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 ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ

ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Ƚɥɚɜɚ I. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ . 22

§1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.1. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.3. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.4. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
§2. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.1. Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.2. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3. ȼɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
§3. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ . . 65
3.1. ȼɟɪɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ 67
3.2. Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ – ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ – ɬɟɤɫɬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Ƚɥɚɜɚ II. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɋɪɟɞɵ Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ . . . . . . . . . . 94

§4. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɋɪɟɞɵ Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2. ɉɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
§5. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ . . 118
5.1. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.2. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɶ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
§6. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.1. Ɉɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.2. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.3. Ɍɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.4. Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ . . . . . . . . . . 164
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

1
Ƚɥɚɜɚ III. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
§7. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ “ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɟɪɰɚɧɢɹ” ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ . . . . 176
7.1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2. Ɋɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.3. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.4. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
§8. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ . . . . . . . . 204
8.1. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
8.2. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.3. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
§9. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ . . . . . . . . . . 232
9.1. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ
ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
9.2. Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
9.3. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
9.4. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ . . . . . . . . . 254
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Ƚɥɚɜɚ IV. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ . . . 263

§10. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
10.1. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
10.2. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɝɚɞɤɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
10.3. ɉɨɢɫɤ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
10.4. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
§11. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
11.1. ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
11.2. ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
11.3. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
§12. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
12.1. ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
12.2. ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
12.3. ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ . . . . 341
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

2
Ƚɥɚɜɚ V. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
§13. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
13.1. ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
13.2. ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
13.3. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
§14. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɤɨɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
14.1. “Ȼɭɦɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ” ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɋɪɟɞɵ Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ . . . . . . . . . . 414
14.2. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
14.3. Ƚɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɋɪɟɞɵ Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ . . . . . . . . . 431
§15. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
I. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
II. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
III. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
IV. Ƚɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɋɪɟɞɵ Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
V. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

3
 ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ

ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ

ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɦɚɬɟɦɚ-
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ: ɝɭɦɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ-
ɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɭɩɨɪ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ
ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
1. ɉɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ
ɬɪɟɬɢ XX ɜɟɤɚ “ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɛɭɦ” ɩɨɜɥɟɤ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɛ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ.
2. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɫɬɨɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɨ-
ɤɨɜ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ 10-11 ɝɨ-
ɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ).
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɨɜ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɸ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɤ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢ-
ɜɨɪɟɱɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ.

4
 3. Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɱɢɫ-
ɥɚ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɤ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɭ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɦɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɍɫɢɥɢɜɚɸ-
ɳɟɟɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɵɯ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠ-
ɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ.
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɨ-
ɛɢɣ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɞɭɦɱɢɜɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɦɟɧɶ-
ɲɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟ-
ɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɟ ɗȼɆ,
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɢ-
ɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟ-
ɱɢɸ ɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɛɭ-
ɱɚɟɦɵɯ, ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ.
4. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢ-
ɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɱɟɦ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɥɢɰɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ.
5. Ⱦɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢ-
ɤɢ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɚɥɚɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬɭ

5
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
6. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɸɬ ɤ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ
ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ-
ɧɢɟɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫ-
ɰɢɩɥɢɧ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨ-
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ.
7. ɇɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɟɨ-
ɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ
ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɟ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɭɱɟɧɢɤɢ
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɜɵ-
ɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɬɭɩɢɤɚ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɭɦɟɧɢɸ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɛɧɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

6
 ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ-ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚ-
ɬɢɤɟ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
(ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɣ, ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɣ, ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ, ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ, ɡɚɞɚɱ-
ɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɢ ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
Ɉɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɛɭ-
ɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɲɥɨ ɜ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ ɉɪɨ-
ɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
«ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ» (ɬɟɦɚ: «ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ», ɫɪɨɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ 1995-1997 ɝɨɞɵ)
ɢ ɜ Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ» (ɬɟɦɚ: «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚ-
ɳɢɯɫɹ», ɫɪɨɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ: 1996-1998 ɝɨɞɵ).

Ʉ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:

– ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ

7
 (Ʌ.ɋ. ȼɵɝɨɬɫɤɢɣ [32-34], ȼ.ȼ. Ⱦɚɜɵɞɨɜ [56-57], Ɍ.ȼ. Ʉɭɞɪɹɜɰɟɜ
[95], Ɇ.ɂ. Ɇɚɯɦɭɬɨɜ [109], ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɧɱɢɧɫɤɚɹ [20], Ⱦ.Ȼ. ɗɥɶɤɨɧɢɧ
[203] ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ);
– ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ
(ɉ. Ʌɢɧɞɫɧɟɣ [103], Ɇ. Ɇɢɧɫɤɢɣ [111], ȼ.Ɇ. Ɇɨɧɚɯɨɜ [113],
ɘ. ɇɢɜɟɪɝɟɥɶɬ [117], ɋ. ɉɟɣɩɟɪɬ [127] ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ);
– ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ
(Ɋ. Ⱥɪɧɯɟɣɦ [3-7], ɉ.ə. Ƚɚɥɶɩɟɪɢɧ [35], Ɋ.Ɇ. Ƚɪɚɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ [48],
Ɋ. Ƚɪɟɝɨɪɢ [49-50], ɍ. Ⱦɠɟɣɦɫ [60], Ȼ.Ȼ. Ʉɨɫɫɨɜ [88], ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɪɭ-
ɬɟɰɤɢɣ [94], Ⱥ.Ʉ. Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜ [183-184], Ɇ.ɋ. ɒɟɯɬɟɪ [198-199]
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ);
– ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ
(ȼ.ɉ. Ɂɢɧɱɟɧɤɨ [68-69], Ɇ. ɂɞɟɧ [74-75], ɉ. Ʉɨɥɟɪɫ [83], C.ɂ. ɒɚ-
ɩɢɪɨ [195], C.Ⱥ. ɒɚɩɨɪɢɧɫɤɢɣ [196] ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ);
– ɬɪɭɞɵ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ
(ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɪɭɩɢɱ [93], Ⱦ. ɉɨɣɹ [133-135], ȼ. ɋɟɪɜɟ [173], Ɋ. Ɏɟɣɧɦɚɧ
[186], Ʌ.Ɇ. Ɏɪɢɞɦɚɧ [187-188], ɗ. Ɏɪɨɣɞɟɧɬɚɥɶ [189-190],
ɂ.ɋ. əɤɢɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ [205-206] ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ);
– ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ
(Ⱥ.Ⱦ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ [1], ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ [8], Ɇ.ɂ. Ȼɚɲɦɚɤɨɜ [11-15],
ɇ.ə. ȼɢɥɟɧɤɢɧ [30], ȼ.Ⱥ. Ƚɭɫɟɜ [54-55], Ɇ.ɘ. Ʉɨɥɹɝɢɧ [85],
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɨɪɞɤɨɜɢɱ [114], Ɂ.ɂ. ɋɥɟɩɤɚɧɶ [174], Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɋɬɨɥɹɪ [177]
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ).

8
 ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɢɡ-
ɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ: ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɲɤɨɥɶ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫ-
ɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ-
ɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 37-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ 22-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ
20 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ
20 ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɲɤɨɥ (ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɢɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɯ ɞɨ
ɩɹɬɢ ɥɟɬ), ɨɤɨɥɨ 8000 ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 40 ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɪɟɚ-
ɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ ɲɤɨɥɵ (ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɬɢɩɨɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ), ɦɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ,
ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɡɭ-
ɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɹ-
ɳɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.

9
 Ƚɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɜɭɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɝɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚ-
ɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɞɚ-
ɫɬɫɹ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸ-
ɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɜ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɟ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɫɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɡɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɹɜɢɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɧ-
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɨɩɵɬɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ
ɞɜɚ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ:
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ.

10
 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɣ
ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɬɟ ɚɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ (ɤɚɤ
ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ
ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɦɨ-
ɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɜ ɦɟɬɨ-
ɞɢɤɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
1. ɍɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɧɹ-
ɬɢɟ “ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ”, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɡɚɢ-
ɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
2. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ: ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ; ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ; ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ.
3. Ɋɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɟɟ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
4. ɋɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛ-
ɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ.

11
 5. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛ-
ɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɟ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ.
6. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɭɪɨɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɭɩɨɪ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
7. ȼɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛ-
ɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɲɤɨɥɵ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ (1975-1980) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ. ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ
ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɚ
ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ (ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ ɝ. Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɚ
ɢ ɉɌɍ ɝ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɚ).
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɰɟ-
ɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɧɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵ-
ɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɢɫ-
ɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (1980-1986) ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ:

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 1) ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ,
2) ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
Ⱥɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ
ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɋɪɟɞɵ Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɱɟɪɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɩɪɢ Ɇɭɪ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɲɟɦ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɦ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ (ɆȼɂɆɍ) ɢɦ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɚ ɢ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ-
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɭɡɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ I ɤɭɪɫɚ ɆȼɂɆɍ
(ɫɭɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɭɥɶ-
ɬɟɬɵ), ɜ 10-11 ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɟɹ.
ɇɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ (1986-1997) ɭɬɨɱɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧ-
ɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ – ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɤɚ, ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢ-
ɩɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɤɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɲɤɨɥɵ
(ɯɢɦɢɹ, ɮɢɡɢɤɚ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ,
ɫɨɥɶɮɟɞɠɢɨ ɢ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɚ).
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟ-
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɢ ɥɢɰɟɹɯ ɝ. Ɇɭɪ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɚ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,

13
 ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɢ ɥɟɤɰɢɹɯ I ɢ II ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨ-
ɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ – ɡɪɟɧɢɹ – ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ:
1) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
2) ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɚɹ
ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɢ-
ɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɚ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ
– ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ;
– ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬ-
ɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ
ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ:
ƒ «ȼɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ» (ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ);

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 ƒ «Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ» ɢ «ɍɝɥɵ» (ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɬɚɧ-
ɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ);
ƒ «ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧɵ» (ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ);
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ:
ƒ «ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɩɢɞɢɚɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɹ» (ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜɢ-
ɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ),
ƒ «ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɤɢ» (ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɟ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɤɨɥɵ).

ɇɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ:

1. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
2. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
3. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ.
4. ɇɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɜɟɞɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɡɪɟɧɢɟ.
5. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
6. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɋɪɟɞɵ Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɯ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ

15
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ.
7. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ.
ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɫ 1989 ɩɨ 1997 ɝɨɞɵ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1989 ɩɨ 1990 ɝɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɵ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɵ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ
ɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɢ ɉɌɍ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ.
ɋ 1994 ɩɨ 1997 ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɢɹ «ȼɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ» (ɜ 2 ɱɚɫɬɹɯ), «Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨ-
ɦɟɬɪɢɹ» (ɜ 2 ɱɚɫɬɹɯ), ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɵ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ 8-11 ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (1989-1993) ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ: ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
Ⱥɩɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢ-
ɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɋɪɟɞɵ Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɧɟɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ

16
 ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ Ɉɤ-
ɬɹɛɪɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ʉɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɨɜ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ⱥɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɚ
ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ:
1. ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɆȼɂɆɍ (1988, 1994).
2. ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɫɤɨ-ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ (Ɇɉɂ, 1993).
3. ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɉɌɍ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɚ
ɢ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, 1986).
4. ɋɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ
ɜ ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɐɟɧɬɪɟ Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Ʌɟ-
ɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, 1984, 1989).
5. ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɭɡɨɜ Ɇɢ-
ɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɪɵɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɟɤɰɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ,
ɆȼɂɆɍ ɢɦ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɚ (Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1986).
6. ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɅȽɉɂ ɢɦ. Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ, Ƚɟɪɰɟ-
ɧɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ, ɫɟɤɰɢɹ «Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚ-
ɥɢɡɚ» (Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, 1989).
7. ɋɟɣɮɭɥɥɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɫɟɤɰɢɹ «Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ» (ɐɟɥɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ, 1989).
8. Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ «ɉɪɨ-
ɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ», ɫɟɤɰɢɹ «ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɢɹɯ» (Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, 1989).
9. ɋɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ ɇɂɑ ɅɗɌɂ (ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ,
1989-1990).
10. ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɫɤɨ-ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɆȽȺɊɎ, (Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1994, 1997).

17
 11. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1992-1997).
12. ɋɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ
ɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɊȺɈ (ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 1994,
1996).
13. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ «Ɇɚɬɟ-
ɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɜɭɡɟ – ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – Ȼɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ» (Ʉɨ-
ɫɬɪɨɦɚ, 1996).
14. 8-ɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɆȽɌɍ (Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1997).
15. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɵ» (Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1997).
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ 35 ɚɤɬɚɯ ɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ 9 ɨɬɱɟɬɚɯ ɩɨ ɇɂɊ:
ƒ «ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ». ʋ01860047056. – Ɇɭɪ-
ɦɚɧɫɤ, ɆȽȺɊɎ. – 3 ɷɬɚɩɚ.
ƒ «Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ» (ɇɂɑ ɅɗɌɂ, ɍȾɄ 519; 331/86.001.8: 51 ʋ ɝɨɫ. ɪɟɝ.
0189001785, 1989).
ƒ «Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ
ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ “ɒɤɨɥɚ–Ʌɢɰɟɣ–ȼɍɁ”». ʋ0189001785, – Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, ɆȽȺɊɎ
1994. – 3 ɷɬɚɩɚ.
ƒ Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɩɨ ɇɂɊ ɂɉɈ ɊȺɈ (ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ʋ7/1 ɨɬ 05.05.94).
ƒ Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ «ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ» (ɇɂɊ ɂɉɈ
ɊȺɈ ɜ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɟ 1996).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɱɟɦ ɜ 30 ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:

18
 1. Ɉɛ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɦɭɡɵɤɟ //
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ, ʋ1, 1994.
2. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ (ɜ ɫɨɚɜ-
ɬɨɪɫɬɜɟ) // Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ, ʋ1, 1991.
3. ȼɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɱ-ɫɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɟɹ,
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɲɤɨɥ, ɤɭɪɫɚɧɬɨɜ (ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ) ɦɥɚɞɲɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɜɭɡɚ: – ȼ 2 ɱ. –
Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1993. – ɑ.I – 166 ɫ. − (Ʉɨɦ. ɊɎ ɩɨ ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɫɬɜɭ. ɆȽȺɊɎ).
4. ȼɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɱ-ɫɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɟɹ,
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɲɤɨɥ, ɤɭɪɫɚɧɬɨɜ (ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ) ɦɥɚɞɲɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɜɭɡɚ: – ȼ 2 ɱ. –
Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1993. – ɑ.II – 159 ɫ. − (Ʉɨɦ. ɊɎ ɩɨ ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɫɬɜɭ. ɆȽȺɊɎ).
5. Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ
ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɱ-ɫɹ 8-9 ɤɥ. ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɟɹ ɢ ɫɪ. ɲɤɨɥ. –
ȼ 2 ɱ. – Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1994. – ɑ.I – 122 ɫ. − (Ʉɨɦ. ɊɎ ɩɨ ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɫɬɜɭ.
ɆȽȺɊɎ).
6. Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ
ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɱ-ɫɹ 8-9 ɤɥ. ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɟɹ ɢ ɫɪ. ɲɤɨɥ. –
ȼ 2 ɱ. – Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1994. – ɑ.II – 159 ɫ. − (Ʉɨɦ. ɊɎ ɩɨ ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɫɬɜɭ.
ɆȽȺɊɎ).
7. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɩɢɞɢɚɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɹ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ 2 ɱ. – Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1994. –
ɑ.I – 146 ɫ. – (Ʉɨɦ. ɊɎ ɩɨ ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɫɬɜɭ. ɆȽȺɊɎ).
8. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɩɢɞɢɚɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɹ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ 2 ɱ. – Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1994. –
ɑ.II – 180 ɫ. – (Ʉɨɦ. ɊɎ ɩɨ ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɫɬɜɭ. ɆȽȺɊɎ).

19
 9. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ (ɜ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɟ) //
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ, ʋ6, 1996.
10. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɤɢ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ. – ɋɉɛ.: ɋɜɟɬ, 1996.
11. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧɵ. ɇɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ
ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ – ɋɉɛ.: ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɌɈɈ Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ȻɚɥɬɊɭɫ, 1997.–
112 ɫ.
12. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧɵ. ɇɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ – ɋɉɛ.: ɢɡɞ-ɜɨ ɌɈɈ Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ȻɚɥɬɊɭɫ,
1997. – 131 ɫ.
13. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ (ɜ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪ-
ɫɬɜɟ) − ɋɉɛ.: ɋɜɟɬ, 1997. − 400 ɫ.
14. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ «ɍɝɥɵ»: ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢ-
ɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ (5-7 ɤɥɚɫɫɵ). – Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤ, 1997. – 45 ɫ. – (ɂɧ-ɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɊȺɈ, Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬ).

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ
Ⱦɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɹɬɢ ɝɥɚɜ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟ-
ɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ 350 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 18 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 100 ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ 17 ɬɚɛɥɢɰ,
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ 150 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ, ɩɚɪɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ (ɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɱɟɬɧɚɹ) ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɥɢɛɨ
ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɧɚɲɭ ɢɞɟɸ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ. ɉɨɞɚɜ-
ɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ «Ɇɚɬɟ-
ɦɚɬɢɤɚ», ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟ-

20
ɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ
ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɢ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ
ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɢ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ-
ɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 01.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ
ɫɚɦɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ.

Ɋɢɫ. 01.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

21
 Ƚɥɚɜɚ I
ȼɂɁɍȺɅɖɇɈȿ ɆɕɒɅȿɇɂȿ
ɂ ȿȽɈ ɊɈɅɖ ȼ ɈȻɍɑȿɇɂɂ ɆȺɌȿɆȺɌɂɄȿ

Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɨɛɳɟ-

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɋɸɞɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɠɚ-
ɠɞɵ ɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɢɥɚɯ, ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɰɟɧɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɧɞɢɜɢ-
ɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢ-
ɥɨɦ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ȼ. ɋɟɪɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤ ɥɸ-
ɛɨɦɭ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ:
«Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɧɚɹ, ɱɟɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚɹ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɞɹɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɭɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ» [173, ɫ. 26].
Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ. Ʉɪɚɫɨɬɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɯ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɫɦɟɥɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɛɨɝɚɬ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɫɤɭɤɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɦɭ,
ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɸ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɰɚɪɹɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɵ ɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬ-
ɪɢɢ, ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɹɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢ-

22
ɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɤɧɢɝɨɣ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ
ɩɥɚɧ ɦɵ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɦ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ.
«ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ» –
ɷɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ɏɪɟɞɚ ɏɨɣɥɚ, ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɤɨɜ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ [192], ɦɵ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɧɚ-
ɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.

23
 §1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ

ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɚɦɢ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ, ɢɫ-
ɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɜɟɞɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ,
ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋ. Ⱥɪɧɯɟɣɦ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ «ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ» ɩɢɲɟɬ:
«ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɧɫɨɪ-
ɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɬɢɧɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɡ-
ɧɨɣ, ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɹɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ… Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ... ɥɸɛɨɟ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ – ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ» [7, ɫ. 20-21].
ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ “ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ”, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥɪɧɯɟɣɦ [5, ɫ. 98], «ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬ-
ɜɨɦ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ) ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ» Ⱥ.Ɋ. Ʌɭɪɢɹ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ [105, ɫ. 108] «ɭɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɨ-
ɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɭɦɨ-ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ». ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɠɢɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ȼ.ɉ. Ɂɢɧɱɟɧɤɨ [69, ɫ. 46]:
«ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨ-
ɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ».
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ “ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ” ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ

24
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɪɟɧɢɟ, “ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɸ-
ɳɟɣɫɹ” ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ɇɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ
«... ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɜ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧ-
ɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧ-
ɧɵɦ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɞɟɹɦ» [7, c. 107].
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ.
ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɵɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɤɨ-
ɩɢɥɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ-
ɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ.

1.1. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ

ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫ-
ɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɢɯ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɱɟɪɬ,
ɢɯ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ-
ɧɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɵ, ɤɚɤ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ, ɪɟɱɟɜɨɟ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɚɥɝɨ-
ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
ȼɵɞɟɥɢɦ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ (ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ) ɢ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚ-

25
ɰɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ,
ɤɚɤ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ-
ɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨ-
ɜɢɦɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ.
ɉɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɭ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ?
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɵ-
ɜɚɟɬ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ),
ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ – ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ
ɤɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ, ɚɭɞɢɨɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸ-
ɬɟɪɚ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɢɡɥɨ-
ɠɢɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚ-
ɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɜ – ɭɛɟɠɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɨɫ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ “ɢɫ-
ɤɭɫɫɬɜɭ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ”. Ɋ. Ƚɪɟɝɨɪɢ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ «Ɋɚɡɭɦɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɡ» [50, ɫ. 7] ɩɢɲɟɬ:
«… ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɟɳɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ».
ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ [49, ɫ. 223], ɫɥɟɞɭɹ Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶɰɭ, ɨɧ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ:
«... ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɟɳɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ».

26
 Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɦɟɧɢɸ “ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ”, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɨ-
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚ-
ɞɚɱɟɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ.
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ Ƚɪɟɝɨɪɢ, ɱɬɨ
«... ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɟɳɢ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ȼɫɟ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ – ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ – ɫɭɬɶ ɜɨ-
ɩɪɨɫɵ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɨɡɝɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ – ɨɬɜɟɬɵ,
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɪɧɵɟ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ» [ɫɦ. ɬɚɦ ɠɟ].
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɛɨɝɚ-
ɬɨɣ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ, ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ,
ɞɟɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ ɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ.
«Ⱦɟɥɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ...
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɯɟɦ,
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ, ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɦɵɫɥɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɤ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ-
ɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨ-
ɧɟɧɬɨɜ» [196, ɫ. 51].
Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɛɟɥ.
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɛɵ ɦɟɠɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɵ ɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɢɯ
ɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ, ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɧɢ-

27
 ɤɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ, ɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɡɚɤɨɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɟ.
ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɷɬɢɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɟɫɬɟɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨ-ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ).
ɇɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
«ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ» [4, ɫ. 153],
ɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
«ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ, ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɡ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɚɞ ɱɟɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɹɬɶ» [ɫɦ. ɬɚɦ ɠɟ].
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɜ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɥɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
(ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ) ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɜɢɡɭ-
ɚɥɶɧɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ.
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬ-
ɜɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
(ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ) ɜ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.

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ɗɬɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɂɞɟɧ,
«... ɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɱɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɝɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɮɟɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ» [75, ɫ. 247].
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ,
ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ.
Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ.
ɍɱɬɟɦ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ.
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɹɞ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ
ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ – ɹɡɵɤ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ (ɡɧɚɤɢ, ɝɪɚ-
ɮɢɤɢ, ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.), ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɫɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɬɪɨɝɭɸ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɚ-
ɜɢɥɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɪɢɦɵ.
ɂɬɚɤ, ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ (ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ) ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɨɜɟɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ, ɤɚɪɬɢɧɨɤ-ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɣ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ
ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɬɨ ɨɧ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟ-
ɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ (ɜɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟ-
ɲɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ).
ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ.
Ʌɸɛɵɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɧɟɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵ, – ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɬɨ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɣɞɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ, ɨɛɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɜɢɞɢɬ,
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ (ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ!) ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ.

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 ȿɫɥɢ ɭɱɚɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɟɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɦɟɬ, ɧɟ ɭɜɢɞɢɬ (ɜ ɪɚɡ-
ɛɢɪɚɟɦɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ) ɧɢɱɟɝɨ.
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ.
Ɇɵ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ [157].
«ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹ-
ɡɟɣ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɥɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ
ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɭɱɟɛ-
ɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɤɨɜ...
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.01 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɡɚ-
ɢɦɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ s- ɢ p-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɨɦɟ ɭɝɥɟ-
ɪɨɞɚ (ɚ ɢ ɛ). ɗɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɨɫɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɤ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɚ (ɜ). ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɋɇ4
ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɥɚɤɚɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ (ɝ)».

Ɋɢɫ. 1.01.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ

Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ

ɭ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,

30
 ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ “ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɤɨɜ”). Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɲɶ
ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɭɱɟɛ-
ɧɢɤ) ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɚ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɤɭɪɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚ-
ɬɢɤɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ 11-ɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɍɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɥ-
ɠɟɧ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ
ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚɦ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɤɚɤ “ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ” ɢ “ɜɟɪ-
ɲɢɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɚ”, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵ.
ɋɚɦ ɠɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɭɬɚɧɢɰɭ
ɜ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ: ɤɚɪɤɚɫ – ɷɬɨ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ,
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɛɨɪ “ɛɚɧɬɢɤɨɜ”, ɢɥɢ
ɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ.
ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ (ɨɛɴɹɫ-
ɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɦ
ɧɟɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ, ɩɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɧɚ-
ɢɜɧɨ. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɹ, «... ɫɥɨɜɨ “ɜɢɞɟɬɶ” ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ: ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ» [51, ɫ. 7].
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ “ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ” ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ: ɨɬ ɫɦɭɬɧɨɝɨ
ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɹɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɦ “ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ” ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ –
ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ – ɝɥɚɡ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ, ɧɨ ɦɨɡɝ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟ-
ɜɚɟɬ (ɧɟ ɭɦɟɟɬ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ) ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ).

31
 ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ
ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɹɫɧɨɫɬɢ:
«... ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɩɨ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɨɦ
ɦɢɪɟ» [4, ɫ. 163].

1.2. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ

Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɭɱɚɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ? ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ.
Ʉɚɤ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɶ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɛɟɡɞɚɪɧɭɸ
ɦɚɡɧɸ ɢ ɭɛɨɝɢɟ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɮɢ-
ɡɢɤɟ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɛɟɡɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɢ,
ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɧɟɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ (ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢ-
ɹɬɢɹ) ɨɩɵɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ʌɸɛɭɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɹɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ.
ɗɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, «... ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɧɨ ɧɟɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɢɦɨɣ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɂɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟ-
ɛɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ “ɤɚɪɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ” ɜɨ-
ɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ» [195, ɫ. 45].
ȼ ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ

32
 ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ (ɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ),
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ,
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɭɡɵɤɢ) ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ,
ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɟɦɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɥɨɤɭ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ) ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
(sin x ) 2 + 2⋅ sin x ⋅ cos x + (cos x ) 2
ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɟ.
ƒ ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ (ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ) ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ.
ƒ ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ,
ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ƒ ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ – ɫɚɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ – ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɫɨɤɪɚ-
ɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ “ɡɚɜɭɚɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ” ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
“ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɣ”.
Ⱦɟɜɹɬɢɤɥɚɫɫɧɢɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ

“ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ” ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ: ( sin x ) 2 + (cos x ) 2 = 1

ɩɥɸɫ ɫɢɧɭɫ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ: 2 sin x cos x = sin 2 x .
ɇɚ ɭɪɨɤɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭ-
ɩɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɱɥɟɧ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɮɢɡɢɤɟ ɢɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ʉɭɥɨɧɚ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ
ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɷɥɟɤ-
ɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

33
 ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɦɭ
ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ – ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ (ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ)
ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɨ-
ɡɧɚɧɢɢ “ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ” ɢɥɢ “ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ” (ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ) ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɢɯ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɪɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ – ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɨɫɨ-
ɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
a+bx+ a+b y
a−b a−b ,
a+bm− a+bn
a−b a−b
ɩɭɬɟɦ “ɩɨɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɨɡɝ”,
ɬ.ɟ. ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
a+b x+ a+b y
a−b a−b (a x + b x + a y + b y ) (a − b )
= .
a+b m− a+b n (a m + b m − a n − b n ) (a − b )
a−b a−b
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɨɤ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ,
ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɟɪɧɨɦɭ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ.
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɹɬ:
a + b x+ a + b y a + b (x + y )
a−b a−b = a−b .
a + b m− a + b n a + b (m − n)
a−b a−b a−b

34
 ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ “ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ”) ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɚ, ɨɬɜɟɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ – ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ
ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɠ-
ɞɨɦ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚ- Ɋɢɫ. 1.02.
ɬɟɥɹ, ɢ “ɩɨɝɚɫɢɬɶ” ɟɝɨ (ɪɢɫ. 1.02, ɫɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɪɨɛɢ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɢɫ. III.01 ɧɚ ɫɬɪ. 547).
ɂɬɚɤ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɦ ɤɚɤ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɗɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ – ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɱɟɛ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
«ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɤ, ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɛɵɥɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɵ» [4, ɫ. 168].

1.3. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ

ɉɟɪɟɣɞɟɦ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɷɬɚɩɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɟɦ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ.

35
 Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ – ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚ-
ɰɢɸ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚ:
«ɇɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɬɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɧ-
ɬɭɢɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ, ɤɚɤɨɜɚ ɰɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨ-
ɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ, ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ» [6, ɫ. 37].
Ɂɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɵ (ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ) ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ – ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚ-
ɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ
ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɮɨɪɦ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɩɨ-
ɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ [173, ɫ. 43]:
1. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
2. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ.
3. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɟɝɥɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ, ɪɢɫɭ-
ɧɨɤ, ɨɬɪɵɜɨɤ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ), ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɤɚ-
ɠɞɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɹɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɸ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ

36
 «... ɨɛɪɚɡ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɵ» [4, ɫ. 169].
ɉɨɢɫɤ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɟ-
ɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɧ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɢɡɭ-
ɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ (ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ,
ɷɬɚɥɨɧɨɦ).
Ɋɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ “ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ”.
ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
1) ɭɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ,
2) ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤ-
ɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ,
3) ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
4) ɭɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ (ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ)
ɧɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ
ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɍɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ? ɉɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɬɶ
ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɚɠɧɨɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ –
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ (ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ).

37
 Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɫɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɟ-
ɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ
ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ
ɩɨɢɫɤɚ – ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ) ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɢ-
ɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ, ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ (ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ) ɫɨ-
ɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸ-
ɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ, ɫɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡ,
ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
əɪɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɜɹ-
ɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬ-
ɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.
Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɮɪɚɡɚ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ “ɮɚɤɬɨɜ”
(ɡɧɚɤɢ, ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ), ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟ-
ɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ (ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ).
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ “ɮɚɤɬɵ” ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ɇɨɜɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɨ-
ɥɨɝɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɤɧɢɝɟ «Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɭɱɢɬɶ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ» ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɬ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɜɪɚɱ Ƚ. Ⱦɨɦɚɧ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ) ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɪɨɜ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ:

38
 «... ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɭɱɢɬɟ ɦɚɥɵɲɚ ɮɚɤɬɚɦ ɢɡ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛ-
ɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɨɬɤɪɨɟɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ... ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɞɸɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ-
ɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɭɱɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚɦ» [61, ɫ. 41].

1.4. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ

ɀɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ (ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ) ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ “ɝɚɫɢɬ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɢɥɵ” ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɫɢɥɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ, ɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɯɭɠɟ, ɧɟ-
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɢɦ.
ȼ 1994 ɝɨɞɭ Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ Ȼɚɧɤ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɚ «Ɋɨɫɫɢɣ-
ɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ». ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ Ȼɚɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɬɪɢɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɯ
ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ [136] (ɪɢɫ. 1.03).
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ:
(Ⱥ) ɨɛɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
(Ȼ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ;
(ȼ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
ɉɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ȼɟɧɝɪɢɢ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɇɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɯɭɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ
ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ, ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɟ, ɤɚ-
ɧɚɞɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɢɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɪɫɬɧɢɤɢ.

39
 Ɋɢɫ. 1.03.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ
ɬɪɢɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ 1994 ɝɨɞɭ

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ (ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ!) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɦɵɯ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɤ ɤɧɢɝɟ Ⱦ. ɉɨɣɹ «Ɇɚ-
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ» ɋ.Ⱥ. əɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɢɲɟɬ:
«ɇɚɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɞɨɝɚɞɵ-
ɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢɫɬɢɧɵ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɥɸɞɢ ɛɶɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ
ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ

40
 ɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɟɣ» [207, ɫ. 13].
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɨ-
ɜɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɵɣ “ɡɚɩɚɫ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤ”.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞ-
ɱɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɱɟɬɤɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɞ-
ɞɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ [2-9, 17-18, 20-22, 26, 32-36, 39, 42-43, 47-51, 53-61, 64-66,
68-69, 82-83, 85, 87-88, 91, 94-97, 100-101, 103, 105-106, 109-112, 117, 120,
124-125, 127-131, 133-135, 137-141, 143, 155, 161-162, 168-169, 172-174,
176-177, 179, 181-185, 187-191, 193, 195-196, 198-207] ɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɭɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɞɥɹ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ “ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɫɥɚɦ”.
ɉɪɢɱɟɦ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨ-
ɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ-
ɥɨɫɶ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ.
«ɂɧɬɭɢɰɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ
ɢ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɇɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɧɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ,
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɩ-
ɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ “ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ” ...

41
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
will make this one look like the last rose of summer. Leave the
hideous thing alone. Why, the Dromans will think that you are dippy.
Fact is, I believe that they are beginning to think so already."
"Let 'em!" said Rhodes with true philosophic indifference. "People
thought that Galileo was crazy, and Newton and Darwin; Columbus
was non compos mentis,[13] Fulton was dippy, and Edison was
looney. Yes, at one time the great inventor bore the beautiful
sobriquet of Looney Edison. Listen to me, Billy, me lad: the greatest
compliment that a scientist can ever receive is to be called a sap by
sapheads."
All that, I admitted, was very true and truly cogent in its place; but
this was not its place, and the Dromans certainly were neither
sapheads nor saps. To my relief, and, indeed to my surprise, I
dissuaded him from taking the thing as a specimen, and on we went
once more.
At length we left the stream, which went plunging into a most
fearsome place, into which no man could even dream of following it.
Soon after that, the descent became very steep. The going,
however, was good, and we went down at a rapid rate. This lasted
for two or three hours, and we had descended many hundreds of
feet. The slope then suddenly became gentle, and we were making
our way through a perfect maze of tortuous galleries and passages,
which at times opened out into halls and chambers.
The light was no longer in masses but in streams—streams that
crawled and shivered and shook, as though in it spirit-things were
immersed and were struggling to break from it. The fungal growths
were everywhere now. There were mushrooms with pilei bigger than
umbrellas. Shapes as grotesque as if seen through the eyes of
madness. There were growths, too, that one could almost think
beautiful, and masses hideous and slimy as so many octopi. A
strong and most unpleasant odor filled the place. And here and
there, almost everywhere in the strange fungoid growth, were things
creeping, crawling—things for which I can find no name, and for
some of them I am glad that I can not.
It was a weird scene, an indescribable scene, one horrible,
mysterious and yet strangely wonderful too. A place gloomy and
weird as any ever conceived by Dante or Doré. And through it
human forms were moving, and its stillness was broken by human
voices raised in song; and, moving with those human beings, those
inhabitants of a world as alien as that of Venus or of Mars, were
Rhodes and I, we two modern men from the great modern world
above—the wonderful, the awful world of the sun.
Of a sudden an exclamation rang out—an exclamation that stilled
the song on the instant, brought the party to an abrupt halt and the
bow of Ondonarkus and that of Zenvothunbro from the cases.
The exclamation had broken from Rhodes; he was pointing into the
gloom off to our right, a tense, expectant look on his face.
I peered with straining eyes, but I could see nothing there. A few
moments passed, and still nothing was seen. I then turned to
Rhodes to ask him what it was; but the words I was about to speak
were never uttered. Instead, I gave something like a cry and whirled
round. For a sound had come from out the fungoid growth and the
darkness behind us, a sound as if of a slimy thing moving, slipping.
Nothing, however, was to be seen there, and silence, utter silence,
had fallen upon the spot—silence abruptly broken by another
exclamation from Milton Rhodes.
"Great Heaven!" I cried as I whirled back to the direction in which he
was pointing. "They are all around us!"
"Look, Bill—look at that!"
I saw nothing for a second or two. And then, off in the darkness
beyond the reach of our lights, the darkness itself was moving—yes,
the very darkness itself.
"See that, Bill?"
I saw it. And the next instant I saw two great eyes, eyes that were
watching us. And those eyes were moving.
 Chapter 31
"GOGRUGRON!"
They were visible for a few seconds only—those great eyes burning
with a greenish fire.
"Where did they go?" exclaimed Rhodes.
"And," said I, "what can it be? An ape-bat?"
"That is no ape-bat."
He turned to Ondonarkus.
"Loopmuke?" he queried.
No; it was not a loopmuke. But what it was neither Ondonarkus's
pantomime nor Drorathusa's could tell us.
"I don't think it's as bad as that. But the Dromans all know what it is
themselves."
"There!" I cried, whirling round. "Did you hear that, Milton? There's
that other thing again—that thing behind us!"
"I heard nothing."
"I heard something, I tell you. That mystery with the eyes is not the
only thing that is watching us, watching us and waiting."
Some moments passed, perhaps minutes, in expectant watching,
our glances incessantly darting about the cavern, through which the
light-mist was moving in troubled, writhing streams, the nebulous,
spectral glow of it seeming to enhance the fearsome gloom of that
dreadful place.
"I see nothing," Rhodes said at last, "and the cavern is as silent as a
tomb."
"But we are seen. And, if we don't get out of this, it may be our
tomb."
"I don't think it's as bad as that. But the Dromans are signing to us to
come on—let us hope to a place more pleasant than this one."
I had turned to quit the spot, my look, however, lingering in that
direction whence had come those low, mysterious sounds, a
direction right opposite to that in which the moving eyes had shone.
And scarcely had I taken a step forward when I fetched up, cried out
and pointed.
"See that! See it moving?"
A large fungus-tree, its form one indescribably grotesque, was
quivering. It began to shake violently. Some heavy body, hidden from
our eyes, was moving there, and it was moving toward us.
Of a sudden the tree was thrust far over, there was a squishy,
sickening sound, then down it came, the spot where it fell involved in
a cloud of phosphorescence, which thinned and faded in the air like
dust or mist as it settles.
"Shades of the Gorgons," I cried, "what is in there?"
A sound from Milton Rhodes turned me round on the instant.
"The eyes again!" he cried. "There they are. See them? Have we at
last got into Dante's Inferno itself?"
I was beginning to think that we had got into something worse.
Yes, there the eyes were, and they were nearer this time. But that
was all we saw, eyes and nothing more. The thing itself was hidden
in the fungoid growth and the shadows.
Rhodes raised his revolver, rested it on his left arm, took careful aim
and fired.
The report seemed to bellow like thunder through the cavern. There
was a scream from the Dromans, none of whom, save Drorathusa,
had ever heard a firearm before; and I doubt that even Drorathusa
knew what had killed her demon. On the instant, whilst the report of
the weapon and the cry of the Dromans were ringing in our ears,
came another sound; it was a shriek, high, piercing, unearthly, one
that seemed to arrest and curdle the very blood in our hearts.
It sank, ceased. But almost instantaneously it came again; it rose
until the air seemed to quiver to the sound.
The effect upon the Dromans was most sudden and pronounced.
A nameless fear, and something worse, seized upon me as I saw it.
They started from the spot as if in a panic, signing to us with frantic
gestures to follow.
I started; but Rhodes, for some inexplicable reason, stood there, his
look fixed on the spot whence came those demoniacal shrieks. The
eyes had disappeared, but in almost that very instant that I turned,
they shone again. I gazed at them as though in fascinated horror,
forgetting for the moment that there was something behind me.
Up the eyes rose. A black thing was visible there in the darkness, but
its shape was amorphous, mysterious. Up the eyes rose, seeming to
dilate, and the fire in them grew brighter and brighter, became so
unearthly that I began to wonder if I were going insane. The eyes
swayed, swayed back and forth for some moments, then gave a
sudden lurch into darkness. The shrieks broke, then came again,
more horrible, if that were possible, than before.
"Come on!" I cried, starting. "For Heaven's sake, Milton, let's get out
of this, or I'll go mad!"
"What in the world," said Rhodes, reluctantly turning to follow, "can
that thing be?"
"Let's get out of this hellish place. Let's do it before it's too late.
Remember, there is something behind us. Maybe monsters in other
directions too."
"Well," said Rhodes complacently as he followed along in my wake,
"we have our revolvers."
"Revolvers? Just see what your revolver has done. A revolver is only
a revolver, while that thing—who knows what that monster is?"
"The Dromans know, or at any rate, they think that they do."
"And look at the Dromans. Fear has them. Did you ever see fear like
that before? See how they are signing to us to come on. Even
Drorathusa is shaken to the very soul."
"After all, 'tis no wonder, Bill, that she is. Those shrieks! How can it
continue to shriek and shriek like that?"
Ere long we had come up with the Dromans, who at once quickened
their pace. On we went, casting apprehensive glances into the gloom
about us. Those frightful sounds sank as we moved onward. They
became faint, fainter still, and at last, to my profound thankfulness,
they were no longer to be heard, even when we paused to listen.
"If that," said I during one of those pauses, "is a good sample of what
we are to have here in Drome, then I wish that, instead of coming
down here, I had stepped into a den of cobras or something."
Drorathusa's eyes were upon me. As I ceased speaking, she raised
a hand and pointed in the direction whence we had come.
"Gogrugron!" she said.
And I saw fear and horror unutterable well up in her eyes as she said
it.
 Chapter 32
"LEPRAYLYA!"
Steadily we made our way along and downward. The light-streams
were increasing in volume, the luminosity becoming stronger and
stronger, the vegetation more abundant, the weird shapes larger and
more unearthly than ever. The silence was broken by the drone of
insects—creatures meet inhabitants, forsooth, for a place so
indescribably strange and dreadful.
The cavern we were following was very tortuous, our route even
more so, what with the twists and turns which we had to make in
order to get through that phantasmagoria of fungal things. I do not
mean to say that all of those growths were horrible, but most of them
were, and some were as repulsive to the touch as they were to the
sight.
As we toiled our way through them, my heart was replete with dire
apprehension. I could not banish the vision of those great burning
eyes, the horror of those shrieks, which perhaps were still ringing
out. What if we were suddenly to find ourselves face to face with one
of those monsters (or more than one) here in this nightmare-forest?
Gogrugron! Gogrugron! What in the world was that monstrosity
known to the Dromans as a gogrugron? Well, most certainly, I was
not desirous of securing firsthand knowledge, upon that interesting
item, for the great science of natural history.
At length the light no longer lay in streams and rifts in the darkness,
but the darkness, instead, lay in streams through the light. The
Dromans quickened their already hurried pace, and there were
exclamations of "Drome! Drome!"
"Drome!" echoed Milton Rhodes. "I wonder what we are going to
find."
"Something wonderful," said I, "or something worse, perhaps, than
anything that we have seen."
Rhodes laughed, and I saw Drorathusa (Ondonarkus was leading
the way) turn and send a curious glance in our direction.
"Well," I added, "anything to get out of this horrible forest of fungi and
things."
Some minutes passed, perhaps a half-hour, perhaps only fifteen. Of
a sudden the great tunnel, now as light as a place on a sunless day,
gave a sharp turn to the right; a glad cry broke from the Hypogeans.
"Drome! Drome!" they cried.
We all hurried forward.
"Look!" I said as we reached the turn. "The mouth, the mouth! The
tunnel ends!"
There, but two hundred feet or so away, was the great yawning
mouth of it; nothing was visible through that opening, however, but
light, pearly, opalescent, mystic, beautiful.
"Drome!" cried Nandradelphis, clapping her hands.
A few moments, and we were standing at the entrance and gazing
out over the weird and beautiful scene.
"Drome!"
I turned at the sound and saw Drorathusa, her figure and mien
ineffably Sibylline and majestic, pointing out over the strange
landscape, her eyes on the face of Milton Rhodes.
"Drome," she said again.
"Drome," echoed Milton.
"I wonder, Bill, what this Drome really is. And I have an idea that this
is only the outskirts that we see. Can we at last be near our journey's
end, or is that end still far away?"
"Who can tell? This place seems to be a wilderness."
"Yes; a forest primeval."
"What," said I, "are we destined to find down there?"
"Things stranger, Bill, in all likelihood, than any explorer ever found
anywhere in that strange world above us."
"No gogrugrons, I hope."
Rhodes laughed.
"Gogrugron!" said Drorathusa.
And I saw that horror and fear again in her eyes.
The cavern had come out high up on a broken, jagged wall, which
went beetling up for hundreds of feet, up to the roof, which arched
away over the landscape before us. We were fully half a thousand
feet above the floor, which was a mass of luxuriant forest. Glimpses
were caught of a stream down to the left, possibly the one which we
had followed for so long. I judged the place to be over a mile wide;
Rhodes, however, thought that it was perhaps not quite a mile in the
widest part. Down this enormous cavern, the eye could range for
three or four miles, at which distance the misty light drew its veil over
the forest, the dark walls, and the roof arching across.
At times the light quivered and shook and there were strange
flickerings, and dartings of opalescent streaks through it—streaks
ineffably beautiful and yet, strangely enough, terrible too, terrible as
the blades of plunging swords in hands savage and murderous.
Once more Drorathusa raised a hand, and this time she pointed into
the misty distance.
"Le-prayl-ya!" she said.
Again her eyes were on Milton Rhodes, and, as she spoke that
name, I saw in those wondrous orbs of hers one of the strangest
looks that I have ever seen. I wondered if Rhodes too saw it. I found
his eyes upon Drorathusa, but there was in them so abstracted an
expression that I believed his thoughts were far away and that he
had not noticed. When I turned to Drorathusa again, it was to find
that that strange look was gone.
What a fascinating and mysterious creature this woman was!
"Lepraylya," she said again.
"Lepraylya," Milton nodded.
He looked at me.
"I wonder who or what this Lepraylya can be, Bill."
"King maybe."
"Queen, I hope," said Milton Rhodes.
He drew forth his notebook and pencil and handed them to
Drorathusa, pronouncing as she took them that mysterious name:
"Lepraylya?"
A few strokes with the pencil, and Drorathusa had given us the
answer.
"You see, Bill?" said Rhodes, smiling. "A woman. In all likelihood,
too, the queen."
Drorathusa's Sibylline look was upon him once more—and she did
not smile.
 Chapter 33
FACE TO FACE
We found the wall even more broken and difficult than it had
appeared from the entrance. It was almost destitute of vegetation, a
circumstance that contributed not a little to the slowness of the
descent. Indeed, making our way down over those pitching naked
rocks was a ticklish, an unpleasant business, I want to tell you; at
times it was really precarious.
We had halted to rest above one of these difficult spots, and every
one was either seated or leaning against the rock, when of a sudden
Milton, who was nearest the edge, arose and pointed, pointed down
and off to the right.
"Hello!" said he. "What's that?"
All of us arose, moved over and looked.
"Where?" I asked.
"Down there by that strange clump of cycadaceous trees, that clump
near those tall trees that look so much like Douglas firs. But 'tis gone
now."
"What did you see?"
"I haven't the faintest idea, Bill. But there certainly was something
there, and it was moving. And, if I were imaginative, I would probably
say that it was watching us, that, at the moment I arose and pointed,
it glided back to the concealment of the trees."
"Well, did it?"
"It certainly seemed to do so, Bill."
I peered down there again, but I could not see anything moving.
There was silence for some moments. The Dromans stood watching,
waiting; stood expectant, puzzled.
"Oh, well," Rhodes said, turning a quizzical look in my direction and
then to the face of Drorathusa, "we must expect to find live things in
that forest."
I saw Drorathusa's eyes fixed upon his face, then, a few moments
after he ceased speaking, return to the clump of cycads.
"Live things?" said I. "There may be things in this place of mystery
more terrible than any live thing."
"Come, Bill, come. It can't be so bad as you imagine it, or our
Dromans wouldn't be here.
"I wish," he added, "I knew what that thing is that I saw."
"Hello!" I cried the next moment, my look raised up to the vaulted
roof. "What does that mean? Good Heaven, what next?"
The light, which was brightest up along the roof—in fact, it seemed
pressed up against the rock-canopy like glowing, diaphanous mist—
was changing, fading. The wonderful opalescence of it was
disappearing before our eyes.
Of a sudden the spot where we stood was involved in a gloom
indescribably strange. Up above, the light-mist was quivering and
flickering, pale and dreadful.
"What in the world is it?" I cried.
"Queer place, this!" said Milton Rhodes.
"What can it mean?" I asked.
He did not answer. He sent a questioning look toward Drorathusa
and her companions. Mine followed. The faces of the Dromans
seemed to glimmer ghostlike in the thickening, awful darkness. Upon
those pale features, however, was no discoverable sign of alarm, of
uneasiness even.
The gloom deepened about us. Pitchy darkness came down with a
rush. Far away, and up along the roof, there were pale flickerings
and flashes. Then the light burst out, so sudden and so strong that
pain shot through the eyes.
Came a cry, and I turned to see Drorathusa pointing, pointing down
toward those cycads.
"There it is, Bill!" exclaimed Milton. "There it is again! See it
moving?"
I saw it, but it was for a fleeting moment only. And, I thought, I saw
something else.
"A little nearer this time," Rhodes told me. "There can be no doubt
that it is watching us."
"Evidently," I said, "it is moving over to lie in wait for us. And, unless
I'm very much deceived, it isn't alone."
"Hum," said Rhodes. "Queer place, Bill, to go into. Even our
Hypogeans, it seems, don't know what to make of that apparition."
They were conversing in low tones, casting searching, apprehensive
looks along the ragged margin of the forest.
The gloom was falling again. Denser and denser it grew about us.
Fainter, more and more dreadful became those distant flickerings
and flashes along the great vaulted roof. Darkness, blackness was
involving everything. Dimmer still became the flickerings. The
stillness was utter, portentous. There was not the gentlest movement
of air. The light gave a last faint, angry gleam and went out
altogether.
Abruptly, from out of the darkness, a voice came sounding, and,
though I knew that the voice was Drorathusa's, I started and almost
gave a cry. I pressed the button, and the rays of the lamp flashed
out, lighting up the spot and showing the tall figure of Drorathusa
with arms extended upward in some mystic invocation. The others
were kneeling, and the words that Drorathusa spoke were echoed,
as it were, in their low responsive voices. It was a strange scene,
truly—the dark, savage masses of rock, the tall Sibylline figure of the
woman, the kneeling forms of the others and we two men from the
sunlit world looking on in wonder and in awe.
Minutes passed. The wondrous, eerie voice of Drorathusa never
ceased, though there were moments when those echoing voices
were silent.
Look! Far away, there was a faint, ghostly flicker. Another and
another. Brighter they became and brighter still, at last opalescent;
soon rocks and forest, soon the whole weird landscape was again
bathed in the mystic pearly light.
"What, in the name of wonder," I said, "was it?"
"An eclipse," smiled Rhodes. "Queer place, this."
"Queer place? Can't you hit another tune? You don't have to keep
telling me that this is a queer place. I am not at all likely to forget that
fact. And I wonder if these 'eclipses' are a frequent phenomenon.
Certainly I hope that they are not."
"I wish that I could tell you, Bill, tell you that and a few other things."
"And," I added, "that forest, when the light goes, must be a queer
place truly—gosh, I'm catching it from you! But I'll tell you what: I
wouldn't like to find myself, in the depths of those woods, face to
face with a loopmuke or a gogrugron or something and in that instant
have the darkness come down."
"It would be rather unpleasant, I fancy. But unfortunately our likes or
our dislikes are not likely to alter in any way the scheme of things."
The Dromans, all standing now, were singing a low and sweet song
of thanksgiving and gladness. Yes, so sweet were the tones that
they seemed to linger in the air, for some moments, even after the
song had ceased.
We cast our looks along the margin of the forest, but not a single
glimpse was caught of that mysterious object, or objects, that we had
seen moving down there.
It was patent that the Dromans knew no more what to make of that
apparition than we did ourselves and that they looked forward with
no little apprehension to our entry into that wood.
The descent was resumed. Were eyes, somewhere below, watching
our every movement? I feared that it was indeed so, and, as I well
knew, every other member of our little band feared it, too. There was
nothing, however, that we could do except descend and face the
issue. To turn aside would be futile, for the watcher, or the watchers,
would turn aside also to meet us.
Ere long we reached the talus, and our troubles were then over; that
is, as regards the descent. But Heaven only knew what troubles
were awaiting us somewhere in that forest, to which we were now
drawing so very near.
As we made our way down over the rock-fragments, amidst which
shrubs and stunted trees were growing, more than once did we
pause and send keen, searching looks and glances into the silent
recess of that mysterious wood.
Some of those sylvan depths were enshadowed, gloomy; others
were pervaded with the strong, transparent light-mist, the objects
involved in which cast no shadows.
At the foot of the talus, almost beneath the branches of great palm-
trees, there was a pause.
"Now for it!" said Milton Rhodes solemnly.
The Dromans were clustered together in earnest but laconic
dialogue, their eyes employed the while in a keen scrutiny of the
forest aisles and recesses, before us and on either hand.
Insects were in the air about us; one or two shadowy butterflies
flitted past; and that was all. Not a leaf stirred; the air was without the
slightest movement. No song, no call of a bird broke the silence,
which seemed to press down upon us and about us as though it
were a tangible thing. It was as if the spot, the forest itself had never
known either the voice or the movement of any sentient thing. But,
somewhere in that forest, hidden and close at hand, there was
something sentient—something, in all likelihood, watching us,
watching and waiting. Waiting for what?
Or, came the sudden thought, even now stealing toward the place
where we stood.
"This suspense," said I to myself, "is simply awful, is as terrible,
even, as that which we knew when we were crossing the bridge, that
chasm of unknown depth on either side."
Drorathusa turned to us and pointed in a rather vague direction out
into the trees.
"Narranawnzee," she said.
"Evidently," said Milton, "they plan to strike that stream."
"I pray Heaven," I told him, "that we live to see that narranawnzee."
Whereupon Rhodes laughed outright, and the effect of the sudden
sound was curious and startling, so great was the tension of our
nerves.
"One would think, Gloomy Face," said he, "that you had just issued
from the Cave of Trophonius. 'And he never smiled again.'"
"I have an idea, grinning Shaky Knees," I retorted, "that we have got
ourselves into a place more awful than any Cave of Trophonius. I
don't blink, that's all."
"Nor, Bill, do I," said Milton soberly. "You know, I'd feel more at ease
if it wasn't for the presence of the ladies. Why did they come on a
journey so hazardous and so terrible?"
How often had we wondered that! We didn't know the ladies of
Drome.
We at once got in motion. Ondonarkus and Rhodes were leading,
Drorathusa was just behind them, then came Nandradelphis and
Silvisiris, whilst Zenvothunbro and myself brought up the rear. This
disposition of our little party was as Drorathusa herself had desired
it, and she had been at some pains to impress upon Rhodes and me
(though there had been no necessity for that) the expediency of
keeping our weapons ready for action at any instant.
On we went, deeper and deeper into the wood. Strange forms of
vegetation, strange flowers, strange insects were everywhere. How
interesting we should have found the place! But there was that thing,
somewhere hidden, watching us perhaps—following.
Came a sharp exclamation, a dull sound from above; but it was only
a bird, a thing of silver and gold, launching itself from off a branch of
one of the trees which we were approaching. Away it went sailing,
lovely as a vision from fairyland, and disappeared amongst the tree-
trunks and foliage.
Five minutes or so passed. Another sound, an exclamation from
Drorathusa, and the party came to a sudden halt.
Every one had heard it—a clear, unmistakable but inexplicable
sound and from behind. We were being followed!
We stood listening for some moments, waiting; but the sound did not
come again. Save for the low melancholy drone of insects, the spot
was as silent as a tomb.
We resumed our advance, every sense on the alert. A few moments
passed, and then we heard it again. This time it was off to the right,
almost abreast of us, it seemed.
Had it thus quickened its movements in order to get in front of us?
We waited, but nothing was seen, nothing was heard.
We had advanced but twenty or thirty feet when a sudden gloom
involved the forest. The scene on the instant turned weird, unearthly.
This, however, was but a few moments only; then came the light.
The advance was at once resumed. But we had gone only a short
distance when the gloom came once more, grew so dense that we
had to come to a halt.
It lifted, just as I was on the point of switching on my electric light.
Then like a bolt came utter darkness. And, even as the darkness fell,
there was a velvety sound and a faint rustling from amongst the
foliage beside us. With frantic haste I sought and pressed the light-
switch. At the same instant Rhodes flashed on his light. A cry of
horror broke from me. There, thrust over the top of a great log and
but a few yards distant, was a long snaky head with a pair of great
blazing eyes fixed upon me.
We were face to face at last!
 Chapter 34
ANOTHER!
I jerked out my revolver, took swift aim, right between those great
blazing eyes, and fired.
From the beast came a fearful roar, which seemed to end in a
scream, and the long snaky head and neck (no more of the animal
had been visible) disappeared.
"Good work, Bill!" applauded Milton Rhodes.
He had hardly spoken when the light came again, strong and
beautiful. And the next instant came something else. A dark form,
with a gleam of something white, rose into the air and drove straight
toward us. I sprang aside and turned to fire, but I did not do so for
fear of hitting the Dromans or Rhodes. There came a piercing shriek
from Drorathusa, a sound made by cloth-rending talons. The
monster had her.
 "How like the big face of a fat man!"

I leaped toward it and emptied the revolver into its side, whilst
Ondonarkus and Zenvothunbro sent each an arrow into the body.
That of the former was driven with such force that it passed clear
through the body and went on for a distance of six or eight feet. And
down the beast fell dead, though still quivering, there in our very
midst.
I turned and hurried to Drorathusa. Rhodes was already beside her.
As I reached her, the darkness came down again upon the place,
pitchy and awful. The claws had ripped her dress, from the thigh