl yKepbH, JieTHH: CMepTb c
>KejiTbiMH rî a3 3 MH noHB.iHeTCH Ha npMapKe. H o J i yqmee b paccKa-
3e 3 t o BHe3 anHaH paAOCTb, o x Ba r a Ba i o ma H J l yKepbi o, Ko r a a OHa
BcnoMHHaeT, KaK OAHaiKAbi BeKaji b ee MyneHHnecKyio KeJibio 3a-
nu . Cej i Ha 3a/iHHe Ji anbi , nocHAe, n o r ^ f l b i Ba a Ha Hee...
KaK ocjJHUep! roBopHT J yKepbH, BcnoMHHaa KpacoTy cbok>,
BcnoMHHan JiiooBb.
PaccKa3 OieuiH AeJiHTca h b c t b c h h o Ha ABe vacra: nepBaa a o
cj i ob H o Ayniuee e paccKa.3e... B Hen ABa nj i a Ha : CHaqaJia pe a j i b-
HocTb, nTOM coh. B nepBOM mi aHe Bce nocTpoeHo Ha flpKO npora-
BOnOJIOJKHOCTH AByX KpaCOK KOJlOpHT COJIHUa TeMHOTa nOMe-
meHHH. Bo BTOpOM mi aHe, KaK HaM KajKeTCH, Te * e KpacKH, ho,
KaK h noj i araeTCH bo CHe, HepeaJibHbie * e j i T o e nepHoe. )Kej i -
TH r j i a 3 a CMepTH, MepHa caMa OHa, h nepeH c o h , (Jjoh, K3 Kor o por o
Bbin^biBaiOT HceOTbie r.rca3a C Me p m
Co cj i ob ho A y n i u e e . . . KyjibMHHauHH, h 3Aecb h c t oJi bi ue npo -
THBonocTaBJieHHH x e r n o r o nepHor o, a npocTO onHcaHHe y s -
c t b 3 paAOCTH. H o h o e m e noAKpenâeTCH CKpbiTbiM cpaBHeHH-
eM-rp0TecK0M: o(})Hnep 3 a a u .
P a c c K a 3HK k o p o t o k , h x o p o r n o b h a h m e r o onopHbi e o6pa3bi : ABe
KpacKH JKeJiTaa q e p Ha a h paA OCTb npH nepexoAe o t
q e p H o r o k >KeJiTOMy, o t TeMHOTbi noMemeHHa k c o j t H u y .
PaAOCTb h b Ky^bMHHauHH. B o t h Bce ABe KpacKH h o a h o nyB-
CTBO.
Me s Ay TeM b p a c c Ka 3 e Typr eHeBa ecTb h Ap y r o e : xa-rcocTb, h
TOCKa, h cepbi ft UBeT. y Typr eHeBa c b o h o n o p H u e o6pa3bi , hx
6oj i bui e, HeM y Oj i eui H, h o cpeAH h h x h Te, KOTOpbie y O-neuiH. n o -
./yqaeTCH TaK, KaK e c j i n B3waHyTb CHanaj ra Ha MKp qepe3 CHHee
creK.no o h o nponycTHT mr t bKo cHHHe jiynH, Ka p r a Ha 6yAeT CHHeft,
a nTOM n o ^ o * HTb Ha CHHee ct&kjio m.eJnoe, MHp no^y^HTCH 3eJie-
h h m. >Ke.iToe CTeKJio OTepeT TOJibKO t o , h t o m o j k c t nponycTHTb
nepe3 ceH, H3 y x e OTo6paHHoro chhhm.
1 K). O ;i e w a. H36p. cow., THXJI, M., 1956, ctp. 454.
297
H y Typr e He Ba , h y Oj i eui H CBoe BHAeHHe MHpa; CHereMa Qjie-
u i h n p o n yc Ka e T H3 o o p a HHo r o TypreHeBbi M TOJibKO t o , h t o mo j k c t
nponycTHTb.
TaK o c t o h t AeJio n p n bchkom onncaHHH o h o h 3H3 k o b o h hj i h
0pa3H0H CHCTeMbi n e p e 3 AP' / r yi o: BTopan nponycKaeT H3 ne p Bo
TOJibKO Te 3H3KH (Opa3bl ), KOTOpbie COBnaflaiOT C e e COCTBeHHbl-
MH 3HaK3MH ( 0p a 3 a MH) , npHHUHn OrpaHHHeHH.
n p H 3t o m nacTb onHcaHHoro b nepBOH cHCTeMe MOxeT ocTaTb-
CH He BOCnpHHHTOH. C flpyrOH CTOpOHbl, HaCTb B03M0*H0CTet BOC-
npHHHTb, 3aJIO>KeHHHX BO BTOpO CHCTeMe, MOXeT OKasaTbCH He
Hcn0.rtb3OBaHHOH. B H3c t h o c t h K). Oj i e r n a 3Haji h ApyrHe a p r a e
npoTHBonocTaBJieHHfl, oh yMeJi HJieHHTb MHp, HanpHMep, b o t TaK:
Jl o uey uiAti o a k , u no creKAM u e CTeKACix nepenyTbieaAucb
ux nyru. H o 3Aecb s t o yMeHbe eMy npocTo He npnroAHJi ocb ' .
130. IlpaKTHHecKHe npneMbi aHaj i i i 3a xyAOncecTBeuKofi peHH b
CTHJIHCTHKe BOCnpHITHH. IlpHCMbl 3TH BblTKaiOT H3 pacCMOTpeHlblX
b npef l bi s ymHX n a p a r p a $ a x o c h o b c t h j i h c t h k h BocnpHHTHH h 3a-
KjHOHamcH b AByx nocjieAOBaTejibHbix a b h j k c h h h x m h c j i h : a ) n e p -
Boe ABHxeHHe aHajiH3, pa3jio>KeHHe xyAOHieCTBeHHOH p e n n h
3HaHHMbie SJieMeHTbi; 6) BTopoe ABHJKeHHe CHHTe3, B0CC03/I.aHHe
BHOBb euHHoro u e j r o r o H3 noJiyneHHbix gjieMeHTOB.
I. A h a j i h 3 (HJieHeHHe coomeHHH b xyfl oxecTBeHHo p e n n ) :
! ) ycTaHOBJieHHe niHpOKO HopMbi (0C06eHH0CTeH JiHTepaTyp-
Hofi anoxH, HanpaBJieHHa, JKaHpa) ;
2) yCTaHOBJIHHe OTKJIOHeHHH COOmeiHHH OT UIHpOKOH HopMbi;
3) ycTaHOBJieHHe cocTBeHHo, BHyrpeHHeH CHHTarMaTHHecKoft,
HOpMbi COOmeHHH H OTKJIOHeHHH OT Hee;
4) ycTaHOBJieHHe AHCKpeTHbix h HeuHCKpeTHbix KycKOB xyao Ke-
CTBeHHO penH (cm. 2 7 ) , s a j i b n e f l u i e e HJieHeHHe nepBwx h ycTa-
HOBJieHHe CHCTeMH cJioBecHbix 0pa30B ( 06pa30B nepBOft er yneHH,
n e p B o r o nopHAKa a j i h AaJibHe&mero MeTaonHcaHHH).
TaKHM opa30M, b xyAoxecTBeHHo p e n n aHajiH3 a o j i j k c h o x b e -
TbiBaTb ABa HJia'Ha cj i oBapb (napaAHrMaTHqecKHS) h cooi ueHHe
(CHHTarMTHHeCKHfi).
1 TaKHM ofpaaoM, paccKa3 o pacasase caM Mo*eT cTaTb npe^MeTOM anajiH-
3a, h Hacro oieHb noynHTe^bHoro. HmepecHo cjieAHTb, KaK BeJiHHCKHft nepecKa-
3bmaeT IlymKHHa. Hj w H3yqaiomHx 4)paHuy3CKyjo c t m h c t h k y nojieaHo b BHae
ynpaacReHHH cpaBHHTb cra.ib C T e n / t a j i s b I l a pMCKo f t oHTejm h CTHJIb ero ne-
pecKa3a y BaJib3aKa b Oqepne o r-He (peKOMeHaium E. T. 3 t k h h a 3 .
CeMHHapHH no ({)paHuy3. c t h j i h c t ., I ) . CpaBHeHHe b s t o m cj Tyqae a o j i k h o ObiTb
He TOJibKO H3bIK0BbIM, HO H MeTaOIIHCaHHeM, B35KHO yCTaHOBHTb, KaKHe f l e Taj i H
Ba J i b 3 a K o n y c T Hj i , a KaKHe B0 c n p0 H3Be j i : Mon analyse, quelque sche quelle
soit vous en dessine les masses (du roman, K). C.)... Mais 11 est difficile de
vous dtailler les sculptures fines et dlicates qui enrichissent cette solide cons
truction... (H. de Ba l z a c . Etudes sur M. Beyle, Critique littraire ,
A. Messein, P., 1912, p. 287).
298
S
t
e
p
a
f
i
o
v
.
1
9
8
2
II. C H H T e 3.
3 t o He * t o HHoe KaK MeTaonHcaHHe Ha 0CH0Be Ha&AeHHUx aHa-
/IH30M cJioBecHbix 0pa30B (eAHHHu nepBo r o n o p a A K a ) .
ConocTaBHTeJibHo-CTHJiHCTHnecKaH paoTa- b oâcTH xyAo*ecT-
BeHHOH peHH eABa HanaTa. OHa Ao.UKHa 3aKJiK>MaTbca, KOHenHO, b
cocTaBJieHHH bo3mo>kho 6o. nee noj i Hor o n e p e nHa , HHBeHTapa, Ta
r ai * ajieMeHTOB jvi a KawAor o H3biKa OTAeJibHO, 3aTeM b c on oe r a B-
j i c h h h 9 t h x HHBeHTape, n 0 A0 6 H0 TOMy KaK conocTaB^HKiTca npw
CTHJIHCTHneCKOM H3yqeHHH CJIOBapH H THnbl COOmeHH pa3HbIX H3bl-
kob (cm. I n a c T b ) . P a o T a 3Ta OTKpoeT HOBbie, HeH3BecTHbie ocoeH-
HOCTH SCTeTHHeCKOrO BOCnpHHTHH, XyAOJKeCTBeHHOH TeXHHKH H HC-
KyccTB Boome. OrpaHHHHMca 3Aecb o a h h m JiHuib npHMepoM.
H3 Be c r a o , mt o p y c c Ka a MeTpHKa 0 CH0 BaHa Ha 3aKOHOMepHOM
tiepeAOBaHHH yaa p Hb i x h HeyAapHbix cj i oroB, npHneM, yAapHbi e cj io-
i'H BJiaioTCH a o j i t h m h , a 6e3yAapHbi e KpaTKHMH, rpaHHUbi * e
cJiOBa MoryT npnxoAHTbca Ha Ji i ooe MecTO CTHxa, h nocToaHHoe He-
p e r y j i a p Ho e nepepacnpeAeJieHHe rpaHHH cJiOBa Hcno;ifa3yeTCH AJia
OJKHBJieHHH H BapbHpOB3HHa CTpyKTypbl CTHxa. HeilICKHH CTHX 3H5K-
AeTca na peryj i apHOM pacnpeAeîeHHH ai oBecHbi x rpaHHi t , npnqeM
a q a j i o cj ioBa xapaKTepH3yeTca ycnjieHHeM r w i o c a , TorAa KaK KpaT-
KHe h AOJirHe cj i orH p a c n p e Ae j i e Hu b c r a x e Heperyj i apHO, h hmc hho
3tot pOA Hepery.iapHOCTH cnococTByeT oxHBJieHHio c r a x a . HanoM-
hhb 3to, H. C. fpyeuKOH ( c c u j i a a c b T a K* e Ha pacnry P . O. JIkoC-
coHa O neuicKOM CTHxe npeHMymecTBeHHO b conocTaBJieHHH c pyc-
ckhm) 3aMeqaeT: He x, cj i ymai omHf t pyccKoe c t h x o t b o p eHHe, p a e -
CMaTpHBaeT e r o MeTpHKy KaK KBaHTHTaTHBHyio, a Bce CTHXOTBOpe-
HHe B UeJIOM KaK AOBOJIbHO-TaKH MOHOTOHHOe. PyCCKHH te, KOTOpO-
My npHXOAHTca b nepBbi S pa3 cymaTb noaTHMecKoe npoH3BeAeHHe
Ha neuicKOM a3biKe, o b i r a o biBaeT noji HocTbi o Ae30praHH30BaH h,
KaK npaBHJio, He b cocToaHHH yKa3aTb, kbkhm p a 3 MepoM o h o Ha-
n u c a Ho: p h t m yAapHbi x Hana^bHbi x cnoroB nepeMeui HBaeTca 3Aecb
c Heperyj i apHHM MepeAOBaHHeM a o a t h x h k o p o t k h x cj i oroB, 0 6 a
pHTMa cjieAyiOT BnepeMeJKKy, MemaiOT Apyr A p y r y h n a p a j i r a y m
Ap y r Ap y r a ; b pe3yj i bTaTe pyccKHH He MOKeT HSBêqb HHKKoro
BneqaTJieHHa o pHTMe. n p H ./iymueM 3HaKOMCTBe c h 3 h k o m nepBoe
BiieuaTJieHHe cj i aeeT. H Bce JKe oqeHb n a c r o qe x TaK H ocTaeTca
HecnocoHbiM npaBHJibHo ou,eHHTb scTeTHMecKyio ueHHOCTb pyccKo-
r o c r a x a ; t o moxcho cKasaTb h o pyccKOM b o t h o u i c h k h qeuiCKOH
II033HK. HhCJIO OAOHblX npHMepOB MOJKHO bIJO 6 bl yMHO-
JKHTb l.
ConocTaBJieHHe py c c Ko h c^paHuyscKOH xyAowecTBeHHo penn,
noBTopaeM, m/ ibKO HOTHHaeTca. r i o s t o h mpHqHHe h b owiHqHe
o t nepBOH qaCTH KHwrH 3Aecb m u yAeM conocTaBJi aTb He pa3-
1 H. C. T p y 6 emcof i . Ochobh (})OHOôrHH. FlepeB. c HeM., HJI, M., 1960,
arp. 61-62.
299
j i Hâi omHee , a coBnaAat omHe b odoHX H3biKax aJieMeHTH x y A o x e -
CTBeHHofi peMH. TaKHM 0 pa30M, e c j w nepBan nacTb b H3BecTHOH
Mepe n 0 AB0 AHT HTor HaKonjieHHbiM HadjiioAeHHHM, t o 3Ta n a c T b
n pn CTporoM aieAOBaHHH TeM x e npKHunnaM Bce x e c j i yxKT
cKopee BBeAeHHeM b npeACTOamyK) pa doTy. OAHaKO h TyT npHxo-
Ah t c h CAeJiaTb oroBopKy no b o 3m o x h o c t h h orpaHHHHTbca cko-
pee R0 CTaH0 3 K0 H Bonpoca, TaK KaK p e u i e n n e e r o e me AaJieKO Bne-
P a h h A a x e nOAroTOBHTeJibHbie Hacrabi e padoTbi no MHorHM nyHK-
TaM oTcyrcTByiOT.
B Aaji&HeHiueM m h noJi b3yeMca b o c h o b h o m c t h x o t b o p h h m h
npHMepaMH AJIH HJIJIIOCTpaUHH nOJIOXeHHH, OTHOCamHXCH k xyAo-
xe cTBe HHO p e n a Boome. CTHXOTBOpHaa pe n b b CKJiy CBoefi Ji anH-
Aa p Ho c r a MaTepnaj i HaHdoj i ee yAOHHft. Ho , pasyMeeTCH, saAO
nOMHHTb, HTO XyAOXeCTBeHH3H peHb He OrpaHHHHBaeTCH CTHXOTBOp-
h o h , a BKJifonaeT h n p o 3 y h pa3Hwe npoMexyTOHHbie Me xAy noasH-
efl H np030 BHAbl pHTMHHeCKO n p 0 3 H .
CJIOBAPb XyflO)KECTBEHHOH PEHH
131. BeiuHMH cj i oBapb. B a x H o c T b BTopor o njia.Ha b coAep-
xaHHH xyAOxecTBeHHoro npoH3BeA6HHH, t . e. ceMaHTHKH e r o bo
BTopoM, TpeTbeM h t . n . n p y c a x , inpH MHoroapycHo HHTepnpeTa-
Uhh, dbi j i a AocTaTOHHo pa3"bacHeHa b pa3AeJi ax o Me T a o 6 p a 3 a .
OAHaKO 3a 3 t h m He cj i eAyer 3adbi BaTb h nepBor o nj i aHa, nepBoro
a p y c a , t . e. cj i ob npaKTHHecKo p e n a rj i aBHor o MaTepHaj i a xyAo-
xecTBeHHor o npoH3BeAeHHa.
Cj i o b o b ero o h h h o m , HopMaraBHOM 3HaneKHH He n e p e c T a e i
nrpaTb pojib b xyAOxeCTBeHHOM npoH3BeAeHHH. A TaK KaK Heno-
cpeACTBeHHo, b npaKTH' iecKo peHH, BocnpHHHMaeMbiM 3HaneHHeM
CJioBa HBJiHeTCH n p e x A e Bcer o HBJieHHe, b npocTeSmeM c J i yna e
Beuib, Ha KOTopyio o h o yKa3biBaeT, t o odpa3fai pea j i b Hor o MHpa Be-
me b x o a h t b npoH3BeACHHe, o6pa3ya nepBbifi a p y c e r o ceMaHTHKH.
Y x e caMbi e npocTbi e HaJHOAeHHH 3acTaBJiaiOT c s t h m eorJiacKTbCH.
. . . Bc e r Aa dbr aaeT KaK-TO ocodeHHO HHTepecHo HHTaTb cn a c oK eAbi,
KQTopyio noKynaiOT n e p c o H a x H b poMaHax. TaKoe x e h y b c t b o Bbi3bi-
BaeT nepeHHCJieHHe 6mon b odeAe, k o t o p h h c o d n p a e T c a c-becTb r e -
pofi . Ko r Aa a HHTaio l epBbi x JiioAeH Ha JiyHe a j y i c a , h BcerAa,
noAxoAa k KOHiiy, c HeTepneHHeM x A y To r o MecTa, rAe r e p o S , ocTa-
bhb c b o h a i a p , cneuiHT k xapneBHe, HTodH 3aKa3aTb 3aBTpaK. H
BcerAa n e p e x B B a i o Hyscr Bo o c odof t i i p h h t h o c t h , KorAa HHTaio,
kaK o h 3aBTpaKaJi . B PodHH30He yBJieKaTeJibHeflmHMH cr paHH-
uaMH MHe K a x y T c a Te, rAe onHCWBaeTca, KaK PodHH30H nepeB03HJi
c n o r H d u i e r o Ko p a d j i a Ha oerpOB npoBHaHT, Beunn, BcaKHe 3 a n a c w .
( A b t o p AaeT t o h h w h o i h c o k npoAyKTOB c yKa3aHHeM Beca, koj i h-
necTBa HiTyK h t . a . ) 1.
1 K). O ji e ui a. H3f5p. c o h ., M , 1956, erp. 434.
300
B c e r a a npHHTHO HHTaTb nepenHCJieHHe 3anacoB. 3 a n a c b i KaKof i -
HHyb SKcneaHUHH. r i0 3 T 0 M y Tan 3axBaTbiBaeT nyTemecTBHe CTeH-
j i h b noHCKax JlHBHHrcTOHa. TaM 6e3 KOHua nepeHHCJiaiOTCH npeA-
MeTbl, B3HTH6 OeHJIH C COOH AJIH OMCHa Ha npOAOBOJbCTBHe *.
3êcb Mbi n o Aoui J i H k OAHOMy H3 caMbix c y mecTBeHHbi x cbohct3
scTeTHnecKoft HH(|)opMauHH. E c j i h HH(t>opMaii.HH npaKTHnecKo p e
HH 'ceMaHTHqeoKaa, b cbom 'KanecTBe He 33'Bhcht o t nepeMen-
hhx 3JieMeHT0B (JiaroAapa neMy mh h r oB o p w M, hto ceMaHTHHe-
CKan HH(J)opMaiiHH coxpaHaeTca KaK hckhh HHBapHaHT npa paaHMX
npe o6 p a 3 CBa HHa x , TpaHC({)opMauHax, TpaHcno3HUHax coomeHHa),
t o acTeTHHecKaa HH(J)opMaii,Ha 3 3 b h c m t o t nepeMeHHbix, fBapHaHT-
hhx 3jieMCHTOB coomeHHa. CaMbiH npocTo npHMep, noATBepRAa-
K5IU,H 3T0: eJIblfi UBT C TOHKH 3 peHH H BHeH3MKOBOft Aefi'CTBHTe.lb-
hocth (pe4>epeHTa) oahh h t t 'Ke h y MOJiOKa, h y OJiOTHa, h y
yMarH, lOAHHaKOB oh h c tohkh 3peHHa c sma n thhecKOh, npaKTHHe-
CKOH HH4)0pMail,HH. OAHa KO C TOHKH 3peHHH 3CTeTHHeC'K0H COBCeM HO
espasjiH'HKo, cKa3aTb j i h eAbi kk moaoko, hjih eAbi kk no-
aotho, hjih SeAbi KaK yMaaa. IlpaneM pa3HH;u a 3Aecb He b ottbh-
a x ejioro, KOTOpbie Bosce b st hx Tpex npetSMeTax 6e3 o c o o r . i
pa3MHIHJieHHH He pa3JI'HHHMH. Pa3HHUa B TOM, HTO KaneCTBO b
aaHHOM c j i y n a e eAbi, o m i i e K a e M o e o t p a 3 H H x e j i nx Bemeft, x p a -
hht npeflCTaBJieHHe He o HBeTOBOH AaKe, a b mapOKOM CMHCJie Ma-
repHa^bHOH obh3h c anecTBaMH s e m n . BeAbi kk moaoko x p a m n
riia^KOCTb h npoxJiaAy hjih TenJiOTy M0Ji0Ka, eAbi kk yMaaa
c y x o c T b h uiepuiaBOCTb hjih, mojkct HTb, rviaAKOCTb, ho HHyio. l o -
3T0My, Korâ <>Jio6ep rOBOpHT, hto BOiue/t MajibHHK, rJia3a kotopo-
ro hj i h KaK ABa roj i ybi e nBeraa, pomeHHbie b JiiOAHe c mojio-
KOM, TO 3THM CKa3aHO COBepiUeHHO HHOe, HeM, H anpHMep, B coo6-
meHHH o JiHii,e eAOM kk yMaaa. TaKJKe h tchu ipuOAeToeux at -
hu na 3MaAeeo crene ( B . BpiocoB) HecyT npeACTaBJieHHe o
rJiaAKOCTH, KOTOporo He h j i o 6bi, ecjiH 6bi t t ace UBeT 6hj i onncaH
c noMoiUbio 0pa30B Apyrnx Bemeft.
CjiOBecHbie o p a 3 b i Be m e f i h c o h t h h OAHa H3 q a c r e f t c j i o -
Ba p a HHAHBHflyaJIbHOH XyAOWeCTBeHHOft peHH.
B 1933 r o A y HeKHfi nojiKOBHHK T o a u i o ( G o d c h o t ) onyJiHKOBaJi
OnbiT nepeBOAa M o p c K o r o KJiaAHUta 17. B a j i e p H (JtpafiHyacKHM
c t h x o m . o s M a B a j i e p a npeACTaBJiaJiacb noJiKOBHHKy H annc aH -
h o S n e <J>paHuy3CKHM c t h x o m h HenoHaTHofi . CpaBHeHHe o p H r H H a j i a
h nepeBOAa n o 3 B o ^ a e T Ha r j i a AHO yeAHTbca b B3Jk h o c t h aBTOpCKoro.
HAHB HAy a^ bHor o, He n oBTopHMor o B e i u f l o r o c j i o B a p a 2.
1 H. HflbiJ). 3anHCHHe k h h j k k h . H. Rnbdi, E. rieTpOB. Co6p. co*i t 5
cTp. 232. '
2i 0 6 a ^ TeKCTa B0cnp0H3B0AHTCH c coKpaucHHHMH no KHHre P a u l Valry
\want , Cahiers d u S u d . 1946, pp. 374375. 3Be3oqKaMH OTMeênbi c t h x h
i l . oajiepH, 3aHMCTBOBaHHtie T o a u i o 6e3 H3MeHeHHft. CpaBHeHHe m o k h o peKOMeH-
OBaTb KaK TeMy ceMHHapcKOro 3aHHTHsi.
301
DPArMEHTbl LE CIMETIRE MARIN H. BAJ1EPH
Ce toit tranquille, o marchent des colombes,
Entre les pins palpite, entre les tombes ;
Midi le juste y compose de feu
La mer, la mer, toujours recommence!
0 rcompense aprs une pense
Quun long regard sur le calme des dieux !
Beau ciel, vrai ciel, regarde-moi qui change !
Aprs tant dorgueil, aprs tant dtrange
Oisivet, mais pleine de pouvoir,
Je mabandonne ce brillant espace,
Sur les maisons des morts mon ombre passe
Qui mapprivoise son frle mouvoir.
Et vous, grande me, esprez-vous un songe
Qui naura plus ces couleurs de mensonge
Quaux yeux de chair l onde et l or font ici ?
Chanterez-vous quand serez vaporeuse ?
Allez ! Tout fuit l Ma prsence est poreuse,
La sainte impatience meurt aussi !
Non, non !... Debout ! Dans l re successive !
Brisez, mon corps, cette forme pensive !
Buvez, mon sein, la naissance du vent !
Une fracheur, de la mer exhale,
Me rend mon me... 0 puissance sale !
Courons l onde en rejai ll ir vivant !...
Le vent se lve !... I l faut tenter de vivre !
Lair immense ouvre et referme mon livre,
La vague en poudre ose j ai l l i r des rocs !
Envolez-vous, pages tout blouies !
Rompez, vagues ! Rompez deaux rjouies !
Ce toit tranquille o picoraient des focs !
302
nEPEBOA nOJIKOBHHKA rOXUIIO
Cette eau tranquille o glissent des colombes
* Entre les pins palpite, entre les tombes ;
Midi daplomb apaise de ses feux
La mer, la mer toujours renouvele,
Ah ! quel bonheur t dtendre ma pense
Dans ce tableau calme comme les dieux!
Ciel immuable, oh ! regarde, je change...
Jeus trop dorgeuil ! Et combien fut trange
Ma rverie o croissait mon pouvoir,
Mon corps se livre ce brillant espace,
Sur les tombeaux alors mon ombre passe,
Et je me sens trs frle me mouvoir...
* Et vous, grande me, esprez-vous un songe
O vous verrez l univers sans mensonge
Non tel qui l est et quon le voit ici ?
Vapeur un jour, changerez-vous encore ?
Allez ! tout fui t ! Vous fuirez par mes pores.
Et mon beau rve aura sa mort aussi !...
Non ! non !... Debout ! Vivons dans la dure !
Brise, 6 mon corps, cette extase insense,
Bois, mon sein, ces effluves du vent !
* Une fracheur de la mer exhale
Me rend mon me : Et ta force sale,
Onde o je cours, va me rendre vivant !...
Le vent se lve !... I l faut vivre ma vie !
Limmensit remplit ma posie !
Le flot se brise en poudre sur les rocs !
Envolez-vous dans les splendeurs, mes pages !
Et que la mer de ses joyeux tapages
Rompe l eau calme o vont danser les focs.
OnHCbi BaeMbi e BewH, p e a j i b H b i f t BemHbi MHp, b x o a h t B * n p o -
H3BeaeHHe. n 0 3 T 0 M y , HanpHMep, BemecTBeHHbi e a T p H y b i ceHTH-
MCHTajiHCTOB ypna, npax, Aaep, tiAtow,, KAaduue, TaK * e BXO
AHT B HX CTHJIb ( b BHAe CJIOBeCHblX 0 6 p a 3 0 B ) , KaK H MeTao6pa3h,
h c r p y K T y p a CTHxa h n p o n.
CrcciTueiuucb c eopnou eucoTbi,
JleoicaA Ha npaxe dy, nepynaMU pa3UTbL,
A c h u m u zu k u riAtotM,, KpyzoM ezo OeTbl...
O JlpyoKa, 3 T0 Tbi!
(B- A. >Kykobckhh. py>K6a, 1805 r . ) .
132. AHTH-cjiOBapb. He MeHee B a x H o HOKa3aTb, KaKHe c j i o -
Ba, a C00TBeTCTBeHH0 h o pa 3 b i BeiuHoro MHpa, ynoTpeHTeJibHbie
b HopMe peiH, e ynoTpeJiHiOTCH aBTOpOM. OreyTCTBH t 3 k h x
CJIOB HpKOe H306pa3HTeJIbH0e CpeACTBO. Jl,OCTaTOHHO epaBHHTb,
KaK pa3Hbi e nncaTeJiH a c j i h t JUOAeft b omecTBe, h t o h oHapy -
>KHTb, h t o K a K AH nncaTeJi b H 3 6 e r a e T n p n s t o m o a h h cjiOBa H
o o h h t h h , j i k j h t ApyrHe, H TeM CaMblM o a h h m AJieHHeM JHOAe
C03AaeT cocTBeHHyio KapTHHy omecTBa:
Y AocToeBCKoro yHH>KeHHbie h ocKopJieHHbie;
y A/ H. OcTpoBCKoro bojtkh h obuh ;
y TopHRoro staAHbie h xaJiKHe h t. h. 1
Cpa3y bhaho, hto ajih ZtocToeBCKOro couHajibHoe HepaBeHCTBO
JiiOAeft n p o J i e M a MopajibHo-aTHHecKan, n p n ne M npewAe Bcero
CBH3aHa co CTpaAaHHeM H c cocTpaAaHHeM. y OcTpoBCKoro y x e
AejieHHe counajibHoe h A a x e 3K0H0MHHecK0e, ho noAaHHoe KaK 6 bi
KapTHHKa CO CTOpOHbl, npHTOM Ka p THHKa HeCKOJIbKO B HJieHCKOM,
npHTHeBOM BKyce. Y Topb' Koro iHJieHeHne orHeTJiHBo j i accoBoe,
H HenpHH3Hb nwcaTeJiH Bbi3biBaiOT KaK yrHeTaTejiH, TaK h noKopHio-
mnecH hm, JKajiKHe. HueaJi r opbKoro nejioBeK-yHTapb, boc-
craiomHft rtpoTHB caMoro omecTBeHHoro AeJieHHH Ha JKaAHbix i
JKaJIKHX.
H 3 CKasaHHor o h c h o , h t o aHTH-CJiOBapb, t . e. cjioBapb c j i o b ,
c03 Ha Te j i b H0 H 3 d e r a e M bi x nncaTeJieM, h o y noTpeHTej i bHbi x b H o p
Me, HeoxoAHMan nacTb HHAHBHAyajibHoro cjiOBapa nncaTejiH,
noneMy nocjieAHHS h He M o x e T 6bi Tb CBeAeH k cjiOBapro H a n n c aH -
H o r o n H c a T e j i e M 2. Cp- M. J K y a H A o :
1 Mbicjib npo<j)eccopa A. A. BanKHHa, BbicKa3biBaeMaa h m b Kpcax pyccKoft
j!HTepatypbi, iHTanHhix b 50-e r oAu b Mo c k o b c k o m yHHBepcHTeTe.
2 Cp. JI. B. m e p 6 a: MoxceT noKa3aTbCH, w to cjio B a pb H3biKa T o r o h j i h
a p y r o r o r m c a T e jifi aojiaceH 6biTb cjioBapeM aKaêMHnecKoro THna. fleftcTBHTeJib-
h o , H aflo flyM a Tb , t o flftcTBeHHwft c j i o B a p b T o r o h j i h A p y r o r o n n c a T e jia , B o o S m e
h j i h b onpeAe.'ieHHbifl n e p n o fl e r o TBop qe c Koi i fleaTeJibHOCTH, npeflCTaB.iieT c o6o k>
CHCTeMy ( x o t h 3 t o KaK pa3 t o , hto noKa3aTb h nMnercn oêpe^Hofi H a y r a o f t
npoCjieMo); h o n e.ib 3H biTb yBepeHHbiM, >i t o bch o6pa3yromaH CHCTeMy JieKCH-
Ka BCTpe'iaeTCH b np0H3BeAeHHax n H c a T e j r a . KaK pa3 t o , o t q ero n n c a T e jib o r r a j i -
304
Je crois que !e symptme qui permet le mieux dcouvrir ce qui
est propre un tre et ce qui lui est le plus tranger, ce serait de
rpter les deux mots quil vite de prononcer ou dcrire, lun par
une sorte de respect, lautre par antipathie1.
133. JlonojiHHTeJibHWH cjiOBapb. Ha'KOHeu, T p e r b a wacTb cjio-
Bapa cj i ob HHHBHyajibHOH xyflO)KecTBeHHO pevH cocraBJiaeTca
H3 o6o3HaqeHHa Bemefi h noHaTHH, n o T o p u e b HopMe He 3aMena-
loxca h He 003Haqat0Tca. 3Ta nacTb HHAHBHAyaJibHoro cjiOBapa co-
FIOCTaBHM C TeM, HTO BbUie MbI Ha3B3JIH AOnOJIHHTeJlbHblM CJIO-
BapeM, a b HeK0T0pbix cjiynaax, n0-BHAHM0My, h nepemietaeTca c
nocJiejHHM.
HCKaTb H HaXOAHTb IJpHqHHbl HeaCHblX, HO nOOTBOpHblX qeJio-
BeuecKHX cocToaHHft AeJio nHcaTejie... 3 t o OAHa H3 oJiacTef
Ha me r o T p y ^ a , roBOpHT o a h h H3 r e po e B K. r i a y c T 0BCK0r 0
(PoJKAeHHe paccKa3a). HafiAeHHoe rwcaTejieM cocTaBJiaeT e r o
jiHHHoe OTKpbiTHe h a a K p e n ^ a e T c a ocoeHHbiM, a o Toro n e H3BecTHHM
H33BaHHeM (K0T0p0e, KOHenHO, MOJKeT H H6 bTb OTAebHblM CJIO-
b o m ) .
Mnp OTKpbTbIX HM BeiUeH CBO y KajKAOrO XyAOHCHHKa H k h c t h ,
h cj ioBa, h 3ByKa. B o t *ito naueT A. Mopya o Ma p c e j i e FIpycTe:
Ainsi Proust avait vu des Proust dans tous les paysages de
son enfance et, comme Renoir environnait toute chair de larc-en-
ciel de sa palette, Marcel avait suspendu ses belles guirlandes
dadjectifs rares aux arbres de la Beauce comme ceux des
Champs-Elyses. Mais cette beaut demeure sienne, et ceux qui ne
voient dans la nature que ce quelle est seront sans doute bien
dus sils cherchent y retrouver le doux chatoiement et le
velours des pithtes.
Il a dit lui-mme combien il serait dcevant de visiter des
sites qui, aux lecteurs de Maeterlinck et dAnna de Noailles,
parurent dlicieux : Nous voudrions aller voir ce champ que Mil
let (car les peintres nous enseignent la faon des potes) nous
montre dans son Printemps ; nous voudrions que Claude Mo-
net nous conduist Giverny, au bord de la Seine, ce coude de
la rivire quil nous laisse peine distinguer travers la brume
KHBaeTCH h 6e3 q e r o Hejibaa nonHTb cmmcji e r o TBOpnecTBa, M o r ji o h He n o n a c i b
b ero nacaHHe. Ko e-q To m o m o He n o n a c i b h coBepuieHHo c ^ y i a t a o . KpOMe Toro
bo bchkom npoHaBeaeHHH B ce raa MHoro 6e3pa3JiH<tHoro MaTepaa.ua (KOTopufi a
HasBaji Ko raa -To ynaKOBoqHUM), KOTOpwft, kohsmho, HHKaK He b x o a h t b h h a h
BHAyajibHyio CHCTeMy ( b CTHib) AaHHoro n nc a Te jia . TaKHM 06pa30M, c ^ o s a p b H3bi-
Ka nHcaTeflH KOTopuft o6H3aTeJibHo aoJiJKeH 6biTb HCHepnuBaoinHM jtBJiaeTCH
npHHHHiiHajbHo côBapeM-cnpaBoqHHKOM... h Jinuib MoaceT n o c A y a m i b Maxepia-
jio m ann BHHCHeHHH HHAHBHAyajibHoro c jio B a p n AaHHoro nHCaTejit. Onur
o m e ft TeopHH JiencHKorpatJmH, H 3b. AH CCCP, OJIfl, s u n , 3, 1940, CTp. 92.
1 M, J ouh a nde a u, Carnets de lcrivain, p. 31.
305
du matin. Or, en ralit ce sont de simples hasards de relation
ou de parent, qui, en leur donnant loccasion de passer ou de
sjourner auprs deux, ont fait choisir pour les peindre Mme
de Noailles, Maeterlinck, Millet, Claude Monet, cette route,
ce jardin, ce champ, ce coude de la rivire plutt que tels
autres... . Le parc enchant que dcrit Proust et o il sasseyait
pour lire sous la charmille, introuvable, apercevant la porte
blanche qui tait la fin du parc et, au-del, les champs de bleuets
et de coquelicots, ce nest pas seulement le Pr Catelan dIlliers,
non, ce jardin, nous lavons tous connu et tous perdu car il
n'existait que par notre jeunesse et dans notre imagination.
(A. Maurois. Le Monde de Marcel Proust , Hachette, 1960,
pp. 1316) '.
Cp. onHcaHHe cxapHHHOH Kojionojibmi y M. npycra:
Ctait le clocher de Saint-Hilaire qui donnait toutes les
occupations, toutes les heures, tous les points de vue de la
ville, leur figure, leur couronnement, leur conscration. De ma
chambre, je ne pouvais apercevoir que sa base qui avait t re
couverte dardoises; mais quand, le dimanche, je les voyais, par
une chaude matine dt, flamboyer comme un soleil noir, je me
disais : Mon Dieu ! neuf heures ! i l faut se prparer pour aller
la grand-messe...
Quand, aprs la messe, on entrait dire Thodore dapporter
une brioche plus grosse que dhabitude parce que nos cousins
avaient profit du beau temps pour venir de Thiberzy djeuner
avec nous, on avait devant soi le clocher qui, dor et cuit lui-mme
comme une plus grande brioche bnie, avec des cailles et des
gouttements gommeux de soleil, piquait sa pointe aigu dans le
ciel bleu. Et le soir quand je rentrais de promenade et pensais
au moment o i l faudrait tout l'heure dire bonsoir ma mre et
ne plus la voir, i l tait au contraire si doux, dans la journe
finissante, qui l avait l air dtre pos et enfonc comme un coussin
de velours brun sur le ciel pli qui avait cd sous sa pression,
s'tait creus lgrement pour lui faire sa place et refluait sur ses
bords ; et les^ cris des oiseaux qui tournaient autour de lui sem
blaient accrotre son silence, lancer encore sa flche et lui donner
quelque chose dineffable.
( Du ct de chez Swann , Pliade, t. I, p. 64).
3 nHTeTbi n p y c T a ( h n p H J i a r a T e . i bH b i e , h r ^ a r o j i b i ) p e ^K H, k o -
ne*iHO, He c a M H n o c e 6 e, Ha npOTHB, s t o o b RHb i e , ui HpOKO y n o r -
peHTe J i b Hb i e c j i o B a , a n o r o M y , h t o o h h npHMe He Hbi He o b i HHo ,
1 Cm. TaKJKe K3. K. I I I e r j i o b. HeKOTOpbie Mepibi crpyKypbi MeraM0p$03
O b h a h h , b c 6 . CTpyKTypHO-THnojiorHieCKHe HCCJieAOBaHHH, AH CCCP, M.(
1962, ct p. 155166.
306
K OHHCaHHK) KOJIOKOJIbHH, UBeT, BH H A35Ke C3M3H Macca KOTOpO,
KaJKeTCfl, MeHaiOTCa B 33BHCHMOCTH OT BpeMeHH HH. OriHCaHHe
I l p y c T a oneHb HanoMHHaeT 3HaMeHHTbi e H30pa>KeHHH PyaHCKoro
c o o p a 'b p a 3Hbie nacbi a h h , npHafl Ji ej KamHe xyaowHHKy-HM-
npeecHOHHCTy K j i o a v MoHe.
134. CjiowHwe 3HaKH. B npeabtaymeM onHcaHH Mbi CTajiKK-
BaJlHCb CO 3H3K3MH AByx pOflOB: a ) 3H3KH, COCTaBJlHKDIHHe nepBbifi
a p y c cj i oBa h cooTBeTCTByiomHe hm cjioBecHbi e o pa 3b i ; 6 ) 3H3k k ,
cocTaBJiaiouxHe BT0p0&, T p e r a f t h t . n. a p y c u HHTepnpeTauHH
t . e. MeTao6p33bi . B nJi 3He Bbi-psHceHHa h x o o j i o h k o h HBJiaiOTca
cono.no>KeHHbie cj ioBecHbi e op33bi , t . e. 3H3KH HH3iiiero a p y c s . T e
n e p b >Ke Mbi nOflOUIJIH K 3H3K3M TpeTberO pof l a, 3TO b) c j i o > k -
Hb i e 3 h 3 k h, o h h npHHafl Ji eacaT k nepBOMy a p y c y , t . e. Henocpea-
cTBeHHo Bxoji aT b peneByi o ue n b , h o c s mh n o c e e c o c t s b j i h i o t t o -
ace 3aK0HieHHyi0 peneByi o u e n b , t . e. coomeHHe. TaKHM 0p330M,
c j i oxHbi n 3H3K ecTb u e j i o e coomeHHe, bkj i K)HeHHoe b a p y r o e c o o
meHHe b K3MecTBe 3HaKa e r o n e p Bo r o a p y c a , h c t o h k h 3peHHH 3H-
Horo TKCT3 Hepa3Ji oxHMoe, HeHCKpeTHoe.
npOCTefllHHMH CJIOJKHblMH 3H3K3MH HBJIHIOTCa CJIOXHbie CJI0B3
C p33JIHHHMOH BHyTpeHHeft (|)OpMOfi (b CMMCJie A. A. FIOTeHH) : Ae-
o k o a , nodcneoKHUK, h o . i e e cjioKHbie: HanpHMep, b coomeHHH
o t Poccuu depeenHHO coxu k P o c c u u cnyTHWKoe de la Russie-
de-la-charrue-en-bois la Russie-des-spoutniks b o <J)p3HU,y3CK0M
TeKCTe HBJiaeTCH c j i o j k hhm 3 h s k o m Bbi paxeHHe, o-beHHeHHoe nep-
TOH'KSMH.
CocTaBHbie npHJi arsTeji bHbi e, ecnbi AbHO- aupHu y >KyKOBCKO-
r o, dblMHO-AeSKO, MSAUCTO-AUAeHO y TlOTHeBa 1 TOKe CJIOJKHbie
3H3KH.
K CJIOXHblM 3H3K3M OTHOCHTCH MeTa(j)OpbI, epaBHeHHH, p33Bep-
H y r a e cp3BHeHHa, n e p e pa c Ts r o mHe HHOi\na ( F o r o j i b , $ 3 A e e B ) b j i h-
pHnecKHe OTCTynJieHna, CJieaoB3TejibHo h s t h nocj iefl HHe 3aTeM
BCTSBHbie HOBeJIJIbl H t . n.
3 t o n a c r a i * npneM h b JKHBonncH, HanpHMep, y Be pMe e pa
eJib(j)TCKoro: o h j i o h t noMemaTb h s c b o h x K3pTHH3x HecKOJibKO
pa3Hoop33Hbi x Kpbirn omob ( e c j m nnmeT n e H 3 a x ) , hj i h u Be r a y i o
reorpat j j HHecKyi o KSpTy, hj i h roeJi eH (ecJiH n mn e T HHTepbep), h 3 t h
npeflMeTbi Hrpsi oT poj i b c j i o x h h x uBeTOBbix naTeH b cocTaBe ueJio-
r o . 3 t o c j i o xHb i e 3H3KH. OcoeHHo x o p o r n o s t o bhho, Kor aa pn-
cy e Tc a reorpatJ HHecKaa KspTa hj i h roejieH, t . e. K a p n m a b K3-p-
THHe. Cj i oj khmm 3aK0M HBJiaeTCH h Te a r p b TeaTpe, KaK b r aMJi e-
Te. JIioonbi THo, h t o npeunoHHTaeTca c j i o x H b w 3H3K t o h x e Ma-
TepnajibHOH npnpobi , hj i h o p a 3 npeMeT3 t o x e MaTepnajibHOH
npnpof l bi , h t o h TBopHMoe npOH3BefleHHe HCKyccTBa: b TaMJieTe
cneKTaKjib b cneKTaKJie ( a He paccMaTpHBaHHe, HanpHMep, k s p t h h h
! Cm. 10. H . T w h n h o b. r p o 6;ieMa..., e r p . 92.
307
h ne HTeHHe KHHra B c j i y x ) ; b KapTKiiax BepMeepa KapTa h j i h
roejieH (a He pa3BepHyaa KHHra); y T or o j iH paccKa3 b paccKa3e
(a He onncaHMe KapTHHb h j i h cneKTaKJm) h t . a.
HaKOHeit, CJlOJKHblMH 3H3K3MH aBJlflK)TCH nOCJIOBHUbl, noroBop-
KH, H3peMeHHSI, HHT3TH H npOM.
O c o y i o pa3HOBHAHOCTb CJIOJKHOrO 3H3K3 npeACTaBJIHeT TOT CJiy-
qaft, Ko r a a no3AHeftuiHft nHcaTejib nepeHHCJiaeT npeaMeTbi, KOTOpbie
HenpeMeHHO H C OCOeHHOH JHOOBbO OnHCHBaJIHCb B KaKyiO-HH-
d y f l b a p y r y i o a n o x y nHcaTejisMH a p y r o r o c t h j i h . Oa h o Tanoe y n o -
MHHaHHe, p o a UHTaTbi 6e3 KaBbmeK, BOcco3aaeT ymeamee, TaK, y
BynHHa, b paccKa3e A h t o h o b c k h 6 h j i o k h (III):
r i o r o M npUMembca. 3a khuzu, dedoecKue khuzu e t o a c t u x
KooKaHbix nepeti Aerax, c soaot umu 38e3doHnaMu ua ca(pbHHHbix ko-
petuKax. Cabho naxHyr a r u noxootcue na têpKoenue rpeHUKu khu
zu ceoe nootceATeeme, t o a c t o tuepiuaeo yMazo! Kci kou-t o
npuHTHo KUCAOearo tiAecenbio, crapuHHbiMu dyxaMU... Xopoui u
U 3UMeTKU Ha UX tlOAHX, KpytlHO U C KpyeAblMU mhskumu pocnepKa-
mu cdeAHHbie eycuHbLM nepOM. Pa3eepHeuib Knuzy u nur aei ub:
MblCAb, OCTOHR dpeBHUX U HOBblX (pUAOCCHpOB, u,eeT pa3yMa u
Hyecrea cepdewozo. . . M neeoAbHo yeAeueuibCR u cmo khuzo.
9 t o JHeopRHUH-tpAococf), aAAezopuE, U3 da ma a a t ct o tom y
h3 tmdt i eeHueM kkozo- t o KaeaAepa mhozlix opdenoe u nane-
HaraHHan e Tunozpatpuu npuKa3a omecreeHHOzo npu3penun,
paCCK3 0 TOM, KaK eOpHHUH-CpUAOCOtp, umbp, epeusi u cnoco-
nocTb paccyyfcdarb, k neMty pa3yM HeAoeeKa 003H0CUTbCR Moo/cer,
noAynuA HeKOTopoe otceAanue comnuTb hah ceer a na npocr pan-
hom Mecre ceoezo uMenuR... I I o t o m namneui bCR na car upmecKue
u (pUAocotpcKue coHunenuR zocnoduua BoAbrepa u oazo ynu-
eaeuibCR muaum u ManepHUM caozom nepeeoda: Tocydapu mou!
9pa3M cohuhua e uiecTOMHdecRTb CTOAeTuu noxeaAy dypanecr ey
( ManepnaR naysa, t ohk c sariRTOto) ; e u Me npuKa3bL8aeTe mus
npeeosnecTb nped 8mu pa3yM. .. TIotom o t eKTepuHUHCKO c r a p u *
h u nepedeuib k pOMammecKUM epeMeuaM, k aAbManaxaM, k cen-
TUMeHTaAbHO-HanUmeHHbLM U AUHHblM pOMHM... KyKytUK BblC-
KaKueaeT us nacoe u HacMeuiAiieo-zpycTHO KyKyer nad tooio e
nycrOM doue. H noneMHozy e cepdu,e nanunaer 3aKpadu8arbCR
CAaKUR U CTpHHH TOCK...
B o t Tahbi AAeKcuca, b ot rBu k t o p , uau u t r e Aecy: Bber
noAHOHb! CeRmenHR t uui uh 3acTynaeT Mecro dueenozo ui yMa u
eeceAux necen noceARH. Coh npocTupaer Mpannue KpbiAbR ceou nad
noeepxnocTbK) nauiezo nonymapun; oh crpHcaer c hux MpaK u mbh-
Tbi... M e m u . . . K k nacTo npodoAOicaioT one tokmo crpadaHUR 3ao-
1 r i p a p o f i a cjioHHux 3H3kob MOJKeT 6bm> caMoft pa3Hoft. Tax, E R. r t oj m-
BaHOBhM OrweaH 0C06b lf i p o a HX 3ByKOBbie JK6CTH B HIIOHCKOM S3HKe,
E. . n o Ji h b a h o b. n o noBo a y 3ByK0Bbix wecTOB anoHCKOro H3HKa. C 6o p-
h h k h n o TeopHH nosTHq. p e , 1, r i e i p o r p a a , 1916.
308
macTHoao!... H 3a.MeAbKatOT neped zj iasaMu AtouMue crapunubis
CAoea: cko.au u dypaeu, Aeduan Ayna u odunonecTBo, npueude-
HUH U npU3pKU, epOTbl, p03bl U AUAllU, npOK3U u peseocru
MAadux luaAyHoe, AUAeHaa, pyna, JhodMUAbi u A a u h u ... A bot
ycypnaAbL c uMeHMu MyKoecKozo, EariotuKoea, AUU,eucTa riyiUKU-
na. H c zpycTbto BcnoMHuuib ayuiKy, ee n0A0He3bi na kabukop-
dax, ee TOMme menue ct uxob U3 Eeeenun Oneeuna. H cr apun-
h an, MSHTaTeAbHH oxu3Hb BcraneT neped t oo. . .
n e p B a a nacTb ( a o a 3 a n a ) TaKoft c j i o x H b i f i 3HaK, Bep-
n e e u e j i a a r p y n n a hx , KaK paccKa3 b paccKa3e; BTopan ace nacTb
CJIOJKHblH 3HK TOrO OCOOrO THna, 0 KOTOpOM MU rOBOpHM. BcnOM-
khm, h t o a ^ h caMo r o ) K y K 0 BCK0 r 0 h nHcaTeJieft t o h nopbi Ha3Ban-
Hbie ByHHHbiM cji oBa h n p e A M e r a m j ih npocTbiMH 3H3K3MH nepBO-
r o ap y c a ( c p. 131).
135. flBjieHHe chhcctcshh. Oho 3aKjnoHaeTCfl b tom, hto omy-
meHHe, nojiynaeMoe o t OAHoro opraHa nyBCTB, pojKAaeT omymeHHe,
cooTBeicTByiomee ApyroMy opraHy nyBCTB, ho nepe3 s t o t opraH He
nojiyneHHoe. TaK, cJiyxoBoe omymeHHe, HanpHMep, HeKOTOpbix 3By-
K03 pojKAaeT omymeHHe 3pHTeJibHoe UBeT0B0e. HeKOTOpbie jiioah
HOCTOHHHO HCnHTblBaiOT 3TH OmymeHHH, OHH HMeiOT UBeTOBOH
c j i y x . Mm QJiaAaJiH, HanpHMep, K0Mn03HT0pbi PHMCKHH-KopcaKOB
il Ckphhh, nocjieAHHH, KaK H3BecTHO, C03AaJi UBeTOByio napTHTypy
A jih CBoe CHM(j)OHHH npOMeTef i
H a HBJieHHH OHHecTesHH ocHQBaHbi U'B e r o - 3B y k ob bi e MeTa4>opbi.
HeKOTOpbie inncaTejm h inoaTbi co3AaJW cocTBeHHbie CHCTeMbi u,Be-
TO-3ByKOBbIX COOTBeTCTBHHI PlOHCMaHC, PeMO (3HaMeHHTblft HBeT-
ho coHeT), JlaMapTHH h Ap. BoAJiep co3Aaji A a x e n e j i y i o TeopHio
cooTBeTCTBHH ( le s c o r r e s p o n d a n c e s ) 2. B jiHTepaType nBeTo-3ByKo-
Bbte CooTBeTCTBHH npHo6peTaK)T 3HaneHHe co BpeMeHH pOMaHTH3Ma,
KorAa yoTaHaBJHBaeTCH h TeoperanecKH ocMbicjiHBaeTca cBH3b j i h -
r ep aT y ph i, JKWBonHCH h MyabiKH. BoAJiep 6biJi BbiAaiomHMCH k p h t h -
XOM 5KHBOHHCH. CpaBH6HHe e r o CaJIOHOB c CaJIOHMH HAPO nOKa-
3biBaeT, h t o oh noAxoAHJi k XHBonHCH n p e * A e Bcero KaK ocooMy
3HAy HCKyccTBa, AOCTynHOMy 3pHTeJibHOMy BocnpHHTHio, a cji0BecK0
MorymeMy biTb TOJibKO OTOpaKeHHbiM nepe3 opa3 o6pa 3a c j i o
bo. ^ H A p o x e BHAeji b KHBonHCHOM npoH3BeAeHHH npeJKAe Bcero
cr ox e T, t . e. JiHTepaTypHyio cTOpoHy, h s t o Bnojme cooTBeTCTBOBa-
ao pauH0HajiH3My XVIII BeKa.
I I I n p o K o nojib30Ba^HCb CHHecTeTH'HecKHMH MeTa4>opaMH r o r o j i b
H F i o r o . rt OCJi eAHHH bIJI XOpOUI' HM pHCOBaJIbl UHKOM, H HaCTO CJ10-
Be cHbi i i opa3 poJKAaJica y H e r o H3 3 p H T e j i b H o r o h j i h cJi y KHJi onn-
1 06 s t o m HBJiHHH K3K n peAM ee ncHxo.iorHH c m. C. B. K p a b k o b . Etean-
MOAeftcTBHe opraHOB qyBCTB, M. JI., 1948; o CBH3H c My3biKS JI. JI. C a 6 a h e -
e b. BocnoMHHaHHH o CKpaHHe, M., 1925.
2 Les parfums, les couleurs et les sons se rpondent , Correspondan
ces ; TaKsce b Salon de 1846 .
309
caimeM rpaBiopbi, KapHKaTypbi, ocoeHHo g nojiHTHnecKHx c a m p a s
h irpor. *.
FlepeiiJieTeHHe 3pHTeJibHhix h cjiOBecHbix 0pa30B cnocoficTBO-
B a . i o h noHEJie.HHKD o c o b i x MeTatjpop F r o r o : La fanfare senfle en
onde ou vole en poussire ; les mots <r palpitants se heurtent
les uns aux autres ; l ombre est noire et dure ; <r la clart mon
tera dans tout comme une sve h t. n . 2.
136. FycTwe 3HaKH. CjiojKHbie 3KKH uacTO 0 K33b!Bai0 Tcfl ce-
MaHTHnecKH nycTHMH. 3 t o biBaeT b tom oi ynae, Koraa BHyr-
peHHee CTpoeHHe cjioaoro 3HaKa coot beTCTByeT BHyTpeHHCMy
crpoeHHK) pyrax sflaxoB t c kc t b hjih iacTefi TeKCTa, ho 3JieMeHTW
3H3K3 n o OTJXeJIbHOCTH e HeCVT HHKKOK CeMHTHieCKOII HH<pOpM<-
UHH. 3 t 0 3H3KH Hepa3JI0*HMbie, H6flHCBpeTHHe. Ta'KOBbl CTpoqlbi,
COCTOHIUHe H3 TOHeK, B EBreHHH OHerHHe. JIlOOnbTHHfi n p n -
Mep (JjopMyjibi riHCbMa 3 0 nepeux crpoicax cezo nucbMa, neeo u
eau MeAato h t. n. Ecjih kto-j i h6o H3 roBopamHX BoenpHHHMaeT
nyCTOH CJIOJKHblH 3H3K K3!K AHCKpeTHb'H H p 3 3J i a r a e T e r o CeM'HTM-
qecKH, t o MOJKeT nojiyuHTbCH KOMimecKHft acfjcJjeKT: nanauia oacu,
neao u eaM otceAato, cp. <pain.:
Je mets la main la plume pour te donner des nouvelles de
ma sant qui n est pas bonne pour le moment, et je dsire que la
prsente te trouve de mme3.
j i h n n c a B U i e r o s t o , t . e. b npocTopeMHH. BHyTpeHHHH 4 o p w a
iiycThix 3H3K0B He ocosHaeTCH, JiarojiapH neMy t s m o h h h He Ka*
KVTCH CMeiHHblMH.
IlocKOJibKy nycTbi e 3H3k h noTCMy h nycTbi, i t o 3a h h mh ne
3aKpenjieHo HaBceras b flaHHO cacTeMe (nHCbMe, nosMe, <J>v h k -
1 Cm. A. B e ji u ft. MacrepcTBo To r o j m (cneuHaJibHue pa 3Aej!H o SByKoBof;
M e r a ^ o p e , o u b t o u h c h , o 3B yK o n H c n ); E. de U l l r a a n n . La transposition cans
la posie lyrique de Hugo des Odes et Ballades aux Contemplations , Le
Franais moderne, t. 19, 1951, pp. 177295; cm. E. H. K H H 3b K O B a , JleKCHKa
nojiHTHHecKo carHpb B. Tioro. y q . 3an. JeHHHrp. ITea. HHCTHTyTa hm. FepueHS,
t . 127, 1958, CTp. 85104.
2 IlpHMepu H3 yKa3. coq. yjibMaHa. Ro HeâBHero BpeMeHH nonhiTKH ycia-
HOBHTb KaKHa-jiHo ToqHMe CHHecTeTHqecKHe cootbctc.tbhh OKaHqHBajmcb seyjia-
qefi: Ae&CTBHTejibHO, oahh h t t xce uBeT C0 0 TBeTCTByeT y pa3HHX juoAeft pasHHM
My3UKajIbHHM 3ByK8M OAHH H Te 3Ke 3BVKH pe'-iH paSHKM UB2T3M K T. A. Cp.
cooCmeHKe npo(b. A. A. PetjjopMgTCKoro Ha CHMno3HyMe no CTpyKTypHOMy H3y-
ieHiio ceMHOTHqeCKHx h 3HaKOBbix chctcm b MocKBe, b fieKaSpe 1962 r., rarase
P. D e l b o u i l l e . Posie et sonorits, pp. 248251.
O a h 3k o nocjieAHHe ncHxojuiHrBHCTHqecKHe HccjieAOBaHHS u i k o j i h OcryAa e
CII1A n oKa3a jiH , qTo HMeioTCa oCiane ochobm cnHecre3HH, He3aBHCHMbie o t n 3biKa
h HauH0HajibH0 K y j ib T y p u : Ch. E. O s g o o d. Language Universals and Phycho-
nguistics, Universals o Language, The M. I, T, Press, Cambridge, Massa
chusetts, 1963, p p. 246247.
3 rtpKMep J. M a r o u z e a u . Aspects du franais, p. 10.
310
UHOHaJibHOM c r n n e , HauHOHajibHOM H3UKe Boome) nocTOHHHora
CMbiCJia, h x 3HaHSHHe b nepeâue HHtôpManHH otipeAeJiHeTCH He
caoBapeM coomeHHH, a HBJieHHeM KOMneHcaunn: Ilp on yine HHb ie
CTpo(J)bi EBreHHH OHerHHa c h mb o ^ h 3h p y i o t BHyTpeHHee BpeMH
nosMbi, b ApyroM c j i y H s e m o m h 6bi biTb 3H3k om coBepuieHHO h h o -
r o , HanpHMep neH3ypHoro BMemaTeJibCTBa, b TpeTbeM c h mb o -
OM yMOOTaHHH H T. a . H T. n.
COOBUJIEHHE B Xy,HO}KECTBEHHOH PEHH
137. 0C06eHH0CTH COOmeHHH B xyflOJKeCTBCHHOM peMH. K x y -
AOXeCTBeHHO peHH OTHOCHTCH BCe, HTO hJJlO CKa3aH0 06 HHAHBH-
ayaJ bHofi peHH, h o h HeHTo CBepx Toro. Ho Ba n ne p Ta xynoxecTBeK-
Horo coomeHHH 33KJiioHaeTCH, KaK y x e 6mjio CKa3aHO, B pa3HOO-
pasHH h oraTCTBe sJieMeHTOB p e nn , BbiCTynaiomHX b BHAe KOMneH-
C3UHH ObIHHblX, AO 3T0r 0 CymeCTByiOmHX 3HaKOB.
H a c T b ajieMeHTOB h o c h t x a p a K T e p BpMeHHbix 3 H 3 k o b , aeft cTBy-
i o i u h x Ha HeKOTopoM ( k o p o t k o m ) y nacTKe peneBo u e n n h 3aTeM
p a c n a A a i o m H x c H , h t o h y e r y n H T b MecTo h o b h m BpeMeHHbiM 3Ha-
KaM. TaK, HanpHMep, 3ByKH t n 6 k t o h b j i h i o t c h 3Hai<aMH
Ton o T a ( u r i bXHbi t o h o t r p e n a K a / n e p e d n o p o e o M K a a n a ) ,
b aaHHOM CTHXOTBOpeHHH I l y u i K H H a , h Aaace HMeHHo b 3 t h x ero
CTpoKax, t o HenocpeACTBeHH BCJieA 3a TeM T ep n i o T s t o 3Ha-
neHHe, KaK He h m c j i h ero h a o s t h x CTpoK. B pa3AeJie 0 HsuHOHaJib-
HOH HOpMe peHH ( 51) Mbi ynOMHHaJIH O TOM, HTO <})paHUy3CKHe
OKQHH3HHH [a ] OblHHO He BOCnpHHHMaiOTCH KaK MOHOTOHHbie,
Aa>K^ npH cpaBHHTejibHO o J i b i n oM CKon/ieHHH h x Ma k o p o t k o m o t -
pe3Ke peneBoS nenn. O a h 3 k o m o h o t o h h o c t b h x o 6 t > 6 k t h b h o npeA-
o n p e A e j i e H a h x h 3 h k o b o h MaTepHe, 3 noTOMy b He noTeHu.Ha.nbHo
3aJOWeHa B03M0)KH0CTb CTaTb 3H3K0M. H AeftCTBHTeJIbHO, 3Ta Hep-
Ta CTaHOBHTCH 3H3KOM B OAHOM H3 CTHXOTBOpeHHH ) K . I f l p e Be p a .
E 10 aBTop nepeApa3HHBaeT x e M a H H y i o c s ^ o H H y i o p e n b y n s c r a n K O B
3BaHor o oeAa b BwcuieM omecTBe:
Ctait vritablement dlicieusement charmant et dun got
si sr que lorsque arriva le Prsident avec une somptueuse tte
d uf de Co l o mb ce fut du dlire... (Tentative de
description dun dner de tte Paris France ) '.
3 j i a n npoHHH noAnepKHBaeTCH eme h cji eAyiomeH HrpoS cjiob
( o n a Bbi AeêH3 p a 3 p n A K o f t ) . V c a M o r o p e B e p a , b aBTOpcKOH
peHH, COHeTaHH Ha [ a ] B STOM CTHXOTBOpeHHH HeT, H 3THM T3KJKe
nOAHepKHBaeTCH 3H3KOBbIH A-HH 3THX CTpOHeK X3paKT0p yK333HH0H
r p y n n b i 3ByKOB [ m a ] .
1 Paroles. NRF, Gallimard, Livre de poche, p. 7.
311
H a c T b m e ajieMeHTOB c o x p a K H e T n p n aa H H b i & hm c m h c j i c H a a -
j ia a o K o r n i a a a r n i o r o npoH3BeaeHHH. T a K , b c j i e a y i o m e M c t h x o t b o -
peHHH P. ecHoca Ta e HKCTpyMCHTOBKa Ha {a] np0HH3MBaeT Bce
CTHxOTBOpeHHe, BHyTpH He r o ef t n e npoTHBonocTaBJieHG a p y r o f t t d -
Ha^bHocTH, a noTOMy o n a He HBj meTca 3Aecb 3H3KOM B H y r p n c t h -
XOTBOpeHHH, XOTH, HeCOMHeHHO, CBH3bIBaeTCH C KDMOpHCTHHeCKHM
CMWCJIOM uenoro h noTOMy 0Ka3bi3aeTCH 3H3kom b npo THB on o c T ag -
îeHHH 3T0 BemHUbI npaKTHHeCKOH peHH:
Le capitaine Jonathan,
Etant g de dix-huit ans,
Capture un jour un plican
Dans une le dExtrme- Orient.
Le plican de Jonathan,
Au matin, pond un uf tout blanc
Et i l en sort un plican
Lui ressemblant tonnamment... h t - a. x.
p y r o f i npHMep pa3Mepw b c t h x o t b o p h o peHH. M e r a p e x -
CTOnHblH x o p e f i HCn0JIb30B3JICH riymKHHHM H B CK33Kax:
Tpu deeui^bi nod o k h o m
npHAu no3dno eenepnoM.
H B T3KHX, HanpHMep, CTHXaX:
JJap nanpacHbi, dap CAynaHbi,
)Ku3Ht>, 3aneM t u MHe dana.
0 6 o 6 maa s t o Ha6;noaeHHe, B. B. ToMameBCKHH nncaa: Kaw-.
a h h pa3Mep MHoro3H3HSH, h o oâcTb ero 3HaHeHH Bceraa orpa-
HHHens h He coBnsaseT c ofijiacTbio, npHHanexsme apyroMy pss-
M e p y 2. J U h noHHMaHHH B3aHMoaecTBHH saxHO .noanepKHyTb b
3t o m HajnoaeHHH nepByio nacTb: x o t h KsxAbift pa3Mep h HMeeT
c b o k) ojiacTb 3HaHeHHfi, h o b npeAe;i3x ee o h MHoro3H3HeH.
I l o c K O ^ b K y b omeft CHCTeMe p y c c K o r o CTHXocjiojKeHHH AByc;io>K-
Hbie pa3Mepbi n p 0THB0n 0J ia r a i0 TCH TpexcjioacHbm, a BHyrpK a s y -
CJIOKHblX HM XOpeiO, nOCTOJIbKy 3TS 0nn03HUHH HeCOMHeHHO
3H3HHM3. 3 t O H nOAHepKHBa.fi B. B. ToMameBCKHH. OaHaKO BHyTpH
n e ^ o r o CTHXOTBOpeHHH hm6 Beab MoaceT He npoTHBonocTabjihtbch
H'HKatKOMy A p y r o M y paaMepy hmbhho TaK name Bcero h 6 biBaeT
1 R. D esnos. Le plican. Chantefables, Librairie Grnd. ( U h t . no k h i i r 1
G. M a u g e r. Langue et civilisation franaises, IV, p. 336).
2 B. B. T o Ma me B CKHf t . Ct hx h H3HK, b 0a H 0HMeHH0ft KKur e , M. JI.,
1959, CTp. 39.
312
3 KJiaccHnecKQH pyccKoft no93HH h b 3 t o m cjiynae hm6 BCTynae r
b cooTHomeHHe c Apyr HMH sjieMeHTaMH phcJj moh, HHCTpyMeHTOB-
KOH, CJIOBeCHblMH Opa3aMH, rpa4)HKOft H T. n . , CT3H0BHTCH 3Jie-
MeHTOM KOMneHcaixHH, h onno3Hii.HH h m 6 x o p e f t He HMeeT y x e
HHKaKoro c m h c j i s . 3 t o HeobiKHOBeHHO t o h k o noAMeTHJi I ll,ep6a np
pa3ope nyui KHHCKor o BocnoMHHaHHS: H t o KacaeTca caMoro hm*
6a, t o MHe HeaceH ero c m h c j i , TaK KaK MHe HeaocTyneH 3KcnepHMeH\,
aBJifiKDiuHflcH OOHOBO Bcero Moero HCCJieAOBaflHH: h He Mor y npej.-
CTaBHTb cee nbecy riyuiKHHa, HanpHMep, b xopeHx *. CMbicji:
n M6 a pa3T>CHHeTCH JiHuib T o r a a , K o r a a m h 6e p e M e r o KaK 3JieMeHT,
npOTHBOnocTaBêHHbifl apyroMy, KaK c Ka 3a Ho Bbirne. To * e BepHo
B OTHOUieHHH MaTepHajlbHO HHblX 3JieM6HT0B.
B OTHOLueHHH u i p h ( | > t o b 3Ty p a 3HHuy n p e Ae J i MO OTneTJiHBO no-
Ka3a ; i T. O. BHHOKyp: 1) u i p H $ T m o j k c t BHOCHTb o c o b i e or r eHKH
b c m h c j i p e n n TOJibKo To r Aa , K o r ^ a o h a b h Ha t|)OHe A p y r n x mpH^) -
t o b , Ha 4>oHe mp>H,(J)TOBoro pa3Hoo6pa3HH... 3iaecb n o J i n o e cooTBer-
CTBHe t o m y, ^ t o m h Ha j noj xa e M b H3biKe s o o m e 2. 3 t o a HS J i o r n a
k k; o n n o 3HUHH h m6 x o p e f i ; 2 ) B h k t o p I U k j i o b c k h p a c c K 33bi-
BaeT, i t o Ha opmHKH, KTopbiM one Hb n o Hp a BHJ i a c b KHHra 3omen-
k h , Ha pa J i H e e caMOBOJibHo inpH({)TOM i m n e p o . Bch KHHra 0 K a 3 a J i a c b
HapaHHOH 3THM IHpH^TOM (nOAOHO TOMV, KaK CTHXOTBOpeHHe
n y n i K H H a Boc noMHHaHHe Bce Ha nnc aHO h m o m ) . B 3 t o m c j i y n a e ,
3 a Me n a e T F. O. BHHOKyp, UHn e p o HMeeT 3HaneHHe y a t e coBepui e H-
h o He t o , KaKoe HMeji Kypc nB Ha <f)OHe Ho p Ma J i b Ho r o yc Ta Ba .
Ho p Mb i npoe Tpa He TBe HHHe HecyT (JjyHKUHH He BbweJi eHHH h n o An e p -
KHBaHHH OTêj ibHHX OTpe3KOB CBH3H0 p e r a , a xa paKTe pH3yi OT y * e
Bcio 3Ty CBH3Hyro p e q b b e e uejiOM b k s k o m - j i h o 0npeAeJi eHH0M,
KOHKpeTHOM CMHCJIOBOM OTHOUieHHH. OHH KaK H H3X0AHTCH H3A
KOHTeKCTOM, n a p HT h s a 3 t o c b h 3 h o h p e n b i o , 3 3 p 3 H e e n p e Ay -
n p e * / i 3 H Ha c 06 o m e M c m h c j i o b o m CTHJie e e . . . 3.
TaKHM 0pa 30M, 3 H 3 k o b h h ( h j i h 3 Ha qa mH&) x a p a K T e p npHAaeT-
c a b c oome HHH TOMy h j i h HHOMy sj i eMeHTy xyfl osKecTBeHHofi p e n n
e r o BpMeHHbiM OTHoiueHHeM k Ap y r o My 3Ji eMeHTy. 3 t o c b o S c t b g h
y a e T noj io>KeHo HaMH b 0CH0By KJiaccH(| )HKauHH 3Ha r a Mb i x s j i e -
MeHTOB xyAOKecTBeHHO pei H ( t . e. T o r o c a M o r o HHBeHTapH
H306p33HTeJl bHHX CpeACTB, O KOTOpOM TOBOpHJI aKaA- JI. B- ITpp-
a ) .
C Apyrofl CTOpOHbl HdHO nOMHHTb, H paCCMOTpeHHbie B AaJIb-
HeiimeM npHMepbi 3t o nocTOHHHo n0ATBep>KAai0T, s t o MaTepnaji
xyAostecTBeHHoft penn ynacTByeT b C03flaHHH 3CTeTHiiecKoro yAO-
BOJibCTBHH eme h npocTO KaK MaTepnaji, KOTOpnft qejiOBeK cjihuiht
yxoM, bhaht rjia30M, CMaKyeT h3hkom h ry6aMH, KOTopbifl oh Ha-
r i P ' e P 15 a- O n h i T jiHHrBHCTHHeoKoro i wi KOBaHHH CTHXOTBOpeHHft
M3op. paooTbi no p y c c x . A3biKy, M . , 1957, CTp. 37.
T. O . B H H O K y p . H 3h k THnorpatJ)HH. B e r o cCopHHKe K y ^ b i y p a H3biKa.
;IHHrBHCTH' IecK0 TexHOJiorHH, M . , 1925, c t p . 132 133
8 TaM x e , e r p . 135 136.
313
npnxeHHeM MycKyjioa h b h h ms h h h npeop33yeT h noA^HUHeT cee,
BjiecTHiuH rycTOH 3aBHTOK, cAejiaHHbtfi nepHOK TyuibK Ha eJio
yMare, caM no cee y x e AOCTas.THeT yAOBOJibCTBHe.
A p a s s e e yAOBOJibCTBHe n p o e r o 0Ka3aTb a c j r y x o Ae j i a T b
h 3m k o m , r y aM H h t o j i o c o m c r p o q K y r p e B e p a :
A Arles o roule le Rhne... ? 1
138. KJiaccH(JHKaitHH 3HanaiUHx (sHaKOBwx) ajieMeHTOB xyfl o-
x e c TB e H H o p e n n . 3 a e c b HeoxoAHMo AaTb TaKyro K j i ao c H q m K a u H i o
3HaHamHX SJieMeHTOB, OT KOTOpOH MOXHO nepeTH K KOHKpeTHOMV
aHaJiH3y, HaMeneHHOMy b cjieAyiomHX n a p a r p a ^ a x (TaM x e npHMe
pbl h pastHCHCHKH). KaK caeAyeT H3 CKa3aHHoro BHiue, b ocHBy
MaccH^JHKauHH mh KJiaseM npHHUHn BpeMeHH, h Bce ajieMeHTbi
p a c n a s a i OT c a T o r u a Ha a b c oj i bui He r p y n n b i (noAOHO h h t o h 3 u h h ,
c m. 112).
1. 9 j i e M e H T b i , a e h c t B y K) m h e B c e b p m h, n o n a
j i h t c h a a h h o e c o o i u e H H e ( h j i h npoH3BeAeHHe, K0T0p0e i
c ^ o B e c H b i x HOKyccTBax eAb B c e r u a a j i h t c h bo BpeMeHH). B s t o h
r p y n n e Ha30BeM CJieAytoiUHe:
AJiHHa,
HBCTpyMeHTpBKa 3ByKOB3H nepeKJiHHKs c j i o b ( HanpHMep,
co3Byqne Ha { a ] b CTHXOTBOpeHHH P. ecnoca),
rpai|)HKa (TOJibKO ee npoeTpaHeTBeHHHe ajieMSHTH, KaK yKa-
3biB3Ji T. O. BnHOKyp, ciOAa x e o t h o c h m MaTepnaJibHyio 4>OpMy
cooiueHHn: cKa3aHo j ih np0H3BeAeHHe (xyAoxecTBeHHoe c j i o b o no
paAHO, c acTpaAbi) hj ih HanenaTaHo, h KaK HanenaTaHO b cop-
HHKe, OTAeJIbHOH KHHrOH, B xypHaJie H T. A. ) ,
moMexH, t . e. 3ByKOBai nepeKJiHHKa cjiob, BH3biB3iO'iuaH b
C03H3HH'H 'HOBblH CMbICJI, 'nOCJieAHHe, OAHaKO, OTHOCHTCH K 9Jie-
MeHT3M, AeHCTByiOIUHM BCe BpeMH, TOJibKO B nOCJIOBHUaX H noro-
BOpKaX, B 3TOM OCOOM X S H p e , T3'K K3K HOCJlOBHUbl H TIOrOBOp'KH
KopoTKH, Ha n p HMe p : Kuuina KuuiKe nynuiu motcer, TpeTbe H neT-
BepToe cjiobo AaiOT H0B0e k u u i k o . otce.
2. 3 j i e m e h t bi, A e i i C T B y i o i u H e T O J i b K O q a c t i t o t o
B p e M C H H , t e m e h h e K O T O p o r o a j i h t c h C ' OO ' f i i u e HH e .
M a T e p n a j i b H o o h h HHorAa Te x e c aMbi e, h t o h b nepBOM CJiyqae
(003H3HHM h x b OTJiHHHe o t n e p B o r o c j i y q a n uH(J)pofi II), h o $ y H K -
Uh s y h h x ( oTHomeHHe) i h h s h . Ha 3 0 Be M 3Aecb c j i e A y r o i u n e :
caMonpoH3BOJibHoe qjieHeHHC u e j i o r o ,
P h t m ( b p a 3 H b i x ero n p o i B J i e H H i x ) ,
rpa(|)HKa II ( HanpHMep, KypcHB BHyTpH npaMoro mpH(|)Ta),
HHCTpyMeHTOBKS II (KaK BblAeJIHIOIUaH a OmeM 3ByKOBOM (j)0-
He rpynnbi h j i h noBTophi),
1 Complainte de Vincent, Paul Eluard, Paroles , p. 192.
314
nOMexH I (HanpHMep, b t 3 k o h moTOBOpKe Me . m, E mb a x ,
t s o r nedeAR, m e noMexa E mc a h b MeAU BpeMeHHuft 3HaK, TaK
KaK e r o HeT bo b t o p o h n a c r a nocjioBHUbi, cp. oTjiHHHyio o t 3 t o h
npettbiaymyio no cJio BHuy) ,
AJiHHa ujieHeHH h f l p .
Sj i eMeHTH nepBO r p y n n b i h o c h t 3HaK0Bbi S x a p a K T e p n o c r o j i b -
Ky, nocKOJibKy o h h OTJmnaiOT ziaHHoe coodmeHHe (npoH3BeAeHHe) o t
A p y r n x h j i h o t npaKTHneCKOH p e r a . O h h co3AaK)T, TaKHM 0 d p a 3 0 M,
BHyTpeHHlOlO COSCTBeHHyiO HOpMy COOmeHHH (npOH3BeAeHHH).
Sj i eMeHTbi BTopof t r p y n n b i BOcnpHHHMaiOTCH TOJibKo Ha 4>0He n e p -
Bbix, Ha <}>OHe BHyTpeHHefi HopMbi, 3T0 OTKJIOHeHHH o t BHyTpeHHe
HOpMbI, H TOJIbKO nOSTOMy OHH MOryT 3HaTOTb HCTTO.
3 3JieMeHT0B BT o p o r p y n n b i HeKOTOpbie HenocpeACTBeHHo c s h -
saHbi co c m h c j i o m , o h h BbiflBHraiOT t o h j i h HHoe c j i o b o , nepepac-
n p e Ae j i i i O T o d n n H b i e CBH3H c j i o b , n p H n a B a a cj i OBaM h o b h & c m h c j i ,
KaK 6 h KOMneHCHpyH ceMaHTHqecKyi o He,n0CTaT0HH0CTb npaKTHne-
c k o penn. T an b noroBOpiKe M e au, Emcah, r e ox HedeAR b h a b h -
JKeHHe r p y n n b i e MeAH, cBH3HBai omee hmh c o cJiOBaMH mo a o t ,
nycTOMeAH h t . n . , BoenoJiHaeT' HeAOCTaTonHoeTb c M b i c j i a y 'CocTBeH-
h h x HMeH. B AaJ bHef i meM BJieHHe KOMneHcauHH p a 3 dH p a e T c a 60-
Jiee noapoHO.
pyrwe aJieMeHTH CBH3aH co cmhcj iom KOMneHCHpyiOT ero
onocpeAOBaHHo, nepe3 HHbie. TaKOBa AJinna MJieHeHHft. OHa, Ha
npHMep, AJIHHa CTpO'KH B CTHXOTBOpeBHH, CBH33H CO CMHCJIOM
ne npHMO, a n e p e 3 n o c p e a c T B o p h t m s h j i h o r a o m e H H a k HJi me Bce-
r o CTHXOTBOpeHHH. AHaKO 3HaieHHe 3THX P33JIHMHH SJieMeHTOB no-
Ky,n;a eme He h c c j i c o b s h o .
I l e p e H A e M T e n e p b k d o j i e e noapodHOMy onHcaHHi o OTaeJibHbix
gjieMeHTOB.
139. AjiHHa xyflOJKecTBeHHoro t c k c t h HBJiaeTCH nepBHM 3 a -
qHMbiM e r o 3JieMeHT0M. KaK y?Ke dbiJio CKa33HO, h m c h h o AJiHHa, k o -
Topa n HeoxoflHMa a j i h Toro, h t o h xyno>KecTBeHHoe B o c n p n a r a e
Morjio ocymecTBHTbca, He MOJKeT HTb MeHee HeKOToporo MHHHMy-
M3. B CTHXOTBOpHOft peHH 3THM MHHHMyMOM HBJIHeTCa, OqeBHflHO,
fl'BycTHiuiHe h j i h vajKe o a h h c t h x ( cp. ynoMHHyroe y * e c t h x o t b o -
peHHe B. Epi oc oBa H3 o a h o c t p o h k h ) . Oj waKO s t o t m h h h m y m h
M3JI3H AJIHH3 BOOme B03M0JKHH TOJIbKO K3K CJieACTBHe MHOrOflpyC'
KO TpaKTOBKH Xya.O>KeCTBeHHO peHH, HTO BO MHOrO p 33 nOBH-
ui a eT ceMaHTmecKyi o eMKocTb CKa33HHoro. r i 03T0My ztfia BocnpHa-
THH TeKCTa MHHHM3 JlbHOH AJIHHbl, HanpHMep, OAHOTO CTHX3, KaK
xyAoêcTBeHHoro, HeodxoAHM h c h h k j i i o h , n03B0JiHK>mH B03HHK-
HyTb MHoroHpycHoft HHTepnpeTauHH. TaKHM k j i i o h o m CJiyiKHT t o h -
Hoe npe^BapHTeJibHoe 3HaHHe o t o m , h t o Ha x o f l a m e e c a nepefl Ha-
m h ecTb xyôj KecTBeHHoe npoH3BeAeHHe (HanpHMep, o c o d n cnoco
THnorpaicKoro Hadopa) h j i h BKJiioqeHHe s t o t o MHHHMajibHOH a j i h -
h h TeKCTa b d oj i e e niHpoKnft k o r t c k c t . p H 3 t o m ycjiOBHH h o t p h -
315
BOK XyaOJKecraeHHOH peHH MOXeT BOCnpHHHMSTbCH KaK XyAOJKeCT-
BeHHoe ueJioe. TaKOBO, HanpHMep:
>7 c dercrea ne a k i u a oecui,
f j c dercrea yzoji pucoeaA... (FlaBeji KoraH)
CKa3aHHoe 3Aecb oTMenaji y x e 10. H. Thhhhob *: BbueJieaKe
(cjioBa, K). C.) 3to TOJibKO nacTHbift CJiynaft omero sbjichhh
CeMaHTHHeCKO 3H3HHM0CTH CJI0B3 B CTHXe, OnpeAeJIHeMOft 3H3HH-
MOCTblO pHTMa. BOT nOHeMy 3aKGHH0 (JOpMOH H033HH MOXeT bITb
y x e KaTpeH hjih ahcthx, hjih A a x e oahh ct hx (cp. KapaM3HH,
Epi ocoB) , TorAa KaK b npose $opMa a$opH3Ma omymaeTca KaK
OTpblBOHHaH.
B Apyrnx cjiynanx, KorAa Her hh AaJibaeHwero TeKCTa, hh KOH
TeKCTa B yKa3HHH0M CMHCJ16 CJlOBa, (JjparMeHT BCe x e MOXeT bITb
BocnpHHHT KaK xyAoxecTBeHHoe uejioe, ecjiH H3BecTHa xot h 6h
nacTb HopMbi Ji HxamaH k npoH3B6AeHHio xyAOxecTBeHHaa cpe-
Aa. TaKOBO, HanpHMep, Harne BoenpHHrae ApeBHerpenecKHX tj)par-
M6HT0B, H CJIOBeCHblX, H CKyJIbnTypHblX, H npeAMCTHblX (HanpHMep,
qepenKOB Bas, pyKOHTOK rpeHea h t . n. ) .
Xl,jiHHa, yMeHbineHHaH AaJibme SToro MHHHMyMa, KaK h yBeJH-
HeHHaa CBepx HeKOTopofi HopMajibHoft ajih AaHHo anoxa h A3hho-
ro x a Hp a BejiHHHHM, 0Ka3biBaeTca 3a noporoM BocnpHHTHH h n e p e -
CTaeT HTb 3H3K0M. rpaHHUbl 3TB, HeCOMHeHHO, nOAAaiOTCH yCTa-
HOBJieHHIO 3KCnepHMeHT3JIbHbIM nyTeM, HO BOnpOC 3T0T, HaCKOJIbKO
HaM H3BecTHo, He H3yneH. MaKCBMajibHaa AJiHHa b no93HH paBHa,
IIO-BHAHMOMy, HeCKOJIbKHM CTpaHHIX3M neH3TH0r0 TeKCTa OblHHOrO
4)opM3T3, rjiaBe EBreHHH OHerHHa h t . n. M o x h o npeAnoJiaraTb,
HTO CJIHIHKOM OJIbUiaH AJIHH3, HanpHMep, AJIHHa Bcero EBreHHH
OHer aaa y x e He cj i yxHT 3HaHHMbiM acTeTHnecKHM 3JieMeHT0M.
jiaaa TeKCTa, kohchho, ocTaeTca, ho y x e KaK 4>skt obiHHo npaK-
THHecKo peHH. B npo3e MaKCHM3JibHbiK npeAeJi, kohckho, nmpe,
neM B no33HH, ho BpA jih, HanpHMep, BoflHa h MHp coxpanseT c
HanaJia ao kohus aj i hhv KaK acTeTHHecKH (JjaKTop. HpesBbinaHO
BaxHo oTHeTJiHBo npeACTaBJiHTb c e e cjieAyiomee: AJiaHHbift poMan
He Aej i aer cH nJioxHM poMaaoM TOJibKO o t t o f o , ht o y Hero ojibman
AJIHHa, HO AJIHHa npOCTO BblKJIIOHaeTCH H3 COCTaBa 3H3HHMHX 3Jie-
MeiiTOB. B t o x e BpeMH, paccKa3bi MexoBa HecoMHeHHo HMeioT b
AJiHHe TeKCTa BaxHoe xyAoxecTBeHHoe Bbipa3HxeJibHoe cpeACTBO.
HexoBa Boome moxho CHHTaTb OTKpbisaTejieM 33K0Ha aj i hhh ,
TaK KaK o h nepBbi hctko c<jj>opMyjiapoBaji acTeTHHecKyio pojib KpaT-
kocth b xyAoxecTBeHHOH n p o 3 e ( n p o 3 a AOJiXHa yKJiaAbmaTbca b
OAHy MHHyTy).
1 ripojieMa CTHX0TB0pH0r0 a3HKa, Academia, JI., 1924, cTp. 7677.
316
140. CaM0 np0 H3 B0 JibH0 e uieHeHHe u e j i o r o cocTaBJifleT oahh hs
H a n f i o ^ e e BaiKHbix 3 Ha K0 B u x 3JieM6HT0B. Ca M0 n p 0 H3 B 0 ^ b H0 e HJie-
HeHHe TeKCTa ecTb 3HaK. B o n p o c o HJieHeHHH B o o m e npHHaa , J i e *HT
K OJHOMy H3 CJIOJKHeHUIHX BOnpOCOB npH H3yneHHH 3H3KOBHX CHC-
TeM ( c p . r r p o j i e Ma HJieHeHHH pe n e BOr o n 0T0Ka b j iHHrBHCTHKe). B
CTKJiHCTHKe m u cymecTBeHHO y n p o m a e M e r o TeM, h t o HCKJHonaeM
jjieHeHHe aHaJi HTHHecKoe, HanpHMep, pa3Jio>KeHHe n pne Ma MH CTpyK-
T y p a J i b H o r o a Ha J W3a . K a K y * e h j i o CKa3aHo, Ha c HHTepecyeT 3 a e c b
HjieaeHHe (J)yHKiiH0 Ha.!ibH0 e, t . e. AHKTyeMoe BocnpHHHMaiomeMy n e -
JIOBeKy C3MHM TeKCTOM.
HjieHCHHH MeHbme HeKOTOpOH AJHHbl HMH He BOCnpHHHMaiOTCH
H 3HHHMOCTb TepHIOT. TaK, B CTHXaX BaJieHTHHa BepeCTOBa
( K)H0CTb, 5. 1961 r.):
nepBan crpoKa TaK KopoTKa (h k TOMy x e ctoht b caMOM Ha-
naJie uej i oro) , hto, xoth h pH^MOBana c TpeTbefi, mh 3to ph<J>mu
He 3aMenaeM h HHTseM TaK:
3 to HcFieHeHHe noA TEepâeTCH h aie^yioineH CTpotJjoft cthxotbo-
peHHH (Bcero hx ABe) :
HjieHeHHe, cToamee 3a noporoM BoenpHHTHH, a o j i j k h o , HTofibi
CTaTb 3aMeTHHM, ycHJieHHO n o A K p e n ^ H Tb c a A a j i b He S ui H M. TaK y
J i y n i i i H X n09T0B. Cp. y PeMo:
Moeeo nonoAenba
CnopTCMeHbi,
K COOKCUeHbtO,
yXOHT CapeHbl.
Moeeo noKOAenbn cnoprcMenu,
hto TflHeT 3a coofl h BTOpoe HJieHeHHe:
K cootccuienuK), yxodsn c apeHbl.
Ho b 3eHure euê natue coAHU,e.
Hauiu Aymuue ne c h u ne cnem.
OcratoTCSi oice Mapa(poHi{bi.
OCTIOTCH TXXeAOdTAeTbl!
Pouacre
Boit :
Nacre
Voit :
Acre
Loi,
Fiacre
Choit !
317
Femme
Tombe,
Lombe
Saigne :
Geigne.
Clame ! (Cocher ivre) 1
PeMo noAKpenJiaeT c j i h i u k o m KparKoe HJieHeHHe Ha c t h x h oco-
OH 3'ByKOBO Bb!pa3MTe;ibHOCTfafO BCeX BblpaHHblX CJIOB H MeKOM
CHMMeTpHe CJIOB npOTHBOnOCTBJieHHMX. 3 t o HapOAHUH BbIpa3H-
TeJibHtJH npaeM, na HeM 0CH0BHbi nocjiOBHUbi h noroBopKH, b o j i b -
HHCTBe cji yqae B KaK pa3 npeaeji bHo KpaTKHe. Cp. Oc t t k u
c a k u ; CrapocTb ne padocrb Vieillesse, tristesse ; npuesmaT-
cn cyna omaotcercH podnn Pauvret na point de parent ; Au
p a u v r e un u f v a u t un buf. FIocJieAHHH / t a x e npaino CTpyKTypHo
CejiaHa KaK c t h x PeMo. KpoMe Toro, HJieHeHHe, saAaHHoe b ue p-
boh e x p o s e y PeMo He oeraBJieHo, KaK y B. BepecTOBa, T y r x e ,
a np0A0 JixeH 0 Ha Bce CTHxoTBOpeHHe.
M o r y T B03pa3HTb, h t o y BepecTOBa pw ^Ma a j i h r j i a 3 a . JXy-
MaeTCH, h t o h a i i h r j i a 3 a OHa HeAeftcrBeHHa. J\ z j i o b t o m , h t o rJia3
Boome cxBaTbiBaeT ojiee cyMMapHO, hcm CJiyx. E c j i h mm c j i y m a e w
c nponycKaMH, t o Ha rJia3 BocnpHHHMaeM Boofime, hc pa3rJiHAHBaH
Aopoft nacTH Ha nn caHH or o2. PhiJjmok a j i h rJia3a CKopee Moxe T
oKasaTbca pm^Ma c ji h u i k o m KpynHaH, t . e. cjshuikom pa3ABHHy-
Taa a j i h CJiyxa. Cp. y TioTHeBa:
1. Komen nup, yMOAKAu xopbi,
2. QnopootctieHbi aucpopu,
3. OnpOKUHyTbl K0p3UHbl,
4. He donuTbi e Kytcax eumi,
5. H a ZAaeax eeHKU U3MHTbi;
6. Jluuib KypUAUCb pOMUTbl
1. B onycreeuie cserAo 3aAe.
8. Komue nup, mu no3dno bctuau;
9. 3ee3du na Hee cuhau,
10. HoKb docTuzAa noAoeuHbi.
3AeCb AeCHTM CTHX pH<|>MOBaH C TpeTbHM H HeTBepTblM Ha pac-
c toh hhm i h t h c t h x o b 3. PmpMa a j i h r j i a 3 a MoxeT 6 m b T a w x e h o a -
KpenjieHa THnorpa^CKHM cnocooM, TaK b k o p o t k h x c r a x a x PeM-
60 B H3A3HHH IlJieHAa.
Pa3Hoe HJieHeHHe KJiaAeT pa3Aeji M e x a y c t h x o t b o p h o penbio
h npo3oft. MjieHeHHe c t h x o t b o p h o S peHH noAHHHeHo pHTMy, KaK
r.iaBHOMy KOHCTpyKTHBHOMV 4>aKTOpy, CHHTaKTHKO-CeMaHTHHeCKHe
M0M6HTM OK33MBaK)TCH AeÔpMHpOBaHHMMH pHTMOM H nOATOHeH*
HbiMH eMy. HJieHeHHe npo3aHHecKoft peHH iiOAMHHeHO CHHTaKTHKO-
1 R i m b a u d. uvres compltes, NRF, Bibliothque de la Pliade, 1954,
Album dit Zutique , p. 112.
2 Cm., HanpHMep, 10. JX. n a h o b h . A. O m a h h h. êjioBeK b aBTOMaTH-
qecKHx CHCTeMax ynpaBJieHHa, b c5. KnepHeTHKy Ha cjiyjKy KOMMyHH3My,
M. JI., 1961.
3 npHMep 113 KHHrH 10. H. T bl H H H 0 B a. poB.ieMa CTHXOTBOpHOrO H3HKG,
cfp. 34.
318
1
ceM aH THH ecK OM y (J)aKTOpy, K a K r j i a B H O M y KOHCTpyKTHBHOMy m o -
M e H T y n p o 3 b i , p h t m x e Ae(|>opMHpyeTCH h noAHHHHeTCH 3T OM y cJ)aK-
T O p y B M e c T O pH T M a b n p o 3 e b 6 o ji b u i H H C T B e c j i y q a e B HMeeTCH
TOJibKO pHTMHHHOCTb, n e M h o'BHCHHioTCH H ey A aH H nOnblTOK y c T a -
HOBHTb pHTM AHJKe B CSMO MySbIKaJIbHOH n p o 3 e 2.
H33eCTHo, hto npo3a TypreHeBa hjih Oj i oepa My3biK3JibHee
h pHTMHMHee, M6M A a x e HeKOTOpbie CBo6oAHbie ct hxh . Opn BCe\t
TOM pHTM np03bl C{)yHKUHOHaJIbHO AaJteK OT pHTMa CTHX3. 3 t 0 ABa
pa3Hbie HBJieHHH 3. ri09T0My npH HJieHeHHH np03bl Mbl MOHteM no-
jiojKHTb b ocHBy nepeBOAHecKHH npHHUHn, ycTaHOBJieHHe eAH-
hhu nepeBOAa, En, KOTOpbie hbjiaiotcs b t o * e BpeMH n eAHHHuaMH
nOHHM3HHH. ripH aHaJIH3e >Ke CTHXOTBOpHO peHH B OCHOBy HJieHe
HHH AOJIHCeH hITb nOJIOHCeH CTHX.
HBJieHHH 9TH npeKpaCHO pa3-bHCHeHbI K). H. TbIHHHOBblM 4: B03b-
MeM npHMepbi H3 n 0Ji0HCK0r 0 :
Kypa myMUT, TOAKancb e TeMHbi
Opue CKaAbi oicueo eodou...
>3Aecb OTpbiB anHTeTa reMHbi o t onpeAeJineMoro opbie c k j m
CHHTKCHHeCKH He MOTHBHpOB3H... 3aKaHHHBaH pHTMHHeCKH pHA H
yAy^H OTAeJieH o t Apyr or o pHTMHHecKoro p Aa, anHTeT KaK 6bi
BHCHeT b B03Ayxe; BoccoeAHHeHHe ero c onpeAeJiaeMbiM, HaxoAfl-
UIHMCH b APyrOM pHTMHHeCKOM pHAy, npOHCXOAHT B HaCTOJIbKO OIHy-
THTeJibHoft nocjieAOBaTejibHOCTH, hto anHTeT, yayHH OTAeJieH o t
CBoero HocHTeJia, He BbinoJiHHeT 4>yHKHHH npeAMeTHOH oKpacKH;
B33MeH 3T0T0 BbICTynaeT C OCOOH CHJIOH OCHOBHOH npH3H3K CJIOBa
TeMHHH, a TaKwe BTopocTeneHHbie (3M0UH0HaJibHbie) npH3HaKH;
a B BHAy TeCHOTbl pHTMHHeCKOrO pHAa B CJIOBe MOryT B03HHKHyTb
H KOJieJHOIHHeCH npH3H3KH 3H3HeHHH nO TeCHOH CBH3H CO CJIOBaMH
AaHHoro pnAa; TaK, co cjiobom reMHbi MomeT BCTynHTb b CBH3b,
oycjia'BJiHBaeMyio 3>ByKaM'H, cjigbiO t uyMur. K ). H . Tmihhhob xopomo
noKa3aji 3Aecb h pematomyio pojib CTHxa b HJieHeHHH cthxotbophoh
peHH, H nOAHHHeHHe CHHTaKTHKO-CeMaHTHHeCKOrO (|)aKTOpa ochobho-
My HJieHeHHio, h HeoH3aTeJibHoe orpaHHHeHHe HJieHeHHH cthxom:
jiereaH u,e3ypa BHyTpH CTHxa ,nocjie cjiobs tuyMur pa3AeJiaeT cthx
Ha ABe nacra h bboaht AonoJiHHTeJibHHe, HeB03M05KHbie b npaKTH-
H6K0H peHH, CMbICJIOBHe CBH3H CJIOB.
CaMa ue 3y p a h BooCme n a y 3 a, MOJinaHHe, T o x e 3HaHHMbie
3JieMeHTbi. X o p o u i o H3B6CTH3 p o j i b :nay3 b nbecax HexoBa. H h -
1 K). H. T m h a h o b . LIh t . c o i ., d p . 3545.
2 Cm., HanpHMep, A . M. I l e u i K O B C K H . O pHTMe CTHXOTBopeHHft b npose
TypreHeBa, b c6. PyccKaa pem>, HoBaa cepHH, Bun. II, a Tanace B. B. Bhho-
r p a a o b. O H3biKe xyaoacecTBeHHofi JiHTepaiypu; ero ace. O TeopHn xyao-
HcecTBeHHoft npo3hi, B onpocu H3hiK03HaHHa, N i 1, 1962; K. A . A o j h h k h .
rtpHHUMiH CTHJiH3auHH b TBopqecTBe A. OpaHca, y q . 3a n. JleH. neA- hhct.
hm. TepiieHa, t . 127, 1958, CTp. 61.
3 lO. H. T h h a h o b . U,h t . coq., erp. 42.
* TaM ace, c t p . 64.
319
TepecHo BbiCKa3biBaHHe FIo.ih KAOAejia: U n pome n est point f a i t
de ces lettres que j e plant e comme des clous, mais du blanc qui
reste sur le papier *.
1 4 1 . Pa3JIHMHe CTHXOB H f i p0 3 J . BcJi eACTBHe pa3HbIX np,HHUH-
noB HJieHeHHH o c T a e T c a H e n e p e x o A H Ma a r p a HHu a M e x A y , K a 3 a a o c b
6 h , Hepa3jiHHHMbi MH ( e c j i H He r o Bo pHTb o r pa t JwKe ) b h a 3 m h peMH:
pHTMHqeCKOH n p 0 3 0 H H CBOOAHblM CTHXOM.
OcTaHOBHMCH b 3toh cbh3h Ha oahom npHMepe. B. M. SxeH-
6 ayM b CBoe BpeMH noAMeTHJi, mto MescAy npo3aHMeCKoft h cthxo-
TBopHoft <J}pa3ofe IlyuiKHHa ecTb Kanoe-To poactbo, JiaroAapa ko-
TopoMy npo3a r i y m KHHa np0H3B0AHT ocooe BneMaraeHne, Henoxo-
acee Ha BneMaTJieHHe o t npo3H np03aHK0B2. rieperracaB HanaJio
Bbi cTpeâ b K0Ji0HKy, KaK ohmho nnuiyT cthxh, B. M. 3&xeH-
ayM AOKa3aJI, MTO b T3K0M BHAe 3T0T np033HHeCKHH OTpbIBOK. 0 6 -
paTHJICH B CBooAHbie cthxh:
1. Mbi ctoxau e Mecrenne
2. ?Ku3Hb apMecKoeo ocpuuepa uaeecrna,
3. yrpoM yHen.be, mhsm;
4. 06e y nojiKoeozo KOMandupa
5 . UAU 8 OKUdOBCKOM rpaKTupe,
6. eenepoM nynui u KapTbi.
7. B *** ne 6buo h u o h o z o ornpbirozo doMa,
8. hu oho neeecTbi;
9. m u coupaACb dpyz y dpyza,
10. ze KpoMe C80ux Myndupoe
11. e euda.AU nmeeo.
CpBHHM 9T0 C H3CTOHIUHMH CBOOAHHMH CTHX3MH COBpeMeHHO-
ro nosTa EBreHHH BHHOKypOBa:
Kozda x npuuieA U3 apMuu,
nepeoe, neM x bi/t, nopaotcen,
3 t o 6buo pa3Hoopa3ue...
H peA e HAoebix canozax
IJo zopody, ZA3en no croponaM.
Ma x nezo, dyMA x, eMecro
Eduno. zuMHacrepKu
CTOAbKO pa3Hbix odeotcd?...
M ookho OCAetlHyTb o t $t u x
CuTU,ee, naeaAeHHbix na noAKaxl
y crner x 3u k nepenucAxrb ux naaeanux.
3aneM, yMato x,
BMecro evcedneeHbix w,e a nauiu
9 r o ecKoneHHoe KOAmecrao Atod? . . . 3
1 UHtHpyeTca no usure J. Ma r o u z e a u . Aspects du franais, p. 4.
2 FIpoC.ieMM nOSTHKH riyUIKHHa. CKB03b JIKTSOaTypy, CTp. 168.
3 E. B H H O K y p o B . Pa3Hoo6pa3He, JlHpmca, M., 2962.
320
Ha nepBUi b 3f j i h a c x o a c t b o HMeHHo c t o h k h 3peHHH Bonpoca.
n p 0 3 a HJIH CTHXH? M e * A y T6KCTOM BHHOKypOBa H ny ui KHH
ckhm orpoMHO. Mohcho j i h CHHTaTb b T3K0M c j i y n a e , HTO HeT rpa-
HHHbl MeJKAy n p 0 30 H H CTHX3MH, H HTO CBOOAHbl CTHX H eCTb TOT
nepex oA HH cJiyHa, k o t o p h h CTHpaeT r p a n n u y ? Her.
E c j t h 6 h m u nep en Hc a J i H cthxh BHHOKypOBa n p o 3o , a n p 0 3y
l y i u K H H a CTHxaMH, KaK c A e J i a j i 5 . M. S x e H a y M , mh nojiyHHJiH
u A p y r H e TeKCTbi, TaK KaK b nepBOM cjiynae CTepjiHCb 6 bi cthxo-
Bbie paaAeJibi h paspyuiHJiocb 6bi c a k h c t b o CTHxoBoro p n A a , Tec-
HOTa CTHxoBoro p A a , no TepMHHOJiorHH 10. H. TbiHHHOBa, t . e.
Te TeCHHe CBH3H, B KOTOpbie CTHXOBOe eAHHCTBO npHBOAHT O'beAH-
HeHHbie b HeM cjiOBa Ha nepBhifi njiaH Bbi CTynnj i H 6u CHHTaKTH-
KO-CeMaHTHHeCKHe CBH3H, CBOHCTBeHHbie np033HHeCK0H peHH. B n y m -
khhckoh npo3e, HanporaB, CTepjiHCb 6 bi s t h cbh3h, n p H c y m n e e&
KaK npoae, h Ha n e p B b i f t nJiaH BbicTynHJiH 6 bi HHbie ch h t 3kt h ko -
ceMaHTHHecKHe CBH3H, BbiHBJieHHbie pacnojiojKeHHeM no craxaM.
B oohx cjiynaax noJiynHJiocb 5bi HHoe pHTMHHecKoe h c h h t skt h ko -
ceMaHTHHecKoe, a cjieAOBaTejibHO, h HHoe acTeranecKH u e J i o e 2.
CKa3aHHoe BepHo h ajih $paHiiy3CK0H xyAO*ecTBeHHo peHH,
o c o e H H coBpeMeHHoft, rAe 6 ej i ue c t h x h h np03a nacTo cJiHwaiOT-
c h . CpaBHHM b OTp b i BKa x c t h x h npeBepa h np03y >K.-n. Cap-
Tpa. y npeBepa:
Rue de Seine dix heures et demie
le soir
au coin dune autre rue
un homme titube... un homme jeune
avec un chapeau
un impermable
une femme le secoue...
elle le secoue
et elle l ui parle
et i l secoue l a tte
son chapeau est tout de travers
1 Uht . coq., CTp. 39.
2 TaK pemaeTCH Bonpoc o ipaiwuax Mexuy npo3oft k craxaMH, t o sto
CTHXH HJIH np03a? c T04KH SpeHHH CTHJIHCTHKH BOCIipHtfTHH. B C3M 0M flejle, MM
Bcer.na 3HaeM, hto m m wraeM, cthxh hjih np03y. Flpn hhom noaxoê, HanpHMep,
npH 06ieKTHBH0M OnHCaHHH CTHXOB h np03H KaK pa3HHX HBJieHHH peH, AaHHM\
bhc CHTyaitHH h He3aBHCHM0 o t HaJironaTejiH, ecTecTBeHHO rpaHHuu Meway hh-
MH, KaK laCTO BOOme B HBJeHHHX OieKTUBHOrO MHpa, npOBeCTH HeB03M0>KH0.
H 3/iec.b npaB B. B. ToMameBCKHft: EcTecTBeHHee h njioaoTBopHee paccMTpn-
eaTb cthx h npo3y He KaK jsfie o6jiac c TBepAoft rpaHHueft, a KaK ABa nojnoca,
Aaa ueHTpa THroTeHHH, BOKpyr kotophx HCTopHqecKH pacnojioHtHJiinb peajibHbie
(})aKTM (fl3bIK H CTHX, CTp. 23 ). CjieflyeT TOJIbKO OTTCTJHBO npeflCTaBJIHTb ce-
e ecrecTBeHHee b KaKOM OTHOtneHHH H njioaoTBopHee npH KKoS 3aaqe
HafijiiOAeHHH. B CTHJiHCTHKe BocnpHaTHH Bce KaK pa3 Hao6opoT. K T01KS 3pe-
hh B. B. ToMauieBCKoro 6jihôk B. B. BHHorpaaoB (O TeopHH no3THiecKoft
peqn, Bonpocu H3UK03HaHHfl, Jt 2, 1962).
321
et le chapeau de la femme s'apprte tomber en arrire
ils sont trs ples tous les deux
l homme certainement a envie de partir...
de disparatre... de mourir...
mais la femme a une furieuse envie de vivre
et sa voix
sa voix qui chuchote
on ne peut ne pas l entendre
cest une plainte...
un ordre-
un cri...
Pierre dis-moi la vrit
Pierre dis-moi la vrit
je veux tout savoir
dis-moi la vrit...
le chapeau de la femme tombe
Pierre je veux tout savoir
dis-moi la vrit... ( Rue de Seine ) 1
y CapTpa:
...Il lui donna quinze francs et la chassa de la main. I l pensa :
Je ne dois plus rien personne ! Et i l r i t un peu, derrire sa main.
I l pensa : personne ! I l se vit rire dans la glace et a le f i t rire.
Au dernier coup de dix heures, i l se lverait, i l arracherait son
image la glace et le martyre commencerait.......I l se voyait dans
la glace, i l aurait pu rester assis se regarder et couter cette
musique pendant une ternit. A dix heures. I l se lverait, i l pren
drait son image avec les mains, .il l arracherait la glace comme
une peau morte, comme une taie l'il. Les glaces opres de la
cataracte...
Cataractes du jour.
Dans les glaces opres de la cataracte.
( Le Sursis ) 2
OpaTHM BHHMaHHe b HauiHx npHMepax e m e Ha oflHy AeTaj ib:
iJieHeHHe ct hxob y BHH0 Kyp0Ba h y ripeBepa hhcto Tunor pat j ) -
CKOe, He 6yn.b aeJieHHH Ha erpo<iKH, mm npoqjiH 6 m hx KaK np03y.
3 HaHHT JIH 3TO, HTO flCJieHHe Ha CTpOHKH npOH3BOJIbHO? KoHeHHO HeT.
1 J. P r ver t . Paroles. Livre de poche, n 239, 1957.
2 J.-P. S a r t r e . Les chemins de la libert. II. Le Sursis, roman. NRF.
Gallimard, 1949, p. 217.
322
O t b c t hcch yjKe m npeAHAymero: ejieHue na ct hxh AaeT phtm e
noAnepKHBaeT HHbie CHHTaKTHKO-ceMaHTHHecKHe momh, new Te.
KaKHe OKa3ajiHCb 6fai noAHepKHyrbiMH npH nenaTaHHH nopnA.
142. P a 3 J i H H H e b h t c h h h B C J i y x c t h x o b h n p o 3 w . o a T O M y h
HHTaTb TaKHe CTHXH, KaK, nO-BHAHMOMy, H BOOme BCHKHe, H 3 A 0
TaK, KaK noKa3aHo n03T0M. 3Aecb KopeHb BenHoro cnopa MewAy
nosTaMH h n p 0 (J)eccH0 Ha^bHbiMH nTeuaMH-aKTepaMH *. AKTepbi h h -
TaioT c t h x h no CMHCJiy, t . e. b omeM, KaK n p o s y , h TyT He cna-
caeT HHKaKo pacnes. HMeHHo t s k HHTaji c t h x h B. H. Kaqajios.
n 0 npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOMy eAHHCTBeHHO BepHOMy 3CTeTHqeCKH npHHUH-
ny r a r a j i MaKOBCKHH, a 3 npoêccHOHajibHHX mt c uo b B. Hx o h -
TOB.
Bo <J>paHuy3CKoft TesTpsjibHOH t ps a h u h h HaxoAHM t c ce ABa
npHHUHna h t c h h h c t h x o b .
O h h x roBopHT Mo p a c TpaMMOH, pa36Hpaa o t p h b k h H3 noaMbi
B. Ho r o L e petit roi de Gal i ce . B OTpwBKe HAeT penb o cJiaBHOM
acTypnftcKOM Kopojie n e j i a o ( P l a g e ) , k o t o pu h c TpeMfl c o t h h mh
b o h h o b pa3HJi orpOMHoe b o h c k o apaoB:
Les Arabes faisaient la nuit sur la patrie.
Combien sont-ils ? criaient les peuples dAsturie.
Plage en sa main pri t la fort dEmula,
Alluma cette torche, et, tant quelle brla,
I l put voir et compter, du haut de la montagie,
Les Maures tnbreux jusquau fond de l Espagne.
B 3t o m MecTe TpaMMOH 3aMeqaeT:
EcJIH HHTaTb 3TH CTHXH no TeM npHHUHIiaM, KOTOpbIMH HaUIH
aKTepu oH3aHbi Hepa3yMH0H CHCTeMe oyneHHH, npHHHTo o ko j i o
1875 roA3, t o b CTHxax s t h x HeT HHnero 33MeiaTeJibHoro:
Plage | en sa main | prit la fort dErnula,
Alluma cette (e) torche... h t . a .
TyT TaKoe ace 63H3JibHoe AecTBHe, k s k KorAa e pyr CBeny, 3a-
XHraioT ee cnHnKoft h c b c t h t cee, noK3 BeTep ee He 3aAyeT. Ho
ec^H nponecTb s t h c t h x h TaK, KaK o h h AejiaHbi, a 9t o eAHHCTBeH-
h o npaBHJibHbift cnocod, t o caMaa $aKTypa h x aeHaewHO noA-
b o a h t Hac k BnenaTJieHHio HeoJKHAaHHocTH. Ht o e HeobiMHoro b
9t h x craxax? To, mt o prit OTAeJieH o o t CBoero npHMoro AonojiHe-
h h h nay3ofi nojiycTHiiiHH, h t o s t o c j io bo ioJiynseT 3Aecb CHJi0B0e
yAapeHHe, K0T0p0e CHHMaeT yAapeHHe c en sa main, h t o o h o HeceT
1 n o Bonpocy o me mm c t h x o b cymecTByeT KOJioccajibHas jiHTepaTypa, Ha
pyccK, A3, cm., HanpHMep, C. H. B e p h m t e ft h. C th x h aeKJiaMauHH, PyccKas
pe^b, HoBaa cepan, I, JI., 1927; Ha 4>panu- c m. ouiHpHyto 6H6jiHorpa$Hio b k h h -
re P. D e 1b o u i 11 e. Posie et sonorit. La critique contemporaine devant le
pouvoir suggestif des sons, Les belles-lettres , P., 1961, pp. 253260.
323
E TO >Ke BpeMH CaMblH BHCOKH TOH BCeTO CTHXa, H STO BHHyjKflaeT
nponecTb BTopoe nojiycTHiHHe o jie e hh3khm t oh om , p a c n o j i a r a o -
ihhm CJiymaTejia. k BneqaTJieHHio o h i h p h o c t h j i e c a :
Plage en sa main prit \ la fort dErnula
...TaKoe HTeHHe c t h x o b o t h x cj)aKTyptj h j i o MaHepo Pa-
CKHa k Mojibepa ( o a h j i h BeJiHKOJienHbiMH MTeuaMH), HacKOJibKO
Mbi MomeM BoccTaHOBHTb ee no aoineamHM ao Hac aoKyMeHTaM.
3 t o t x e cnoco e pe x H o xpaHHJia no TpaanuHH 4)paHuy3CKaa ko-
MeflHH a o t o t o neqajibHOH naMHTH BpeMeHH, o k o t o p o m a TOJibKO mto
roBopH. Tan x e h h t 2Ji c t h x h B. Horo, HeMHoro m o h o t o h h o , ho tom-
ho, h, o jie e x h b o , J I c k o h t ae-JlHJib
14 3 . MjieHeHHe KaK not wexa, P h t m m o x c t Bbi crynaTb h KaK
noMexa. 3 t q HBJieHHe BceM H3BecTHo b npoae, rae ecjiH TOJibKO
ne CTaBHTCH ueJibio co3aaHHe pHTMimecKOH n p o 3 u , KaK y . BeJioro
h j i h PopbKoro, TinaTejibHo HaeraioT bchkmx OTpesKcm peMH, Ha-
noMHHaoiHHx no pHTMy c t h x h . (Cp. napoAHHoe, opaTHoe hc-
ii0Jib30Ba*HHe 3 t o t o y H. H j i b ^ a h E. l l e T p o B a : peMb BacHcyaJiHH
JIoxaHKHHa). P h t m MOxeT BbicTynaTb b KaMecTBe noMexn h b c t h -
x a x , OaHaKO ne caM no cee, KaK b npo3e, a Mepe3 HexeJiaTeJibHbie
KOHTaKTbi c ceMaHTHKO'OHHTaKCHHecKHMH rpynnnpoBKaMH, noaêp-
KHBaH h x J io x H oe MJieHeHHe. B 3t o m c j i y q a e cKOpee nojiynaeTCH KaK
bi HBJieHHe j i o x h o h KOMneHcauHH, h e03aai0TCH ceMaHTHMecKHe
noMexn. Cp. CTpoMKy H3 coBpeMeHHoft riecHH o xypHaJiHCTax*
(My3Hi;a B. MypaaeJiH, c ji oBa B. JleBHHa), r a e My3biKajibH0e MJie-
Henne ycyryJineT no3THMecKoe: ) Ku3hu eepnbi ao eceM. o e T c a x e
s t o Tan: ?Ku,3 | hu aepubi eo | eceM, H3-3a Mero BbinHpaer e-
sepubi.
CMbscjiOBbie n o Me x n H3- 3a He npa BHJ i bHor o MJieHeHHH c nyMaj oTcn
H B np03aHM6CK0ft peMH. TopbKH Op a ma j I Ha HHX BHHMaHHe MO-
. T o a u x mHc a Te j i e , n p H B o a s TaKHe n p Me p b i : O h n n c a j i c t h xu, xut -
poyMHo n o a H p a n pH J ww, a o b k o x o H r j i H p y a nycTMMH c j i o b 3 m h ,
aBTop He CJibiiniiT b c e o e f l (})pa3e XHXHKaHbH, He 3 a Me n a e T MbiJio 2.
144. Il oMexa KaK 3h &k . ObirphiBaHHe noMex. OoHenHMecKHe
noMexH, ycHJieHHbie phtmom, npHBoasT, KaK buio n0Ka3aH0 b npe-
a n a y m H x n a p a r p a t ^ a x , k ceMaHTHMecKOMy caBUry k noHBJieKHio
HQBoro CMbicjia, He npeaycMOTpeHHoro orapaBHTejieM peMH. H H o r a a
oh h obirpbiBaiOTCH, h T or aa caMaa noMexa CTaHOBHTCH c j i o j k -
h h m 3H3K0M HOBoro cMwcjia. OcoeHHo MaCTbl TaKHe CJiyqaH B
<j)OJibKJiope. HHTepecHbi npHMep npnBoaHT M. r o p bKH fi :
1 M. Gr a mmo n t . Essai de psychologie linguistique, Delagrave, P., 1950,
pp. 131132.
* M. T o p t k h S. O HatiHHaroiuHx nKcaTeaax. Co6p. co?. FHXJI, t . 24, M.,
1953, CTp. 414.
324
y K a 3WBaa o a h o m y JiHTepaTopy, aBTOpy o j i b m o r o pOMaHa, Ha
TO, KaK H3 flByX CJ10B, HeOCTOpOXCHO IIOCTaBJieHHMX PHAOM, opa-
ayeTCH HeHywHoe h, qacTO, CMeuiHoe TpeTbe, h nanoMHHJi eMy no-
r o s o p Ky : Kai i i Ka KHuiKe KyKHixi Ka * e T . Oh onyjiHKOBaji ecef l y
CO MHOK> H nOBTOpHJl norOBOpKy B TKOM BHfle KUlUKa KUtUKe Ka-
otcer KyKuui, He 3aMeTHB, mt o H3 Byx nocj iefl HHx c j i qb noroBopKH
b TpeTHH p a 3 0 6 p a 30BaHa KUiUKa-we Hr pa H3HKa, KOTOpan k a e -
j i aeT noroBopKy HHTepecHofi i i omhmo ee o 6 p a 3HOCTH *. Cp. <})paHii.:
Tu me tutoies, je te tue, toi ; on boit un vieil armagnac, on devient
un vieillard magnac.
KJiaccHqecKaH J w r e p a T y p a BcanecKH H3eraJia nofloHbix myTOK
CJ10B3MH. B HOBeUie JKe n033HH OHH He TOJIbKO IHHpOKO Hcnojib3y-
K t ch, h o n c t & h o b h t c h ooobiM npHeMOM. TaK, Mavi JiapMe hc-
ObtTOblM nJieHeHHeM 4>pa3bl Ha CTHXH BbIfleeT CKpblTbie B HeH $ 0 -
HTHneoKHe coneTaHH, MopiêMbi, h pJ>MyeT h x co CJWBaMH V e r s
d e c i r c o n s t a n c e ) 2. K a * A o e ABy c r a u i a e 3Aecb saKOHneHHoe c t h -
XQTBOpeHHe:
Avant l aube si tu men
Crois, cris ta maman. (LXXX)
Jajoute mon souhait, voil
Lequel : Ecris peu, mais sois l. (LXXXI)
Jai cueilli, pour que tu me crusses
Galant, ces violettes russes. (XCII)
HeKOTOpbie Mecra 3Aecb npHMO Han0MHHai0T c t h x MaKOBCKO-
r o hjih b o t cjieayioiHee:
Jai mal la dent
Dtre dcadent ! (XCIII)
Cp. y MaHKOBCKoro ( c t h x h j ih peKJiaMHoro nJiaKaTa):
Huzde KpoMe
K k e MoccejibnpoMe,
hjih eme:
Ha pyccKu z a h k t
Kk e adpuuiy rcoaa,
Ornyda, mo a , u ht o s t o 3a
reozpa<punecKue h o q o c t u .
( C t h x h o c o b c t c k o m n a c n o p T e ) a.
1 M . T O p b KH H. yKa3. c oq., CTp. 414.
* M a l l a r m . uvres compltes. NRF, Bibliothque de la Pliade, 1951,.
pp. 166167.
3 pyrHe npHMepu c m. b KHar e B. B. B H H o r p a j o B a . Ct h .ih c t h k 3 eo-
pHH nosTH'iecKoft peiH riosTHKa. AH CCCP, M., 1963, CTp, 6768.
145. rpa$HKa. M b i i i o a o u i j i h 3Aecb k ApyroMy aascHOMy ac-
neKTy KOMneHcan,HH: 3ByKOBOH 3Hax m o j k c t KOMneHCHpoBaTbCH Ma-
TepmaJibHO hhmm rpacpHKofi. HanepTaHHe c ji o b , 3 h h k h npenHHa-
h h , MHoroToiHH, a63auhi, pacnojiojKeHHe c t p o k ocoeHHo 3 noa-
THiecKo peHH, nponHCHbie yKBbi h A a x e xapaKTep mpHc[>Ta Hr-
paOT pOJIb 3H3KOB. I l p H 3TOM HX 3HaK0Bblft Xapa'KTep KOpeHHblM
opaaoM OTJiBHaeTCH o t Toro, K.axoH ohh M o r y i Mexb s npaKTHqe-
c k oh penn. TaK TeJierpaMMa, HaneHaTaraHaa Ha jienre h j i h HanncaH-
Haa Ha JiaHKe noHTOBbiM cjiyjKamHM HMeeT oa hh h t t ce c m h c j i
h, cjieAOBaTejibHO, nepeHHCJieHHbie ( h A p y r n e ) MaTepHajibHbie 3Jie-
MeHTbi HrpaiOT p o j i b o o j i o h k h HeMaTepnaJibHoro 3naKa. 3ecb ate,
e peHH xyAoxecTBeHHOH, o h h ecTb qacTb caMoro 3HaKa, e r o 03Ha-
naiomee, h, cJieAOBaTeJibHo, h x CB3b c osHanaeMbiM HenoopeACT-
BeHHa. Ocooe coAepHcaHHe ropbKCBCKoro HeJiOBeK MoxeT fo i T b
nepeAaHo hmchho nponHCHoft yKBOH, h KorAa ee Hejib3a BHAeTb,
ee npHxoAHTCH KOMneHCHpoBaTb (aBJieHHe b t o p h h h o h KOMneHca-
UHh), r oB o pa : Heji oBex c o j i m i i o S yKBbi.
PHorAa nponHCHbie yKBbi Hcnojib3yioTCH a j i h co3AaHna ocoo-
ro, M a r K o r o roMopa ( y Hac na me Bcero b KHHrax nepeBOAHbix c a n r *
J i n c K o r o ) , HanpHMep, TaK: Bce nonpoinamcb co cnacTAueuM xo-
3ruhom doMa, u Kpucrotpep Pouh tioiueji oedarb co CeOUMU
dpy3bHMu lyxoM u [Jhtuhkom. l l o dopoze dpysbn paccKa3 a.Au
eMy 0 6 ywcacHO Quiune, Koropyto ohu coeeptuAU, u Kozda oh
kohm.ua cMembCH, ece rpoe dpyoKuo 3aneAU JlopooKHytoUlyMeAKy
ah CueoKHO. floeodbi u neAU ee ecfo doposy, npmeM Ila.TaHOK,KO-
ropbi ece ew,e 6 ma ueMnoeo ne e aoAoce, toako tupaumomo-
ka i .
Cp. y A. raftAapa:
. ...AeHbl OH CTOHA, MAbHUUl, HO aOpdbl, U He CK3A OH
hm ceoe Boennou Tanu, noroMy hto raicoe yvc y nezo Teepdoe
CAoeo. (CKa3Ka 0 BoeHHofi T a n n e , 0 MajibHHiHe-KHajibHHuis h
er o BepAOM C j io B e ) .
THnorpa(J)CKHe mpH<|)Tbi c 3 t o tomkh 3peHHH hjih BnepBbie y
Hac onncaHM I \ O. BnHOKypoM2, KOTopbift AeJiHJi mpHfjDTbi c tomkh
3peHHH HanepTaTeJibHo (ycTaB, KypcHB, rpoTecK, MeAHOBaJib h Ap.)
h c t ohkh 3peHHS npoeTpaHeTBeHHoro pa3Mepa (neraT, HOHnapeJib,
KOpnyc, HHuepo h t . n . ) . KaasAaa r p y n n a (})opM HMeeT cboh ^yviK-
UHH. riepBaa BbiAeJiaeT H3 CBH3Horo KOHTeKCTa oTAejibHbie OTpe3KH,
A. A. M h j iji h . BHHHH-TIyx h Bce o c r r a - i Mb i e . riepecK03aji Bopac 3 a x o s e p .
H3J-B0 fleTCKHH Mp, M., I960, CTp, 78. B 3 t o KHHre npHMeHenH h f l p y r K e
THnorpa<})CKHe n p He Mt , KaK B u p a 3 H T e ^ b H u e sji eMeHTbi peHH. Cp. Taxace y . K o j i -
JIHH3. J l yHHbt f l KaMeffis. riepes. c a H r j i . , M., 1960, CTp. 448 h ap.
2 T. O. B H H O K y p . ^ 3 u k THnorpa<}>HH. B e r o copHHKe Ky j i b Ty p a 3HKa.
OqepKH jiHHrBHCTHMecKoA exHo. i or i i H, M., 1925.
326
KO KOHKpeTHMH CMHCJI BblAejieHHH MOSCeT blTb CaMblM pa3HbIM.
BTopaa r p y n n a ycTaHaBJiHBaeT ran u e J i o r o TeKCTa ( HanpHMep, Me-
Hee B a * H o e c o o meHHe pAOM c BaKHbiM b r a 3 eTe HaHpaeTca ne-
rHTOM). O w e J i b H o T. O, BnHOKyp p a c o M a i p H B a J i 3 a r 0 Ji0 BH h noA-
3 a i ' 0 J10BKH.
F. O. BHHOKyp T a K * e y n a s a J i 3Aecb Ha n o J i H y i o a Ha J i o r a r o co
SByKOBOK HHCTpyMeHTOBKOft n 03THHeCK0 i peHH ( 0 6 HHCTpyMeHTOB-
k c cm. HH*e, 146) h n e p Bb i f t cTaJi paccMaTpHBaTb m p H 4>T KaK
o c o y r o 3HaKOByK), ceMHOTH' iecKyio cncTeMy ( c m. 137).
n p H BceM t o m, h t o bi j i o CKa3aHO Bbiuie, c j i o bo ocTaeTca, KOHeq-
h o , rjiaBHbiM MaTepnajibHbiM ajieMeHTOM b xyAomecTBeHHOH penn
TaK >Ke, KaK pncyHOK h u,BeT b j k h b o i i h c h . HeKOTOpbie e Hepeaj m-
CTH<iecKHe HanpaBJieHHH b o 3b o a h t s t o KanecTBo KOMneHcauHH b
acojiiOT: co BpeMeHH CHMBOJiHSMa Heo*HAaHHoe onymeHHe hj ih no-
CTaHOBKa 3anHTbix, c t h x h 6e3 3H3k o b npenHHHHH Boome, xapaK-
Tep mpHt j rr a, a b k h b o h c h ynoTpeJieHHe He cBocTBeHHbix e
MaTepHaJIOB JKeCTH H T. n. CTaHOBHTCa nOCTOaHHblMH. OilHaKO
BMeCTe C TeM B03B0AHTCH B aCOJIIOT H Hepa3pbIBHO CBfl33HHOe c
s t h m: nycTOTa 3HaKa, nycTbi e 3HaKH, npoH3BeAeHHe Ji Hui aeTca b o o -
uxe KKoft 6 bi t o h h biJio CBH3H c BHe e r o JieHcame& AeftcTBHTeJih-
HOCTbK).
MescAy TeMt b HeKOTOpbix npeaejiax n y c r a e 3HaKH, t . e. aHajior
KycKa wecr a, BKpanjieHHoro b KapTHHy, HanHcaHHyio MacjioM, BCTpe-
qaioTCH h b peajiHCTHHecKHX npoH3BeaeHHHX. TaK, 3HaMeHHTHe
n p o n y m e H H b i e CTpo(|)bi b EBreHHH HerHHe, 3aMeHeHHbie m h o t o -
TOqHHMH, He COOTBeTCTByKJT HHKBKOMy npOnymeHHOMy COAep*aHHIO,
3TH 3H3 KH HyCTbie, HO OHH HTpaiOT OTpOMHyK) pojib, 03HaqaK)T He
ocjia6jieHHe, He noHHxeHHe, He o t a h x b npouecce pa3BHBaiomeftefl
(J)OpMH, a, HanpoTHB, HaKHM, ycHJieHHe '. CeMaHTHHecKH ce hx
pOJIb CBOAHTCH K TOMy, HTO OHH CHMBOJIH3HpyiOT BHyTpeHHee Bpe-
MH npOH3BeACHHH. C/rpO(j)a, npHMbIKalOmaH K HpeAblAymeH, HHTaeT-
ch KaK ee npoAOJixeHHe. CTpo<j)a, QTAejieHHaa o t npeAbiAyme 3K-
BHBaJieHTOM CTpOÔH H3 MHOrOTOqHH, HHTaeTCH KaK OTCTOHmafl
o t Hee no BpeMeHH, npoTeKaiomeMy b npoH3BeAeHHH.
T y m e p o j i b MoryT B b i n o j m a T b n p o c r a e HOMepa r Ji aB, OTAeJiaro-
m n e n o c j i e AH e e c j i o b o o a h o h r j i a B b i o t . n e pB o r o c j i o B a A p y r o f t .
HjieHeHHe Ha rJiaBbi KaK 3HaK T3K>Ke MoxeT biTb KOMneHcnpo-
saH b hhoh MaT e p Ha j i b Ho c|)opMe. OqeHb HHTepecHbiH cnoco onH-
CbiBaeT B. IUkjiobckhh 2:
y OrepHa rJi aBbi He H3 3 BaHbi, h o n p 0 HyMep0 BaHbi.
n o p H A K B H e HOMepa CJiyjKaT a j i h t o t o , h t o m HHTaTeJib o m y -
t h j i Hapy meHHe BpeMeHHoft nocj i eAOBaTej i bHocTH b p a c c K a 3 e.
B TpncTpaMe I I I e H A H rJiaBH nepecTaBJieHbi. B a 6b h t o h KHHre
r j i a B a XVIII h XIX n p o n y m e H H h noTOM AaiOTca nocjie XXV r J i a -
1 IiOflpo6HO 06 3T0M CM. 10. H. T bl H H H O B. U.HT. COH., CTp. 2127.
2 XyA05KecTBeHHaa npo3a. Pa3MbmwieHH5i h pa36opH, M., 1959, er p, 300.
327
m . ,3f l i T 0611 cpasy noKa3aH p a 3roBapHBaiomHM c xeHmHHoft.
JXaeTCH cepeAHHa pa3roBopa. 3aTeM noHBJieHHe nponymeHHbix rJiaB
3aHOBO TOpM03HT AeftCTBHe.
BHHMaH'He Bce BpeMH cocpeaoTOHKBaeTCH Ha c n o c o e noaecTBO-
BHHH H Ha HJieH6HHK nOBeCTBOB3HHH. BHHMaHHe HaCTOpOXeHO T6M,
h t o Mbi no jiyn ae M snenaTJieHHa coBepuieHHO HeoxHAaHHbie, Ha*
n p i m e p , b aHrJiHcKOM h3A3hhh h b neTBepTOM TOMe OAaa c p a -
HHii.a c o A e p x a J i a BKJieftKy MpaMopHo yMara. TaKaH yMara Ae-
JiaJiacb TorAa KycTapHHM c nocooM. K p a c n y pacnhUiHBajiH no no-
BepxHocTH BOAbi, a noTOM CKKMajiH Ha j i h c t ; yMara u u i a Ha <j)op-
aaubi,
nOHB-fieHHe MpaMOpHOrO JIHCTK3 BHyTpH KHHrH npOH3BO.HO
BnenaTJi eHHe, h t o KHHry KaK yATO BbiBepHyjm.
O^ Ha CTpaHHua KHHra 3anepHeHa.
148. HacTHue npoHBJieHH pHTMa. KmcTpyMeHTOBxa. S u h m
repMHHOM, BCJiea 3a 10. H. TbIHHHOBblM, Ha3bi'BaeM BHAeJIHIOIIlHe-
ch na omeM np0H3H0CHTeJibH0M ( h aKycTHnecKOM) (JjoHe r p y n n b i ,
nOBTOphl *. B T3K0M nOHHMaHHH HHCTpyMeHTOBKa IipOTHBOCTOHT
CTpyKTypa^bHOMy aHajiH3y (cm. Bbi ui e), n p a k o t o p o m paccMaTpn-
BiOTCH KaK paBH03HaHHbie Ji iobi e cTpyKTypHbie c o o t h o u i c h h h 3By-
KOB KaK BUAeJIHJOIHHeca, TaK H CKpHTbie OT BOCnpHflTHH. HHCTpy
MeHTOBKa BbinojiHHeT n p n B3aHM0AecTBHH sfleMeHTOB Ty x e poj i b,
h t o H pH<j)Ma, c t o jiHiiib pa3HHueft , h t o caMa n o c e e BorpenaeTCH
HecpaBHeHHo p e x e pH(J)Mbi h b OTJiHHHe o t Hee oj i bi ne KOMneHCHpy-
eT- HenocpeAcrBeHHo ceMaHTHKy, neM p h t m . TaK, HHCTpyMeHTOBKa
b CTpOKe: Bbi iuu | duo | u Bbiuieji eon (nyuiKHH, CKa3Ka 0
u a p e C a j u a H e ) 2, ycHJieHHaa p h t mo m, h b cboi o o n e p e a b ycHJiH-
BaKsmaa e r o , SMABHraeT ( a a npocTHT mh MHTaTejib sry e -
BOJibHyK) n r p y cj i ob) Ha nepBHH nJi aH SJieMeHT CHJibHoro a b h x c h h h
n a p y x y b ceMaHTHKe rjiarcwioB. HHCTpyMeHTOBKa b s t o m CMbicjie
H3b?BaeTCH b o (J)paHuy3CK0fl (J)HJiojiorHHecKo TpaAHUHH h a r m o n i e
e x p r e s s i v e . O t HHCrpyMeHTOBKH b s t o m uiHpOKOM CMbicjie cj ioBa
HaAo oTJiHHaTb 3ByKonHCb h a r m o n i e s u g g e s t i v e h j i h v o c a t i v e .
ri peKpacHbi H npHMep ee AaeT 10. OJ i er na:
M u HMeeM b KOHue k o h h o b npaBo BbipaTb H3 Bcero IlyiUKHHa
CTpoKH, KOTopue HaM HpaBHTCH o j i e e Bcero.
H nycTb y rpooBoro BXOAa...
FHTb pa3 noApflA noBTOpHromeecH 0 r p o o B o r o bxo....
Bbi cnycKaeTecb no cTyneHbKaM noA c b o a u , b c x j i e n . JXa, Aa, T y r
HOA CB0A3MH 3X01. ( H 3 3anHCHbIX KHHXeK) 3
OAHaKO bo Bcex CJiynaax 3ByKonHCH, TaK x e KaK H n p n pa3Hbix
MCTpax, accouHauHH co c m h c j i o m He noeroRHHbi h k o j i c j o t c h b
1 K). H. T u h h h o b . LIh t . c o m., CTp. 101.
8 npHMep 10. H. TuHHHOBa, CTp. 102.
8 H3(5p. coq., 1956, erp. 455.
328
oneHb mnpoKHX irpeaejiax. Cnopee Bcero mo j k h o onpeaejiHTb TOJib-
k o h x o 6i u h xapaKTep, HanpaBêHHe s mo u h h : yAOBOJibCTBHe He-
yflOBOJibCTBHe, B03yJKAeHHe ycnoKoeHHe, HanpJDKeHHe pa3pn-
KeHHe1. Op. BneqaTJieHHe mapoKoro rocTenpHHMHoro mecTa a
a a.
Nos Pylades l-bas tendent leurs bras vers nous
( B a ud e l a i r e )
HJIH H3HIUHbIH H HejKHblft CTHX PoHCapa, OCHOB3HHbIH Ha Tpex TO-
HajibHocTHx o oTKpbiTan 6ojiee 3aKpbiTaa caMa 3aKpbi-
Tan:
Afin que vif et mort ton corps ne soit que roses2.
HaKOHeii, npocTeHiuHM, caMbiM nacTHbiM cjjynaeM HHCTpyMeH-
t o b k h HBJiaeTCH 3ByKonoapa)KaHHe, h ^ h harmonie i m i t a t i v e hj i h
a l l i t r a t i o n i m i t a t i v e :
H nbHHbt Tonor rpenam neped nopoeoM Ka.6a.Ka
(IlyiKHH)
Pour qui sont ces serpents qui sifflent sur vos ttes
(Racine. Andromaque ) 3
3 ByKonoflpajKaHHe orpaHH^MBaeTca HHCTpyMeHTOBKO coniac-
HblX *.
147. Ma T e p Ha j i b Hwe c b j b h x y a o w e c T B e H H o f i p e i H c c h c t c m o
H3UKa. KaK yme 6 bi.no CKa3aiHO, B3aHMoaeHCTBHe ajieMeHTOB h ypoB-
He b npHHitHne ocymecTBiiaeTca 0flHHaK0B0 b npaKTHnecKofi h b
xyaosKecTBeHHof i penn, He HCKJnoMaH h penb CTHxoTBopHyio. HeT
HHHero b CTHxe, nero He bijio b H3UKe, nncaji JI. H . HMOêeB
(TeopHH CTHxa, CTp. 74)- 3 t o 3aMenaHHe Bbi3BaJio t o j i b k o oHy
1 Cp. JI. f l K y H H C K H f t . O 3ByKax CTHxoTBopHoro H3hiKa. CopHHKH no
TeopHH no 3inq. peqH, I, rieTepypr, 1916, CTp. 25.
2 06a npHMepa 03 CTatbH P. G r o s c 1a u d e, Lassonance interne dans le
vers franais, Le Franais moderne , t. 19, 1951, pp. 175180.
3 III. B P 10 H O MHTaeT, BnpOHCM, H 9T0 OSeHb TOHKOe HagjItOAeHHe,
n o cKonjieHHe s, Boo6me fl0B0^bH0 qaco BCTpe>jaioweecji bo tfipaHuyacKOM H3U-
Ke, PacHHOM MorJio biTb npocro HC3aMeqeHo. IIoapaHaHHe uiHneHHio 3Mefi Pa-
c h h , no MHeHHio III. BpioHo, c m 6h npne.MOM Aypnoro BKyca. (Ch. B r u n e a u.
Petite histoire de la langue franaise, t, I, Armand Colin, 1958, p. 133.)
4 nOflpOKblft 030p TeopHH HHCTpyMeHTOBKH BO (jjpaHK. $HJI0JI0rHH H HX
KpaTHKy cm. b KHHre P. D e 1b o u i 11 e. Posie et sonorit.
329
nonpaBKy B. B. ToMameBCKoro: b H3buce HeT caMoro HBJieHHs
CTHxa ( Ct h x h h 3h k , CTp. 60, cHOCKaj.
CB33H npaKTHHeCKOH H XyflOKeCTBeHHOH peHH HSOAHOKpBTHO
bUIH npeAMeTOM EHHM3HH5 CpHJIOÔrOB, XOTH flO eux nop s o n p o c
ocTaeTca Majio pa3pa6oT3HHbiM. OcoeHHo n a c r o cTaBHJicn o h npH-
MeHHTeJIbHO K peHH CTHXOTEOpHOH. B. B. OMaUieBCKHH yKa3HBaJI,
hto MeTp onpeaejHeTCH HCTopanecKH AByMH <J>aKTopaMH: jiHTepa-
TypHOH TpaflHUHeH H <>OpMaMH H3bIKa *, a TpH Kjiacca pyCCKHX MeT-
pOB AByCJIOJKHbie, TpeXCJIOHCHbie H pa3rOBOpHbI CTHX (THnHHh'ee
Bcero y MaHK0BCK0r0) B03HHKK)T ne H3 acTpaitTHbix cxeM
HHCTOFO pHTMa, a H3 pa3H00pa3HH CaMHX CTHJieft np0H3H011ieHHH,
H3 BapnauHH pHTMHsyeMoro MaTepnsj i a 2.
1 C t h x h H3hiK, CTp. 29.
2 TaM ace, erp. 40. Cp. P. Me h e n a e c n h a a .n fa. CraxoTBopiihie oco6en-
h o c t h no3M b HcnaHHH h b o 4>paHUHH. H36p. nponaBea., nepeB. c HCiiaHCKoro,
M., 1961, CTp. 152 159. HeoaHOKpaTHO npe,anpHHHMaJMCb Tansce nonuTK c b h -
3aTb Bonpocbi p h $ m m , HHCTpyMeHTOBKH h npo*j. c TeopHeft 4)OHeM. IlepBHe rnara
6h ,i i h c a e jia n u P. O. 3 k o 6 c o h o m . O i:emcKOM c ra xe npeHMymecTBeHHO b
conocTaBfleHHH c pyccKHM, I l p a r a , 1923; cp. TawKe JI. 55 k y 6 h h c k h h . Ocy-
mecTBjieHHe 3ByK0B0r0 e,HHHOo6pa3HH b TBopqecTe JlepMOHTOBa, C6o p h h k h no
Teopra noaTHq. peHH, FleTepSypr, 197, d p . 63 70. J .-B . R a t e r m a n i s
et P, D e i t z. Les frquences des p r in c ip a le s op positions phonologique s e t
quelques consquences esthtiques possibles, P h i l o l o g i c a l Q u a rte r ly , v o l. 34, n I V ,
o c t. 1955, p p. 415 437. KpHTHiecKH k HafoiofleHHHM yKasaHHfaix aBTopoe no.axo-
ht P . D e 1 b o u j 11 e. Po s ie e t s o n o r i t , p p. 70 82.
nPHJlCttKEHME
aJIEMEHTbl HCTOPHHECKOH CTHJIHCTHKH
Bo MHorHx MecTax s t o h KHura mh paccMaTpHBaJiH c b h 3 > erpyK-
xypM H3HKa c ero h o pmo h , a CTpyKrypbi h HOpMU c HCKyccTBOM,
TBOpHMOM Ha 9T0M H3bIKe.
XyAOJKHHK CJI0B3, C03AaiOmH HenOBTOpHMOe He TOJibKO MbICJIbO,
ho h 4>opM0H ee, 0BH33H abohko: c oflHofi ct opohh, co3AaHbiM ero
npeAmecTBeHHHKaMH h corpeMeHHHKaMH, c apyroft MaTepHaJioM.
Co3AaBaH xyAo>KecTBeHHyro ueHHocTb b MaTepnaJie H3biKa, x y Ao x -
hhk TOJibKO onpaBAbiBaeT KOHCTpyKTHBHyio aeTaJib H3biKa, ero
CTpyKTypbl HJIH HOpMbl, He 0C03H3HHyi0 AO STOrO SCTeTHHeCKH. C 03-
AaHHOe nOMHMO KOHCTpyKIIHH H3bIKa JKHBCT He AOJirO. Ha pyCCKOM
(Aa, n o x a j i y , h hh Ha KaKOM) MaTepHaJie He npHHJiHCb (JjyTypHC-
Tbi. Bo $paHuy3CKOM, c ero MarHCTpajibHofi HcnocTbio h npHMOTOH,
He npHJKHBaioTCH yKpatueHKH. L e styl e procds passe v i t e ,
3aMeqaeT A. JXo3a, n p o e r a hctophio cjioBecHux crajieft *. Bce 0 6 -
c t o h t TaK, KaK HanpHMep, b apxHTeKType: npocTOH ctoji, noAnn-
paiomHH KpHrny, MomeT, npn H3BecTHbix ycJioBHHX, AOcraBHTb h
scTeTHnecKoe yAOBOJibCTBHe, aHraiHan KOJiOHHa Ha BbicoTe AecHToro
s r a x a HHKorAa. S c T e r H ^ e c K H u 6 h h u m b H3 b i Ke m o-
K e T b I T b C A e J i a H O TO, HTO K O HC T p y K T H B H O 0 n p a b-
A a h o b e r o C T p y K T y p e . 3thm nojiojKeHHeM o'beAHHHiOTCH b
oahoh KHHre cthj i hcthk3 npaKTHiecKOH penn h cthj i hcthk3 peHH xy-
AoacecTBeHHO. OnHcaHHe cbh3h cthjihcthkh npaKTHnecKOH peHH-h
cthj i hcthkh xyAOJKecTBeHHo peHH BHyrpeHHe o'beAHHseT 0 6 e cth-
JIHCTHKH h COCTaBJIHeT TpeTbIO CTHJI i HCTHKy H C T 0 p H H e -
c Ky K). B stom pa3Aejie Mbi npoAeJiaeM HCTopHHeoKHfl nyTb ABaoKH
h b pa3HHx HanpaBJieHHax: 1) o t MeTa<J>opbi CapTpa k ee hctokbm,
2 ) o t ApeBHeij)paHuy3CKoro CHHTaKCHca k coBpeMeHHoft pa3roBop-
hoh (|)pa3e. B o6 ohx cjiynaax s t o t nyTb npojieraeT b cepeAHHe ne-
pe3 HopMy.
MeTat|)0pa
JIj ih MeTaôpH CapTpa xapaKTepHbi HecKOJibKo nepT, b cobo-
KynHocTH He BCTpenaiomHxcH hh y Koro Apyroro, Hen0BT0pHM0 capT-
pOBCKHX.
1 Le gnie de la langue franaise, Payot, P., 1947, p. 293.
333
O h c r y m a e T jBJieHHH npnpoAH, npHAaeT hm b h a MaTepHaJibHoro,
no npeHMyinecTBy HejiOBenCKOH njOTH: un clair d'acier, puis ls
silence ; la molle viande bleue de cette journe avait reu l ter
nit comme un coup de faux 1 eoAyoe nodarjiueoe mh c o bt o zo
h h ; crapaeT r p a Hb HCHBoro h n e * H B o r o : La nui t tait douce et
sauvage, la chair tant de fois dchire de ta nui t stait cicatrise.
Une nuit pleine et vierge, belle nui t sans hommes, belles sangui
nes sans ppins apenpacnue aneAbcunu 6e3 nocroneK.
H , HanoHen, CMemaHHbie TaKHM opasoM KanecBs j k h b h x cy-
mecTB h h o k h b h x npeAMeTOB oTpbiBaioTCH o t HocHTejieft h npeA-
CTaBJiHiOTCH cymecTBy i o i a h m h caMH no cee: Mathieu sauta sur ses
pieds, paula, ses yeux durcirent : debout et dense dans an
monde de solides ct o h u zy croit e Henoe.u Mupe reepdbix
(ra?).
H HaHojiee rann^Haa y CapTpa nocJieAHHH MeTaM0pc{)03a
Bce KanecTBa OTJiHBaiOTCH b cymecTBHTejibHoe: Un dimanche tout
fait, quelconque, peine un peu plus raide qu l ordinaire, un peu
plus chimique, trop silencieux, dj plein de croupissures se
crtes eocKpeceHbe, noAnoe raHbix 3azHueaHu.
C nepBoro B3iyiHAa hcho, h t o MeTa4>opa CapTpa st o oaho-
BpeMeHHO Kan 6h h KpaTKHft onepK, h HJunocTpauHfl ero 4)hjioco4)hh.
Oahbko Hac HHTepecyeT cennac He coAepataHne MeTa(|)opbi, a ee
MaTepnaji. y * e H3 nepeB0A3 AByx-Tpex MeTa<J>op Ha pyccKHH hcho,
ht o b pyccKOM H3biKe ohh HeB03M0HH HMeHHo no MSTepHajiy.
H o h t o TaKoe M a T e p n a ^ MeT3<J>opH? O h c b h a h o , h t o s t o h a)
M3TepHaJlbHaH Cj)OpMa (CJIOBO, H3CTb peHH, CHHTKCHH6CKaH k o h c t -
p y K U H f l ) , h 6 ) cnoco MeTa({)opH3aii,HH, t . e. CKpbiTan b Heft BHyT'*
peHHan JiopMs, ee k o a .
PaccMOTpHM KpaTKO M3TepHa,/i MeTac{)opH b HenocpeACTBeHHo^
JiHTepaTypHo-xyAOiKecTBeHHOfi cpeAe CapTpa, t . e. HopMe, o t k o -
Topo oh orraJiKHBaeTCH (neM h onpeAejiHeTca ero HHAHBHAyajb-
HOCTb), KO K KOTOpO OH H npHCn0Ca6^HB3eTCa, HTObl blTb n o -
HHTHblM.
C n o c o MeTa(J)opH33UHH, x a p a K T e p H b i f i a j i h C a p T p s , noAr oTOB-
JieH AOBOJibHO AJiHTeJibHO n p e A i n e c T B y f o m e f i TpaAHAHeft. Er o m o j k -
h o A a r a p o B a r b AOBojibHo t o h h o nepHOAOM peBOJirouHH poMaH-
t h k o b b ^ H T e p a T y p e 30-mh r oA a MH XIX BeKa. n o c K o ; i b K y Me-
Ta<})opa KaK CpeACTBO xyAomec TBeHHo p e n n pa3BHBa,nacb b h 3 h k p
xyAO* ecTBeHHOH Ji HTepaTypbi , t . e. o t j i h h h o c t h k j i h h h o c t h , t o
mh a o j i j k h h y K a 3 a Tb h Ha n o s Ta , b TBOpnecTBe KOTOporo n e p e ^ o M
npoHBHJicH ocoeHHQ CHJibHo. 3 t o B h k t o p Horo. O h n e p B b i f t n o c -
j i e A O B a r e ^ b H o h co3H3Tej i bHo OTKa3aj i c a o t M e T a ^ o p n KJiaccHUHC-
TOB, MeTat f l OpH JIOTHHeCKOH, npH3B3HHOft p33bHCHHTb TO, HTO HeAOC-
T3T0HH0 pa3-bHCHHeTCH paCCyjKAeHHHMH, H 33MeHH ee CHCTeM3TH-
npHMepu H3 Stephen Ui l ma n n . Style in the French Novel, Cambridge,
334
qecxK npoH3BcwibHbiM h HHflHBHflyajibHUM opaaoM. Bmccto jiora-
qecKH HCHoro nocTpoeHHH, nacTO c C01030M comme k k , MeTaô-
pa Tioro ,He MeHee nacTO npocTo, KaK 33MeTHJi III. BpOHO, pouie-
Ha bo (jjp'aay, 6e3 noAroTOBKH h e3 otjHCHchhh:
Crneler la hte un droit quon veut dtruire
Macro KaKOH-JiHo cTpaHHbift o6pa3 Ti oro n0Ar0T0B.neH, h o
noaroTOBJieH poMaHTHqeCKH, t . e. He JiorHKo acrpaKTHo mmc j i h ,
Te3Hca, a JiorHKo npeAHAymHX 0pa30B paccKa3a. MeTa<J)opa y
Fioro BJieêT 3a coofi M e T a c ^ o p y . TaK, b n o a M e Hotmof t n p H T O H ,
caTHpe Ha JlKWOBHKa-OHJiunna, HeobiqHbiH o6pa3 Ote ta renom
me avec un tire-bottes Chumu ceoe zpoMKoe umh rauûAKOii
dj i x cano, n0Ar0T0BJieH b c mh CTpoKax a o 3Toro:
3. D p o u i l l e ta grandeur, q u i t t e ton aurole ;
2. Ce quon appelle ainsi dans ce nid de flons,
3. Cest la boue et le sang colls tes t a l o n s
4. Cest la fange rouillant t o n p e r o n sordide.
5. Les hros, les penseurs portent, groupe splendide,
6. Leur immortalit sur leur radieux front ;
7. T o i , t a t r a n e s t a g l o i r e tes p i e d s . E nt r e donc,
8 . Ot e t a r e n o m m e avec un t i r e - b o t t e s 2.
C j i e A y r o i u H M BaJKHMM aTanoM Ha s t o m n y dbi Ji a MeTatJjopa
FDHKypoB. HeKOTOpbie h x o 6 p a 3 b i HenocpeACTBeHHO npeABapat OT Me-
Ta4)Opy C a p T p a n o c n o c o y MeTa<|)0pH3aHHH (pocaeTCH b i v i a 3 a
p a 3 ^ H t i H e coaepJKaHHH) : des femmes, gl i ssant en barque sur des
fleuves, nonchalamment penches s u r l a po s i e e t l a f u g i t i
v i t de l e a u ( M a n e t t e S a l o m o n ) MeHuuHbi, CKAonueuiue-
c h nad no33ue u MUMOAeTHocTbto eodbi.
H o y PoHKypoB KaêcTBo Bc e r A a xpaHHT OTMeTJiHByK) CBH3b c
e r o HOCHTejieM: descent es f o l l e s de petites fi ll es cyMacuieduiue
cezanusi c JiecTHUU,bi deeoneK3.
TaKOBa J i Hx a Hi n a H Ji HTepaTypHO-xyAOKecTBeHHaa- c p e a a ,
oAHa cocTaBHaa q a e r b HopMbi . KaKOBa ee A p y r a a q a e r b HopMa
J i H T e pa T y p H o r o H3MKa? 4.
H o p M a 3Ta 4>HKCHpyeTCH bo <>paHU,HH b XVII BeKe, K o r A a o t -
pacbiBaiOTCH o a h h qepTbi JKHBoro H3MKa h 3KpenJiHK)TCH A p y r H e .
O a h o h H3 3aKpenjieHHMX nepT h OKasajiacb Ta CTpyKTypa, KOTOpaa
nojiyTOJia BnocjieACTBHH ninpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe h , b MacTHocTH,
Ji er J i a b o c h o b y MeTatJiopbi F 0H K y p 0B h C a p T p a . E e h p h h h t o Ha3bi-
1 Ch. B r u n e a u. I m a g e d a n s n o t r e l a n g u e l i t t r a i r e . M l a n g e s A . D a u z a t ,
p. 59.
2 E . H . KH 33bKosa. JlexcHKa nojiHTHHecKOH c a r a p u B . I ' i o r o (o iiM Tb i c t k -
JHCT. 3Ha^H3a HeKOT. CTHXOTBOpeHHft H3 CfiopHHKa Bo3Me3AHe), y>i. 3 a n .
JleHHHrp. n e * , h h c t . hm. TepueHa, t . 127, 1958, e r p . 85 104.
3 n pH M e pb l H3 yK a 3. coq. C . YJibMaHa.
4 H e CMetUHBaTb c s 3biK0M xyaowecTBeHHofi j iH i e p a T y p w .
335
BSTb MeTOHHMHHHOCTbIO1. B XVII BQKe OHa bIJia OflHHM H3 OCHOB-
h h x npaBHj i x o p o u i e r o c t h j i h . B o t KaK onHcuBaer cH HHM(|>a K a j n r a -
c o b CTpaHCTBHHx Tej i e Ma x a OeHeJi oHa: Il admirait l'clat de
sa beaut, le riche pourpre de sa robe longue et flottante, ses
cheveux nous par derrire ngligemment, mais avec grce; le
feu qui sortait de ses yeux et la douceur qui temprait cette
vivacit, BMecTO KpacoTbi jiecK KpacoTbi, BMeero Kpacuoso
nATbH - oeaTbi nypnyp nnarbn h t . a . 2. 3aMeTHM e m e , h t o h
ses cheveux nous par derrire Tome mc t o h h mh h , TaK KaK qoao-
Cbl OTIHCHBlOTCH BMeCTO Z0A08bl, KOTOpaH npHCVTCTByeT B 3T0M
KycKe, x o t h h HeHaaBaHHOH par derrire {la tte).
CoBpeMeHHbiS 4)paHuy3CKHH JiHTepaTypHHit H3biK, KpoMe yHac-
JieflOBaHHOH OT XVII BeKa MeTOHHMHH, XIHpOKO IipHMeHHeT MHO-
scecTBeHHoe h h c j i o acTpaKTHbix cymecTBHTejibHbix ( A p y r a s e r o p o -
Ha MeTOHHMHH) : les ingratitudes HeAaaodapHoem, npoasAenun
HeAaeodapHocru, les infortunes npeepaTHocm cydbbi, les
amours ece CAyn.au, Koeda neAoeeK a 106u t h t . n. 9 t o h ecTb
oneuHjtJiHnecKH ^ p a H u y a c K a n k o h c t p yKTHBH a h n e p r a H3biKa, k o t o -
pyi o s cTe r a s e c KH Hcnojib3yeT C a p T p b c b o h x MeTacfciOpax.
KaK ysce 6biJio cKa3aHO b I nacra KHHrn, 3Ty nepTy b pa3H0-
0pa3HbIX ee npOHBJieHHHX npHHSTO Ha3bIBaTb HMeHHblM HJIH HOMH-
HaTHBHHM CTpoeM $paHIiy3CKOrO A3bIKa. TaKHM 0pa30M, OT Me-
Taijsopbi CapTpa, JKeJiaa OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc, Kanyio KOHerpyicraB-
Hyio nepTy <})paHuy3CKoro HSbma CapTp scTeranecKH Hcnojib3yeT,
MM AOJIHCHbl nepeTH K OAHO H3 OCHOBHbX HepT CTpyKTypbl 4>paH-
uy3CKoro H3biKa ero HOMHHaraBHOMy CTpoio. PaccMOTpHM Tenepb
9TO CTpyKTypHOe HBJieHHe B HCTOpHH.
KpaTKHH 0iepK HCTOpHH HOMHHaTHBHOCTH
CyTb HCTOpHH HOMHHaTHBHOCTH CBOAHTCfl K TOMy, HTO B03M0W-
HOCTb ci ca3aTb un dimanche plein de croupissures secrtes, t . e.
npoH3BecTH H3WK0Byi0 CTpyKTypy TaKor o THna, He cymecTBOBajia
HCKOHHO BO <})paHUy3CKOM H3bIKe HJIH B TOM, HTO bIJIO HM TbICHHy
JieT Ha3aA, a pa3BHJiacb c TeneHHeM BpeMeHH, nocjieAOBaTejibHO h
oneHb c Bo e o pa s Ho . 3 t o t Bonpoc c b h 3 3 h c BonpocoM 0 TaK Ha3bi-
BaeMOM n a p T H T H B H O M o n p e a e J i e H H H , Ha k o t o p o m Mbi h
OCT3HOBHMCH.
C t o h k h 3peHHH ceMaHTHKH, napTHTHBHHM onpeAeJieHHeM M03KH0
Ha3BaTb, h h a c t o Ha3biBaiOT3, onpeAeji eHHe u e j i o r o no e r o n a c r a .
1 O HopMe H3UK3 b XVII BeKe cm. paOTu P, A. B y i a r o B a . ITpo&ieMu
HsyqeHHH poMaHCKHx .'iHTepaypHbix S3HKOB, H3A-BO Mock. yn-Ta, M., 1961 r.;
MHAHBHAya^bHoe b H3&1K6 h CTHjie xyaowecTBeHHoft JiHTepaTypu KaK HCTupiwe-
CKas KaTercpHH, HayiHbie aokmah Bbicmefi uikojiu, QMOJionM. HavKH
Ns 3, 1962, cTp. 3 16.
2 IIpHMep K. A. A 0 n a h h h a. IIpHHUHnu cth/ih33uhh b TBop<iecTBe A. Dpaii-
ca, yw. 3a n . JleHHHrp. rieA . hhct. h m . TepneHa, t. 127, 1959, erp. 4763.
C. f l . K a u H e j i b c o B . HcTopnKo-rpaMMa-rnqecKe HCuieAOBaHHH, M . J I
1949.
336
HanpHMep, HeAoeeK c AedmiM auu,om, 6 AedH0Auu,bi He/ioeen h
npocTo Jiedhbi ueAoeeK nspTHTHBHMe onpeAeJieHHH.
Ho AedHOAUUfbi. nenoeeK h Aednbi HeAoeeK He coBceM o a h o
h t o x e . B BbipajKeHHH AedHbt HeAoeeK cmmcji onpeAeJieHHH npo-
THBopeHHT e r o rpaMMaTHqecKoft <{)OpMe corJiacoBaHHio. BeAb n p n
corj i acoBaHHH npHJi ar aTej i bHoe (ecJiH TOJibito o h o 3 a p a He e He co-
AepxHT b c e e orpaHHqHTeji bHoro, napTHTHBHoro 3HaqeHHH, HanpH-
Mep, AedHOAuiû HeAoeeK) onpeAeJi neT npeflMeT b ueJioM, b b h -
pa>KeHHH x e AeHbi HeAoeeK corJi acoBaHHoe npnjiaraTejibHoe on-
peAeJineT Ha caMOM Aeji e He qeJiOBeKa b neJiOM, t h k KaK Bce
noHHM3 K)T, h t o y Aednoeo HeAoeetca He 0 H3 aTeji bH0 , HanpHMep,
Ao j i x h m biTb j i ef l Hue pyKH, a TOJibKO qacTb nejiOBeKa j i huo.
3 t o npoTHBopeqne h ecTb rJiaBHbifi xapaKTepHMfi npH3H3K c o c t -
BeHHO napTHTHBHoro OnpeAeJieHHH. TaKHM 0 pa3 0 M, napTHTHBHo
onpeAej i eHHe ecTb onpeAeji eHHe n e j i o r o no q a c r a (nepBbift npH3-
h 3 k) , h o He BCHKoe onpeAej i eHHe n e j i o r o no q a c r a , a Ji nui b TaKoe,
K0 T0 p 0 e BNpaxeHO corJiacoBaHHbiM npnj i araTej i bHbi M (BTOpo npH3-
H3 k) , npHHeM cMbicji noJiyMHBuierocH cJi0 B0 )qeTaHHH HAHOMara-
qeH, HeBbiBOAHM b 0 TAeJibH0 CTH h h H3 CMUCJia npHJi ar aTeJi bHoro,
h h H3 THna e r o c b h 3h c onpeAeji neMbiM cj i obom h npoTHBopeqHT b
OTAeJIbHOCTH H TOMy H ApyrOMy (TpeTH npH3H3 K) . TaKOBO B pyc-
ckom AedubL KeAoeeK.
B coBpeMeHHOM pyccKOM H3biKe napTHTHBHwe onpeAeJieHHH pac-
T3 opK)TCH b o 6 meft Macce onpeA.eJieHHft, He c o c t s b j i h h ocoof t
ceM3HTHKO-rpaMMaTHqecKOH r p y n n w . ripHBeAeHHbifi Bbime npHMep
( Aedtibi HeAoeeK) coBceM He THnnqeH a j i h cj i oBa AedHbi, Apy-
r ne coqeTaHHH KOToporo He napTHTHBHHe onpeAeJieHHH: Aednbie
p y m , AedHoe n e o h t . n.
B JiaTHHCKOM x e H3biKe HMeeTCH u e j i a a r p y n n a n p n j i a r a T e j i b -
.HblX, KOTOpHe, He33BHCHMO OT TOrO, C K3 KHMH CymeCTBHTeJIbHblMH
o h h GoqeTaioTCH, BcerAa h j i h b noASBJiniomeM ojibuiHHCTBe CJiy-
n a e s AaiOT napTHTHBHbie onpeAeJieHHH: mdius, extremus, imus, ul-
timus, infimus, summus, primus. HanpHMep, summus mons 3Ha-
qiiT He cauan b u c o k o h zopa, k s k m o x h o h j i o 6 m 3 aKJiioqHTb, ec-
JIH 6bl CMMCJI CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH bIJI BMBOAHM H3 3HaqeHHH KOMnO-
HeHTOB h THna c b h 3h, a, BonpeKH 3T0My, eepuiuna zopbi. Ta n x e :
mdius collis cepeduna x o a m , extrema oratio nocAedma
Hacrb penu, ab imo pectore U3 ZAyuHbi dyuiu, i n i nti mam Mace-
doniam penetrare npoHumyTb e ZAyb ManedoHuu, i n imo ma
r i e ZAyune Mopa, per mediam urbem nepe3 cepeduny eopo-
da, a pri ma luce na pacceere h t . a . A y TepeHHHH HaxoAHM
eme oj i ee hpkh npHMep per mediam mulierem complectitur
(Ter. An d r . , 33), h t o 3HaqHT yKBajibHo oHUMaer cpeduroto
otceHUhUHy, t . e. o6u.uM.aeT DtceHuuHy sa iaAuto. 3 t o t THn onpeAeJi e
HHH ycjiOBHO m o x h o Ha3B3Tb THn summus mons. CeMaHTHqecKoe
CBoeo6pa3He s t h x a p b b h h x o 6 o p o t o b 3aKJiioqaeTCH b t o m , qTO b
KOBOM H3MKe qaCTb MOXeT BbICTynaTb K3 K HOCHTeJIb COCTBeHHMX
337
onpeAejieHHH, KaK h c t o h h h k cocTBeaHbi x npeaHKaTOB, b t o BpeMn
KaK b ApeBHeM nacTb oCJi aaaeT npeHK3TaMH j i h i u b KaK n a m . ne -
jioro, jiHuib nepe3 nocpeacTBo uejioro h JiaroaapH eMy. B peBHeM
H3biKe MacTb Bcer f l a noAHHHeHa uejiOMy, b h o b o m ace OHa b H3-
BecTHbix r p a HHu a x m h c j i h t c h He3asncHMo *.
B napTHTHBHOM onpeAêHHH r ana summus mons CMHCJioBbie,
aTpHyTHBKbie OTHOUieHHH OKa3bBaiOTCH, no CpaBHeHHK) C TeM, K
neMy mh npHBbiKJiH b coBpeMeHHbix H3biKax, KaK 6bi nepeBepHyTbi,-
mh: onpeAeJifliomee, npH3HaK, KOTopbi hbjihctch ceMSHTHHecKH se-
ayuiHM, BbicTynaeT He caMOCTOHTejibHO no oTHomeHHW k CBoeMy
HOcHTe^JO (cp. pyccK. eeptuma zopbi), a noAHHHeH eiwy, TaK hto
BMecTO npH3HaKa Booay Ha nepBOM njiaHe HBJiaeTCH ero HOCHTejib.
TpaMMaTHnecKoe e CBoeo6pa3He 3aKJnoHaeTca 3Aecb b tom, hto
BMecTO coneTaHHH cymecTBHTe^bHoro c acTpaKTHbiM 3HaneHHeM
eepUlUH (cOOTBSTCTBfHHO CepeduH, KOHeU, HJIH OKOHSU.HOCTb
h t . n.) h noAHHHeHHoro eMy cymecBHTeJibHoro c KOHKpeTHbiM
3HaneHHeM npeflMeTa eopa, Bcio/ty HaxoAKM oaho KOHKpeTHoe -r-
aopa h comacoBaHHoe c hhm, t . e. rpaMMaTHnecKH noAHHHeHHoe
eMy npHJiaraTejibHoe.
3 a oeoeHHoeTb JiaraHCKoro H3HKa BbipameHHe npeAMeT-
hocth KanecTBa corJiacoBaHHbiM npHJiaraTejibHHM npORBJiHeTCH h
b apyrnx cjiynaax, npne Bcero b Abl at i vus absolutus : Alco insciis
Saguntinis... apu hostem mansit ( L i v . , 21, XII, 4) Aak oc-
t ac h y epaea, noAbsyncb nesnanueM cazymu,ea, 6yKB. He3Htomu-
mu caayHTu,aMu: nobis insciis npu nauieM He3H.aH.uu, 6yKB.: npu
Hac He3Haiou4ux h t . n.
BbiABHJKeHHe KanecTBa ceMaHTHHecKH Ha nepBOe MecTo, otho-
CHTeJibHan caMOCTOHTejibHOCTb KanecTBa Boome He CBo&CTBeHHhj
JiaTHHCKOMy H3HKy. A6cTpa'KTHoe cymecTBHTejibHoe, t. e. o6o3a-
naiouiee KanecTBO, b coneTaHHH c poAHTejibHbiM naAe*OM cymecT-
BHTeJibHoro. KOHKpeTHoro, t. e. o6o3HaHaiomero npeAMeT, hoch-
TejiH KanecTBa, HHKoraa He HMeeT b stom ssbiKe 3HaneHHH aCTpaK-
uhh KanecTBa, ho Bceraa KaKoe-JiHo KOHKpeTHoe 3HaneHHe. CeMaH-
THnecKHHi thh coneTaHHH (J)paHuy3CKoro l a fugi ti vi t de l eau jia-
THHCKOMy s3biKy Boome He CBOCTB6H. Cp. qui, mobilitate et le-
vitate animi, novis imperiis studebant ( Caes. , II, I, 3) ; cel-
ri tate Romanorum permoti (ibid., XII, 5) ; ( civitas magna) inter
Belgas auctoritate atque hominum mul ti tudi ne praestabat ( i b i d ,
XV, I) ; consuetudine i tineris (ibid., XV, 2) h t. n. B 9t h x bh-
pajKSHHHX acTpaKTHbie cymecTBHTejibHHe Bce hmciot BnoJiHe
KOHKperabie 3H3HeHHH: mobilitas ani mi HenocTomcreo, levitas
animi eeTpenuocTb h t. n . 2.
C. K a s i H e j i b C O H . HcTopHKO-rpaMMarmecKHe HCCjieaoBaHHH, c t d ,
109110.
! Cm. 06 stom H. M. T p o h c k h fl. OiepKH H3 hctophh aTHHCKoro H3biKa,
M. JI., 1952, CTp. 132133; TaK*e A. A. 0 T e 6 HK. H3 3anHC0K no pyccKoft
rpaMMaTHKe, t . I I I , XaptKOB, 1899, CTp. 20 h ie fl.
338
T s k h m 0 pa30M, n p e x A e neM KaKoii-HHyflb nncaTej ib, F o h k v -
pbl h CapTp, HJIH KTO-J1HO HHOH, CMOr C03AaTb MeTatÔpy THna
la f ugi t i vi t de l'eau ucTpOTenHOCTb eodu, h j i h un dimanche
plein de croupissures secrtes, <J)paHny3CKHfi H3biK AOJixeH dbui oc-
BOOAHTbCH o t yKa3aHHbx Bbiiue qepT, yHacjieAOBaHHHX o t JiaTbi-
HH. O h OJDKeH 6bIJI C03AaTb rOBOpHIUHM Ha HeM B03M05KH0CTb
1) o6o3HaqaTb KaqecTBa b ad cTp aKr a of t (J)opMe, OTAeJibHO o t peaj ib-
Hbix HocHTeJiefl KanecTBa, h 2) MbicJiHTb BbiAeJieHHbiej'aKHM 0dpa30M
xanecTBa BnoJiHe adcTpaKTHo, He npHAaBaa, HanpHMep, c ji o B y la
mobilit nodeuoKHOCTb 3HaqeHHa HenocTOsmcreo mucau, KaK s t o
dbJIO B JiaTbIHH.
B cBoeft peaJibHOH h c t o p h h (J)paHii;y3CKHfi H3biK, AecTBHTeJibHO,
ocymecTBJiaeT Majio-noMaJiy ode s t h b o 3mo >k h o c t h .
Bce Te THnbi corj iacoBaHHoro onpeAeJieHHH, KOTOpbiM b t o k j i h
HHoft CTeneHH d b i j i a CBOHCTBeHHa napTHTHBHOCTb, pa3pyuiaiOTCH
h Hcqe3aioT.
CocTBeHHo napTHTHBHHe npHJiaraTejibHbie Jinuib b BHAe nepe-
khtkob coxpaHHK)TCH b poMaHCKHx H3biKax: mdi us: CTapO(|>p.
en mi la pre ; par mi l ost ; parmi le corn l i passet ( R o i . , 1272) ;
acn. taparse de medio ojo (roopHJiocb o KeHmHHax, 3aKpbieaioinHX-
ca iiuiauoM Ao caMbix rjia3 dyKB. do noAoeuHuoeo ZAaaa) ; ht.
i n mezzo l acqua per mezzo la campagna; summus: crapocjjp.
en som le tertre, al matin parsom l albe ( P l e r i n a g e de C h a r l e -
m a g n e , 239) h t. n. B coBpeMeHHOM H3biKe ohh nepexoAHT b
cymecTBHTeJibHbie hjih 3aMeHHioTCH cymecTBHTeJibHbiMH Apyroro
KOpHa; TaK, b HenaHeKOM o t mdius en medio de, ho cf>p. au
milieu de.
IIoAOHbiH nponecc npoacxoAHT TaroKe b odopoTax c KOJHqecT-
BeHHblM 3HaqeHHeM, KOTOpbie B JiaTbIHH dbIJlH TOXe napTHTHBHblMH.
B o 4>paHUy3CKOM ApeBHH napTHTHBHblft OOpOT COXpaHHeTCH B T3-
khx coBpeMeHHbix npoeropeqHbix odopoTax, KaK nous deux mon
homme m u c MyotceM; vous deux Charles eu c UlapAeM h t . n-
OqeHb sipKHe odpa3iibi 3Toro THna xpaHHiOTCH b HenaHeKOM asa-
Ke: si en l a lucha caemos alguno, qu importar 6 v k b . eCAU na-
deM e 6opb6e k t o -au o ..., t . e. ecAU k t o -au o U3 Hac.... 3 t h odopo-
rbi THnojiomqecKH npHMbiKaiOT k JiaTHHCKOMy plerique memini-
mus mu , MHoeue, u o mh u m, t . e. Mnozue U3 Hac.... B coBpeMeH-
HOM (})paHUy3CKOM H3bIKe OHH HCHe3JlH. Ho 3flecb B33MeH CTaporo
odopoTa noHBJiaeTCH qame Bcero He adcTpaKraoe cymecTBHTejibHoe,
a KOJiHqecTBeHHoe apeqHe: bien des hommes, beaucoup dhommes.
p e x e cymecTBHTejibHoe: une foule de questions.
B o Bcex c j i y q a a x 3aMeHbi napTHTHBHoro onpeAeJieHHH, ocodeH-
HOCTb HOBblX THnOB COCTOHT B TOM, HTO qaCTb He npHMUKaeT K U6-
JiOMy nocpeACTBOM deccoio3Horo coqHHeHHa, KaK b erapoM r a n e ,
HO CTaHOBHTCH CHHTaKCHqeCKH rOCnOACTBVJOmeft, a HOCHTeJIb KOJIH-
lieCTBa npHcoeAHHHeTca k BbipaxeHHK) q a c r a nocpeACTBOM npeAJio-
r a de : la pl upart des hommes OAbuiUHcreo Atode.
339
Bo 4>paHuyacKOM Ha nepBOM Meere b $ t h x o d o p o r a x Moacer
CTOHTb, KpoMe cywecTBHrejibHoro, o6pa3GBaHHoro o t npHJiaraTeJib-
n o r o c noMombK) cy<J>4>HKca la f ugi t i vi t de l eau, h cy6cTaHTH8Hp-
BaHHoe npHâraTeJibHoe: le comique de ta situation KOMU3M no-
Aootcenux; le naturel de cette peinture ecTecreenHocTb stou tcap-
ruHbi; le ri di cule de ma conduite CMex0T60pH0CTb Moezo noeede-
huh; le srieux de ses paroles cepbe3HOcrb ezo caos; le br i l l ant du
discours Aectc pe<iu h t . n . i.
O t MeTOHHMHHHOCTH HCTOpHaeCKOe HCCJieAOBaHHe BeCT H3C K
napTHTHBHOCTH, a o t Hee k CTpoio 4>paHuy3CKoro npenoweHHs b
uejiOM.
OcHOBHaa qepTa (|>paHuy3CKoro coodmeHHa opHeHTau,HS Ha
rJaBHoe b cHTyaunn, Ha npeAMeT, n o OTHomeHHio k KOTOpOMy b noA-
HHHeHHOM k HeMy noôKeHHH onHCHBaeTCH (l011 H BTOpocTeneHHbie
AeTaJiH (cm. I a a e r b s t o k h h f h ) . 3Ta a e p T a CTpo CBH3aaa c oco-
eHHOCTHMH noAJieJKaoi ero, a noTOMy onnui eM KpaTKo H C t o p H i o
$ p a h u y 3 c k o r o n o a ji e jk a m e r o .
OcHOBHbie BHBOAbi HJifi ynodcTBa H3Jio>KeHHfl He0 6 x 0AHM0 npeA-
CTaBHTb b caMOM Haaajie.
1) Bo3MOKHOCTb CJlOBa HJ!H CJIQBOCOaeTaHHH bTTb noAJieiKa-
LUHM B npeAJIOJKeHHH CTOHT B odpaTHO 38BHCHMOCTH K CTeneHK
JieKCHHeCKOH aCTpaKTHOCTH 3T0r 0 CJlOBa HJIH CJIOBOCOneTHHH. H c m
acTpaKraee n o 3HaneHHK> c j i o b o h j i h cjiOBocoaeTaHHe, TeM pexce
o h o BucTynaeT b 4>yHKHHH noAJiemamero. f l a e a j i h coBpeMeHHHX
BbICOKOpS3BHTHX H3HK0B 3T0 npaBHJIO K0e-rA6 COXpaHHT CBOK) CHr
ji y. Ha npHMep, Ha pyccKOM H3UKe AOBOJibHO TpyAHo nepeAaTb aHr-
JiHftcKoe noAJiescamee, 0CH0By KOToporo c oc aBJ i aeT 4>opMa Ha -ing.
Cp. Seing a docior is absolutely necessary f or you to get this job.
B pyccKOM nepeBOAe npHxoAHTca, b CHJiy yKa3aHHoro npaBHJia, Me
HHTb CTpyKTypy npeAJioaceHaa: B a u coeepuienno neoxoduMO 6 u r t
doKTopoM, HTObi noAyHUTb ary paory.
B CTapblX p0M3HCKHX H3bIKaX, KaK Mbl yBHAHM HHJKe, 3TO n p a -
b h j i o npaBHJio noAJi e Kamero h m c j i o HecpaBHeHHo d o j i b i n e e
3HaHeHHe. M o x h o yTBepJKAaTb, h t o npeAeJi adcTpaKUHH, BHyTpH
KOToporo CJIOBO HJIH CJI0B0C0HeT3HHe MOJKeT CTaTb nOAJieJKaUHM
npeAJioeHHH, pacHi HpaeTca b h c t o p h h pOMaHCKHx a3WK0B n o Ha-
npaBJienHi o k C0BpeMeHH0My h x c o c t o h h h i o .
n o A JieKcmecKOH adcrpaKTHocTbio 3Aecb noHHMaeTca yAajieH-
HOCTb 3Hai eHHa HMeHH o t Beme&, cymecTByioiixHx b BHAe oTAejib-
h h x cydcTaHHHH (HanpHMep, eocydapcreo aderpaKTHee, aeM o m),
h 3HaqeHHH npH3HaKa h r j i a r o j i a o t aTpHdyTOB t b k h x c y dcr aHnHS
(paoBAadeAbHecKu adcTpaKTHee, aeM eAbi, aeoAtoiûoHupoearb
adcTpaKTHee, qeM eofcarb).
nopo6nee 06 h c t o p h h napTHTHBHOCTH m . Hani y craThio O n a p r a r a f l i i o M
onpeftwieHHH b . t 3 t h h c k o m , HdiaHCKOM h (j)paHuy3CKOM b m a x , HayqHhie o k -
n a ^ a B u c m e f t i u k o j i h , . Qtvi omrm. Hayica, J\Ts 2 , 1959, CTp. 169 180
340
2) T o x e onacaHHe npHBOAHT Hac h k ApyroMy BaXHOMy bhbo-
Ay: rpaMMaTHiecKan (JjopMa noA-rcexamero b JiaTbIHH h CTaphix
poMaHCKHX H3biKax KOHKpeTHa. H h h m h cJiOBaMH, n o A J i e x a m e e KaK
rpaMMaTHnecKan KaTeropHH npnopeTaeT Bce oJibinyio adpaKT-
HocTb no HanpaBJieHHro k coBpeMeHHOMy ero c o c t o h h h i o .
B CBH3H C 3THM HeOXOAHMO yTOHHHTb, MTO OHHMaeTCH OJl
aCTpaKTHOCTbK) rpaMMaTHHecKoft KaTeropHH. B AaHHOM cjiynae
penb H,n,eT, cocTBeHHG, He o hhcto rpaMMaTHHecKHX KaTeropnsx, k an
HanpHMep, KaTeropHH nep<{)eKTa-HMnep4>eKTa, a o KaTeropHHx JieK-
CHKO-rpaMMaTHHecKHx. TaKOBbi, HanpHMep, KaTeropHH nacTeft peMH,
HHCJia h HHTepecyiomaH Hac KaTeropHH hjichob npeAJioxeHHH. IIo
OTHOUieHHK) K HHM He yAT OIHHKOft CKa3aTb, HTO aCTpaKTHOCTb
s t hx KaTeropn TeM ojibiue, neM ojibine pacxoxAeHHe MexAy
h x êKCHHecKHM 3HaHeHHeM h cocTBeHHMM 3HHeHHeM rpaMMa-
THHeCKO $OpMhI. CoCTBCHHOe 3HaHeHHe HMeHH CymeCTBHTeJIbHO-
ro npeAMeTHocTb. IlosTOMy H3 AByx hmch cymecTBHTejibHbix t o
y A e T aeTpaKTHee, y KOTOporo KOHKpeTHoe jieKCHHecKoe 3HaneHHe
Aajibiue o t npeAMeTHOCTH. TaK, cymecTBHTejibHoe cepepo acTpaKT-
Hee, neM seo3db; deuotcenue acTpaKTHee, neM cepepo; deuaauue
acTpaKTHee, neM deuweHue; nodeuzanue acTpaKTHee, neM deuza-
nue. HanpoTHB, r j i a r o j i nodauzarb KOHKpeTHee, neM deuearb; dsu-
eaTb KOHKpeTHee, neM cepepiiTb, a cepepuTb KOHKperaee, neM
2803UTb.
JI,OKa3aTeabCTBa 3 Tor o noJi oxeHHH b h x o a h t 3 a paMKH HacTOH-
l ueft paOTbi. 3 Aecb BaxHO TOJibKO yKa3aTb, h t o H3 AByx n o A ^ e x a -
iuhx KaK rpaMMaTHnecKHx KaTeropHft yAeT acTpaKTHee t o , k o t o -
p o e AaJi bme o t 3HaneHHH peaJibHbifi npOH3BOAHTejib AecTBHH, 0
KoropoM AeT penb b npeAJi oxeBHH. Ha npHMe p: 1) Knuza nu-
luerca nucareAeM; 2) riucareAb humer KHusy. n o A J i e x a m e e b nep-
bom npeAJi oxeHhH r o p a 3AO acr paKTHee, neM b o BTopoM, HecMOTpn
Ha t o , h t o JieKCHHecKoe 3HaneHHe CJioBa muza KOHKpeTHee, HeM
cj i oBa nucareAb. P a 3 BHTHe acTpaKTHOCTH n o A J i e x a m e r o TecHo
QBH3aHO C HCHe3HOBeHHeM napTHTHBHOCTH, O HeM UlJia peHb
Bbiuie. n o cyTH AeJia s t o ABe CTOpOHu o a h o t o h Toro x e
npouecca.
H 3BeCTH0 , HTO B JI3 THHCK0 M H3bIKe HeKOTOpbie p 33pHAbI CJIOB,
TaK Ha3HBaeMbie acTpaKTHbie cyiuecTBHTeJibHue, He MorjiH 3 aHH-
MaTb n o 3HUHH n o A J i e x a i u e r o : K KOJiHHecTBeHHO eAHOCTH h ce-
M3HTHHeCKOH HeHeTKOCTH OTBJieHeHHblX HMeH npHCOeAHHHeTCH H He-
KOTopan rpaMMaTHHecKaa HeMoiuHocTb, Maj i an cnocoHocTb CTaTb
noAJiexamHM npeAJioxeHHH ocoeHHo KorAa CKa3yeMbiM c j i y x n r
r J a r o j i nepexoAHor o AeftcTBHH h j i h BocnpHHTHH. 3 t o KacaeTcn Aa-
x e Ha3BaHH& CTpaH. IlyHHHecKHe BoftHbi BeAeT He P h m c K a p 4>a-
renoM, a Romani (hjih populus Romanus) cum Carthageniensibus,
h OAe p x a j i a Bepx He pHMCKan AOJiecTb, a pHMJiHHe AOJiecTbio.
Ecjih OTBJieneHHoe cjiobo 0Ka3biBaeTCH noAJi exai uHM npH nepexoA-
hom r j i s r o j i e ( n : ncessitas me subigit neoxoduMocTb uenn
341
noymcdaer, Pseud. , 78), t o s t o obi'iHO yace cBHAeTejibCTBye
o nepcoHH(|)HKau,HH .
JlaTHHCKoe B3BpaTHoe MeCTOHMeHHe se b CBoei $opMe h 3Ha-
qeHHH He coaepjKHT HHwero, KpoMe yKa3aHH& Ha cy-beKT npeAJio-
jKeHHH, ecjiH 3 t o t cy-beKT ecTfa 3-e jihuo. CXnHaKo HSBecraoe npa-
bhjjo JiaTHHCKOft rpaMMHTHKH rJiacHT, HTO se yKa3bIBaeT He Ha BCH-
KHH cy-beKT, npHCyTCTByiOmHH b BbICKa3bIBaHHH, a Ha OCHOBHOH
cy-beKT, npeHMymecTBeHHo Ha no,zvie>Kmee. KaK 6bi hh 6 h j i jh-
HeH nepHOfl, KaK 6bi AaJieKo hh ot c t ohj i o se o t no/yiemamero h
CKOJlbKO 6h Ha3B3HHH flpyrHX CyCTaHUHH HJIH JIHU, fleftCTBylOmHX
b KaqecTBe c y t e K T a , hh 6 h j i o noMemeHO b npeflJiomeHHH Me>Ky
no M ejK am H M h MecTOHMeHHeM se, s t o se KaK cTpeJiKa KOMnaca,
Bcer ^ a yKa3MBaeT TOJibKO Ha nozyiejKamee. 34>(J)eKT s t o t 0C0 6 eHH0
nopa3HTejieH, c t o h k h 3peHHK coBpeMeHHoro H3biKa, b k o c b c h h o h
peKH ( C i c . <<V e r r . act. I , 14, 40) : Cum praesertim pl anum facere
mul t i s testibus possim, C. Verrem i n Si c i l i a mul t i s audient ibus
saepe dixi sse : se habere hominem potentem, cuius f i duci a pro-
vi nci am spol i aret, neque sibi sol i pecuniam quaerere, sed i t a
tr i enni um i l l u d praeturae Si ci l i ensi s di st r i but um habere, u t secatn
praeclare agi diceret, si unius anni quaestum i n rem stiam con-
v e r t e r et *.
...B OCOeHHOCTU H M02y HCHO yCTHOeUTb MHOZOHUCAeHHblMU
CBudereAbCKUMU noKaaaHUHMU, h t o Beppec e Cuu,u a u u e npucyr-
CT6uu mh o s u x h c t o eoeopuA cAedyww,ee: o h CHuraer cex Moey-
mecTeeHHbiM au v ,o m, Aazodapn ezo yeepennocTu e ceoux c u a x ebi-
KanueatoTCH cpedcrea U3 3t o npoeuHu,uu, u o h doueaeTCH dsnes
ne a h ceGfi odnoeo, h o pacnpedeAUA TpexAemu nepuod ceoe
c u h u a u c k o t i per ypu t k u m. 0pa30M, h t o c h u t o a 6m, h t o ezo
deAa ycTpouAucb Aecrsiuê, ecAu bi o h npuceouA ce6e a u h h o
doxod x o t h 6bi o h o z o soda.
rio;yie>Kamee KaK 6bi cosaaeT CHJibHoe nojie ceMaHTHjecKoro
HanpHJKeHHa; nonaaaa b s t o nojie, HeKOTOpbie apyrue cjioBa b
npeaJiomeHHH yTOHHHiOT CBOe 3HaqeHHe b 3aBHCHMOCTH o t noAJie-
* a m e r o .
B no 3He ji arbi HH, b CTap0<{5paHixy3CK0M h eTapoHenaHeKOM
si3biK'X MeCTOHMeHHe se nocTeneHHO ycTynaeT MecTO MtecTOHMe-
hhhm is, i ll e, i l , l (cp. eTapOHen. fu l l egado a fi ncamient o de non
iener vi andas para s i ni n para los que con l estavan, C r n i c a s
de l r e y A l f o n s o , V I , X ) . MeCTOHMeHHe l o6o3HaqaeT t o , h t o ripem-
ae ne peaaBajiocb B03BpaTHHM MecTOHMeHHeM se. OTbHCHHTb cmchv
MeCTOHMeHHH MOJKHO He TOJIbKO H He CTOJlbKO OCOeHHOCTHMH CaMOrO
MeCTOHMeHHH, CKOJIbKO OCOeHHOCTHMH nOflJIOKamerO. K T3KOMy B bl-
Boay npnxoAHT h T. BpaHflT: Bo3pacTaiomee ynorpeJieHHe is, i l l e
1 H . M. T P O H C K H fi. 0>epKH K3 KCTOpHH JlaTHKCKOrO H3bIKa, M. J I . ,
1952, cTp. 134.
1 ripHMep H3 khhth A. D r a e g e r. Historische Syntax der lateinischen
Sprache, 2. Auflage, Bd. I I , Leipzig, 1881, S. 72.
342
33'BHCHT, HeCOMHeHHO, OT TOTO, MTOTepHeTCH OUiymeHHe CBH3H Me>K-
,ay MecTOHMeHHeM h noAJiexsmHM r j i a B H o r o npeAJioxeHHHl . B t o
X e Bp6MH CeMaHTHKa MeCTOHMeHHH Se He H3MeHHJI3Cb H3MeHH-
j i o c b TOJibKO npaBHJio noAJiexamero.
CTpeMJieHHe coxpaHHTb OTHeTJiHByio o p HeHTauni o Ha 0CH0BH0e
noAJie>Kamee Ha npOTHHceHHH AJiHHHoro h C J i o x H o r o nepHOAa b Jia-
TH'HCKOM H3biKe axoAHM h b Apyrnx cJiyHanx. HocJieflOBaieJiH o t -
MeqaioT, m t o b JiaraHCKOM H3biKe ynoTpefi ji eHHe naccHBHofi k o -
CTpyKUHH H3CT0 BbI3bIBaeTCH CTpeMJieHHeM coxpaHHTb eAHHCTBO noA"
j i e x a i u e r o B c j i o x h o m n p e A J i o x e H H H : Tantis excitatis praemiis et
sua sponte mul t i i n disci pl inam conveniunt et a parentibus pro-
pinquisque mi t t u n t u r 2. (Caes. B. G. 1, 6, 14) .
noyotcdaeMue t k u mu naepadaMU, a ratotce u no coGcTeenuo-
uy noHuny MHoeue nodHUHHfor cen b o u h c k o dciûnAUW u pac-
craioTca c podnbiMU u 6a u 3k u mu .
r i 0 - H H 0 M y npoHBjiaeTCH Ta x e TeHAeHijHH b cTap04>paHny3CK0M
h CTapoHdiaHCKOM H3bi Kax. 3Aecb nofljiexamee HepeAKO KaK 6bi
BbIHOCHTCH 3a CKOKH, T. e. CT3BHTCH B H3H3Jie BCerO CJIOXHOrO
n p e A J i o x e H H H , a b AajibHemeM, no Mepe pa3BepTbiBaHHH BbiCKa-
3biB3HHH, Ha Hero AejiatoTCH cBoero poAa c c h j i k h c noMombio jihm-
Hbi x MeCTOHMeHHH, q s c T o b p a 3 H bi x n a A e x a x : L i quens Rol l ant
quant i l veit mors ses pers ! E Ol iver, qui l t ant poeit amer
(Roi., 2215).
B Tapa(f)paHuy3CK0M rane ce est i l il biJio cy-beKTOM, a
ce npeAHKaTOM.
PaccMOTpeHHe hctophh 3Toro rana npeAJioxeHHH npHBOAHT K
BblBOAy, MTO H B J13THHCKOMH3bIKe noAJiexamee B T3K0M rane np e A-
jioxeHH, KaK npaBHJi o, He momo o6o 3Ha q a T b a c r p a K T H b i H , JieKCH-
qecKH HeonpeAeJieHHbi ft h t. n. npeAMeT h, cjieAOBaTejibHO, r p a M -
MaTHMecKH coBnaAajio c peaJibHbiM c y beKTOM 3. B stom 3aKJiioMaeT-
ch e me OAHa oeoeHHoeTb JiaTHHCKoro noAJiexamero h noAJiexa
mero CTapo(|)paHHy3CKoro.
riOATBepXAeHHe CK33aHHOMy H3X0AHM H B HCTOpHH 6e3JIHMHbIX
TJiarojioB. H c k o h h o MHorne H3 h h x HMeJiH JiHMHoe 3H3MeHHe h y n o i -
peJiHJiHCb c KOHKpeTHbiM noAJiexamHM: memori a f a l l i t naMHTb
u3MeHxer. noereneHHO H3 KOHKpeTHOro 3HaMeHHH b a3hhom cjiyqae
BbipOCJIO 3H3MeHHe OTCyTCTBHH, a H3 nOCJieAHerO 3H3MeHHe Heo-
x o a h m o c t h h TpeoBaHHH: cp. f aut l a mmoi r e4. napaJiJieJibHO c
1 G. B r a n d t. La concurrence entre soi et lui, eux, elles , Etudes ro
manes de Lund, V I I I , Copenhague, 1944, p. 11.
2 B. B. H h h u i. H afijnoaeH He naa pa 3BHTHeM h y n oT pe 6;ieHneM 4>opM n a c c i i -
ea b JiaiHHCKOM fl3HKe, aBTopetjjepaT KaH. a u cc., KneB, 1954, cTp. 12.
3 IIopoCHee 06 s to m cm. H a u iy CTaTbio ilpoG-ieMa npejyiojKeHHS b cpaBHH-
TejibH0-HCT0pHqecK0M c h h t a x c u c e , BecTHHK M o c k . yH-Ta, jNs 2, 1957.
4 C m . A. T o b 1e r. Mlanges de grammaire franaise, P., 1905, p. 269 h
CJieA.
343
P33BHTHM 6e3JIHHHOrO H aCTpaKTHOrO 3H3HeHHfi HCKOHHOe n o w e -
x a m e e ne p e Me ma J i oc b b no3Humo AonoJiHeHHH, a e me no3AHee oc-
BOOflHBiueecH MecTo n o A J i e x a m e r o 3aHHJia aerpaKTHaH m c c t o h -
MeHHaa q a c r a n a i l (HHorAs AonojiHeHHe h j i o h c k o h h h m ) .
CoCTBeHHo 6e3JiKqHHe r j i a r o j i H T a K x e pasBHBarorcH o t 6 e c -
noAJ i e xa mHof t craAHH k Bbi paxeHHi o aCTpsKTHoro noAJi ex<amero:
jiaT. convertit, CTa p o^ p . convient, coBp. (bp. i l convient. 0HaKO,
HanpHMep, estuet H3 est opus Hcqe3Jio paHbi ne, neM AOCTHrJio a r o r o
c o c t o h h h h . TaK * e H3MeHaeTca h o o po T THna i l arrivent deux
tranger s <arri ve deux trangers l .
HHTepecHO ceMaHTHHecKoe p a 3BHr a e oopoTa i l y a. B JiaTHHH
HaxoflHM ceMaHTHHecKH npoTTHn 3Tor o o o po Ta b 6e3JiHHHofi
$ o p Me r j i a r o j i s haberi ( habetur, habitum est h t . a - ) -
OopM3 habetur c 6e3Jm>HbiM 3HaqeHH6M b u i a p a c n p o c r p a H e R a
b JiaTHHH ropa3AO MeHbine, neM i l y a no t|)paHuy3CKOM. C Tene-
HHeM BpeMeHH 6e3JIHHHbIMH CTaHOBHTCH MHOTHe BbipaxeKKH, MB-
u i n e n p e w n e JiHHHbiMH: mox est, lex est, consuetudo est h t . n . Cp .
JiaT. lex est, ut orbae qui sint genere proxime, eis nubant ( T e r .
P h o r m . , 125) h $ p . i l y a la loi que... 3 t h 6e3JiHHHbie n o 3Ha>ie-
h h i o BbipaeHHH bo $paHD;y3CKOM H3bme npnopej i H h cooTBeTcrB' y-
K)myio h x h o b o h ceMaHTHKe 6e3JiHqHyio <opMy i l y a... h j i h cest,
HanpHMep, c r a p c x ^ p . Sachiez que mult ere granz damages a cels
de Vost que mult i avoit bon chevalier de cors et gisoit en un huis
sier ( L a C o n q u t e de C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , C VX V) . . G o s p . {j>p.;
Sachiez que ce fut grand dommage pour ceux de l ost parce qui l
y avait en lui un bon chevalier de sa personne et i l gisait en un
huissier.
Mul t i ot de cels qui en retindrent, des petiz et des granz, mais
ne fu mie seu ( L a C o n q u t e d e C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , C X X I ) , coBp.
4>p.: mais cela ne fut pas su (cm. T a K x e 3Aecb, 9 1 ) 2.
H o 6e3JiHMHocTb ecTb n e h t o HHoe, KaK Bbi paxeHHe r j i a r o j i b j r o r o
3H3HeHHH 6e3 COOTHeCeHHOCTH C npOH3BOAHTeJieM Ae&CTBHfl HJIH b
COOTHeceHHOCTH C 3CTP3KTHWM npOH3BOAHTeJieM. CjieflOBaTeJIbHO.
noH'BJieHHe 6e3JiHHH0CTH 03HaqaeT, h t o n o A J i e x a m e e KaK rpaMMa-
THHecKaH KaTeropHH. CTaHOBHTCH o j i e e acTpaKTHbiM.
Mb! BHAHM, CKOJIb AOJirH HCTOpHHeCKH nyTb nOABOAHT Hac K
TaKOfi coBpeMeHHo (})paHuy3CKoft $ p a 3 e KaK: cest f ol l ement sport
comme e n d r o i t 3 Mecremco 3dopoeo cnopruenoe.
B 3 t o 4>pa3e Mbi HaxoHM Tp nx Abi B0cnp0H3BeAeHHyi0 oAHy h
y x e ccHOBHyK) CTpyKTypnyio nepTy 4>paHny3CKoro H3biKa:
I ) cest B03M0XH0CTb TSKOrO HaHaJia (})pa3bl BMeCTO KOHKpeTHOrO
cet endroit 3a Be pma e T onHcaHHyio KpaTKO BHuie HCTOpHK) <J)paH-
1 Cm. A. T o b ! e r . TaM ce, p. 292 h c jie A .
2 FoApoflHee 06 h c t o p h h n o A J i e x a m e r o c m, ttamy CTaTbio n o A J i e w a m e e b
c TapHx poMaHCKHx H3biKax, BecTHHK M o c k . y H - r a , Xs 4, 1961, CTp. 30 40.
^Pa3a H3 powaHa H. T r o y a t . Tendre et violente Elisabeth, mTHpOBaHa
P. ^ 0p * e H 0M b e r o KHHre J e u x de m o t s , P ., 1957, p. 31.
3 44
u y 3CK0 r o n o / y i e a t a m e r o ; 2) ce s t s p o r t KOHBepcHH ( c m . 3 5 ) ,
CBH3aHHah c oTcyTCTBHeM neTKHX rpaHHU MejK,ay npH/iaraTeJibHbiM
H CyiU6CTBHT6JlbHbIM, 3 TCM C3MbIM C napTHTHBHblM OnpeAejICHHeM
h MeTOHHMH'HOCTbK); 3) oopoT c e s t s p o r t ( b i e n , m a u v a i s , a g r a
b l e . . . ) c o m m e e n d r o i t Tome p o a MeTOHHMiWHOCTH h napTHTHBHO
CTH HaoopoT. Cp. THn s u m m u s m o n s KaneCTBO, He HMeBmee
HopMbi BbipaweHHH b cymecTBHTe^bHOM, npHHHMaJio <}>opMy npHJia-
raTeJi bHor o onpeaej i eHHH. B aaHHOft (pa3e cymecTBHTejibHo c e t
e n d r o i t oôpMJiHeTCH KaK onpeaeJi eHHe k CBoeMy KanecTBy.
TaKHM 0 p a 3 0 M , 0CH0BHbie CTpyKTypHMe o c o c h h o c t h 4>paHuy3-
CKOrO H3HK3 MeTOHHMHHHOCTb; OpH6HTaHH3 (J>pa3bl Ha OCHOBHOSE
npe f l Me T coomeHHH; qj i eneHHe nJiaHOB BbiCKa3biBaHHH (rviaBHoro h
4>OHa, p a 3Hbix BpeMeHHbix nj iaHOB, p a 3 Hb i x npocTpaHCTBeHHbi x nJi a-
HOB) ; pa3BHTHe KOHCTpyKUHH C c e s t H i l y a. .. \ HOMHHaTHBHhlft HJIH
cy6c. TaHTHBHbi cTHJib h a p . ; Te ce ocoeHHocTH, 3 a Kp e n j i a e Mb i e
HOpMO ( b qaCTHOCTH, AeHTeJIbHOCTbIO KJiaCCHHHCTOB B XVII BeKe) ,
H, HaKOHen, Te * e KOHCTpyKTHBHHe OCOeHHOCTH, 0 C03HaHHbie H
npej i oMJ i e HHHe a c T e T me c KH ( b MeTacj jope, CTpoe xyaoHcecTBeHHofi
<| ) pa3bi ) , 0Ka3biBai0TCH CBa s a n b i b c h h o m n p o n e c c e HCTopHqecKor o
p a 3BHTHH, n p o c j i e j K e H Ho r o x o t h 6 h 3f l ec b, n o AByM e r o j i h h h h m
napTHTHBHOMy onpeaeJieHHK) h h c t o p h h n o a j e m a m e r o *.
! OcHoBfai sToft KOHuemiHH S/ i ec-r ame h 3 j i o h c h j i s n ep BHe BHJeM M a e a H y c b
CTaTbe Zur Satzperspektive im modernen Englisch , Archiv fr das Studium
der nenoren Sprachen und Literaturen , 84, Jahrgaug, 1929, S. 202210.
B AlaTe3Hyc onepHposaJi aHHbiMH aHrJiHflcKoro H3biKa h HecHCTeMaTHw-
CKHMH CpaBHeHHHMH CO CJIBHHCKHMH. HaMH H3JI05K6H pOMaHCKHH MaTepiiaJI. OfllIO
CpaBHeHHe MaTepwa;ia no3BoJiaeT n p e A n o ji o x H T b B03M03KH0crb Cojiee yHHBep-
c a ji b H o r o npHMeHeHHH 3 t o h KOHuenmiH, x o t h 6 u b n p e a e ji a x HHAoeBponeftcKoft
CeMbH.
y KA3 AT E/ I b H M E H *
A
AftxeHBaJibfl, K). 290, 296
Ak c b h o b , Bac. 110
AjieaiHHKOBa, O. A. 142
AHApe, (Andr, J.) 122
AHflpeeB, JI. 179, 258
AmeHCKiift, H. 46
AHTyaH, W\- (Antoine, G.) 275277
AparoH, JI. (Aragon, L.) 142, 270
ApucTOTejn 163
AxMaHOBa, O. C. 147, 225
AxMaTOBa, A. 289, 291
B
BaJiamoB, H. H. 284
BajuiH, IH. (Bally, Ch.) 17, 18, 19, 20,
25, 51, 61, 76, 103, 106, 136, 183, 202,
213214, 218220, 275
Eajb3aK O. je (Balzac, H. de) 298
Bb h , A. 70
Bap, O. (Bar, F.) 79
BapaTHHCKHH. E. A. 290
Bap-XHMeJi, H. (Bar-Hillel, Y.) 259
BapwuiHHKOBa, K. K. 191
BaTKiiiKOB, K. H. 309
BaxraH, M. M. 291
Befijib, A. (Beyle, H.) cm. CreHAajib
SeflHHCKH, B. T. 298
Be^KHH, A. A. 304
Bejjhift A. 15, 18, 46, 274, 290, 296,
310, 324
BeHBeHHCT, 3. (Benveniste, E ) 25
Bepr, A. H. 7
BepreHb, A. (Bergaigne, A.) 94
EepeeroB, B. 317
BepHuiTeftn, C. H. 323
Boac, <&. (Boas, F.) 18
B o r a T ii p e B , n . 279
Bofljiep, LU. (Baudelaire, Ch.) 259261,
* IiH(}>pbi yKa3WBaioT aa CTparauu.
346
270, 309, 329
Boay3H .ne KypteH3, H. A. 21, 279
EoTeB, X. 282
BoyTMH, 3, (Boutmy, E.) 17
Boni, A. (Bache, H.) 164, 165, 167,
223, 224, 226, 243
BpaHflT, T. (Brandt, G.) 342, 343
BpeHTSHO, K. (Brentano, K.) 284
BpeHaJib, B. (Brndal, V.) 76
BpioHo, III. (Bruneau, Ch.) 275, 276.
277, 329, 335
BpiocoB, B. 47, 301, 315
ByjaroB, P. A. 12, 13, 223, 336
ByjiaxoBCKHft, JI. A. 66, 255
ByHHH, H. 28, 128, 203, 308, 309
BypjiaKosa, M. H. 25
B
BaftaH, P. (Vailland, R.) 124, 151,
207, 218
BaJiepH, n. (Valry P.) 61, 293, 301
303
BeflcrepSep, JI. (Weisgerber, L.) ' 18
Bep/ien, n. (Verlaine, P.) 277
BepMeep jlejib^TCKHH (Vermeer) 307
BeceJiOBCKHfi, A. H. 122
Biijijiep, M. A. 186
Bk h 6, JK.-. h ZI,ap6ejibne, )K. (Vi-
nay J.-P. et Darbelnet, J.) 20, 119,
17Q 990 9fi'5
BHnorpaaoB, B. B. 48, 51, 52, 111, 147,
218, 225, 269, 288, 291, 321, 325
BHHOKyp, T. O. 49, 50, 51, 279, 288,
313, 314, 326, 327
BHHoxypoB, E. 320, 321, 322
BHHbH, A. Ae (Vigny, A. de) 16
Bo.ibTep (Voltaire) 235, 308
BopobeBa, JJ. $1. 225
ByHflT, B. (Wundt, W) 15
Bsi3eMCKHft, n. A. 14
r
Faftaap, A. 326
TaK, B. T. 20, 66, 104, 115, 196
TajiKHHa-OeAopyK, E. M. 111
FaHiiHHa, K. A. 224, 225, 226
FeHe, T. (Heine, H.) 257, 284
Fnpo, n. (Guiraud, P.) 223, 242, 244,
246, 269, 275
Fhhi, JI. (Gish, L.) 292
Torojib, H. B. 14, 296, 307, 308, 309
Tofliuo (Godchot) 301303
FoMep 122
ToHKypfai (Les Goncourt) 335
TopbKi, M. 304, 324, 325
roTbe, T. (Gautier, Th.) 259, 262
FpaMMOH, M. (Grammont, M.) 271, 272
273, 288, 323, 324
FpaHCeHb a Ot p h b P. (Grandsaignes
dHauterive, R.) 65
rpuMa, A. >K. (Greimas, A. G.) 275
FpH6oe,a.oB, A. C. 11
Fpmeace, FI. (Griger, P.) 17, 18
FpaH, A. 71
rpHHepr. fl5K. (Greenberg, J. H.) 53
rpi}>4>HT, A- ^ (Griffit, D. W.) 292
rpoKaoA, FI. (Grosclaude, P.) 329
FyreH3M, (Gougenheim, G.) 18, 109,
256
PynoBCKH, T. A. 39, 40
FyMoJibT, B. (})oh (Humboldt, W.
von) 14, 15
FyxMaH, M. M. 19
Tioro, B. (Hugo, V ) 31,208,210,276,
309, 323, 324, 334, 335
rKiHCMHc, /K.-K- (Huysmans J.-K.)
309
A
ZlaMypeTT, K - n I I h u i o h , 3. (Damou-
rette, J. et Pichon, E.) 204, 206
AaraHo, H. (Daninos, P.) 14, 105, 128
/ a p e ^ b H e , )K. (Darbelnet, J.) cm
B h h 6 J K . - I X h fl a p e n b H e , ) K .
JeBo, n. (Devaux, P.) 243
Seftu, II. (Deitz. P.) cm. PaTepMaHHC
>K.-B. h eflu, n.
eKapT, P. (Descartes, R.) 17
JlejibgyH, FT. (Delbouille, P.) 310, 323,
329, 330
SecHOc, P. (Desnos, R) 312, 314
flepjKaBHH, F. P. 39
xy3, M. A. (Joos, M. A.) 288
flHpo, fl. (Diderot, D.) 309
flo3a, A. (Dauzat, A.) 16, 162, 235,
243, 245, 333
A o h h h h , K. A. 319, 336
QCToeBCKHft, <. M. 291, 304
flparep, A. (Draeger, A.) 342
fleKep, X. h <t>pHfi,aa, H. (Duijker,
H. C. Jaiid Frijda, N. H.) 18
E
EBreHbeB, B. 208
EjibMCfleB, JI. (Hjelmslev, L ) 9, 120
)K
)KaJiOBCKHft, A. R. 103
>KHa, A. (Gide, A.) 217, 276
/KHpMyHCKKH, B. M. 242, 243
}K0JIKOBCKHft, A. K. 187
> K o p * e H , P. (Georgin, R.) 77, 162,
274, 344
} K o p jK i o c (Georgius) 123
>KyaHo, M. (Jouhandeau, M.) 58, 76,
162, 163, 166, 167, 172, 200, 238, 304
)KyKOBCKHH, B. A. 304, 307, 309
3
3afmeB, B. 280
3BerHHueB, B. A. 9
3omeHKO, M. 313
H
Hj ihh, JI. H. 147
Hjib(t>, H. 77, 127, 128, 289, 301, 324
HcTpaHa, E. C. 13, 88
K
KaaepHH, B. 221
KapaM3HH, H. M 316
Kappap, M. c m. CaHflpa, )K. h Kap-
p3p, M.
KauHejibcoH, C. / I . 336, 338
KaqaJioB, B. H. 323
KeHO, P. (Quenaud, R.) 238, 243
KfloaeJib, n. (Claudel, P.) 201, 320
KHH3bkOBa, E. H. 310, 335
Ko r aH , n. 316
Kojmhh3, y. (CollirtS, W.) 34, 326
KoHpaA, H. H. 19
KopHejib, n. (Corneille, P.) 274, 275
KocepHy, 3. (Coseriu, E.) 7
KpaBKOB, C. B. 309
Kpoe, B. (Croce, B.) 15
Ky3HeuoBa, A. H. 101
KyKOjibHHK, H. B. 280
KypHjioBoq, E. (Kurilovicz, J.) 172,
175, 177
347
JI
JlaKaccaHb, M- (Lacassagne, J.) 243
JlaMapTHH, A. ae (Lamartine, A. de)
276, 309
JlapHH, B. A. 18, 25, 35, 45, 47, 147,
287, 288, 289
Ja4ioaTeH (La Fontaine, J. de) 273,
279
JIe6ejn>, n. (Lebel, P.) 175, 176
JleBH-IITrpocc, K. (Lvi-Strauss, C.) 18
JleBHH, B. 324
JleBCKHft, B. 282
Jle-Hp, H. (Le Hir, Y.) 52
JleKOHT, Ae Jlnjib (Leconte de Lisle)
324
JleoHTbeB, A. A. 10, 25, 198
JlepMOHTOB, M. K). 16, 34, 119, 236,
257, 287, 330
Jlepx, 3. (Lerch, E.) 276
JlecKOB, H. C. 255
J I h e h h (Titus Livius) 338
JHBHHrCTOH, 301
JOMOapa, A. (Lombard, A.) 76
JIomohocob, M. B. 4
M
MaKapos, H. n. 225
MajafiAaH, A. (Malblanc, A.) 20, 84,
104, 200, 201, 220
MajmapMe, C. (Mallarm, S.) 325
MaHH, T. (Mann, Th.) 14
MapjKepH, P. (Margerit, R.) 137, 217
MapK Tcen (Mark Twain) 163
MapTeMbHHOB, K). C. 36
Maprane, A. (Martinet, A.) 6, 72
Mapy30, )K. (Marouzeau, J.) 34, 79,
80, 103, 110, 119, 121, 126, 162, 163,
168, 215, 223, 226, 234, 242, 243, 275,
310, 320
MacaoB, K). C. 88
Maieanyc, B. (Mathesius, V.) 345
Maope, K . (Mator, G.) 18, 120
MaaKOBCKHH, B. 325, 330
Mefte, A. (Meillet, A.) 118
MeftepxojibA, B. 3. 296
MeHeHAec riHAaji,, P. (Menndez Pi-
dal, R.) 17, 330
MeepjiKHK (Maeterlinck) 305
Mwjie (Millet) 305
Mhjuih, A. A. 326
Moace, )K. (Mauger, G.) 312
Mojibep (Molire) 273
MoHe, K. (Monet, C.) 307
MonaccaH, Pu ae (Maupassant, Guy
de) 204, 258
MopeH, M. K. h TeTepeBHHKOBa H. H.
52, 238
Mopne, JJ. (Mornet, D.) 235
Moppuc, M. y. (Morris, Ch. W.) 287
Mocc, M. (Mauss, M.) 18
Mopya, A. (Maurois, A.) 305
MypaAejiH, B. 324
H
HepBaj i b, )K. Ae (Nerval, G. de) 277
Hoaft, A. Ae (Noailles, A. de) 305
O
Ojierna, 10. 236, 297, 298, 300, 328
OcryA, M. (Osgood, Ch. E.) 310
OCTPOBCKH, A. H. 304
OuiaHHH, R. A. 318
n
riaHOB, M. B. 72, 220, 235
riaHOB, 10. . 318
IlaycTOBCKHft, K. 207, 305
rieraqeBa, 3. A. 190
rieêBHHa, K. <>. 122
r i e r p r i epBHH 194, 242
rieTpoB, E. 77, 128, 289, 301, 324
neuiKOBCKHfi, A. M. 319
riHOTpOBCKH, P. r. 31, 48, 52, 201,
223
ITmiiOH, 3. (Pichon, E.) cm. t k h c
ZlaMypeTT, }K. h nmuoH, 3. 103
fljTaBT (Plautus) 342
riojieBOH, B. 47
ToJiHBaHOB, E. R. 279, 308
riOflOHCKH, 3. n. 319
noTeSHH, A. A. 15, 272, 307, 338
ITpeBep, }K (Prvert, J.) 311, 314, 321.
IlpycT, M. (Proust, M.) 270, 305, 306,
307
IlyuiKHH, A. C. 12, 35, 39, 40, 64, 77,
120, 173, 193, 208, 235, 236, 255, 280,
284, 290, 298, 3C9, 310, 311, 312, 316,
320, 327, 328, 329
P
PacHH (Racine) 61, 275, 329
PaTepMaHHc, >K.-B. h fleflu, n. (Ra-
termanis, J.-B. et Deitz, P. ) 330
PeHHHr, K. (Reuning, K.) 201
PeMo, A. (Rimbaud, A.) 277, 309, 317,
318
PeMfipaHAT (Rembrandt) 16, 293
PeHyap (Renoir) 305
PeijJopMaTCKH, A. A. 310
PH$4)aTeppe, M. (Rifaterre, M.) 35,
288
PHMCKHft-KopcaKOB, H. A. 309
348
PHJie (Richelet) 242
PonjiaH, P. (Rolland, R.) 253
P o ms h , }K. (Romains, J.) 278
PoHcap (Ronsard) 278, 329
Pocc 3iu6h, y. (Ross Ashby, W.) 25
PocTaH, <>. (Rostand, F.) 274, 275
PyflHeB, A. T. 88
Pycco, >K.-}K. (Rousseau, J.-J.) 271,
277
PycTaH, M. (Roustan, M.) 270, 271
C
CaSafieeB, JI. JI. 309
CajiTWKOB-meapHH, M. E. 258
CaHApH, JK. h Kappsp, M. (Sndry, G.
et Carrre, M.) 226, 243
CappoT, H. (Sarraute, N.) 76
CaoTp, 5K.-R (Sartre J.-P.) 251, 270,
322, 333
CeeoK, T. A. (Sebeok, T. A.) 48
Cernimes, A. M. 176
Cenap, 3. (Saplr, E.) 18, 281
Cerna, A. (Schhaye, A.) 275
CHMeHOH, )K. (Simenon, G.) 154, 217
Ch mo k s h , A. (Simonin, A.) 226, 243
CKHHHep, B <t>. (Skinner, B. F.) 71
CxpsHH, A. H. 309
CMHpKHUKHfi, A. H. 78
CKOJK.eBCKHS, A. A. 186, 191, 195, 252,
253
CoBaaco, O. (Sauvageot, A.) 201, 205,
211
Cojuiep, 4>. (Sollers, Ph.) 217
Cojib CanopTa (Sol Saporta) 288
Coccrop, J>. ae (Saussure, F. de) 275
CTaHHCJiaBCKHfi, K. C. 45, 272, 273
CTeHAah (Stendhal) 298
CeHjra, 301
CTenaHOB, T. B. 288
CrepH, JI. (Stem, L.) 327
T
TaiHiueB, H. H. 225
TeHbep, JI. (Tesnire, L.) 184
Tepemmfi (Terentius) 337, 344
TerepeBHHKOBa, H. H., c m. Mopen, M. K.
h TerepeBHHKOBa, H. H.
HMo<|>eeB, JI. H. 329
To&nep, A. (Tobler, A.) 343, 344
Tojicto, A. 203, 207, 254
T0JicT0ft, JI. 236, 255
Tons, A. (Thomas, A.) 58
ToMameBCKHfi, B. B. 18, 312, 321, 330
TonopoB, B. H. 18, 43, 185
Tpnp, H. (Trier, J.) 18
TpoHCKH, H. M. 342
Tpyaa, A. (Troyat, H.) 344
TpyOeuKoft, H. C. (Trubetikoy, N. S.)
62, 299
Typ5H, B. H. 294, 295
TypreHeB, H. C. 275, 289, 297, 298, 319
T u h h h o b , 10. H. 18, 25, 32, 35, 281, 307,
316, 318, 319, 321, 327, 328
Tsh, H. (Taine, H.) 14
TioTieB, t. H. 46, 290, 307, 318
y
yHTMeH, y. (Whitman, W.) 292
y;n>MaHH, C. (Ullmann, S.; Ullmann,
E. de) 310, 334
yop$, B. JI. (Whorf, B. L.) 18, 290
yeneHCKHfi, B. A, 53
YtjiHMueBa, A. A. 19, 100
ysjuic, r. (Wells, H.) 300
4>
aseeB, A. A. 307
4>eAopoB, A. B. 121
$HJiHnn, UI.-JI. (Philippe, Ch.-L.) 277
<J)Huiep-PopreHceH, 3. (Fisher-Jorgen-
sen, E.) 288
&OHBH3HH, R. H. 236
4>occnep, K. (Vossler, K.) 15
4>jio6ep, T. (Flaubert, G.) 319
<>paHc, A. (France, A.) 336
pHfiAa, H. (Frljda, N. K.) c m. fteft-
Kep, X. h tpHfiaa, H.
<t>p9ft, A. (Frei, H.) 49, 215
Oyrne, n. (Fouch, P.) 238
X
XacxaqHX, . H. 122
XarnifenbA, X. (Hatzfeld, H.) 278, 279
Xhjui, A. (Hili, A.) 50, 54
XjieHHKOB, B. 44, 45
XoKKerr, 4. (Hockett, Ch. F.) 40
XsppHC, 3. C. (Harris, Z. S.) 54
U
Ue3apb (Caesar) 338, 343
UnuepoH (Cicero) 342
H
MeaHOB, C. T. 73
HexoB, A. n. 41, 73, 119, 121, 128, 161,
175, 209, 280, 296, 316
^HiaroB, B. K. 175, 176
III
IIIaCaHH, )K- (Chabannes, J.) 86
349
UlaHCKHfi, H. M. L47
IIIaxMaTOB, A. A. 147
LBeAOBa, H. K). 82
IIIeKcnnp ( S h a k e s p e a r e ) 272, 273, 307
UleKypoB, P. n. 246
IHkjiobckhh, B. 29, 39, 46, 279, 281, 313,
327
lJioKKep, T. (Schlocker, G.) 201
HTrpoMaftep, O. (Strohmeyer, F.) 20
U l n H u e p , JI. (Spitzer, L.) 270, 277, 290,
m
U te rJio B, 10, K. 306
LUepa, JI. B. 25, 122, 185, 186, 195,
238, 251, 254, 257, 258, 270, 284, 288,
304, 313
3
36ejiHHr (Ebeling, G. L.) 185
33on 272
33eHuiTeHH, C. 179, 293
SftxeHayM, B. M. 275, 279, 280, 289,
320 321
Sjiioap, R (Eluard, P.) 314
3 h o , T. (Esnault, G.) 162
3pa3M PorrepAaMCKHft (Erasmus) 308
3p6ep, >K. (Herbert, J.) 141, 201, 260
3peAa (Hrdia) 16
S p e H y p r , H. F 128
SpflHx, B. (Erlich, V.) 279, 281
S p i e j i b , B. 225
S t k h h a , E. T. 222, 298
3rbHM6jib (Etiemble) 82
10
fOra, 3. (Huguet, E.) 142
fOpmc, B. A. 101
a
Hko Gc o h, P. O. (Jakobson, R.) 25, 48,
279, 281, 330
HKyHHCKH, JI. n. 279, 329, 330
5 h h i h , B. B. 343
O T J I A B J I E H H E
Crp.
B B C A e H H e ........................... .... ................................................................................................................... 5
I . OfutejiHHrBHCTK'iecKHe o c h o b m cTHjiHCTHHecKoro a H a J i u a a .......................... .... 5
! , K a p a H3UKa c t o ^ k h 3peHHH coBpeMeHHofi jiHHrBHCTHKH. M jie n e-
HHH H y p O B H H ....................................................................................................................... 5
2. ypoBeHh c T p y K T y p ti ................................................................................................. 8
3. ypOBeHb H O p M H ................................................................................................................. y
4. H o p M a p esa HBêHae H C T o p m e c K o e ............................................................ 11
5. H o p M a p e r a sujieHHe H a u n o H a j i b H o e ............................................................ 13
6. 11t o 3 H a i f i T onHcaTb HauHOHa^bnyra HopMy H3BHe? HauKOHajibHan
HopMa h HauHOHabHbift x a p a r a e p ...................................................................... 14
7. 4 t o 3Ha'iHT o n a c a r b HanHOHaJibHyio HopMy H3HyTpn? IIoHHTHe o
^yHKIIHOHaJIbHHX CTHJIHX p C H ........................................................................... 21
8. HeCKOJIbKO 3aMeM3HHH O CBH3H CTHJIHCTHKH C TeOpHe HHÔpMaUHK 23
9. YpoaeHi. HHfliiBHjiya^bHOH p e * i H ........................................................................... 24
10. Mêuaoie c t h j i h c t h k h Ha ypoBHe HHftHBH,uyaJibHO& penn. 3 i a KHH
r a CTHjiHCTHKa c t o u k h 3peHHH nojiyqaTeJis p e i H ......................... 26
11. JlHHrBHCTHHecKH anajiH3 Ha ypoBHe HHRHBHflyaJibHofr pe^H . . . 27
12. MexaHH3M 06paTH0f i CB33H h HaKomieHHe HHijjopMauHH . . . . . . 27
13. BaHMoaeftCTBHe s j i c mc h t o b h ypoBHe c o o m e H H H ......................... 31
14. CTHJiHCTHiecKH aHajiH3 Ha ypoBHe HHAHBHAyaJibKoft p e i H . H b .t c -
HHe HOpMbI BHyTpH HHAHBHAyajlbHOrO C O o S m e H H H .............................. 32
15. B3aHMOAeftcTBHe ypoBHe 3 W K a ...................................................................... 35
16. OrpajKeHHe ypoBHe H3MKa b KasKAOM 0T / ie m H 0M cooCmeHHK. . 36
17. n p e f lM e T CTHJIHCTHKH................................................................................................... 37
18. CxoflCTBo h pa3JinqnH Me wAy npaKTHnecKoft h xyaoHcecTBeHHoft
p e i b i o ....................................................................................................................................... 38
19. CTHjmcTuqecKHft 3HajiH3 Ha y p o s n e HHAHBHAya,nbHoro coomeHHH
b xyAO*ecTBeHHO p e i H ........................................................ .................................. 39
20. M H or o H pyc H a a HHTepnpeTauHH TeKCTa b xyAOxecTBeHHofi p e w . . 40
21. K j i k w k TeKCTy. i ip e ABa pKT ejibH o e 3H3HH&. j i h h s TeKCTa . . 44
22. riocTpoeHHe 9t o h k h h t h . p y r a e B3rjiHAH Ha CTHJIHCTHKy. E h j i h o -
r p a < } ) H H ..................................................................................................................................... 48
I I . 06mejuiKrBHCTH>)ecKHe o c h o b m H3yneHHfl c t h j i h c t h k h (JipaHity3CKoro
H3b!Ka B CpaBHeHHH C p y C C K H M ......................................................................................52
B ......................................................................................................................................................... ................... 52
23. MjieHHHe p e i e B o f i uer.H k s k o c h o b m cpaBHenHH <jipaHuy3CKoro c h h -
TaKCHCa c p y c c K H M .............................................. .... ................................................. 52
24. JXs a BHfla peieBO u e i m AHCKpeTHbift h HeAHCKperabift . . . . 53
351
Crp.
25. OpaHuy3CKa peneBaa t i e n t HeAHCKpeTHa b epaBHeHHH c p y e e x o 55
26. K â c c H $ H K a iiH a CjiOBOCOHeTaHHH n o n pH H ua n y AHCKpeTHOCTH-He-
fiHCKpeTHOCTH...................................................................................................................... 59
27. nOHSTHe AHCKpeTHOCTH-HeflHCKpeTHOCTH B npHMeHeHHH K x y a o -
HtecTBeHHoft p e n a ................................................................ ............................................60
B M O B a p e ...................................................................... ..................................................................... 61
28. H t o 3HaHHT conocTaBHTb cjio B a AByx h s h k o b ? ........................................ l
29. CpaBHeHHe o i o b n o HaeraM penn o c h o b s A p y r a x conoeraBJieHHH 63
30. P a 3AHHeHHe km6h h h r j i a n w i a . . ................................................................. 63
H a c T b I
HanHOHajibHaa HopMa
A . <t>paHny3CKaa HauHOHajibHaH HopMa, ciiHcatiHasr h 3bhc
C j i o B a p b ................................................................................................................................................69
C j i o b o .......................................................................................................................................................... 69
C ji o b o k 3k eflHHHua i w a n a B b i p a e n H a ........................................................................... 6 9
31. OopMa c jio B a Ha ypoBHe H o p M b i ...................................................................... 69
32. C o K p a m e H H H .........................................................................................................................74
C ji o b o KaK eAHHHua nna.ua BJupaaceHHH k n jia H a c o A e p s c a H H f l ..................... 75
1. C jioBa KaK n a c r a p e n n ......................................................................................................... 75
33. Pa3JiHHHe cymecTBHTejibHoro h n pm ia raT e. 'ib H oro BHyTpH KaTero
pHH H M e H H ............................................................................................................................75
34. Cy(5cTaHTHBHbifl c t h j u . ................................................ ................................ ................. 7 6
35. CHHTaKCHHecKaa KOHBepCHH b o $paHuy3CK0M H 3 H K e .................... ....... 77
36. CHJiHCTHHecKoe 3HaneHHe KOHBepCHH . . . . . . ' ..............................63
37. P3JiHHHe aCTpaKTHUx h KOHKpeTHUX c j i o b BHyTpH KaTeropHH c y -
mecTBHTejibHoro. CymecTBHTejibHoe u a p T K K j i b ...................................83
38. CoCcTBenHo c r tu r a e r H ie c K H e oeoeHHoeTH a p r a K j m .................... ..... . 85
39. HeftTpa^H3auHH a p T H K j w ............................................................................................ 86
40. Pa3JiHHHe KanecTBeHHbix h OTHOCHTejibHbix 3HaHeHH y n p i w a r a -
Te.ibHoro, CTp yKTyp a onpeAeJieHHH B o o m e .............................................88
41. AATeKTHBHblft C T H J I b ...................................................................................................... 94
42. Pa3JiHHHe s a j i o r o B u x orreHKOB y r j i a r c v i a .................................................. 9 6
43. C ji y ) K e 6Hbie cjioBa. KoHBepcHs npeAJioroB, Hapenn h coosob . . 97
2. p y r n e rpynnnpoBKH c j i o b n pn H3yneHHH cjiOBapH Ha ypoBHe h o p m h . 100
44. npHHUHn r p y n n n p o B O K .................................................................................................100
45. CeMbH c j i o b .......................................................................................................................... 101
46. 0C06eHH0CTH CeMeft CJIOB BO (j>paHK} 3CKOM H3bIKe CpaBHHTCWIbHC
c pyccKHM . . ................................. ..... ...................................................................... 103
47. f l p y r H e rpynnHpoBKH c j i o b no cxoACTBy 3Ha!ieHHK c k h o k h mh h 106
48. BeKTopHbie c h h o h h m h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
49 C h h o h h m h 3MOUHOHa;ibHO-9xcnpeccHBHHe.......................................................109
| 50. C h h o h hm h h AByx njiaHOB ..................................................................................... 111
51. IIOHHTHe KpaCOTH p e H H ..................................................................................... 118
52. fla p a J u ie jib H b ie c j i o B a ...................................................................................................119
53. MajuoCjieHHHe c j i o B a ..................................................................................................... 120
54. JlaKyH H , h j i h a H T H - c j io B a ..................................................................................... 120
55. MacTOTa ynoTpefijieHHH c j i o b b H o p M e ............................................................ 121
352
Ctp,
C j i o B o c o w r a H H * ; ................................................................................................................................ 124
HCKpeTHHe cjio Bo coe raH H H. flono^HHTe^faHfaifi c j o s a p t ................................... 124
56. H e s o c T a T o r a o c T b a j i h u e j i e f t c t h j i h c t h k h o Gh t o o t o c a o B a p a Ha
ypoBHe H o p M b i ..................................................................................................... 124
57. on<wiHHTe;u>Hbr c .ioBapb c o c t o h t H3 AHCKpeiHwx c a 0B0c0qeTa-
..........................................................................................................................................................125
58. OcoCeHHCTH AOnOJIHHTCTbHOrO C J IO B a p H .................... .................................. 126
59. 0 6 p a 3 U M AonojiHHTejibHoro c jio B a p a . C.ioBapH pa3roB0pH0ft peHH.
CjioBapHK $ p a H u y 3CKoft j u r r e p a T y p H o ft k p h t h k h . THnHW bie Haâ-ia
(j)pa3 b pa3roBopHoft p e r a . TanOTHue opMBbi cj>pa3 b pa3 ro Bo pH o fi
p e q H..................................................................................................128
136
139
141
142
60. Pa3JiHiHHe r p ynn n p oB K H c a h h h i i AonoaHHTejibHoro a iO B a p a . .
6! . P o j i b TaKHx rpynriHpoBOK npH H3yneHHH H3HKa h nepeBOAe . . .
62. C h h o h h m w AHCKpeTHHx cjiOBOcoqeTaHHi b A p y r a x c t h ^ h x penu
63. CO^lOTHbie c h h o h h m w ...........................................................................................
64. TeaAeHUHH k oomeHHio b pa3BHTHH AHCKpeiHbtx cjiOBOco'ieTaHHfi 142
HeAHCKpeTHwe c .n o B o c o 'e T a H H H .................................................................................................. 145
65. K a K eAHHHUH n jia H a B u p a s K e H H H .......................................................................145
66. HeAHCKpeTHbie ciioBoeoyeraHHa Ha CTpyKTyphom y p o B H e .................... 146
67. HeAHCKpeTHbie cjtOBOcoieTaHHH Ha ypoBHe H o p M b i ............................... . 147
68. ApraKb h e r o OTCyTCTBHe KaK noKa3a r e ^ b HeAHeKperaoeTH . . . 148
69. FIpeAJior KaK noKaaaTejib H e A H e K p e r a o e T H .................................................. 151
70. HeKOTOpbie ocoeHHocTH HeAHCKpeTHUx oioBocoqeTaHHii b n/iaHe
c o A e p s c a H H H ..........................................................................................................................154
71. MeCTOHMeHHe (en, y ) KaK n ox a3aTejib HeAHCKpeTHOCTH. O c o 6eH-
h o c t h TaKHX CJioBocoTCxaHHft b njia He COAepjKaH HH .............................. 155
72. <Dpa3eoJiorHiecKHe c p a m e H H H ................................................................................... 157
C p a B H e H H H .................................................................................................................................................161
73. CpaBHeHHH HHAHBHAyaJlbHbie H CpaBHeHHH oCmenpHHHTbie . . . . 161
74. CpaBHeHHH KaK eAHHHiiu r u ia n a B u p a x e H n a ............................................. 163
75. CpaBHeHHH C TOHKH 3peHHH (JiyHKUHOHaJIbHblX C T H J l e f t ......................... 165
I 76. CpaBHeHHH C SMOUHOHajlbHOH T04KH 3 p e H H H ............................................. 166
S 77. CpaBHeHHH c ceMaHTHnecKoft t o h k h ape n n s. HauHOHajibHoe CBoe-
o6pa3He CpaBHeHHH..............................................: ...................................................... 167
CocTBeHHHe H M e H a .......................................................................................................................... 172
78. CoCcTBeHHue HMeHa KaK o c o Cm k KJiacc c j i o b ............................................. 172
79. O r p y K T y p a h cmm> h m c h ......................................................................................173
80. 3 M0iiH0H ajibH aa h a.KcnpeccHBHaa OKpacKa B cocTBeHHbix HMeHax 175
81. HMeHa c ceMaHTHHecKoft t o h k h 3p e H H H ............................................................ 176
C o o f i m e H H e ..................................................................................................................................... 179
82. A H ajiorH H p ese so ft u e n u c K H H O (jw ;i b M O M .................................................. 179
83. BpeMa b p e i e B o fi uerm. /XncKpeTHuft h HeAHCKpeTHtr t h i i w co o6-
m e H H .......................................................................................................................................180
K a A P ................................................................................................................................................ . . 183
84. H t o TaKoe KaAp b p e > m ? ..................................................................................... 183
85. K a A p , paccMOTpeHHwft Ha CTpyKTypHOM y p o B H e ........................................ 183
86. K a A p Ha ypoBHe H o p M b i .......................................................................................... 184
87. H au n o H a jib H bie ocoOeHHocTH CTHJiHCTHHecKH HefiTpam>Horo co o 6me-
h h h ofibmHoro KaApa. BHxceHHe oOteKTHBa b KaApe . . . . 188
353
Crp.
88. J5nana30H CTHjmcTHHecKHx OTKJiOHeHHH..................................................... 190
89. OxKJioHeHHfl o t HeftTpajibHoro coomeHHa b pyccKOM H3UKe . 192
90. OflHa oeoQeHHOCTb nyiUKHHCKoro c t k . i h KaK HJUiiocTpauHa . . , 193
91. O t m o h c h k h o t HeftTpajibHoro coom e sHs bo 4>paHuy3CKOM H3H-
K e ............................................................................................................................................ 194
92. BbiCop K a ap a b o <})paHU,y3CK0M ...................................................................... 198
93. C y fo eK T H & e rb h j i h sroueHTpn3M p a H u y 3CKoro K a a p a ....................19S
94. MjieHeHHe Ha rwiaHbi. P o .ib apTHKjia n pn s t o m ...................................200
95. OcoeHBocTH c n e r a ......................................................................................................203
96. npocTpaHCTEo b o 4>paHuy3CKOM K a a p e .......................................................204
97. BpeMa bo 4>paHixy3CKOM' K a a p e ...................................................................... 206
98. OeoeHHoeTH npeacTaBêHHH aeftCTBHft .................................................. 2 10
M o H T a a c ......................................................................................... .............................................................212
99. H t o TaKoe w o H T a a c ? .................... ............................................................................... 2 1 2
100. ApoeHHe KaapoB. CeMaHTHHecxne TpaHC<{>opMauHH I I I . BaJim 2 1 3
101. Cuerme.HHe K a a p o a ...................................................................................................... 215
102. HeKOTOpi-je vacTHwe s h a h coomeHH. r i o p T p e T ..............................2 16
B . OpaHuy3CKaa HauHOHajifaHas HopMa, onncaHHaa HSHyrpH
103. n o H a r a e cj)yHKu,HOHajibHoro c t h j i h penn ( r n u x a ) ..............................218
104. oHHTHe H eftTpajibHoro c r a j i a ........................................................................... 2 18
105. CncTeMa (jiyKKUHOHaabHbix c t h j i e f t ...................................................................2 2 0
106. JleKCiwecKHe pa3JMHHa (jjyHKHOHaJibHnx CTHJie CTHJWCTHHe-
CKHe (pa3HOCTHJieBbie) c h h o h h m h ...................................................................... 2 2 5
107. paHUy3CKHft HeifrpaJlbHbift CTHJIb B COnOCTaBJieHHH C pyccKHM.
Ko3(}l()HUHeH' H O p M b l ................................................................................................ 226
108. OCpasuH cTHae. (oHeTHHecKHe h CHHTaKcaqecKHe pa3JiHHHa.) 238
169. A p r e ........................................................................................................................................242
H a c T b I I
HAHBHAyajibHaH peqb
C o o 6i u e H H e .................................................................................................................................................251
110. l'jia B H o e B3aHMoaeficTBHe B3aHMoaeflcTBHe h h t o h 3 u h h h rp aw -
MaTH'jecKo C T p y K T y p H .................................................................... .... 251
111. noOoHHHe B3aKMoaeltCTBHH cuenjieHHe s ê M e m oB p e i e B o ft l ie
h h ............................................................................................................................................ 2 5 3
112. paHuy3CKaa K H io H a i y ta , paccMOTpeHHaa o T a e j i b n o .................... 256
113. Z l p y r n e noom ue B3aHMoaeficTBna a p r a K J i b ...................................2 57
114. O a n a ocoOeHnocTb 3a r 0f l 0BK0B KaK cjieacTBHe n p e a b ia y m e r o . 2 58
C j i o B a p b ........................................................................................... ........................................................... 2 5 8
115. CocTaBjieHHe c jio B a p a HHAHBHayajibHoft peHH cnocoS ycTHO-
r o n e p e B o a m i K a .............................................................................................................2 58
116. Kjiaccn(j)HKauHa c a h h h u 3 Toro c j i o B a p s ....................................................... 2 64
117. OOpa3en c n o s a p a m a H B H A y a jib H o ft peHH .................................................. 265
H a c T b I I I
XyflOJKecTBeHaa p e t b
118. C n o c o 6bi aHaJiH3a x y a oxe cTB eH H o p e w . . . ......................... 2 6 9
119. KpaTKHft onepK h c t o p h h c t h j i h c t h k h xyao;ecTBeHHofl peHH . 2 89
354
Ctp.
CTiWHCTHKa o t a B T o p a .............................................................................................................. 270
120. J l o r H iecKHfi aHaJiH3. M . P y c T a H ................................................................. 270
121. CHXOJiorHHeCKHH ana. i m M . FpaMMOH h p . CTHJiOMeTpHweCKHfi
M e T O f l .................................................................................................................................... 271
S 122. CoBpeMeHHan (j>paHuy3CKaH i iw o J ia JK. M a p y 3 o , I I I . BpioHo,
) K . AHTyaH, n . T a p o .......................................................................................... 275
123. CTHJWCTHKa J I . I l l n m i e p a .......................................................................................277
BHypeHHHH (HMMaHeHTHaa) .......................................................................................................... 279
124. PyccKHfi 4 ) o p M a ^ H 3 M > .............................................................................................279
125. C r p y K T y p a j ib H H f t a H a J i H 3 .......................................................................................... 281
CHJIHCTHKa BOCnpHSTHH.................................................................................................................. 284
126. OnwiHCTHHecKHH aHajiH3 J I . B . L U , e p 6 b i ....................................................... 284
127. B . A . JlapHH. 3apocfleHHe ceMHOTHiecKofi c t h j i h c t h k h . . . . 287
128. BcnoMoraTejibHbie npHeMM c t h j i h c t h k h BocnpHHTHH. Cnoco Me-
T a o n H c a H H H .........................................................................................................................289
f
l 2 9 . PaccKa3 o p a c c K 3 3 e .................................................................................................. 297
130. FIpaKTHqecKHe npHeMbi aHajiH3a xyaoacecTBeKHOft p e i a b c t h -
JIHCTHKe BOCnpHSTHH...................................................... ............................................ 298
CjiDBapb xyflo x ec T B e H H o ft p e i n ............................................................................................... 300
131. BemHbift c j i o B a p b ..................................... ................................................................ 300
132. A H T H -c jJ O B a p b ............................................................................................................. 304
133. flo no jiH H Te J ib H uft c j i o B a p b ..................................................................................... 305
| 134. CjIOKKbie 3 H 8 K H ............................................................................................................ 307
135. SfBjieHHe CHHecTesHH...................................................................................... 309
136. I l y c T b i e 3 H 3 K H .................................................................................................................310
CooiueHHe b xyAoxecTBeHHOft p e q n ..................................................................................... 311
137. OcoSeHHocTH coo6menHH b xyaowecTBeHHoii p e m ......................... 311
138. K.iaccHf^HKauHa 3Ha>iamHx (3 H a K o a u x ) sjieMeHTOB xyAOHcecT-
BeHHofi p e q n ......................................................................................................................314
139. jiHHa xyaoKecTBeHHoro T e K C T a ....................................................................... 315
140. CaMonpoH3BojibHoe MJiencHHe u e . i o r o .............................................. ..... 317
| 141. Pa3JiHiHe c t h x o b h n p o 3 w ...................................................................................320
4 2 . Pa3JiHiHe b h t c h k h BCJiyx c t h x o b h n p o 3 U ........................................ 323
| 143. MJieHeHHe KaK n o M e x a ............................................................................................. 324
144. I I o M e x a KaK 3HK. O u rpb iBa HH e n o M e x ............................................... 324
145. T p a i J i H K a .............................................................................................................................. 326
146. MacTHbie npoaBJieHHs pHTMa. FHCTpyMeHTOBKa .............................. 328
147. MaTepnaJibHbie CBH3H xyaoacecTBeHHoii p e i H c CHCTeMoft S3biKa 329
l Ip H J i o iK e H H e
SîeKeHTw HCTopHMecKoft c t h j i h c t h k h ...................................................................................333
MeTacJ>opa.......................................................................................................................... ..... 333
KpaTKHft oqepK h c t o p h h HOMHHaTHBHOCTH................................................................. 336
yKaaTejib H M e H .................................................................................................................................... 346
Introduction........................................................................................................................................
I. L'analyse stylistique fonde sur la linguistique gnrale.........................................................
1. La vue du langage en linguistique gnrale contemporaine. Articulatioas et
niveaux .............................................................................................................................
2. Niveau de la stru c tu re ...................................................................................................
3. Niveau de la norme.........................................................................................................
4. La norme du langage, phnomne historique...........................................................
5. La norme du langage, phnomne national . ............................................................
6. La norme vue de dehors. La norme nationale et le caractre n a ti o n a l ..............
7. La norme vue de lintrieur. Styles dits fonctionnels . ........................................
8. Quelques remarques sur le rapport de la stylistique la thorie de linformation
9. Niveau de la parole individuelle..................................................................................
10. Division de la stylistique au niveau de la parole individuelle. Destinateur et
destinataire. Ce livre prsente la stylistique du point de vue du destinataire. .
11. Lanalyse gnrale au niveau de la parole individuelle..........................................
12. Mcanisme de rpercussion (feed-back) et laccumulation de linformation
13. Action rciproque des niveaux et des lments de l n o n c ..................................
14. Lanalyse stylistique au niveau de la parole individuelle. La norme rgissant
lintrieur de l n o n c ...................................................................................................
15. Action rciproque des niveaux du langage.................................................................
16. Les niveaux du langage percent dans chaque nonc concret...............................
17. Lobjet de la stylistique...................................................................................................
18. Ressemblances et diffrences entre la parole pratique et la parole (texte)
littraire artistique............................................................................................................
19. Lanalyse stylistique de lnonc individuelle en discours artistique....................
20. Linterprtation plusieurs niveaux en discours artistique.....................................
21. La clef du texte. Prsuppositions. Longueur du texte...........................................
22. Composition de ce livre. Dautres vues sur la stylistique. Bibliographie..............
n . La stylistique compare du franais et du russe fonde sur la linguistique gnrale . .
En syntaxe...........................................................................................................................................
23. Articulation de la chane parle comme base de comparaison de la syntaxe
franaise avec la r u s s e ...................................................................................................
24. Deux espces de la chane parle continue et discontinue...............................
25. La chane parle du franais est continue en comparaison davec la russe . . . .
26. La classification des groupes de mots selon leurs continuit ou discontinuit . .
27. Ce trait caractrologique appliqu au discours artistique............................ ..
En vocabulaire ..................................................................................................................................
28. Quest-ce que cela veut dire comparer des mots de deux langues? .................
29. Comparaison par partie du discours, point de dpart..........................................
30. Diffrence du nom et du verbe.....................................................................................
Premire partie
L a n o r m e n a ti o n a le
A. La n o n n e nationale du franais vue de dehors
Vocabulaire ........................................................................................................................................
Le m o t .................................................................................................................................................
Le mot comme unit du plan du contenu .....................................................................................
31. La forme du mot au niveau de la norme....................................................................
32. Abrviations........................................................................................ ............................
T ABLE S DES MAT I RE S
356
Le mot comme unit deux plans, expression contenu......................................................... 75
1. Les mots comme parties du discours........................................................................................ 75
33. Le nom: distinction du substantif et de ladjectif...................................................... 75
34. Le style substantif ............................................................................................................ 76
35. La conversion syntaxique en franais.......................................................................... 77
36. Valeur stylistique de la conversion................................................................................ 83
37. Distinction des mots abstraits et concrets dans les substantifs. Le substantif et
la r t i c l e ............................................................................................................................. 83
38. Valeurs proprement stylistiques de la r t i c l e ............................................................... 85
39. Larticle neutralis ......................................................................................................... 86
40. Distinction des sens qualitatifs et relatifs des adjectifs. Des adjectifs pithtes,
qualificatifs, qualitatifs etc. Degrs dexpression de qualit .................................. 88
41. Le style a d je c ti f ............................................................................................................... 94
42. Degrs de transitivit et diffrences de voix dans le v e r b e ..................................... 96
43. Des mots auxiliaires. Conversion de prpositions, adverbes, conjonctions . . . . 97
2, Dautres groupements de mots en vocabulaire de la norme ................................................ 100
44. Le principe des groupements........................................................................................ 100
45. Familles de mots ............................................................................................................ 101
46. Un air de famille sorganise diffremment en franais et en russe.................... 103
47. Dautres groupements de mots. Synonymie............................................................... 106
48. Synonymie vectorielle.................................................................................................... 107
49. Synonymie motionnelle et expressive....................................................................... 109
50. Synonymie des deux p lan s ........................................................................................ 111
51. La beaut du langage ................................................................................................. 118
52. Des mots parallles......................................................................................................... 119
53. Des mots favoris............................................................................................................... 120
54. Des lacunes ou anti-mots........................................................................................... 120
55. La frquence dun mot dans la n o r m e ....................................................................... 121
Des groupements de mots.................................................................................................................. 124
Des groupements discontinus. Le lexique supplmentaire ......................................................... 124
56. Linsuffisance du lexique usuel pour des buts de la stylistique............................... 124
57. Le lexique supplmentaire est form de phrases discontinues mais toutes faites 125
58. Quelques particularits du vocabulaire supplmentaire........................................... 126
59. Des chantillons de ce dernier. En usage quotidien; en critique littraire. Des
bouts de phrase touts faits en diffrentes s ituations................................................ 128
60. Des groupements de mots dans le vocabulaire supplmentaire............................. 136
61. Limportance de ces groupements pour ltude de la langue et ia traduction . . 139
62. Des synonymes des bouts de phrase parls dautress styles..................................... 141
63. Des synonymes a b s o l u s ................................................................................................. 142
64. Tendance la gnralisation dans les phrases toutes faites discontinues ............ 142
Des groupements continus touts faits.............................................................................................. 145
65. Comme des units du plan de lexpression............................................................... 145
66. Au niveau de la s t r u c tu re .............................................................................................. 146
67. Au niveau de la norme.................................................................................................... 147
68. Larticle ou son absence comme indice du caractre de tout f a i t .................... 148
69. La prposition comme indice du m m e .................................................................... 151
70. Quelques particularits de pareilles phrases sur le plan du c o n t e n u .................... 154
71. Des phrases continues toutes faites marqus parles pronoms en, y . . . . . . . . 155
72. Des units phrasologiques........................................................................................ ... 157
Les comparaisons ............................................................................................................................. 161
73. Comparaisons individuelles et usuelles....................................................................... 161
74. Comparaisons comme des units du plan de lexpression..................................... 163
357
75. Comparaisons au sein de diffrents s t y l e s ................................................................. .... 165
76. Comparaisons du point de vue motinnel................................................................. .... 166
77. Comparaisons du point de vue smantique. Leur caractre n a t i o n l .................... .... 167
Les noms propres.................................................................................................................................... 172
78. Noms propres comme une classe de mots particulire.............................................. 172
79. Leur structure et leur style .......................................................................................... .... 173
80. Leur cachet motionnel et expressif................................................................................. 175
81. Leur smantique.............................................................................................................. .... 176
La communication (noncement et nonc).................................................................................. .... 179
82. Lanalogie entre la chane parle et un film .............................................................. .... 179
83. Le temps dans la chane parle. Deux espces de l noncement continue et
discontinue..................................................................................... ................................. .... 180
Squence et ses p a r ti e s .................................................................................................................... .... 183
84. La chane parle franaise assimile un film. La squence et sa partie minimale 183
85. Une telle partie examine au niveau de la structure................................................ .... 183
86. Au niveau de la norme............................... ................................................................... .... 184
87. Particularits nationales de la structure de la squence linguistique neutre.
Le dplacement de la carnera.................................................................................. .... 188
88. Diapason des carts stylistiquement marqus........................................................... .... 190
89. Des carts marqus en r u s s e ............................................................................................ 192 j
90. Une particularit du langage de Pouchkine comme illustration............................ .... 193
91. Des carts marqus en franais..................................................................................... .... 194
92. La position de la camra en franais................................................... ................... .... 198
93. Subjectivit ou gocentrisme de telle position en franais . .................................... 199 1
94. Premier plan, gros plan etc. en franais. Le rle de larticle dans la
reprsentation des p l a n s ................................................................................................ .... 200
95. Le calcul .......................................................................................................................... .... 203
96. Lespace .......................................................................................................................... .... 204
97. Le temps .......................................................................................................................... .... 206
98. Les a c t i o n s ....................................................................................................................... .... 210
Le montage........................................................................................................................................ .... 212
99. Le montage dcoupage ou assemblage des squences....................................... .... 212
00. Dcoupage. Des transformations smantique daprs Ch. B a l l y ............................ .... 213 .
101. Enchanements et attelages des squences................................................................. .... 215
102. Des cas particuliers. Le p o r t r a i t .................................................................................. .... 216
B. La norme nationale du franais vue de l intrieur
103. Des styles dits fonctionnels.................................................................................. .. . 218
104. Le style ne u tre ...................................................................................................................... 218
105. Lensemble des styles fonctionnels ............................................................................ .... 220
106. Leurs diffrences en lexique. Synonymie interstylistique............................................ 225
107. Le style neutre du franais compar avec celui du russe. Un coeffitient de la
n o r m e .................................................................................................................................... 226
108. Des chantillons des s t y l e s ........................................................................................... .... 238
109. Largot..................................... ......................................................................................... .... 242
Deuxime partie
La parole individuelle
La communication (noncement et n o n c )............................................................................... .... 251
110. Corrlation principale intonation et structure syntaxique........... ' ......................... 251
111. Corrlations accsoires, enchanements d'units de la chane p a r l e ................. .... 253
112. Intonation franaise examine p a r t .......................................................................... .... 256
113. Dautre corrlations parallles la r ti c le ................................................................. .... 257
358
z
r
A
O
u
f
e
d
a
S
5a
114. Les titres de textes franais structurs en fonction des traits prcdents ........... .....258
Le vocabulaire ........................................................................................................................................258
115. Pour tablir un vocabulaire de la parole individuelle: procd de linterprte au
t r a v a i l .....................................................................................................................................258
116. Units de tel vocabulaire classifies............................................................................. .... 264
117. Un chantillon de pareil vocabulaire.......................................................................... .....265
Troisime partie
Parole littraire artistique
118. Diffrentes analyses de la parole littraire artistique..................................................... 269
119. Leur historique ....................................................................................................................269
La stylistique partir de lauteur .............................................................................................. .....270
120. Lanalyse logique. M. R oustan..................................................................................... .... 270
121. Lanalyse psychologique. M.Grammont et dautres. Mthode stylomtrique . . 271
122. Ecole franaise contemporaine. J. Marouzeau, Ch. Bruneau, G. Antoine,
P. Guiraud.......................................................................................................................... .... 275
123. Lcole de L. S p itz e r ........................................................................................................... 277
La stylistique intrieure (immanente).............................................................................................. .... 279
124. Le formalisme russe........................................................................................................ 279
125. Lanalyse structurale........................................................................................................... 281
La stylistique de la perception.............................................................................................................. 284
126. Lanalyse de L. V. Serba .............................................................................................. .... 284
127. B. A. Larme et les dbuts de la stylistique smiotique.................................................. 287
128. Des procds auxiliaires. Une mtastylistique...................................................... .... 289
129. Rcit dun r c i t ............................................................................................................... .... 297
130. Des procds pratiques lis la stylistique de la perception....................................... 298
Lexique du discours littraire artistique........................................................................................ .... 300
131. Dictionnaire des choses vocabulaire des concepts chosifis.......................... .... 300
132. Anti-dictionnaire.................... ..................................................................................... .... 304
133. Dictionnaire supplmentaire ou extra-dictionnaire.................................................. 305
134. Des signes complexes (un fragment de texte comme signe, e t c . ) .......................... .... 307
135. Synesthsie............................................................................................................................ 309
136. Des signes creux (sans plan du contenu).................................................................... .... 310
La communication (noncement, nonc) dans le langage littraire artistique....................... .... 311
137. Particularits de lnonc dans le langage littraire artistique................................ .... 311
138. La classification des lments signifiants (signes) du langage artistique.............. .... 314
139. Longueur du texte............................................................................................................ .... 315
140. Articulation spontane du t e x t e ....................................................................................... 317
141. Diffrence des vers et de la p r o s e ....................................................................... .. .......... 320
142. Diffrence de diction des vers et de la p r o s e ............................................................ .... 323
143. Articulation spontane comme o b s ta c le ......................................................................... 324
144. Obstacle comme signe. Jeu des obstacles ...................................................................... 324
145. La graphie ............................................................................................................................ 326
146. Le rythme dans ses manifestations particulires. Instrumentation....................... .... 328
147. Des rapports matrieles du langage artistique au systme de la l a n g u e .............. .... 329
Appendice
Elments de la stylistique historique.............................................................................................. .... 333
La m ta p h o r e .................................................................................................................. .... 333
Petite histoire du style nominatif c o m m u n ......................................................... .......... 33g
Indexe des n o m s ................................................................................................................................ .... 346
359

Степанов Ю. С. - Французская Стилистика - 2003

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Степанов Ю. С. - Французская Стилистика - 2003

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

EBK 81.

bent niais idiot

en sorte que de manire

Вам также может понравиться