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ISBN 978-9943-11-342-8
IS B N 9 7 8 -9 9 4 3 -1 1 -3 4 2 -8
3
- mamlakatning butun hududida axborot-kommunikatsion
texnologiyalami, shu jumladan mobil aloqa, IP texnologiya, tele-
kommunikatsiya va ma’lumot yetkazishni boshqa zamoaaviy
vositalanni, axborot-kommunikatsion tarmoq va xizmatlarini
konvergensiyasini j adal rivoj lantirish.
Yangi texnologiyalar kiritish sharoitida mutaxassislar oldida
texnologik jarayonlami o'matish, tarkibiy qismlarini qo‘llanishi,
zamonaviy texnologiyalari asosida tarmoq yaratish kabi masalalar
tadqiqoti dolzarb desa bo‘ladi.
Tasdiqlangan qonunlami bajansh jarayoni infokommunikatsion
texnologiyalam i O‘zbekistonda rivojlanishning tegishli qonunlami
bajansh uchun keng yo‘l ochib berdi. Turli telekommunikatsion
xizm atlar aholiga ko‘rsatilmoqda. 2008-yildagi iqtisodiy inqiroz j uda
ko‘p mamlakatlarda iqtisodiy o‘sish jarayonini sekinlashtirishga olib
keldi. Ushbu jarayonni I.A.Karimovning «Jahon moliyaviy-iqtiso-
diy inqirozi, 0 ‘zbekiston sharoitida uni bartaraf etishningyo‘llari va
choralari» nomli asaridako‘rsatilib,uni bartaraf etish uchun mavjud
korxonalami modemizatsiyalash, ternik va texnologik qayta tiklash
va zam onaviy texnologiyalami tadbiq etish eng dolzarb masalalar-
dandir. Yuqorida keltirilgan masalalami yechishda boshqarish quril-
malarini qurish, ulami tahlil etish jarayonlarini amalga oshiruvchi
mutaxassislami yetishtirish eng asosiy masalalardan biridir. Shuning
uchun ushbu qo‘llanmada zamonaviy boshqarish qurilmalarini
qurishda mikroprotsessorli tizimlarni o‘rni kattadir.
Oliy o‘quv yurti mutaxassislami tayyorlashda raqamli texnika va
mikroprotsessorlami bilish, dasturiy boshqanladigan mikroprotses-
sorlar tizimini yaratish, tahlil etish eng dolzarb muammolardan
biridir. M avjud davrda hisoblash texnikasining eng yuqori pog‘o-
nasini egallab turgan kompy uterlar juda tez odimlat bilan nvojlanib
kelmoqda. Ushbu rivojlanish davrigamos mutaxassislami vetishririb
chiqarish, ulami o‘qitish va o‘quv materiallarini tushunarli, davlat
tilida izohlab berish davr talabidir. Bu masalalarni yechish faqat
yangi rivojlanayotgan raqamli texnika va uning yuqori pog'onasi
b o ig a n mikroprotsessorlar va ular asosida qurilgan boshqaruv
qurilmalarining loyihalash, qurish va tahlil etish imkoniyatiga ega
bo‘lgan mutaxassislami yetishtirish eng dolzarb muammolardan
biridir. Ushbu texnologiyalar juda qisqa vaqt davomida o‘zgarishi
4
mavjud fanni har doiin o‘zgartirishga, yangi materiallar bilan
to‘ldirib borishga m ajbur etadi.
Shuni ta’kidlash lozim ki, hisoblash texnologiva nazariyasi va
ulaming element bazasi juda tezkorlik bilan rivojlanmoqda. Buni
hozir rivojlanayotgan nariotexnologiya jarayoni bilan taqqoslash
lozimdir. Nanotexnologiya asosida quriladigan boshqarish qurilma-
lari mavjud texnologiyalami loyihalash va qurish jarayonlarini amal-
ga oshirish usullari orqali am alga oshirilishi mumkindir. Shuning
uchun ushbu fanning salohiyati boshqa fanlarga qaraganda o‘zining
tezkor o ‘zgarishi bilan farqlanadi. 0 ‘quv qoMlanmada bayon etilgan
raqamli qurilmalar, tarm oq protsessorlari, mikroprotsessor tizimlari
va mikrokontrollerlar yangi avlod mutaxassislami tayyorlashda
yordamberadi deb um id qilamiz.
Ushbu o‘quv qo‘lla n m a d aIlI, IV bobni U.B. Amirsaidov tayyor-
lagan, kirish qismi, I b ob, II bob, IV bob,ilovalami X.Yu. Abasxa-
nova tayyorlagan.
1. RAQAMLI QURILIMALARNIISG EVOLYUTSIYASI
1.1.Raqam li texnika asoslari
6
0 ‘tishlarfunksiyasi F(U, X) «kiruvchi so'z-ichki holat» aloqasini
tashkil etadi va U d a X x U to"plamini aks ettiradi.
Kiruvchi Chiquvchi
ta’ sirlar ta'sirlar
u(* - о i - a m w ) :
y (o r a m
U(t4)-F(U(t).X(t)):
Y(1) - V (ü(i).X(t)).
9
M antiq algebrasi elementar mantiqiy funksiyalar yordamida
m antiq algebrasi funksiyalarini ifodalash va o ‘zgartinsh bilan shu-
g ‘ullanadi. M AP larini ifodalash va o'zgartmsh masalalari raqamli
qurilmalarini loyihalashda keng qollaniladi.
Elementar mantiqiy funksiyalar qatoriga aw alo bitta o'zgaruvcbi
x ning elementar funksiyalarini kiritish mumkin. Bu funksiyalar
haqiqiylik(chinlik) jadvaJi deb ataluvchi jadvalda keltirilgan (1.1-
jadval). Umuman, chinlik jadvali argumentlaming (mantiqiy
o ‘zgaruvchilaming) murnkin bo‘lgan to‘plamlaridan har biriga mos
funksiya qiymatini akslantiradi.
Chinlik jadvali
_______________________________________________ 1. 1-jadval
Funksiya x argumentli Funksiya Funksiya
funksiya qiymati belgisi nomi
0 1
fo 0 0 0 dointo yolg'on
fi 0 ] X o'zgaruvchi
Í2 1 0 X inkor
& 1 1 1 doimo haqiqiy
10
fo 0 0 0 0 0 doimo yolg'on
f, 0 0 0 1 -\V \y kon’yunksiya
h 0 0 1 0 A -.V и bo‘yicha ta’qiq
b 0 0 1 1 X a- doimo haqiqiy
11
M antiqiy o‘zgaruvchilam ing kon’yunksiyasi
/. 4-jadval
Oa O=()
Oa I-O
1aO=G
1a 1=1
Ekvivalentligi M O D qo‘shish
1.5-jadval 1.6-jadval
0-0=1 o©o=o
0-1=0 0©1=1
1-0=0 1©0=1
1-1=1 1Ф1=0
(1.2)
(1.4)
x = a*© 1;
.v v V = A* © v © XV
(1.5)
X • v = (a* © v ) © (jf v v).
15
Aksiomalardan ko‘rinib turibdiki, implikatsiya faqat ko‘rinishi
o ‘zgargan kommutativlik (ko‘chirish qonuni) xususiyatiga ega
X—»*7= U—> X.
Bu funksiya uchun assotsiativlik xususiyati o'rinsizdir.
VA, YOKI, EMAS funksiyalari implikatsiya funksiyasi orqali
quyidagicha ifodalanadi:
X V V = x —> y;
xy = XV- x —> y;
( 1.6 )
x = x -» 0.
xy = (x Î X) Î ( .1 1 у):
xvy = (.v ty )t(x î у):> ( 1.8)
x = xîx.
16
f(xo,xi,...,xn) funksiyalar mantiqiy (bul) deb nomlanadi, • agar
uning argumentlari x«,xi,...,xn va funksiya qiymatlari faqat ikkita
qiymatni qabul qila oladi: mantiqiy 0 va mantiqiy 1.
Mantiq algebrasi funksiyasini shakllantirish uchun, h a r bir
boshqa funksiyalaridagidek, barcha mumkin boMgan kiruvchi
argumentlar kombinatsiyalarini berish zarur. Agar argumentlar soni
n ga teng boisa, u holda agrumentlar qiymati kombinatsiyalari 2n ga
terg bo‘ladi, argumentlaming funksiyalari soni esa 22n. n = l,
bo‘lganda funksiyalar soni 22 = 4 boiadi, n=2, boMganda funksiyalar
soni 24 =16 bo‘ladi, n=3, b o ig an d a funksiyalar soni 28 =512 boMadi.
Mantiqiy funksiyalami shakllantirish usullari:
So‘zlar orqali. Funksiya qiymatlari va uning argumentlari
bogiiqligi so'z iboralari orqali ifodalanadi.
Jadvalli. Jadval usulda rostlik jadvali tuziladi, unda argument-
laming mumkin boMgan kombinatsiyalari va mos mantiqiy funksiya
lar qiymatlari keltiriladi. Bunday kombinatsiyalar yakuniy boMgan-
ligi uchun, rostlik jadvali ixtiyoriy argumentlar uchun qiymatni bel-
gilash imkoni yaratiladi. Matematik funksiyalar jadvallaridan farqli
ravishda, barcha funksiyalarga qiymatni berish imkonini bermaydi.
Raqamli. Mantiq algebrasi funksiyasini o ‘nlik sonlar ketma-
ketligidek aniqlanadi. Shuningdek, birlik yoki nollik funksiya qiy-
matlariga mos ikkilik kodi ekvivalentlarini ketma-ket yozilib
chiqiladi
Analilik. M antiq algebrasi funksiyalari analitik ifodako‘rinishida
yoziladi, bularda funksiya argumentlari ustidan bajariladigan man
tiqiy amallar k o ‘rsatiladi.
Bir o‘zgaruvchi mantiqiy funksiyalari:
Bir o'zgaruvchi 4 ta funksiyalar mavjud.
| X | F u n k siyalar
Bir o ‘zgaruvchi funksiyalari argumentlari quyidagi analitik
yozuvlar va nomlarga ega:
fo(x) =0 - nol konstantasi;
fi(x) =x - X ni qaytarilishi;
Í2(x) = 7 — X ni inkor qilish, EMAS, inversiya, «x emas» deb
o‘qiladi;
f?(x) =1 - bir konstantasi.
fo .fi.fs bir o‘zgaruvchi funksiyalari texnik realizatsiya nuqtayi
nazardan ahamiyatga ega emas. Amaliyotda faqat f:(x) = 7 funksiyasi
- inversiya ishlatiladi.
Ikki o ‘zgaruvchi mantiqiy funksiyalari:
Ikki o ‘zgaruvchi 16 ta funksiyalar mavjud.
A rg u m e n tla r F u n k siy a la r
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1
18
f?(xir X2) = xi+x 2= xiv x 2 - mantiqiy qo‘shish, diz’yunksiya,
mantiqiy YOKI;
f8(xi. X2) =.v, vA\= X11X2 - Pirs strelkasi, YOKI inkori; Y O K I-
EMAS;
fsi(xi, X2) =xi<->x2 - teng m a ’nolik,ekvivalentlik,mustasno etuvchi
YOKI-EMAS; _
fio(xi, X2) = X , “ x 2 ni inkor etish;
fn(xi. X2) =2^—>X2= xiD X2 -im plikatsiya; agar X2,u holda xi;
fi2(xi, X2) -~ X t ~ xi ni inkor etish;
fi 3(xi, X2) =xi—>X2= xiPl x2-impl ikatsiya; agar xi,u holda x2; xi X2
ni olib keladi; xini x2 implikatsiya qiladi;
fi4(xi?X2) =xj | X2= ava\ Sheffer shtrixi, VA inkori,VA-EMAS;
fi 5(xi, X2)= l 1 konstantasi.
Ikki 0 ‘zgaruvchi funksiyasidan quyidagilar amaliy ahamiyatga
ega emas: fo(konstanta 0), f?(xini qaytarilishi), fs(x2 ni qaytarilishi),
fi 5(konstanta 1).
Ba’zi funksiyalarga so' zlar yordam ida ta’rif beramiz.
Mantiqiy qo‘shish. D iz ’yunksiya. YOKI funksiyasi birlik qiymat
qabul qiladi, agar kam idabir YoKI x i , YOKI X2argumeriti birgateng
bo‘lsa.
Mantiqiy ko'paytirish. Kon’yunksiya. VA funksiyasi birlik
qiymatni qabul qiladi, agar bir vaqtda ikki VA x i , VA X2 argument
birga teng bo‘lsa.
InversiyaEMAS funksiyasi x argumentiga teskari qiymatni
qabul qiladi.
Mantiqiy funksiyani raqamli shaklini fi, misolida ko‘ramiz, u
kiruvchio‘zgaruvchilar(xiX 2) kiritishdaikkilik kodda birlik qiymatni
qabul qiladi, bu 1;2 o ‘nlik ekvival entga teng:
f 6(x ,.x 2) - Y il .2 ) = *(1.2). (1.9)
19
Ikki va bir o ‘zgaruvchilar mantiqiy funksiyalari elementar deb
noinlanadilar. Ular faqat bir amalni bajarishni nazarda tutadilar.
Raqamli qurilmalarda mantiqiy funksiyalami mantiqiy element-
lar amalga oshiradilar. Eng ko'p tarqalgan EMAS, VA, YOKI, VA-
EM AS, YOKI-EMAS, mustasno etuvchi YOKI, mustasno etuvchi
Y O K I-EM A S elenientlari 1.2.-chizmadakeltirilgan.
EMAS VA VA-EMAS YOKI
1 xl & xl & xl 1
X
i x2 -y f- y
*2 x2~
»-y ! — v
x2 x2"1 x l“
i
22
0 ‘zgaruvchan darajali makstermlami o ‘z ichiga oluvchi term lar
birlashmasi kon’yunktiv norm al shakl (KNSh) deb yuritiladi.
(1.11) teoremadan quyidagi xulosa kelib chiqadi: jadval
ko‘rinishida berilgan ixtiyoriy MAF quyidagi analitik shaklda
ifodalanishi mumkin:
j (x \ ,X 2. ■.-Xn) P \ = F 2=-■ k,
buyerdaÄ - funksiyaning noilik qiymatlari soni.
Mintermlar (m aksterm lar) asosida MAF laming kanonik
diz’yunktiv (kon’yunktiv) shakl lari tuziladi.
DNSh (KNSh) kanonik deyiladi, agar ularning barcha elementar
kon’yunksiyalari (d iz’yunksiyalari) mintermlar (makstermlar) boisa.
Har qanday MAF faqat bitta diz’yunktiv kanonik shaklga (DKSh) va
faqat bitta kon’yunktiv kanonik shaklga (KKSh) ega b o iad i.
Kanonik shakllar mukammal kanonik shakllar deb ham ataladi.
MAF ning mukammal diz’yunktiv normal shakli (MDNSh) va
mukammal kon’yunktiv norm al shakli (MKNSh) mos haqiqiylik
jadvallar yordamida tuzilishi mumkin.
MDNSh - MAF ning qiymati 1 gateng boMgan to‘plamlarga mos
keluvchi mintermlar diz’yunksiyasidir.
Masalan, 1.11 - jadvalda keltirilgan funksiyaga quyidagi MDNSh
mos keladi: _ _
f= .V1.V2 .V3 V Xi X2 X;, V X1 X2 X3 VX1 X2 X3
MKNSh haqiqiylik jadvali yordamida quyidagicha aniqlanadi
Funksiyaning qiymati 0 ga teng boigan to ‘plamlaminghar biri uchun
maksterm aniqlanadi. B unda to‘plamdagi 0 qiymatli o‘zgaruvchiga
o ‘zgaruvchining o ‘zi mos kelsa, 1 qiymatli o‘zgaruvchiga o ‘zgaruv-
chining inkori mos keladi.
Masalan, 1.11-jadvaldagi funksiyaga quyidagi MKNSh to‘g ‘ri
keladi: _ _ _
/=(xi V X'2V X3)(xi V X2 V X?)(.Vl V Xj V Xj)( Xl V X2 V X3 )
Demak, mukammal norm al shaklning normal shakldan farqi,
undagi termlar faqat maksimal darajaga ega bo‘lishi va funksiyani bir
qiymatli ifodalashga im kon berishidir.
Ixtiyoriy diz’yunktiv normal shaklga o ‘tish quyidagicha amalga
oshiriladi:
aytaylik, /i)Nsh=/;i bo‘ lsin. Unda
23
/ d n s h - F\ * i v F \ Xi, (1.12)
J {x i, JC2. -V3)=0a 1 a 2 a 4 = a (0 , 1, 2, 4)
26
Fairchild Semiconductors kompaniyasining qayta ishlash
boiimining direktori Muming (Intel korparatsiyasining asoschisi)
bu maqolasi 6-yillik mikroelektronikaning rivojlanishi asosida 10-
yilda mikroelektronikaning rivojlanishi kristaldagi elementlar
miqdorini har 2-yilda mikrosxemada ko‘payishi haqida edi.
Mur Qonunining bir qancha ko'rinishlari mavjud [7].
Eng qulay kristaldagi tranzistorlaming soni har -yilda 2 marotaba
ortib boradi.
Chiqarilayotgan chiplardagi tranzistorlar soni har -yilda 2
marotaba ortib boradi.
Mikroprotssessorlami taktli chastotasi har 18 oyda ikki barobar
ortadi.
Texnikaning rivojlanishida dualizm. Inson va jam iyatning
rivojlanishidatexnikaning ahamiyati juda katta. Insonlaming fizik
va hisoblash imkoniyatlarini ortishida ular tomonidan yaratilgan
mashina va mashinalar tizimi katta rol o ‘ynaydi. Texnikaning
rivojlanishida o 'zig a xos duaJizm o‘matildi. U quyidagi ikki
evolyutsion qator orqali ko‘rsatilgan.
N IA S H IN A I.A R '
K O N VEYER
R IC H A G VA O D D IY ( K O 'T A R I S H
( M A S H IN A L A R
Q U R IL M A L .A R K R A N LA R I,
n Z IM I)
EKSKOVATO RLAR)
ODDIY M E X A N IK V A PAR.4LLEL H IS O B
HISOBLASH E L E K T R O M E X A rV I K EHM LASH T IZ IM I V A
«JIRIL.MASI IllSO Itl.V S Il EHM T A R M O Q L A R I
M A SH IN A 1 A R I
29
3-rasrn Bebbijning hisoblash mashinasi
30
4-rasm. Konrad Suze hisoblash mashinasi
31
o ‘nlikka aylantirish) kabi operatsiyalami bajarish uchun m oijal-
langan. Sonlar ikkilik sistemasida taqdim etilgan. Sonlar uzunligi 22
lik razryad ulardan sonning belgisi birinchi razryad, tartibi 7 ta
razryad mantissa 14-razryad. Tezharakatlanuvchi hisoblash mashi-
nalaxi 3 ta yoki 4 ta operatsiya qo‘shilmasini 1 sekundda bajaradi,
ko‘paytmasini esa3-4 sekundda.
Fon Neyman printsipi. Fon Neyman arxitekturasi - kompyuter
xotirasiga m aium ot va dasturlami saqlashning zamonaviy prinsipi
sifatida keng tarqalgan. Hisoblash tizimining bunday turi (Fon
Neyman mashinasi) atamasi bilan ataladi. Ammo bu tushunchalar bir
xil emas. Umumiy holatda Fon Neyman arxitekturasi haqida
gapirilganda ma’lumotlar va dasturlami saqlash qurilmasi bilan
protsessor moduli orasidafarq mavjud.
FON N E Y M A N MASHINASINING
SXEMATIK (I IIZMASI
35
n.echta protsessorlar ishlaydi. Har bir yondashuv o ‘z afzalliklariga
ega.
Konveyerlar. Ko‘p-yillardan beri maiumki, komandalami yuqo-
ri teziik bilan bajarish yo‘lidagi asosiy to‘siq ulami xotiradan chaqi-
rish hisoblanadi. Bu muammoni hal qilish uchun ishlab chiquvchilar
komandalar kerakli vaqtda mavjud bo‘lishi uchun komandani xotira
dan oldinroq chaqirish vositasini o‘ylab topdilar. Bu komandalami
oldindan tanlash buferi deb aomlanadigan registrlar to‘plamida
joylashgan. Shutariqa, muayyan komandakerak bo'lganda, u to ‘ppa-
t o ‘g‘ri buferdan chaqirilib, u xotiradan o‘qilishi uchun kutish kerak
b o im agan edi. Bu g‘oyadan 1959-yilda yaratilgan IBM Stretch
kompyuterida foydalanilgan edi.
Amalda oldindan olish jarayoni komandaning bajarilishini ikki
bosqichga ajratadi: chaqiruv va bajarish. Konveyer g‘oyasi ushbu
strategiyani yanada ilgariroq siljitdi [7] Endilikda komanda ikki
bosqichga emas, bir necha bosqichlarga ajratildi, ulaming har biri
apparat ta’minotining muayyan qismi tomonidan bajarilar edi, ayni
vaqtda ushbu qismlar parallel ishlay olar edilar.
Ci IQHI0 □ H HB 0 0 0
C2
0 0 H□ 0 0 0
C3 mlnn s mmHf~~7 !
cA
0D DS 0 0 0
C5
LjJ0 0l 0 0
37
Superskalyar arxitekturalar. Konveyer soni qancha ko‘p bo‘lsa
tezlik ham oshadi. Ikkitalik konveyerga egaprotsessoming sxemasi
1.10,-chizmada berilgan. Bu yerda komandalami chaqiruvchi umu-
miy b o iim xotiradan bir vaqtda ikkitadan komandani oladi va ular-
ning h a r birini konveyerlardan biriga joylashtiradi. Har bir konveyer
parallel operatsiyalar uchun AMQ (arifmetik mantiqiy qurilma) dan
iborat. Parallel bajarilishi uchun ikkitakomanda resurslar (masalan
registrlar)dan foydalanilganda ziddiyatga bormasligi va ulaming
birortasi ham bittasini bajarish natijalariga bogiiq boimasligi kerak.
Bitta konveyer bilan boigan holatdagidek, kompilyator nomaqbul
vaziyatlar (masalan, apparat ta’minoti n o to 'g ii natijalar berayot-
ganda, agar komandalar bir-biriga mos kelmaganda) kelib chiqmasli-
gini kuzatishi kerak yoki qo'shimcha apparat ta’minotidan foydala-
nish tufayli bevosita komandalami bajarish vaqtida ziddiyatlar
aniqlanadi va bartaraf qilinadi.
A vval konveyerlardan (ikkitalik liamda bittalik) faqat RISC
kom pyuterlarida foydalanilgan. Intel kompaniyasining protsessor-
laridagi konveyerlar faqat 486-modelidan boshlab paydo boigan.
486-protsessor bitta konveyerdan iborat boigan edi, Pentium - esa
besh bosqichli ikkita konveyerdan iborat. Shunga o‘xshash sxema
1.10,-chizmada berilgan, ammo ikkinchi va uchinchi bosqichlar
©‘rtasida. funksiyalaming ajratilishi (ular 1-dekodlash va 2-dekodlash
deb nom langan edi) biroz boshqacharoq edi. Bosh konveyer (u-
konveyer) ixtiyoriy komandalami bajara oigan. Ikkinchi konveyer (v-
konveyer) faqat butun sonli oddiy komandalami, shuningdek suzib
yuruvchi nuqtali bitta oddiy komanda (FXCh)ni bajara oigan.
operand-
I lami qa>tarish
dekoderlash bloki > dalarni ! j
tanlash bloki
komanda- : ’ bajarish | *|
lami 1 bloki ¡ 1 i
tan lash
! operand- koman- ! qavtarish
IdSII l >Kyk ! __
1 lami ------ > dalami s bloki
taiilash bajarish '
' i 1 bloki i
39
------------! V ,-- «--------
kom anda- operand- yuklasli I qaytarisb
Jami dekoderlash larni v~ // bloki
tanlash tanlash Ii
_____ //
tali bloki |
42
Doimiy ravishda aynan bitta shina orqali xotiradan foydalana
olishga urinayotgan ko'p sonli tez ishlaydigan protsessorlar mavjud
boiganda nizolar kelib chiqishini tushunib yetish qiyin emas. Bu
muammoni hal etish va kompyuteming unumdorligini oshirish uchun
turli modellar ishlab chiqildi. Ulardan biri 1.13,6-chizmada tasvirlan-
gan. Bunday kompyutyerda har bir protsessor boshqa protsessorlar
foydalanaolmaydigan o‘z lokal xotirasiga ega. Bu xotiradan dasturlar
va bir nechta protsessorlar o‘rtasida bo‘lish kerak boim agan
ma’lumotlar uchun foydalaniladi. Lokal xotiradan foydalanishda
bosh shinadan foydalanilmaydi va shu tariqa, bu shinadagi axborot
oqimi pasayadi. Muammoni hal qilishning boshqa variantlari ham
mavjud (masalan, kesh-xotira).
r ........' 1
p
Ex
t-:
marka7i>r markazi>- markaziy markaziy umumiy
protsessor protsessor protsessor protsessor fovdalanadigan
---- ----- ------ xotira
t^ ^ t.3-------
45
• 80286 va undan yuqori MP ning ko‘p masalalar bilan ishlash
imkoniyati va bunga mos xotira himoyasi mavjud. Zamonaviy mik-
roprotsessorlar ikkita ish rejimiga ega:
• haqiqiy (bitta masalali), unda faqat bitta dastur bajarilishi
m umkin va kompyuter asosiy xotirasining faqat 1024 Kbayti bevosita
adreslanishi mumkin, qolgan (kengaytirilgan) xotiraga esa faqat
maxisus drayverlar ulangandagina murojaat qilish mumkin;
• himoyalangan (ko‘p masalali), bu rejimda birdaniga bir nechta
dasturlam ing bajarilishi, bevosita adreslash va ShK da bor boigan
barcha asosiy xotiraga to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri murojaat qilish (qo‘shimcha
dray verlarsiz), uning bajarilayotgan dasturlar o ‘rtasida avtomatik
taqsimlanishi va mos ravishda uni, begona dasturlar tomonidan mu
rojaat qilinishidan himoyalash ta’minlanadi;
• 80386 va undan yuqori MP larda virtual mashinalar tizimi
rejimini qo‘llab-quvvatlash.
Virtual mashinalar tizimi ko‘p masalali ish rejimining yanada
rivojlanishi b o iib , unda har bir masala o'zining operatsiyaviy tizimi
boshqaruvi ostida bajarilishi mumkin, ya’m bitta MP da go‘yo,
parallel ishlaydigan va turli xil operatsiyaviy tizimlarga ega boigan
bir nechta kompyuterlar modellashtiriladi.
Pentium m ikroprotsessorlari.
8 0586 (R5) mikroprotsessorlari Intel firmasi tomonidan
patentlangan Pentium tovar markasi bo‘yicha ko'proq ma’lumdir
(boshqa firmalaming 80586 MPboshqacha belgilanishga ega: AMD
firmasida K5, Cyrix firmasida Ml va b. ).
B u mikroprotsessorlar besh pog‘onali konveyerli strukturaga ega
b o iib , u ketma-ket buyruqlarmng bajanlish taktlarini ko‘p marotaba
birgalikda ishlashini ta’minlaydi vayanaboshqarishni shartli uzatish
buyruqlari uchun kesh-buferga ega boiib, u dasturlami tarmoqlamsh
yo‘nalishini oldindan aytish imkonini beradi; samarali tezkorligi
bo‘yicha ular har bir buyruqni go‘yoki bir takt ichida bajaradigan
RISC MPlarigayaqinlashadi. Pentium 12razryadli adresli shinaga va
64-razryadli m aium otlar shinasiga egadir. Tizim bilan qiymatlami
almashish sekundiga 1 Gbayt tezlik bilan bajarilishi mumkin.
H am m a Pentium protsessorlarida har biriga 16 Kbaytdan alohida
buyruqlar uchun, alohida maiumotlar uchun sozlangan kesh-xotira
46
va 2-darajali kesh-xotiraning sozlangan nazoratchisi bor; maxsus-
lashgan konveyerli apparatli qo‘shish, ko‘paytirish va bo lish bloklari
bor bo‘lib, ular siljib yuradigan nuqtali amallaming bajarilishini
jiddiy tezlashtiradi.
Pentium Pro mikroprotsessorlari.
1995-yil sentyabrda savdo markasi Pentium Pro bo‘lgan 80686
(Rb) MP ning taqdim ot marosimi bo‘ldi va savdoga chiqarildi.
Mikroprotsessor 2 ta kristaldan: MP ni o ‘zidan va kesh-xotiradan
tashkil topgan. Lekin u Pentium bilan to‘liq. mos kelmaydi v a
xususan, maxsus tizim li platani talab etadi. Pentium Pro 32-bitli
ilovalarda yaxshi ishlaydi, 16-bitli ilovalarda esa hattoki Pentiumga
birmmcha yutqazadi.
'Vangi sxemotexnik yechim lar tufayli ular ShK lar uchun yanada
yuqoriroq unumdorlikni ta’minlaydi. Bu yangiliklaming bir qismi
"dinamik bajarilish" (dinamic execution) tushunchasi bilan
birlashtirilishi m umkin, bu 14 ta p o g ‘onali superkonveyerli struktura
(superpi pelining), boshqarishni shartli uzatishlarda dastum ing
tarmoqlanishini oldindan aytish (branch prediction) vamoMjallangan
tarrnoqlanish noli b o ‘yicha (speculative execution) buyruqlaming
bajarish borligini bildiradi.
Ko‘p masalalarni, ayniqsa iqtisodiy masalalami yechish
dasturlarida ko‘p sonli boshqarishni shartli uzatishlar mavjud. A gar
protsessor o ‘tish, tarrnoqlanish yo‘nalishini oldindan ayta olsa, и
holda uning ish unumdorligi hisoblash konveyerlarini yuklashni
optimallashtirish hisobiga sezilarli ortadi. Pentium Pro protsessorida
oldindan to‘g‘ri aytish ehtimolligi 90%, Pentium da esa 80%.
256 - 512 K bayt sig‘imli kesh-xotira - Pentium protsessorlaridagi
yuqori unumli tizim lam ing rnajburiy xususiyatidir. Lekin ularda
sozlangan kesh-xotira katta b o ‘lmagan (16 Kbayt) sig‘imga e g a,
unirg asosiy qism i esa protsessordan tashqarida asosiy platada
joylashadi. Shuning uchun и bilan ma’lumotlar almashish MP n in g
ichki chastotasida emas, balki odatda 2-3 marta past bo‘lgan taktli
generator chastotasida am alga oshinladi, bu esa kompyuteming
umumiy tezkorligini pasaytiradi. Pentium Pro MP da 1-darajali kesh-
xotira ham (8 K bayt dan buyruqlar va qiymatlar uchun) va 256 y o k i
512 Kbayt sig‘im li 2-darajali kristall kesh-xotira ham bor bo‘lib, u lar
47
mikroprotsessoming o'zi ni platasida joylashgan va MP ning ichki
chastotasida ishlaydi.
Pentium MMXva Pentium I I mikroprotsessorlciri.
1997 yilda multimedia texnologiyasida ishlash uchun modemi-
zatsiya qilingan va mos ravishda Pentium MMX (MMX - Multi
Media eXtention) va Pentium IT savdo markalarini oigan Pentium Pro
mikroprotsessorlariningtaqdimot marosimi bo‘ldi
Pentium MMX MP audio va Video ma’lumotlami qayta ish-
lashga m oijallangan qo‘shimcha 57 ta buyruq, ikki marta katta-
lashgan (3 2 Kbayt gacha) kesh-xotira, Pentium Pro MP dan olingan
tarmoqlanishlami oldindan aytish yangi blokini o ‘z ichiga oladi.
Shuning hisobiga unda Pentium MP ga nisbatan 1 millionta
tranzistorli element ko‘proqdir.
Bu mikroprotsessorlami samarali ishlatish uchun barcha eski
dasturlarga. (shu jumladan Windows 95, Windows NT operatsion
tizimlariga ham) moslashtiruvchi dasturli lavhalami qo‘shish kerak;
aslida esa, ularsiz ham Pentium MMX MP oddiy Pentium MP dan
birmuncha unumliroqdir. Pentium MMX MP oddiy ilovalarni
bajarishda Pentium MP ga qaraganda 10-15% tezkorroqdir, yangi 57
ta buyruqni ishlatib multimedia ilovalarini bajanshda esa u 30%
tezkorroqdir
Pentium II MP boshqa hamma MP larga nisbatan o‘zgacha
tuzilishga e.ga, xususan, u uncha katta boMmagan plata-kartridj ko‘ri-
nishida bajarilgan bo‘lib, unga protsessoming o ‘zi (Pentium Pro da
5,5 min ta tranzistor bolsa, unda 7,5 min tatranzistor bor) va umumiy
hajmi 512 Kbayt bo‘lgan ikkinchi darajali kesh-xotiraning to‘rtta
m ikrosxem asi joylashtirilgan. Protsessoming o ‘z mikrosxemasida
joylashgan J-darajali kesli-xotira Pentium ProMP da borbo‘lgan 16
Kbayt o ‘rn ig a 32 Kbayt sig'imgaega, lekin 2-darajali kesh-xotira MP
ning ichki chastotasida emas, balki ikki marta kichik chastotada
ishlaydi.
Pentium II MP 0,35 mikronli texnologiya asosida ishlab chiqa-
riladi va 2,8 V ta’minot kuchlanishim ishlatadi. Uning uchun, tabiiy-
k i, boshqa barcha Pentium larga nisbatan o‘zgacha tizimli plata talab
etiladi.
Pentium Pro (P6) protsessorlari. Bu protsessorda komandaning
dinamik bajarilishi qo‘llanilgan. ya’ni ko pgina ma’lumotlaming
48
o ‘tish taxlili va virtual bajarilishlarni taxmin qilish vositalari kom bi-
natsiyalari, bunda protsessorda komandalar dastur kodida k o ‘rsa-
tilgan tartibda bajarilmasligi mumkin. Bunda oldingi operatsiyalar
natijalariga bog‘liq bo'lm agan komandalar o ‘zgartirilgan tartibda
bajarilishi mumkin, ammo natijalarni xotiraga yozish va portlar ket-
ma-ketligi dastlabki dastur kodiga mos bo'ladi. Komandani avvaldan
bajarish (spekulyativ baj arish) imkoniyati, komanda bir konveyerda
boshqasiga qaraganda tezroq bajarilgan holatda komandani qayta
tartiblash, dinamik bajarilishda o'tishlami oldindan tahmin qilish
hisoblashlar samaradorligini oshiradi.
Protsessor funksional qo‘shimchalar FRC yordamida testlash
rejimini qo‘llaydi. Protsessor arxitekturasi simmetrik multipleksorli
tizimda to'rttagacha protsessorni bir shinada birlashtirishga imkon
beradi. Umumiy o‘tkazish qobiliyati ikkita mustaqil shina hisobiga
oshirilgan. Bir shina (tizim) protsessor yadrosini asosiy xotira va
interfeys qurilmalar bilan o‘zaro ishlash funksiyasini bajaradi, ikkin-
chisi kesh-xotira bilan ma’lumot almashuv funksiyasini bajaradi.
Birinchi shina protsessor takt chastotasida ishlaydi, ikkinchisi tizim
chastotasida. Shinaning bunday taqsimlanishi xotira bilan protsessor
o'rtasidagi almashinuvni uch marta tezlashtiradi. Buning natijasida
alohida kesh-xotira zarurati yo‘qoladi. Mikroprotsessor ma’lum otlar
va komandalar uchun h a r biri 8 Kbayt bo‘lingan birinchi sath kesh-
xotirasi (LI) va birlashtirilgan ikkinchi sath kesh-xotirasi (L2) ni o ‘z
ichiga oladi. Birinchi sath ma’lumotlar kesh-xotirasi bir taktda bitta
yozish operatsiyasi va bitta o ‘qish operatsiyasini qo‘llaydi. Ikkinchi
sath kesh-xotira interfeysi protsessor takt chastotasida ishlaydi va bir
taktda 64 bit uzatishi mumkin. Ikkinchi sath kesh-xotira hajm i 256
Kbayt (0,6 mkm texnologiyasida) va 512 Kbayt (0,35 mkm
texnologiyasida).
Pentium MMX (P55C) protsessorlari - multimedia, 2D- va 3D-
grafik va kommunikatsion qo‘llanishlarga yo‘naltirilgan protses-
sorlar. Pentium MMX arxitekturasiga qo‘shimcha ravishdaquyidagi-
lar kiritilgan:
• 8 ta64-razryadli MMX-registrlari;
• ma’lumotlaming to'rttayangi toifasi;
49
• 57 ta qo‘shimcha komanda, quyidagi guruhlarga boclinadi:
M M X registrlari va butun sonli registrlaryoki xotira orasida ma’lu-
mot almashinuvi, arifmetik (murakkab va turli rejimlarda hisoblash,
ko‘paytirish, ko‘paytirish va bolish kombinatsiyalari), qiyoslash,
formatlarni o‘zgartirish, mantiqiy, siljish (mantiqiy va arifmetik),
M M X registrlarini tozalash;
• komandakesh-xotirasi vam a’lumotlar kesh-xotirasi hajmi ikki
marta oshirilgan (16 Kbayt);
• o ‘tishlami taxmin qilish logikasi yaxshilangan;
• kengaytinlgan konveyerlash;
• xotirani chuqurroq buferizatsiya qilish.
Pentium MMX protsessorida arifmetik va mantiqiy operatsiyalar
64-razryadli MMXregistridajoylashgan so‘zyoki ikkilik so‘zhar bir
bayti ustida parallel bajariladi. Bunday holatda qayta ishlashning
SIMD (Single Instruction - Multiple Data) modeli yaratiladi. SIMD
komandalarda 64 razryad bir vaqtda qayta ishlanadi. MMX
komandaga bogliq holda, sakkizta bir baytli operand, to‘rtta ikki
baytli, ikkita to‘rt baytli yoki bitta sakkiz baytli operand traktlanadi.
SIMD qayta ishlash multimedia algoritmlari bajarilishini tezlash-
tiradi, bu bir turli ma’lumotli katta massivlar ustida identifik
operatsiyalami bajarishga tegishli MMX komandalardan foydala-
nish multimedia operatsiyalarining bajarilish tezligini xuddi shunday
chastotali birinchi avlod Pentium protsessorlariga qaraganda 60 % ga
oshirish imkonini beradi. Boshqa komandalarda Pentium bilan
muvofiqlik ta’minlanadi. MMX komandalari bayroqlarga ta’sir
ko‘rsatrnaydi, uzilishlami yuzaga keltirmavdi va protsessor ishining
îxtiyoriy rejimi uchun ochiq.
0 ‘tishlami taxmin qilish logikasini mukanimallashtirish koman-
dalarni oldindan taniash (BVO) buferlari sonini oshinsh bilan
ta’minlanadi. Pentium MMX to‘rtta 16-razryadli BVO ga ega.
Kengaytinlgan konveyerlash konveyerda butun sonli dasturlar-
ning bajarilish bosqichini oltitagacha oshirish bilan erishiladi. Bu
dastlabki tanlov bosqichi (PF) vakomandani dekodlash (D l) bosqichi
orasiga tanlov bosqichi (F) ni kiritish hisobiga amalga oshiriladi.
Tanlov bosqichida komanda uzunligini dekodlash bajariladi. Bu
Pentiumning dastlabki modellarida D 1 bosqichida bajarilgan.
50
Pentium II protsessori 36-razryadli adreslar shinasiga ega, bu 64
Gbayt haj mdagi fizik xotirani adreslash imkonini beradi. Protsessor
yadrosining chastotasi 233, 266, 300 va 450 MGts, shina chastotasi
66,66 va 100 MGts ni tashkil etadi. Protsessoming yuqori sama-
radorligigaundakomandalaming dinamik bajarilishi, MMX kengayt-
masi va ikkita mustaqil shinalami q o ‘llash bilan erishilgan.
Birinchi sath kesh-xotirasi (LI ) 32 Kbayt gacha oshirilgan (16
K bayt- komanda kesh-xotirasi, 16 Kbayt - m a’lumot kesh-xotirasi).
Ikkinchi sath kesh-xotirasi (L2) protsessor bilan bitta plataga
joylashtirilgan.
Pentium III protsessori SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions)
texnologiyasi bo‘yicha qurilgan. Pentium Ш da 70 ta yangi SIMD
komandalari qoMlanilgan, bu komandalar 128-razryadli registrlar
XMM0-XMM7 bilan ishlaydi. Bunday holatda ikkita registr ustida
operatsiyabajarilganda, SSE to‘rtj uft son ishlatadi. Buningnatijasida
protsessor bir vaqtda t o ‘rttagacha operatsiyani bajarishi mumkin, bu
quyidagi qoMlanishlarda samara beradi:
• ucli o'lchamli grafika va suzuvchi nuqtali format hisob-
lashlaridan foydalamb modellashtirish;
• signallami qayta ishlash va jarayonlarni parametrlaming keng
diapazonli o‘zgarishi bilan modellashtirish;
• real vaqt dasturlarida uch o'lchamli tasvirlami generatsiya
qilish;
• Video signallarni kodlash v a dekodlashda blokli qayta ishlash
algoritmlarida;
• ma’lumotlar potoki bilan ishlovchi raqamli filtrlash sonli
algoritmlari.
Ko‘nb chiqilgan Intel firmasi protsessorlaridan tashqari Pentium
bilan bir xil samaradorlikka ega bo'lgan boshqa kompaniyalaming
protsessoriari mavjud - AMD (AM D K5 PR 75/90/100, AMD K6),
CYRIX (Cx86 (M l), CYRIX 6x86, P120+, P133+, P I 50+, P166+,
P200+, CYRIX 6x8 6MX, CYRIX MediaGX), Hewlett Packard
(Merced (P7), PA RISC, PA-8000), DEC (Alpha 21068, 21164,
21264).
51
A M D K5 P R 7 5 / 9 0 / 1 0 0 /1 2 0 /1 3 3 / 1 6 6 p r o t s e s s o r la r i C I S C / R I S C
g i b r i d a r x i t e k t u r a s i b o ‘ y i c h a q u r ilg a n v a p a r a l le l i s h la y d i g a n b e s h t a
q a y t a i s h l a s h b l o k l a r i m u r a k k a b k o n v e y e r ig a e ga . P e n t i u m d a n f a r q l i
r a v i s h d a b u p r o t s e s s o r la r d a b i r v -a q td a s u z u v c h i n u q t a li, z a g r u z k a
( s a q la s h ) va o ‘ t is h k o m a n d a la r i b a j a r ili s h i m u m k in . R e g i s t r l a m i
q a y t a n o m l a s h n i n g k a t t a t o ‘ p la m i v a i m k o n iy a t i v a z a g r u z k a ( s a q
la s h ) b l o k i n i n g m a v j u d lig i i k k i t a o p e r a t s iy a n i x o t ir a d a n t a n lo v n in g
b ir t s ik lid a b a ja r is h im k o n in i b e r a d i. P ro ts e s s o rd a a j r a lis h va
kom anda b a j a r i l i s h t a r t i b i n i o ‘ z g a r i s h in i t a x m in q ilis h d a n fo y d a -
la n ila d i. K o m a n d a la r k e s h - x o t ir a s i h a j m i 16 K b a y t ; m a ’ lu m o t la r
k e s h - x o t i r a s i h a j m i 8 K b a y t d a n ib o r a t .
A M D - К б M M X p r o t s e s s o r la r i 3 2 K b a y t h a j m d a g i m a ’ lu m o t la r
v a k o m a n d a la r u c h im a j r a t ilg a n k e s h - x o t ir a g a e g a . M a ’ lu m o t la r
k e s h - x o t ir a s i te s k a ri y o z is h n i q o ila y d i. Kom anda k e s h - x o t ir a s i
k o m a n d a l a m i d a s t la b k i d e k o d la s h u c h u n q o ‘ s h im c h a s o h a g a ega . H a r
b ir kom anda q a yta k o d la s h b it l a r i g a ega, u la r k e s h - x o t ir a d a g i
n a v b a t d a g i k o m a n d a b o s h i g a s i l j i s h n i k o ‘ r s a t a d i. I k k i n c h i s a th i c h k i
k e s h - x o t ir a m a v ju d em as. P ro ts e s s o r 8192 e le m e n t d a n ib o r a t
a j r a l i s h l a r t a r i x i j a d v a l id a n f o y d a la n ib , a j r a lis h la m i t a x m in q ilis h
l o g i k a s i n i q o ‘ l l a y d i ; o ‘ t is h a d r e s la r i k e s h - x o t ir a s i v a q a y t is h s t e k i
o ‘ t is h n i t o ‘ g ‘ r i t a x m in q ili s h e h t i m o l l i g i n i 9 5 % d a n o s h is h ig a im k o n
b e r a d i.
In te l P54 vaP55 p r o t s e s s o r la r id a n f a r q li r a v is h d a A M D -K 6
M M X p r o t s e s s o r i m iilt ip r o t s e s s o r t i z i m i n i q o ‘ l l o v c h i i c h k i v o s it a -
la r g a e g a e m a s . U n d a s h in a o p e r a t s iy a la r in i t e k s h i r u v c h i ( B U S C h K )
s ig n a l v a z o n d la n g a n r e j i m y o ‘ q. s h u n in g d e k , t o ‘ x t a s h n u q t a s i s ig n a li
v a s a m a r a d o r l i k m o n it o r in g i c h iq a r ilm a y d i. P ro ts e s s o rd a k o m a n d a
k e t m a - k e t lik la r in i o ‘ z g a r is h i, m a ’ l u m o t la m i d a s t la b k i u z a tis 'n , re -
g is t r la m i q a y t a n o m la s h m a v j u d b o ‘ lg a n s p e k u ly a t iv b a ja r is h d a n
f o y d a la n ila d i.
3 D N o w t e x n o l o g iy a li A M D - K 6 - 2 p r o t s e s s o r la r i 0 ,2 5 m k m te x -
n o l o g i y a a s o s id a q u n lg a n . U l a r 2 5 6 K b a y t h a j m li i k k i n c h i s a th ic h k i
k e s h - x o t i r a s m m g v a 6 4 K b a y t h a j m li b i r i n c h i s a th k e s h - x o t ir a s in in g
t e z k o r l i g i x a r a k t e r la n a d i. P r o t s e s s o r e f f e k t i v R I S C - a r x i t e k t u r a g a v a
su zu vchi n u q t a li h is o b la s h la m in g m u k a m m a lla s h t ir ilg a n b lo k i g a
e g a . P r o t s e s s o r y a d r o s i c h a s t o t a s i 3 0 0 d a n 4 0 0 M G t s g a c h a . S h in a
c h a s to ta s i - 1 00 M G ts .
52
C y r ix 6x86 ( M l) p r o t s e s s o r la r i r e g is t r l a m i d in a m ik q a y ta
n o m la s h , k o m a n d a la r b a ja r ilis h t a r t ib in i o ‘ z g a r t ir is h , s p e k u ly a t iv
b a ja r is h , o ' t i s h l a m i t a x m in q i l i s h i m k o n i y a t l a r i g a e g a . P r o t s e s s o r la r
i k k i t a k e s h - x o t ir a n i o ‘ z ic h ig a o la d i: k o m a n d a la r v a m a ’ lu m o t la r
u c h u n f o y d a la n il a d i g a n 1 6 K b a y t h a j m l i k e s h - x o t ir a v a q o ‘ s h im c h a
2 5 6 b a y t li k o m a n d a la r k e s h - x o t ir a s i. K o m a n d a la r uchun a lo h id a
k e s h - x o t i r a u m u m i y k e s h - x o t i r a g a k o m a n d a la r v a m a ’ lu m o t la r u c h u n
m u r o ja a t b o ‘ lg a n d a yuzaga k e lis h i m u m k in b o ‘ lg a n k o n f lik t la m i
b a r t a r a f q ilis h i m k o n i n i b e r a d i. P r o t s e s s o r b u t u n s o n li k o m a n d a la r v a
s u z u v c h i n u q t a li k o m a n d a la r n i b i r v a q t d a b a j a r is h q o b i l i y a t i g a e g a .
K o m a n d a la r b a j a r i l i s h s i k l i b o s q i c h l a r i :
• k o m a n d a la r n i t a n la s h F ;
• k o m a n d a n i d e k o d l a s h (I s t a d i y a ) D l ;
• k o m a n d a n i d e k o d l a s h (2 s t a d i y a ) D 2 ;
• a d r e s n i h i s o b l a s h (1 s t a d i y a ) A C C 1 ;
• a d r e s n i h is o b la s h ( 2 s t a d i y a ) A C C 2 ;
• b a j a r ilis h E X ;
• n a t ija n i y o z i s h W B .
D e k o d la s h va a d re sn i h is o b la s h b o s q ic h l a r i k o n v e y e r la n g a n ,
o q ib a t d a E X va W B b o s q ic h la r id a k o m a n d a la r n i q a y t a t a r t ib la s h
im k o m y a t i t a ’ m in la n g a n .
M o b il f o y d a la n is h uchun p r o t s e s s o r la m in g k ic h ik v o lt li v e r-
s iy a la r i m a v ju d .
C y r ix 6x86M X p ro tse sso ri - M l p r o t s e s s o r in in g m u k a m m a l-
la s h t ir ilg a n v a r i a n t i , q o ‘ s h i m c h a r a v i s h d a 5 7 ta m u lt im e d ia k o m a n -
d a la r i t o ‘ p la m in i b a j a r is h , M TM X k e n g a y tm a si b ila n m u v o f iq lik
im k o n iy a t i k i r i t i l g a n v a t a k t c h a s t o t a s i o s h ir i lg a n . P r o t s e s s o r i k k i t a
k e s h - x o t ir a n i o ‘ z i c h i g a o la d i: t e s k a r i y o z i s h l i 6 4 K b a y t h a j m d a g i 4 -
k i r i s h l i a s s o t s ia t iv k e s h - x o t ir a v a 2 5 6 b a y t h a j m d a g i y u q o r i t e z l i k l i
k o m a n d a la r k e s h - x o t ir a s i. M o b i l q o ' l l a n i l i s h u c h u n e n e r g iy a i s t e ’ m o -
l i e f f e k t i v b o s h q a r u v t i z i m i k o ‘ r i b c h iq il g a n .
6 4 - r a z r y a d li m i k r o p r o t s e s s o r a r x it e k t u r a la r in in g o ‘ z i g a x o s l i g i .
1 9 9 7 - y ild a I n t e l v a H e w l e t t P a c k a r d k o m p a n i y a la r i y a n g i m i k r o
p r o t s e s s o r a r x it e k t u r a s i E P I C ( E x p lic it ly P a r a l l e l I n s t r u c t io n C o m
p u t in g - a n iq p a r a l l e l h i s o b l a s h q o ‘ ll a n m a s i) n i y a r a t d ila r , b u 6 4 -
53
r a z r y a d l i m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r l a r I A - 6 4 , M c K i n l e y , I t a n iu m , I t a n iu m 2 la r
a s o s id a i s h l a b c h iq ilg a n .
E P I C a r x i t e k t u r a s i n i n g o ‘ z ig a x o s l i g i q u y id a g ila r :
• u m u m iy v a z i f a l i r e g is t r l a m i n g k a t t a s o n i. M P IA -6 4 b u tu n
s o n l i o p e r a t s iy a la r u c h u n 1 2 8 ta 6 4 - r a z r y a d li r e g is t r la r , k a s r s o n la r
u c h u n 1 2 8 8 0 t a r e g is t r la m i o ‘ z ic h i g a o la d i;
• k o m a n d a la r a r o b o g l i q l i k l a r q id i r u v i , b u n d a q i d i r n v p r o t s e s s o r
b ila n e m a s , k o m p il y a t o r b i l a n b a j a r ila d i. M P IA -6 4 k o m a n d a la r i
k o m p ily a t o r t o m o n id a n 128 b it u z u n lik d a g i « b o g i a n is h d a »
g u r u h la n a d i. B o g ‘ l i q l i k 3 ta k o m a n d a v a k o m a n d a la r o r a s id a g i ( y a ’ n i,
k 2 k o m a n d a s i k l k o m a n d a s i b ila n p a r a lle l is h g a t u s h is h i m u m k i n l ig i
yoki k2 f a q a t g in a k l d a ti k e y i n b a j a r ili s h i k e r a k li g i a n iq la n a d i) ,
s h u n in g d e k boshqa b o g ‘ liq lik la r o r a s id a g i (c l b o g ‘ liq lik d a g i k3
kom andasi s 2 b o g ‘ I iq li k d a g i k 4 kom andasi b ila n p a r a lle l is h la s h i
m u m k i n l i g i ) b o g ‘ l i q l i k k o r s a t ilg a n s h a b lo n n i o ‘ z ic h ig a o la d i;
• a r x it e k t u r a n i n g m a s s h t a b lilig i, y a ’ n i k o m a n d a la r t o ‘ p la m im n g
k o ‘ p s o n l i f u n k s io n a l q u r ilm a la r d a i s h l a t i l a o l i n i s h i . M a s a la n , u c h t a
k o m a n d a d a n ib o r a t b it t a b o g ' l i q l i k p r o t s e s s o m in g u c h t a f u n k s io n a l
q u r ilm a la r t o 'p la m ig a m os k e la d i. IA -6 4 p r o t s e s s o r la r i bunday
f u n k s i o n a l q u r ilm a la r i s o n i t u r lic h a b o ‘ l i s h i m u m k in , b u n d a d a s tu r
k o d ig a m o s l i k s a q la n a d i;
• p r e d i k a t s i y a ( P r e d ic a t io n ) . P r e d ik a t s i y a b u s h a r t li a j r a lis h la m i
q a y t a i s h l a s h u s u li h is o b la n a d i. S h a r t li s h o x la n is h d a t u r li s h o x d a g i
k o m a n d a l a r p r e d ik a t m a y d o n la r ( s h a r t m a y d o n i) b ila n b e lg ila n a d i v a
p a r a l le l b a j a r ila d i, a m n io u l a m i n g n a t ij a la r i p r e d ik a t r e g is t r la m in g
q iy m a t la n a m q la n m a g u n c b a y o z i l m a y d i . Agar s ik l o x ir id a shox-
la n is h s h a r t i a n iq la n s a , p r e d ik a t r e g is t r la m in g b ir i « t o ‘ g ‘ r i» s h o x g a
m o s b o ‘ l a d i v a u n g a b ii o 'n m u i a d i , i k k i n c i m i g a e g a n o i. Y o z u v l a m i
k i r i t i s h d a n o l d i n p r o t s e s s o r p r e d ik a t m a y d o n in i t e k s h ir a d i v a f a q a t
g in a p r e d ik a t m aydoni b ir b o ig a n k o m a n d a la r n a t ij a la r in ig in a
y o z a d i;
• t a x m i n b o 'y ic t i a y u k ia s h ( S p é c u la t iv e lo a d in g ) . ß u m e x a n iz m
p r o t s e s s o m in g m s b a t a n s e k in is h lo v c h i a s o s iv x o t ir a d a n k o m a n d a -
l a m i y u k l a s h n i k u r is h i b ila n b o g ‘ li q b o ‘ sh t u r is h ia r in i k a m a y t ir is h
uchun m o ‘ lj a lla n g a n . K o m p i l y a t o r k o m a n d a la r n i a s o s iy x o t ir a d a n
54
u la r te z r o q b a j a r ilis h ia r i u c h u n y u k la b q o 'y a d i . Bunda M P uchun
x o t ir a d a n q a n d a y d ir k o m a n d a k e r a k b o ' l s a , k u t ib q o l m a y d i.
0 ,1 8 m k m t e x n o l o g i y a b o ‘ y i c h a q u r i l g a n I t a n iu m 2 p r o t s e s s o r i
b it t a m a s h in a s i k l i d a o lt it a k o m a n d a n i b a j a r is h im k o n iy a t ig a ega.
T a k t c h a s t o t a s in in g v a t iz im s h in a s i o 't k a z is h q o b iliy a t in in g o s h i-
r i l i s h i ( 6 , 4 G b / s , s h i n a c h a s t o t a s i - 4 0 0 M G t s , s h in a r a z i y a d i - 1 2 8 )
b ir in c h i I t a n iu m ga q a ra g a n d a 1 ,5 - 2 m a rta k a tta s a m a r a d o r iik n i
t a ’ m i n la y d i P ro ts e s s o r k r is t a ld a q u r ilg a n va y a d ro c h a s t o t a s id a
is h la y d i g a n k a t t a h a j n i l i (3 M b a y t ) u c h i n c h i s a th k e s h - x o t i r a s i g a e g a .
2. M IK R O PR O T SESSO R LI T iZ IM L A R
M i k r o p r o t s e s s o r t i z i m l a r i a s o s in i t a s h k il q ila d ig a n a s o s iy t u s h u n -
c h a l a r q u y i d a g i l a r d a n ib o r a t [ 1 1 - 1 2 ] :
E l e k t r o n t i z i m - h a r q a n d a y e le k t r o n u z e l b o ‘ l i b , m a ’ lu m o t la m i
q a y t a i s h l o v c h i b l o k j i h o z y o k i k o m p le k s d ir .
M a s a la - e le k t r o n t i z i m g a b o g ‘ l i q b o ‘ lg a n f u n k s iy a l a r t o ‘ p la m i.
T e z k o r lik - e le k t r o n t iz im f u n k s iy a l a r i n i n g b a j a r ili s h t e z lig i
k o 'r s a t k ic h i.
M o s la s h u v c h a n lik - T iz im n in g t u r li m a s a la la r g a m o s la s h u v -
c h a n lig i.
In te rfe y s - m a n t iq iy va k o n s t r u k t iv q u r ilm a la r a r o m a ’ lu m o t
a l m a s h i s h m o s la s h m a s i
M ik r o p r o t s e s s o r e le k t r o n t i z i i n n i n g b ir q is m i b o ‘ lib , k ir it i s h v a
c h i q a r i s h s i g n a l l a r i n i q a y t a is h la s h q u r ilm a s i s if a t id a q a b u l q ili n g a n
( 2 . 1 - c h iz m a ) .
K i r i t i s h v a c h iq a r is h s ig n a lla r i s if a t id a a n a lo g s ig n a lla r , r a q a m li
s i g n a l l a r , r a q a m l i k o d la r , r a q a m li k o d la r k e t m a - k e t lig i q a b u l q ilin g a n .
.Analog signallar
E 'ectroii tiziiii .Vnalog siöiiallar
Raqamli kodlar
-i/ Raqamli kodlar
56
T iz im ic h id a m a ’ l u m o t l a r y o k i s i g n a l l a r s a q la n a d i A g a r t iz im
r a q a m li b o ‘ lsa, a n a l o g s i g n a l l a r a n a l o g - r a q a m o ‘ z g a r t ir is h q u r i l -
m a la r i a s o s id a r a q a m l i s ig n a l l a r g a o ‘ z g a r t i r i l a d i y o k i a k s i.
M a ’ l u m o t la m i s a q la s h va q a y ta is h la s h r a q a m li k o ‘ r in is h d a
b o ‘ la d i. M a ’ lu m o t la m i s a q la s h va q a y ta is h la s h s x e m o t e x n ik
t iz im l a r g a u z v iy b o g ‘ liq .
H a r qanday t iz im m a x s u s b i r v a z i f a n i y e c h is h uchun m o M j a l-
la n g a n b o ‘ la d i.
M a x s u s t iz im h a r b ir e le m e n t i t o ‘ li q is h la y d i . M a x s u s t i z i m
m a k s im a l t e z k o r l i k n i t a ’ m i n l a y d i . Eng a s o s iy k a m c h ilig i, h a r b ir
v a z if a uchun q a y ta d a n lo y i h a l a s h va t a y y o r la s h k e ra k . U shbu
m a s a la n i h a l q i l i s h uchun shunday t iz im q u r is h k e r a k k i, ushbu
t iz im d a q u r i l m a l a m i h a r d o i m o ‘ z g a r t i r a v e r m a s l i k k e r a k .
D a s t u r iy b o s h q a r ila d ig a n t i z i m u s h b u m a s a la n i h a l q i l a d i . U l a m i
m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r t i z i m l a r i t a ’ m i n l a y d i ( 2 . 2 . - c h iz m a ) .
U n i v e r s a l l i k b i r q a n c h a m u a m m o l a m i k e l t i r i b c h iq a r a d i. M a k s i
m a l m u r a k k a b v a z i f a l a m i y e c h i m i n i t o p is h o d d i y v a z if a la r y e c h i m i n i
t o p is h g a q a ra g a n d a ko‘p v o s it a la r n i t a la b q iia d i. S h u n in g uchun
u n iv e r s a l t iz im shunday b o M is h i k e r a k k i, m u ra k k a b v a z if a la m i
y e c h is h d a b a r c h a v o s it a l a r d a n m a k s i m a l f o y d a la n is h , o d d i y v a z i f a
l a m i y e c h is h d a e s a k e r a k l i v o s it a l a r d a n f o y d a la n is h k e r a k .
57
2.2. M ikroprotsessorning um um iy stru k tu rasi
H a r q a n d a y m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r li t i z i m l a m i n g y a d r o s i m ik r o p r o t -
sessor yoki p ro tse sso r (p ro ce sso r) h is o b la n a d i. Boshqacha q ilib
« q a y ta i s h la g ic h » , aynan m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r - bu shunday u z e lk i,
h a m m a m a ’ l u m o t l a m i q a y t a is h la s h n i M P T ic h i d a a m a lg a o s h ir a d i.
Q o lg a n u z e lla r i y o r d a m c h i f u n k s i y a l a m i b a ja r a d i: m a ’ lu m o t la m i
s a q la s h , t a s h q i q u r ilm a la r b ila n a lo q a , f o y d a la n u v c h i b ila n m u lo q o t .
M P a r i f m e t i k v a m a n t iq iy a m a l la m i, k o d l a m i v a q t in c h a li k s a q la s h ,
M PT la r i u z e l la r a r o m a ’l u m o t a lt n a s h is h va boshqa v a z if a la m i
b a j a r a d i. P r o t s e s s o m i t i z i m m iy a s i b ila n s o l is h t ir s a b o ‘ la d i.
P r o t s e s s o r h a m m a o p e r a t s iy a la m i k e t m a - k e t b a ja r a d i. B i r i n c h i
b o ‘ lim d a n m a ’ Iu m k i M P o p e r a t s iy a la m i p a r a lle l b a ja r is h i m u m k in .
M a ’ l u m o t l a m i k e t m a - k e t b a ja r is h a f z a l l i g i s h u n d a n ib o r a t k i b ir t a k t
ja r a y o n ic h id a m u r a k k a b o p e r a t s iy a la m i b a j a r is h m u m k in . L e k i n
o p e r a t s i y a l a m i b a j a r ili s h i u l a m in g o s o n y o k i m u r a k k a b l ig ig a b o g 'liq .
Bundan k e lib c h iq a d ik i, M P har q a n d a y o p e r a t s iy a la m i b a ja r a d i,
le k i n h a m m a o p e r a t s iy a la m i y a g o n a u z e ld a n o ‘ t k a z a d i ( 2 . 3 . - c h iz m a ) .
Kiruvchi Ü ltiq u v c h i
kodlar / k o d la r
P r o t s e s s o r a s o s in i b u y r u q la r t iz im i t a s h k il q ila d i. B u y r u q la r
t iz im i va s tru k tu ra s i p r o t s e s s o r n in g t e z lig i, m o s la n u v c h a n lig i,
f o y d a la n is h u c h u n q u la y l ig in i b e lg il a y d i.
M P b u y r u q l a r i o ‘ n ta d a n b ir n e c h a y u z t a g a c h a b o ‘ li s h i m u m k in .
B u y ru q k o d la r i t u r li ra zry a d u z u n lik la r ig a ega b o ‘ la d i. Har b ir
b u y r u q n i n g o ‘ z b a j a r ilis h v a q t i b o r , s h u n in g u c h u n d a s t u r b a j a r ilis h
58
v a q ti fa q a t d a s tu rg a em as, b a lk i qanday b u y r u q la r b a ja r ilis h ig a
b o g 'liq . P ro ts e s s o r s t r u k t u r a s ig a : r e g is t r la r , a r if m e t ik m a n t iq iy
q u r ilm a la r , m u l t i p l e k s o r l a r , b u f e r l a r v a r e g is t r l a r k ir a d i. Ham m a
u z e l la r is h j a r a y o n i p r o t s e s s o m i u m u m i y t a s h q i t a k t s ig n a li o r q a l i
a m a lg a o s h ir i la d i. P ro ts e s s o r m u ra k k a b r a q a m li q u r ilm a n i t a s h k i l
q i l a d i ( 2 . 4 . - c h iz m a ) .
Mikroprosessor
\__________________
Buyruqlar ta n -
Arifmetik-m antiqiy
lashni bosh-
qurilma
qarish sxem asi
Registrlar Uzilishlami
Boshqaruv boshqarish
RG mantiqi sxemasi
T o^ridan-to^g'ri
RG PSW boshqaruv
sxemasi
B u y r u q l a m i t a n l a s h n i b o s h q a r is h s x e m a s i b u y r u q l a m i o cq i y d i v a
d e s h if r a t s iy a q i la d i. B ir in c h i m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r l a r d a b ir v a q t n in g
o 'z id a o ld in g i b u y ru q n i o ^ q is h ham da k e y in g i b u y ru q n i t a n la s h
im k o n iy a t la r i m a v j u d e m a s e d i, c h u n k i p r o t s e s s o r b u o p e r a t s i y a l a m i
o ' z ic h ig a o l m a g a n e d i . L e k i n h o z i r g i 1 6 - r a z r y a d li p r o t s e s s o r l a r d a b u
im k o n iy a t m a v j u d d ir , unda k o n v e y e r ( k e tm a - k e t lik ) n o m li b u y r u q
m a v ju d b o ‘ lib , bu b u y ru q o r q a li b ir b u y r u q b a ja r ilis h j a r a y o n id a
l e y i n g i b u y r u q la m i t a n l a s h , a m a lg a o s h ir i s h i m k o n i y a t i m a v j u d d i r .
B u o r q a li e s a i s h j a r a y o n i t e z la s h a d i. K o n v e y e r o ‘ z i c h i g a u n c h a k a t t a
b o M m a g a n p r o t s e s s o r x o t i r a s i ( t a s h q i s h in a n i o z o d q i l i s h b i l a n ) n i o ‘ z
ic h ig a o la d i, y a’ ni q is q a h a ra k a t o r q a li bu x o t ir a g a b ir qancha
59
b u y r u q la m i y o z ib o lis h i m u m k in . Bu b u y r u q la r konveyer kabi
p ro tse sso rd a n o ‘z h o la t i b o ‘y i c h a o ‘ q iy d i. L e k in , b a j a r ila y o t g a n
b u y ru q x o t ir a y a c h e y k a s ig a o ‘ t a d i, x o t ir a d a g i k o ‘ p la b q o l ib
k e ta y o tg a n (n a v b a td a ) b a y ru q n i r a d e t a d i. L e k in bu b u y r u q la r
d a s t u r l a r d a k a m u c h r a y d i.
K o n v e y e m in g t a k o m il la s h u v i t u f a y li unga k e s h - x o t ir a n in g
q o ‘ s h ilis h i b o id i. Bu b ila n p ro tse sso r b u y r u q la m i b a j a r is h
j a r a y o n i d a , k e y i n g i b a j a r i l i s h i l o z i m b o 'lg a n b u y r u q la m i o ‘ z ic h i d a
s a q l a y d i . K e s h - x o t ir a q a n c h a lik k a t t a b o ‘ ls a , p r o t s e s s o m in g k e y i n g i
o ‘ t is h j a r a y o n i d a n a v b a t d a t u r g a n b u y r u q l a m i s a q la m s h im k o n iy a t i
b o r. Kesh x o t ir a d a p r o t s e s s o m in g ayni d a r n d a b a j a r ili s h i l o z i m
b o ‘ l g a n b u y r u q l a r s a q la n a d i. B u y r u q l a m i y a n a d a t e z r o q q a y t a is h la s h
uchun z a m o n a v iy p r o t s e s s o r la r d a ta n la s h va d e s h if r a t s iy a la s h
m a j m u a s i , p a r a l l e l b u y r u q la r k o n v e y e r i h o l a t i is h la t il a d i . B u b ila n
b u y r u q l a m i n g o ‘ t is h d a v r i v a b o s h q a u s u lla r in i b i l i s h t n u m k in .
A r i f m e t i k - m a n t i q i y q u r i l m a B u q u r ilm a p r o t s e s s o r b u y r u q la r in i
b a j a r i l i s h i d a g i m a ’ lu m o t la m i q a y t a is h la s h k a b i v a z i f a l a m i b a ja r a d i.
Q a y t a i s h l a s h m i s o l i d a m a n t iq iy o p e r a t s iy a la m i m is o l q i l i b k o ‘ r s a t is h
m u m k in ( M i s o l u c h u n : m a n t iq iy « V A » , « Y O K I » k a b ila r ) , h a m d a
o p e r a n d la r u s t id a b it li o p e r a t s iy a la r va a r if m e t ik o p e r a t s iy a la r
( k o ‘ p a y t i r i s h , b o ‘ lis h k a b ila r ) s h u la r j u m la s id a n d i r . B a j a r ila y o t g a n
b u y ru q t u r i q a y s i k o d la r b ila n o p e r a t s iy a b a j a r i l i s h i h a m d a u la m in g
n a t i j a l a r i n i o ‘ z i c h ig a o la d i.
M a ’ l u m o t la m i q a y t a is h la s h k e t m a - k e t l i g i t a r t ib i -- a r if m e t ik
y o k i m a n t i q i y f u n k s i y a l a r b ila n t a n is h ib c h iq a m iz . K o ' p h o l l a r d a b u
h oi ju ft o p e r a n d la r b ila n is h la y d i , y a ’ n i b a j a r u v c h i o p e ra n d d est
( d e s t in a t io n ) va o p e ra n d m anba s rc(so u rce ). Bu y o 'r iq n o m a n i n g
o d a t iy is h la s h s x e m a s i q u y id a g ic h a : d e s t = F ( d e s t . s e r c ) . b u y e r d a , F -
ik k it a o z g a r u v c h id a n b ir n e c h ta f u n k s iy a la r d ir . Bu esa p ro ts e s
s o m in g y o ‘ r iq n o m a n i ( r e g is t r , x o t ir a , k o n s ta n ta y o ‘ r iq n o m a d a )
b a j a r i s h i d a g i y u q o r id a g i k o ‘ r s a t k ic h la r d a n i k k i l i k s o n i g a o 'z g a r t ir a d i
v a u la r u s t i d a b a j a r ilg a n n a t ij a la m i d e s t ( d e s t in a t io n ) q is m id a n b ir i g a
y o z ib q o ‘ y a d i.Y a n a xuddi sh u f u n k s iy a n i boshqa b ir j u f t li son
u c h t a d a n o p e r a t s iy a b a ja r is h i u c h u n b o s h q a b i r o p e r a n d la r j u f t l i g i
k e r a k b o ‘ la d i. A M Q ( A r i f m e t i k m a n t iq iy q u r i l m a ) n in g t e z k o r l i g i
p r o t s e s s o m i n g is h c h a n l i g i n i k o ‘ r s a t ib b e r a d i. F a q a t g in a A M Q n in g
t a k t c h a s t o t a n i n g t a k t li s ig n a li m u h im b o i m a s d a n , t a k t n i n g s o n i h a m
60
u y o k i b u b u y r u q n i b a j a r is h u c h u n m u h i m d i r . I s h c h a n l i k n i o s h i r i s h
m a q s a d id a i s h l a b c h i q a r u v c h i l a r b u y r u q n i b a j a r is h v a q t in i b i r t a k t g a
t e n g la s h t ir a d ila r , shu b ila n A Q M n in g y u q o ri c h a s to ta is h la s h in i
ta ’ m in la y d i. B u n i a m a lg a o s h ir is h n in g y o 'lla r id a n b ir i, A M Q dagi
b a j a r ili s h i m u m k in b o 'lg a n b u y r u q la r s o n in i k a m a y t ir i s h d a n va
p r o t s e s s o r la r y a r a t i l i s h i d a u n in g t a r k ib id a m a v ju d b o ‘ lis h i k e ra k
b o ‘ lg a n b u y r u q la r s o n in i k a m a y t ir i s h d a n ib o r a t d ir ( R I S C - p ro tse s-
s o r la r i) . Yana b ir b o s h q a y o ‘ li b ir v a q t d a b u y r u q la m i b a ja r u v c h i
A M Q la r d ir .
M a x s u s m u r a k k a b o ‘ z g a r u v c h a n o p e r a t s iy a la r u c h u n e s a p r o t
s e s s o r t i z i m l a r i d a o d d i y b u y r u q la r v a m a x s u s i c h k i d a s t u r l a r b i l a n
d a s t u r la n g a n , l e k i n k e y i n c h a l i k m a x s u s h i s o b l o v c h i q i s m l a r y a r a t i l d i .
M a t e m a t ik s o p r o t s e s s o r l a r , y a ’ n i v a q t i b i l a n s h u s o p r o t s e s s o r la r g a
a lm a s h t ir is h m u m k i n . Z a m o n a v iy m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r l a r d a m a t e m a t ik
s o p r o t s e s s o r la r m ik r o p r o t s e s s o m i n g t a r k i b i y q is m i g a k ir a d i.
P r o t s e s s o r r e g is t r l a r i - b u t e z k o r x o t i r a v a v a q t i n c h a l i k t u r l i x i l
k o d l a m i s a q la s h uchun, y a ’n i m a ’ lu m o t la r , m a n z illa r va is h c h i
k o d la r d ir Bu k o d la r o r q a li b a j a r ila y o t g a n o p e r a t s iy a s e z ila r li
d a ra ja d a p ro tse sso rd a te z b a j a r ila d i, u m u m iy h o ld a p ro tse sso r
t a r k ib id a b im d a y r e g is t r la m in g m a v j u d lig i ij o b iy n a t i j a la r g a o lib
k e la d i. T e z h a r a k a t l i p r o t s e s s o r r e g is t r r a z r y a d ig a u z v i y b o g i i q d i r .
A M Q d a r a z r y a d l i r e g is t r l a r t a s h q i r a z r y a d la r b i l a n m o s k e l m a s l i g i
m u m k in .
B a j a r is h f u n k s i y a s i b o ' y i c h a i c h k i r e g is t r l a r i k k i t u r g a b o ' l i n a d i .
B ir in c h is i, I n t e l k o m p a n i y a s in in g r e g is t r la r i, b u tu rd a g i r e g is t r l a r
a n iq h o ld a g i t a r k i b i y j a v o b l a m i m u j a s s a m la s h t ir a d i. B i r t o m o n d a n
b u n d a y f u n k s i y a l a r b u t u r d a g i r e g i s t r l a m i is h la t a y o t g a n k o r x o n a l a r
uchun is h k o 'la m in i y e n g illa s h t ir a d i, b u y r u q la r b a ja r ilis h v a q ti
q is q a r a d i. B o s h q a t o m o n d a n e s a , b u r e g is t r l a r p r o t s e s s o m in g b a r q a -
r o r lig in i p a s a y t ir ib , d a s t u m i n g i s h l a s h i n i s e k in la s h t i r a d i . M a s a la n ,
q u r ilm a la r d a g i a y r i m a r if m e t ik k i r i s h v a c h iq is h o p e r a t s iy a la r i b it t a
r e g is t r - a k k u m u ly a t o r o r q a li a m a lg a o s h ir ila d i, n a t ij a d a a y r im
j a r a y o n la m in g b a j a r i l i s h i b o ‘ y i c h a r e g is t r l a r o r a s id a s a k r a s h a m a l g a
o s h ir i lis h i lo z im b o ia d i. I k k in c h i tu ri b o ‘ ls a , ham m a ( d e y a r li
h a m m a s i) r e g is t r la m in g b ir x il v a z if a n i b a j a r is h i, y a ’n i D EC
f ir m a s in ig T - l 1 1 6 - r a z r y a d li p r o t s e s s o r la r id ir . B u y o ‘ l b ila n y u q o r i
b a r q a r o r lik g a e r is h ila d i, le k in p r o t s e s s o r s x e m a s ia i m u r a k k a b la s h -
t ir a d i. B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, o r a l iq p r o t s e s s o r t u r la r i h a m m a v j u d . B u t u r g a
M o t o r o la k o m p a n i y a s in in g M S 6 8 0 0 0 t u r l i p r o t s e s s o r id a g i m a v j u d
b o ‘ lg a n r e g i s t r l a m i n g y a r m i m a ’ lu m o t la r u c h u n is h la t ilg a n , le k i n u la r
o ‘ z a r o a lm a s h i n u v g a e g a . Q o lg a n y a r m i e s a m a n z i l l a r u c h u n , b u h a m
o ‘ z a r o a lm a s h i n u v g a e g a
H o l a t ( b a y r o q ) r e g is t r i- h a m m u h im a h a m iy a t g a ega, le k in bu
ham p r o t s e s s o r t a r k ib iy q is m i h is o b la n a d i. B u r e g is t m in g t a r k ib id a
m a ’ l u m o t l a r t o ‘ g ‘ r is id a y o k i m a n z il la r t o ‘ g ‘ r is id a m a ’ lu m o t n i ic h ig a
o lm a y d i. U o‘z ic h ig a p r o t s e s s o m in g h o la t i s o ‘ z i n i (P X S ) ic h ig a
o l a d i . B u s o ‘ z ( b a y r o q ) d a g i h a r b i r b it t a r k ib id a b a j a r ilg a n b u y r u q -
n i n g n a t ij a s i t o ‘ g ‘ r is i d a m a ’ lu m o t b o i a d i . M a s a la n , n o li n c h i n a t i-
j a n i n g b i t i m a v j u d , b u n a t ij a q a c h o n k i b a j a r ilg a n d a n s o ‘ n g b u y r u q -
n i n g n a t ij a s i n o l g a t e n g b o i a d i . B u b it ( b a y r o q ) la r s h a r t li o ‘ t is h la r d a
b a j a r ila d i. Y a n a b u r e g is t r la r d a g o h id a b o s h q a r is h b u y r u q la r i b o i a d i ,
b u a y r i m b u y r u q l a m i n g o ‘ t is h r e j i m in i a n iq la y d i.
U z i l i s h l a m i b o s h q a r is h s x e m a s i - b u p r o t s e s s o r g a k e lib t u s h g a n
u z i l i s h l a r t o ‘ g ‘ r is i d a g i s o ‘ r o v la r , d a s t u r d a g i u z i l i s h l a r b o s h la n g ‘ ic h
m a n z i l i n i a n i q l a y d i . P S W ( P r o c e s s o r S t a t u s W o r d ) — p r o t s e s s o r h o la t i
s o ‘ z i. M a s a l a n , n o l n a t ij a li h o la t b o r d e b f a r a z q ils a k , a g a r o l d i n g i
b a j a r ilg a n b u y r u q n in g n a t ij a s i n o lg a te n g b o M s a y o k i h o la t n o ld a n
f a r q q i l s a u n d a p r o t s e s s o r x o t ir a s id a n o ‘ c h i r i l a d i . B u b it l a r b u y r u q la r
o r q a li s h a r t li o ‘ t is h d a is h la t il a d i . M a s a la n , n o l l i n a t ija b o i g a n d a g i n a
b u y r u q la r o ' t i s h h o la t ig a o ' t a d i . B u r e g is t r d a g o h id a a y r i m b u y r u q
la m in g r e jim in i a n iq la s h m a q s a d id a b o s h q a r u v b a y r o q la r ig a ega
b o ia d i.
U z ilis h la m i b o s h q a r is h s x e m a s i- b u s x e m a p r o t s e s s o r g a k e lib
t u s h a y o t g a n u z i l i s h l a r t o ‘ g ‘ r is id a g i s o ‘ r o v la m i q a y t a is h la y d i, d a s t u r
b o s h id a g i u z ilis h la r m a n z il in i q a y t a is h la y d i ( u z ilis h la r m a n z ili
v e k t o r i) . B u e s a d a s t u r g a m a v j u d b o i g a n b u y r u q la m i q a y t a is h la b
k e y in g i h o la t g a o ‘ t is h ig a va x o t ir a d a p r o t s e s s o m in g o ' z h o la t i n i
s a q la b q o l i s h g a y o r d a m b e r a d i. D a s t u r s o ‘ n g id a p r o t s e s s o r u z i l i s h -
l a r i n i q a y t a i s h l o v i d a n d a s tu r y a k u n ig a c h a x o t ir a d a n t ik la n g a n i c h k i
b i r l i k r e g is t r i b i l a n o i a d i .
T o ‘ g ‘ r id a n - t o ‘ g ‘ r i b o sh q a ru v sxem asi - bu sxem a x o t ir a g a
p r o t s e s s o r n in g v a q t i n c h a l i k t a s h q i s h in a d a n o ‘ c h ir ilis h ig a va p r o t -
s e s s o m in g v a q t i n c h a l i k t o ‘ g ‘ r id a n - t o ‘ g ‘ r i q u r i l m a g a k i n s h i g a r u x s a t
b e r is h i u c liu n u z i l i s h d i r .
B o s h q a ru v m a n t iq i - p r o t s e s s o r n in g h a m m a u z e l la r in i o ‘ z a r o
h a r a k a t in ia m a l g a o s h i r a d i , m a ’ l u m o t la m i q a y t a u z a t a d i, p r o t s e s s o m i
ta s h q i s ig n a lla r b ila n s i n x r o n i z a t s iy a la y d i va a x b o ro tn i k ir is h ,
c h iq is h ig a j a v o b b e r a d i . B u t e x n ik t o m o n d a n m i k r o p r o t s e s s o m i n g
« q a t t iq m a n t iq » u s l u b i d i r .
Bu lio ld a , p r o t s e s s o r n in g is h ja ra y o n i b u y r u q la r n i t a n la s h
sxem asi k e t m a - k e t lik b ila n x o t ir a d a n o lin a d i, k e y in b u y r u q la r
b a j a r ila d i, z a r u r h o l a t d a e s a m a ’ lu m o t la m i q a y t a is h la s h u c h u n A M Q
is h la t ila d i. A M Q k i n s h i g a x o t ir a d a n y o k i i c h k i r e g is t r la r d a n q a y ta
is h la n g a n m a ’ l u m o t l a r u z a t i l i s h i m u m k in . I c h k i r e g is t r la r x o t i r a s i d a
q a y t a is h la n is h i z a r u r b o ' l g a n m a n z i l l a r k o d l a r i s a q la n is h i m u m k i n .
A M Q dagi m a iu m o t la r q a y ta is h lo v i t o ‘ g ‘ r is i d a g i m a iu m o t la m i
h o la t r e g is t r in in g h o la t la r in i o ' z g a r t ir a d i va bu t o ‘ g 'r is id a ic h k i
x o t ir a g a y o z a d i. Z a r u r b o 'lg a n h o la t d a m a ’ lu m o t x o t ir a d a n , ic h k i
r e g is t r d a n q a y t a y o z i l i s h i m u m k in .
Am m o, m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r t i z i m l a r i d a s tu rc h i uchun m ik r o p r o t -
sessor ic h k i h o ia t la r i t iz im la r i a h a m iy a t g a ega em as. D a stu rch i
p r o t s e s s o r g a « q o r a q u t i» s if a t id a a h a m iy a t b e r is h i k e r a k . B u b ila n
k ir u v c h i v a b o s h q a r u v c h i k o d la m i c h iq u v c h i k o d la r g a o ‘ z g a r t i r a d i .
D a s t u r c h ig a b u y r u q l a r t i z i m i , p r o t s e s s o r i s h r e j i m i v a p r o t s e s s o r n in g
t a s h q i q u r i l m a l a r b ila n o ‘ z a r o a lo q a s in i b i l i s h t a la b e t ila d i. P r o t s e s -
s o m i n g i c h k i h o l a t i t i z i m i h a q id a e s a p r o t s e s s o r n in g u y o k i b u h o la t -
la r d a b u y r u q la r n i h o la t i yoki r e j i m la r i is h l a s h i n i b ilg a n h o la t d a
a m a lg a o s h ir is h i m u m k in .
M ik r o p r o t s e s s o r (M P ), b o s h q a c h a s ig a c e n tra l p r o c e s s in g u n it
( C P U ) , - d a s t u r l i b o s h q a r ila d ig a n , a x b o r o t n i q a y t a is h l a y d i g a n f u n k -
s io n a l t u g a lla n g a n q u r i l m a b o i i b , u b it t a y o k i b i r n e c h t a k a t t a ( K J S )
y o k i j u d a k a t t a ( J K J S ) in t e g r a l s x e m a la r k o ‘ r in is h d a t a y y o r la n g a n .
M i k r o p r o t s e s s o r q u y i d a g i v a z if a la m i b a ja r ~ d i:
• a s o s iy x o t ir a d a n (A X ) b u y r u q la r n i o ‘ q is h va d e s h if r la s h
( o c h is li) ;
• m a ’ lu m o t la m i A X dan va ta s h q i q u r ilm a la r (T K )
a d a p t e r la r in in g r e g is t r l a r i d a n o 'q is h ;
63
• s o ‘ r o v la m i va b u y r u q la m i a d a p t e r la r d a n TQ la r g a x iz m a t
k o ‘ r s a t is h u c h u n q a b u l q i l i s h v a q a y t a is h la s h ;
• m a ’ lu m o t la m i q a y ta is h la s h h a m d a u la m i A X ga va TQ,
a d a p t e r l a r i n i n g r e g is t r la r ig a y o z is h ;
• ShK n in g b a rch a boshqa u z e l la r i va b lo k l a r i uchun
b o s h q a r u v c h i s ig n a lla r n i is h la b c h iq is h .
M i k r o p r o t s e s s o r m a ’ l u m o t la r t s h i n a s in in g r a z r y a d l i l i g i S h K n in g
r a z r y a d l i l i g i n i a n iq la y d i; M P a d r e s la r s h in a s in i r a z r y a d l i l i g i u n i n g
a d r e s k e n g l i g i n i a n iq la y d i.
A d r e s k e n g lig i - b u a s o s iy x o t i r a y a c h e y k a l a r i n i n g m a k s ir n a l
soni b o ‘ lib , u b e v o s it a m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r t o m o n id a n a d r e s la n is h i
m u m k in .
P e n t iu m p r o t s e s s o r in in g u m u m la s h t ir ilg a n s t r u k t u r a li s x e m a s i
q u y i d a g i l a m i o ‘ z ic h i g a o la d i ( 2 . 4 . c h iz m a ) :
• S h i - 6 4 - r a z r y a d l i s h in a in t e r f e y s i;
• i k k i t a 3 2 - r a z r y a d l i b u t u n s o n li A M Q ;
• k o m a n d a la r n in g k e s h - x o t i r a s i ;
• m a ’ l u m o t l a m i n g k e s h - x o t ir a s i;
• u m u m i y v a z if a la r g a m o ‘ lj a lia n g a n r e g is t r la r ;
• i l g a r i l a n m a t a n la m a la r b u f e r i ;
• o ‘ t i s h a d r e s la r in j o l d in d a n b i l i s h b l o k i ;
• s u z u v c h i n u q t a li k o n v e y e r h is o b la s h la r b lo k i.
S h i n a i n t e r f e y s i p r o t s e s s o r t a s h q i s h in a s im ic h k i s h in a s i b ila n
m o s l a s h t ir i s h u c h u n m o ‘ lj a lia n g a n .
K e n g a y t ir ilg a n 6 4 - r a z r y a d li m a i u m o t l a r s h in a s i. P e n t iu m M P
s h in a l a r s i k l i n i n g b i r n e c h a t u r la r ig a e g a , u la r g a b it t a s ik ld a 2 5 6 b i t
m a ’ lu m o t k e s h - x o t ir a g a u z a t ila d ig a n p a k e t li r e j im ham k ir a d i. B u
i 4 8 6 D X p r o t s e s s o r i g a q a r a g a n d a u z a t is h t e z lig i n i s e z i l a r l i d a r a j a d a
o s h ir a d i. M a s a l a n , 6 6 M G t s c h a s t o t a li s h in a g a e g a P e n t iu m M P n in g
u z a t is h t e z l i g i 5 2 8 M b a v t / s , 5 0 M G t s c h a s t o t a li s h in a g a e g a i 4 8 6 D X
M P d a e sa 160 M b a y t/s .
64
2.5-chiznta. Pentium mikroprotsessorining umumlashgan
struktura sxemasi
S u p e r s k a ly a r a r x i t e k t u r a . « S u p e r s k a ly a r » a ta m a s i b it t a d a n k o ‘ p
h is o b la s h b lo k ig a ega b o ‘ lg a n m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r a r x it e k t u r a s ig a
n is b a t a n qo‘ lla n ila d i. P e n t iu m p ro tse sso ri ik k it a kom andani b ir
v a q t d a b a j a r is h i m u m k i n b o i g a n i k k i t a k o n v e y e r g a e g a , U - k o n v e y e r
k o m a n d a la m in g t o ‘ l i q t o ‘ p la m ig a , V - k o n v e y e r e s a t o ‘ l i q b o ‘ lm a g a n
t o ‘ p la m g a e g a . 3 . 1 6 - r a s m d a k o n v e y e r la r i k k i t a b u tu n s o n li A LU ,
R O N , В V O b i l a n s o d d a l a s h t i r i b t a s v ir la n g a n . B i t t a k o n v e y e r l i i 4 8 6
p ro tse sso ri k a b i i k k it a k o n v e y e r li P e n t iu m p ro tse sso ri b u ta n s o n li
k o m a n d a la m i b e s h t a b o s q i d i d a b a ja r a d i ( 2 . 6 , - c h iz m a ) :
1. O ld i n d a n t a x m in q ili n g a n k o m a n d a la m i x o t ir a d a n o lis h
( o ld in d a n t a n lo v ) - P F ( P r e F e t c h ) .
2. K o m a n d a n i d e k o d l a s h - D l.
3. K o m a n d a n i d e k o d l a s h -D 2 .
4. K o m a n d a n i b a j a r i s h - E X .
5. N a t ij a n i y o z i s h u c h u n m o ‘ lj a l la n g a n b u f e r g a s a q la s h — E W .
65
PF
U - k o n tey n er
U - konteyner
B i r i n c h i b o s q ic h t o ‘ r tta 3 2 - r a z r y a d li b u f e r g a e g a b o ‘ lg a n B V O
b lo k i b ila n b a j a r ila d i. I k k it a b ir - b ir ig a b o g ‘ liq b o im a g a n t a n lo v
b u fe r la r i ju fti o ‘ t is h b o ‘ li s h i yoki b o im a s lig in i t a x m in q ilu v c h i
B P A P b l o k i b i l a n b i r g a i s h l a y d i . A g a r о ‘ t is h t a x m in q ilin m a s a , t a n lo v
d a v o m e t t i r i l a d i , a g a r t a x m in q i l i n s a , b o s h q a b u f e r is h la s h ig a r u x s a t
b e r ila d i va u o ‘ t is h n u q t a s id a n t a n lo v n i b o s h la y d i. A g a r t a x m in
q i l i n g a n о ‘ t is h a m a lg a o s h m a s a , k o m a n d a k o n v e y e r la r i t o z a la n a d i v a
t a n l o v b o s h i d a n b o s h la n a d i. I k k i n c h i s t a d iy a d a k o m a n d a n i d e k o d la s h
x o t ir a d a g i o p e r a n d la r a d r e s la r in i s h a k lla n t ir a d i. H a r b i r k o n v e y e r
o ‘ z i n i n g b i r t a k t d a t o ‘ l i s h i m a m k in b o ‘ lg a n , y o z is h u c h u n m o ‘ lj a l -
la n g a n 6 4 - r a z r y a d l i b u f e r i g a eg a . H ech qanday o ‘ q is h s o ‘ r o v la r i
b u fe rd a m a v ju d b o ‘ lg a n y o z is h s o ‘ r o v la r i t a r t ib in i b u z m a y d i.
P e n t i u m M P y o z i s h n i n g q a t ’ iy k e t m a - k e t lig i n i q o ‘ l l a y d i.
Y u q o r i s a m a r a li a r if m e t ik s o p r o t s e s s o r B K V P Z 8 - t a k t li k o n v e y e r
v a k o ‘ p a y t i r i s h , b o ‘ lis h a r if m e t ik o p e r a t s iy a la r in i b a j a r u v c h i a p p a r a t
v o s i t a s i n i o ‘ z i c h i g a o la d i. S u z u v c h i n u q t a li o p e r a t s iy a la m in g k a t t a
q is m i b i t t a b u t u n s o n li k o n v e y e r d a b a j a r i l i s h i m u m k in , so‘ng u la r
su zu vchi n u q t a li h is o b la s h k o n v e y e r ig a tu s h a d i. P e n t iu m ic h k i
jo y la s h t ir ilg a n a r if m e t ik s o p r o t s e s s o r in in g s a m a r a d o r lig i F P U - 4 8 6
66
( F lo a t i n g - P o in t U n i t ) s o p r o t s e s s o r i n i n g s a m a r a d o r lig in i 2 - 1 0 m a r t a
o s h ir a d i.
I lik it a k o n v e y e rd a n f o y d a la n is h b ir necha k o m a n d a la r g a
b a j a r ili s h n in g t u r l i b o s q i c h l a r i d a b o ‘ l i s h im k o n i n i b e r a d i v a k o n v e -
y e m i k o m a n d a la r b i l a n t o ‘ liq e g a lla n is h i h is o b ig a M P sa m a ra d o r
l i g i n i q o 's h im c h a r a v i s h d a o s h i r a d i . P e n t i u m p r o t s e s s o r id a a r i f m e t i k
o p e r a t s iy a la m i a p p a r a t l i b a j a r i s h d a n f o y d a l a n i l a d i , b u h a m p r o t s e s s o r
s a m a r a d o r lig in i o s h i r a d i .
K e s h - x o t ir a n i k o m a n d a v a m a ’ lu m o t la r g a b o ‘ li s h . P e n t iu m m i k -
r o p r o t s e s s o r i k o m a n d a v a m a ’ l u m o t l a r u c h u n b o ‘ lin g a n k e s h - x o t i
r a s i g a ega. B u i4 8 6 p r o t s e s s o r id a n f a r q l i r a v i s h d a b it t a k o m a n d a
u c h u n t a n lo v j a r a y o n i va boshqa kom anda uchun m a ’ lu m o t la r g a
m u r o ja a t j a r a y o n l a r i o ‘ r t a s i d a g i k o n f l i k t n i b a r t a r a f q i l i s h g a i m k o n
b e r a d i. K e s h - x o t i r a k o m a n d a l a r v a m a ’ lu m o t la r u c h u n b o ‘ l i n g a n d a
ik k a l a k o m a n d a b ir v a q t d a b a j a r i l i s h i m u m k in . P e n t iu m p r o t s e s s o r i d a
k o m a n d a k e s h - x o t i r a s i v a m a ’ l u m o t l a r k e s h - x o t ir a s i h a j m i b i r x i l , 8
K b a y t n i t a s h k il q ila d i. Kom anda va m a ’ lu m o t k e s h - x o t ir a s i ik k i
k ir i s h l i a s s o t s ia t iv k e s h - x o t i r a s x e m a s i b o ' y i c h a a m a lg a o s h i r i l a d i .
M a ’ lu m o t la r k e s h - x o t i r a s i i k k i t a in t e r f e y s g a e g a ( h a r b i r k o n v e y e r
u c h u n b it t a d a n ) , b u e s a b i t t a m a s h in a s i k l i d a v o m id a i k k i t a a l o h i d a
k o m a n d a n i m a ’ l u m o t b ila n t a ’ m in la s h g a im k o n b e r a d i.
M a ’ lu m o t la r k e s h - x o t i r a s i k e c h ik t ir ilg a n yozuv b ila n is h la y d i
( t a s h q i s h in a b o ‘ s h a t i l g u n g a q a d a r) v a te s k a ri y o z u v r e jim ig a soz-
la n a d i. O x i r g i h o l a t d a m a ’ l u m o t l a r k e s h - x o t ir a d a n o l i n a d i , b u n d a n
k e y in e sa a s o s iy x o t ir a g a y o z ila d i. K e s h la s h n in g bunday u s u li
p r o t s e s s o r b i r m a ’ l u m o t n i b i r v a q t d a h a m k e s h - x o t ir a g a , h a m a s o s i y
x o t ir a g a y o z a d ig a n o d d iy k e s h la s h g a q a ra g a n d a y u q o ri sa m a ra -
d o r l ik k a e g a . M a ’ l u m o t l a r k e s h - x o t i r a s i M E S I p r o t o k o l i n i q o ‘ l l a y d i .
Bu p ro to k o l boshqa p r o t s e s s o r la m in g k e s h - x o t ir a la r ig a m u r o ja a t
q ili s h i m k o n i y a t i n i b e r a d i. P r o t o k o l n i n g n o m l a r i n i M E S I k e s h - x o t i r a
q a t o r la r i h o l a t l a r i n o m la n is h id a n k e lib c h iq a d i: M ( M o d ifie d ) , E
( E x d u s iv e ) , S ( S h a r e d ) , Í ( I n v a l id ) . K e s h - x o t i r a q a t o r l a r i h o l a t l a r i
q u y id a g ic h a t a v s i f l a n a d i :
M-holat k o 'n b c h iq ila y o t g a n p r o t s e s s o m in g fa q a t kesh-
x o t ir a s id a m a v j u d b o ' l g a n q a to r. Q a t o r m o d if ik a t s iy a q ilin g a n , y a ’ n i
a s o s iy x o t i r a t a r k i b i d a n fa rq q i la d i. U n g a y o z u v la r k ir it is h ta s h q i
m u r o ja a t s i k l i n i g e n e r a t s i y a q i l m a y a m a lg a o s h i r i l a d i ;
67
E-holcit - k o ‘ r ib c h iq il a y o t g a n p r o t s e s s o m in g fa q a t kesh-
x o t i r a s i d a m a v j u d b o ‘ lg a n , a m m o m o d i ñ k a t s i y a q ili n m a g a n q a to r.
Q a to rg a yozuv k ir it is h t a s h q i m u r o ja a t s ik lin i g e n e r a t s iy a q ilm a y
a m a lg a o s h i r i l a d i . Q a t o r g a y o z u v k i r i t i l g a n d a u M - h o la t g a o ‘ t a d i;
S-holat - q a t o r k o ‘ r ib c h iq ila y o t g a n p r o t s e s s o r k e s h - x o t ir a s id a v a
bosbqa p r o t s e s s o r la r k e s h - x o t ir a la r id a b o M is h i m u m k in . Undan
o ‘ q is h ta s h q i s ik ln i g e n e r a t s iy a q ilm a y a m a l g a o s h ir i la d i, y o z u v
k ir it is h e s a b o s h q a p r o t s e s s o r la r k e s h - x o t ir a s id a g i m o s y o z u v l a m i
b e k o r q i l i n i s h i g a o l i b k e l u v c h i a s o s iy x o t ir a g a k i r i t i s h b ila n a m a lg a
o s h ir ila d i ;
I-holat - k e s h - x o t ir a d a m a v ju d b o ‘ lm a g a n q a to r , uni a s o s iy
x o t ir a d a n o ‘ q is h k e s h - x o t ir a n i q a t o r la r b ila n t o ‘ I d ir is h s ik lin i
g e n e r a t s iy a q ilin is h ig a o l ib k e la d i. K e s h - x o t ir a q a t o r ig a yozuv
k i r i t i s h d a t a s h q i s h in a d a n f o y d a l a n i l a d i
M u l t i p r o t s e s s o r is h r e j i m i n i q o ‘ lla s h . P e n t i u m a r x it e k t u r a s i i k k i
v a undan o r t ia P e n tiu m p r o t c c s s o r la r im m u ir ip r o t s e s s o r t i z i m i d a
is h la t is h i m u m k in . P e n t iu m M P ik k in c h i a v lo d id a n b o s h la b
s i m m e t r i k a r x it e k t u r a li i k k i p r o t s e s s o r li t i z i m n i q u r is h a r x it e k t u r a s in i
q u r is h in t e r f e y s i q o ila n g a n .
X o t ir a s a h i f a la r i h a j m in i b e r is h v o s it a s i. P e n t iu m p ro tse sso ri
x o t i r a s a h i f a s i h a j m in i ta n la s h u c h u n o p t s i y a g a ( b o s h q a r u v m a x s u s
b i t i ) e g a : a n ’ a n a v iy (4 K b a y t ) v a k e n g a y t ir ilg a n (4 M b a y t ) .
F u n k s i o n a l q o ‘ s h im c h a l a r y o r d a m i d a x a t o n i a n iq la s h v a t e s t la s h
v o s it a s i. P e n t iu m p r o t s e s s o r id a i s h o n c h l i l i k n i o s h ir i s h m a q s a d id a
i c h k i q u r i l m a l a r v a t a s h q i s h in a in t e r f e y s i x a t o l i k l a r i n i a n iq la s h ( i c h k i
n a zo ra t p a r it e t i) , a d r e s la r s h in a la r i n a zo ra t p a r it e t i, f u n k s io n a l
q o ‘ s h i m c h a l a r y o r d a r n id a t e s t la s h k o ' r i b c h iq ilg a n . I c h k i x a t o la m i
a n i q l a s h k o m a n d a v a m a ’ l u m o t k o d l a r i g a j u f t lik bitlarini q o 's h is h d a n
i b o r a t , b u t i- z m i v a f o y d a la n u v c h i u c h u i x a t o la r n i a n iq la s h im k o n in i
b e r a d i. F u n k s io n a l q o ‘ s h im c h a la r y o r d a r n id a t e s t la s h d a s t u r iy
i l o v a l a r d a f o y d a l a n i l a d i . F u n k s io n a l q o ‘ s h im c h a la r y o r d a r n id a te s t-
l a s h i k k i t a P e n t i u m p r o t s e s s o r la r in in g a s o s iy / n a z o r a t q ilu v c h i ( m a s
t e r / c h e c k e r ) k o n f ig u r a t s i y a s id a g i is h ig a a s o s la n a d i. B u n d a y k o n f ig u -
r a t s i y a d a a s o s i y p r o t s e s s o r o d a t iy b i r p r o t s e s s o r li r e j i m d a is h la y d i.
N a z o r a t q i l u v c h i p r o t s e s s o r h a m s h u o p e r a t s iy a la m i b a ja r a d i, a m m o
s h i n a n i b o s h q a r m a y d i v a a s o s iy p r o t s e s s o r c h iq is h s ig n a lla r in i o ‘ z i
g e n e r a t s i y a q i l a y o t g a n s ig n a lla r b ila n s o lis h t ir a d i. O li n g a n n a r ij a la r
68
m os k e lm a g a n h o la t d a t iz im d a u z ilis h s if a t id a q a y ta is h la n is h i
m u m k i n b o l g a n x a t o l i k s i g n a l i s h a k ll a n a d i. B u n d a y u s u l 9 9 % d a n
k o ' p r o q x a t o la m i a n i q l a s h g a i m k o n b e r a d i. B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, t e s t l a s h
v o s it a s i ic h k i o ‘ m a t ilg a n t e s t B I S T ( B u i l t ln S e i f T e s t ) n i b a j a r i s h
im k o n i n i b e r a d i, b u m n e m o k o d l a r , d a s t u r la n a y o t g a n m a n t iq iy m a t r i t -
s a la r x a t o l i k l a r i n i a n i q la s h , k o m a n d a v a m a ’ lu m o t k e s h - x o t ir a la r in i
a d re s b u fe r la r in i v a d o im iy x o t ir a q u r ilm a s in i t e s t la s h n i t a ’ m in la y d i.
U m u m a n o lg a n d a o ‘ z - o ‘ z i n i t e s t la s h p r o t s e s s o m in g 7 0 % t u g u n l a r i d a
b a j a r ila d i B a r c h a p r o t s e s s o r la r J T A G r a q a m li q u r i l m a l a m i t e s t l a s h
k e tm a -k e t in t e r f e y s i y o r d a m id a o 'z - o ‘ z in i te s t la s h u chun IE E E
1 149.1 s ta n d a r t t e s t p o r t i g a e g a .
P e n t iu m p r o t s e s s o r l a r i n i n g o ‘ z i g a x o s l i k l a r i q u y id a g ila r :
• b ir n e c h a y a n g i k o m a n d a la m in g m a v ju d lig i, sh u ju m la d a n
p r o t s e s s o r m o d e l in i a n i q la s h ;
• e n e r g iy a t a ’ m in o t in i b o s h q a r is h v o s i t a s i n i n g m a v j u d l ig i;
• s h i n a s i k l l a r i n i k o n v e y e r a d r e s la n i s h in i q o ‘ lla s h ;
• k o m a n d a n i b a j a r is h v a q t i ( t a k t la r s o n i) q i s q a r t ir i lg a n ;
• k o m a n d a la r t r a s s i r o v k a s i v a s a m a r a d o r lik m o n it o r in g i;
• v ir t u a l r e jim im k o n iy a t la r in i k e n g a y t ir is h - u z ilis h v ir t u a l
b a y r o g ‘ in in g m a v j u d l i g i ;
Y a n g i q o ‘ s h i m c h a s o z l a s h v o s it a la r i:
• z o n d la n g a n r e j i m ( P r o b e M o d e ) , i c h k i r e g is t r , k i r i t i s h - c h i q a -
r is h v a p r o t s e s s o r t i z i m x o t i r a s i g a m u r o j a a t n i t a ’ m in la y d i. B u r e j i m
p ro tse sso r h o la t in i ic h k i sxem a e m u ly a t o r i im k o n i y a t l a r i kabi
im k o n iy a t g a e g a b o ' l g a n d a s t u r y o r d a m id a t e k s h i r is h v a o 'lc h a s h
im k o n in i b e r a d i;
• k e n g a y t ir il g a n s o z la m a la r ( D E , D e b u g E x t e n s io n s ) , k i r i t i s h /
c h iq a r is h k o m a n d a la r i a d r e s i b o ‘ y i c h a n a z o r a t n u q t a la r in i o ‘ m a t i s h
i m k o n in i b e r a d i;
• ic h k i h i s o b l a g i c h l a r , s a m a r a d o r lik n i n g j o r i y n a z o r a t i v a h o d i -
s a la r s o n in in g h i s o b i u c h u n f o y d a l a n i l a d i ;
A r x i t e k t u r a n i k e n g a y t i r i s h . 3 2 - r a z r y a d li P e n t i u m p r o t s e s s o r l a r i
n in g b a z a v iy a r x it e k t u r a s ig a q o ‘ s h im c h a M S R (M o d e l S p e c if ic
R e g is t e r s ) m o d e l i uchun m a x s u s r e g is t r l a r t o ‘ p la m ig a eg a . M S R
r e g is t r la r t o ‘ p l a m i M P n in g t u r l i m o d e l la r id a n t u r l i c h a b o ‘ l a d i , b u
u la m in g m u m k i n b o i g a n m o s t u s h m a s lik la r ig a o lib k e la d i. M SR
69
r e g i s t r l a r i d a f o y d a la n il a d i g a n d a s t u r iy t a ’ m in o t C P U I D k o m a n d a la r i
y o r d a m i d a o lin g a n p r o t s e s s o r h a q id a g i m a ’ lu m o t la r d a n f o y d a la n is h i
k e ra k .
M S R r e g is t r la r t a r k ib ig a q u y i d a g il a r k ir a d i:
• t e s t r e g is t r l a r i T R 1 - T R 1 2 ;
• s a m a r a d o r lik m o n it o r in g i v o s it a s i;
• m a s h i n a x a t o s i n a z o r a t in i c h a q ir u v c h i a d r e s v a m a ’ lu m o t la r
s i k l i r e g is t r i.
T e s t r e g is t r l a r i p r o t s e s s o r la m in g k o ‘ p g in a f u n k s io n a l t u g u n la r in i
b o s h q a r i s h n i , u la m in g is h g a y a r o q l i l i g i n i t e s t la s h i m k o n i y a t i n i t a ’ -
m i n l a y d i . T R 1 2 r e g is t r b it la n y o r d a m id a y a n g i a r x it e k t u r a x u s u s iy a t -
l a r i n i , s h u n in g d e k , k e s h - x o t ir a is h i n i t a q iq la s h m u m k in .
S a m a r a d o r l i k m o n it o r in g i v o s it a s i a p p a r a t v a d a s t u r iy t a ’ m in o t n i
d a s tu r k o d id a p o t e n s ia l « to r jo y » la m i paydo b o ‘ lis h i h is o b ig a
o p t i r n i z a t s i y a q ili s h im k o n in i b e r a d i. I s h la b c h iq a r u v c h i i c h k i p r o t -
sessn r V io H ic a ln r i t a k t la r in i k u z a t is h i ii iu m k m , b u o q is n v a y o z u v l a r
k i r i t i s h , k e s h - x o t ir a g a « o m a d li» v a « o m a d s iz » m u r o ja a t la r , u z i lis h ,
s h i n a d a n f o y d a la n is h o p e r a t s iy a la r i s a m a r a d o r lig ig a t a ’ s ir k o ‘ r s a ta d i.
Bu d a s tu r k o d in in g e f f e k t i v l i g i n i b a h o la s h va d a s t u r iy il o v a n in g
m a k s i m a l s a m a r a d o r lig ig a e r is h is h i m k o n i n i b e r a d i. S a m a r a d o r lik
m o n it o r in g i v o s it a s i re a l v a q t ta y m e ri va h o d is a la r h is o b la g ic h i
h i s o b l a n a d i . T a y m e r T S C ( T im e S t a m p C o u n t e r ) 6 4 - r a z r y a d li h is o b -
la g ic h b a z a s id a q u r ilg a n , t a r k ib i p r o t s e s s o r is h i n i n g har t a k t id a
in k r e m e n t a t s iy a q ilin a d i. U n in g t a r k ib in i o 'q is h uchun RD TSC
k o m a x id a s id a n f o y d a la n il a d i . 4 0 - r a z r y a d li h o d is a la r h is o b l a g i c h l a r i
CTRO , CTR1 s h in a o p e r a t s iy a la r i, k o m a n d a n ir t g b a j a r ilis h i. k o n v e -
y e r , k e s h - x o t i r a , n a z o r a t n u q t a la r i is h i v a b o s h q a la r g a b o g ‘ l i q b o M g a n
t u r li k la s s h o d is a la r in i h is o b la s h g a d a s t u r la n a d i. H o d is a t u r in i
b i l d i r u v c h i o l t i b i t l i m a y d o n h a r b i r h is o b la g ic h g a m u s t a q il r a v is h d a
k a tta ro ‘y x a td a g i h o d is a la m i h is o b la s h im k o n i n i b e r a d i. B l in d a n
ta sh q a ri ta s h q i lin iy a la r R JV 1 1 -R M 0 m a v ju d . u la r m os h is o b la -
g ic h la jn in g is h la s h i va t o iib q o lis h o m illa r i k o 'r s a t k i c h la r ig a
d a s t u r l a n a d i.
M a s h i n a x a t o s i n a z o r a t in i c h a q ir u v c h i a d r e s v a m a 'l u m o t la r s i k l i
r e g i s t r i n o m i t u r li k la s s la r ( P e n t iu m v a P e n t iu m P r o ) u c h u n y o k i x a t t o
p r o t s e s s o r t u r l i m o d e l la r i u c h u n m o s t u s h m a s lig i m u m k in . U la r d a n
70
f o y d a la n a y o t g a n d a s t u r C P U 1 D k o n i a n d a s i b i l a n p r o t s e s s o r h a q i d a g i
m a ’ lu m o t la r g a m u r o j a a t q i l i s h i k e r a k .
P e n t iu m p r o t s e s s o r la r i is h la m a y o t g a n r e j i m d a e n e r g iy a t a ’ m i -
n o t in i k a m a y t ir i s h im k o n iy a t ig a ega. STO PCLK# s ig n a li b ila n
p ro ts e s s o r b u fe r d a n k e c h ik t ir ilg a n y o z u v n i y u k la y d i v a S to p G ra n t
r e j i m ig a o ‘ ta d i, b u n d a k o ‘ p g i n a p r o t s e s s o r t u g u n l a r i n i n g t a k t i k a m a -
y a d i , b u e s a e n e r g iy a t a ’ m i n o t i n i t a x m i n a n 1 0 m a r t a g a k a m a y t ir a d i.
M P b u h o la t d a k o m a n d a la m i b a ja r is h n i t o ‘ x ta ta d i v a u z ilis h la r g a
x i z m a t k o ‘ r s a t m a y d i, l e k i n m a i u m o t l a r s h i n a s in i k u z a t is h n i d a v o m
e ttir a d i. P ro ts e s s o r b u h o la t d a n ST O PC LK # s ig n a lin in g to ‘ x ta s h i
b ila n c h iq a d i. S M M r e jim id a n f o y d a la n ib STO PCLK# r e jim in i
b o s h q a r is h t a ' m i n o t n i k e n g a y t i r i l g a n b o s h q a r u v m e x a n iz m i A PM
( A d v a n c e d P o w e r M a n a g e m e n t ) t o m o n i d a n a m a lg a o s h i r i l a d i . Q u v -
v a t g a t a la b n i p r o p o r s i o n a l k a m a y t i r i s h b i l a n p r o t s e s s o m i s e k in la s h -
t ir is h u c h u n S T O P C L K # s i g n a l i d a v r i y i m p u l s l a r d a n ib o r a t b o i i s h i
k e ra k .
P r o t s e s s o r k a m a y t i r i l g a n e n e r g i y a t a ’ m in o t i A u t o H A L T P o w e r
Dow n h o la t ig a H A LT k o m a n d a s in i b a j a r is h v a q t id a o ‘ ta d i. Bu
h o la t d a p r o t s e s s o r b a r c h a u z ilis h la m i b o sh q a ra d i va s h u n in g d e k ,
s h in a n i k u z a t is h d a d a v o m e t a d i.
T a s h q i s i n x r o n i z a t s i y a n i t o ‘ x t a t i s h r e j i m i d a p r o t s e s s o r m in i m a l
q u w a t is t e ’ m o l q ila d i, am m o hech qanday f u n k s iy a b a j a r m a y d i.
S in x r o n iz a t s iy a s i g n a l l a r i n i n g k e t m a - k e t u z a t i l i s h i R E S E T s i g n a l i g a
m o s b o iis h i k e ra k .
M ur q o n u n id a a y t ilis h ic h a , y a r im o ‘ t k a z g ic h li m ik r o s x e m a g a
j o y l a s h t ir ilg a n t r a n z is t o r la r s o n i h a r ik k i- y ild a ik k i m a rta g a k o ‘ p a -
y a d i , b u e s a b i r t o m o n d a n u n u m d o r l i k n i o s h is h ig a , b o s h q a t o m o n d a n
m ik r o s x e m a l a m i is h la b c h i q a r i s h b a h o s i n i n g p a s a y i s h i g a o l i b k e la d i.
B u q o n u n n in g m u h i m l i g i v a h a q q o n i y l i g i g a q a r a m a s d a n , k o ‘ p - y i l l a x
d a v o m id a , k e l g u s i d a r i v o j l a n i s h i s t i q b o l l a r i n i b a h o la g a n h o ld a , v a q t i -
v a q t i b ila n u n i n g m u v a f f a q i y a t s i z l i g i d a n q u t ilib b o i m a s l i g i a y t ila r
e d i.
K e lg u s id a g i r iv o j la n is h y o ‘ lid a g i t o ‘ s iq la r g a q u y id a g i o m i l l a r
s a b a b b o ' l i s h i m u m k i n : f i z i k o i c h a m l a m i c h e k la n g a n l ig i, e n e r g i y a
71
i s t e ’ m o l i n i n g k e s k in r a v is h d a o ‘ s is h i v a i s h l a b c h iq a r is h n i n g h a d d a n
t a s h q a r i y u q o r i x a r a j a t la r i. K o ‘ p - y i l l a r d a v o m id a - p r o t s e s s o r u n u m -
d o r l i g i n i o s h i r i s h u c h u n y a g o n a y o i - u n i n g t a k t c h a s t o t a s in i o s h ir is h
h is o b la n g a n . B u - y i l l a r d a v o m id a , s h u n d a y f ik r ild iz o tg a n e d ik i,
a y n a n p r o t s e s s o m in g t a k t c h a s t o t a s i u n i n g u n u m d o r l ig in in g a s o s iy
k o ‘ r s a t k ic h i h is o b la n a r d i. Z a m o n a v iy b o s q ic h d a ta k t c h a s t o t a s in i
o s h i r i s h - b u a s o s iy v a z i f a e m a s . M ik r o p r o t s e s s o r la m in g t a k t c h a s t o -
t a l a r i p o y g a s i n i n g t u g a s h ig a t o k l a r y o ‘ q o l is h i n i n g y e c h ilm a g a n m u -
a m m o la r i va m ik r o s x e m a la m in g is s iq lik a j r a lib c h iq is h in in g
n o m a q b u l o ‘ s i s h i t u f a y li e r is h ild i .
P r o t s e s s o r u n u m d o r l ig i ( P e r f o r m a n c e ) - b u d a s t u r iy k o d n in g b a ja -
r ilg a n y o ‘ r i q n o m a la r i u m u m iy s o n in in g u la m i b a j a n lis h v a q t ig a
n i s b a t i y o k i b i r s o n iy a d a ( I n s t r u c t io n s r a te ) b a j a r ila d ig a n y o ‘ r iq -
n o m a la r s o n id ir :
y o ‘ n q n o m a la r s o n i
U n u m d o r l i k = ---------------------------------------
b a j a r ili s h v a q t i
P r o t s e s s o m i n g a s o s iy t a v s if i u n in g t a k t c h a s t o t a s i b o ‘ lg a n i u c h u n
c h a s t o t a n i p r o t s e s s o m in g u n u m d o r l ig i f o r m u la s ig a k ir it a m iz . S u r ’ a t
v a m a h r a j i n i y o ' n q n o m a l a r b a j a r ilg a n t a k t la r s o n ig a k e f p a y ti r a m i z:
y o ‘ r iq n o m a la r s o n i t a k t la r s o n i
U n u m d o r l i k = — --------------------------- ------- ------------------------------------
t a k t la r s o n i b a j a r ilis h v a q t i
O lin g a n k o ‘ p a y t m a n in g b i r i n c h i q is r r u - b ir t a k t d a b a ja r ilg a n
y o ‘ r iq n o m a la r soni ( I n s t u c t io n P e r C lo k , I P C ) , k o p a y t m a m n g l k k i n -
c h i q is m i v a q t b i r l i g i d a p r o t s e s s o r t a k t la r i s o n i ( p r o t s e s s o m in g t a k t
c h a s t o t a s i, F y o k i F r e q u e n c y ) . S h u n d a y q i l i b p r o t s e s s o r u n u m d o r lig i
n a f a q a t u n i n g t a k t c h a s t o t a s ig a , t a k t d a b a j a r ila d ig a n y o ‘ r iq n o m a la r
s o n ig a h a m b o g i i q ( I P C )
u n u m d o r lik = ( I P C ) (F )
O lin g a n f o r m u la p r o t s e s s o r u n u m d o r l ig in in g o s h is h ig a ik k it a
t u r l i y o n d a s h i s h n i b e lg il a y d i. B i r in c h is i- p r o t s e s s o m i n g t a k t c h a s t o -
t a s in in g o s h ir is h , ik k in c h is i p ro tse sso r b ir t a k t id a b a j a r ila d ig a n
72
d a s t u r iy ko d y o iiq n o m a s i s o n in i o s h ir i s h d ir . T a k t c h a s t o t a s in in g
o s h ir i s h c h e k s i z b o ‘ l i s h i m u m k i n e m a s v a b u p r o t s e s s o m in g i s h l a b
c h iq is h t e x r i o lo g iy a s i b i l a n a n iq la n a d i. B u n d a u n u m d o r l i k n i o ‘ s i s h i
t a k t c h a s t o t a s in i o ‘ s i s h i g a t o ‘ g ‘ r i p r o p o r t s io n a l b o ‘ lm a y d i, y a ’ni
t o ‘ y k ) is h t e n d e n s iy a s i k u z a t i l a d i , q a c h o n k i ta k t c h a s t o t a s in i y a n a d a
o s h ir i s h n o r e n t a b e l b o ‘ l a d i . B i r t a k t v a q t id a b a j a r ila d ig a n y o ‘ r i q n o -
m a la r s o n i p r o t s e s s o m in g m ik r o a r x it e k t u r a s ig a : ij r o b lo k la r in in g
s o n ig a , k o n v e y e n n n g u z u n l i g i g a v a u n i n g t o ‘ l i s h s a m a r a d o r lig ig a ,
b lo k l a r i g a , p r o t s e s s o m in g u s h b u m i k r o s x e m a s i g a d a s t u r iy k o d n i n g
o p t im a lla s h t ir ilg a n lig ig a b o g ‘ liq b o i a d i . S h u n in g u c h u n p r o t s e s s o r
u m m d o r l i g i n i u n i n g t a k t c h a s t o t a s i a s o s id a t a q q o s la s h f a q a t b it t a
a ix i t e k t u r a c h e g a r a s id a ( I P C p r o t s e s s o r la r - b i r s o n i y a d a b a j a r i l a d i g a n
o p e r a t s iy a la r s o n in in g b i r x i l q iy m a t id a ) m u m k i n .
T a k t c h a s t o t a s i a s o s i d a t u r l i a r x it e k t u r a li p r o t s e s s o r la r u n u m d o r -
l i g i n i t a q q o s la s h g ' a y r i q o n u n i y d ir . M a s a la n , t a k t c h a s t o t a s ig a a s o s a n
p r o t s e s s o r la r u n u m d o r l i g i n i 1, 2 d a ra ja d a g i x o t ir a k e s h in in g t u r li
o ' l c l i a m l a r i b ila n y o k i H y p e r T h r e a d in g t e x n o l o g i y a s i n i ta ’ m i n l a y -
d ig a n v a ta ' rm n 1a m a y d i g a n p r o t s e s s o r la r - u n u m d o r l i g i n i t a q q o s la s h
r o t o ‘ g ‘ rid ir.
B it t a p ro tse sso rd a b ir necha ij r o b lo k la r id a n f o y d a la n is h va
k o m a n d a la m in g k e t m a k e t b a j a r ili s h id a n c h e k in i s h b ir v a q t d a b ir
n e c h a p r o t s e s s o r m i k r o k o m a n d a l a r i n i q a y t a i s h la s h g a i m k o n b e r a d i,
y a ’ ni y o ' r iq n o m a la r d a r a j a s id a p a r a lle lik n i ( I n s t r u c t io n Level
P a r a lle lis m IL P ) t a s h k il e t a d i, bu a lb a t t a u m u m iy u n u m d o r lik n i
o s h ir a d i.
U s h b u m u a m m o n i h a l e t i s h g a y a n a b i r y o n d a s h is h V L I W / E P I C -
IA -6 4 a r x it e k t u r a s id a (ju d a u zu n k o m a n d a la r ) a m a lg a o s h i r i l g a n ,
b u n d a m u a m m o n i b i r q i s m i a p p a r a t u r a d a n k o m p il y a t o r g a y u k l a t i l g a n
va b a rch a is h la b c h iq a r u v c h ila r u n u m d o r lik k a e r is h is h uchun
a r x it e k t u r a m u h i m l i g i n i ta n o l a d i la r .
M i k r o s x e m a f u n k s i o n a l b l o k l a r i n i n g o r a s id a g i m a s o f a u z u n b o i -
g a n d a s ig n a lla m i t a r q a l i s h t e z l i g i g a b o g i i q b o i g a n m u a m m o l a r y u -
z a g a k e la d i. C h u n k i b i r t a k t d a s i g n a l l a r z a r u r b o i g a n b l o k l a r g a y e t i b
b o r is h g a u lg u r m a y d i. U shbu m u a m m o n i y e c h is h uchun A LP H A
m ilc r o p r o t s e s s o r la r g a « k la s t e r la r » k ir it i lg a n . B u n d a b l o k l a r q is m a n
t a k r o r la n g a n , le k in k l a s t e r l a r o r a s id a g i m a s o f a k a m b o ig a n . K o ‘p
y a d r o li m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r la m i q u r is h g ‘oyasi k la s t e r la r g ‘ o y a s in i
73
r iv o j la n t ir is h h is o b la n a d i deb a y ri sh m u m k in , le k in bu h o la t d a
p r o t s e s s o r y a d r o s i b u t u n li g i c h a t a k r o r la n a d i.
I n t e l - H y p e r T h r e a d in g t e x n o l o g iy a s in i k o ‘ p y a d r o l i y o n d a s h is h -
n in g b o s h q a o ‘ t m is h d o s h i d e b h is o b la s h m u m k in , b u n d a u m u m iy
y a d r o d a n f o y d a la n u v c h i y o ‘ r iq n o m a la m in g i k k i t a o q im id a n f o y d a -
l a n is h v a a p p a r a t u r a la m in g k a t t a b o i m a g a n t a k r o r la n is h i m a v j u d .
K o ‘ p y a d r o li p ro ts e s s o r ik k it a y o k i k o ‘ p « i j r o l i y a d r o la r g a » e g a .
P r o t s e s s o m i n g y a d r o s i d e b u n i n g m a i u m o t l a r g a i s h l o v b e r is h u c h u n
m o ija lla n g a n i j r o m o s la m a la r i t i z i m i n i ( a r if m e t i k - m a n t i q iy m o s la -
m a la r t o ‘ p l a m i ) a y t is h m u m k in . O p e r a t s io n t iz im i j r o y a d r o la r id a n
h a r b i r i n i b a r c h a z a r u r iy h is o b la s h r e s u r s la r i b ila n d is k r e t p r o t s e s s o r
s if a t id a qabul q ila d i. S h u n in g uchun p r o t s e s s o m in g k o ‘ p y a d r o li
a r x i t e k t u r a s i t e g is h li d a s t u r iy t a ’ m in o t i a s o s id a b i r n e c h a d a s t u r iy
o q i m l a m i p a r a l le l h o ld a t o l i q b a j a r i s h n i a m a lg a o s h ir a d i
2 0 0 6 - y i l d a m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r l a m i n g b a r c h a y e t a k c h i is h la b c h iq a -
r u v c h i l a r j i k k i y a d r o li p io b c s s u r l a r n i y a r a t d ila r . B i r i n c h i b o ‘ l i b i k k i
y a d r o l i R I S C - p r o t s e s s o r l a r S iin M ic r o s y s t e m s ( U l t r a S P A R C 4) v a
H P ( P A - 8 8 0 0 v a P A - 8 9 0 0 ) . . A M D v a I n t e l f ir m a la r i x86 a r x it e k t u r a li
i k k i y a d r o l i p r o t s e s s o r la r n i is h la b c h i q a r i l g a n l i g i t o ‘ g ‘ r is i d a d e y a r li
b i r v a q t d a e ’ l o n q ild i la r .
P r o t s e s s o r la r a r x it e k t u r a s i y e t a r lic h a yuqon m u r a k k a b l ik k a
e r is h d i, s h u n i n g u c h u n k o ‘ p y a d r o l i p r o t s e s s o r la r g a o ‘ t is h h is o b la s h
t i z i m i u n u m d o r l i g i n i o s h ir i s h n in g a s o s iy y o ' n a l i s h i b o ‘ l i b q o la d i.
Z a m o n a v iy m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r la r a r x it e k t u r a s in i r i v o j la n i s h i n in g
a s o s iy y o ‘ n a lis h i u la m in g u n u m d o r l ig in i o s h ir i s h g a in t i l i s h b ila n
a n i q la n a d i. U n u m d o r li k n i o s h ir is h m u m k in , m a s a la n ta k t c h a s t o t a s in i
o s h ir i s h b ila n ( y o k i) b ir ta k td a b a j a r ila d ig a n k o m a n d a la r s o n in i
k o ‘ p a y t i r i s h b ila n . U s h b u m u a m m o n i v e c h i^ h n in g b ir i T L P (T h re a d
Level P a r a lle lis m ) « t r e y d la r ( o q im la r ) d a r a j a s id a p a r a l le liz m »
k o n s e p s iy a s in i a m a lg a o s h ir is h g a b o g liq . Agar d a s t u r iy k o d la r
b a rch a y o k i k o ‘ pgm s f u n k s io n a l q u r i l n i a l a m i is h b ila n y u k la s h i
m u m k in b o im a g a n h o lla r d a , p r o t s e s s o r g a b it t a d a n o r t iq v a z if a n i
(tre n d y o k i o q i r n n i) b a j a iis b g a r u x s a t b e r is h k e ra k . U s h b u h o ld a
q o ‘ s h i m c h a o q i m la r b o 's h tu rg a ii f u n k s io n a l q u r ih n a la r n i b a n d e ta d i.
Bunda k o ‘p v a z i f a l i o p e r a ts io r . t iz im b ila n o ‘ x s h a s h li g in i k o ‘ r is h
q iy in e m a s : p r o t s e s s o r v a z i f a n i k u t is h h o la t i d a b o i g a n d a ( m a s a la n
k ir is h - c h iq is h n i t u g a s h i) p ro tse sso r t o ‘ x ta b t u r m a s lig i uchun
74
o p e r a t s io n t i z i m p r o t s e s s o m i b o s h q a v a z i f a n i b a j a r is h g a q a y t a u l a y d i .
B u n d a n ta s h q a r i, o p e r a t s io n t i z i m d a g i a y r i m d e s p e t c h e r la s h m exa-
n iz m la r i ko‘p o q im li a r x it e k t u r a g a (M T A - M u lt iT h r e a d in g
A r c h it e c t u r e ) o ‘ x s h a s h li g i m a v ju d . S h u b h a s iz , o q i m l a r d a r a j a s i d a
p a r a l le liz r r u ii t a ’ m i n l a y d i g a n a r x it e k t u r a ( T L P ) , t r e y d la r b i r v a q t d a
b it t a b ir x i l r e s u r s la m i i s h l a t m a s l i g i n i k a f o la t la s h i k e r a k , b u n i n g
u c h u n q o ‘ s h im c h a a p p a r a t v o s i t a l a r i t a la b e t ila d i. L e k i n z a m o n a v i y
s u p e r s k a ly ar p r o t s e s s o r la r b a z a s i d a M T A a m a lg a o s h ir i s h m u m k i n v a
bu k a t ta b o i m a g a n a p p a ra tn i t a m o m ig a y e t k a z is h t a la b e t ila d i,
l o y i h a l o v c h i l a r n a z a r id a M T A n i n g j o z i b a d o r l i g i n i k e s k i n o s h i r a d i .
M ik r o p r o t s e s s o r T L P d a r a ja s id a p a r a lle llik n i a m a lg a o s h i r i s h
u c h u n k a m i d a i k k i t a a p p a r a t t a ’ m in o t ig a e g a b o i i s h i k e r a k . B u la r
u m u m i y m o i j a l l a n g a n r e g is t r l a r , k o m a n d a la r h i s o b l a g i c h i , p r o t s e s
s o r h o la t in in g s o ' z i v a s h u n g a o ‘ x s h a s h la r . V a q t n i n g h a r q a n d a y p a y -
t id a , fa q a t b itt a o q i m ( t r e d ) i s h l a y d i . U m u a y y a n v a z iy a t y u z b e r g u n -
c h a b a j a r ila d i ( m a s a l a n ' m a i u m o t l a r k e s h - x o t ir a d a y o ‘ q b o ‘ l g a n d a
r e g is t m i y u k la s h k o m a n d a s i n i b a j a r is h ) . B u h o ld a p r o t s e s s o r b o s h q a
o q i m n i b a j a r is h g a q a y t a u la n a d i. K e s h - x o t ir a d a m a i u m o t t o p i l m a g a n
h o la t d a , u n i x o t i r a d a n o l is h o p e r a t s i y a l a r i u c h u n p r o t s e s s o m i n g y u z t a
t a k t la r ig a c h a v a q t k e t is h i m u m k in . U shbu h o ld a p ro tse sso r k u t ib
q o la d i. Z a m o n a v iy p r o t s e s s o r la r b u n d a y v a z iy a t la r d a b o s h q a k o m a n -
d a la m i b a j a r is h n i d a v o m e t t i r i s h i m u m k i n , le k in a m a l i y o t d a m u s t a q i l
k o m a n d a la r s o n i t e z t u g a y d i v a p r o t s e s s o r t o ‘ x t a y d i.
T r e d la m i b i r v a q t d a b a j a r a d i g a n a r x it e k t u r a - S M T ( S i m u i t a n e o u s
M u l t i T h r e a d in g ) b i r n e c h a o q i m l a m i b i r v a q t d a b a j a r is h g a ru x s a t
e t a d i. B u h o ld a h a r b i r y a n g i t a k t d a h a r q a n d a y o q im kom andasi
q a n d a y d ir ij r o q u r ilm a s ig a b a j a r is h g a y o ' n a l t i r i l i s h i m u m k in . SM T
u c h u n q u y id a g i a p p a r a t v o s i t a l a r i z a r u r d ir :
• B i r n e c h a k o m a n d a l a r h i s o b l a g i c h l a r i ( o q im g a b i t t a d a n ) , h a r
b i r ta k td a u la m in g h a r b i r i n i t a n la s h i m k o n i y a t i b ila n ;
• O q im b ila n k o m a n d a la m i b o g ia y d ig a n v o s it a l a r (x u su sa n
o ‘ t is h la m i o l d in d a n a y t ib b e r a d ig a n va r e g is t r l a m i q a y ta nom -
l a y d ig a n r e g is t r la r is h la s h i u c h u n ) ;
• Q is m d a s tu rd a n q a y t is h s te k a d r e s la r i ( o q im g a b it t a d a n ) ,
( q a y t is h a d r e s la r in i o l d i n d a n a y t ib b e r is h u c h u n ) ;
• B u fe rd a n n a v b a td a n ta s h q a ri b a j a r ilg a n k o m a n d a la m i o lib
t a s h l a s h j a r a y o n i u c h u n p r o t s e s s o r d a j o y la s h g a n m a x s u s q o ‘ s h im c h a
x o t i r a ( h a r b i r o q i m h is o b id a ) .
K o ‘ p g in a z a m o n a v iy p r o t s e s s o r la r d a g i SM T x u s u s iy a t la r id a n
b i r i - r e g i s t r l a m i q a y t a n o m la s h d ir , q a c h o n k i m a n t iq iy ( a r x it e k t u r a li)
r e g i s t r f i z i k r e g is t r s if a t id a a k s e t t i r ila d i v a u la r b ila n r e a l is h o l ib
b o r i l a d i . R e g i s t r l a m i q a y t a n o m l a s h u s u li r e g is t r f a y l l a r i n i t o ‘ g ‘ r id a n -
t o ‘ g ‘ r i t a k r o r la n is h id a n a s r a y d i.
H y p e r - T h r e a d i n g t e x n o lo g iy a s i.
H y p e r - T h r e a d in g t e x n o l o g iy a s i k o ‘p o q im li is h lo v b e r is h g a
m is o l b o ia d i. H y p e r - T h r e a d in g t e x n o l o g iy a s i b it t a re a l f iz ik
p r o t s e s s o r a s o s id a i k k i t a m a n t iq iy p r o t s e s s o m i t a s h k il e t is h g a im k o n
b e r a d i. O p e r a t s io n t iz im n a z a r id a i k k i t a p r o t s e s s o r m a v j u d . S h u n in g
uchun, o p e r a t s io n t iz im v a z if a la m i ik k it a m a n t iq iy p r o t s e s s o r la r
t a q s i m l a s h i m u m k in .
H y p e r - T h r e a d i n g t e x n o l o g iy a s id a p a r a l le l r e j im d a y o ‘ r iq n o m a -
l a m i b a j a r i s h i m u m k in ( k e t m a - k e t lik d a e m a s ), y a ’ n i is h l o v b e r iis h
u c h u n b a r c h a y o ‘ r iq n o m a la r i k k i t a p a r a lle l o q i m la r g a b o ‘ lin a d i. B u
e s a b i r v a q t d a i k k i t a t u r li i l o v a l a m i y o k i b it t a i l o v a n i n g i k k i t a t u r li
o q i m l a r i g a i s h l o v b e r is h g a i m k o n b e r a d i v a s h u b ila n p r o t s e s s o m in g
IP C ( s o n i y a d a p r o t s e s s o r b ila n b a j a r ila d ig a n y o ‘ r iq n o m a la r s o n i)
k o ‘ r s a t k i c h i n i o s h ir a d i, b u u n in g u n u m d o r l ig in i o ‘ s is h ig a o l i b k e la d i.
K o n s t r u k t iv p la n d a H y p e r - T h r e a d in g t e x n o l o g iy a s i a s o s id a
p ro tse sso r i k k i t a m a n t iq iy p r o t s e s s o r la r d a n t a s h k il t o p ib , u la m in g
h a r b i r i d a o ‘ z r e g is t r i v a u z i lis h k o n t r o l le r i ( A r c h i t e c t u r e S ta te , A S )
b o ‘ la d i. Shunday ekan, ik k it a p a r a lle l ij r o q ili n a d ig a n v a z if a la r
o ‘ z i n i n g x u s u s i y m u s t a q il r e g is t r la r i v a u z i lis h k o n t r o l le r la r ig a ega.
L e k in v a z if a la r b itt a re a l f iz ik p ro tse sso rd a n f o y d a la n ila d i.
A k t iv la s h t ir ilg a n d a n k e y i n m a n t iq iy p r o t s e s s o r la r d a n h a r b i r i o ‘ z
v a z i f a s i n i m u s t a q il v a b o s h q a p r o t s e s s o r g a b o g ‘ l i q b o ‘ lm a g a n h o ld a
b a j a r i s h i , u z i lis h la r g a is h lo v b e r is h i m u m k in . S h u n d a y q i l i b , u s h b u
t e x n o lo g iy a re a l ik k i p r o t s e s s o r li k o n f ig u r a t s iy a d a n shu b ila n
f a r q la n a d ik i, ik k it a m a n t iq iy p r o t s e s s o r la r u m u m iy r e s u r s la r d a n
( x o t i r a , s h in a la r ) f o y d a la n ila d i. I k k i t a m a n t iq iy p r o t s e s s o r la m i q o ‘ l -
l a s h z a m o n a v i y o p e r a t s io n t iz i m l a r d a v a y u q o r i s a m a r a li il o v a l a r d a
a m a lg a o s h ir i lg a n o q i m la r d a r a j a s id a p a r a l le liz m j a r a y o n in i
k u c h a y t ir is h g a im k o n b e r a d i. P ro ts e s s o r y a d rc si b ir n e ch ta ij r o
76
m o d u lla r id a n f o y d a la n is h i h is o b ig a ik k it a o q im n i p a r a l le l h o ld a
b a ja r is h g a q o d ir .
H y p e r - T h r e a d in g t e x n o lo g iy a s i g ‘ o y a s i P e n t iu m 4 p r o t s e s s o r i-
n in g N e tB u rs t m ik r o a r x it e k t u r a s i b ila n ch a m b a rch a s b o g M iq va
q a n d a y d ir m a ’ n o d a u n i n g m a n t i q i y d a v o m i b o ‘ l i b h is o b la n a d i.
In te l N e tB u rs t m ik r o a r x it e k t u r a s i y o ‘ r iq n o m a n i b ir o q im in i
b a ja r is h d a u n u m d o r l i k n i n g m a k s i m a l y u t u g ‘ ig a e g a b o M is h g a i m k o n
b e r a d i. L e k i n d a s t u m i m a x s u s o p t im iz a t s iy a l a g a n h o l d a h a m , p r o t -
s e s s o m in g ijr o m o d u l i n i n g h a m m a s i h a m h a r b i r t a k t s i k l i d a v o m i d a
t o ‘ liq is h la t il m a y d i. IA -3 2 k o m a n d a l a r i n i b a j a r is h d a p r o t s e s s o r la r -
n in g ij r o r e s u r s la r i, o ‘ rta c h a 35% is h la t ila d i, p r o t s e s s o r la m i ijr o
r e s u r s la r in in g 6 5 % e s a b o ‘ sh t u r a d i , b u p r o t s e s s o m in g i m k o n i y a t l a r i -
d a n s a m a r a s i z f o y d a l a n i s h n i k o brs a t a d i. P r o t s e s s o r i s h l a s h i n i s h u n d a y
a m a lg a o s h ir is h k e r a k k i, h a r b i r t a k t s i k l i d a u n in g i m k o n i y a t l a r i d a n
m a k s im a l f o y d a la n is h m u m k i n b o ‘ ls in . A y n a n s h u g ‘ o y a n i H y p e r -
T h r e a d in g t e x n o l o g i y a s i p a r a l l e l v a z i f a l a m i b a j a r is h g a p r o t s e s s o r -
n in g b o ‘ s h t u r g a n r e s u r s la r in i j a l b e t g a n h o ld a a m a lg a o s h ir a d i
V a z i f a l a m i y a n a d a s a m a r a l i p a r a l le l h o l d a b a j a r is h j a r a y o n i n i
a m a lg a o s h ir i s h uchun ik k i va undan o r t iq y a d ro n i b it t a m ik r o -
p r o t s e s s o r d a in t e g r a lla s h d ir . B i t t a k r i s t a l l d a g i b u n d a y k o ‘ p y a d r o l i
k o n f ig u r a t s iy a ko‘p p ro tse sso r t iz im la r id a ta s h q i s h in a la r , kom -
m u t a t o r la r v a h o k a z o l a r d a f o y d a l a n i s h d a n k o ‘ ra y a d r o l a r o r a s i d a g i
a lm a s h i n i s h n in g e n g y u q o r i t e z l i g i n i t a ’ m in la y d i.
K o ‘p y a d r o li a r x it e k t u r a p r o t s e s s o r la r u n u m d o r l i g i n i o s h ir is h
u c h u n ik k it a y o k i u n d a n k o ‘ p r e s u r s la m i t o ‘ l i q f u n k s io n a l t o ‘ p l a m i -
d a n ib o r a t b o ‘ la d i. K o ' p y a d r o l i k v a 6 , 5 n m t e x n o l o g i k j a r a y o n e l e k t r
is t e ’ m o l in i y e t a r l i c h a i q t i s o d q ilis h g a v a u n u m d o r lik n i o s h ir is h g a
im k o n b e rd i.
M P t i z i m i d a g i x o t i r a m a y d o n i o d a t d a b i r q a n c h a a s o s iy m a x s u s
f u n k s iy a l a r u c h u n a j r a t ilg a n . B o s h l a n g ‘ ic h y u k l a n i s h d a s t u r i d o i m i y
x o t ir a q u r ilm a s i yoki f le s h - x o t ir a d a y o z ilg a n b o ‘ la d i. P ro ts e s s o r
m a n b a a g a u l a n i s h i b ila n a y n a n s h u b o s h la n g ‘ i c h y u k la n is h d a s tu ri
o r q a li o ‘ z i s h i n i b o s h la y d i va RESET t u g m a s i n i b o s is h b ila n o ‘ z
is h i n i tu g a t a d i. M a ’ lu m k i, q u r ilm a n in g b o s h la n g ‘ ic h y u k la n is h i n i
77
m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r x o t ir a n in g n o lin c h i m a n z il id a n b o s h la b a m a lg a
o s h ir a d i. K i r i t i s h v a c h iq a r is h q u r ilm a s in i u c h ta m a x s u s g u ru h g a
b o ‘ lis h m u m k in :
- f o y d a l a n u v c h i q u r ilm a s i in t e r f e y s i ( f o y d a la n u v c h i a x b o r o t n i
k i r i t i s h i v a a x b o r o t n i f o y d a la n u v c h i g a c h iq a r is h ) ;
- a x b o r o t n i u z o q s a q la s h u c h u n k i r i t i s h \ c h iq a r is h q u r ilm a s i;
- t a y m e r q u r ilm a s i.
M i k r o p r o t s e s s o r i c h k i x o t ir a d a g i k i r i t i s h \ c h iq a r is h q u r ilm a s ig a
y o k i s h in a li q u r ilm a t iz im ig a o ‘ z in in g t iz im x o t ir a s ig a m u r o ja a t
q i l i s h k a b i im k o n i y a t i m a v j u d .
M a n z i l l a r x o t i r a s i n i v a k ir it i s h \ c h iq a r is h q u r ilm a s in i a jr a t is h d a
o d a t d a i k k i a s o s iy y o ‘ n a lis h m a v ju d :
- k i r i t i s h \ c h iq a r is h q u r ilm a s i u c h u n u m u m i y m a n z il la r j o y i n i
b e lg ila s h ;
- x o t i r a m a n z i l l a r j o y i n i v a k i r i t i s h \ c h iq a r is h q u r ilm a s i t o ‘ li q
a j r a t is h ;
B u n d a n b i r i n c h i h o la t s h u n is i b ila n y a x s h i k i , p r o t s e s s o r k i r i t i s h \
c h iq a r is h q u r ilm a s ig a m u r o ja a t q ilg a n id a x o t ir a g a m u r o ja a t q ilg a n
b u y r u q la r o r q a li b o g ia n is h i m u m k in . L e k i n m a n z illi x o t ir a j o y i
k ir it is h \ c h iq a r is h q u r ilm a s i x o t ir a s id a g i j o y b ila n t o ‘ g ‘ r i k e lis h i
lo z im . M a s a la n , 16 - r a z r y a d li s h in a m a n z i l i 6 4 K a d re s b o ‘ lis h i
m u m k in .U n d a n 5 6 K a d r e s la r m a n z il la r o ‘ m i g a m o s k e la d i, 8 K e s a
k a t t a m a n z illa r - k i r i t i s h \ c h iq a r is h q u r ilm a s i o s t i j o y i g a t e g is h li
b o ‘ la d i.
I k k i n c h i u s u l n in g f a r q i s h u n d a k i, b u n d a x o t ir a m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r
t i z i m i d a m a n z i l l i j o y n i n g b a r c h a s in i e g a lla y d i. K i r i t i s h \ c h iq a r is h
q u r i l m a s i b i l a n b o g i a n i s h u c h u n s h in a b o s h q a r u v in in g m a g is t r a lid a
m a x s u s b u y r u q l a r v a a x b o r o t a lm a s h in is h n in g m a x s u s s t r o b la r i o r q a li
b o g i a n i l a d i . P e r s o n a l k o m p y u t e r la r d a b u u s u l a y n a n s h u n d a y a m a lg a
o s h ir ila d i. Am m o bu usul x o t ir a h is o b id a o l in g a n d a k ir it i s h \
c h i q a r i s h q u r ilm a s i b ila n im k o n iy a t la r i c h e g a r a la n g a n .
Fon N eym an a r x it e k t u r a s id a x o t ir a b u y r u q la r v a m a ’ lu m o t la r
uchun u m u m iy b o 'la d i. G a rv a rd a r x it e k t u r a s id a esa, b u y r u q la r
x o t i r a s i C S E G ( C o d e S e g m e n t ) v a m a ’ lu m o t la r x o t ir a s i D S E G (D a ta
S e g m e n t ) a l o h i d a a jr a t ilg a n b o ' l i b , u la r d a a lo h id a m a n z il la r j o y i v a
u n g a k i r i s h h o l a t i m a v ju d .
78
B a r c h a z a m o n a v i y M P la r d a a lo h id a « s t e k » m a y d o n i a j r a t i l g a n
b o ‘ lib , u la r p r o t s e d u r a p a r a m e t r l a r i n i u z a t is h d a v a a d r e s la m i s a q l a b
u la r g a q a y t is h d a i s h l a t i l a d i . S t e k M P m a x s u s ic h k i m a y d o n id a y o k i
o p e r a t iv x o t ir a d a j o y l a s h i s h i m u m k in . K e lt ir ilg a n h o la t d a D S E G
a d r e s m a y d o n i n i n g q i s m i d a j o y l a s h g a n . S t e k L I F O ( L a s t in - f i r s t o u t )
r e j i m id a m a ’ l u m o t l a m i v a q t in c h a lik s a q la s h uchun f o y d a la n ila d i.
S t e k n in g a f z a lli g i, b e l g i l a n g a n v a o ‘ z g a r t i r i l m a y d i g a n a d r e s la s h u s u l i
h is o b la n a d i.
S te k d a n m a ’ lu m o t la m i o 'q is h d a s te k k o ‘ r s a t k ic h id a g i a d r e s l a r
o r q a li o ‘ q ila d i v a s t e k k o ‘ r s a t k i c h i in k r e m e n t la n a d i. N a t i j a d a L I F O
u s u lid a g i x o t ir a t a s h k i l l a s h t i r i l a d i , y a ’ n i b i r i n c h i k e l d i o x i r g i k e t d i
( 2 . 7 . - c h iz m a ) .
M a s a la n , s te k k o ‘ r s a t k i c h i n i n g j o r i y h o la t i 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 , u n g a i k k i t a
s o ‘z y o z is h k e ra k . B ir in c h i a d re s 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 ( y o z is h d a n o ld in s te k
k o 'r s a t k i c h i ik k it a g a k a m a y a d i) , ik k in c h i a d re s 1000004. Y o z is h
n a t ij a s id a s te k k o ‘ r s a t k i c h i - 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 g a t e n g b o ‘ la d i. A g a r s t e k d a n
ik k i t a s o ‘ z n i o ‘ q i s h k e r a k b o M s a , b i r i n c h i b o i i b 1000004 a d re sd a n
so‘z o 'q ila d i, k e y in s te k k o ‘ r s a t k ic h i 1000006 ga te n g b o ‘la d i.
I k k i n c h i b o M ib 1000006 a d re sd a n s o ‘ z o 'q ila d i, s te k k o ‘ r s a t k ic h i
1 0 0 0 0 0 8 ga te n g b o M a d i. H am m asi o ‘z h o la t i g a q a y t d i. B ir in c h i
y o z ilg a n so ‘ z ik k in c h i b o ‘ lib , i k k i n c h i s o ‘ z b ir in c h i b o i a d i .
o'qilishi
Manzillar a
1000000
1000002
1000004
Stek
Operativ xotira 1000006
1000008
100000A
100000C
vozilishi
U s h b u k e lt ir ilg a n a d r e s la s h d a s tu m i b ir n e c h a m a rta j o y la s h -
t ir is h d a q u la y d ir . M a s a l a n a s o s i y d a s t u r b a j a r ili s h j a r a y o n id a 1 chi
q is m d a s tu r c h a q i r i l a d i . A g a r a s o s iy d a s t u r h o l a t i n i s a q la s h k e r a k
79
b o ‘ l s a s t e k d a s a q la y m i z v a q is m d a s t u r b a j a n lg a n d a n s o ‘ n g s t e k d a n
c h a q i r i b o l i s h i m i z m u m k in .
S t e k t i z i m i d a g i m a ’ lu m v a q t i c h i d a k o ‘ p p o g ‘ o n a li u z i l i s h l a m i
t a s h k i l l a s h t i r i s h d a f o y d a la n a d i. A k k u m u l y a t o r v a z if a s im s t e k c h o ' q -
q is ig a u z a t u v c h i s t e k a r x it e k t u r a s i m a v j u d . S t e k l i t a s h k il la s h t ir is h
q is q a u z u n lik k a ega b o ‘ lg a n a d r e s s iz b u y m q la r d a n f o y d a la n is h
i m k o n i y a t i n i y a r a t a d i. A d r e s s i z b u y r u q la r s te k c h o ' q q i s i v a u n d a n
k e y in g i jo y la s h g a n m a ’ lu m o t la r u s t id a a m a l la r b a ja r a d i. O p e ra t-
s i y a l a r b a j a r i l i s h j a r a y o n i d a j o r i y o p e r a n d la r s t e k d a n c h a q ir ili b , n a t ij a
s te k c h o ‘ q q is ig a u z a t ila d i. S t e k li a r x it e k t u r a y u q o ri h is o b la s h
e f f e k t iv lig ig a ega. Y u q o r i p o g ‘ o n a li t i l FO RT m a v ju d b o ‘ lib , u
a d r e s s iz b u y r u q l a r a s o s id a y a r a t ilg a n . Bunday a r x it e k t u r a y u q o r i
o ‘ t k a z u v c h a n lik k a ega b o ‘ lg a n p r o t s e s s o r la r d a , xususan R IS C
p r o t s e s s o r la r id a q o ‘ lla n ila d i. K e y i n g i m a x s u s x o t ir a m a y d o n i D S E G -
b u u z i l i s h v e k t o r la r i j a d v a l i d i r .
Uzilishlar - b u f a q a t t a s h q i q u r ilm a la r d a n s o ‘ r o v la m i t a s h k il
q i l i s h e m a s , b a lk i p r o t s e s s o r k e t m a - k e t lik d a g i is h i n i n g b u z i l i s h i d i r .
M a s a la n a r i f m e t i k o p e r a t s iy a la m in g n o t o ‘ g ‘ r i b a j a r ili s h i n a t ij a s id a
( n o lg a b o ‘ l i s h ) u z i l i s h l a r b o ‘ l i s h i , y o k i u z i l i s h l a r d a s t u r iy b o ‘ l i s h i
m a s a la n q is m d a s t u r d a n c h iq is h v a q a y t is h d a g i u z i l i s h l a r b o ‘ l i s h i
m u m k i n . H a r q a n d a y u z i l i s h l a r v e k t o r u z i l i s h l a r j a d v a l i a s o s id a q a y t a
is h la n a d i. U s h b u j a d v a l d a u z i l i s h l a m i q a y t a i s h lo v c h i d a s tu r b o s h -
la n g ‘ ic h a d r e s i j o y l a s h g a n b o ‘ l i b , v e k t o r d e y ila d i. J a d v a l u z u n lig i
k a t t a b o i i s h i m u m k i n ( b ir n e c h a y u z e le m e n t) . O d a t d a u z i l i s h l a m i
t a s h k il q i l i s h v e k t o r i x o t ir a n in g b o s h m a y d o n id a j o y l a s h g a n . H a r b i r
v e k t o m i n g a d r e s i u z i l i s h r a q a m in i b e lg il a y d i. A p p a r a t u z i lis h la r d a
u z ilis h ra q a m i q u r ilm a la r o r q a li b e n la d i. P ro ts e s s o r a p p a ra t
u z i l i s h l a m i o lg a n d a n s o ‘ n g j o r i y b u y r u q n i b a j a r is h n i t o 'x t a t a d i v a
x o t ir a m a y d o n id a g i u z ilis h la r v e k t o r i ja d v a lig a m u r o ja a t q ila d i.
P ro ts e s s o r o ‘ z n a v b a t id a u s h b u q a t o r t a r k ib in i o ‘ q iy d i va ushbu
v e k t o r o r q a li b e r ilg a n x o t ir a a d r e s ig a o ‘ t a d i. U n d a n t a s h q a r i u s h b u
a d r e s d a n b o s h la b b e lg ila n g a n r a q a m g a e g a b o ‘ lg a n u z i l i s h l a r d a s t u r i
j o y l a s h a d i . U s h b u j a r a y o n b a j a r ila y o t g a n d a p r o t s e s s o r p a r a m e t r la r i
s t e k d a s a q la n a d i
M a s a la n , p r o t s e s s o r ( 2 . 8 . - c h iz m a ) x o t i r a a d r e s i 5 0 0 0 d a j o y l a s h
g a n b u y r u q v a a s o s iy d a s t u m i b a j a r y a p t i. S h u v a q t d a v e k t o r a d r e s i 4
g a t e n g u z i l i s h l a r s o ' r o v i n i o la d i. P r o t s e s s o r 5 0 0 0 a d r e s d a n b u y r u q
80
b a j a r is h n i t u g a l la y d i . F C e y in (5 0 0 1 ) b u y ru q h is o b la g ic h i jo r iy
q iy m a t in i s t e k d a v a P S W « r e g i s t r s o ' z h o la t i» n i s a q la y d i. U n d a n
k e y in p r o t s e s s o r 4 a d r e s d a n u z ilis h v e k t o r k o d in i o ‘ q iy d i. B u kod
6 0 0 0 g a te n g b o i s i n . P r o t s e s s o r 6 0 0 0 x o t i r a a d r e s ig a o ‘ t a d i v a sh u
a d r e s d a n b o s h la b u z i l i s h l a m i q a y t a is h la s h g a o ‘ ta d i. D a s t u m i 6100
a d r e s d a t u g a lla n a d i d e b l i i s o b l a y m i z . U s h b u a d r e s g a k e l i b p r o t s e s s o r
u z ilg a n d a s tu r j o y i g a q a y t a d i. B u n in g u z i l i s h la r t a s h k il q ilin g a n
v a q td a g i s te k d a n 5001 a d r e s q iy m a t in i o la d i, k e y in p r o t s e s s o r 5 0 0 1
a d r e s d a n b u y r u q n i o ‘ q i b a s o s iy d a s t u m i b a j a r is h g a o ‘ ta d i.
A s o s iy d astu r T c rx ia lis h la m i q a y t a
A v a r i y a h o l a t l a r i h a m x u d d i s h u n d a y u s lu b d a a m a lg a o s h i r i l a d i .
D a s t u r iy u z ilis h la r ham u z ilis h la r v e k to r ja d v a li a s o s id a x iz m a t
k o 'r s a t ila d i, l e k i n u z ilis h ra q a m i b u y r u q la r t a r k ib id a k o 'r s a t ila d i.
Bunday u z ilis h la r d a s t u r c h i u c h u n x o t ir a n in g is t a lg a n j o y i d a u z i
l i s h l a m i t a s h k il q i l i s h i m k o n i y a t i n i y a r a t a d i. U z i l i s h l a m i q a y t a is h -
la s h d a s tu r i b a j a r i l a y o t g a n d a v r i d a y a n g i s o ‘ r o v l a r b o l i s h i m u n i k i n .
Bm day h o la t d a o ld in g i u z ilg a n d a s tu r q a y ta is h la n a d i. Bunday
h o la t la r k o ‘ p m a r t a l i i c h m a - i c h u z i l i s h l a r d e y ila d i. S t e k m e x a n i z m i
ic h m a - i c h u z ilis h la r g a x iz m a t k o ‘ r s a t is h g a im k o n y a r a t a d i, y a ’ni
ste k d a n o x ir g i j o y la s h g a n k o d g a b ir in c h i b o ‘ l i b x iz m a t k o ‘ r s a t ila d i.
M u ra k k a b h o la t l a r d a u z ilis h la r v e k t o r i ja d v a lid a u z ilis h la r q a y ta
is h la s h d a s tu r b o s h a d re si em as, b a lk i u z ilis h la r d e s k r ip t o r i j o y -
la s h a d i. L e k i n d e s k r i p t o r q a y t a is h la s h n a t ij a s i u z i l i s h l a r q a y t a is h la s h
81
d a s tu r b o s h a d r e s i b o M a d i. CSEG va D S E G dan ta sh q a ri h a m m a
z a m o n a v i y m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r l a r m a x s u s a jr a t ilg a n k i c h i k h a j m li m a ’ -
lu m o t b o ‘ s h l i g ‘ ig a e g a , u la r d a s t u r li k i r i s h t o ‘ p la m ig a e g a R S E G
( R e g i s t e r S e g m e n t ) . C S E G v a D S E G g a q a r a g a n d a R . S E G r e g is t r la r i
m a r k a z iy p ro tse sso r v a M P n in g i c h i d a b e v o s it a A L Q g a y a q in
j o y l a s h g a n b o ‘ l i b , m a ’ lu m o t la r g a f í z i k k i n s h n i t a ’ m in la y d i. U l a r d a
o r a liq h i s o b n a t ij a la r i s a q la n g a n b o ‘ la d i. R S E G r e g is t r j o y i D S E G
m a ’ l u m o t m a y d o n i d a n a jr a t ib q o ‘ y i l i s h i , q is m a n k e s is h i s h i m u m k i n
va D S E G n i n g a d r e s q is m i b o M is h i m u m k in .
R S IE G n in g i c h k i m a n t iq iy t a s h k i l l a s h t i r i l i s h i t u r li x i l b o ‘ lib ,
m i k r o p r o t s e s s o r k la s s if ik a t s i y a s id a a s o s iy r o l n i o ‘ y n a y d i. M P r e g is t r
l a r i f u n k s i o n a l tu r d o s h : u la r m a ’ lu m o t la r y o k i a d r e s li m a ’ lu m o t la m i
s a q la s h u c h u n x i z m a t q ila d il a r , b o s h q a la r i - m a r k a z iy p r o t s e s s o m i
b o s h q a r i s h u c h u n x i z m a t q ila d ila r . S h u n g a a s o s la n ib u s h b u r e g is t r -
la m i: m a ' l u m o t r e g is t r la r i, k o ‘ r s a t k ic h v a m a x s u s r e g is t r la r g a a jr a t is h
m u m k i n . M a ’ l u m o t r e g is t r la r i a r if m e t ik v a m a n t iq iy o p e r a t s iy a la m i
b a j a r is h d a o p e r a n d la r m a n b a i v a m a ’ lu m o t la m i q a b u l q ili s h , a d re s
r e g is t r la r i yoki k o ‘ r s a t k ic h r e g is t r la r i a s o s iy x o t ir a d a j o y l a s h g a n
b u y ru q va m a ’ lu m o t a d r e s la r in i h is o b la s h uchun f o y d a la n ila d i.
M axsus r e g is t r l a r - m a r k a z iy p r o t s e s s o r h o la t i v a t a r k ib iy q is m la r in i
b o s h q a r i s h d a f o y d a la n il a d i . U m u m i y is h la t ila d ig a n r e g is t r la r b lo k i
( U I R B ) - m a ’ l u m o t a d r e s la r v a m a ’ l u m o t la m i s a q la s h u c h u n f o y d a la
n i l a d i . B C e l t ir i lg a n r e g is t r la r d a n f o y d a la n is h g a . q a r a b m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r
a r x i t e k t u r a l a r i a f z a l l i k l a r i n i a j r a t is h im iz m u m k in . M a ’ lu m o t r e g is t r
la r i ic h id a k o 'p in c h a b it t a r e g is t r a k k u m u ly a t o r A ( A c c u m u la t o r )
a j r a t is h m u m k in . U a r if m e t ik va m a n t iq iy o p e r a t s iy a la m i q a y ta
is h la s h b ila n b o g ‘ liq , y a ’ n i o p e r a t s iy a la r b a j a r ili s h i n a t ij a s id a h a r
d o im b ir o p e ra n d a k k u m u ly a t o r d a sa q ’sn a d i v a r .a t ija akkum u-
ly a t o r d a b o ‘ la d i. U s h b u a r x it e k t u r a a k k u m u l y a t o r li d e y ila d i. K a m -
c h i l i g i e s a - k i c h i k t e z lik , y a ’n i h a r d o im o p e r a t s iy a b a ja r is h d a n o l d in
o p e r a n d n i k ir it is h k e ra k
I s h c h i r e g is t r l a r R O . R I . v .b - a r if m e t ik v a m a n t iq iy o p e r a t
s iy a la r n a t ija s i b it t a r e g is t r d a em as t u r li r e g is t r la r d a s a q la n is h i
r n u m k in , b u e s a o ‘ z n a v b a t id a im k o n iy a t la r n i y a r a t a d i. D a s t u r la s h
j a r a y o n i d a r e g is t r l a r a d r e s la r i k o ‘ r s a t ila d i. B u n d a y t i p l i a r x it e k t u r a
r e g is t r li a r x i i e k t u r a d e y ila d i. B u la r g a in te l f ir m a s ig a m a n s u b x 8 6
m i k r o p r o t s e s s o r l a r i m is o l b o la d i. B i r q a n c h a re a l v a q t d a i s h l a y d ig a n
82
m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r la r d a is h c h i r e g is t r l a r t o 'p la m i n a za rd a t u t ilg a n .
M a ’ lu r n is h c h i r e g i s t r g a m u r o j a a t k e t m a - k e t lik d a b a j a r ila d i. U shbu
q u r ilm a la r g a in t e l f ir m a s ig a m a n su b .
M a x s u s r e g i s t r i a r g a M P i c h k i q is m id a j o y l a s h g a n v a M P t a r k i b i y
q is m la r i, t u r li is h la m i b o s h q a r is h f u n k s iy a s in i b a ja r a d i. K o ‘p
u c h r a y d ig a n r e g i s t r i a r g a a d r e s r e g i s t r l a r i ( y o k i k o ‘ r s a t k ic h ) - R . S v a S P -
v a P S ’W d a s t u r h o i a t s o ' z i k ir a d i. A d r e s y o k i k o ‘ r s a t k ic h r e g i s t r l a r ,
M P m a ’ lu m b u y r u q la r id a f o y d a la n ila d ig a n o p e ra n d a d r e s la s h
u s u l la r id a f o y d a l a n i l a d i . U s h b u a d r e s la s h M P m o d e l ig a b o g ‘ l i q . U l a r
a l b a t t a i k k i is h c h i f u n k s i y a n i b a ja r a d i:
- b a j a n la y o t g a n b u y r u q n i n g x o t ir a d a g i a d r e s in i a n i q l a y d i ( b u y r u q
h is o b la g ic h i) ;
- j o r i y s t e k a d r e s i n i a n i q la y d i( s t e k k o ' r s a t k i c h i ) .
T u r l i p r o t s e s s o r la r d a h a r b i r f u n k s i y a u c h u n b i r y o k i i k k i i c h k i
r e g is t r l a r a jr a t ilis h i m u m k in . K e lt ir ilg a n r e g is t r l a r b ir b ir id a n
t a r k i b i n i o‘ z g a r t ir is h i b i l a n f a r q la n a d i. T a r k i b i d a g i d a s t u m i o ‘ z g a r -
t ir ilis h i k o m p y u te r is h in in g b u z ilis h ig a yoki x o t ir a n i o ‘ z g a r ib
k e t is h ig a o lib k e la d i. R S t a r k i b i q u y i d a g i t a r t ib d a o ‘ z g a r t i r i l a d i .
r iz im is h i n i n g b o s h l a n i s h i d a o ‘ z g a r t i r i 1m a y d ig a n q i y m a t y o z i b
q o ‘y ila d i. B u n o lg a te n g boM gan b o s h la n g ‘ i c h is h g a t u s h i r i l g a n
d a s ta r a d re s i. X o t ir a d a n b u y r u q la m i o ‘ q is h n a t ij a s id a b u y ru q
f o r m a t ig a q a r a b d a s t u r h i s o b l a g i c h i t a r k ib i o s h a b o r a d i.
D a stu r h o la t l a r s o ‘ z i: P S W ( P r o g r a m S ta tu s W o rd ) o p e r a t s iy a
b a j a r ili s h n a t ij a la r i a l o m a t l a r i n i s a q la y d i in t e l k o m p a n i y a s i g a t e g i s h l i
M P x 8 6 k o ‘ r i b c h i q a m i z ( 2 . 9 - c h iz m a ) .
- Z F -(ze zo ) n o m li n a t ij a n i n g b a y ro q b e lg is i a g a r n o l n a t ij a
o lin s a , 1 y o z ila d i, a k s h o l d a ( Z F ) = 0.
- C F -(C a rry ) s ilj it is h b a y r o g ‘ i o p e r a t s iy a b a j a r is h n a t ija s id a
k a t t a b a y t d a s ilj it s a , y o k i q o ' s h i s h y o k i a y i r i s h o p e r a t s iy a j a r a y o n i d a
1 q a i z g a o l i n g a n d a o ‘ m a t ila d i.
- S F - ( S i n g ) n a t i j a b e l g i s i n i n g b a y r o g ‘ i b ir g a te n g , a g a r n a t i j a
m a n f iy b o i s a , y a ’ n i n a t i j a n i n g k a t t a b e l g i l i b it n i d u b l l a s h t i r a d i .
- P F - ( P a r it y ) j u f t lik b a y r o g ‘ i ( P F = 1 ) te n g a g a r n a t ija b it in in g 2
m o d u ll i y ig ‘ in d i s i n o l g a t e n g b o ' l s a ( b i r l i k b it l a r s o n i j u f t ) .
- AF - q o ‘ s h im c h a s ilj it is h b a y ro g ‘i ( A u x i lia r y ) a g a r k ic h ik
t e t ia d a n in g k a t t a b i t i d a n ( b i t D 3 ) k a t t a t e t r a d a n in g k i c h i k b it ig a ( b it
83
D4) s ilj it ilg a n d a o ‘ m a t ila d i o p e r a t s iy a la r d a j o y la s h t ir ilg a n BSD
s o n l a r i u s t id a q o ‘ lla n ila . d i
- O F - t o iib k e t g a n lik b a y r o g ‘ i ( O v e r f lo w ) agar o p e r a t s iy a
n a t i j a s i b i r y o k i i k k i b a y t l i d ia p a z o n d a n o s h ib k e t g a n id a o ‘ m a t ila d i
v a b o s h q a b i r n e c h a h o l la r d a o ‘ m a t ila d i.
- T F ( T r a p F l a g ) - k e t m a - k e t q a d a m r e j i m i b a y r o g ‘ i.
- I F ( I n t e i T u p t F l a g ) - u z i l i s h l a r g a r u x s a t b a y r o g ‘ i.
- D F ( D i r e c t i o n F l a g ) - q a t o r li o p e r a t s iy a la r d a k o ‘ r s a t is h b a y r o g ‘ i.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
| | | I | O F | P F | 1F | T F | S F | Z F | j AF | 1P F F T f I
X o t i r a n i s e g m e n t li t a s h k il q i l i s h b ila n b i r q a t o r d a , >c86 m ik r o p r o t -
s e s s o r l a r i d a q o ‘ s h im c h a r a v is h d a x o t ir a n i s a h i f a li t a s h k il q i l i s h h a m
m u m k i n . X o t i r a n i s a h if a li t a s h k il q i l i s h m e x a n iz m i C R O r e g is r in in g
R G b a y r o g ‘ in i, o ‘ m a t is h ( t a s h la s h ) y o ‘ l i b ila n d a s t u r iy u la n i s h i
( u z i l i s h i ) m u m k in .
B u t u n c h i z i q l i a d re s f a z o s i s o n i 1 0 2 4 g a e t a d ig a n b o l i m J a r g a
a j r a t i l a d i . H a r b i r b o ‘ li m o ‘ z n a v b a t id a o l c h a m i 4 k b a y t q i l i b b e lg i-
la n g a n 1 0 2 4 t a g a c h a s a h i f a n i i c h i g a o l i s h i m u m k in , s a h i f a la m in g
b o s h l a n g ‘ i c h a d r e s la r i f i z i k a d re s f a z o s id a q a t ’ i y b e lg ila n g a n . S a h i
f a la m in g c h e g a r a la r i 4 k ilo b a y t li b lo k la r c h e g a r a la r i b ila n m os
t u s h a d i.
2.6.Adreslash usullaii
M P T u c h u n d a s t u r y o z is h - j u d a m u r a k k a b ja r a y o n d ir . S a m a r a li
d a s t u r la s h uchun p r o t s e s s o r b u y r u q la r t iz im i d a n x a b a rd o r b o lis h
k e r a k . K o m p a k t v a t e z k o r d a s t u r v a q is m d a s t u r la r A s s e m b le r t i l i da
y a r a t i l a d i . A s s e m b le r t i l i m a s l i i n a t i l i n i n g r a q a m li k o d la r i. b u y r u q la r
t iz im in in g m a s h in a k o d la r in i ta ’ m in la y d i. P ro ts e s s o r b u y r u q la r
t iz im id a n x a b a r d o r b o M m a y y o z i s h m u m k i n b o ' l g a n d a s t u r la r j u d a
k o ‘ p , u l a r d a n k o ‘ p r o q i s h la t il a d i g a n i S i d a s t u r la s h t i l i d i r .
A s s e m b le r d a s t u r la s h t ili — p e rso n a l k o m p y u ty e rd a n t o r t ib
m i k r o k o n t r o l l e r l a r d a d a s t u r iy t a ’ m in o t n in g a s o s iy z a r u r q is m id a g i
84
d a s t u r la r uchun e f fe k t iv n a t ij a b e r a d i. B u y ru q k o d la r i qanday
o p e r a n d la r b ila n y o k i q a y s i b u y r u q b a j a r ili s h i t o ‘ g ‘ r i s i d a p r o t s e s s o r g a
m a ’ l u m o t b e r a d i. B u y r u q la r b ir b a y td a n b ir necha b a y tg a c h a
u z u n l i k k a e g a b o ‘ l a d i . B u y r u q k o d la r i p r o t s e s s o r d a q a y t a s h i f r l a n a d i
v a m i k r o o p e r a t s i y a l a r t o ‘ p l a m i g a a y l a n t i r ila d i.
B i r t u r d a g i b u y r u q l a r k i r i s h o p e r a n d la r in i, b o s h q a la r i e s a c h i q i s h
o p e r a n d la r in i t a la b q i l a d i . K i r i s h o p e r a n d la r i m a n b a - o p e r a n d , c h i q i s h
o p e r a n d la r i q a b u l q i l i s h - o p e r a n d d e y ila d i. H a m m a o p e r a n d k o d l a r i
q a y e r d a d ir j o y l a s h i s h i k e r a k . U l a r i c h k i r e g is t r l a r d a , x o t ir a t i z i m i d a
j o y la s h a d ila r . U l a m i n g j o y l a s h u v i b u y r u q k o d l a r i o r q a li k o ‘ r s a t i l a d i .
M a ’ lu m o t la m i q a y e rd a n o lib q a ye rg a jo y la s h n in g t u r li u s u lla r i
m a v j u d b o ' l i b u la r a d r e s l a s h u s u lla r i d e y ila d i [1 2 ] .
A d r e s la s h u s u li d e b -o p e ra n d a d r e s in i k o d la s h yoki b u y ru q
k o d la r id a g i o p e r a t s i y a n a t ij a s ig a a y t ila d i.
O P K - o p e r a t s i y a k o d i.
O P A l - b i r i n c h i o p e r a n d a d r e s i.
A R - n a t ij a a d r e s i .
Z a m o n a v iy m i k r o p r o t s e s s o r m o d e l la r id a k e n g f o y d a l a n i l a d i g a n
a d r e s la s h u s u lla r i;
- r e g is t r li a d r e s la s h ;
- t o ‘ g ‘ri a d r e s la s h ;
- b e v o s it a a d r e s la s h ;
- m a v h u m r e g i s t r l i a d r e s la s h ;
- m a v h u m a v t o in k r e m e n t / a v t o d e k r e m e n t li a d r e s la s h ;
- b a z a b o ' y i c h a i n d e k s l i a d r e s la s h ;
- s e g m e n t li a d r e s la s h .
B e v o s it a a d r e s la s h . B e v o s i t a - o p e r a n d k o ‘ r s a t k i c h i n i n g e n g o d d i y
u s u li. K o m a n d a la r a d re s m a y d o n id a o p e ra n d a d re si e m a s, b a lk i
o p e ra n d jo y la s h a d i. O p e ra n d a v t o m a t ik r a v is h d a kom anda b ila n
x o t ir a d a n c h a q i r i l a d i va d a rh o l b e v o s it a a d r e s la s h uchun ta y y o r
b o ‘ la d i. B e v o s it a a d r e s la s h d a o o ‘ s h im c h a x o t i r a g a m u r o j a a t t a la b
85
e t m a y d i . L e k i n u n in g k a m c h i l i g i b o r. B i r i n c h i d a n f a q a t k o n s t a n t a la r
b ila n is h la s h m u m k in , ik k i n c h i d a n q iy m a t la r m a y d o n i c h e g a r a la n -
gan. Shunga q a ra m a y b u t e x n o l o g iy a k o ‘ p a r x it e k t u r a la r d a b u t u n
s o n l a r u s t i d a is h la s h u c h u n f o y d a l a n i l a d i ( 2 . 1 1 - c h iz m a ) .
Xotira
T o ‘ g ‘ r i a d r e s la s h . T o ‘ g ‘ ri - a d r e s m a y d o n id a ( A D R ) o p e r a n d
a d r e s i j o y l a s h a d i . K o m a n d a h a r d o i m b it t a x o t ir a a d r e s ig a m u r o ja a t
e ta o la d i.
M a s a i a n 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 x o t ir a a d r e s in i t o z a la s h k e r a k b o 1Isa, u h o ld a
t o z a la s h b u y r u g ‘ id a n k e y i n j o y la s h a d i. ( 2 . 1 2 - c h iz m a ) .
Registrli adreslash. O p e ra n d p r o t s e s s o m in g ic h k i r e g is t r id a
j o y la s h a d i. M a s a la n , b u yru q q u y id a g ic h a b o M is h i m u m k in . nol
r e g is t r d a n b i r i n c h i r e g is t r g a m a ’ lu m o t u z a t is h I k k it a r e g is t m in g
r a q a m i b u y r u q k o d la r i o r q a li a n iq la n a d i. K o d o p e r a t s iy a la r id a r e g is t r
a d r e s la r i s h i f r o v k a q ilin g a n . B u y r u q d a a d r e s m a y d o n i k o ‘ r s a t ilm a y d i
( 2 . 1 3 - c h iz m a ) .
Mavhum registrli adreslash. P r o t s e s s o r i c h k i r e g is t r i d a o p e r a n d
e m a s b a l k i u n in g a d r e s i j o y la s h a d i. O p e r a n d ñ z i k a d re si m a v h u m
a d re s D P ( D a t a P o in t e r ) d a j o y l a s h a d i D P ( D a t a P o in t e r ) s if a t id a
U IR B (R O N ) y o k i r e g is t r m a x s u s a d r e s r e g is t r j o y l a s h a d i. ( 2 . 1 4 -
c h iz m a ) .
86
A D D A, M E M
M E M : X D A T A C3F0h
Xotira
Dastur
Ma’lumotlar
Xotira Registr
Dastur
87
Xotira Registr
Dastur
M a ’lumotlar
M a s a l a n , A s s e m b le r 51 t i l i d a M E M a d r e s i b o ' y i c h a x o t ir a n in g
i k k i b a y t i n i t o z a la s h q u y i d a g i c h a b o l a d i :
M O V DP, # M E M
C LR a
M O V X @ DP, a
IN C DP
M O V X @ DP, a
M E M : X D A T A C3F0h
X o t i r a n i s e g m e n t li a d r e s la s h . 8 0 8 6 m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r i 2 0 r a z r y a d li
a d r e s i a r s h i n a s i g a e g a v a u x o t ir a n in g 2 /42 0 y o k i t a x m in a n m il lio n d a n
b i r y a c h e y k a s i g a m u r o ja a t q i l i n i s h i g a im k o n b e r a d i 1 6 b i t l i m a ’ lu -
m o t l a r s h in a s i m a ’ lu m o t n i b a y t li y o k i s o ‘ z l i k o ‘ r in is h id a u z a t a o la d i.
X o t ir a o d a td a c h iz iq li b i r o ‘ lc h a m li b a y t la r m a s s iv i k o 'r in is h id a
t u z i l g a n v a 2 q o ‘ s h n i b a y t la r b ir s o ‘ z d e k k o ‘ r in is h i b o i i s h i m u m k in .
X o t i r a n i n g b u t u n m e g a b a y t li s o h a s i 6 4 K b i t l i 4 s e g m e n t g a b o ‘ lin g a n
( 2 . 1 5 . - c h iz m a ) . M P har b ir d a q iq a d a d a s tu r s e g m e n t ig a (C S ),
88
m a ’ lu m o t la r s e g m e n t i g a ( D S ) , q o ‘ s h i m c h a m a ’ lu m o t la r s e g m e n t ig a
(E S ) va s te k s e g m e n t ig a (S S ) m u r o ja a t q ilis h im k o n i b o r. Bu
s e g m e n t la m in g b o s h l a n g ‘ ic h a d r e s i C S , S S , D S v a E S r e g is t r l a r i d a
s a q la n a d i.
B u r e g is t r la r 1 6 b i t l i , a d r e s li s o h a e s a 2 0 b i t l i b o ‘ l g a n l i g i s a b a b li
M P b o s h l a n g ‘ ic h s e g m e n t l i a d r e s n i 2 0 b i t l i s u m m a t o r d a c h a p g a 4 b i t
su ra d i (1 6 g a k o ‘ p a y t ir is h g a te n g ) va ( I P ,S P ,D I ,S I ) r e g is t r la r d a n
b ir i d a g i m a ’ lu m o t g a q o ‘ s h a d i. H o s il q ilin g a n son f iz ik a d re s d e b
a t a la d i. M a s a la n , x o t i r a d a n n a v b a t d a g i d a s tu r k o d i b a y t in i o lis h d a
M P q u y id a g i f o r m u la o r q a l i f i z i k a d r e s n i h o s i l q ila d i:
F i z i k a d re s = ( I P ) + ( C S ) * 1 6 , b u y e r d a ( I P ) - s ilj it is h , b a ja r u v c h i
a d r e s ( C S ) - s e g m e n t li a d r e s , ( S S ) * 1 6 - b o s h la n g ‘ ic h s e g m e n t li a d r e s
d e b a ta la d i. 2 . 1 6 , - c h iz m a d a x o t i r a n i t a s h k il e t is h k e l t i r i l g a n .
P r o t s e s s o r 4 t a g u r u h b u y r u q l a r t o ‘ p l a m i n i o ‘ z i c h i g a o la d i:
- m a ’ l u m o t l a m i u z a t is h b u y r u q l a r i ;
- a n fm e t ik b u y r u q la r ;
- m a n t iq iy b u y r u q l a r ;
- o t is h b u y r u q l a r i .
89
Manzillar
Segment manzili
Aralashishi
Segment o'lchami
(10000 bayt = 64
Kbavt)
21 FFF
Fizik. manzil
220000
0 ‘ t i s h b u y r u q la r i h e c h q a n d a y o p e r a n d a la r u s t id a o p e r a t s iy a la m i
t a la b q ilm a y d i. O p e r a n d la r m a n b a a r e g is t r la r id a n (S o u rce ) qabul
q i l u v c h i r e g is t r la r g a ( D e s t in a t io n ) u z a t ila d i.
A r if m e t ik b u y r u q la r q o ‘ s h is h , a y ir is h , k o ‘ p a y t ir is h , b o ‘ lis h ,
i n k r e m e n t l a s h , d e k r e m e n t la s h o p e r a t s iy a la r in i b a ja r a d i. U s h b u b u y -
r u q l a r g a b i r y o k i ik k i k ir is h o p e r a n d i z a r u r b o ‘ la d i.
M a n t i q i y b u y r u q la r m a n t iq iy V A , Y O K I , in v e r s iy a la s h , t u r li x i l
s u r is h o p e r a t s i y a l a r i n i a m a lg a o s h ir a d ila r .
0 ‘ t i s h b u y r u q la r i d a s t u r k e t m a - k e t lig i h o la t i n i o z g a r t ir a d i. U la r -
n i n g y o r d a m i d a t a r m o q la n g a n d a s t u r la r v a q is m d a s t u r la r g a o ‘ t is h
t a s h k il q i l i n a d i . 0 ‘ t is h b u y r u q la r i s h a r t li v a s h a r t s iz b o i a d i . A y n a n
s h u b u y r u q l a r m u r a k k a b m a ’ lu m o t la m i q a y t a is h la s h o p e r a t s iy a la r in i
a m a l g a o s h i r a d i l a r . H a r b i r b a j a r ilg a n b u y r u q a s o s id a m a ’ lu m o t la r
n a t ij a s i a l o m a t i t e k s h i r ila d i ( P S W ) . T u r l i p r o t s e s s o r la r d a k o m a n d a la r
f a r q la n a d i, le k in u la m in g b a j a r ili s h f u n k s iy a s i o ‘ x s h a s h . M a s a la n
8 0 8 6 p r o t s e s s o r i d a 133 b u y r u q b o r .
90
U z a t is h b u y r u q l a r i .
]. M O V D S T , S R C ; ( S R C ) n i ( D S T ) g a u z a t is h . S h u y e r d a v a
k e y i n c h a l i k r e g is t r ic h id a g is i, m a s a la n A L r e g is t r i ( A L ) y o k i ( a l)
k o ‘ r in is h id a b e l g i l a n a d i i z o h n i u z a t is h e s a <— b e l g i b ila n b e l g i l a n a d i .
m o v a l c h ; <—( c h )
m o v cx, d x ;
m o v b n , [ m e m s ] ; m e r n s s i m v o l l i k a d r e s li x o t i r a y a c h e y k a s i
ic h id a g is i
V N r e g is t r g a a z a t i s h .
m o v a l, [ b x ] ; V X r e g is t r id a j o y la s h g a n a d r e s li x o t ir a
y a c h e y k a s in i
a k k u m u l y a t o r g a u z a t is h .
m o v b x, O F F S E T src; j o r i y s e g m e n td a S R C x o t ir a y a c h e y k a s i
a d r e s in in g s i l j i s h i n i B X g a j o y l a s h t i r i s h .
2. P U S H R P ; j u f t l i k r e g i s t r i d a n m a ’ l u m o t n i s t e k n in g y u q o r i s i g a
j o y l a s h t ir is h ( m a s a la n , p u s h b x ) .
3. PO PRP; s te k y u q o r is id a n 2 bayt o lib uni R P ju f t lik k a
j o y l a s h t ir is h ( m a s a la n , p o p a x ) .
4. X C h G D S T , S R C ; ( D S T ) v a ( S R C ) l a r i c h i d a g i l a r i n i j o y l a r i n i
a lm a s h t ir is h . I k k i o p e r a n d b i r v a q t d a x o t i r a y a c h e y k a s i d a g i m a ’ l u m o t
t>o‘ la o lm a y d i.
91
5. X L A T SRC; j a d v a l b o s h id a n ( A L ) s o n ig a t e n g m a ’ lu m o t la r
b a y ti S R C b o s h la n g ‘ ic h a d r e s li ja d v a ld a n o lib , uni A L ga
j o y l a s h t i r i s h . S R C a d r e s B X r e g is t r i d a j o y la s h g a n b o ‘ l i s h i k e r a k .
6 . I N A C C U M , P O R T ; A L y o k i A X b a y t in i y o k i P O R T a d r e s li
p o r t d a n s o ‘ z n i a k k u m u ly a t o r g a j o y l a s h t ir is h . A g a r p o r t a d r e s i <= F F
b o ‘ l s a , p o r t a d r e s i b e v o s it a k o ‘ r s a t ili s h i m u m k in , a g a r p o r t a d r e s i > FF
b o i s a , p o r t a d r e s i r e g is t r i if o d a s i o r q a li b e v o s it a k o ‘ r s a t ila d i ( P O H
m a x s u s f u n k s iy a s i) .
O U T P O R T , A C C U M ; A L a k k u m u ly a t o r id a n y o k i A X b a y t id a n
y o k i s o ‘ z n i P O R T s i m v o l i k a d r e s n i T Q g a u z a t is h .
7. O U T O U T P O R T , A C C U M ; A L a k k u m u ly a t o r id a n y o k i A X
b a y t i d a n y o k i s o ‘ z n i P O R T s i m v o l i k a d r e s n i T K g a u z a t is h .
A r if m e t ik b u y r u q la r .
1. A D D D S T , S R C ; S R C v a D S T q iy m a t la r in i q o 's h is h .
a d d a l , [ m e m b u t e ] ; m e m _ b u t e - b ir b a y t i x o t ir a y a c h e y k a s i
a d d [ m e m w o r d ] , dx; m e m w o r d - i k k i b a y t li x o t i r a y a c h e y k a s i
a d d c h , 1 0 0 0 1 0 10b;
2 . I N C D S T ; ( D S T ) n i lt a g a o s h ir is h ( in k r e m e n t ( D S T ) ) .
i n c s i; ( S I ) < — ( S I ) + 1.
i n c c o u n t ; ( c o u n t ) < - ( c o u n t ) +■ 1.
3. S U B D S T , S R C ; ( S R C ) n i ( D S T ) d a n a y i n s h v a n a t i j a n i D S T
g a jo y la s h t ir is h .
4. D E C D S T ; ( D S T ) n i L ta g a k a m a y t ir is h ;
5 .5 . C M P D S T , S R C ; D S T v a S R C n i ic h i d a g i s i n i s o lis h t ir is h .
B u b u y r u q ( S R C ) d a n ( D S T ) n i a y ir is h n i b a ja r a d i, le k in f a r q i n i D S T
ga jo y la s h t ir m a y d i va o p e r a t s iy a n a t ij a s in i n a t ij a s i b o ‘ y ic h a
b a y r o q l a r g a t a ’ s i r k o ‘ r s a ta d i.
sh a rt b a y r o q la r
O F SF ZF CF
D ST > SRC 0/1 0 0 0
D ST = SRC 0 0 1 0
D ST < SRC 0/110 1
(+ 1 2 5 ) ( O F ) = 0 (+ 1 2 9 )? ( O F ) = l
I k k in c h i m is o ld a n a t ija o r a l iq d a n o s h ib k e t a y a p t i:
1 2 8 < -x < = + 1 2 7 S F b e l g i l a n g a n b a y r o q " 1 " g a q o ‘ y i l a d i , a g a r o p e r a t -
s i y a n a t ij a s in in g k a t t a b i t i l g a t e n g b o M s a , y a ’ n i m a s o f iy n a t i j a d a .
T e s k a r i b o 'lg a n d a t u s h i r ib k e t i l a d i . Z F n o l b a y r o g ‘ i ( ! ) n o l l i n a t i j a d a
" 1 " g a q o ‘ y ila d i a k s id a t u s h ir ib q o ld ir ila d i. U z a t is h b a y r o g ‘ g a C F = 1
te n g , a g a r q o ‘ s h i s h i d a k a t t a r a z r y a d d a n u z a t is h y o k i a y i r is h d a k i c h i k
r a z r y a d d a n q o l d i q o l i s h b o i s a . A k s h o ld a b a y r o q t u s h i r ib q o l d i r i l a d i .
B ir in c h i m is o l uchun SF= ZF= CF= 0, ik k in c h is i uchun: SF= 1,
ZF= CF= 0.
M a n t i q i y v a s u r is h b u y r u q l a r i .
1. A N D D S T , S R C ; r a z r y a d b o ‘ y i c h a " I " ( V A ) .
m ovd h , 10101100b;
a n d dh, O fO h ;
shu ik k i b u y ru q n i b a ja r ilis h i n a t ij a s id a D H n in g ic h id a g is i
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 b g a te n g b o ‘ lib q o la d i.
2. OR DST, SRC; ra zry a d b o ‘ y ic h a m a n t iq iy e le m e n t " TT.T”
(Y O K I).
o r b x , d x ; e s li ( B X ) = 5 F 0 F h , ( D X ) = 7 7 7 7 1 i b o is a o p e r a t s iy a d a n
s o ‘n g ;(B X )= 7 F 7 F h .
S ilj is h g a c h a 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 (C F )= X
S ilj i s h d a n 0- 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 (C F )= 0
k e y in -> ->
m o v c l, 4 ;
s h r b l , c l ; ( B L ) = 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 , ( C F ) = 1.
7 . S h L D S T , C N T ; m a t iq iy c h a p g a s u r is h .
8 . R L C D S T , C N T ; q o l d i q n i o ‘ t k a z i s h o r q a li c h a p g a s i k l i k s u r is h .
9. R R C D S T , C N T ; q o l d iq n i o ' t k a z i s h o r q a li o ‘ n g g a s i k l i k s u r is h .
10. R O R D S T , C N T ; c h a p g a s i k l i k s u r is h .
1 1 . R O L D S T , C N T ; o ‘ n g g a s i k l i k s u r is h .
B o s h q a r i s h n i u z a t is h b u y r u q la r i
1. C A L L SU B R ; S U B R a d r e s li q is m d a s t u r in i c h a q ir is h c a ll
d e la y ;
m o v ....
2. R E T C A L L g a b e v o s it a q i s m d a s t u r id a n k e y i n g i o p e r a t o r g a
q a y t a r i s h , y a ’ m y u q o n d a k e l t i n l g a n m is o ld a g i M O V g a .
3. J M P N A M E ; N A M E s i m v o l i k a d r e s li b u y r u q g a s h a r t s i z o ‘ t is h
jm p sh o rt nam e, nam e b e ig is i g a o 't i s h , q u y id a g id a n kam
b o ‘ lm a g a n h o ld a :
- 1 2 8 y o k i + 1 2 7 b a y t.
jm p near nam e, nam e b e ig is i g a o ‘ t is h , q u y id a g id a n kam
b o ‘ lm a g a n h o ld a :
6 5 5 3 5 b a y , b it t a s e g m e n t d a .
j m p n a m e ; o d d iy j m p n e a r n a m e ;
94
4. JA N A M E yo ki JN B E N A M E : s h a r t li o 't i s h , a g a r m a s a la n :
C M R D S T , S R C s o lis h t ir is h n a t ij a s id a q a b u l q ilu v c h i u z a t u v c h id a n
a b s o ly u t k a t t a lik b o ' y i c h a k a t t a b o i s a , n a m e b e lg is i g a o ‘ t i s h k e r a k .
5 .5 . JB N A M E y o k i J N A E N A M E : s h a r t li o ' t i s h a g a r m a s a la n ,
C M R DST, SRC s o lis h t ir is h n a t ija s id a qabul q ilu v c h i m anbadan
a b s o ly u t k a t t a lik b o ' y i c h a k i c h i k b o ‘ I s a , u n d a n a m e b e l g i s i g a o ' t i s h
k e ra k (4 n va 5 n , b u y r u q l a r i b e l g i s i z s o n l i o p e r a t s iy a la m i b a j a r is h
n a t ij a la r i u s t id a b a j a r i l a d i ) .
6. J Z T 'l A M E y o k i J E N A M E : o 't is h , a g a r n o lin c h i b a y r o q g a
t a ’s i r q ilu v c h i o p e r a t s i y a n a t i j a s i - n o l b o ' l s a ( " n o l" b o ‘ y i c h a o ‘ t is h ) .
7. J N Z N A M E : y o k i J N E N A M E ; " n o l e m a s " b o ' y i c h a o ‘ t is h .
S i k l la n ii b o s h q a r i s h b u y r u q l a r i .
1. L O O P N A M E : b u b u y r u q ( S X ) n i 1 g a n o a n iq k a m a y t ir a d i v a
y a q in b e lg ig a o 't is h n i b a ja r a d i, a g a r ( S X ) 0 g a t e n g b o 'lm a s a .
2. L O O P Z N A M E voki LO O P E N A M E: b u n d a n ta s h q a ri Z F
b a y r o g 'i n i n g t e k s h i r i s h n i h a m b a ja r a d i. S h u n in g u c h u n s ik l ( C X ) = 0
y o k i (Z F )= 0 y o k i u h a m bu h a m b i r g a l i k d a b o 'lg a n d a g i s h a r t b i l a n
t u g a y d i. S i n n i n g b i l a n b u b u y r u q b i r i n c h i n o l e m a s b o ' l g a n n a t ij a n i
a m iq la s h u c h u n x i z m a t q i l a d i .
3. L O O P N Z , L O O P N E - " n o l " b o ' y i c h a s ik ld a n c h iq is h .
Q a t o r la r u s t id a i s h l a s h b u y r u q l a r i
]. L O D S B : l o d s b b u y r u g ' i m a ’ l u m o t l a r s e g m e n t id a n S T r e g j s r
o r q a li a d r e s la n g a n b a y t n i y u k l a y d i v a S T n i lg a k o 'p a y t ir a d i, a g a r
b u n d a n o ld in C LD b u y ru g ‘ i k ir it ilg a n b o 'ls a (D F y o 'n a lis h bay-
r o g 'in i t o z a la s h ) va St ni lg a k a m a y t ir a d i, agar STD b u y r u g 'i
i s h l a t i l g a n b o ' l s a ( y o ‘ n a lis h b a y r o g ' i o ' m a t i l i s h i ) .
D A TA
s t r in g D B 'a b c d e f g '
.C O D !
d d : A L d a b u b u y r u q l a m i b a j a r i l g a n d a n s o 'n g
m o v s i, O F F S E T [ s t r in g - t - 2 ] ; A S C I I g a 's' k o d i y u k l a n d i .
lo d s b ; S I t a r k i b i d a g i l a r ' d ' n i k o ‘ r s a t a d i.
2. M OVSB: b u b u y ru q SI r e g is t r i d a g i x o t ir a yacheykasi
a d r e s id a n b ir b a y tn i DI r e g is t r d a g i x o t ir a yacheykasi a d r e s ig a
o ' t k a z a d i va ( S I ) v a (D I) n i 1 g a k o ' p a y t i r a d i . S I n in g q i y m a t i D S
95
m a ’ l u m o t l a r s e g m e n t id a h a m q o ‘ s h im c h a E S s e g m e n t id a j o y l a s h i s h i
m v u n k i n . D I n i n g q iy m a t i f a q a t E S q o ‘ s h im c h a s e g m e n t d a j o y la s h is h i
m u m k in .
DATA
m sg D B 'H a r n m a s i O . K . '
L E N = $ - m s g L E N 8 g a te n g
C O D E
c ld
le a s i , m s g ; v S I m a n b a a d r e s i
m o v a x , 0 b 8 0 0 h ; В и д е о x o t ir a s e g m e n t h a jm i
m o v e s , a x ; q o ‘ s h im c h a s e g m e n t g a o ‘ t k a z is h
le a d i, e s : ( 0 a 0 h * 3 ) ; y u q o r id a n 4 - s a t r
m o v c x , L E N ; L E N - c h iq is h s im v o l l a r s o n i
rp : m o v s b ; e k r a r m in g j o r i y p o z it s i y a s ig a s i m v o l n i y u b o r is h
i n c d i ; a t r i b u t p o z it s iy a s id a n s a k r a b o ‘ t is h
lo o p r p ; t u g a g u n c h a d a v o m e t t ir is h ( C X )
....; s t r o k a ' V s y o O . K . ' d is p le y y u q o r is id a n
;4 - s a t r g a c h iq a n l a d i .
3. R E P : b u y r u q n i q a y t a r is h p r e f ik s i. M a s a i a n , o l d i n g i d a s t u m in g
t u g a s h i q u y i d a g i c h a y o z i l i s h i m u m k in :
m o v c x , L E N ; q a r a m a s d a n , m a s s iv i 'H a m m a s i O . K . ' b o ‘ la d i.
re p m ovsb; B800 ni x o t ir a m a y d o n ig a k o ‘ c h ir il a d i : ( A O * 3 ), g a
; d i s p l a y e k r a n ig a q u y id a g i y o z u v c h iq a d i: H a m m a s i O K .
N im a g a ?
4. C M P S B ; ( S T ) a d r e s n i b e r u v c h i n i n g q a t o r b a y t i n i , ( D T ) a d r e s l i
q a b u l q i l u v c h i n i n g q it o r b a y tin i s o l is b t in s h m b a j a r a d i. y a ’ n i ( ( S T ) ) -
( ( D I ) ) a y i r i s h n i b a ja r a d i. C M P D S T , S R C b u y r u g ‘ i b ila n y a n g il is h -
m a s l i k k e r a k , q a y s i k i q a b u l q i l u v c h i d a n b e r u v c h i n i a y ir is h b a j a r ila d i.
C M I P S B b u y r u g ‘ i ( C X ) n i 1 g a n o a n i q k a m a y t ir a d i v a ( S I ) v a ( D I ) n i
1 g a k o ‘ p a y t i r a d i , a g a r ( D F ) = 0 b o ‘ ls a .
5. R E P Z yoki REPE: q a y t a r is h p r e f ik s i. Agar (C X )= 0 yoki
( Z F ) = 0 b o ‘ l s a , b u y r u q n i b a j a r is h t a m o m la n a d i.
D A T A
src D B 'T o b e , or n o t to b e '
d st D B 'T o b e ,o r n o t to b e '
96
le n = $ - d s t; le n 1 9 g a t e n g
CO D E
cld; (D F ) = 0
p u s h ds; m a n z i l l a m i j o y l a s h t i r i s h
p o p es; d s v a e s s e g m e n t l a r i
m o v c x , le n ; d s t q a t o r u z u n l i g i n i c x g a y u b o r i s h
l e a d i , dst; m a n z i l i n i y u k l a s h ( t p r k i b t g a j o y l a s h i s h ) q a t o r l a m i d s t
dan D I ga
le a s i, s r c
re p e cm p sb ; b a y t la b s o lis h t ir is h
j e e q u a l; a g a r d a b a y t l a r m o s tu s h s a , u n d a b e l g i l a r g a o ‘ t is h
not cx ;a g a r y o ‘ q b o M sa m o s tu s h m a g a n b a y t la m i h is o b la s h
a d d c x , le n ;
j m p n o t e q u a l;
e q u a l:
n o te q u a l: ....
U s h b u m a s a la o x i r i d a m o s k e lm a y d ig a n b ir in c h i n o m e ri bayt
( C X ) = 5 g a te n g .
M i r o p r o t s e s s o m i b o s h q a r is h b u y r u q la r i.
1. C L C : o ‘ t k a z i s h b a y r o g ‘ i n i t u s h i r ib y u b o r i s h ( C F ) = 0 . .
2 . S T C : o ‘ t k a z i s h b a y r o g ‘ i n i o ‘ m a t is h ( S F ) = 1 .
3 . C M C : y o ‘ n a l i s h b a y r o g ‘ i n i in v e r s la s h .
4. C L D : y o ‘ n a lis h b a y r o g ‘ in i t o z a la s h ( D F ) = 0 , b u n d a y h o l a t d a
q a t o r (b a y t z a n jir la r i u s t id a o p e r a t s iy a la r ) k ic h ik a d re sd a n k a tta
a d re sg a ch a b a j a r ila d i.
5. S T D : y o ‘ n a l i s b b a y r o g ‘ i n i o ‘ m a t is h ( D F ) = 1 , b a y t la r z a n j i r l a r i
u s t id a is h la s h k a t t a a d r e s d a n k i c h i g i g a c h a b a j a r ila d i.
6. S T T : u r i l i s h b a y r o g i n i o ‘ m a t is h ( I F ) = 1 , t a s h q i q u r i l m a l a r d a n
u z ilis h n i ru x s a t b e r is b .
7 . C L T : u z i l i s h b a y r o g ‘ in i t o z a la s h .
8. M O P : m a x f iy o p e r a t s iy a .
U z i l i s h b u y r u q la x i.
]. I N T I N I J M : b u k o m a n d a d a s t u r li u z i l i s h n i c h a q ir a d i , y a ’ni
t o ‘ r t b a y t d a n s a q la n a y o t g a n a d r e s n i I N U M * 4 a d r e s id a n b o s h l a b , b u
y e r d a I N T J M = ( 0 . . . 2 5 ) g a t e n g x o t i r a y a c h e y k a s i g a o ‘ t is h . B u 4 b a y t li
97
s o n b e n l g a n u z i l i s h n i n g q is m d a s t u r i q a y t a i s h l o v c h i n i n g k o ' r s a t k i c h i
b o ‘ l a d i v a u b o s h q a c h a n o m i u z i lis h v e k t o r i d e b a t a l a d i .
D a s t u r l i u z i l i s h l a r y o r d a m id a v u j u d g a k e la d ig a n o p e r a t s iy a la r
A N r e g i s t r i d a g i k o d o r q a li a n i q la n a d i, m a s a la n ,
m ov a h , 1 4 d ; d i s p l e y g a s i m v o l l a m i c h iq a n s h
m ov a l,3 1 h ; k u r s o m i b it t a o ‘ n g g a s u r is h .
in t l O h ; e k r a n g a '1 ' s i m v o l n i c h i q a r i s h ( A S C I I k o d 3 1 h ) .
D A T A
p r i v e t D B ' X a y r l i t o n g ! ','$ ';
C O D E
l e a d x , p r i v e t ; D X r e g is t m in g m a x s u s f t u ik s i y a s i
m o v a h , 9 ; 9 - d is p le y g a c h iq a r is h
i n t 2 1 h ; s a lo m la s h i s h c h iq a r ila d i ....
3. T A R M O Q PR O SE SSO R L A R I
K o m p y u te r t a r m o q la r id a m a ’ lu m o t la r p a k e t l a r in i q a y t a i s h l a s h
u c h u n m o lja lla n g a n a p p a r a t - d a s t u r iy t i z i m l a m i n g k e n g s p e k t r i d a n
f o y d a la n ila d i. U la r g a k o m m u t a t o r la r , m a r s h r u t iz a t o r la r , ta rm o q
a d r e s la r in i t r a n s l y a t s i y a q ilis h p r o t s e s s o r la r i, b o s t i r ib k ir is h la m i
a n iq la s h t i z i m l a r i , b r a n d m a u e r la r , A D S L - m o d e m l a r k ir a d i. T a r m o q
t i z i m l a r i b o z o r g a t e z r o q c h i q i s h m a q s a d id a n a r x i, f i z i k 0 ‘ l c h . a m l a r i
v a t a y y o r la s h v a q t in i c h e k l a s h s h a r o it l a r i d a y u q o r i u n u m d o r l i k va
k e n g f u n k s io n a l i m k o n i y a t l a r m e z o n la r i b o ‘ y i c h a l o y i h a l a s h t i r i l a d i .
I s h la b c h i q i l a d i g a n t i z i m l a r m a s s h t a b la n a d ig a n , y e t a r l i c h a u n i
v e r s a l b o ‘ lg a n va m o s la s h u v c h a n b o M is h i k e r a k . L o y ih a la s h t ir is h
d a v o m id a b o z o r t e n d e n s i y a l a r i d a g i , q o ' l l a n i l a d i g a n t e x n o l o g i y a l a r -
d a g i v a c h iq e ir il a y o í g a n t i z i m g a q o ‘ y il a d i g a n t e x n i k t a l a b l a r d a g i t e z
y u z b e r a d ig a n o ‘ z g a r i s h l a m i h is o b g a o l i s h k e r a k .
Bundan 4 0 - y il avval k o m p y u te r t a r m o q la r i paydo b o ‘ lg a n
v a q t d a n b e ri u la r r i v o j l a n i s h n i n g b i r n e c h a b o s q ic h l a r i d a n o ‘ t d il a r .
B ir in c h i a v lo d h is o b la n a d ig a n a s o s iy ta rm o q q u r ilm a la r i (1 9 7 5 -
y ild a n 1 9 8 0 - y ill a r g a c h a ) u n iv e r s a l k o m p y u t e r la r b o ‘ lg a n e d i.
M a r s h r u t iz a t o r Í P - p r o t o k o l n i a m a lg a o s h ir u v c h i d a s t u r g a e g a b o M g a n
m in i k o m p y u te r boM gan e d i. I k k in c h i a v lo d d a ( 1 9 9 0 -9 5 - y illa r )
p a k e t la m i t a s n i f la s h v a b a ’ z i b o s h q a f u n k s i y a l a r u c h u n i x t i s o s l a s h -
t ir ilg a n p r o t s e s s o r la r p a y d o b o ‘ ld i, y u q o r i t e z l i k d a g i k o m m u t a t o r l a r
q o i l a n i l a b o s h la d i. T a r m o q d a q a y t a is h la s h f u n k s i y a l a r i n i n g k o ‘pi
u n iv e r s a l p r o t s e s s o r la r d a b a j a r ila r e d i. T a rm o q q u r ilm a la r in in g
u c h i n c h i a v lo d i ( 2 0 0 0 - y i l d a n b o s h la b ) u n iv e r s a l p r o t s e s s o r g a , h a r b i r
t a r m o q in t e r f e y s i uchun a j r a t ilg a n p r o t s e s s o r la r g a e g a m u a m m o l i
y o ‘ n a l t ir il g a n J K I S ( j u d a k a t t a in t e g r a l s x e m a ) d a a m a lg a o s h i r i l a d i -
g a n t o i i q t a q s i m l a n g a n a r x it e k t u r a g a e g a . B u a v lo d m a ’ lu m o t la m i
a n c h a t e z q a y t a is h la s h b i l a n f a r q la n a d i.
U c h in c h i a v lo d d a t o ‘ liq t a q s im la n g a n a r x it e k t u r a g a o ‘ t ilis h i
ta rm o q t iz im la r in i is h la b c h iq is h va u la m in g x u s u s iy a t la r in i
99
o ‘ r g a n i s h i s h i n i m u r a k k a b la s h t ir d i. M u l t i p r o t s e s s o r l i m a r s h r u t iz a t o r -
l a r d a h a r b i r t a r m o q in t e r f e y s i d a g i h a r b i r p r o t s e s s o r u c h u n a lo h id a
m a r s h r u t j a d v a l l a r i n i t a ’ m in la s h z a r u r a t i y a n g il a n is h d a j a d v a l l a m i n g
r e p lik a t s iy a la r in i s in x r o n l a s h uchun q o ‘ s h im c h a m u a m m o la m i
y u z a g a k e lt ir a d i. B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, m a r s h r u t iz a t o r m a r s h r u t j a d v a l l a
r i n i y a n g i l a s h n i m a ’ lu m o t l a r p a k e t la r in i q a y t a is h la s h b i l a n b ir g a o l i b
b o r is h i k e ra k .
U c h i n c h i a v l o d a r x i t e k t u r a l a r i d a y a n g i m u a m m o la r y u z a g a k e ld i:
m u a m m o l i - y o ‘ n a l t ir il g a n JK IS a s o s id a y a r a t ilg a n q u r ilm a la m in g
b a la n d n a r x i, y a n g i m a h s u lo t la m i b o z o r g a c h iq a r is h n i n g u z o q v a q t
o lis h i (1 8 -2 4 o y ) , p a k e t l i p r o t s e s s o r la m i t e s t la s h v a v e r if ik a t s iy a
q ilis h m u r a k k a b l i g i , q o ‘ l l a n ila d ig a n J K I S n i n g y e t a r lic h a b o ‘ lm a g a n
m o s la s h u v c h a n lig i.
J K I S n i n g m o s la s h m a g a n lig i lo y i h a g a q o ‘ y i l a d i g a n t a la b la r d a g i
eng lc a m o ‘ z g a r is h la r h o la t i d a ham m ik r o s x e m a n in g k a t t a g in a
q a y ta d a n lo y ih a la s h t ir ilis h i uchun q o ‘ s h im c h a r a v is h d a k o ‘ p v a q t
k e t is h ig a o lib k e la d i. Bundan t a s h q a r i, y a n g i ta rm o q t iz im la r id a
f o y d a la n is h uchun JK IS n i m o d if ik a t s iy a q ilis h v a s o z la s h is h la b
c h i q i s h n a r x i v a v a q t in i k o ‘ p a y t ir a d i.
1 9 9 0 - y illa m in g o x ir id a k o m p y a te r t a r m o q la r in in g ja d a l
r i v o j l a n i s h i t a r m o q t iz im l a r i d a g i t e z o ‘ z g a r is h la r g a v a u l a m i y a r a t is h
u c h u n y a n g i y o n d a s h u v n in g q o ‘ lla n is h ig a : t a r m o q p a k e t la r in i q a y t a
is h l a s h v a z i f a l a r i g a q a r a t ilg a n d a s t u r la s h t ir ila d ig a n p r o t s e s s o r la m i
is h l a b c h i q i s h g a o l i b k e l d i [1 8 ].
A r x i t e k t u r a g ‘ o y a s i b i r i n c h i a v lo d t a r m o q t i z i m l a r i n i n g u c h in c h i
a v l o d t i z i m l a r i n i n g y u q o r i t e z l i g i b ila n d a s t u r la s h k o m b in a t s iy a s id a n
ib o r a t . K o ‘ r s a t ilg a n a r x it e k t u r a g a e g a q u n lm a la r tarmoq protses-
sorlaii d e b a t a la d i T a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i y e t a r lic h a u n u m d o r l ik k a
ega b o ‘ lis h ia r i u ch u n ta rm o q p a k e t la r in i q a y t a is h la s h v a z if a la r i
b a t a f s i l t a h l i l q ilin g a n b o ‘ l i s h i , u la m in g f u n k s io n a l d e k o m p o z it s iy a s i
b a ja r ilg a n , u la m in g v a q t li va s ig ïm m u r a k k a b lig i b a h o la n g a n
b o ‘ li s h i k e ra k .
En g k o ‘ p v a q t s ig i m i g a e g a v a z if a la r u c h u n t a r m o q p r o t s e s
s o r l a r i s t r u k t u r a s i g a m u a m m o li o r ie n t ir la n g a n a p p a r a t y e c h im la r in i
k ir it is h k e r a k . T a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i d a n f o y d a la n is h m u lt ip r o t s e s s o r
q u r ilm a la r i o r q a li q a y ta is h la n a d ig a n k o ‘p ta rm o q in t e r f e y s la r i,
p a k e t l a r o q i m la r id a n ib o r a t t iz im l a r d a iq t i s o d iy j ih a t d a n f o y d a lid ir .
100
Y u q o r i u n u m d o r lik k a e r is h is h u c h u n z a m o n a v iy t a r m o q p r o t -
s e s s o r la r id a q u y i d a g i t a y a n c h a r x it e k t u r a y e c h i m l a r i d a n f o y d a l a n i -
la d i: y u q o ri t a k t li c h a s to ta g a e g a b ir o q im li p ro tse sso r, p a k e t la r
o q i m la r in i p a r a l le lla s h , p a k e t l a m i k o n v e y e r l i q a y t a is h la s h .
H o z ir g i v a q td a b ir in c h i a r x it e k t u r a u n u m d o r lig in in g o 's is h
im k o n iy a t la r i d e y a r l i t u g a g a n .
P a r a ll e l a r x it e k t u r a n i n g x u s u s iy a t i b o ‘ lib , p a k e t la m in g k ir is h
n a v b a t in i s a m a r a li b o s h q a r is h a p p a ra t m e x a n iz m in i t a n la s h va
a m a lg a o s h ir is h z a r u r a t i h i s o b l a n a d i .
Konveyer a r x it e k t u r a s id a p a k e t la r o q im i f u n k s io n a l b lo k la r
l i n i y a s i b o ‘ y i d i a s i l j i y d i , u l a m i n g h a r b i r i p a k e t g a t a la b q i l i n a d i g a n
q a y t a is h la s h n in g o ' z q i s m i n i b a j a r a d i.
Z a m o n a v iy ta rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r id a k o m b in a t s iy a la n g a n kon-
v e y e r - p a r a lle l y o k i p a r a l l e l - k o n v e y e r a r x i t e k t u r a l a r q o ‘ l l a n i l a d i .
T a rm o q p ro ts e ss o ri ic h id a ik k it a a s o s iy m a ’ lu m o t la r o q im i
m a v ju d :
• y u q o r i t e z l i k d a o d d i y q a y t a is h la s h n i t a la b q ila d ig a n p a k e t l a r ;
• k a m ro q t e z lik d a m u ra k k a b q a yta is h l a s h n i t a la b q ila d ig a n
p a k e t la r .
P ro ts e s s o r ic h id a h a r b i r o q im u c h u n m a x s u s a p p a ra t v o s it a la r
a j r a t il is h i m u m k i n .
T a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r id a n f o y d a la n is h m u m k in b o ig a n o ‘za ro
b o g ‘ la n is h la m in g u c h t a d a r a j a s i m a v j u d :
• y u q o r i t e z l i k d a k a t t a h a j m d a g i m a ’ l u m o t l a m i u z a t is h uchun
t a y a n c h d a ra j a. B u y e r d a m a r s h r u t la s h , k o m m u t a t s iy a l a s h , f o y d a l a n a
o l i s h n i n a z o r a t q i l i s h f u n k s i y a l a r i a m a lg a o s h i r i l a d i .
• c h e g a r a v iy t a r m o q l a r a r o d a r a ja . C h e g a r a la r d a t a y a n c h d a r a j a g a
k ir is h v a u n d a n c h i q i s h y u z b e r a d i. C h e g a r a v i y d a r a j a f u n k s i y a l a r i
y u q o r i m u r a k k a b l ik b ila n f a r q la n a d i, o ‘ rta c h a v a y u q o ri t e z lik d a
b a j a r ila d i, o ‘z ic h ig a m a r s h r u t la s h , k o m m u t a t s iy a l a s h , o q im n i
b o s h q a r is h , f o y d a la n a o l i s h n i n a z o r a t q i l i s h , x i z m a t k o ‘ r s a t is h s i f a t i n i
b o s h q a r is h n i o l a d i .
• t a r m o q g a k i r i s h d a ra j a s i . B u d a r a j a a x b o r o t n i t a r m o q g a y e t k a -
z is h n in g b a r c h a n u q t a la r in i o l a d i . F o y d a l a n u v c h i l a r l o k a l t a r m o q l a r ,
keng p o lo s a li t a r m o q la r ( m a 'lu m o t la r , v id e o , to v u s h ), t e le f o n
k a n a lla r i o r q a li I n t e m e t d a n f o y d a l a n a o l a d i l a r . B u d a r a j a d a n is b a t a n
s e k in is h la y d ig a n p r o t o k o l l a r v a t e x n o l o g i y a l a r m a v j u d .
101
P r o t o k o l l a r v a c h iq a r ila d ig a n t a r m o q t i z i m l a r i n i n g t a h l i l i s h u n i
k o ‘ r s a t m o q d a k i, t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r in in g a s o s iy f u n k s iy a l a r i q u y i -
d a g i l a r h is o b la n a d i:
• p a k e t la r s a r la v h a la r in i t a h l i l q i l i s h , s a r la v h a la r m a y d o n l a r i n i
s h a b l o n l a r b i l a n q iy o s la s h , iz la s h v a j a d v a l la r d a n t a n la b o lis h ;
• k i r u v c h i p a k e t l a m i c h iq is h p o r t la r ig a y o ‘ n a lt ir is h ;
• ta rm o q q a k ir i s h n i n a zo ra t q ilis h va p a k e t la r n a v b a t la r in i
b o s h q a r is h ;
• p a k e t la m in g c h iq is h o q i m in i c h e k la s h va c h iq is h t r a f ïg in i
b o s h q a r is h ;
• u z a t i l a d i g a n p a k e t la m i m o d i f i k a t s i y a q ilis h .
T a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r ig a q o ‘ y ila d ig a n a s o s iy t a la b la r :
• t a r m o q b o ‘ y i c h a m a ’ lu m o t la r u z a t is h t e z lig i g a y a q i n b o ‘ lg a n
m a ’ l u m o t l a m i q a y t a is h la s h n in g y u q o r i t e z lig i t a ’ m in la s h ;
• m o s l a s h u v c h a n l i g i v a d a s t u r la s h t ir ilis h i;
• b o z o r g a c h iq a r is h u c h u n t e z is h la b c h iq is h s i k li;
• f o y d a l a n u v c h i l a r g a x i z m a t k o ‘ r s a t is h q u la y lig i.
T a rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r in in g n a z a r iy a s i va a m a lg a o s h ir ilis h i
s o h a s i d a g i e n g m u h im t e n d e n s iy a la r q u y i d a g il a r h is o b la n a d i:
• F P G A ( F i e l d P r o g r a m m a b le G â t e A r r a y ) g a r e k o n f îg u r a t s iy a
q i l i n a d i g a n a r x it e k t u r a g a e g a t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r in i y a r a t is h ;
• k o ‘ p la b ta rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r ig a ega a r x it e k t u r a la r uchun
p a r a m e t r la n a d ig a n a p p a r a t p la t f o r m a la r in i y a r a t is h ;
• p a k e t l a r o q i m la r in i f ilt r la s h y o i i b ila n a jr a t is h v a a j r a t ilg a n
o q i m l a m i q a y t a is h la s h y o ‘ ll a r i n i o p t im a lla s h t ir is h ;
• ta rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i uchun o p e r a t s io n t iz im l a r n i is h la b
c h iq is h ;
• p a k e t ia r m q a y ta is h la s h n i t e z ia s h r ir is h uchun a s in x r o n
a r x i t e k t u r a l a m i q o 'lla s h .
T a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r in i lo y i h a la s h t ir is h d a g i a s o s iy m u a m m o la r :
• b e r ilg a n t a r m o q p r o t o k o lla r i u c h u n p a k e t l a m i q a y t a is h la s h n in g
e n g m u h i m v a z i f a l a r i n i a n iq la s h ;
• p r o t s e s s o r la i a r x it e k t u r a la r m i o p t im a lla s h t ir is h m e z o n la r in i
a n i q la s h ;
• t e z is h la s h n in g o s h i n l i s h i m t a ’ m i n l o v c h i f u n k s io n a l b lo k l a r -
n i n g t a r k i b i , s t r u k t u r a s i v a o ‘ z a r o is h la s h u s u l la r in i a n iq la s h ;
• k ir i t i s h - c h i q a r i s h s a m a r a li in t e r f e y s la r in i t a n la s h ;
102
• d a s t u r la r x o t i r a s i v a m a ’ l u m o t l a r x o t ir a s in in g o p t im a l t e x n o l o -
g iy a la r i v a h a j m l a r i n i a n iq la s h ;
• ta r m o q p r o t o k o l l a r i f u n k s i y a l a r i n i a m a lg a o s h i r i s h u s u lla r in i
t a n la s h ( a p p a r a t a m a l g a o s h i r i l i s h i , d a s t u r iy a m a lg a o s h ir i s h , r a u a m -
m o l i o r ie n t ir la n g a n in t e r f e y s li J K I S n i y o k i s o p r o t s e s s o r l a m i q o ‘ I-
la s h ) ;
• d a s t u r la s h n i a v t o m a t l a s h t i r i l g a n in s t r u m e n t a l v o s i t a l a r i n i i s h l a b
c h iq is h ( d a s t u r la s h t illa r i, k o m p ily a t o r la r , a s s e m b le r la r , a lo q a la r
r e d a k t o r la r i, y u k l o v c h i l a r , f u n k s i y a l a r k u t u b x o n a la x i) .
Q u r i l m a l a m i n g m u s t a q i l s i n f i s if a t id a t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i (T P )
19 9 0 - y i l l a m i n g o x i r l a r i d a p a y d o b o i d i . U l a m i n g y a r a t i l i s h i g a k o m -
p y u t e r t a r m o q la r id a m a ’ l u m o t l a r o q i m l a r i h a j m l a r i n i n g k o ' p a y i s h i v a
s h u b ila n b o g ‘ l i q t a r m o q q u r i l m a l a m i n g o ' t k a z u v c h a n l i k q o b i l i y a t i g a
q o ' y ila d ig a n t a la b la m in g o s h is h i sabab b o 'ld i. 0 ‘ tg a n o ‘ n - y il
d a v o m id a T P , a s o s a n , u n u m d o r l i k n i n g o s h is h i v a f u n k s i o n a l l i k n i n g
k e n g a y is h i y o ' n a l i s h i d a r i v o j l a n d i .
T a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r ig a q o ' y i l a d i g a n a s o s iy t a la b , m a r s h r u t i z a -
t o m i u la n g a n k a n a l t e z l i g i d a p a k e t l a r o q i m i n i q a y t a is h la s h q o b i l i y a t i
h is o b la n a d i. S h u n i q a y d e t ib o ' t i s h k e r a k k i , m a r s h r u t iz a t o r la r m a ’ l u -
m o t la r u z a t is h t e z l i g i s e k u n d i g a y u z l a b g ig a b it d a n o s h ib k e t a d i g a n
m a g is t r a l t a r m o q l a r d a , ham da o d d iy f o y d a la n u v c h ila m in g o ‘ n la b
M b / s dan b ir n e c h a G b / s g a c h a b o ig a n k ir is h t a r m o q la r id a q o i-
la n is h i m u m k in . Bunda t u r li t a r m o q l a r n in g t u r li tu rd a g i ta rm o q
p r o t s e s s o r la r id a n f o y d a l a n i l a d i .
T a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r l a r i n i n g u m u m i y v a z if a d a g i p r o t s e s s o r l a r d a n
a s o s iy f a r q l a r i s i f a t i d a q u y i d a g i l a m i k o ‘ r s a t ib o ' t i s h k e r a k :
- k o ‘ p c h ilik t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r in in g y o 'r iq n o m a la r i t o 'p l a m i
R I S C - a r x i t e k t u r a g a a s o s la n g a n ;
- ta rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r in in g a r x it e k t u r a la r i b it li o p e r a t s iy a la r ,
n a zo ra t s u m m a la r i va iz la s h o p e r a t s iy a la r i uchun q o ‘ s h im c h a
y o ‘ r iq n o m a la r g a e g a .
T a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i p a k e t l a m i q a y t a is h la s h v a z i f a l a r i n i a m a l
ga o s h ir u v c h i q o ‘ s h im c h a f u n k s io n a l b lo k l a r d a n ib o r a t b o M is h i
m u m k in .
103
3.2. Tarm oq protsessorlariniag um um iy strukturasi va
vazifalari
T a r m o q q a t u r li x i l q u r i l m a l a r u la n a d i. F o y d a la n u v c h ila r u c h u n
b u , a v v a la m b o r , s h a x s iy k o m p y u t e r la r ( s t o l u s t i va n o u t b u k la r ) , le k in ,
s h u b i l a n b ir g a , o ‘ y i n k o n s o ll a r i, s h a x s iy e le k t r o n k o t i b la r ( c h o ‘ n t a k
k o m p y u t e r i a n ) , u y a li t e le f o n la r s o n i h a m o ‘ s ib b o r m o q d a . K o m p a -
n i y a l a r u c h u n y a k u n i y t i z i m l a r r o l i n i s e r v e r la r v a s h a x s iy k o m p y u
t e r la r o ' y n a y d i . B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, t a r m o q la r d a s o n - s a n o q s iz t u r f a x i l
o r a liq q u r ilm a la r is h l a y d i , u la m in g s ir a s ig a m a r s h r u t iz a t o r la r ,
k o m m u t a t o r l a r , b r a n d m a u e r la r , p r o k s i- s e r v e r l a r , y u k la m a n i m u v o z a -
n a t la s h t i z i m l a r i k ir a d i. S h u n i s i q i z i q a r l i k i , b u o r a l i q t iz im l a r g a e n g
jid d iy t a la b la r q o 'y ila d i - aynan u la r b ir sekundda m a k s im a l
m iq d o r d a g i p a k e t la m i y u b o r is h n i t a ’ m in la s h i lo z i m . Bundan
t a s h q a r i , s e r v e r la r g a h a m j i d d i y t a la b la r q o ‘ y i l a d i .
T a r m o q v a p a k e t n in g o ‘ z ig a q a r a b , t a r m o q q a k e lib t u s h a y o t g a n
p a k e t c h i q u v c h i l i n i y a o r q a li j o 'n a t i l i s h i d a n y o k i a m a liy d a s tu r o r q a li
t a q d i m e t i l i s h i d a n o l d i n u y o k i b u is h l o v b e r is h n i t a la b e t is h i m u m k in .
I s h l o v b e r i s h q u y i d a g i l a m i o ‘ z i c h i g a o l is h i m u m k in : p a k e t n i q a e r g a
y u b o r is h , p a k e tn i q is m la r g a b o ‘ lis h y o k i u n i q is m la r d a n y i g ‘ is h ,
x iz m a t k o ‘ r s a t is h s if a t in i b o s h q a r is h ( a y n iq s a a u d io - va v id e o -
o q i m l a r g a n is b a t a n ) , m a ’ l u m o t l a m i h im o y a la s h ( k o d la s h v a d e k o d -
l a s h ) , k o m p r e s s i y a v a d e k o m p r e s s iy a v a s h k.
L o k a l t a r m o q d a m a ’ lu m o t la r j o ‘ n a t is h t e z lig i 4 0 G b it / s . g a , p a k e t
h a j m i e s a — 1 K b a y t g a y a q in la s h s a , t a r m o q k o m p y u t e r i s e k u n d ig a
q a r iy b 5 m ln .t a p a k e tn i q a v ta is h la s lii k e r a k b o ‘ la d i. 6 4 b a y t li
p a k e t l a r u c h u n b u m iq d o r t a x m in a n s e k u n d ig a 8 0 m ln p a k e tg a c h a
o ‘ s a d i. B a r c h a z i k r e t ib o ' t i l g a n f u k n s iv a l a m i n g b e r ilg a n v a q t ic h id a
o ‘ rta c h a 1 2 -2 0 0 ta b a j a r ilis h i, b u n in g u s t ig a m a j b u r iy r a v is h d a
p a k e t l a r d a n n u s x a o l in is h i, d a s t u r iy j ih a t d a n u m u m a n a m a lg a o s h ir ib
b o ‘ lm a y d i. A p p a r a t l i q o i l a b - q u v v a t l a s h b u y e r d a j u d a z a r u r d ir
P a k e t l a r g a t e z k o r is h lo v b e r is h n i a p p a r a t li h a l e tis h v o M la n d a n
b i r i i x t i s o s l a s h t i n l g a n in t e g r a l s x e m a la r ( A p p l i c a t i o n - S p e c i f i c I n te g
r a t e d C i c u i t , A S I C ) d ir. B u n d a y m ik r o s x e m a o l d i n d a n k o ' z d a t u t i l g a n
b a r c h a a m a l l a m i b a ja r a o l u v c h i a p p a r a t t o m o n id a n a m a lg a o s h ir ilg a n
d a s t u r g a o ‘ x s h a y d i. K o ‘ p g in a z a m o n a v iy m a r s h r u z it o r la m in g a s o s i
A S I C s x e m a l a r i s a n a la d i. S h u b ila n b ir g a . i x t is o s l a s h t ir i lg a n in t e g r a l
104
s x e m a la r b ila n ham b ir qancha m u a m m o la r b o g ‘ liq . A w a la m b o r ,
u l a m i l o y i h a la s h t ir is h u z o q v a q t n i o l a d i , is h la b c h iq a r is h h a m u n d a n
t e z b o ‘ lm a y d i. B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, bu - q a t ’ i y d a s t u r la n g a n q u r ilm a ,
y a ’n i y a n g i f u n k t s io n a llik k ir it is h u c h u n y a n g i m i k r o s x e m a n i is h la b
c h iq is h va y a r a t is h t a la b e t ila d i. Eng y o m o n i, x a t o lá r h a q iq iy
d a h s h a t n i n g o ‘ z g in a s i. C h u n k i u l a m i t u z a t i s h n i n g y a g o n a y o ‘ l i y a n g i
( t u z a t ilg a n ) m i k r o s x e m a n i is h la b c h iq is h , t a y y o r la s h va o ‘ m a t is h
h is o b la n a d i. V a n i h o y a t , b u y o n d a s h u v o ‘ t a s e r x a r a j a t s a n a la d i.
I k k in c h i yondashuv d a s t u r la n u v c h i v e n t il m a t r it s a la m i is h la -
t is h g a a s o s la n g a n ( F i e l d P r o g r a m m a b l e G a t e A r r a y , F P G A ) . B u n d a y
m a t r it s a o ‘z id a q a y ta k o m m u t a t s iy a y o ‘ li b ila n t a la b e t ila y o t g a n
s x e m a q u r ila d ig a n v e n t i l l a r t o ‘ p l a m i n i a k s e t t ir a d i. D a s t u r l a n u v c h i
v e n t i l m a t r it s a la m in g b o zo rg a c h iq is h m u d d a t i, i x t i s o s l a s h t i r i l g a n
in t e g r a l s x e m a l a m i k i g a q a ra g a n d a , a n c h a q is q a , b u n d a n t a s h q a r i,
u la m in g « d a la s h a r o i t l a r i » d a m a x s u s d a s t u r la g ic h y o r d a m i d a q a y t a
d a s t u r l a s h m u m k i n . A m m o , s h u b i l a n b ir g a , u la r A S I C g a q a r a g a n d a
a n c h a y in m u r a k k a b , q i m m a t v a s e k i n r o q , s h u s a b a b li d a s t u r l a n u v c h i
v e n t illi m a t r it s a la r b ir n e ch ta to r ix t is o s li s o h a la m i h is o b g a
o lm a g a n d a , u n c h a l i k k e n g o m m a la s h m a g a n
V a n ih o y a t , ta rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i - k ir u v c h i va c h iq u v c h i
p a k e t la m i u l a m i n g u z a t i l i s h t e z l i g i d a , y a ’ n i r e a l v a q t d a q a y t a i s h l a y
o la d ig a n q u r ilm a la r g a o ‘ t a m iz . O d a td a u la r ta rm o q p ro tse sso ri
k r is t a lid a n t a s h q a r id a , x o t i r a v a y o r d a m c h i m a n t iq n i o ‘ z i c h i g a o i g a n ,
o l i b - q o ‘ y i l a d i g a n p l a t a k o ‘ r i n i s h i d a c h i q a r i l a d i [ 2 0 - 2 1 ] . P la t a g a b i r
yoki b ir n e c h ta ta rm o q lin iy a la r i u la n a d i. L in iy a d a n p ro tse sso r
p a k e t la m i qabul q ila d i, u la m i q a y ta is h la v d i , k e y in , agar bu
m a r s h r u t iz a t o r b o ‘ ls a — b o s h q a l i n i y a o r q a l i j o ‘ n a t a d i, y a k u n i y q u r i l
m a ( m a s a la n , s h a x s iy k o m p y u t e r ) b o ‘ l s a - a s o s iy t i z i m s h in a s i ( y a ’ n i
P C I s h in a s i ) g a y u b o r a d i . O d a t i y t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r i v a u n i n g p la t a s i
3 . 1 - c h iz m a d a k o ‘ r s a t ilg a n .
O d a td a p la t a d a s t a t i k ( S R A M ) b i l a n b i r q a t o r d a d i n a m i k t e z k o r
x o t ir a ( S D R A M ) h a m m a v j u d b o i a d i - b u x o t ir a t u r la r i t u r l i m a q -
s a d la r d a q o ‘ l l a n i l a d i . S R A M x o t ir a s i S D R A M ga q a ra g a n d a te z r o q
i s h la y d i , le k in q i m m a t b o M g a n i t u f a y l i b u t u r d a g i x o t i r a o d a t d a k a m
u c h r a y d i. U m a r s h r u t i z a t s i y a j a d v a l l a r i n i v a b o s h q a a s o s iy m a ’ l u -
m o t la r t u z ilm a la r in i s a q la s h uchun is h la t il a d i . SD RAM da esa,
b e v o s it a q a y t a i s h l a n a d i g a n p a k e t l a r y o z i l a d i . U s h b u i k k a l a t u r d a g i
105
x o t ir a ta rm o q p ro tse sso ri k r is t a lli d a n ta s h q a n d a jo y la s h g a n lig i
t u f a y li, x o t ir a h a jm i m a s a la s ig a keng y o n d a s h is h m u m k in .
C h u n o r i c h i , y a g o n a t a r m o q l i n i y a s i g a e g a o d d i y t iz im l a r d a ( b u n d a y
p l a t a l a r , m i s o l u c h u n , s h a x s iy k o m p y u t e r y o k i s e r v e r la r g a q o ‘ y i l i s h i
m u m k i n ) x o t i r a k o ‘ p b o ‘ lm a s lig i m u m k i n , a m m o m a r s h r u t iz a t o r g a
e s a , a n c h a k o ‘ p r o q x o t ir a t a la b e t ila d i.
SRAM SDRAM
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T a rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i k a t t a h a j m d a g i k i r u v c h i va c h iq u v c h i
p a k e t l a m i t e z q a y t a is h la s h u c h u n o p t im a lla s h t ir ilg a n . B u e s a , t a r m o q
l i n i y a l a r i n i n g h a r b ir i o r q a li s e k u n d ig a m i l l i o n l a b p a k e t la r o ‘ t is h in i,
m a r s h r u t iz a t o r e s a , o ‘ n la b bunday lin iy a la m i q o 'lla b - q u w a t la s h i
lo z im lig in i a n g la t a d i. B u n d a y jid d iy k o ‘ r s a t k ic h la m i fa q a t ic h k i
p a r a l l e l i z m i y u q o n d a r a ja d a b o i g a n p r o t s e s s o r la r d a e r is h is h m u m
k in . B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, p r o t s e s s o r t a r k ib id a a lb a t t a b ir n e c h t a R R E -
k o t r o lle r la r ( P r o t o c o l/ P r o g r a m m a b le / P a c k e t P r o c e s s in g E n g in e -
p a k e t l a r v a p r o t o k o l l a m i q a y t a is h la s h n in g d a s t u r la n a d ig a n t i z i m i )
m a v ju d b o M a d i, u la m in g h a r b i r i R I S S - y a d r o v a d a s t u r h a m d a b ir
qancha o ‘ z g a r u v c h i l a m i s a q la s h uchun u n c h a lik k a tta b o M m a g a n
i c h k i x o t ir a d a n : ib o r a t b o ‘ la d i.
R R E - k o n t r o l l e r l a r n i t a s h k il e t is h n in g ik k i t a y o n d a s h u v i b o r . E n g
s o d d a h o la t d a b a r c h a R R E - k o n t r o lle r la r b ir x il is h la n a d i. T a r m o q
p r o t s e s s o r i g a y a n g i p a k e t k e lg a n id a , u u s h b u p a y t d a b o ‘ sh tu r g a n
R R E - k o n t r o lle r g a is h lo v b e r is h u c h iu i b e r ila d i. A g a r b o ‘ sh R R E -
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k o n t r o lle r la r b o M m a s a , p a k e t p la t a d a g i S D R A M x o t ir a s ig a n a v b a t g a
q o ^ y ila d i v a R R E - k o n t r o l l y e r d a n b i r i n i n g b o ‘ s h a s h in i k u t a d i B u n d a y
t a s h k il e t is h d a 3 . 1 - c h iz m a d a k o ‘ r s a t ilg a n g o r i z o n t a l a lo q a la r b o ‘ 1-
m a y d i, c h u n k i t u r l i R R E - k o n t r o l l e r l a m i n g o ‘ za ro a lo q a d a b o i i s h i
s h a r t e ra a s.
R R E - k o n t r o lI e r la m i t a s h k il e t is h d a g i boshqa yondashuv -
k o n v e y e r b o M ib , u n d a h a r b i r R R E - k o n t r o l l e r q a y t a is h l a s h n i n g b i r
b o s q ic h i n i b a j a r a d i , k e y i n o l i n g a n p a k e t g a k o ‘ r s a t k ic h n i k o n v e y e r -
d a g i k e y in g i R R E - k o n t r o l l e r g a u z a t a d i. B u n d a y k o n v e y e r k o n v e y e r -
la r g a o ‘ x s h a s h M P l a r d a is h la y d i , u l a r I I b o b d a k o ‘ r ilg a n e d i. I k k a l a
t a lq in d a g i t a s h k il e t is h d a R R E - k o n t r o l l e r l a r t o i i q d a s t u r l a n u v c h i d ir .
Yanada t a k o m il la s h g a n ta rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r id a R R E - k o n t r o l
le r l a r k o ‘ p o q i m l i k n i q o i l a b - q u w a t l a y d i . Y a ’ n i u l a m i n g h a r b i r i b i r
n e c h t a r e g is t r l a r t o ‘ p l a m i g a v a q a y s i t o ‘ p la m is h la t ila y o t g a n lig in i
k o ‘ r s a t u v c h i a p p a r a t li r e g is t r g a e g a . B u e s a , b i r v a q t n in g o ‘ z i d a b i r
n e c h t a d a s t u r la m i ( y a ’ n i d a s t u r l a r o q i m i n i ) b a j a r is h v a shunchaki
« r e g is t r la m in g j o r i y is h c h i t o ‘ p la m i» o ‘ z g a r u v c h is in i o ‘ z g a r t i r i s h
o r q a li u la m in g b i r i d a n i k k i n c h i s i g a o ' t i s h i m k o n i n i b e r a d i. D a s t u r iy
o q im la r d a n b i r i k u t i b q o la d ig a r» b o i s a ( m a s a la n , b i r n e c h a s i k l l a m i
t a la b e tu v c h i S D R A M ga m u r o ja a t a m a lg a o s h ir i lg a n d a ) , RRE-
k o n t r o l le r b i r la h z a d a i s h n i d a v o m e t t ir a o l a d i g a n o q i m g a o ‘ t a o la d i.
B u h o i, SD RAM b i l a n m a ’ l u m o t l a r a lm a s h is h y o k i b o s h q a s e k in
i s h l o v c h i t a s h q i a m a l l a m i n g t u g a s h in i t e z - t e z k u t is h g a t o ‘ g ‘ r i k e l i -
s h ig a q a r a m a y , R R E - k o n t r o l l e r l a m i n g y u q o r i d a r a ja d a y u k l a n g a n -
l i g i g a e r is h is h n i t a ’ m i n la y d i.
R R E - k o n t r o lle r la r d a n t a s h q a r i, b a r c h a t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r id a
b e v o s it a p a k e t l a m i q a y t a i s h la s h g a o i d b o i m a g a n h a r a k a t la r ( m a s a
la n , m a r s h r u t iz a t o r j a d v a l l a r i n i y a n g i l a s h ) n i b a j a r is h u c h u n b o s h q a -
r u v c h i p r o t s e s s o r n ia v j u d . O d a t d a u u m u m i y m a q s a d la r d a g i R I S C -
p ro tse sso r b o iib , undagi m a ’ lu m o t la r v a b u y r u q la r u c h u n x o t ir a
p r o t s e s s o r b i l a n b it t a k r is t a ld a j o y l a s h g a n b o i a d i . B u n d a n t a s h q a r i,
t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r id a o ‘ ta m u h i m o p e r a t s iy a la m i b a j a r is h g a m o ‘ l j a l -
la n g a n b ir n e c h t a i x t i s o s l a s h t i r i l g a n p r o t s e s s o r la r b o M is h i h a m m u m -
k in . U l a r j u d a k i c h k i n a i x t i s o s l a s h t i r i l g a n in t e g r a l s x e m a la r ( A S I C )
b o ‘ lib , m a r s h r u t iz a t s iy a j a d v a l i d a m a q s a d li m a n z il n i i z la s h k a b i b i t t a
y e n g il h a ra k a tn i a m a lg a o s h ir is h g a q o d ir b o ia d i. T a rm o q
p r o t s e s s o r in in g b a r c h a k o m p o n e n t la r i o ‘ z a r o m u lt ig i g a b a y t t e z l i k d a ,
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k r is t a ld a jo y la s h g a n b ir y o k i b ir n e c h ta p a r a lle l s h in a l a r b o ‘ y la b
t a ’ s ir l a n a d ila r .
P a k e t la r g a i s h l o v b e r is h . P r o t s e s s o r d a k o n v e y e r ii y o k i p a r a lle l
y o n d a s h u v b o i i s h i d a n q a t ’ i n a z a r , h a r b i r k e lg a n p a k e t b i r n e c h t a
q a y ta is h la s h b o s q ic h id a n o ‘ta d i [2 2 ]. Ba’zi p r o t s e s s o r la r d a bu
b o s q i c h l a r k i r i s h ( in g r e s s p r o c e s s in g ) v a c h iq is h ( e g r e s s p r o c e s s in g )
q a y ta i s h la s h g a b o 'lin a d i. B ir in c h i g u ru h g a t a s h q a r id a n (ta rm o q
lin iy a s i y o k i t iz im s h in a s i o r q a li) k e lg a n p a k e t la r b ila n o p e r a t s iy a la r
k ir a d i. I k k i n c h i s i g a e sa - p a k e t l a m i j o ‘ n a t is h d a n o l d i n q a y t a is h la s h
k ir a d i. S h u t a r iq a , h a r b i r p a k e t o l d in k i r i s h q a y t a is h la s h g a , k e y i n
c h iq is h is h lo v ig a duch k e la d i. Bu t a q s im la n is h a n c h a y in s h a r t li,
c h u n k i b a ’ z i o p e r a t s iy a la m i b u b o s q i c h l a m i n g is t a lg a n id a b a ja r s a
b o i a d i ( m a s a la n , t r a f i k t o ‘ g ‘ r i s i d a m a ’ l u m o t la r y ig ' i s h ) .
B iz bu b o s q i c h l a m i u la r a m a lg a o s h ir ilis h i m u m k in b o ig a n
t a r t ib d a k o ‘ r ib c h iq a m iz . Am m o shuni in o b a t g a o l in g k i , u la m i
b a j a r is h b a r c h a p a k e t la r u c h u n h a m s h a r t e m a s , b u n d a n t a s h q a r i,
h a r a k a t la m in g b o s h q a k e t m a - k e t lig i h a m m u m k in .
1. Nazorat summasini tekshirish. A g a r k ir u v c h i p a k e t In te rn e t
t a r m o g ‘ id a n k e la y o t g a n b o i s a , p a k e t b e x a to qabul q ilin g a n lig ig a
is h o n c h h o s i l q i l i s h u c h u n u n in g n a z o r a t s u m m a s i ( C R C - k o d ) s a n a b
c h i q i l a d i v a p a k e t d a g i q iy m a t b ila n q iy o s la n a d i.
Agar ik k a la q iy m a t te n g b o is a yoki In te m e t-p a k e td a CRC
m aydoni m a v ju d b o im a s a , IP -p a k e t n a zo ra t su m m asi h is o b la b
c h i q i l a d i v a p a k e t d a g i q iy m a t b ila n q iy o s la n a d i. B u is h j o 'n a t u v c h i
t o m o n id a n I P - p a k e t u c h u n n a z o r a t s u m m a s i h is o b la b c h iq il g a n id a n
s o ‘ n g j o ‘ n a t u v c h i x o t ir a s id a g i x a t o b it a y b i b ila n I P - p a k e t z a r a r la n -
m a g a n li g i g a a m in b o ' l i s h im k o n in i b e r a d i. A g a r b a r c h a n a z o r a t la r d a n
o ‘ t ils a . p a k e t g a is h lo v b e r is h d a v o m e t t ir ila d i. a k s h o ld a u t a s h la b
y u b o r ila d i.
2. Maydonlar qiymatlarini chiqaiib olish. T a h lil y o i i b ila n
k e r a k li s a r la v h a h o la t i a n iq la n a d i v a p a k e td a n k a l i t m a y d o n l a m i n g
u shbu s a r la v h a s ig a m os k e lu v c h i q iy m a t la r c h iq a r ib o lin a d i
E t h e m e t - k o m m u t a t o r d a f a q a t E t h e m e t - s a r la v h a la r k o ‘ r il a d i , I P - m a r -
s h r u t iz a t o r d a - I P - s a r la v h a la r . K a lit m a y d o n la r q iy m a t la r i yo
r e g is t r la r d a ( R R E - k o n t r o l l e r l a m i n g p a r a lle l t a s h k il e t ilis h id a ) , y o k i
S R A M d a ( k o n v e y e r i i t a s h k il e t is h d a ) s a q la n a d i.
108
3. Paketlar tasniflanishi. P a k e t la r d a s t u r iy q o id a la r q a to n g a
m u v o f iq t a s n if la n a d i. Eng sodda h o la t d a m a ’ lu m o t la r p a k e t la r i
b o s h q a r u v c h i p a k e t l a r d a n a y r i l a d i , le k in , o d a t d a , t a q s im la s h ancha
n o z i k b o ‘ la d i.
4. Yo'l tanlash. A k s a r iy a t ta rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i m a ’ lu m o t la r
p a k e t i n i n g b u t u n t u r f a x i l l i g i n i y e t k a z is h u c h u n o p t i m a l l a s h t i r i l g a n
m axsus te z k o r y o ‘ lg a e g a b o ‘ la d ila r . B u n d a b o s h q a p a k e t la r o ‘ z
h o li c h a , o d a t d a b o s h q a r u v c h i p r o t s e s s o r t o m o n id a n q a y t a i s h l a n a d i .
T e g i s h l ic h a , y o t e z k o r y o ‘ l, y o k i s e k in y o ' l l a r d a n b i r i t a n la n is h i k e r a k
b o M a d i.
5. Maqsadli tamioqni aniqlash. I P - p a k e t la r d a q a b u l q i l u v c h i n i n g
3 2 - r a z r y a d li m a n z i l i m a v j u d b o ‘ la d i, b ir o q q a b u l q i l u v c h i n i i z l a s h
u c h u n 2 3 2 y o z u v l i b u t u n j a d v a l n i is h la t is h i m k o n s i z ( v a n o m a q b u l )
d ir . S h u s a b a b li m a n z i l n i n g c h a p t o m o n id a o d a t d a t a r m o q m a n z i l i
m a v j u d b o la d i, o ‘ n g t a r a f í e s a , u s h b u t a r m o q d a g i a l o h i d a m a s h i n a g a
is h o r a q ila d i. T a r m o q m a n z i l i u z u n l i g i q a t ’ i y c h e g a r a la n m a g a n , s h u
s a b a b li uni a n i q la s h oson is h em as, b u n in g u s t ig a , b ir qancha
v a r ia n t la m in g b o r l i g i , u la r i c h i d a e n g u z u n i e n g t o ' g ' r i s i h i s o b l a n i s h i
b u v a z if a n i y a n a d a q i y i n l a s h t i r a d i . Bu q a d a m d a a k s a ri h o lla r d a
ix t is o s l a s h t ir i lg a n in t e g r a l s x e m a q o ' l l a n i l a d i .
6. Marshnttni izlash. M a q s a d li ta rm o q m a n z ili S R A M x o t ir a -
s id a g i j a d v a l d a n a n i q la n g a c h , c h i q u v c h i l i n i y a l a m i n g q a y s i b i r i d a n
p a k e t n i j o n a t is h k e r a k lig i m a ’ lu m b o ‘ la d i. U s h b u qadam da h a m
ix t is o s l a s h t ir i lg a n in t e g r a l s x e m a q o ' l l a n i l i s h i m u m k i n .
7. Taqsitnfosh va yig'ish. I lo v a la r k o ‘ p h o lla r d a T S R -p a k e t-
l a m in g f o y d a li y u k la m a s i ( m a ’ lu m o t la r ) n i m a k s im a l d a ra ja d a
k o 'p a y t ir a d i, bu b ila n t iz im li c h o r lo v la m in g s o n in i q is q a r t ir is h g a
h a r a k a t q ila d ila r . L e k i n T S R - d a h a m , I P d a h a m , E t h e m e t d a h a m p a k e t
m a k s im a l h a j m i g a n is b a t a n c h e k lo v m a v ju d . U shbu c h e k lo v la r
o q ib a t io 'la r o q , p a k e t la r ( t e g is h lic h a , f o y d a li y u k la m a ) n ij o ‘ n a t is h d a n
o ld in q is m la r g a t a q s im la s h va qabul q ilu v c h i t o m o n d a q a y ta d a n
y i g ‘ is h ta la b e t i l i s h i m u m k i n . B u f u n k s iy a la m i t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r ig a
y u k la s h m u m k in .
8. Hisoblash B a ’ z id a m a ’ l u m o t la r u s t id a u y o k i b u m u r a k k a b
h is o b la m i a m a l g a o s h ir i s h k e r a k b o ‘ la d i, m a s a la n , k o m p r e s s i y a v a
d e k o m p r e s s iy a , k o d la s h t ir is h va d e k o d la s h t ir is h . Bu h a r a k a t la m i
t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r ig a y u k l a s h m u m k in .
109
9. Sarlavhalami boshqarish. B a ’ z i d a s a r la v h a la m i q o ‘ s h is h y o k i
o l i b t a s h la s h g a , s h u n in g d e k , u y o k i b u m a y d o n q iy m a t la r in i o ‘ z g a r -
t i r i s h g a t o ‘ g ‘ n k e la d i. M a s a la n , I P - s a r la v h a d a p a k e t o ‘ z i n i - o ‘ z i y o ‘ q
q i l i s h i d a n o l d i n o ‘ ta o la d ig a n h o p m iq d o r i h i s o b la g ic h i m a v ju d . H a r
b i r h o p d a n o ‘ t ilg a n d a n k e y i n h is o b la g ic h q iy m a t in i 1 g a le a m a y t ir is h
k e r a k , b u f u i i k s i y a n i t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r i b e m a lo l b a ja r a o la d i.
10. Navbatlami boshqarish. K ir u v c h i v a c h iq u v c h i p a k e t la r
is h lo v b e r is h n i k u t ib te z -te z n a v b a t d a t u r is h la r ig a t o ‘ g ‘ r i k e la d i.
L e k in m u l t i m e d i a l i i l o v a l a r u c h u n j i t t e r g a y o ‘ l i q m a s l i k m a q s a d id a
p a k e t l a r o ‘ r t a s id a g i u s h l a n ib q o l i s h l a r m u a y y a n q iy m a t d a n o s h m a s -
l i g i t a la b q i l i n a d i . B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, b r a n d m a u e r y o k i m a r s h r u t iz a -
t o r d a n k i r u v c h i y u k la m a n i b i r n e c h t a c h iq u v c h i l i n i y a l a r o ‘ r t a s id a
m u a y y a n q o i d a l a r g a k o ‘ r a q a y t a t a q s i m l a s h t a l a b e t il is h i m u m k in . B u
v a z if a la m in g b a rch a si ta rm o q p ro tse sso ri t o m o n id a n hal e t il is h i
m u m k in .
11. Nazorat summalarini jamlash. C h i q u v c h i p a k e t la r d a n a z o r a t
s u m m a la r i b o iis h i k e ra k . I P - p a k e t la r n azo rat su m m asi ta rm o q
p ro tse sso ri t o m o n id a n h is o b la n is h i m u m k in , E t h e m e t - p a k e t la r
n a z o r a t s u m m a s i u m u m iy h o la t d a a p p a r a t li j a in la n a d i.
12. Hisobga olish. B a ’ z i h o lla r d a p a k e t la r o ‘ t a y o t g a n d a t r a f ik n i
h i s o b g a o l i s h z a r u r b o ‘ la d i, a y n iq s a t a r m o q la r d a n b ir i t ij o r a t x i z m a t i
s i f a t i d a t r a f x k t r a n z i t in i t a q d im e t a y o t g a n b o i s a . H i s o b g a o l is h b ila n
t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r i s h u g ‘ u l la n is h i m u m k in .
13. Statistikaniyig'ish. K o ‘ p g i n a k o m p a n i y a l a r t r a f ï k s t a t is t ik a -
s ig a ega b o iis h n i is t a y d ila r v a ta rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i bu m a iu -
m o t l a m i y i g ‘ i s h i m u m k in .
U n u m d o r lik n i o s h ir is h . U n u m d o rh k - b u ta rm o q p ro tse sso r-
la r in in g eng a s o s iy x a r a k a t e r is t ik a s id ir . U n i o s h ir t s h uchun n im a
q ilis h m u m k in ? Bu s a v o lg a j a v o b b e r is h d a n o l d in , u n i n g n im a
e k a n lig in i a n iq la b o lis h k e ra k . 0 ‘ lc h o v la r d a n b ir i b ir sekundda
jo 'n a t ila d ig a n p a k e t la r s o n i b o i s a , b o s h q a o i c h o v b ir s e k u n d d a
j o ‘ n a t ila d ig a n b a y t la r s o n id ir . Bu o ' I c h o v la r t u r l i y o n d a s h u v l a m i
t a la b q ila d i v a k ic h ik p a k e t la r b ila n y a x s h i îs h l o v c h i s x e m a k a tta
p a k e t l a m i e p la y o l m a y q o l is h i m u m k in J u m la d a n , k i c h i k p a k e t la m i
j o ‘ n a t i s h d a j a d v a l d a m a q s a d li m a n z il n i iz la s h j a r a y o n i n i j a d a lla s h -
t i r i s h o r q a l i u n u m d o r l ik n i o s h ir i s h m u m k in . L e k i n k a t ta p a k e t la m i
110
j o 'n a t i s h d a bu is h u n u m d o r lik n in g s e z ila r li o 's is h in i t a ’ m in la y
o l m a y d i.
U n u m d o r lik n i o ‘ s t ir is h n in g o d d iy y o ‘li - b u ta rm o q p ro tse s-
s o r in in g ta k t c h a s t o t a s in i o s h ir is h s a n a la d i. T o ‘ g ‘ r i, u n u m d o r l ik
c h a s to ta g a p a r a lle l r a v is h d a o ‘ s m a y d i, chunki x o t ir a g a m u r o ja a t
q ili s h g a k e tg a n vaqt va boshqa o m illa r o ‘z ta ’ s ir in i k o ‘ r s a t a d i.
B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, k a t t a c h a s t o t a k o ‘ p r o q i s s i q l i k c h iq a r is h z a r u r iy a t in i
a n g la t a d i.
O d a td a b u n in g y e c h im i R R E - k o n t r o lle r la r s o n in i o s h ir i s h
s a n a la d i - bu yondashuv p a r a lle l a r x it e k t u r a la r uchun a y n iq s a
s a m a r a lid ir . Konveyer u z u n lig in i o s h ir is h ham y o rd a m b e r is h i
m u m k in , le k in b u f a q a t p a k e t n i q a y t a is h la s h j a r a y o n i n i y e t a r l i c h a
s o d d a b o s q ic h l a r g a b o ‘ l i s l i g a e r i s h i l g a n d a r o ‘ y b e r a d i.
Y a n a b ir y o n d a s h u v a lo h id a x a r a ja t li v a te z - te z k e r a k b o ‘ li b
t u r ila d ig a n o p e r a t s i y a l a r n i b a j a r is h u c h u n m o ‘ lj a l la n g a n q o ‘ s h i m c h a
ix t is o s l a s h t ir i lg a n p r o t s e s s o r la r yo ki ix t is o s la s h t ir ilg a n in t e g r a l
s x e m a la r s o n i n i o s h ir is h d an ib o r a t , agar bunday o p e r a t s iy a la r n i
a p p a r a t li b a j a r is h s a m a r a l i r o q b o ‘ ls a . K o ‘ p la b n o m z o d la r o r a s id a n
ja d v a ld a n iz la s h , n a zo ra t s u m m a la r in i h is o b la s h va k r ip t o g r a f ik
o p e r a t s iy a la r n i q a y d e t i s h m u m k i n .
S h u n in g d e k , q o ‘ s h i m c h a s h in a la m i k ir it is h va m a v ju d la r id a g i
li n i y a l a r s o n in i o s h ir i s h h is o b ig a t iz im d a g i p a k e t la r o ‘ t is h i v a q t in i
q is q a r t ir ib , t e z lik n i o s h ir is h ham m u m k in . Va n ih o y a t , o d a td a
u n u m d o r l ik n in g o ‘ s is h ig a x o t ir a m ik r o s x e m a l a r i n i o ‘ z g a r t ir is h
(S D R A M o 'm ig a S R A J V T ) b ila n ham e r is h is h m u r n k in . L e k i n bu,
t a b i i y k i , n a r x n i n g o ‘ z g a r i s h i g a o l i b k e la d i.
IX a r x it e k t u r a s i t u r l i m a q s a d l i t a r m o q q u r i l m a l a r i n i - k o rx o n a
d a r a ja s id a g i l o k a l t a r m o q ( L A N ) u c h u n m a r s h r u t iz a t o r la r d a n t o r t i b
h u d u d iy t a q s im la n g a n t a r m o q l a r ( W A N ) v a k o ‘ p f u r i k s i y a l i m a r s h r u -
t iz a t o r la r g a c h a y a r a t i s h u c h u n y a g o n a u n iv e r s a l is h la b c h iq a r u v c h i
b a z a b o ‘ la d i [ 9 , 1 9 ] .
1 11
IX A (In te rn e t Exchange A r c h it e c t u r e ) - t e le k o m m u n ik a t s iy a
b o zo ri uchun a p p a ra t v a d a s t u r iy t a ’ m in o t y a r a t is h a r x it e k t u r a s i.
IX P 1 2 xx t u r i d a g i p r o t s e s s o r la r I n t e l k o m p a m y a s i t o m o n id a n ГХА
a s o s id a is h la b c h iq ilg a n ta rm o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i o ila s id a y e ta k c h i
h is o b la n a d i.
IX A k e n g k o i a m l i q u r ilm a la r d a b e v o s it a k a t t a o q i m l i t r a f ik n i
k o m m u t a t s iy a / m a r s h r u t iz a t s iy a q ilis h , p r o t o k o lla m i k o n v e r t a t s iy a
q ilis h , QoS n i t a ’ m i n l o v c h i t e x n o l o g iy a la m i j o r i y e t is h , t r a f ik n i
f i l t r l a s h , F i r e w a l l v a V P N n i j o r i y e t is h , y u k la m a n i b o s h q a r is h v a b i r
q a n c h a b o s h q a ( m a s a la n , I X P p r o t s e s s o r i b a z a s id a g i t i z i m l a r A T M
v a E t h e r n e t t r a f i k l a r i n i k o n v e r t a t s iy a q ili s h v a o r q a g a q a y t a r is h k a b i
m a s a la la m i re a l vaqt m a s s h t a b id a b a ja r a o l is h h o la t id a b o ia d i)
m a s a l a l a r i n i y e c h is h u c h im q o ‘ ll a n is h i m u m k in .
I n t e r n e t E x c h a n g e a r x it e k t u r a s i ( 3 . 2 - c h iz m a ) q u y id a g i k o m p o -
n e n t la m i o ‘ z ic h ig a o la d i:
- I X P s e r iy a s id a g i t a r m o q p r o t s e s s o r la r i;
• A T M , G ig a b it v a 10/1 O O M b E t h e r n e t t a r m o q la r i u c h u n I X E
s e r iy a s id a g i ilo v a la m in g k o m m u t a t s io n k o n t r o lle r la r i. Bu y u q o ri
s a m a r a li q u r ilm a la r t iz im is h la b c h iq u v c h i la r g a o ‘ z m a h s u lo t la r in i
b o zo rg a c h iq a r is h v a q t in i q is q a r t ir is h va uni yangi um um qabul
q i l i n g a n s t a n d a r t la r g a t o ‘ liq m o s k e lis h im k o n iy a t in i b e r a d i;
. A T M y a c h e y k a l a r i n i , T l / E l v a S o n e t / S D H f r e y m l a r in i , G ig a b it
i 1 0 /1 0 0 M b E t h e r n e t m a ’ lu m o t la r p a k e t la r in i s h a k lla n t ir is h uchun
I X F s e r i y a l i s h a k ll a n t ir u v c h i q u r ilm a la r ;
. T l / E l , H D S L , H D S L 2 , S o n e t / S D H P H Y s , 1 0 /1 0 0 M b E t h e r n e t ,
G i g a b i t ( s h u n in g d e k . m is l i t e x n o l o g iy a la r g a a s o s la n g a ii) s t a n d a r t la -
r i d a i s h l o v c h i t a r m o q q u r ilm a la r in i b o g ‘ la s h u c h u n L X T s e r i y a l i f i z i k
s a th k o m p o n e n t la r i. L e v e l O n e T M k o m p a n iv a s i t o m o n id a n is h la b
c h iq a r ilg a n q u r ilm a la r g a n is b a t a n bu k o m p o n e n t la r o ‘ ta y u q o ri
i n t e g r a t s i y a d a r a j a s i , k i c h i k e n e r g i y a s i g ‘ im i v a y u q o r i s a m a r a d o r lig i
b ila n f a r q l a n a d i;
. L X p la t f o r m a s id a lo y i h a la s h t ir is h m u h it i.
I X a r x it e k t u r a s i b o s h q a k o n s t r u k t o r li k u s u lid a n t i z i m l i y e c h i m -
l a m i y a r a t i s h u c h u n p la t f o r m a b o ‘ l i b x i z m a t q ili s h im k o n iy a t i b ila n
f a r q la n a d i: s a m a r a d o r lik k e n g d ia p a z o n d a v a r ia t s iy a la n a d i, L A N i
W A N t u r p r o t o k o l l a r i n i q a y t a is h la s h g a q o d ir v a u n in g t a r k ib ig a is h
la b c h i q i s h n i n g y u q o r i s i n f l i in s t r u m e n t a l v o s it a la r i t o ‘ p la m i k ir a d i.
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3.2-chizma. IXA platformasida proektlash muhiti
I X a r x it e k t u r a s i - t a r m o q s a n o a t id a g i b a r c h a u c h t a t a l a b g a m o s
k e lu v c h i a r x it e k t u r a la r d a n b i r i d i r .
O v o z v a m a iu m o t iiz a t is h t a r m o q la r i b ir la s h is h i ( k o n v e r g e n -
s iy a s i) , o c h iq v a x u s u s i y t a r m o q l a m i n g k e s i s h u v i n a t i j a s i d a is h la b
c h iq a r u v c h ila r d a n o c h i q s t a n d a r t l a r a s o s id a y a r a t i lg a n , b i r v a q t d a b i r
n echa x i z m a t la m i q o ila s h g a q o d ir q u r ilm a la m i y a r a t is h ta J a b
e t ilm o q d a . X i z m a t k o ‘ r s a t u v c h i l a m i n g in t e lle k t u a llik k a va ta rm o q
e g ilu v c h a n lig ig a b o ig a n t a la b la r i o s h ib b o r is h i b ila n q a y ta
d a s t u r la n u v c h i p r o t s e s s o r l a m i n g a h a m iy a t i o r t ib b o r d i.
H o z i r g a c h a t a r m o q q u r i l m a l a r i n i is h la b c h i q a r u v c h i l a r a n ’ a n a g a
b in o a n b u y u rtm a (A S IC ) a s o s id a t a y y o r la n u v c h i m a x s u s in t é g r a l
s x e m a la m i y a r a t g a n la r . S o h a k o r x o n a s i d a u y o k i b u m a r s h r u t i z a t o r
s e r iy a s in i y a r a t is h u c h u n s h u n d a y m i k r o s x e m a l a m i y a r a t i s h uchun
b u y u r t m a b e r is h g a n k i, k e y i n c h a l i k b u m i k r o s x e m a l a m i f a q a t s h u n
d a y s e r iy a li q u r i l m a l a r u c h u n i s h la t is h m u m k i n b o i g a n .
I n te r n e t in f r a s t r u k t u r a s in in g z a m o n a v iy t iz im li t a la b la r in i
q o n d ir a o l u v c h i y e c h i m h a r b i r i m a i u m b i r p r o t o k o l b i l a n i s h l a s h g a
m o ija lla n g a n a l o h i d a k o m p o n e n t l a m i y a r a t is h v a u l a m i n g h a r b ir i
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u n iv e r s a l, y u q o ri sam arador ta rm oq p ro tse ss o rla n b ila n b irg a lik d a
is h la y o lis h i b ila n tu s h u n tirila d i.
Ta rm o q d a n uza tilg a n bitta m a ’lu m o tla r paketi ustid a b a ja ri-
la d ig a n o ‘rtacha kom andalar s o n i o d d iy x iz m a tla r (ko m m u ta tsiy a va
m a r s h ru t iz a t s iy a ) uchun 1 0 0 tadan 2 m ingta operatsiyagacha o s h d ik i,
b u o p e ra tsiy a la r v irtu a l x u s u s iy ta rm o q la r ( V P N ) da ish la sh , v iru s la r
v a ru x s a t etilm agan k irish la rd a n him oyadan iborat. Ta rm o q x iz m a t-
l a r i borgan s a ri m u ra kka b la sh ib b o ra yo tg a n lig i uchun m a iu m o tla rg a
is h ilo v b e ris h in t e n s iv lig in i o s h ir is h z a ru r. S h u b ila n b ir vaqtda ya n g i
x iz m a t la m i j o r iy q ilish g a talab o sh ib borm oqda, bu x iz m a tla r aloqa
o p e ra to rla ri qo‘sh im c h a darom ad lanning manbai h iso b la n a d i. Bu
b a rc h a ta la b la m i q o n d irish uchun m a xsu s in te g ra l sxe m a la m in g
y a r a t ilis h i k a m lik q ila d i. Qoida b o 'yic h a I X P tarm oq p ro tse sso rla n
a so sid a g i ta y y o r y e c h im la r b o zo rig a chiq ishd a m a x su s inte g ra l
s x e m a la r a so sid a ana lo g ik q u rilm a n i y a ra tishg a qaraganda 2 m arta
ka m vaqt sa rfla n a d i. B u p ro tse sso rla r d a stu rla n uvc h i h iso b la n a d i
(e k s p lu a ta ts iy a jo y id a u la m i d a stu riy m o d e m iza tsiy a q ilis h im k o -
n iy a t i m a v ju d ), demak u la r bozorda uzoq vaqt h u k m ro n lik q iladi.
Internet Exchange Architecture n in g a so siy g‘oyalaridan b ir i
t o p s h ir iq la m i (v a z ifa la m i) b a ja rishd a qayta d a stu rla n uvc h i p ro tse s-
s o rla rd a n fo y d a la n ish h iso b la n a d i.
U m u m a n I X A O E M ish la b chiq a ruvchila rg a va d a stu riy ta 'm i-
n o t n i m u sta q il y e tka zu v c h ila rg a talab q ilin g a n m ura kka b x iz m a tn i
k o ‘ rs a t is h n i ta’m in la y d ig a n q u rilm a n i yara tishg a im k o n beradigan
s t r u k t u r a li elem entla r (tarm oq p ro tse ss o rla rin i o‘z ic hig a o lu v c h i
d a s t u riy va apparat ta’ m in o t i )n ing butun to 'plam id an iborat.
Qayta d a stu rla n u vc h i y a rim o ‘tk a z g ic h li elem entlardan, sh u ju m -
la d a n . I X P p ro tse sso rla n dan fo yd a la n ish te le k o m m u n ik a tsiy a q u ri!-
m a la rin i ish la b c h iq a ruvc h ila rig a m o liy a v iy va vaqt re s u rs la rin i
te ja s h im k o n in i beradi.
I X A t u r l i p ro tse sso rla m i d a stu rla sh uchun b ir x i l d a stu riy v o s i-
t a la r (o p e ra tsio n tiz im . p ro to k o lla r to ‘plam í va h .k.)d a n fo yd a la n ish
im k o n in i beradi. A rx ite k tu ra n i ish la b c h iq u v c h ila r bu y o n d o sh u v
d a s t u riy ta ’m in o t y e tk a zib b e ru v c h ila r uchun ham, O E M -is h la b
c h iq a ru v c h ila r uchun ham a fz a llik k a ega e k a n lig in i ta sd iq la yd ila r.
I X A d o ira sid a boshqa e le m e ntla r ham ish la b c hiqilg an:
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* ГХС - b o sh q a ru v sa th i p ro t s e s s o rla ri ( s ig n a liz a t s iy a va
b o g ‘la n ish , m a rs h ru t iz a t s iy a ja d v a lla rin i b o sh q a rish );
* I X S - m e d ia -p o to k la rn i qayta is h lo v c h i p ro ts e s s o rla r ( o v o z
t r a f ik in i ko m m u ta tsiy a la n a d ig a n ta rm oq d a n P K tarm oqqa o ‘t k a z is h ) ;
* IX F - e le m e n t la r - kanal sa th ig a k ir is h k o n t r o lle r la r in i
y a ra tish .
H a r b ir to ifa p ro t s e s s o rla ri b ir n e c h a m o d ifik a tsiy a la rg a ega
m a’lu m oilaga te g is h li. I X P p ro t s e s s o rla r o ila s id a beshdan o rtiq m o
d e lle r k e ltirilg a n , u n in g a s o s iy fa rq i s a m a ra d o rlig i b e lg ila n a d i, o ‘z
ra vb a tid a t u r li te le k o m m u n ik a ts iy a q u r ilm a la r in i y a ra tish d a a fz a l-
lik la rg a ega. 1 2 x x p ro t s e s s o rla ri I X P ta rm o q p ro ts e s s o rla rin in g o d d iy
o ila sig a te g ish li.
IX P 1 2 x x d a stla b ki is h la b c h iq a ru v c h i ko m p a n iy a to m o nid a n
ish la b c h iq a rilg a n lig ig a q a ra m a y k e y in g i p ro ts e s s o r v e rs iy a la ri b ila n
h a m ko rlikd a is h la y o la d i
In te l ko m p a n iy a si I X A d o ira sid a faqatg ina p ro tse s s o rla m ig in a
emas, b a lki a n iq lo y ih a la m i ( S D K ) j o r i y q ilis h uchun z a r u r d a stu riy
ta’m in o tn i is h la b c h iq is h b ila n ham sh u g 'u lla n a d i. S h u n in g d e k ,
bozorda q u rilm a im k o n iy a tla rid a n m a k s im a l fo y d a la n ish g a im k o n
b e ru vc h i o p e ra tsio n t iz im va m u h it la r to 'p la m i m a v ju d . U la m i
d o im iy ra v ish d a m u k a rn m a lla s h tirilib b o rila d i.
I X P 12 00 ta rm oq p ro t s e s s o rla ri.
IX a rx ite k tu ra s in in g k a lit e le m e n tli b o ‘lib k o m m u ta tsiy a lo v c h i
va sh a k lla n tiru v c h i q u rilm a la m in g b u tu n sp e k tri, sh u n in g d e k , f i z i k
sath ko m p o n e ntla rig a m o s k e lu v c h i I X P 1 2 0 0 tarm oq p ro ts e s s o ri h i
soblanadi. I X P 1 2 0 0 ta rm o q p ro ts e s s o rin in g I X s h in a s i b o sh q a ru v n i
ta’m in la sh m aqsadida undan I X E k o m m u ta tsiy a lo v c h i q u rilm a s in i
ajra tib , ta rm o q nin g m u ra k k a b f u n k s iy a la r in i b a ja rish g a im k o n beradi
(masalan, s h if r la s h n i n a z o ra t va x iz m a t k o ‘rs a tis h s if a t in i ta’m in
la sh ).
IX P 1 2 0 0 tarm oq p ro tse ss o rig a barcha turdagi ta rm o q la rd a n
uza tilayotg an m a’lu m o t la r paketiga is h lo v b e rish , m a rsh ru tla sh f u n k -
s iy a s i y u k la tilg a n . I X P 1 2 0 0 tarm oq p ro t s e s s o ri m a’lu m o tla r u z a t is h
ja ra yo nid a h is o b la s h la rn i, sh u n in g d e k , tarm oq t iz im in i b o sh q a -
ris h n in g m a’lu m a m a lla rin i b a ja rish u c h u n y e ta rli q u w a tg a e g a .
IX P 1 2 0 0 tarm oq p ro t s e s s o ri o 'z id a k o 'p g in a tarm oq tiz im la rid a .
m u h im ro l o ‘y n o v c h i ik k it a h is o b la s h k o m p o n e n tin i b irla s h t irg a n :
ic h k i m ik ro p ro tse ss o r va kabel tra n sly a tsiy a sig a teng t e z lik li
m a iu m o t u z a tis h k o n tro lle rla ri.
S tro n g A R M ic h k i m ik ro p ro ts e s so ri A R M ® n in g 32 ra z ry a d li
a rx it e k t u ra s i m o s ke la d i, ta rm o q ni b o sh q a risli a m a lin i b a ja rish u c h iin
x iz m a t q ila d i, 6 ta dasturlanadigan m ik ro k o n tro lle rla r kabel tra n s-
ly a t s iy a si te z lig id a tarmoqdan o ‘tayotgan m a’lu ra o tla rg a ko ‘p p o to k li
is h lo v beradi. B i r vaqtda 7 ta t u r li tarm oq a m a lin i b a ja rish m u m k in ,
b o sh q a 18 ta si esa b ir s i k l davom ida b a ja rish uchun navbatga
q o ‘y ila d i. B u ja ra y o n m a x su s in stru k siy a la n g a n m ik ro k o n tro lle rla r
v o s ita s id a ta’m in la n a d i.
H a r b ir IX P 1 2 0 0 p ro tse ss o ri sekund ig a 3 m ln . p aketni y o ‘n a l-
t ir is h im k o n iy a tig a ega, b ir nechta. p ro tse sso rla m i b irla s h t iris h
n a tija s id a sa m a ra d o rlik n i 1,5 T b it / s ga c h iq a rish m u m k in .
I X P 1 2 0 0 G ig a b it E th e rn e t, S o n e t i A T M k a b i m a iu m o t u za tish
p r o t o k o lla r in i q o ilo v c h i m a rsh ru tiza to r, k o n tse n tra to rla m i y a ra tish -
da f o y d a la n ilis h i m u m k in .
IX a rx ite k tu ra sid a n fo y d a la n ish n in g a f z a llik la ri.
Q is q a m uddatda ta yyo r m a h su lo t ish la b c h iq ish .
A p p a ra t va d a stu riy v o sita la m i b ir vaqtda y a ra tish im k o n iy a ti
I X P 1 2 0 0 ta rm o q p ro tse ss o ri a so sid ag i t iz im n i lo y ih a la sh m uddatini
k e s k in k a m a y tira d i. Bunda n tashqari, O E M -is h la b c h iq a ru v c h ila r
ish la b c h iq a ris h ja ra y o n ida I E T F , I E E E va I T U ta s h k ilo t la ri to m o n i-
dan In t e rn e t sta nd a rtla rig a u z lu k s iz k iritila y o tg a n o ‘zg a rish va
t o id ir is h la m i h is o b g a o lis h la ri m u m k in .
B o g ‘ l iq lik b a rc h a q iy m a tla rin in g p a sa y ish i
IX P 1 2 0 0 tarm oq p ro tse sso rid a n fo y d a la n ish A S IC in te g ra l
s x e m a la ri a so sid a ish la b c h iq ish an’anaviy u su lig a qaraganda tarm oq
q u rilm a la rig a b o g iiq lik n i s e z i!a r !i k a m a y tir a d i, is h la b c h iq u vc h in i
y a n g i ta rm o q x iz m a tla ri va yangi a vlo d ko m p o n e ntla ri paydo b o iis h i
n a tija s id a fu n k s iy a la ri kengaygan t iz im n i t o iiq qayta lo yiha la sh d a n
o zo d e ta d i. B u n in g o‘rn ig a I X P I 2 0 0 tarm oq p ro tse sso rim qayta
d a stu rla sh y e ta rli b o ia d i, o ld in g i platform a b ila n b o g iiq lik
y o 'q o t ilm a y d i. B u n d a fu n k s iy a n in g ke n g a yish i apparat m o d e m iza t-
s iy a s i k a b i d a stu riy ta 'm in o tn i ya n g ila sh b ila n ham a m a lg a o sh irila d i.
Y e c h im la m in g keng d ia p a zo nli m asshtabi
I X sh in a s id a g i I X B 3 2 0 8 b o g io v c h i q u rilm a b ir necha IX P 1 2 0 0
p ro t s e s s o rla m i u la sh im k o n in i beradi, buning n a tija sid a tiz im n in g
116
sa m a ra d o rlig i 10 G b it/ s ga o s h i s h i m u m k in . S a m a ra d o rlik p a ra m e tr-
la n tarm oq y e c h im la rin in g k e n g d ia p a zo n li m a ssh ta b i m ik r o k o n t r o l
le rla r uchun d a stu riy ta ’m in o t y a ra tis h g a sa rfla n g a n v o s it a la m i to ‘liq
o q la n ish in i k a fo la tla y d i. Bunday m a sa la la m i ye c h ish d a ta rm o q
x a v f s iz lig in i ta’m in la s h u c h u n is h la b c h iq u v c h ila r o ‘t k a z is h q o b i-
liy a tig a b o g 'liq h o ld a g i u y o k i b u y e c h im sa m a ra d o rlig in i n a zo ra t
q ilib , x u d d i sh u p ro ts e s s o rd a n f o y d a la n is h la ri m u m k in .
T u r l i x u s u s iy a t li t iz im la m i y a r a t is h
M ik r o k o n t ro lle rla r va p r o t s e s s o r la r d a s tu rla n is h i m u m k in , s h u -
n in g uchun is h la b c h iq a ru v c h ila r m a x su s a lg o ritm va d a s tu rla m i
y a ra tish uchun k o ‘p g ina im k o n iy a t la r g a ega b o ‘la d ila r, n a tija d a ta y -
y o r q urilm a barcha n a z a rd a t u t ilg a n fu n k s iy a la rg a ega bo‘ la d i. I X
a rx ite k tu ra si s a m a ra d o rlik n i t a h l i l q ilis h , d a s tu riy ta’m in o t y a ra t is h ,
apparatni y ig ‘is h uchun b a rc h a u m u m iy in stru m e n ta l v o s it a la r
to ‘plam igaega. Y a ra t is h m u h it i I X a rx ite k tu ra s i baza sida gi i x t i y o r i y
t iz im ko m p o n e n tin i k i r i t i s h n i so d d a la s h tira d i, hatto b ir - b ir ig a b o g ‘liq
b o im a g a n holda.
SDRAM
< p c( controller
.Vli croen gine
- » I Microengine""
16 KB
StrongARM Instruction
core Cache M icroengine
-
8 KB
(166 MHz) Data Cache
- » I M icroengine"
1 KB Mim-
Data Cache
Vlicroengine
АЛ---- _ In J S
SRAM
controller
V r ^ C l tf0
M ic ro e n g in e s (q o ‘s h im c h a m ik ro p ro ts e s s o ry a d ro la ri) . M ic ro e n
g ines - bu S t r o n g A R M n in g y o rd a m is iz m a’lu m o tla r u za tu v c h i va
te x n ik o p e ra tsiya la rn i b a ja ru vc h i va m a ’lu m o t u za tish va b it, bayt,
so ‘z va uzun s o ‘z la r b ila n is h la s h uchun m o ‘!ja lla n g a n 6 ta k o ‘p
p o to kli 32 ra z ry a d li R IS C m ik ro p ro t s e s s o rla ri. M ic ro e n g in e s
m ik ro k o d bila n s im v o l k o ‘ rin is h id a d a stu rla n a d i (3 .5 -ra sm ).
119
H a r b ir M ic ro e n g in e 4 ta m u sta q il kom anda h iso b la g ic b ig a ega,
b u h a r b ir E X P 1 2 0 0 p ro tse sso rid a m ik ro k o d n in g to‘ la 2 4 h o la tin i
b eradi.
Komandalar va ulaming bajarilishi
H a r b ir M ic ro e n g in e kom and alar uchun x u s u s iy x o tira g a (P ro g
ra m C o n tro l Sto re ) ega, 1 28 ta um um m a q sa d li re g is tr va 1 28 ta
u z a tish r e g is t r i. Ba rc h a M ic ro e n g in e b ir x i l , sh u n in g uchun u la r o ra -
sid a fu n k s iy a la m i qayta ta q sim la sh m u m k in . Bu n d a n ta shq a ri, i x t i-
y o r iy M ic ro e n g in e s uchun hech qanday o ldindan b irik t irilg a n
f u n k s iy a y o ‘q.
M ic ro e n g in e s barcha kom a nd a la ri b ir ta kt s ik lid a bajariladigan
S t r o n g - A R M sin g a ri IX P 1 2 0 0 n ing c h a s to ta sin x ro n iz a tsiy a si asosida
is h la y d i. M ic ro e n g in e s a xb o ro tni 5 b o sq ic h li k o n v e y e rli is h lo v
b e ru v c h i m ik ro p ro ts e s s o rla r ka b i yara tilga n. 1-bosqichda in s tru k s iy a
x o t ira q u rilm a sid a n o ‘q ila d i; 2-bosqichda kom anda dekodlanadi va
manba r e g is t r adresi s h a k lla n tirila d i; 3-bosqichd a re g istrd a n operand
ta nla n a d i; 4 -b o sq ic h d a operand A L U (a rifm e tik -m a n tiq iy q u rilm a )
o rq a li o ‘ta d i; 5 -b o sq ic h d a n a tija ta y in la n g a n re g is trg a y o z ila d i.
120
c h u n ki ula r fu n k s io n a l b lo k la rg a m o s ra v ish d a a lo h id a a x b o ro t ka n a l-
la rig a ega.
R e g istrla rg a a d re sla sh n m g 2 ta u s u li b ila n m uro ja a t q ilis h i m u m -
k in : c o n te xt-re la tiv e va absolute. N is b iy k o n te k st re jim id a h a r b ir
oqimga x u s u s iy r e g is t r b ir ik t ir ila d i. A b s o ly u t ad reslashd a o q im la rg a
ta q sim la sh re jim id a x iz m a t k o 'rs a t ila d i, bunda u la r b itta f iz ik
re g istrg a m urojaat q ila d ila r.
R e g is trla r s im v o lli sh a k ld a n o m la n a d i. D a stu rla s h q u r ilm a s i fo y -
dalanishdagi re g istrg a m u ro ja a t q ila d i, a sse m b le r m ik ro k o d i e s a m o s
ke lu v c h i n o m n i b era di.
R e g is tr t o if a s in i (u m u m m a q sa d li re g is t r, S D R A M , S R A M ) va
adreslash u s u lin i k o ‘rs a tis h uchun b ir necha s im v o l p re fik s la rid a n
fo yd a la n ila d i. M ic ro e n g in e s axb o ro t u z a tis h uchun a so siy is h n i baja-
ra d i, sh u n in g uc hu n u la r p ro ts e s s o m in g boshqa m o d u lla rig a k ir i s h
huquqiga ega.
I X b us m o d u li va I X s h in a s i
IX bus m o d u li I X s h in a la ri b ila n b o sh q a rila d i (3 .7 -c h iz m a ) ,
ma’lu m o tla m i navbatga k e lib tu s h is h ta rtib id a ( F IF O ) u za ta d i. I X
sh in a la ri p ro tse ss o m i 1 0 /1 0 0 M b it y o k i G b it E th e rn e t k o n t r o lle r i
121
tu rid a g i M A C (M e d ia A c ce ss C o ntro l - m u h it g a k ir is h n i b o sh q a rish )
q u rilm a s i v a IX P 1 2 0 0 p a ra lle l p ro tse ss o rla ri b ila n b o g 'la y d i.
Is h c h i chastota ( 6 6 - 104 M G ts ) M a k s im a l o‘tk a z is h q o b iliy a ti
m ik ro p ro t s e s s o m in g ish c h i c hastotasig abo g ‘liq h o ld a 4 - 6 ,2 6 G b it/s
n i t a s h k il etadi.
IX s h in a la ri ik k i tom onlam a y o ‘n a ltirilg a n 6 4 ra zry a d li sh in a
y o k i m a ’lu m o tn i qaram a-qarshi y o ‘n a lish la rd a uzatadigan 2 ta b ir
to m o n la m a y o ‘n a ltirilg a n 32 ra z ry a d li m u sta q il sh in a la r kabi
k o n fig u ra ts iy a q ilin g a n b o iis h i m u m k in .
F IF O navbatda turgan m a’lu m o tla r ix t iy o r iy M ic ro e n g in e
( u z a tish r e g is t r i) y o k i S D R A M g a u z a t ilis h i m u m k in .
IX b u s m o d u li nazorat va h o la t re g istrla n d a ii, 4 K b a y t y u q o ri
o p e ra tiv R A M (k e sh ) va 48 va 6 4 -b itli h a sh -k a litla m i generatsiya
q ilu v c h i h a sh m odulidan iborat. S h u iiin g d e k , sh in a la ri bila n p a ra lle l
is h lo v c h i y o n p o lo sa sh in a la ri m avjud. U R e a d y -sh in a si deb ataladi,
8 m a ’lu m o t ra zrya d i va 5 b o sh q a ruv ra zrya d id a n ibo rat va I X
s h in a la ri b ila n s in x ro n is h la y d i. Q a b ul q ilin u v c h i va u za tilu v c h i F I F O
navbat 1 6 - 6 4 b a ytli ja d v a l k o ‘rin is h id a ya ra tila d i. F 7 F O m ik ro p ro t
se s s o m in g b a rc h a o q im la ri uchun ochiq, dastuny ta’m in o t esa barcha
o q im la r to m o n id a n to ‘g ‘r i fo y d a la n ilis h in i ta’ m in la sh i kerak.
Pakemi uzatish. U z a t is h ja r a y o n i p ro to ko l d is k r ip t o r in i
h iso b la y d i.
Paket d is k rip t o rid a g i a x b o ro td a n fo yd a la n ib u z a tish ja ra y o n i
S D R A M dan p a k e tn i topadi v a S D R A M m o d ulig a p a ke tn i I X b us
u za tish m o d u li F I F O sig a o ‘t k a z is h ko m a n d a sin i beradi.
S D R A M m o d u li p a ke tni I X b u s m o d u lig a uzatadi.
U z a tish ja ra y o n i b o ‘sh p ake t d is k rip t o rin i qaytadan u z a tish
navbatiga qo‘yad i.
IX bus m o d u li p ake tni MAC ga va k e y in c h a lik IX P 1 2 0 0
p ro tse sso rig a u za ta d i.
IX P 4 2 0 tarm oq p r o t s e s s o r i.
IX P 4 2 0 ta rm o q p ro t s e s s o ri - uncha q im m a t b o im a g a n , b iro q
u n u m d o rlig i y u q o ri u v s h ly u z la r id a , k ic h ik o fisla rd a g i m a rs h ru tiz a -
to rla rd a , s im s iz fo y d a la n ish q u rilm a la rid a qo‘lla sh g a m o ija lla n g a n
b ir k ris a ta lli p ro t s e s s o rla r q a t o rin in g k ic h ik a’z o s id ir. P ro ts e s s o m in g ,
3 .1 0-c h izm a d a k o r s a t ilg a n n o y o b ta qsim langan is h lo v b e rish a r x i-
te k tu ra si ( d istrib u te d p ro c e s s in g arc h ite ctu re )un ing a so sid a q u r il-
m alar ish la b c h iq ilis h in i t e z la s h tira d i. A s o s iy X S c a le is h c h i y a d ro -
n in g ik k it a m u s ta q il ta q sim la n g a n is h lo v b e rish apparat v o s it a la ri
(n e tw o rk p ro c e sso r e n g in e s - N P E ) b ila n t o 'ld ir ilis h i, paketlarga u la r
k e lib tushadigan t e z l i k bila n is h lo v b e rish uchun y e ta rli b o ig a n ja m i
u n u m d o rlik k a e r is h is h im k o n in i beradi.
0 ,1 8 m km te xn o lo g iy a si b o ‘yic h a b ajarilg an X S c a le y a d ro si
d a s t u riy jih a td a n A R M V 5 T Th u m b R IS C p ro tse ss o ri b ila n m os
k e la d i.
I k k i t a N P E m a iu m o tla r u stid a ka tta h is o b la s h x a ra ja tla rin i talab
eta dig an o p e ra tsiy a la n ii, ju m la d a n , nazorat su m m a la ri g e n e ra tsiya si
va t e k s h ir ilis h in i, ba yro q la r k i r i t i l i s h i n i va chiqarib ta sh la n ish in i,
p a k e tla r f ilt r a t s iy a s in i, IP sa rla v h a la r t e k s h ir ilis h in i va o ‘z g a r t ir ili-
s h in i b a ja ra d i. NPE a rx ite k tu ra si AMQ n i, ic h k i m a iu m o tla r
x o t i r a s i n i , in te rfe y sla m in g keng to 'p la m in i v a ta rm o q ilo v a la r uchun
t ip ik b o ‘ lg a n h iso b la sh la m i te z la sh tiris h n in g apparat v o s ita la rin i
ic h ig a o la d i. Bu apparat v o sita la r m ik ro d a s tu riy b o sh q a rila d i va
p r o t s e s s o r b ila n b irg a y e tka zib beriladigan fu n k s iy a la r b ib lio te k a -
s id a n fo y d a la n is h i m u m k in .
P ro tse sso ria rd a n ta shq a ri, asbob S D R A M x o tira k o n tro lle rin i,
t a s h q i s h in a la r k o n tro lle rin i va ta ym e rla r, hamda p e rife rik q u r il-
m a la m in g ke n g to‘p la m in i ic hig a o ladi, bu uni tugallangan
« k r is t a ld a g i q u rilm a » q ila d i.
126
Y a d ro n in g d a s tu riy ta’ m in o t in in g a so si s ifa tid a W in d R iv e r
k o m p a n iy a sin in g V x W o r k s k a b i ke n g tarqalgan o p e ra tsio n t i z i m -
larid an y o k i sta nd a rt L in u x dan fo y d a la n is h i m u m k in .
IX P 4 2 0 n in g fa rq lo v c h i x u s u s iy a t la r i q u y id a g ila r:
-d a stu rla sh tirila d ig a n X S c a le y a d ro si;
- M U in t e rfe y s li E th e rn e t ik k ita in te g ra lla s h g a n M A S - k o n t r o lle r i;
- ik k it a y u q o r i t e z l i k l i ( 9 2 0 K B o d gacha) U A R T ;
- 8 dan 2 5 6 K b a y t gacha S D R A M x o tira k o n t r o lle r i;
- t o ‘rttagacha q u rilm a n i u la s h im k o n iy a ti b o 'lg a n P C I v .2 .2 h o s t -
in te rfe y si;
- U S B 1.1 in t e rfe y s in in g k o n t r o lle r i;
- 1 6 ra zry a d li k e n g a y is h s h in a s i;
- 1 6 ta G enera l P u rp o se I/O ( G P IO ) u n iv e rsa l c h iq ish u y i;
-5 3 3 M G ts gacha bo‘ lg a n chastota (te m p e ra tu ra la m ln g
ke n g a ytirilg a n d ia p a zo n id a 2 6 6 M G t s gacha);
-n a m u n a viy is t e ’m o l q ilin a d ig a n quvvat 1 - 1 , 5 V t.
IX P 2 8 5 5 ta rm o q p ro ts e s s o ri
In te l k o m p a n iy a si tarm oq p ro ts e s s o rla rin in g eng k u c h lis i. 1 6 ta
k o ‘p ip li (to la li) (m u lti-th re a d e d ) m ik ro p ro t s e s s o rla r (m ic ro -e n g in e s
- M E ) , u m u m iy b o sh q a rish u c h u n u n u m d o rlig i y u q o ri X S c a le y a d r o li
va sh ifrla s h n in g ik k it a apparat te z la s h tirg ic h i b o 'lg a n «q a b u l q i l va
j o ‘n a t» (sto re -a n d -fo rw a rd ) a rx it e k t u ra s in i am alga o sh ira d i. P r o t -
se sso rg a standart app araturani ish la b c h iq is h v o s it a la ri (ad vanced
telecom c om p uting a rc h ite c tu re -c o m p lia n t ha rd w a re d e v e lo p m e n t
k it), bilan to ‘ld irila d ig a n d a s tu riy ta’m in o t is h la b c h iq ish n in g f i r m a
v o sita la ri (exchange a rc h ite c tu re so ftw a re d evelopm ent k it ) b e rila d i.
IX P 2 8 5 5 p ro ts e s s o rin in g 3 . 1 1-c h izm a d a k o 'rs a tilg a n a r x it e k t u -
rasida pa ra lle l is h lo v b e r is lin in g e la s tik a rx ite k tu ra s in i a so siy o‘ z ig a
x o s x u su s iy a t deb h iso b la sh m u m k in . U n d a 16 ta M E m u sta q il i s h -
la sh i y o k i s h if r la s h b lo k la ri b ila n b irg a u m u m iy ko n ve ye rg a q o ‘ s h i -
lis h i m u m k in
Q u y id a g ila r IX P 2 8 5 5 p ro ts e s s o rin in g fa rq lo v c h i x u s u s iy a t la r i
hisoblanadi:
-T C P , E P Se c va S S L p ro t o k o lla r in i q o 'lla s h uchun o p tim a l -
la sh tirilg a n , t o 'liq d a s tu rla s h tirilg a n e la stik a rx ite k tu ra ;
127
DRAM DRAM DRAM
Crypto Crvpto
l/F T/F J/F
— S2SZ
M E p~j M E р ] N E у] M E
o
QDR QDR
x QDR
m
QDR TxBuf RxBuf Timers,
Peripherals.
E/DQ E/D Q E/DQ E/DQ SPI or C S tX I/F GPIO
ГГТТТТТП - f r
129
I X P ] 2 0 0 , IX P 1 2 4 0 , IX P 1 2 5 0 tarm oq p ro tse sso rla ri a xb o ro t pa-
k e t la rin i 1,6 G b it/s gacha b o ‘lgan te z lik d a qayta ish la s h uchun m o ‘l-
ja lla n g a n . U la r L A N - va W A N -ta rm o q la rg a u la n ish jih o z la rid a , y u -
q o ri t e z lik d a g i m odem larda, masofadan u la n ish q u rilm a la rid a , P C T-
a d a p terla rd a ish la tila d i.
Ta rm o q p ro tse ss o rla rin in g d a stu rla n ish i tarm oq q u n lm a la rig a
p ro ts e s s o m in g o ‘z in i o‘zg a rtirm a y , ya n g i fu n k s io n a l im ko n iy a tla rg a
ega b o ‘l i s h im k o n in i beradi. Ta rm o q p ro tse sso rla ri keng diapazon-
dagi t e z lik la r d a ish la y d i va o c h iq t iz im la r o‘ z a ro ta ’s i r i étalon m o d e li
( O T O ‘T E M ) n in g 2-dan 7-darajasigacha boMgan ta la b la m i bajaradi.
Ik k in c h i a vlo d tarm oq p ro tse ss o rla ri a rx ite k tu ra si o 'z ic hig a
uchta a s o s iy elem entni o la d i:
• a x b o ro t paketlarig a is h lo v b e rish n in g y u q o ri te z lig in i ta’m in -
lo v c h i b u tu n la y dasturlanadigan ele m e ntar p ro tse sso rla r q u y i t iz im i;
• ta rrn o q p ro tse ss o rin in g u n u m d o rlig i va e ne rgiya is t e ’m o li
o ‘rta s id a g i eng y a x s h i n isb a tn i ta’m in lo v c h i X S c a le y a d ro si;
• m a v ju d ta rm oq p ro tse ss o rla rin i va u la rn in g IX A (In te rn e t
E x c h a n g e A rc h ite c tu re ) te x n o lo g iy a si b o 'yic h a bajarilg an k e y in g i
a v lo d la rin i q o ‘llo v c h i jih o z la rd a d a stu rla r b lo k la rin i k o ‘p b o ra is h la -
t is h n i ta ’ m in lo v c h i d a stu riy ta’ m in o tm k o 'c h ir is h uchun in te g -
ra lla sh g a n m u h it.
IX P 2 4 0 0 a xb o ro tla r paketiga 4 ,8 G b it/s gacha te zlik d a is h lo v
b e rish u c h u n m o ‘ljallanga n. U k o ‘ p s e r v is li ko m m u ta to rla r, m a rsh ru -
tiz a to rla r, s im s iz aloqa t iz im la rig a u la n ish n in g keng p o lo sa li
q u r ilm a la ri ka b i tarmoqqa u la n ish va ta rm o q la rn i ulash jih o z la rid a
qo‘lla m la d i.
I X P 2 4 0 0 X S c a le ya d ro sig a va sa k k iz ta d a stu rla n uvc h i elem entar
p ro tse ss o rg a ega. U la r b ir vaqtning o zid a s a k k iz ta axb orot o q im ig a
6 0 0 M G t s chastotada is h lo v beradi. S a k k iz ta elem entar p ro tse sso r va
X S c a le y a d ro s i tu fa y li IX P 2 4 0 0 tarm oq p ro tse sso ri ish la b c h iq u v-
c h ila rg a u n u m d o rlik n i o s h ir is h v a I X P ] 2 0 0 tarm oq p ro tse ss o rin i
is h la t u v c h i jih o z g a yangi im k o n iy a tla r q o 's h is h im k o n in i beradi.
I X P 2 8 0 0 tarm oq p ro tse sso ri ik k in c h i avlod tarm oq p ro tse sso ri an
ic hid a e n g y u q o ri darajadagi u n u m d o rlik n i ta ’m in la y d i. B u tarmoq
p ro t s e s s o ri a xb o ro t paketlariga 10 G b it/s gacha bo‘lgan te z lik d a
is h lo v b e r is h uchun m o 'lj allangan. U ta rm o q la rn i ulash q u rilm a la rid a
130
va ko m m u ta to rla r, m a rs h ru tiz a to rla r, k o ‘p s e r v is li k o m m u ta to rla r
ka bi m a g istra l ta rtn o q la r q u rilm a la rid a is h la tila d i.
IX P 2 8 0 0 o ‘n o lt it a b u tu n la y d a stu rla n u v c h i ele m e ntar p ro tse s-
so rg a va X S c a le y a d ro sig a ega. U l a r b ir v a q tn in g o ‘zid a 1 6 ta a xb o ro t
o q im ig a 1,4 G G ts y o k i 1 ,0 G G ts chastotada is h lo v beradi.
IX P 2 8 5 0 ta rm o q p ro ts e s s o ri IX P 2 8 0 0 d a g i ka b i t u z ilis h va im k o -
n iya tla rg a ega, b iro q a x b o ro tn i s h if r la s h va d e sh ifrla sh im k o n iy a t in i
beradi. B u n in g u c h u n u n in g ta rk ib ig a ik k it a k rip to h im o y a b lo k i
k irit ilg a n , u la r 3 D E S/D ES (D a ta E n c ry p tio n Sta n d a rd ), A ES
(Advanced E n c ry p tio n Standa rd) v a S h A - 1 (Se c u re H a sh A lg o rit h m )
a lg o ritm la rin i q o 'lla y d i.
E lh tm tt
Controller
D C P1200 E th e rn e t E v a lu a tio n S y s te m
131
I X P 1 2 0 0 E th e rn e t E v a lu a tio n B o a rd - bu d a stu riy ta’m in o tn i
y a ra tish v a te k sh irish g a yo rd a m b e ru vc hi k u c h li v o s ita Fo y d a la -
n u v c h i h o s t ko m p y u te ri b ila n m a’lu m o tla r p o to kla ri y o i i n i a n iq la sh ,
c hip va t iz im n in g is h la s h in i, d ra yve r va bo shq a la m ing is h in i
t e k s h ir is h uc hu n chuq ur te k s h iru v o 'tk a z ish g a im k o n beradi. T i z i m
a s o s iy p la ta a rx ite k tu ra si 3 . 12-c hizm ad a, m o dul ko m p a no vka si esa
3 . 1 3 -c h izm a d a k o ‘rsa tilga n.
SRAM Intel®
Logik
IX P1200
Analyzer
Network I SDRAM ПГ
□ I SRA M I Processor
Connectors
For SDRAM
I SDRAM
_£L I I I _ Л _ Л
SDP- SDP- S D P - SDP- SDP- S D P - SDP- SDP-
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 QM U
b m i: TLU
Kanal protsessorlari Kanal protsessorlari
Ж T T T
HOST-interfovs OC-3c. OC'12c, OC-48c. Fiber Channel, Ethernet. Fast Ethernet Kornmutatsion stniktura
interfevsi
3.14-chiz/nit- С -port turkumidagi tarmoq protsessorlarining
umumlashtirilgan strukturasi
H a r i k k i k ic h ik tu rk u m 4 5 0 0 M I P S dan oshadigan ja ’m i h is o b -
la sh q u w a tig a ega, b u k o 'p la b ta rm o q qo‘lla n is h la r uchun y e ta rli va
in te lle k t tarm oq s e r v is la r in in g qo‘ lla b -q u v v a tla n is h in i, aynan paket-
la r k la s s if ik a t s iy a s in i, t ra f ik b o s h q a rilis h in i va Q o S f u n k t s iy a la rin i
ta’m in la y d i. S -p o rt p ro ts e s s o rla ri b i r nechta fu n k s io n a l y o ‘n a ltirilg a n
b lo k la m i ic h ig a o la d i, u la m in g h a r b ir i m u sta q il ra v ish d a a m a liy
133
d a s tu rla s h in te rfe y s la ri o rq a li (a p p lica tio ns p ro g ra m m in g interface -
A P I) S i t ilid a d a stu rla sh tirila d i. A lo h id a b lo k la rin in g im k o n iy a tla ri u
y o k i bu ta sh q i d a stu rla sh tirila d ig a n so p ro tse sso rla m i u la sh bila n
s e z ila r li k e n g a y t ir ilis h i m u m k in . X u su sa n , z a ru r boMganda S -p o rt
p ro ts e s s o rig a q o ‘sh im c h a ta shq i kanal adapterlari (channel adapters)
va t r a f ik n i b o sh q a rish so p ro tse sso ri (tra ffic management copro
c e sso r) u la s h m u m k in .
K a n a l p ro tse ss o rla ri. T i p i k holatda k ir i s h t ra fik n i С-p o rt tarm oq
p ro ts e s s o rig a so n i 8 dan 16 gacha b o ‘lgan, o q im la ri O C -3 (1 5 5
M b it/ s ) d a n G ig a b it E th e rn e t ( 1 G b it/s) gacha qabul q ila oladigan ka
nal p ro t s e s s o rla ri o rq a li ke la d i. Bun d a , ta shq i in te rfe y s la m i d a stu riy
ta n la sh im k o n iy a t i bor, u la m in g o ra sid a T / E -fre y m e rg a y o k i ka n a lla r
ad a p te rig a m o ‘lja lla n g a n m a x su s in te rfe y sla r, ham:
- E t h e rn e t / F a st E th e rn e t ( R M H ) ;
- G ig a b it E th e rn e t P H Y ( G M II y o k i T V I ) ;
- O C -3 / S T M - 1 P H Y ;
- О С -1 2 / S TM -4 P H Y ;
- U T O P IA 3 / PoS P H Y
ka b i sta n d a rt in te rfe y sla r bor.
H a r b i r ka nal p ro tse sso ri S i t ilid a d a stu rla sh tirila d ig a n R IS C yad-
ro n i ic h ig a o la d i va ketm a-ket m a’lu m o tla m in g to ‘rtta p ro tse sso rig a
(se ria l d a ta p ro c e sso rs - S D P ) x iz m a t k o ‘rsatadi. S D P a rx ite k tu ra si
E th e rn e t in te rfe y s la ri uchun MAS d arajasidagi apparaturani va
S O N E T fre y m e rla rin i k o ‘zd a tu ta d i. Sh u n in g d e k, ha r b ir S D P m u s-
ta q il ta rz d a d asturlanadi va in s tru k s iy a la m in g o ‘ta u z rn so 'zla rd a n
ib o ra t a rx ite k tu ra s ig a ega (v e ry lo n g in stru c tio n s w o rd - V L IW ) . U :
- E th e rn e t;
- P a c k e t o v e r S O N E T (G.V11I y o k i T B I ) ,
- F ra m e R e la y ;
- A TM ;
- H D LC ;
- F ib e r Channel.
ka b i n a m u n a v iy p ro to k o lla m i q o ila n is h g a d a s tu rla s h tirilis h i
m u m k in .
D a s t u rla s h n in g m u m k in lig i SD P ga yangidan k iritila d ig a n
p ro to k o l v a fo rm a tla m i, masalan, b e lg ila r bo‘yich a k o ‘p p ro to k o lli
134
ko m m u ta tsiya n i ( m u lt ip le p ro to c o l label s w itc h in g - M P LS ),
sh un ing d e k, M A S darajadagi i x t i y o r i y fo y d a la n u v c h i in t e r f e y s la r in i
q o 'lla sh im k o n in i beradi.
Jadvalda iz la s h b lo k i. Ja d vald a iz la s h b lo k i (table lo o k u p u n it -
T L U ) t ra fik n i ta s n ifla s h b o ‘y ic h a v a z ifa la m in g ke ng d o ir a s in i hal
e tish v a O S -4 8 s / S T M - 16 k la s s id a g i ilo v a la rn i qoM lash u c h u n y e t a rli
b o 'lg a n iz la sh a lg o rit m la rin i a rna lg a o s h ir is h u c h u n x iz m a t q ila d ig a n
egiluvchan y u q o ri t e z lik li q u rilm a n i o ‘z id a ifo d a la y d i. M a sa i art, T L U
4 -v e rs iy a IP -a d re sla m in g se k u n d ig a 4 6 m ln . dan o rtiq s o l i s h t i r i s h -
la m i bajara o la d i. T i p i k s o lis h t ir is h o p e ra tsiy a la ri q u y id a g ic h a ta tb iq
q ilin a d i:
- IP -ta rm o q la rd a g i a d re sla m in g eng u z u n p re fik s la rig a ( 4 - v a 6 -
v e rsiy a la r);
- A T M ta rm o q la rd a g i V C I / V P Iid e n tifik a to rla rg a ;
- Eth e rn e t ta rm o q la rid a g i M A C -a d re sla rg a , ju m la d a n , v irt u a l
lo k a l ta rm oq lar,
- M P L S ta rm o q la rid a g i b e lg ila rg a .
Bundan ta sh q a ri, T L U re a l vaqtda h o d isa la m in g s t a t is t ik a s in i a v -
to m a tik tarzda o lib boradi. B u fu n k s iy a la m i b a ja ris h u c h u n , T L U ga
ish c h i chastotalari 133 M G t s gacha bo‘lg a n S D R A M tu rid a g i 6 4
ra z ry a d li x o tira ula nad i. A g a r za ru ra t y u za g a k e lsa , x o t ir a o ‘m ig a
a yn i o ‘sha in te rfe y s o rq a li q u rilm a g a , s ta tis tik a to ‘p la sh va p a k e ta la r-
n i ta sn ifla sh n in g k e n g a y tirilg a n d a stu rla n a d ig a n im k o n iy a t la r b ila n
sh u fu n k s iy a la rn i bajaradigan ta shq i p ro ts e s s o r u la n is h i m u m k in .
Navbatlarni boshqarish bloki. N a v b a tla m i b o sh q a rish b lo k i
(queue management u n it - Q M U ) ik k it a re jim d a is h la s h i m u m k in .
A vto n o m re jim d a u m u sta q il ra v ish d a 5 1 2 gacha navbatni t a ’m in la s h i
m u m k in , bu k o ‘p c h ilik qo‘ lla n is h la r uc hu n y e ta rli. Y u q o r i u n u m -
d o rlik talab e t ils a y o k i Q o S ga o s h irilg a n ta la b la r k o 'r s a t ils a , Q M U
ga tra fik n i b o sh q a rish ta sh q i s o p ro ts e s so ri u la n is h i m u m k in .
K o m m u ta tsio n stru k tu ra g a u la n ish p ro ts e s s o ri. K o m m u t a t s io n
stru ktu ra g a u la n is h p ro ts e s s o ri (fa b ric p ro c e sso r - F P ) q u r ilm a u y o k i
bu ko m m u ta tsio n s tru k tu ra g a u la n is h in i ta’m in la y d i, bu t iz im
su m m a rte rra b itli o ‘tk a z is h q o b iliy a tig a e r is h is h im k o n in i b e ra d i.
F P d a stu rla sh im k o n iy a t la ri ichiga:
- k o m m u ta tsiy a la y d iga n sa rla v h a la r va b e lg ila m in g p a ra m e trla ri
s o z la n is h in i;
135
- t o 'x t a lib q o lish la rd a p a ke tla m in g s u r ilis h i b o s h q a rilis h in i;
- p a k e tla m in g segm entlashni va t o ‘p la shn i ;
- n a v b a tla r b o s h q a rilish in i (1 2 8 tagacha navbat) oladi.
F P p ro ts e s s o ri 32 ra z ry a d li s o ‘z la r b ila n d u p le ks re jim d a 125
M G t s gacha b o lg a n chastotalarda is h la s h i m u m k in va ta shq i portda
3 , 2 G b it/s gacha o ‘tk a z ish q o b iliy a tin i ta’m in la y d i. Q o ‘lla n ila d ig a n
in t e rf e y s la r qatoriga ix t iy o r iy dasturlanadigan fo yd a la nuvchi
in te rfe y s la rid a n tashqa ri, quyidagi standart in te rfe y s la r k ira d i:
- U T O P I A le v e l 2, 3;
- C S IX - L 1 (3 2 ra zrya d , 125 M G ts );
- I B M P o w e rP R S .
D a s tu rla s h im k o n iy a tla ri. C -p o rt t u rk u m i uc hu n, h o la tla r avto-
m a t la rin i an’a n a v iy ko n fig u ra tsiy a la sh z a ru rlig i o ‘m ig a S i t ilid a to ‘la
d a stu rla b bo‘l i s h l i k y o k i k o d la rd a y o m a x su s tilla rd a d a stu rla sh tirish
x o s . H a r b ir fu n k s io n a l b lo k , xu su sa n , barcha kanal p ro tse ss o rla ri
a lo h id a d a stu rla sh tirila d i, bu C -p o rt bitta p ro tse sso rid a 16-tagacha
o‘z p ro to k o lla rig a ega bo‘lgan t u r li ta sh q i in te rfe y sla m i amalga
o s h ir is h im k o n in i beradi.
B lo k la r C -w a re yagona d a stu riy ta ’m inot t iz im i A P I o rq a li
d a s t u rla s h t irila d i. U la r d a stu rig a m uayyan apparaturaning o ‘zig a
x o s lik la r id a n m a v h u m la sh ish va f i z i k a d re sn i so z la sh , b u fe rla r va
n a v b a tla m i b o sh q a rish , m a’lu m o tla m i s u r is h , a d re sla m i taqqoslash
k a b i fu n k s iy a la r b ila n ish la sh im k o n in i beradi. D a s tu rla s h tiris h ish la b
c h iq is h n i qo‘lla b -q u w a tla sh n in g k u c h li p a ke tla ri:
- ish la b c h iq ish t iz im i (C -w a re development sy ste m - C D S ) :
- d a stu riy v o sita la r (C -w a re so ftw a re to o lse t - C S T ) ;
- a m a liy fu n k s iy a la r b ib lio te k a la ri (C -w a re application lib ra ry -
C A J L ) m a v ju d lig i tu fa y li so d d a la slu d i.
M o to ro la v a In te l ko m p a n iya la ri yon dash u v la rin i taqqoslash.
A lb a tta , M o to ro la va In te l k o m p a n iy a la rin in g y o n d a sh u v la rin i
ju d a boMmaganda yuqonda qarab chiq ilg a n m ik ro e le k tro n asboblar
d o ira sid a o b y e k tiv taqqoslash, u la m in g ay nan b ir x i l p iro v a rd mah-
s u lo t n i ish la b c hiq ish d a q o ila n ilis h in i beradi. B iro q , ye ta rlic h a tu-
s h u n a r li b o ‘lgan iq tis o d iy m ulohazala rga k o ‘ra, tijo ra t ko m p a niya la ri
t u r l i elem ent asosdan fo yd a la n ib , aynan b ir ish la n m a n i b ir necha
v a ria n td a b a ja rm a y d ila r. B un d a n ta shqa ri, amalda bu element asosni
136
ta nlash u y o k i bu y o n d a sh u v n in g m a v h u m a f z a llik la r i b ila n e m as,
b a lk i ye ta rlic h a aniq o b y e k tiv c h e k lo v la x va is h la b c h iq u v c h ila rn in g
su b y e k tiv tu y g ‘u la ri b ila n b e lg ila n a d i. S h u n in g uchun, q u y id a s o ‘z
bu sohada y e ta k c h ilik q ila y o tg a n ik k i k o m p a n iy a n in g m u a yy a n
m ik ro e le k tro n m a h s u lo tla rin i ta q q o sla sh to ‘g ‘ris id a em as, b a lk i,
aynan i k k i y e ta k c h in in g b un d a y m a h s u lo tla m i y a ra tish g a b o ‘ lg an
a rx ite k tu ra y o n d a sh u v la rin i s o lis h t ir is h t o ‘g ‘ris id a boradi.
M o to ro la k o m p a n iy a si D ig it a l E q u ip m e n t C orp. ko m p a n iy a sid a n
le y in b irin c h ila rd a n b ir i b o 'lib te le k o m m u n ik a ts io n q u rilm a la r
bozonga chiqd i va t e le k o m m u n ik a ts io n m ik ro e le k tro n ik a « p io n e r i»
bo‘ld i. 0 ‘ shandan b e ri c h o ra k asrdan k o ‘p ro q u Fre e sc a le s h o ‘ba
kom paniya b ila n ju f t lik d a h a r ik k a la b o zo rd a ye ta kc h i boM ib q o l-
moqda. U n in g m u h a n d is la ri iz c h il va s o b itq a d a m lik bila n, k o ‘p c h ilik
nam unaviy v a o m m a v iy q o M la n is h la m i qam rab oladigan u n iv e rs a l
d a stu rla sh tirila d ig a n t e le k o m m u n ik a ts io n va tarm oq p ro ts e s s o rla ri
to‘la t o ‘plam i b o sh k o n s e p s iy a s in i riv o jla n tirm o q d a la r.
K o m p a n iy a n in g barcha is h la n m a la ri o rq a li p ro ts e s s o rla m i, a y -
ris h ke ra kki, sta n d a rt d a s t u rla s h t iris h t illa r id a , b irin c h i navbatda S i
tilid a e rk in d a stu rla b b o M is h lik va b ir vaqtda barcha e sk i fu n k s iy a -
la m i va k o m in u n ik a ts io n p r o t o k o lla m i, qabul q ilin g a n ja h o n sta n -
d artla riga m u v o fiq amalga o s h ir is h g‘o y a s i q iz il ip bo‘lib o ‘ta di. B u
g‘o y a fo y d a la n u v c h in i u sh b u sta nd art, b iro q anchagina k o ‘ p m ehnat
talab qiladigan, u n in g u stig a ish la b c h iq u v c h ila rn in g m a la ka si y u q o ri
bo‘l is h i talab e tila d ig a n a lg o rit m la m i d a s tu rla s h tiris h za ru ra tid a n
x a lo s etadi.
In te g ra tsiya la n g a n q a to r k o m m u n ik a ts io n m ik r o k o n t ro lle rla r
k o ‘p y i l l i k u z lu k s iz iz la n is h la r n a tija si b o ‘ld i:
-uc h p o rtli in te g ra tsiy a la n g a n k o ‘ p p ro to k o lli p ro tse ss o r (in te g
rated m u lti-p ro to c o l p ro c e ss o r - IM P ) ;
-to ‘r t p o rtli in te g ra tsiy a la n g a n k o m m u n ik a ts io n k o rt r o lle r (quad
ru p le integrated c o m m u n ic a tio n s c o n t ro lle r - Q U IC C ) ;
- k o ‘p p o rtli S i t ilid a d a s tu rla s h tirila d ig a n p o rt (C -p o rt).
E n g ko‘p fo y d a la n ila d ig a n Q U IC C o 'rta tu rk u m i t u r li tarm oq va
te le k o m m u n ik a tsio n ilo v a la r ta la b la rin in g ke n g sp e k trig a adekvat
b o ‘lgan b ir qancha k ic h ik tu rk u m g a ega. X u s u s a n , tu rk u m n i ta k o m il-
la s h t iris h ja ra y o n id a M o to ro la k o m p a n iy a s i e rk in d a stu rla sh
tirila d ig a n b irm u n c h a k u c h liro q P o w e rP C R I S C a rxite ktu ra g a o ‘td i
137
va bu o 't is h n a tija sid a o lin g a n P o w e rQ U IC C k ic h ik t u rk u m li
riv o jla n is h n in g to ‘rt a v lo d in i b o sib o 'td i: P o w e rQ U IC C I , P o w e r
Q U IC C I I , P o w e rQ U IC C I I - P r o va P o w e rQ U IC C HE.
In t e l ko m p a n iy a sig a m utlaqo boshqacha stra te g iy a x o s. B o sh id a n
y u q o r i darajada in te g ra tsiya la shg a n va « y u q o ri in te lle k tu a l» m ik r o -
sx e m a la r, b irin c h i navbatda, m ik ro p ro ts e s s o rla r b o zo rid a ye ta kchi
b o iis h uc hu n ta s h k il etilg an bu ko m p a niya maqsadiga so d iq
q o lm o q d a va eng ilg ‘o r te xn o lo g iy a la rg a y o ‘n a ltirilm o q d a . S h a x s iy
k o m p y u te rla r uchun u n iv e rsa l m a rk a z iy p ro tse sso rla r, ish c h i sta nt-
s iy a la r va P e n tiu m tu rku m id a g i p ro tse sso rla ri bo‘lgan t u r li se rv e rla r
s e k to rid a y e ta k c h ilik n i saqlagan holda, ko m p a n iya qism a n m a rk a z iy
p ro ts e s s o rla r, avvalo, X S c a le te x n o lo g iy a si, a rx ite k tu ra si va u su lla -
r i n i k o ‘c hirg a n holda, q ism a n te le k o m m u n ik a tsiy a va tarm oq te xn o -
lo g iy a la ri so h a sid a ish la y d ig a n boshqa ko m p a n iya la m in g ta y y o r
y e c h im la rin i va n o u -x a u s in i so tib olgan holda, te le k o m m u n ik a tsio n
p ro t s e s s o rla r se kto rid a ham u n u m d o rlik bo‘y ic h a yetakchi o ‘r in la m i
e g a lla sh g a in tilm o q d a .
143
b a ja ris h uchun lo y ih a la sh tirilg a n , Ie k in u keng diapazonda foyda -
la n ila d i.
R V O T la m in g im k o n iy a tla rin i chuq urro q k o ‘ rib c h iq ish uchun
re a k s iy a v a q tla ri ta rtib i haqida ta x m in iy raqam lar va m o s operatsion
t iz im la r k e lt ir ilg a n (ja d va l). B u ja d v a l In te l 8 0 4 8 6 D X p ro tse ss o ri
a so sid a q u rilg a n h iso b la sh k o m p le k si bazasida o ling a n e ksp e rim e n ta l
m a ’lu m o tla r a so sid a sh a k lla n tirilg a n S h u b h a siz , bu p ro tse sso r
bugungi ku nd a e skirg a n h isob la na d i, am nio t u r li RVO T tashqi
h o d isa la rid a re a k siy a sa thi x u lo s a la rin i k e lt ir is h m u m k in .
144
W in d o w s C E ka bi ke n g tarqalgan o p e ra tsio n t iz im la m i re a l va q t
keng aytm ala ri ( R T A I , R T L I N U X , R T X ) b ila n t o id ir ib fo y d a la n is h
b ila n k o 4zlangan n a tija g a e ris h is h m u m k in .
R V O T n i p ro y e k tla sh d a taqdim e tilg a n O T g a ta la b la r
Ta la b 1. O T k o 'p to la li (m u lti-th re a d e d ) va u z i l i s h l i b o iis h i
kerak
Y u q o rid a k o 'rs a t ilg a n id e k , R V O T u y o k i bu amal b a ja r ilis h i
m a ksim a l v a q tin i o id in d a n bila dig an b o 'lis h i k e ra k , ilo v a ta la b la rig a
m os k e lis h in i t e k s h ir is h uchun oid ind a n b ilis h ke ra k bo‘la d i.
B in n c h i talab sh u n d a n ib o ra tk i, O T a b s o ly u t im t iy o z ( u z i l i s h l i )
ta m o y ili bo‘y ic h a k o ‘p to la li b o iis h i ke ra k. R e ja la s h t iru v c h i
ix t iy o r iy to la n i uzd b , u n in g re s u r s in i yanada k o ‘proq z a r u r jo y g a
b e rish im k o n iy a tig a ega b o iis h i kerak. O T (va apparatura) ha m
u z ilis h la m i qayta is h la s h sa thid a u z ilis h la r n i ta 'm in la s h i k e ra k .
Ta la b 2. T o la la r im t iy o z tush u n c h a si b o i i s h i ke ra k
M uam m o s h u n d a k i, q a y si to p sh iriq q a re s u rs talab q ilin a y o t-
g a n lig in i b ilis h z a r u r . R V O T ideal holatda to la re s u rs in i d ra yve rg a
beradi ( B u O T la r cheklangan vaqtni b o sh q a rish O T d e y ila d i
(deadline d rive n O S ) ) .
B u n i ta’m in la s h uchun O T toladagi h a r b ir a m a ln in g tug a sh
v a q tin i b ilis h i k e ra k (haligacha bu p rin tsip d a q u rilg a n O T y o ‘q),
sh u n in g uchun O T ish la b c h iq a ru v c h ila r boshqa n u q ta y i n a za m i
qabul q ilish a d i: t o p s h iriq n in g im t iy o z sa th i tu sh u n c h a si k ir i t ila d i va
vaqt bo‘y ic h a c h e k la n is h la r im t iy o z bo‘y ic h a b a ja rila d i. S h u b ila n
mushohadaga a so sla n ib , y e c h im x a to la m i k e lt irib c h iq a rsa , bunda
R V T k > ‘rs a t k ic h la ri pasayadi. Y u q o rid a k e ltirilg a n c h e k la n is h la m i
qayta ish la sh n i yanada e ffe k tiv q ilin s a , lo y ih a lo v c h i ja d v a l n a z a riy a s i
y o k i im ita tsio n m o d e lla sh tiris h d a n fo y d a la n ish i m u m k in , hatto bu
ham fo y d a siz b o i i s h i m u m k in . B u g iu ig i ku nd a bundan boshqa
ye c h im y o ‘q s h u n in g uchun to la la rn in g im t iy o z i tu sh u n c h a si ju d a
m u h im .
Ta la b 3. O T t o p s h ir iq la r s in x ro n iz a t s iy a s i m e x a n iz m in i o id in d a n
b ilis h n i ta’m in la s h i k e ra k.
T o p s h iriq la r m a iu m o t la r ( re s u rs la r) n i b o iib beradi v a u la r b ir -
b ir i bilan aloqada b o iis h i ke ra k, o ‘z navbatida b lo k iro v k a va
k o m m u n ik a tsiy a m e x a n iz m la rig a e g a b o iis h la r i ke ra k.
145
H o z i r g i vaqtda 100 dan o rtiq p u lli R \ 'O T la r m avjud. K o ‘pgina
bep ul ( y o k i s h a rtli bepul) R V T v a tadqiqot y o k i u n iv e rs ite t p ro y e kt-
la ri m a q o m id a g i t iz im la r bor. B i r necha re a l vaqt t iz im la rin in g qisqa
t a v s if in i k o ‘rib chiq a m iz.
Q N X o p e ra tsio n t iz im i.
Q N X o p e ra tsio n t iz im i ish la b c b iq a ru v c h isi Kanadadagi Q N X
S o ftw a re S y s t e m L t d (1981 ) ko m p a n iy a si h iso b la n a d i.
QNX o p era tsion t iz im i fo yd a la im vc h ig a o ‘z talabi b o ‘yic h a
k o n fig u ra t s iy a q ilis h im k o n in i beradigan, 16/32 b itli g ib rid ope
ra tsio n t i z i m h iso b la n a d i.K o 'p in c h a u real v a q tm a ssh ta b id a ish lo v c h i
t iz im la m i y a ra tis h uchun ish la tila d i. T i z i n m i t o i i q o ‘m a tish uchun
k e ra k li v a q t tarm oq v o s ita la ri bila n 1 0 - 1 5 m in u tn i ta s h k il etadi,
sh u n dan s o ‘ng is h n i b o shla sh m u m k in . T iz im n in g re su rsla rg a talabi
y o ‘q lig i t iz im n in g W atcom С /С Г' ( Q N X uchun a so siy k o m p ily a to r)
k o m p ily a t o r i k o ‘rin ish id a g i k e ra k li v a y e ta rli y a ra tish m u h iti e k a n lig i
b ila n k o ‘rs a tila d i.
QNX — m ik ro y a d ro va xa b a r a lm a sh ish p rin sip id a q u rilg a n
b irin c h i p u l l i О Т . T i z i m t u r li darajadagi (m e n e d je rla r va d ra y ve rla r),
h a r b ir i m a iu m x iz m a t k o i i n i s h i n i beradigan e rk in (am m o xabar
a lm a sh ish o rq a li o ‘za ro ta ’sirla sh a d ig a n ) ja ra y o n la r b ir lig i k o ‘r i -
n is h id a y a ra tilg a n .
Bu g ‘o y a la r b ir necha m u h im a fz a llik la rg a e rish ish g a im k o n
b erd i:
•o ld in d a n b ilis h , qat’iy real vaqt to p sh iriq la rig a nisbatan
qo‘lla n ila d i; U N I X n in g hech b ir v e rs iy a s i ya d ro k o d i ju d a ka tta lig i
tu fa y li b un dav sifa tg a e n sh a o lm a y d i. U N I X da u z ilis h la r n i qayta
ish la sh d a n ke lg a n ix t iy o r iy t iz im c h a q iru v i o ld in d a n aytib bo‘lm a y -
digan ( W in d o w s N T k a b i) k e c h ik ish g a o lib ke la d i,
•ke n g a y u v c h a n lik v a e ffe k t iv lik , re su rsla rd a n o q ilo na foydala-
n is h b ila n e ris h ila d i va ic h k i q u rilg a n (embedded) t iz im la r uchun
q o ‘lla s h m u m k in lig i b ila n izo hia na d i. Dev katalogida faqat z a ru r
d rayverga m o s fa y l to p sh iriq la ri uchun k e ra k li m a’lu m o tla r bor.
D ra y v e r va m enedjerlarni ish g a t u s h iris h va kom andalar qatoridan
o d d iy g in a d in a m ik o 'c h iris h (fa y l tiz im id a n ta sh q a ri) m u m k in .
Fa q a tg in a k e r a k li fu n k s iy a n i ta’m in la sh uchun z a ru r bo'ladigan real
m o d u lla m ig in a so tib o lis h m u m k iri;
146
• b ir v a q td a k e n g a y u v c h a n lik va is h o n c h lilik , t iz im b a rq a ro rlig in i
y u z a g a k e ltirm a s lik uchun b u d ra y v e rn i yadroga k o m p ily a t s iy a q ilis h
k e ra k emas
Ta rm o q n in g b ir u z e lid a ish la y o tg a n fo y d a la n u v c h i q o lg a n
ix t iy o r iy u ze lla r, p o rtla r, fa y l t iz im la r i va to p sh iriq la rd a g i re s u rs la rg a
k ira o la d i. F o y d a la n u v c h i ta rrn o q p ro to k o lig a m u ro ja a t q ilis h i s h a r t
emas. U xa b a rla m i u z a tish u c h u n ham qo M lanilad ig an p a ke tn i o ‘z
ic hig a oladi. T a rm o q a d m in is tra t o ri bu paketni ta n iy d i va m ik r o -
yadroga y o 'n a ltira d i, o‘ z n a v b a tid a u ham p a ke tla rn i lo k a l x a b a rla r
sh in a sig a uzatadi. Q N X fa q a tg in a Q N X ja ra y o n la ri xaba r p a k e tla rin i
ta nim a yd i. S h u n in g d e k , T C P / I P , 8 M B va b o s h q a p a k e tp ro to k o lla rin i
u za tish uchun ta rm o q a d m in istra to rig a o so n m uro ja a t q ilis h m u m k in .
T u r l i tarm oq a d m in istra to ri a rig a b itta kabel o rq a li m uro ja a t q i l i s h
m u m k in .
Q N X o p e ra tsio n t iz im i b u tu n P K ta rm o g ‘in i k ir i s h s h a f f o f lig i
a b solyut b o ig a n yagona r e s u r s la r to ‘p lam iga b irla s h tira d i. T u g u n la r
tarmoqqa qo‘s h i l i s h i y o k i c h iq a rib ta sh la n ish i m u m k in , bu t i z i m
butunligig a ta’s i r etm aydi. QNX da ta rm oq m a ’lu m o tla m i q a y ta
ish la sh sh u n d a y e g ilu v c h a n k i, bunda m u v o fiq In te l k o m p y u te rla rn in g
ix t iy o r iy tu rli to ‘ p la m in i A rc n e t, E th e rn e t, T o k e n R in g y o k i m o d e m
ham u la n ish i m u m k in b o ‘lg a n s e ria l p o rti o rq a li b o g 'la b b ir ta rm o q q a
b irla s h t iris h m u m k in . B u n d a n ta sh q a ri ko m p y u te r b ir va q td a b ir
aecha tarmoqqa u la n is h i m u m k in , agar ulardan b ir i o ‘ta y u k la n s a
y o k i ishdan c hiq sa , bunda Q N X a v to m a tik ta rzd a boshqa m u m k in
b o lg a n , axborot y o ‘ q o tish i b o im a g a n tarmoqdan foydalanadi.
Q N X ic h k i q u rilg a n re a l vaqt t iz im la r i b o zo rid a t iz im n in g o ‘ m i
b ila n b o g liq b ir necha c h e k lo v la rg a ega:
. S M P n i q o ila m a y d i;
•V irtu a l x o tira d a n d is k k a y o z is h m a vjud em as;
•To la d a n n o e ffe k tiv v a n o sta n d a rt fo y d a la n ish ;
.F a y lla m i x o tira d a a k s e ttiris h n in g n o to ‘liq a k s e t t ir ilis h i;
•U N IX - d o m a in s o c k e ts n i q o ila m a s lig i;
•X u s u s iy ta rm o q p ro t o k o li d o ira sid a g i x a v f s iz lik v o s it a s in in g
z a if lig i.
K e ltirilg a n k a m c h ilik la rg a qaramay, Q N X k o ‘pg ina fo y d a la n u v
c hi d a sturla rid a ish la n g a n (m a sa la n , m a’lu m o tla r o m b o ri).
V x W o r k s o p e ra tsio n t i z i m i .
W in d R iv e r S y s te m s firm a s in in g V x W o r k s real vaqt o p e ra tsio n
t iz im i va T o rn a d o in stru m e n ta l m u h iti q at’iy real vaqt tiz im id a
is h lo v c h i k o m p y u te rla r d a s tu iiy ta 'm in o tin i y a ra tish uchun m o ‘l j al
la n t a n . V x W o r k s operatsion t iz im i a m a liy d a stu riy ta’m in o t y a ra tish
k r o s s v o s it a li t iz im i h iso b la n a d i, y a ra tish is h la r i in stre m e n ta l k o m -
p y u te r (h o st) da To rn a d o m u h itid a o lib b o rila d i, k e y in c h a lik
V x W o r k s n a zo ra ti ostid a maqsad m a sh in a sid a (target) fo yd a la nila d i.
V x W o r k s o peratsion t iz im i qat’i y real vaqt operatsion t iz im la r i
k a b i m ik ro y a d ro te x n o lo g iy a si b o 'y ic h a q u rilg a n , y a ’n i y adro rung
q u y i u z lu k s iz sa th id a to p sh iriq la m i re ja la s h tiris h va u la m in g ko m m u -
n ik a t s iy a s in x ro n iz a t s iy a s in i b o sh q a rish a so siy fu n k s iv a la ri b a ja ri-
la d i. O p e ra tsio n t iz im n in g qolgan barcha y u q o ri darajali fu n k s iy a la ri
( x o t ir a , k irit is h / c h iq a ris h , tarm oq v o sita la ri va boshqalam i boshqa
r i s h ) q u y i d a ra ja o d d iy fu n k tsiy a la rig a asos q ilin a d i, b u t e z k o r lik va
o p e ra tsio n t iz im z a ru riy k o n fig u ra ts iy a la rin i oson q u ris h im k o -
n iy a t in i beradi.
W in d k o ‘p t o p s h iriq li ya d ro sid a im t iy o z n i h iso b g a oladigan va
u z i l i s h l a r b o ‘y ic h a ish g a tushadigan to p sh iriq re ja la s h tiris h a lg o ritm i
q o ila n ilg a n . W in d yad ro sida to p s h iriq la m i sin x ro n la s h a so siy
v o s it a s i s ifa tid a va u m u m iy re su rsla rg a o ‘z -o ‘z in i in k o r etuvchi k ir is h
s if a t id a se m a fo rla r ish la tilg a n . T u r l i am aliy to p sh iriq la rg a nisbata n
se m a fo rla m in g b ir necha k o ‘r i i i s h l a r i m avjud : i k k i l i k , butun s o n li,
o ‘z - o ‘z in i in k o r etuvchi va P O S I X .
V x W o r k s b a za viy tarm oq v o sita la ri: U N IX - n e t w o rk in g , S N M P
va S T R E A M S
V x W o rk s re a l vaqt ta la b la rin i hisob g a oigan holda T C P / IP
p ro t o k o li b ila n ya ra tiig a n b irin c h i real vaqt operatsion t iz im i b o ig a n .
V x W o r k s h o zirg a c h a U N I X uchun standart b o i g a n barcha tarmoq
v o s it a la r im q o lla y d i: T C P / U D P / IC M P / IP / A R P , Soc ke ts,
S L I P / C S L I P / P P P , te lne t/rlo g in/rp c /rsh, ftp/tftp/bootp. N F S ( k lie n t va
s e rv e r) .
S N M P - a g e n t in i M L B - I n i qo‘ lïagan kabi M I B - I I n i q o ila b jo r iy
q ilis h . in te lie k tu a l tarmoq q u rilm a la ri (hablar, k o ‘p rik la r, m a rs h ru ti-
z a t o rla r, q a yta rg ic h la r) va tarmoqda ish lo v c h i boshqa q u rilm a la rd a
V x W o r k s n i q o ila s h uchun m o ija lla n g a n .
T o rn a d o in stru m e n ta l m u h iti ochiq a rxite ktura g a ega, real vaqt
D T is h la b c h iq is h in stru m e n ta l v o s ita s in i yara tuvchi boshqa
firm a la rg a o‘z d a stu riy m a h s u lo tla rin i T o rn a d o b ila n in te g ra lla s h -
t ir is h im k o n in i beradi. F o y d a la n u v c h i o ‘ z in in g x u s u s iy m a xsu s is h la b
c h iq ish v o s ita sin i To m a d o g a u la y o la d i, sh u n in g d e k , W in d R iv e r
S y s te m s firm a s i in stru m e n ta l v o s ita s i im k o n iy a t la rin i ke n g a yti ra d i.
IX P 1 2 x x da q u rilm a s i y a ra tish ja ra y o n in i t e z la s h tiris h uchun
In te l o ‘z b o M in m a sid a y a ra tilg a n (L e v e l O ne k o m p a n iy a s i)
IX D P 1 2 0 0 Advanced D e v e lo p m e n t P la tfo rm a p p a ra t-d a stu riy
k o m p le k sn i ta v siy a q ila d i. K o m p le k s n in g apparat q is m i E th e rn e t va
S e ria l p o rtli 1 X P 1 2 0 0 ta rm o q p ro ts e s s o ri p la ta sin i, C o m p a c tP C T s lo t li
s h a ssin i o ‘z ic h ig a o la d i, q o ‘sh im c h a ra v ish d a W A N yo ki LA N
in te rfe y s li k iritis h / c h iq a ris h p la ta si o ‘ m a tilga n bo‘li s h i m u m k in .
D a stu n y ta’m in o t ta rk ib ig a I X P asosid a d a stu r y a ra tish uchun
z a ru r m u h itn i o ‘z ic h ig a o lu v c h i In te l I X A S D K k i r i s h i m u m k in .
Y a ra tish m u h iti In te l In te rn e t E xc h a n g e A rc h ite c tu re SD K
pa ketini o ‘z ic h ig a o la d i. B u paket m o d u lli d a stu rla sh v o s ita s ig a ega:
In te l Active C o m p u tin g E le m e n t, k o ‘c huvc hi ko m p o n e n tla m i y a ra
tish vaula rd a n d a stu riy ta’m in o t q u ris h , u la m i b irla s h t irib p a k e tla m i
q a yta ishla sh f u n k s iy a s in i j o r i y q ilis h g a im k o n iy a t beradi. O p e ra tsio n
t iz im - te le k o m m u n ik a tsiy a q u rilm a s i d a stu riy ta’m in o tin in g a so si.
O peratsion t iz im t o p s h iriq la m i d isp e tc h e rla sh n i (h a r b ir vaqt
momentida u la m in g qay b in b a ja rilis h i k e ra k ) ta’m in la y d i va
to p sh iriq la ra ro m a’lu m o tla r a lm a sh in u v in i boshqaradi. I X P 1200
uchun d a sturni is h la t is h m u h it i ic h k i o ‘m a tilg a n (embedded) r e a l vaqt
o peratsion t iz im i ( V x W o r k s y o k i embedded L in u x ) h iso b la n a d i.
In te l Embedded L i n u x Inte g rate d D e v e lo p m e n t E n v iro n m e n t
ish la b c hiq ish m u h iti ko m a n d a qatoridan fo yd a la n m a y L in u x uchun
fo yd a la n u vc h in in g g ra fik in t e r f e y s in i is h la tis h g a im k o n b e ra d i.
L in u x o p e ra tsio n t i z i m i .
L in u x - s h a x s iy k o m p y u te r va is h c h i sta n tsiy a la r uc hun
zam o naviy P O S I X b ila n h a m k o rlik d a g i U n ix g a o ‘x sh a sh o p e ra tsio n
t iz im , y a ’ni k o ‘p fo y d a la n u v c h ili tarm oq o p e ra tsio n t iz im i.
L in u x О Т o c h iq t iz im sta n d a rtla ri va In te rn e t ta rm o g ‘i
p ro to k o lla rin i q o ila y d i. T i z im n in g barcha k o m p o n e n tla ri, ju m la d a n
j o r iy m atnlar chekla nm a ga n s o n li fo y d a la n u v c h ila r u c h u n e rk in
k o ‘c h iris h va o ‘m a tish lit s e n z iy a s i b ila n ta rq a tila d i.
L in u x n in g О Т sifa tid a x a ra k te rli x u s u s iy a t la ri:
•k o ‘p t o p s h ir iq lilik ( z a r u r iy sh a rt h iso b la n a d i);
149
•k o ‘p fo y d a la n u v c h ili re jim ,
.p ro tse sso m in g him oya la ng a n re jim i (3 8 6 protected m ode);
•p ro tse ss o r x o tira s i h im o y a si; d a stum ing ishda n c h iq ish i tizim g a
b o g ‘liq lik n i vujud g a k e lt irm a s lig i ke ra k;
•Т С Р Я Р ta rm og ‘i, sh u ju m la d a n ftp, telnet, N F S v a boshqalam i
q o M la sh.
L in u x n in g o m m ala shib b o ris h i ish la b c h iq a ru v c h ila m in g bu
o p e ra tsio n tiz im g a diqqat b ila n e’tib o r q a ra tish la rig a o lib ke ld i.
H o z ir g i vaqtda b u О Т barqaror ish la sh g a ta yyo r, un in g b o shla ng ‘ich
m a tn la ri v a a rx ite k tu ra sin in g o c h iq lig i esa d a stu rc h ila m i k o 'p g in a
apparat p la tfo rm a la rig a ( S G I, IB M , In te l, M o to ro la v a boshqalar)
o ‘z la r in in g qo‘sh im c h a la rin i k irit is b la rig a im ko n beradi.
4. M IK R O K O N T R O L L E R L IT IZ IM L A R I
r i
M ilcrokontroller
JT JH
Xolat signali
Dastur
xotirasi
Mikrokontroller
vadrosi
Ma'luinotlar
XOtil'LKsi
Perilerik qurilmalar
t t t
4.2-chizma. Mikrokontrollerning umumlashtirilgan tuzilmaviy
sxemasi
D a stu r x o t ir a s i b o s h q a ru v c h i d as tu rn i sa q la sh uchun m o ‘ l j a l -
langan. B o s h q a ris h ja r a y o n i u c h u n z a ru r boMgan ma’lu m o tla r m a ’ lu
m o tla r x o tira sid a jo y la s h a d i.
P e rife riy q u r ilm a la r i m ik r o k o n t ro lle m in g ta sh q i o b y e k tla ri va
qator b o sh q a ruv f u n k s iy a la r in i amalga o sh ira d ig a n appaiat b ila n
b ir ik is h n i ta’m in la s h u c h u n m o ‘ lja lla n g a n .
M ik r o k o n t ro lle rla r, b o sh q a k la s s la m in g h iso b la sh m a s h in a la ri
ka b i, G arvard y o k i P r in s t o n s ir x it e k t u r a a so sid a amalga o s h ir ila d i
(4 .3 -c h izm a ). G a rv a id a r x it e k t u r a a so sid a b a ja rila d ig a n m ik r o k o n t ro -
lle rla rd a d a stu rla r va m a ’lu m o t la r fo yd a la n a o lis h n in g t u r li m e to d -
la rid a g i m a n tiq iv b o g 'liq b o 'lm a g a n x o t ira b lo k la rid a jo y la s h a d i.
P n n sto n a rx ite k tu ra a so sid a b a ja rila d ig a n în ik ro k o n t ro lle rla rd a
d a stu rla r va m a 'lu m o t la r x o t ira n in g u m u m iy b lo kid a jo y la s h is h i
m u rn k in , m u ro ja a t u c h u n fo y d a la n a o lis h n in g yagona m e to d id a n
fo yd a la n ila d i.
153
4.3-chizma, MK garvard (a) va prînston (b) arxitekturalari
154
ra zrya d la rid a g i m a ’lu m o t la m i u za tish y o 'n a lis h la rin in g r a z r y a d lili-
g in i va b o sh q a la m i talab e ta d ig a n ) is h la s h r e jim in i ta n la sh n i a m a lg a
o s h in s h im k o n in i beradi.
M K d a jo y la sh g a n p e rif e riy a b lo k la rin in g t a rk ib i q u r ilm a n in g
m aqsadli v a zifa sig a b o g 'liq boMadi va u sh b u t u rk u m n in g m i k r o -
k o n tro lle rid a am alga o s h irila d ig a n n a m un a viy v a z ifa la ri asosida
ish la b c h iq a ru v c h ila ri to m o n id a n aniqlanadi.
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s ig n a lla r h o la t in i a niq lash v a o ‘z g a rtiris h n in g ko m b ina tsiya la na d ig a n
sx e m a sid a n ib o ra t b o‘lgan b o sh q a ru v t iz im i, sh u n in g d e k ushbu
h o la tn i sa q la y d ig a n re g is tm i y o z is h va o ‘q ish uchun d a stu riy qulay
b o ‘lg a n r e g is t r k ir it ila d i. B u n d a y v a z ifa ik k it a : k irit is h - c h iq a ris h
lin iy a la r in in g m u ltip le k sla sh v a z ifa s i v a a lm a sh in u v n in g kengay-
t irilg a n p ro to k o lla m i q o ‘lla b -q u v va tla sh v a z ifa s id ir. U la m i b a ta fsil
k o ‘r ib c h iq a m iz.
M a ’lu m o t la r re g istrid a n ta shq a ri, b ir x i l va x u d d i shunday M K
k o n t a k t la ri a y rim p e rife riy a q u rilm a s i (m asalan, ta ym er) o b ye kt
b ila n ( k irit is h - c h iq a ris h n in g m u q o b il fu n k s iy a la ri deb ataladigan)
a xb o ro t a lm a sh in u v i uchun talab e t ilis h i m u m kin . B u n d a q a ysi
q u rilm a ( p o rt i y o k i boshqa p e rife riy a m o d u li) b ila n M K m ik ro -
s x e m a la m in g muayyan h a r b irk o n ta k ti m a h ka m la n g a n lig in i aniqlash
z a ru r b o ‘la d i. Bu n d a y ro stla sh sig n a lla r ko m m u ta to rin in g h o la tin i
b e lg ila y d ig a n m a xsu s ko d n in g b o sh q a ruv t iz im in in g re g istrig a
y o z ila d i. (4 .8 -c h iz m a ). K o m m u ta to r k o n ta k tin in g holatiga m u v o fiq
M K m ik ro s x e m a n in g ha r b ir tashqi ko n ta kti p o rtre g is trin in g k ir it is h -
c h iq a rish lin iy a la rig a , y o xu d boshqa p e rife riy a q u rilm a sin in g
k ir it is h - c h iq a r is h lin iy a la rig a f i z i k jih a td a n ulangan bo‘ladi.
M a ’lu m o tla m i M K g a obyektdan uza tishd a o b ye kt tom onidan
sh a k lla n a d ig a n « m a ’lu m o tla r y o z ilg a n » s ig n a li m a’lu m o tla r re g is tri-
n in g C S k ir is h id a b o shqaruv t iz im i bilan ko m m u ta tsiya la na d i, b o sh
q a ru v t i z i m i b ila n W R s ig n a li sh a klla na d i. Bu n d a n ta shqa ri, « M a ’lu
m o tla r y o z ilg a n » sig n a li boshqaruv t iz im i re g istrid a xo tira d a saqla-
nadi. P o r t n in g m a ’lu m o tla r re g is t rin i o ‘q ishda n o ld in a m a liy dastur
obyektdan yangi m a iu m o tla r m a v ju d lig in i boshqaruv t iz im i
re g istrid a n so ‘ra y d i va ushbu d a lil aniqlangandan k e y in sh in a
k o n t ro lle ri RD va C S s ig n a lla rin i sh a klla ntira d ig a n m a 'lu m o tla r
re g is t rin i o ‘ q ish n i amalga o sh ira d i. B o sh q a ru v t iz im i R D sig n a lin i
« M a ’lu m o t la r o ‘q ilg a n » lin iy a sig a m a’lu m o tla m in g quyidagi
p o rt s iy a s in i qabul q ilish d a M K ta y y o rlig i to ‘g ‘ris id a obyektga xabar
bergan h o ld a ko m m u ta tsiy a la y d i.
T ay m e r-h iso b la g ic h l a r
T a y m e r-h is o b la g ic h la r v a q tli in te rv a lla m i s h a k lla n tiris h va
h o d isa la m i h iso b la sh uchun m o 'lja lla n g a n , bu har qanday vaqt fu n k
s iy a la ri a so sid a u la m i amalga o s h ir is h (te g is h li d a stu riy ta’minotdan
162
foydalanilganda), sh u ju m la d a n real vaqtda b o sh q a rish ( y a ’n i
o b y e ktn in g v a q t b o ‘y ic h a m a sshta b id a ) im k o n in i beradi.
T a y m e r-h iso b la g ic h n in g u m u m la s h tirilg a n tu z ilm a s i 4 .9 .- c h iz -
mada k e ltirilg a n .
A ic lik i M K n ing
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166
U za tld c h va q a b u l q ilg ic h M K . d a stu ri b ila n y o z is h va o ‘q is h
uchun qulay b o ig a n b u fe r b ila n b o g ‘ liq b o ia d i. B u fe rg a u n in g
ic h id a g ila m i y o z is h d a u z a tk ic h g a q o 's h im c h a ta rzd a k o ‘p a y t ir ila d i,
ke y in c h iq ish lin iy a s i o rq a li b ir b o ‘y ic h a c h iq a rila d i. T o ‘p Ia s h n in g
tugashi (o v f b a y ro g 'i) b o s h q a ru v t iz im id a r o ‘y xa tg a o lin a d i v a
d a stu riy tarzda a n iq la n is h i m u m k i n . B u f e m i o ‘q ish g a u rin is h d a u n g a
qabul q ilg ic h ic h id a g ila r k o ‘p a y t ir ila d i, k e y in ic h k i shina d a q u la y
b o ia d i. (C h a q iru v la rn i is h o n c h li o ‘ q is h uchun qabul q ilg ic h d a n o v f
bayrog‘ in in g m a v ju d lig in i n a z o ra t q ilis h z a ru rd ir) . C h a q iru v
b o sh la n ish i t rit e r b ila n a n iq la n a d i.
U A R T in te rfe y s id a i k k i t a lin iy a d a n fo y d a la n ila d i: R x D qabul
q ilg ic h v a T x D u z a tk ic h c h iq is h i, b u b ir d u p le k s li ( b ir vaqtdagi i k k i
tom onlam a) a s in x ro n a lo q a n i t a s h k il e tish im k o n ig a ega. A b o n e n tla r
o ‘ rtasidagi a lm a sh in u v fa q a t b e rila d ig a n va o ld in d a n o ‘m a tila d ig a n
chastotada o lib b o rila d i C h a q iru v n i u z a tis h n in g is h o n c h lilig in i
o s h ir is h uchun s ta rt-b it, 7 y o k i 8 a x b o ro t ra z ry a d la ri, na zo ra t s u m m a
b it iv a sto p -b itn i o ‘z ic liig a o la d i. S ta rt -b it ( « l» d a n « 0 » g a o ‘t i s h )
«E »c ia b u l q ilg ic h b it in i a k t iv iz a t s iy a la y d i, k e y in c h a q iru v n i q a y d
etadi. Amalga o s h ir ila d ig a n to p o lo g iy a k o ‘p abo ne ntli t iz im la r d a
(boshqaruvchi ta rm o q la rid a ) - y u ld u z c h a .
S S I da h a r b ir stro b la n g a n s in x r o s ig n a l b ila n u z a tilu v c h i va q a b u l
q ilu v c h i datchikdan fo y d a la n ila d i. S S I M O S I u za tk ic h n in g c h iq is h i,
M O SI qabul q ilg ic h k ir is h i ka b i uchta lin iy a li S P I, va SC K
sin x ro n la sh n in g u m u m iy lin iy a s i q o ila n ila d i, bu y e ta kc h i a b o n e n t
b ila n beriladigan chastota b ila n t o ‘liq d u p le k s li aloqani ta s h k il e t is h
im k o n in i beradi. Y e ta k c h i b o ‘ lib SC Kg a be rila dig an q u r ilm a ,
sin x ro sig n a l h iso b la n a d i. H a r b i r b o sh q a rila d ig a n q u rilm a a lo h id a
c|0‘ shimcha lin iy a la r i y o rd a m id a tanlanadi. T o p o lo g iy a si -
«y u ld u zc h a ».
I 2C ik k it a : S D A ( n ia ’lu m o t la r lin iy a s i) va S C K ( s in x r o s ig n a l
lin iy a la ri)d a n fo y d a la n ila d i, b u y a r im d u p le k s li (teng s in x r o s ig n a lla r )
sin x ro n aloqani t a s h k il e t is h im k o n ig a ega. M a ’lu m o tla r u za tk ic h d a n
qabul qilg ichg a S D A b o 'y ic h a u z a t ila d i, bunda ye ta kc h i q u rilm a S C L
lin iy a n i bo shq a ra d i. Q u r ilm a la r n in g a lm a sh in ish i (u za tk ic h va q a b u l
q ilg ic h , yetakchi v a b o s h q a ru v c h i) c ha q iruvd a u za tila d ig a n a x b o ro tn i
t a h lil q ilis h a so sid a d a s t u riy ta rz;d a amalga o s h irila d i.
167
CAN in te rfe y sid a ik k ita : C A N H v a C A N L lin iy a la rid a n fo yda
la n ila d i. B u y a rim d u p le k s li a sin x ro n aloqani ta s h k il e tish im k o n in i
b e ra d i. B a rc h a C A N -s h in a la ri oldindan raqamlangan. A lm a s h in u v
se a n sid a raqam katta b o ig a n (C S M A C O -A M P - S e R R ie r -
e lt u v c h in i n a zo ra t q ilis h va xa b a rla r u s tu v o ri bo‘yich a to ‘q n a sh ish in i
a n iq la s h b ila n k o ‘plab foydalana o lis h ) ye ta kchi q u riln ia b o ‘lib
h is o b la n a d i. Q o ila n ila d ig a n tarmoq to p o lo g iy a si - « s h in a » .
TA R in te rfe y sid a beshta: T M S , N T R S T , T C K , T D I va T D O
lin iy a la r id a n fo y d a la n ila d i, o x ir g i uc hta si ke tm a -ke t alm ashinadigan
m o d u lg a ta a llu q li b o 'la d i va s in x ro s ig n a lla r lin iy a la r i, m a ’lu m o tla m i
k ir it is h lin iy a la r i va. ma’ lu m o tla m i c h iq a rish lin iy a la ri b o iib
h is o b la n a d i. U s h b u c h iq ish la ro rq a li M K d a ro stla ng a n ko m a n d a la m i
s in x ro n la n g a n u za tish va M K d a n u n in g is h la s h i va u n in g h o la ti
( b ir in c h i ik k it a s i - m o d u ln i a k tiv iz its a ts iy a la s h n in g k ir is h sig n a li va
u n i in it s ia liz a t s iy a la s h n in g k ir i s h sig n a li) to‘ g ‘ris id a g i m a iu m o tla m i
o l i s h s o d ir b o ia d i. O n C E in te rfe y sid a T M S , T C K . T D I v a T D O kabi
lin iy a la r b ila n v a zifa sig a k o ‘ra aynan o ‘xsh a sh b o ig a n toq: D R ,
D S C K , D S I va D S O lin iy a la rd a n fo y d a la n ila d i. Ik k a la in te rfe y s
s in x r o n y a r im d u p le k sli aloqani amalga o sh ira d i va faqat ro stla sh
m a q sa d la r uc hu n fo yd a la n ila d i, b o sh q a rilu v c h i tarmoq u la r asosida
a m a lg a o s h ir ilm a y d i
U z i l i s h l i h od isa la rg a x iz m a t k o ‘rsa tish b lo k la ri.
H a r qanday h iso b la sh t iz im la rin in g is h la s h i (sh u jum la d a n M K
a s o s id a ), qoidaga k o ‘ra, a y rim hodisalarga x iz m a t k o ‘rsa tish nazarda
t u t ila d i. U la m in g yuzaga k e lis h sabablari va jo y i tu rlic h a bo‘lis h i
m u m k in , b iro q ushbu h o d isa la r bitta u n iu m iy x u su siy a tg a ega
b o ‘ la d i, u la m in g yuzaga k e lis h va q ti d a stu r uchun oldindan ma’lu m
e m a s. Shu sababli h iso b la sh tiz im id a h o d isa la m i aniq lash d a lili
bo y ic h a u la rg a xizm a t k o ‘rsa tish n in g a y rim h o d isa la rin in g v o s i-
t a la r in i n a za rd a tu tis h z a ru r b o ig a n ushbu h o d isa la m i a n iq la sh v o s i-
t a la r i n a za rd a tu tila d i. (C h u n k i hod isala rg a x iz m a t k o ‘rsa tish d a
b a ja rila y o tg a n d a stu m i o lib qo‘v is h ( « u z is h » ) va x iz m a t k o ‘rsa -
tila d ig a n d a stu m i b a ja rish z a ru r, bunday h o d isa la r u z i l i s h l i h o d isa la r
deb a ta la d i).
U z i l i s h l i h o d isa la m i a n iq la slin in g oddiy u s u li b o iib d a stu riy u su l
b ila n y u za g a k e lis h d a lilin i vaqti-vaq ti b ila n t e k s h iris h h iso b la n a d i,
b u n d a ik k it a a h a m iy a tli k a m c h ilik la r bor:
168
- h iso b la sb t iz im in in g u n u m d o rlig in i k a m a y tiris h (d a s tu m in g
a y rim q ism i y u za g a k e la d ig a n h o d isa la r b e lg is in i o rtiq c h a ta n la b
o lis h o stid a k e lt irilg a n ) ;
- h o d isa la r yuza g a k e lis h v a q ti va u n i a n iq la sh va q ti o ‘rta s id a g i
k e c h ik ish m a v ju d lig i (q a to r h o la tla rd a , m asalan, real vaqt t iz im la r id a ,
p rin s ip ia l m u m k in em as).
K o ‘ rsa tilg a n k a m c h ilik la m i o ld in i o lis h b e rilg a n u z ilis h li
h o d isa la m i a p p a ra tli a n iq la sh holatda m u m k in , bunda u z ilis h l i
hodisalarga x iz m a t k o ‘rs a t is h t iz im i yo rd a m id a amalga o s h ir ila d i.
U z i l i s h l i h o d isa la m i a n iq la sh d a n ta sh q a ri, u z i l i s h l i tiz im g a u la rd a n
u stu v o rlig in i a n iq la sh uc hun h o d is a la r a rb itra ji yu kla n g a n .
U z i li s h li h o d is a la r ham d a s tu riy va apparatli tabiatga ega b o ‘la d i:
- u z ili s h li h o d isa la r y u za g a k e lis h n in g d a stu riy sa b a b la rig a
m a vju d boMmagan k o m a n d a la m i b a ja rishg a u r in is h yo ki y o cl
q o 'yilm a y d ig a n m a’lu m o tla r b ila n ko m a n d a la m i b a ja rish (m a sa la n ,
nolg a boMish h o la tid a ) k ir a d i;
- u z ilis h li h o d isa la r y u za g a k e lis h n in g apparatli sa b a b la rig a
p e rife riy a m o d u lla rin in g t a y y o rlig i ( ta ym e m in g to ‘l i s h i , c h a q iru v n i
ke tm a -ke t p o rt bo‘y ic h a qab ul q ilis h va h .) va M K g a b o sh q a ru v
obyektidan k e lib tusha d ig a n s ig n a lla m i (m asalan, b a ja rilu v c h i m e x a -
n iz m n in g ish la b k e tish datchigid an i k k i l i k s ig n a ln i) a k tiv iz a t s iy a la s h .
U z ilis h li h o d isa la r m iq d o ri cheklangan (ta sh q i u z i l i s h l i h o d is a la r
m iq d o ri N K n in g k ir it is h - c h iq a r is h lin iy a la rin in g so nid a n o s h m a s lig i
k e ra k), sh u n in g uchun u la r apparatli v o s ita la m i a n iq la sh b o ' l i s h i
m u m kin . A k s hold a , u la rg a x iz m a t k o ‘rsa tis h bo‘y ic h a h a ra k a tla r
M K n in g m aqsadli f u n k s iy a la r i b ila n aniqlanadi va y e ta rlic h a t u r li x i l
bo‘lis h i m u m k in , qoidaga k o ‘ra, d a stu riy v o s ita la r b ila n x iz in a t
k o ‘rsa tila d i. X o tira d a n to ‘g ‘r i foydalana o lis h re jim id a a p p a ra tli
h arakatlam ing o ld in d a n b e rilg a n sx e m a la r b o ‘y ic h a b a ja rila d ig a n
ma’lu m o tla m i j o ‘n a tish b ila n b o g 'liq boMgan v a z iy a tla r (m a sa la n ,
analog -raqa inli o ‘z g a rt iris h n in g navbatdagi n a tija s in i m a’lu m o t la r
rn a ssiv la rin in g b e rilg a n ka ta kc h a la rig a jo y la s h t ir is h ) bundan m u s -
tasno.
U z ilis h li h o d isa la m i a n iq la sh m o h iy a ti q uyid a g i h a ra k a tla rg a
to ‘g ‘r i ke la d i:
- u z ilis h li h o d isa la r d a lilin i a n iq la sh ;
- unga ta ’s i r e tish z a r u r iy a t in i a n iq la sh ;
169
- ung a m ua yya n ta’ s i r z a ru rlig in i o‘m a tish ;
- h o d isa la r a rb itra jin i b a ja rish (a w a lg i u z i l i s h l i h o d isa la rg a
x iz m a t k o ‘rs a tis h vaqtida ushb u h o d isa la m in g m u h irn lik b o sqic hig a
m u v o fiq h o d isa la m in g yangi u z ilis h la r i yuza g a kelgandaboshlangan
x iz m a t k o ‘rs a t is h davom e t t ir ilis h i, yo xu d y a n g isig a x iz m a t
k o ‘rs a t is h uchun qaytaulangan h o d isa n i to 'x ta tish ke ra k);
- d a stu riy k o n te k st t ik la n is h in i b a ja rish (u z ilg a n d a stu m in g
h o la t in i t ik la s h v a unga te sk a ri qayta ulash).
Ketma-ket asinxron
JTA G SPJ (sinxron) interfeys
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JTAO interfeys SPI interfeys KKASI
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Dasturlash sxemasi
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Uzffish sxemasi
Buyrnq registri UFR
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Buyruq Kiritish-chiqarish
deshifratori registriari
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Buyruqlami bajarilisîiini
boshqarish (8REG) Hisoblagichlar
Protsessor yadrosi shinasi
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A n a lo g Kirish chiqish i
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kom parator portlari
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Analog kirish A jia lo a kirish Raqamb km sbchiqish Kirish-chiqish
A V R - m ik r o k o n t r o lle r la r in in g P ro ts e s s o r y a d ro s i (C entral P r o
c e ssing U n it — C P U ) a rifm e tik -m a n t iq iy q u rilm a g a ( A M Q ) , u m u m iy
maqsadlardagi re g is trig a ( U M R ) , d a stu r h iso b la g ic h ig a , ste k k o ‘r -
sa tkic h ig a , h o la t re g is trig a , kom anda re g istrig a , kom anda d e s h if ra -
to rig a , bajarila dig an k o m a n d a n i b o sh q a rish sx e m a sig a ega
171
A M Q d a h a m m a h iso b la s h o p e ra tsiy a la ri b a ja rila d i. O p e ra tsiya la r
fa q a tg in a U M R ta rk ib i u stid a o lib b o rila d i. R e g is t r ta rk ib in i tanlash,
o p e ra tsiy a n i b a ja rish va n a tija la m i qayta U M R g a y o z is h uchun bitta
m a s h in a v iy ta k t (bitta d a vriy ta kt chastotasi) is h la tila d i.
U m u r r u y maqsadlardagi re g istr - te z jo y la sh a d ig a ii 8 ra z ry a d li
x o t ir a ya c he yka la rid a n , fo y d a la n ila o lin a d ig a n A L Q d a n ta s h k il topa-
d i. A V R - m ik r o k o n t r o lle r la r id a U M R re g istrd a n iborat.
D a stu r h iso b la g jc h i (P ro g ra m C o u n te r - PC ) k e y in g i
b a ja rila d ig a n kom andani a d re sin i o‘z ic h ig a o la d i.
S t e k k o 'rs a t k ic h i (Stac k P o in te r - S P ) y u q o ri ste k n in g a d re sin i
s a q la sh uchun qoM laniladi.
H o la t re g is t ri (S ta tu s R e g is te r - S R E G ) p ro tse sso r h o la tin i
s o ‘z i n i o ‘z ic h ig a o la d i.
K .o m a n d a re g is tri, komanda d e sh ifra to ri va b a ja n la d ig a n kom an
dani b o sh q a rish sx e m a si dastur h iso b la g ic h id a adresi jo yla sh g a n
ko m a nd a d a stu rin i xo tira d a n ta n la sh n i, uni d eko dla shni (ko d n i
o c h is h n i) , komandada k o ‘rsa tilg a n a so s (argum entga) k ir is h y o i i n i
a n iq la s h n i va albatta kom andani b a ja rilis h in i ta’ m in i ab be rila d i.
K o m a n d a n i b a ja rilis h in i ta’m in la sh uchun ko n v e y e rla sh m e xa n izm i
is h la t ila d i, y a ’n i jo r iy kom andani b a ja rilis h vaqtida, k e y in g i dastur
k o d i x o tira d a n ta n la n ila d i va dekodlanadi.
A V R - m ik r o k o n t r o lle r la r in in g x o tira s i G a rva rd tu rid a g i sxem a
a so sid a tu z ilg a n - y a ’n i, d a stur x o t ira s in i va m a’lu m o tla r x o tira s in i
a d re s i a ri a jra tilg a n .
D a s t u r x o tira s i dasturlanadigan F L A S h tip id a g i dasturlanadigan
d o im iy x o t irlo v c h i q u rilm a sid a n ( D X Q ) ib o ra t va u A V R - m ik ro k o n -
t r o lle r la r in in g k o ‘p kom and alari 16 ra z ry a d li s o ‘zlardan ib o ra t bo‘ l-
gani u c h u n , k e tm a -k e tlik k o 'rin is h id a g i 16 ra zry a d li yacheykalar k o '-
r in is h id a baja rilg a n. 10 0 0 0 dan kam bo'magan s ik lla m i qayta y o z i-
li s h i ka fo la tla n a d i. D a s tu r x o tira s i 2 dan 2 5 6 Kbaytgacha (1 dan 128
K s o ‘z ) k a tta lik k a ega.
TVfa’lu m o tla r operativ x o tira s i Sta tik operativ x o tirlo v c h i q u ril-
m adan (O X Q ) (S R A M - Static Rand om -A cc e ss M e m o ry ) ta s h k il
to p a d i va 8 ra zry a d li ya c he yka la m i ke tm a -ke tlig id a n tu zilg a n .
M a ’lu m o t la r o p era tiv x o tira s i ic h k i (1 6 Kbaytgacha) va tashqi (6 4
K b a y tg a c h a ) b o iis h i m u m k in .
172
E n e rg iya g a bog‘ l i q b o im a g a n (n o n v o la tile ) m a’lu m o tla r x o t ir a s i
8 ra zry a d li y a c h e y k a la m i k e tm a -k e tlig id a n tu zilg a n va e le k t r ik
o‘c hirila d ig a n d a stu rla n a d ig a n D X Q ( E E P R O M - E le c t ric a lly E r a
sable Pro g ra m m a b le R e a d -o n ly M e m o ry ) dan ta s h k il topadi. E n e r
giyaga b o g 'liq bo‘m agan m a 'lu m o tla r x o t ira s i 6 4 Kba ytg a cha k a t-
ta lik k a ega.
K ir it is h - c h iq a r is h re g is t ri p ro ts e s s o r y a d ro s in i va A V R - m ik r o -
k o n tro lle rla rin in g p e r if e r ik q u r ilm a la rin i b o sh q a rish uc hun m o ‘ lja l-
langan.
U z ilis h la r sxe m a si m a ’lu m sh a rtla rd a d a stu rn in g b a ja rilis h i
ja ra y o n i uchun a s in x ro n u z ilis h la r im k o n iy a t in i yara tad i.
A V R - m ik ro k o n t ro lle rla m in g p e rif e rik q u rilm a la rig a k ir i-
tish -c h iq a rish p o rt la ri, ta ym e r, s c h y o tc h ik la r, k u za tu v c h i ta ym e r,
analog ko m p a ra to r, ARO \ u n iv e rs a l a s in x ro n ( s in x r o n - a s in x -
ro n ) - qabul q ilib - u z a tg ic h i, k e tm a -k e tli p e rife rik S P I in te rfe y s i,
J T A G in t e r f e y s i v a b o sh q a la r t e g is h lid ir.
A V R - m ik r o k o n t r o lle r la r o ‘rta s id a m a’ lu m o tla r a y irb o sh la sh
ic h k i 8 ra zry a d li m a ’lu m o tla r s h in a s i o rq a li amalga o s h irila d i.
A V R - m ik ro k o n t ro lle rla m in g d a stu riy m o d e li. M ik ro p ro t s e s -
so m in g dastur m o d e li - dasturga ega m a n b a la rnin g m a jm u id ir. A V R
o ila sig a mansub m ik r o k o n t r o lle r la m in g d a stu r m o de liga - U M R ,
k iritis h - c h iq a ris h r e g is t r i, d a stu r x o t ira s i, m a ’lu m o tla r o p e ra tiv
x o tira s i va e n e rg iya g a b o g ‘liq bo‘lm a g a n m a ’lu m o tla r x o tira s i k ira d i.
U m u m iy r e g is t r la r ( U F R ) ( R 0 - R 3 1 ) , dasturda ma’lu m o tla m i,
ad resla m i, o‘zg a rm a s (k o n sta n t) va boshqa m a’lu m o tla m i saq lash
uchun ish la tila d i. O ltit a katta re g is t r la r j u f t q ilib b irla s h t irilg a n va
uchta 16 ra z r y a d li X [ R 2 7 :R 2 6 ] , Y [ R 2 9 :R 2 8 ] i Z [ R 3 1 :R 3 0 ]
re g istTla rid a n t a s h k il topadi (4 .1 3 -c h iz m a ) .
K ir it is h - c h iq a r is h re g is t ri va m a ’lu m o tla r o p e ra tiv x o t ira s i b ila n
b irg a likd a bitta a d re s la r m u h itin i ta s h k il q ila d i. A d re sla r m u h iti bu —
a d re si bilan a jra lib turad iga n k o ‘ p x o t ira y a c h e y ka la iig a ega; x o t ira
ka ta g ini id e n tifik a tsiy a la y d ig a n a d re sn i so n bilan ataladi. Y a c h e y -
k a la r adresi odatda o 'n o lt ilik sa no q t iz im ig a y o z;ila d i, va a d re si
belgilanayotganda $ b e lg is i unga ish o ra beradi.
173
SOOGO ROCSOOOOj $3380
RO
R1
R26 XL
R27 XH
X
R28 YL >Y
R29 YH
R30 ZL \Z
R31
A V R - m ik r o k o n t r o lle r la r in in g k o m a n d a la r t iz im ig a a rif m e t ik va
lo g ik o p e ra tsiya la r k o m a n d a la ri ( in s t r u k t s iy a la r i) , ta rm o q la n ish k o -
m andalari, d a stu m ing k e tm a -k e tlik d a b a ja r ilis h in i b o sh q a rish k o
m andalari, ma’ lu m o tla m i u z a tis h k o m a n d a la ri va b itla r b ila n b a ja ri-
ladigan o p e ra tsiya la r k o m a n d a la ri k ira d i. U m u m iy ko m a n d a la r t i z i -
m ig a 130 dan o rtiq in s t r u k s iy a la r k ira d i. M ik r o k o n t ro lle rla m in g e s k i
m o d e lla rid a ba’z i b ir k o m a n d a la m i q o‘lla b b o im a y d i.
M ik ro k o n tro lle rla m i d a stu rla sh . B i r k r is t a lli m ik ro k o n t ro lle rla r
a sosida d a stu riy ta’m in o tn i t u z is h ja ra y o n i q u yid a g i b o sq ic h la m i o ‘z
ic hig a o la d i ( 4 . 1 5 -c h izm a ) [1 5 -1 6 ]:
- a lg o ritm n i va d a stu m i t u z ilis h in i ( s t r u k t u r a s in i) t u z is h ;
- d astum i a so s m a tn in i y o z is h ;
- bajarilg an d a stu m i o lis h ;
- dastum i sin a sh va s o z la s h ;
- yukla ng an d a stu m i o lis h .
A lg o ritm n i va d a stu m i t u z il is h in i ( s t r u k t u r a s in i) t u z is h ja ra y o
n id a v a zifa n i b a ja rish m e to d i ta n la n ila d i v a u n i amalga o s h ir is h
a lg o ritm i tu zila d i. A lg o r it m bu - q o id a la r ja m la m a si y o k i m a ’lu m b ir
v a zifa n i b a ja rilis h o p e ra ts iy a la rin i k e tm a -k e tlik d a y o z ilis h id ir . A lg o .
r it m n ig r a f ik k o l r i n i s h i - a lg o ritm s x e m a s id ir (flo w c h a rt).
4.15-chiznta. Bir kristalli mikrokontrollerlar asosida dasturiy
ta’mmotni tuTjsh jarayoni
178
Translyator uchun assembler tilidagi dastuming matni b ilan
chiquvchi fayl <fayl_nomi>.asm dir Translyator to ‘rtta yangi fayl
yaratadi: listing
fayli (<fayl_nomi>.lst), obyektga oid fayl (<fayl_nomi>.obj),
dastur xotirasini fayl proshivkasi (<fayl_nomi>.hex), energiyaga
bogiiq bo‘lmagan ma’lumotlar xotirasi (<fayl_nomi >.eep).
Listing fayli bu - translyatoming ishi haqidagi hisobotdir.
4.16 -chizmada dastur translyatsiyasining listing qismi keltirilgan.
Unda 2, 5 va 19 sonlari tegishli R17, R18 va R19 registirlariga
kiritiladi; ko‘paytma va RI 7 , RI 8 registrlarining tarkibini summasi
hisoblanadi; R I 7, RI 8 registrlarining tarkibini summasidan R I 9
registrining tarkibi ayirib tashlanadi. Listing translyatsiyalanayotgan
dastuming asos matnini o ‘ z ichiga oladi. Mashinaviy kodlar va
adTeslar o ‘n oltilik sanoq tizim ida keltiriladi. Misol uchun, listing
satri ADD komandasi bilan quyidagi ma’lumotni o‘z ichiga oladi:
Of12 -kom andaning mashinaviy kodi;
000004 - berilgan komandani dastur xotirasida joylashgan
adresi.
179
EEPROM -m a’lumotlar xotirasi proshivka fayli, ma’lumotni energi-
y aga bog‘liq bo‘lmagan ma’lumotlar xotirasiga yuklash uchun
m o ‘ljallangan. Dastur xotirasini va energiyaga bogliq bo‘lmagan
m a ’lumotlar xotirasini yuklash operatsiyasi maxsus apparat vositalari
(programmatorlar) yordamida bajariladi.
AVR Studio muhitida dasturni tuzish
1. Project menyusidagi New Project komandasidan foydalanilgan
holda yangi loyihani yaratish. Dialog (So‘zlashuv) oynasida paydo
b o ‘ lgan Project Name hoshiyasiga yaratilayotgan loyihani nomini
kengayish qismisiz yozish (loyiha haqidagi m a’lumot faylda aps
kengayish nomi bilan saqlanadi). Location hoshiyasida loyiha fayl-
larining diskdagi joylashuvini ko‘rsatish; Project type hoshiyasida
A V R Assembler (dastuming asos matni assembler tilida tuziladi)
punktini tanlash. Birlamchi dasturni faylini yaratish uchun Create
initial File ni belgilash lozim. Dastur fayliga, loyiha nomidan
farqlanadigan nomni, Initial File hoshiyasiga kiritish mumkin.
Loyiha fayllarini saqlash uchun katalogni yaratishda Create Folder ni
belgilash kerak. Har bir loyihani alohida-alohida kataloglarga
joylashtirish tavsiya qilinadi. «Next» tugmasini bosish.
2. Select debug platform and device guruhida Debug Platform
hoshiyasida yaratilayotgan loyihani sozlash usulini - AVR Simu
l a t o r (simulyator-sozlagich) da ko‘rsatish, Device hoshiyasida das
tur tuzilayotgan mikrokontroller turini (ATmega8535) tanlash.
«Finish» tugmasini bosish. Ekranda loyihaning ierarxiya daraxti
(W orkspace oynasi, zakladka Project) va dastuming asos matnini
tahriri oynasi paydo bocladi.
Agar loyiha yaratilish jarayonida Create initial file
belgilanmagan bo‘lsa, dastuming asos matnini faylini File menyusida
joylashgan N ew File komandasi orqali yaratish mumkin.
3. Dastur matnini kiritish va tahrirlash. File menyusidajoylashgan
Save komandasidan foydalanilgan holda, faylni saqlash. Agar
dastuming asos matni fayli bor bo‘sa, uni Project menyusida
joylashgan Add existing File komandasi orqali loyihaga qo‘shib
qo‘yish mumkin.
4. Yaratilgan dasturni Project menyusidagi Build and run ko
mandasi (yoki klaviaturadagi Ctrl+F7 klavishlarini kombinatsiyasi)
orqali translyatsiyadan o‘tkazish. Translyatsiyadan oldin AVR
l so
Assembler dialog (so‘zlashuv) oynasidagi List file belgilanganligiga
ishonch hosil qiling (bu translyatsiya listingini yaratish uchun k erak
boMadi). AVR Assembler dialog (so‘zlashuv) oynasi Project
menyusidagi AVR Assembler Setup komandasi orqali chaqirish
amalgaoshiriladi. Translyatsiya tugashi bilan Output oynasida B uild
zakladkasida translyatsiya natijalari haqida ma’lumot paydo b o ‘ladi.
Listing faylini, loyihaning ierarxiya daraxtidan ochish m um kin
(Workspace oynasi, zakladka Project). Un dan keyin P ro ject
menyusidagi Save Project komandasi yordami bilan o'zgarishlam i
loyiha fayliga saqlash.
emulyatorlar
182
Ichki kristalli emulyator (On-Chip Emulator) mikroprotsessomi
tizimdan olmasdan turib sozlashga imkon beradi. Bundan tashqari
to ‘g‘ridan-to‘g ‘ri dastumi boshqarish mumkin. Ichki kristalli soz-
lashni eng ko‘p tarqalgan vositasi - JTAG (Joint Test Action Group)
nomi bilan taniqli, IEEE 1 149,1 ketma-ketlik interfeysidir. JTAG
ketma-ketlik sozlash porti, maxsus bog‘lanish qurilmalari yordam ida
kompyuterga ulanadi. Bunda protsessoming sozlash vositalariga
ulanishga imkon yaratiladi (4 .19-chizma). Bunday sozlash usulini
skanlovchi emulyatsiya deb ham atashadi. Bu uslubning ustunligi
shundaki, protsessorni tizimdan chiqarmasdan turib har xil ishlami
bajarilish mumkin, tizimning elektrik xarakteristikalarini o ‘zgar-
tirmagan holda protsessorni maksimal darajada unumdor ishlashini
ko'taraolish imkoniyati yaratiladi [14].
l 87
LJMRni to 'g ‘ndan-to‘g‘ri registrli adreslashda, ope
rand - komandada ko'rsatilgan, UMR tarkibi hisoblanadi.
To‘g ‘ ridan-to‘g‘ri registrli adreslash komandalari bitta ( Rd) yoki
ik k ita (Rr v a Rd) UMR adreslashligi mumkin (4.20-chizma).
10
r 1n : p i
,P
188
Kiritish-chiqarish registrini t o ‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri registrli adreslash,
kiritish-chiqarish registirining IN o ‘qish va OUT yozish komanda-
larida, hamda kiritish-chiqarish registri bilan ishlovchi bir qator
boshqa komandalarda ishlatiladi.
To‘g‘ridan-to‘g'ri registrli adreslashni qoMlanilishiga misol:
Buyriiq
j
0X0
15
Rr'Rd
0
|
$(000
15 \f 0
| Adres }■
190
hisoblanadi. Siljish komandaning 6 ta razryadida joylashadi
(4.24-chizma).
B u v ru q UFR
$0003
Adres+a
$FFFF
191
OHQ
Buyruq
$0000
Adres
n.ASHF.D
193
Dasturiy tain i not
15 F 1 0
| LSB |
FLA SH ED
194
'Yuqorida keltirilgan misolda operandani chapga, ko‘rsatilgan
razryadlar soniga siljitadigan, « operator ishlatilgan.
Dastur xotirasida postinkrementli konstantani adresatsiyalashda
konstantaning bayt adresi, Z registridajoylashadi. Z registridanjo‘ na-
tilgan baytko‘rsatilgan registrga yuklanadi, Z registri tarkibidagi ko-
manda bajarilganidan keyin inkrementatsiyalanadi. Dastur xotirasida
postinkrementli konstantani adresatsiyalash LPM va ELPM kom an-
dalaridaqo'llaniladi. Misol uchun:
LDI R 3 1, high(var<< 1); Z registrining katta bayti
LDI R30, lo w ( v a r « l) ; Z registrining kichik bayti
LPM R16, Z+ ; $50 sonini R16 gayuklash, inkrem entZ
LPM R17, Z , 137 sonini R17 gayuklash
196
to‘g‘ri ko'rsatadi. Agar komanda bajarilish paytida natijaning
uchinchi razryadidan siljish sodir bo‘lgan b o isa, H (half carry -
yarimsiljish) o ‘matiladi.
Operandlami solishtirishda tarmoqlanish uchun qoMlaniladigan,
shartli o‘tishlar komandalari 4 .1-jadvalda keltirilgan.
Komanda
hart Logik ifoda Opcrandlar
Tekshirish O'tish
Z-(N © V) = 0 CP Rr. Rd BRLT belgili
Rd > Rr
c +z =o CP Rr, Rd BRLO belgisiz
(N © V) = 0 CP Rd. Rr BRGE belgili
R d>R r
c =o CP Rd, Rr BRSh/BRCC belgisiz
belgili,
Rd = Rr Z= 1 CP Rd, Rr BREQ
belgisiz
belgili,
R d*R r Z=0 CP Rd. Rr BRNE
belgisiz
Z - (N ® V) - 1 CP Rr. Rd BRGE belgili
Rd< Rr
C • Z =1 CP Rr, Rd BRSh belgisiz
(N © V) - 1 CP Rd, Rr BRLT belgili
Rd < Rr
C= 1 CP Rd. Rr 3RLO/BRCS belgisiz
197
4.32-chizmada dastumi bir qismi keltirilgan. Bunda 100 soni,
besh baytdan tashkil topgan massiv yacheykasiga kiritiladi. Sikldan
chiqish va boshqaruvni uzatish shartlarini tekshirish uchun BRNE
komandasi ishlatiladi. Siklni qaytarilish chegarasi 5 ga teng, qa-
dam -1 gateng. Sikl parametri R16 registri tarkibigakiradi.
, ...
, ...
199
4.33-chizma. Stekkayozish (a) vastekdan o'qish (b) operatsiyasi:
*** —stekning navbatdagi bo 'sh yacheykasi; Addr - adres.
200
lchki operativ xotirada stekni tashkillashtirish quyidagicha
boiishi mumkin:
LDIR16, low(RAMEND) ; RAM END adresining kichik qism i
OUT SPL, R16 ; initsializatsiya SPL
LDI R16, high(R A M EN D ); RAM END adresining katta qismi
OUT SPH, R 16 ; initsializatsiya SPH
202
berish formatlashtirilmagan. Parametrlami uzatish uchun UMR,
operativ xotira yacheykalari va stek ishlatilishi mumkin.
RETI_______________ ; qaytish_____________________________
;T/C0taymeri bo'yichauzilishlam i qayta ishlash dastur osti dasturi
TMROJNT:
RETI ; qaytish
RESET: ; asosiy dastur
; stekni initsiaJizatsiyalash
207
Ichki periferik qurilmatardan uzilishlami boshqarish uchitn,
kiritish-chiqarish registrlaririi adres muhitida harn maxsus registrlar
k o ‘zda tutilgan. Bundan tashqari, AVR-mikrokontrollerlarining har
b ir apparat qurilmalari bilan, kiritish-chiqarish registrlari adres
m uhitida joylashgan, boshqarish registrlari birlashgan. Misol uchun,
o‘m atilgan 8 razryadli T/CO (Timer/CounterO) taymer-hisoblagichni
boshqarish, TCCRO (Timer/CounterO Control Register) va TCNTO
(Timer/CounterO) registrlari tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. TCCRO
registrining 0 - 2 (CS00, CSOl, CS02) razryadlari T/CO tay-
mer-hisoblagichigaishlash rejimini kiritadi: 0, 0, 0 qiymatlarini mos
ravishda CS00, CSOl, CS02 razryadlariga yozilganda tay-
mer-hisoblagichi to‘xtatilishi; 1,0, 0 - TCNTO registirning tarkibi
generatom ing har bir taktida inkrementatsiyalanadi; 0, 1 , 0 - har bir
8-taktda; 1 ,1 , 0 - h a r bir 64-taktda; 0, 0, 1 -harbir256-taktda; 1, 0,
1 — har bir 1024-taktda; 0, 1, 1 va 1, 1, 1 qiymatlari mos ravishda
m anfiy va musbat fronti boVicha tashqi rnanbaning impulslar sonini
hisoblash rejimini o‘matadi.
T/CO taymer-schyotchigi TCNTO registri to‘lganda, uzilishlar
so‘rovlam i generatsiyalaydi. TJMSK niqoblar registrida T/CO tay-
mer-hisoblagichi to‘lganda 1 (TOIEO) raziyadi uzilishga; TIFRbay-
roqlar registrida - 1 (TOVO) razryadi to‘g‘ri keladi. TOIEO razryadini
o ‘m atilishi TCNTO registri to‘lganda uzilishga ruxsat beriladi;
TCNTO registri to ‘lib, uzilishlar uchun so‘rov kelganda TOIFO
b ayrog‘i o‘matiladi.
U zilishlar qo‘llanilgan dastur uchun misol 4.36-chizmada
keltirilgan.
208
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209
A kkum ulyator (Accumulator) - bu arifmetik yoki mantiqiy
operandlardan birini saqlash uchun qo‘llaniladigan registr. Akkumu
lyator (Acc)da oldin bajarilgan va keyingi bajarilishi kerak bo‘lgan
am allam ing natijasini saqlash mumkin. Shu qatorda akkumulyator
(A cc) yordam ida kiritish vachiqarish amallan bajariladi.
M a ’lumotlar registri (Data Register)- bu registr operativ xotira
(O X Q ) va protsessomi tez ishlash farqini anglash uchun m oijal-
langan. Xotira va protsessorda axborot almashinayotgan paytida
vaqtinchalik saqlash uchun qo‘llaniladi. Operand m a’lumotlar regist
r i (R D )da joylashgandagina, biz arifmetik va mantiqiy amallami
b ajarishim iz mumkin. Misol uchun: ma’lumotlar registri (RD)dagi
qiy m atni, akkumulyator (Acc)dagi qiymatga qo‘shib va olingan
natijani yana akkumulyator (Acc)gajoylashimiz mumkin.
Boshqarish qurilmasining (BK) tuzilishi
P C - buyruqlar adresi hisoblagichi, navbatdagi buyruq adresini
o ‘zichigaoladi.
C R - buyruq registri, buyruq kodini o ‘z ichigaoladi(ya’ni buyruq
k o d idan tashkil topgan.)
R B - baza registri adresi (baza adresidan tashkil topgan).
SP-stek ko‘rsatkichi (stekning quyi adresidan tashkil topgan).
RA-adres registri, mavhum adreslash jarayonida adreslashni
am alga oshirishdan iborat.
Buyruq adresi hisoblagichi (Command Register)- bevosita
E H M da bajarilgan buyruq kodini saqlash uchun qollaniladi. Biror
b ir am al bajarilishidan oldin, buyruq adresi hisoblagichi (Pc)ga
bajarilishi kerak bo‘lgan, buyruq saqlangan xotira yacheyka adresi
kiritiladi. Hisoblash ketma-ketligini ozgartirish uchun, o‘tish
nuqtasini buyruq adresi hisoblagichiga kiritish yetarli bo'ladi.
K om anda registri (Command Register): to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri
m ash inada bajariladigan buyruq kodini saqlash uchun qo‘llaniladi.
B uyruqni bajarishga kirishishdan oldin, buyruq operatsiya kodi
(C O P) ni xotiradan chiqarib, buyruq operatsiya kodi (COP)ni xoti-
radan chiqarib, (COP) butun jarayon davomida saqlanib turadigan
kornanda registn (CR) gajoylashtirish kerak. Komanda registri (CR)
m aydoni quyidagilardan tashkil topgan: (COP)- operatsiya kodi,
(T A )- adreslash turi, (ADR)- adres yoki to ‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri operand.
210
Bazaviy registr adresi (Register Base): o'zida xotiradagi ba’zi
bir obyektlarning bazaviy ko'rsatkich adresini saqlaydi. Boshqacha
qilib aytganda, xotira yacheyka adresini, baza registriga saqlash
mumkin, undan keyin esa ana shu xotira adresida joylashgan
operanddagi buyruqni bajarish mumkin.
Baza adresi-bu b a ’zi bir ma’ lumotlar struktura adresining boshi
hisoblanadi (misol uchun: ma’lumotlar massivi).
Stekko‘rsatkichi (Stack Pointer): stek cho‘qqisi adresidan tashkil
topgan registr.
Stek cho‘qqisi- b u vaqt bo‘yicha eng oxirgi qaydlar kiritilgan
yacheykadir.
Adresni bajaruvchi registr (Registr Address): mavhum adreslash
jarayonida, bajarilayotgan adresni o‘z ichiga oladi.
Bajarilayotgan adres- bu operand yozilishi yoki o ‘qilishi mumkin
bo igan yacheyka raqam kodi.
Registrlar Acc, D R , IR, OR, CR va 6 o ‘nlik razryad uzunligiga
ega, PC, SP, RA va R B lar 3 razryad uzunlikka ega.
Holat registori. Arifmetik qurilma (AQ) jarayoni bajarilishini
yakunlash paytida, natija alomatlari Z, S, OV signallarini keltirib
chiqaradi. Alomatlar signali natijasi, registr holatini yoki bayroq
registrini aks ettiradi.
Bayroq registri- bu oxirgi arifmetik va mantiqiy amallar
alomatlari natijasini belgilashga va saqlashga mo‘ljallangan registr.
Bayroq har bir sikl (AU)ga o‘matiladi va oldingi jarayon nati-
jasining holati haqida ma’lumot beradi.
• Natija nolga teng: registrda yagona holatda bayroq Z(Zero)
o ‘matiladi.
• Natija manfiy: registrda yagona tartibda bayroq S (Sign)
o'matiladi.
• Tolib ketishi: to‘lib ketganda stek razryadi yagona tartibda OV
(Over Flow) ga o'm atiladi.
Yuqoridagi shartlar bajarilmagan holda mos kelgan signallar nol
qiymatga ega b o la d i.
Operativ xotira qurilmasi.
Operativ xotira (OZU) yacheykasida buyruq va ma’lumotlar
saqlanadi. (OZU)ning sig‘im i lOOOta yacheykaga teng. M W r
211
(M emory Write) signali asosida adres registrida (MAR)da ko‘rsa-
tilgan m a ’lumotlar registri (MDR) xotira yacheykasiga adresi bilan
saqlanadi. MRd (Memory Read) signali asosida esa (MAR)da
joylashgan xotira yacheykasi tarkibini adresi bilan birga o‘qishi
yuzagakeladi va(MDR) [ ] g ajo‘natiladi OZU yacheykalan 6 o'nlik
razryad uzunligiga ega.
Xotiradagi ma’lumotlar registri (Memory Data Register): xotira
va protsessoming qolgan registri orasida bufer rolini bajarishda
ishlatiladi. Shu orqal i protsessorga buyruqlar (operandlar) o‘tkaziladi
va xotiraga bajarilgan amallar natijasini jo ‘natadi.
Xotiradagi adres registri (Memory Address Register): biror bir
amal, jarayon (o‘tish yoki saqlash) yakuniga yetrnaguncha, shu
yacbeykada xotira yacheyka adresini saqlash uchun mo‘lj alian gan.
Xotira registri adresi mavjudligi, operativ xotiraqurilmasi va shu kabi
mashina qurilmalarini tez ishlash farqini kompensatsiya qilishga
ruxsat beradi.
To‘g ‘ ndan-to‘g‘ri ruxsatli o‘ta operativ xotira: operativ xotirali
qurilmaning bir qismi deb hisoblanmavdi. Umumiy belgilanishi
R0+R9 gacha bolgan lOta registrdan iborat (RON). Ma’lumki
(RON) - bu juda ham katta boimagan registrli xotira bo‘lib, unga
faqatgina alohida boTgan buyruq bilan ruxsat etiladi. OdatdaRONga
ko‘p m arotaba ishlatiladigari adres, sikl hisoblagichi va boshqalar
kiritiladi. XJnga faqatgina RAR (Register Address Register) va RDR
(Register D ata Register) registrlari orqali ruxsat etiladi.
O datda registrlar kattaligi EHM o‘quv modelida belgilangan,
RON esa 6 o‘nlik razryad uzunligiga ega.
Xohlagan registrga raqamini kiritib murojaat qilish mumkin.
Registr arxitekturasi ikki xil muhitning biriga: asosiv xotiraga yoki
registrlarga joylashtirish ruxsat etiladi. Operandlami 3 xil turdajoy-
lashtirish rnumkin:
• Registr-registr: operandlar faqatgina registrda joylashgan
boiadi.
• Registr-xotira: operandlardan biri registrda ikkinchisi esa
asosiy xoti rada joylashgan bo'ladi.
• Xotira-xotira: ikkala operand ham asosiy xotirada joylashgan
bo‘ladi.
212
Buyruq formati: buyruq formati tarkibida yo'nalishi va alohida
buyruqlar maydonini joy lashishi tushuniladi. Ko‘pincha EHM o‘quv
modelidagi buyruqlar b ir adresli yoki adressiz hisoblanib, 6 razryad
uzunligiga ega.
Buyruq formatida 3 xil maydon ajralib chiqadi:
•Amallar kodi (SO R ) ni belgilovchi ikkita katta razryad [0:1].
•2-razryad. Adreslash turini aniqlashi mumkin.
•[3:5]-razryad. Xotiradagi io \g ‘ri yoki mavhum adreslashni,
registr raqamini, o‘tish adresi yoki qisqa to‘g‘ridan to 'g ‘ri (bevosita)
operandni aniqlaydi. Ikki so’zii buyruqda bevosita operand [6:11]
maydonini egallaydi.
Bir adresli form atda ishlash uchun protsessorda akkumulyator
(Acc) ko‘zda tutilgan. 1-operand va natija bar doim akkumulyator
(Ass)ga joylashadi. 2-operand b o ‘lsa [3:5] maydonda adreslanadi
(joylashadi).
Adressiz buyruqda adreslash maydoni yo'q. Bevosita adreslash
va ikki adresli hisoblanuvchi IVfUV buyrug‘i ikkiso‘zii buyruqlar
istisno hisoblanadi.
EHM o‘quv m odelida quyidagi belgili fomiatlar ro'yxati
keltirilgan.
0 1 2 3 4 5
i ! COP x ! X X X
2 1COP ITA i ADR
3 COP ! TA I! X X R
3a ; COP ITA X Rl R2 6 11
4 1co p ; X XXX I
3 j (-OP 1 X ADC
5a ["cap] "R ADC
Buyruqlar tizimi
___________________________5.1-jadval
KOP Mnemokod Nomlanishi Bajarilishi
00 NOP Bo'sh jarayon Yo‘q
01 IN Kiritish Ass <—1R
02 OUT Chiqarish OR <—Asc
IRET Uzilishdan FLAGS.PC «- M(SP);
03
qaytish INC(SP)
WRRB RB baza registrini RB <—CR[ADR]
04 vuklash
WRSP SP stek SP «- CR[ADR]
05 ko'rsatkichini
vuklash
PUSH Stekga DEC(SP); M(SP) «- R
06
jovlashtirish
07 POP Stekdan chiqarish R — M(SP); INC(SP)
08 RET Qaytarish PC —*•M(SP); INC(SP)
HLT Stop komanda -sikli
09
tugallandi
10 JMP shartsiz o'tish PC«—CR|ADR]
JZ 0 bo'lganda o'tish if Asc = 0 then PC <—
11
CRFADR]
JNZ 0 bo'lmaganda if Asc ^ 0 then PC <—
12
o'tish CR|ADRj
JS Manflv bo'lganda if Asc< 0 then PC <—
13
o‘tish CRfADR]
JNS Musbat bo'lganda if Asc> 0 then PC <—
14
o'tish CRfADR]
JO To'lib ketganda if |Acc|> 99999 then PC
15
o'tish «- CRfADRl
JNO Toimaganda if |Acc| < 99999 then PC
16
o'tish — CRfADRl
214
5. l-jadvalning davonti
JRNZ TSikl DEC(R); if R > 0 then
17
PC CRfADRl
INT Dasluriy uzilish DEC(SP); M(SP) <-
18
FLAGS.PC; PC « - M(V)
CALL Dasturosti DEC(SP): M(SP) «- PC;
19
chaqirish PC — CR(ADR)
20 YO'Q
21 RD o'qish Acc <—DD
22 WR vozish M(*) <—Acc
23 ADD Qo'shish Acc <—Acc + DD
24 SUB Avirish Acc <—Acc - DD
25 MUL ko'paytirish Acc <—Acc \ DD
26 DIV boiish Acc <—Acc/DD
27 YO'Q
El Uzilishga ruxsat IF ♦— 1
28
berish
DI Uzilishga rad IF <—0
29
etish
30 MOV ko'chirish RI <—R2
31 RD O'qish Acc <—R*
32 WR Yozish R* <—Acc
33 ADD Qo'shish Acc <—Acc + R*
34 SUB Avirish Acc «—Acc - R*
35 MUL Ko'paytirish Acc <—Acc XR*
36 DIV Bo'lish Acc *—Acc/R*
37 IN Kiritish Acc — BU(CRrADR*l)
38 OUT Chiqarish BU(CR[ADR*]) <—Ass
39 YO'Q
40 YO'Q
41 RDI O'qish Ass -<—1
42 YO'Q
43 ADI Qo'shish Ass <—Asc + 1
44 SBI Avirish Ass <—Asc -I
45 MULI Ko'paytirish Ass Asc XI
46 DIVI Bo'lish Ass <—Ass/I
215
5.1. -jadvalda quyidagi belgilar qabui qilingan.
A cc - akkumulyator
P C - buyruqlar hisoblagichi
SP - stek ko‘rsatkichi.
R B - baza registri.
IR —kiritish registri.
O R - chiqarisb registri.
FLAGS - bayroqlar vektori: IF,OV,S,Z
IF —uzilishga ruxsat beruvchi bayroq.
DE> - (ikkinchi) operand sifatida buyruqni shakllantimvchi
m a’lum ot xotira yacheykasida to‘g‘ri yoki mavhum adreslash yoki
bo‘lm asa3 razryadli bevosita operand;
R — umumiy belgilangan registr tarkibi (RON).
R* - xotira yacheyka registri orqali RON yoki mavhum
adreslash tarkibi;
M( ) - xotira yacheykasi tarkibi.
M (*) - buyruqga xotira yacheykasini to‘g‘ri yoki mavhum
adreslash tarkibi;
CR —buyruq registri;
CR[ADR] - CR registrining 3 raziyadli maydoni ADR;
CR[ADR*] - CR registrining ikkita kichik razryad maydoni
ADR;
V - xotira adresi, uzilish vektoriga mos;
I - belgili 5 razryadli bevosita operand.
2 Asoslangan
a. OZU(ADR)[3:5] ADD 0,33
bol da
[] i! 3 Nisbatan ADR. + RB ADD [33]
216
5.2-jadvaIning davomi
m 4 mavhum registri RON(R)[3:5] A D D @R3
Indcks postin- RON(R)[3:5],
■aiR-t- 5 A D D @:R3+
krementli R:=R+1
Indeks pred- R:=R-1.
-@R 6 A D D -@R3
dekrementli RON(R)[3:5]
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218
2 Variant bo‘yicha IR-kirish qurilmasiga boshlang‘ich qiymat-
lami kiritamiz.
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2 - M isol:
AN I ,FO buyrug‘i
01011111 akkumulyatordagi son
11110000 niqob
01010000 akkumulyatordagi natij a
2) A.kkumulyatordagi son va niqob mantiqiy qo shiladi. Agar
shu niqob razryadida 1 soni bo‘lsa, bunda 1 soni razryadda
o‘matiladi, agar shu razrvadga 0 soni yozilgan bo'Isa, u berilgan
sonni o‘zgartirmaydi.
3 - misol 4 - misol
ORI, 22N buy rug i OR1, FO buy mg' i
01110011 akkumulyatordagi son 01011111
akkumulyatordagi son
00100010 niqob 11110000 niqob
01110011 akkumulyatordagi natija 11111111 natija
3) Akkumulyatordagi son va niqob mantiqiy rad etuvchi "yoki"
amalini bajaradi. Agar berilgan niqob razryadiga 1 soni yozilgan
bo‘lsa, bunda razryad teskarilanadi (inversiyalanadi), agarda bu
razryadda 0 soni yozilgan bo‘lsa, u o ‘zgarmaydi.
5 - misol 6 - misol
XRJ,22N buyrug‘i XRI ,FO buyrug‘i
222
0111 OOl 1 akkumulyatordagi son 01011111
akkumulyatordagi son
00100010 niqob 11110000 niqob
01010001 akkumulyatordagi natija 10101111 natija
228
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o‘nlik son Buyruq
101 Displevni tozalash(Ochistit), bunda Bnaeoxotira AR
adres registrini 000 holatgao‘matadi va Err bayrogida
xatolikni ko'rsatadi
102 Err bayrog'idagi xatolikni registr SR ga yuklash
235
5. 17-chizma. Birinchi simvolni displeyga chiqarish
Chcose с Target
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240
5.21-chizma. Mikrokontroller ish jarayonim moslashtirish
I Pin .
[PORTi
¿Di OK.
241
M ana endi dasturimizni saqlab ishga tushirishimiz mumkin,
buning uchun Run menyusidan Go bo‘limini yoki F5 klavishini
bosiladi.
Bn**;:- anei:. Panel afiei :
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r -------------
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rishni tashkil qilamiz:
Y anabir Component Macroblokmi sxemagajoylaymiz. Vauning
ko‘rsatkichlari quyidagicha bo‘ladi:
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251
#include<util/delay.h> // Sarlavhali fay!ni ulash (_delay_ms() va
_delay_us()funksiyalarini yozilmasi)
intmain(void) //Asosiyfunktsiya (dasturboshi)
{
D D RB = OxFF; // PORTBni chiqish deb e’lonqilamiz
PORTB=OxOO; //BportdaO[V] deb o'rnatamiz
w h ile (l) // Uzluksiz davr
{
PO R TB = 0x01; //PORTBOga 5[YJbenlsin
_delay_ms(50); //PORTBO 50 ms yoqib turilsin
PO R TB = 0x00; //PORTBOga 0[V]berilsin
_delay_ms(50); //PORTBO 50 ms o‘chiq turilsin
}
}
LCD-Arduino pinauti
I. J-jadral
254
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257
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жетаяЬ
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M U N D ARIJA
KIRISH
1. RAQAMLI QURILMALARNING EVOLYITSIYASI
1.1. Raqamli texnika asoslari 6
1.2 Hisoblash mashinalaming evolyutsiyasi....................... 26
1.3. Zamonaviy kompyuterlar yaratish asoslari 33
1.4. Mikroprotsessorlaraing turlari va mojlanish
bosqichlari.............. 44
2. MIKROPROTSESSORLI T1ZIMLAR
2.1. Mikroprotsessorli tizim strukturalari va ishlash
asoslari......................................................................... 56
2.2. Mikroprotsessoming umumiy struktarasi 58
2.3. Pentium protsessorlarining umumiy strukturasi 64
2.4. Ko‘p yadroli protsessorlar 71
2.5. Mikroprotsessor registrlari va xotira segmentlari 77
2.6. Adreslash usullari 84
2.7. Mikroprotsessor buyruqlar tizimi 90
3. TAJRMOQPROTSESSORLARI
3.1. Tarmoqprotsessorlaiinirivojlanish bosqichlari 99
3.2. Tarmoq protsessorlarining umumiy strukturasi va
vazifalari 104
3.3. Tarmoq protsessorlarining zamonoviy arxitektiiralari... 111
3.3.1. Internet Exchange aixitekturasi (IXA) 111
3.3.2. IXP tarmoq protsessorlari 117
3.4. С-port tarmoq protsessori 132
3.5. Kompaniyalaming zamonaviy tarmoq protsessorlari.... 138
264
3.6. Tannoq protsessorlarining operatsion tizimlari............ ..140
4. MI KROKO NT ROLLE RLI TIZIMLARI
4.1. Mikrokontrollerl i tizimlar strukturasi ..151
4.2. Mikrokontrollerlar strukturasi va ishlash asoslari 152
4.3. Mikrokontroller yadrosi ..155
4.4. Mikrokontroller qurilmalari ..159
4.5. AVR- mikrokontrollerini strukturasi 170
4.6. AVR-mikrokontrollerlarining komandalar tizimi 175
4.7. Mikrokontrollerl ami dasturiy ta'minotini sozlash
vositalari 181
4.8. Operandlami adreslash usullari 187
4.9. Mikrokontrollerl ami dasturlash 195
4.9.1. Siklik dasturlar tuzish 195
4.9.2. Qism dastur tuxish 198
4.9.3. Uzilishlar asosida dastur tuzish 204
ILOVALAR......................................................................................209
ADABIYOTLAR.............................................................................261
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение............................................................................... 3
1. ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ЦИФРОВЫХ УСТРОЙСТВ
1.1. Основы цифровой техники....................................... 6
1.2. Эволюция вычислительных машин......................... 26
1.3. Основы создания современных компьютеров........ 33
1.4. Типы микропроцессоров и этапы развития............ 44
2. МИКРОПРОЦЕССОРНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ
2.1. Структура микропроцессорных систем и основы
их работы................................................................... 56
2.2. Общая структура микропроцессора......................... 58
2.3. Общая структура процессоров Pentium................... 64
2.4. Многоядерные процессоры...................................... 71
2.5. Регистры микропроцессора и сегменты памяти...... 77
2.6. Методы адресации..................................................... 84
2.7. Система команд микропроцессора.......................... 90
3. СЕТЕВЫЕ ПРОЦЕССОРЫ
3.1. Этапы развития сетевых процессоров...................... 99
3.2. Общая структура сетевых процессоров и их задач.. 104
3.3 Современная архитектура сетевых процессоров..... 111
3.3.1. Архитектура Internet Exchange (IXA)...................... I ll
3.3.2. Сетевые процессоры 1ХР.......................................... 117
3.4. Сетевые процессоры С-порта................................... 132
3.5. Современные сетевые процессоры компаний......... 138
3.6. Операционнные системы сетевых процессоров...... 140
266
4. М ИКРОКОНТРОЛЛЕРНЫ Е СИСТЕМЫ
4.1. Структура микроконтроллерных систем.................. ..151
4.2. Структура микроконтроллера и основы их работы.. 152
4.3. Ядро микроконтроллера.............................................. ..155
4.4. Устройства микроконтроллера.................................. ..159
4.5. Структура АVR микроконтроллера.......................... ..170
4.6. Система команд АV R микроконтроллеров............. ... 175
4.7. Устройства настройки программного обеспечения
микроконтроллеров........................................................181
4.8. Методы адресации операндов......................................187
4.9. Программирование микроконтроллеров.................. ..195
4.9.1. Создание циклических программ 195
4.9.2. Создание подпрограмм 198
4.9.3. Создание программ на основе прерываний 204
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ...................................................................... 2.09.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА......................................................................... 261.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION..................................................................... ..3
1. EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL DEVICES
1.1. Fundamentals of digital techniques ..6
1.2. Evolution of computing machines .26
1.3. Basics o f creating modem computers......................... .33
1.4. Main types of microprocessors and stages of
development.................................................................... ... 44
2. MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS
2.1. Structures of microprocessor systems and working basis.. 56
2.2. Generic structure of microprocessor .58
2.3. General structure of Pentium processors .64
2.4. Multicore processors 71
2.5. Microprocessor registers and segments of memory ..77
2.6. Addressing methods 84
2.7. System of commands of microprocessors ..90
3. NETWORK PROCESSORS
3.1. Evolution stages of network processors ..99
3.2. General structures and functions of network processors ... 104
3.3. Modem architectures of network processors I ll
3.3.1. Internet Exchange Architecture (IXA).............................. ..I l l
3.3.2 Network processors of IXA....................... .......................117
3.4. C-port based network procCSSCfS............ ......................... 132
3.5. Modem network processors of companies 138
3.6. Operation systems of network processors 140
268
4. MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMS
4.1. Generic structure of microcontroller system s.......................151
4.2. Structure of microcontrollers and working basics............ ... 152
4.3. The core of microcontroller....................................................155
4.4. Microcontroller..................................................................... ...159
4.5. Structure of AV R microcontrollers.................................... ... 170
4.6. System o f commands of A. VR microcontrollers................... 175
4.7. Tools o f software configuration for microcontrollers...........181
4.8. Addressing methods of operands......................................... ..187
4.9. Microcontroller programming............................................. ..195
4.9.1. Cyclic programming............................................................. ..195
4.9.2. Sub programming................................................................. ..198
4.9.3. Interruption based programming......................................... ..204
APPENDIX..................................................................................... .209
L IT E R A T U R E S ................................................................................... ..261
QA.YDLAR UCHUNT
270
X.YU.ABASXANOV A, U .B.AM IRSA ID O V
MIKROPROTSESSORLAR
Muharrir: F.Ismoilova
Tex. muharrir: M.Hol muhainedoV
Musavvir: D. Azizov
Musahhih: N.Hasanova
Kompyuterda
sahifalovchi: Sh.Mirqosimova