..

2011

..

 81'23
100.23
323
:
, , .

..

5
I

,
..

..
323 : . - :
. . -, 2011. - 240 .
ISBN 978-5-7609-0685-4

,
,
,
.

:
, /
,

,
.


- .

1.0.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.

.., 2011

, 2011

12
13
16
20
24
30
45
51
61
64

2


2.0.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.

81'23
100.23

ISBN 978-5-7609-0685-4

: ?

2.6.
2.7.
2.8.

65
65
68
70
81
86
87
91
93
95
103
104
107
113
116
118

 II

3


3.0.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.

-
...

119
120
124
131
136
138
143
150
153
158
162

4

4.0.

163

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.

163
169
178

4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9
4.10.

. :
. :

186
188
192
194
196
205
208
210
213
214
218

, ,
1966 , .. 45-
. ?
, ,

, ,
. ,
60- .
- (
. )

( ) (
, ) .

.



(.: [ 1966, 1966]). ,
,
,
,
,
,
, - .
,

,

,
(.. : -),
5

 , ,


(.: [
1967]). ,
[ 1967]

,
,
,

.
,

.
,
(
)
.

(., , [
1981, 2003]):
,


.
1969

( 1971
)
.


,
.
:

[ 1968, 1969];
[
19686, 1969, 1970: Zalevskaya 1969, 1972, 1976];

[ 1969,1971];
-
[ 1977, 1977: 1978, 1979, 1987, 1988,
1996, 1996, 2000, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2010;
Zalevskaya 1977, 1977];
[
1978, 1996];
[ 1989,
1990,1990];
[
1975, 1977, 1989, 1989];

[ 1975,1977, 1978, 1980];

[ 1991, 1992, 1992,1996,20011]:

[ 1988,1997, 2001]:

[ 1994, 1995, 1995,2010,2010, 2010, 2011].

.
[ 1971,
1971],

,

.
(, ,
1
)

,

, 1

111 [ 1971, .63-119]. ,

100 ,
[1977, . 60] ,
50 (
, ).

 .. ,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
( ,
, ,

/ ). , ,
40 ;
,
:
[ 1979,1982,1983, 1990].

: ,
(
) ( )
(., : [ 1969, 1971]);
[ 1972]
[ 1989, 19906, 1990];
,

,
[ 1994, 1995, 1995, 2010, 2010, 2010 ,
2011].


( [ 1983,
. 59-116]),
,
; ,
,
,

,
, , , .

,
8

.


- .
-
,
- .
,
()
. ,
-

(, ,
- );


;
(), .

,

(
1977 , .: [ 1977, 1978,
1985, 1987, 1990, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2007]).

( )

, ,
-
[ 1992,
2007, 2007, 2009, 2009, 2010];

, , .
1970-

(
) ,
, , ,
.
(
, )
, 9

 ,

; ,
() ,
,
,

.


,
, ,
,
,
,
, ..


.
-

, - .



,
, . ,
,
,
- - ,
.
: ,
?
,
? ,
.
,
,
,
, .., , ,

.
10

:
, . ,
,
, -
,
..
( )
,
( ...).
,
, -
, ,
( ,
).


.

( - ).
,
,


(

).
,

,
.
,
,
.. - .

,
,
. ,
-

,

.
11

 I


1

1.0.

,
. . ,
,
, , , -
.
, :
.
,

.

,

, -
( ),

,
.

- -
,

,
,
(. : [ 2007]).

1

[ 2011]
.
[ 2008; 2009; 2010;
. 2010].

12

,
(., , [ 2009]),
.
:
? ,
,
,

- ,
,
.


,
.

.
1.1.: ?
,

,
.
.
-
[ 2003, .
628].
-
, .
.

. . ,
. ,
,
- ,
[
2006, . 277-278].
... -
[ 1990, . 299].
... , , -
, () 13

 () ,
, ""
[ .. 2008, . 348].
, ,
- , ..; ,
[ 2006, . 413].

;

, :

, ,
; ,
.
, ,
,
, [, 2006, . 12]. ...
: (
) ,
[. ., . 11].

(. . 1.1).

(),

. 1.1

1.1

:
)

;
)

,

-


,

.. .. [2006, .12]
,
. ,

methodology, ,
.
:

,
, , ,
.
. 1.2, [,
2003, . 36-38]).

.
.. ,
,
. 1 (: [ .. 2008, . 350-351]).
14

..

. 1.2
, ,
:
15

 1 - ( - 1);
2 - ( - 2 ).
,

,
M1 2.
1.2.


, ,
M1 2 . [ 2007,
2009]


.

,
, ..
,

.
,
, ,
,
.
,

.
, ,
,
.

,
X. [ 2006, . 48] (. . 1.3).
,
,
, .
, .
16

. 1.3

,
. . (., , [, 2001; Maturana http]). - ,
, -
.

.
. [ 2009],

. [Hellevig 2010],
.. [ 2010, 2010].
,
. .
. ,
[
2010, .7]. ,

, . 1.4.

, ..,
-
. , ,
[, 2000]
17

 .

(.,
, [ 2010; 2008; 2010]).

. 1.4

,
. , [Turvey, Moreno 2006] ,
,


(. : [ 2006]).
. .
[ 2010],

,
(.

[ 2010, . 220-221]).
,
,
- , -
. ?
18

- , XX
, ,
-
,
- ,
() [
1990, . 604].
, -
,
,

, , . ,
,
M1 2.
, ,
,
.
, ,

,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
(
)
(
- .. , .. , .. ),


(. : [
2010]).
:
( , ).
,
, :
OEEKT1 - ;
2 -
.
19


; - ..,

( , ,
- ,
).


. , ..
- ()
XX . (.: [ .. 2005,
. 113-114].

( )
( ).

.
(, )
,
.
.
.
- .
.

.
,
() .
:
(.
: [ .. 2008]).

,
,

.
1.3 .

,

.
, .
2

- ?

. , 1862
.. :
... .
, . ,
, , ,
,
[ 1976, . 466].


.

. , .. 1871

, ,
: :
; ,
... [ 1963: 60. . - ..]. .. (1883) ,
...
,
,
[ 1973, . 430].
.. ,
, ,
, (..
,
) ,
, .
..
( ),
,
, ,
[ 1974].
, ,
, - ,
.. ,
,
. ,
, - ,
.

[ 2010].

20

21

 ,


, ,

,
.

.
,
, , , , ..,

,

.
.
, ...
,

[ 1984],
..

, ..

( - ) [ 1935].
.. [ 1975; 1979]


. , ..
, ,

, .. -
,
. ..
.
.. , ,
,
,
,
.
.. : ,
: " ",
, , - [ 1982, . 18].
22

.. :
,
,
, ,
. ..
, ,
:
[ .. 1977].
.. ,

.
,
- , .. ,

, (
),
- ,
( ,
..) [ .. 2001]. , , ,

, ,
-
, -,
, .. ,
,
.
: ()
! () ?
.
() :
;

;
;
( -
) ;

() :
;
;
( ,
);
23

,
- ;
, .
?
: ,
, , , .
, /
, ,
,
. , :
I - , , ,
;
II - , ,
.
.. ,

. ,
,
.
,

(.
: [ 1977, 1990, 1999, 2005, 2007]).
1.4.


1970- .
,
-
( ) .
,
,



, .. , ,
(-) .
24

,

(.. ):
,

, -
,
.
,
:
( , .. )
,
,
.

,
,
(
-
).
1977 ,

,
, - -
. ( ..
, .. , .. , .. ) ,
( .. )

, - ( ..
[ 1953]) ,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
.
( ..)
, ,
( ) - .

,
( )
, , (..
)
25

 (
,
, -
).
, ,
, ..
,

( .. !),
,
( ) ,
( .. ).


, ,

. , ,

,


..
:

, ,
( ), - - (
).
: (
) ,
-
( ), (.: [
1977, .5; 1999, . 31; 2005, ., 259; 2007, . 90]),
,
, (. : [
2005, .260-261]).
1977
, ( ,
)
. , [ 1982]

(
, - ),
26

(, ..), ,
, ,
(, , )
.
,

,
.. , , ,
[ 1982, . 18, 92].
,
,
, - - .
,
.

/ , .


.

,
,
-.
, ,
,
,
- ,
.
-
,
,
-
.
[ 1990]

, [
19886]
,
,
,
:
(. . 1.5).
27

. 1.5
,
- .
[ 1999]
,
,
(.. )
(.. ,
)
(.: [ 2007, . 167]).
28

:
[ 1992],
, ,
, ,
. , ,
( -
) , -
.
: 1
2 :
-, -
(

).
.
-, ,
(.
1.7
, : [ 2005, 2007]); ,

, ,
2 ( - , ),
.
-, [ 1992]

( , ,
,
..), ,
[ 1999, 2007].
,
, ,
- , ,

,
.
,
.
[ 2005], ,
, ,
..
, , .
, ,
(. [ 2007]) 29

 ,
(
) ,
,
,
, ,

,

.

-
, ..
,
.
( ,
, ,
, ,
..)
-
,
:

()
( )
()

, ,
3
.
1.5.

(
)
,

,
,
3

,
( 1.8).

30

, , ,

, , .

( - )
,
,
.
.. [
.., 2001], :
?
..
: - , ,
[. ., . 350].
: .

; (
) : ,
,
, ,
;
( .. )
, ( :
! ,
, - .
, ).
.. [ .. 2006] ,

.
. .. :
-
, . ,
"" - "" ,
.
; ,
... ,
,
. "" .. -
, "" .
- - ,
. , .. ,
"", ,
- ( ,
..); ,
""
31

 , -
(
) [. ., . 70-71].
.. :

,
;

;
( );

.
.. .
,
. ,
,
. , (
) - - ,
. ,
[. .,
. 73-74].

- ,
(, , ) ,
[. ., . 74].

, :
... - -
"" , : - ..
- "-", "-" [. ., .
71].
, .. ,
, ( , )
"" ( ),
[ ]. ..
.
(1994) :
... ,
, - .
. - ()
.
. ,

: , (, ) .
32

" " ( ,
)
, , ,
" - "...[. ., . 72-73].
.. [ .. 2001] :
- , .
: . : ,

. " ", ..
, " " ,
. , ,
, .
, [. ., . 349].
..
, ..

. ,
,

.

, .. ,
,

- ,
, ,
...
[ 1993, . 5].


..
.. . .. . .
[ .. 1977] :
, , , ..
, :
...
, ,
, - ,
[ 1993, . 6].
.. , ..
,
,
33

 ; ,
,
,
, (.. ,
). ,
, ,
.
:
... - ,
; ,
, ;
, [. ., . 7].
.. ,
,

.
,
, , .
, - ,
- , - .

... ,
( , , , ),
- ; ,
. ... ,
, . ,
, , ,
, ,
, [. ., . 8].
,
,
,
.
.. :
, , ,
, ""
[. ., . 16].
.. ,
( - - ),
: (, , , )
... .

34

,
[. ., . 18].
..
, -
- ,
,
. .. :

, , ,
, , "",
, ,
, [.
., . 18].
..
,
. , ,
. ..
.. ,

,
(.: [ 1997, 1998],
[ 2007; 1999; .. 2003]).


, :
, ,
,
.
( , -
!) , ,

( , ,
).
, ..

,
...
,

[ 1953, .225]. : ,

. , 35

 -
,


, .

(.. ) .
.. :

, , ,
.
,
[ .. 1977, . 139]. :
,
? [. ., . 140].
.. ,

"" ,
[. ., . 146].
, .., ,
, -
, -
.

, :
...
- "
" , .. ,
.
, ""
;
[. .,. 147].
,
. 1.6.

. [ 1992],

(3 1 , 32) (),
(. .29).
-- ,
,
,
, ,
.

. 1.7,
1 3 2 .
, ,
, (-)

,

-
- - .
1

/

, /

,

(-
)
. 1.7

. 1.6
36

1 K32 . .. [
2006],
1 , ,
(.. 32). ,
- ,
37

 ,
, :
- , ,
, ,
[. ., . 58]. ..
1 ,
.. [ 1998, . 128].
, [ 1992],
, (
) :

;
;
/ ;
( ,
);
;

;
..

,
.
,
. .
(1923), .. (. [
2000, . 206]);
.. (, [ 1997, 1998]), ..
(, [ 1999]) . ..
:

,
(., ,
[ 1993]
.. [ 1990, 2008]).
.. [ 2002]


,
-, , -,
-; :
-
: - , - [. ., . 226]. ,
" ", ,
[. ., . 122]; (,
) -
, -
[ ].
, ..
,

(. ). , .
1.7 3 2 , 1 .
.. , .. ,
[ .. 2001] ,

- (. . 1.8,
.. ).

,
, . ,
, , , , ,
[ 1998, . 27. - . - ..].
, .. ,
, ..
; , , ;
, ;
, ..
[2004, . 177] ,
,
.
38

. 1.8
39


,
, ,
, ,

, - ,
,
- .
,
,
- , ,
. ,
. , [ 2000]
. , .
( ), . . 1.9,
[ 2000, . 136-139].

. 1.9
.
(Nuclear Content)
(Cognitive ),
, - (.
: [. ., . 136-139]) ()
, () (
, ) , ()
,
, , ..
40

,
(.
. [ 1957]).
. [ 2006] ,
, paper memory (
-), ,
;

.

.
.. , ,
[ 1979, . 115],
,
. ,
(
,
). ,
, , ,
.
,
:
,
( !); . : [ 2005].
[ 1992]
, .
,
,
. ( )
: (1) (2)
.
, .. ,
,
,
,
( ),
, ..


, ,
( 41

, .: [ 1979, .
42]), - - .

()
: (1)
, , , ; (2)
, -
,
. ,
: , , ..
.
: )
,
, -

; )


.

( )
:
, , ..,
, ,
. , .,
, [ 1979, . 39-41; .. 2001, . 280-284], .
. (, [ 2005]).



, ( ) .
,
( ..) .
[ 1992]

.
,
,
, ,
,
42

.. ,
,
, .. ,
, , :
(
- ) .
.
. ,
( )
,
- .
, ,
,
( );

4
(. . 1.5) . 20
, , :

,
, ;

;

( -
, );

( ,
,
, -
);
(
- )
(
) ;


(
,
-

, , . 1.5

.

43

);

, : ,
,
,
,
.

, ,

,

.
,
,
,
, .
.. :
...

,
[ 1985: 116-117]).

(-, -, )

,
.

, , ..
,
.
( ,
)
, / /

, 44

.
,
.


, - ,

-

.
1.6.
5


. ,

,
.


,
,
- , ,
, - , -
.

(., , -
[ 1989], [ 1986]
[, 1985] ,
[ 1989, 2008],
[, 1995];
..
[ 2000]).
, ,


(., , , ..
..
[ 1988]; . : [ 2010]). 5

: [
1996]. , ,
, , , [, 2001].

45


, ., ,
/ [ 1980]; , .
[, , 1986]; ,
(, ) [ 1977]; ,
-, ,
[ 1986]; , ,
[ 1989]; [ 1958] (. :
[ 1997]); (, )
( )
[ 1986] (. : [ 1992]);
[ 1989]; ,
, ,
[ 1995] ..

.. [ 1988]. ,
, [ 2000].

.
[ 1977]


-
-


- .




, ,
.. (., , [ 1977, 1988,
1990, 1991, 1991, 1992, 1992]).
-
,
,
,
.

, ( -
) , ( ), , 46

, ,
.. , [ 1981]
""
,
,
:
... ,
(
)
[ 1981:226].
..,
:
... , ,
, - (
) (
) [ 1989: 128].

. ; -
-
,
(
) .

.. [ 1986].
,

, - , ..
[ 1968],
B.C.
[ 1995], ..
[ 1988].

-
. ,
,
.
, : ,
, ; , ? ,
- , - ,
- .., .. ,
.

, ,
47

 ( ).
,
, , .. [ 1988],
. ,
:
, ..
[ 1982].
.

(. : [ 1988]), .. [
1987] ,
, ,
,
.
,
, , ..
(.
: [ 1986]).

( )
(., , [ 1990; Fivush 1987]).
,
, ..,


- .
, .. ,

(
),
, . 1.10.
..
.

.

, - ,
).

(.. ,
) (
).
48

( ) (
).

. 1.10
,
(
- ) ,
- ,
, , .

,
,
, .

( ,
) ,
,
49

 ,

, .
,

, -

, , .
( , -
) :
- (, ,
; ..);
-
(, ..);
-
.
- ,
, ,

.



. ,
,
, ..,

,
.
,

.

,
, , (
) - ,
-

-- .

, -
50

, ,
,
(,
).
,
( , ,
, !);

, ..
.

, -
,

.

- .
,
/

.

, ,

,
, .
-
, .
1.7.

,

(., , [ 1998;
1990;
2003]),
[1996], [2004], ,
,

[ 2004)
XV
(, 2006).

51


.
- [1996, . 525]

: ,
. .

(. ) ,
,
,
,
- ,
,
(.
).

, ,
. : ,
, [ 1983, . 39].

,
( .
) /, ,
, , .. -

,
.
-
, ,
,
,
,
- , ..

,
,
.
XX .
. , ...
- , ,
[. ., . 41].
. ,
[ ],
52

, ..
, ...
,
( ) [ 1998, . 54].
. :
, [ 1983,
. 43].
, .. ,
,
, , . , ...
, .. , ,
. ,
[ 1998, . 53].
,
. .
( - ),

.. .. ,
,
,
() .

,
.. (. : [ 1999, . 118-124]),
: - -
? , .
, - -
,
, ,
.

, , ,
,
.
.
,

,
. ,

, .
53


.
,
,
, -
-
, ,
.
, , ,
-
, ,
- ,
, .
,
- ,

, , ..
,
( , ).
, ,
, - ,

, , ,
- ,
..
,

,
,
,
-
.
,


, 1977
2005 .
,

.
, ,
.
54

, 1977


.
, ,
,
.
,

-
, , ,
-
.

,

,
(.. ),
,
, (
, )
.
,
,
7
- .
, ,

,


- .

, , - , 7

: -
, ,
, , ,
. ,
, . , ^-,
.
,
[... 2004, . 200].

55

 ,
(
),
,

(
).
,
,
- - ,
( ), (
, ) - .
,
, ,

:
, ,
,
,
- ,
,
-- ,
,
.
- ,
.
, -
(
) ,
.
,
,
.
,
? , ,
(
, ) ,
, .
()

, .


56

, - -

.


: (
) ,
,

, ,
,
. -
, , ,

, ,

(.
).
,
, ,
--
. , ,
.

, :
.
.

, * .

, , ,

. ,
,
,
, .
, .
, - , - ! , - , !
. !
, , , ,
!!!
! ? , 57

 , , .
, - -!
, -.
, - - , . ,
. ,
, , - -.
: !
- , - ?
, ,
,


.
,
, -
. ,
, ,
, (
)
,


- ,
( .: [
20046]).
, ,
,
,
,
.
[Ruthrof
1997, 2000],
X.
. . X.
, ,
,
, .
, ,
, ,
, .
.
X.
. . .
58

.
, .. , .
, .. .
,
. , ,
,
,
, , ,
, ..
.
.
, .
X. ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
. X. ,
,
, , ; ,
,
,

.
,
,
.

: ,
(= )
, ,
( );
(..
, . .
1.5) (
- ,
).
,
,
,
. . :
59

- - , ,
!
- .
- . .
- , !!!
,
, .
, ,
, ;
, , - ; ..
,
: ( )

.
,
,
,

,
- .

,
, ,

. ,


.
, ..,
,
, ,

, .
,
,
..
,
( ,
),
, .
,

60

,


,
.

( ),
(
, , - ),


, ,
,
.
1.8.
,
,

,
.

.. ,
[
2003, . 19]. . :
, ,
,
,
[. ., . 20. . - ..].
..
: ,
, :
... , ,
,
, ,
- ( -)
.
, ,
,
[. ., . 10].
, , ,
, , .
,
61

 , ,
(
, , ), "
" , ,

[. ., . 9-10].
,
.. ,
. ,
. -
-
(.. )
( - !) ,
,
, .

,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
[ 2009, . 4].
: -
, (. . 1).
( . - ..).
,
, -,
-.
, - ,
[. ., . 12.
, ,
. -..].
, ,

- [. ., . 4].


,

. , .
- ,
62

- ; ,
- /
.
. ,

,

.

: ,
.. ,
. ,
. , . 5
.
,
-
- .

,


( 2, . 2.6).


8
(?!) .
,
,
(
,
).
,
,
,
,
,
.
:
, 8

, (
) ,
.

63

,
,
, -
,
. ,
,
,
, -
, ( .. , ..).
1.9.

,
, ,
,
.

,
;
.


.

-
, ,
;
.

,

,


(
,
,
).

,
.
64

2.

9

2.0.
, , 30
, .
,
,
,
, ,
- .
2.1.

,
,

.
,


,
(. ,

).


,
:
,
, ,
,
, ;
9

[ 1983, . 59-110].

- - ,
.

65

, ,
,
,,
(
.: [, 1974, . 35]; . : [
.., 19696, . 105-106]);
,
- ,
.

,
-
,
;

( / ),
, ,
.
,

. , ..
:
[ 1983] -
, ,
.
,

- [. ., . 59],
(.
: [ 2002]).
..
: [
1983] (. : [ 1988, 1997, 2005])

;

,

(
:
, ).
66

, :
-
: .

, ,
,
,
.

,
.


.
,
.
. 14. , ,
10
, International Journal of Psycholinguistics .

3-5 . ,
, .
, -
, ,
.
,
, .
,
,
.

. ,

,
, ,
.

.
,
, -.

10

, - ,
(. ).
.

67

2.2. ,
11

, - :
... ,
,
,
<....> ,
[ 1971, . 602].

(
- .: [ 2006, .
511]) :

-
- ;
- -
.

() -
,
. ,

:

;
,

;
;

, ..
, (,
, ).

;
.
11

: [ 1982; 1966; Anderson
1966; Hays 1967]. , 1983 .

68

(variable)
. , ,
: ;

(value).
(relationship) ,

,
; ,
.

,
-
, .
(.: ).
(subjects;

- Ss .). . (sample)
, .. ,
(
., ,
, ).
-
, .

,
.
(experimental procedure),
, .,
(replicating).
(data)

(significance) -
.

() ;
(validity) , ..
,

, .
(ge
neralization), ..
, .
, ,
- 69

 .
, ,
12
.

.
( - ),
.
2.3.


,
( ) .
, .


,
.
,

(., , [
1974, 8, 9]).

,
,
,
, ,
[ 1974, . 113,122].

,

.
:
[ 1974; .. 1965, 1969; , 1976;
1983; 1983] .
,
-,
. ,

, 12

,
.

70

.
, ,
,
.
.. ,

,

[. ., . 113]. ,

, .
; ,


(.

).
, , ,
. .. [ 1974, .
214-215],
- ,
(.: -, , ), ,
. ,
,
, ,
/.
?
:
, ,
,
(, ) .
-
- ,
, ,
,

, , -
( )
. :
, - ,

, 71


( .: [ 1974;
1968]).
? ?

..
,
1931 .,
(.: [ 1974, . 24-39]). ..
, ,
- ,

. ,
..
.
,
, (.
- [ 1930]), ..
,
, :
. ,
. ,
,
, .. , .
, . -
, ,
.., ,
( ),
[. ., . 31-32]. ,
, , "
" . , , ..
,
"",
"" [. ., . 33].
,
,
- , .: ...
, ..
[. . .];
:


[. . .32. . - ..].
, , ..
72

,
, ,
(.. , !),
- (
)
; ,
,

,
,

, ..

[. . . 25], .. ,

,
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
(
):
,
, ,

.
( )

:

,
,

. , ,
,
, ,
:

.
,

, , .
73

, ,
, .
,
,
, .
, ,
- , (
.. ), ,
. ..
( - ,
.. [ .. 1965, . 69]
)

,
, ,
[ 1973,
. 280, 285]. ,

,
,
, - .
, ..
, , .:
...
,
[ 1974, . 33].

,

[, 1975, . 53. . - ..],
,
..
. , ,

, ,
,
.
:
,
?
. ,
,
.
74

,
,
(
),

, (
), ,
,
, .. .
- ,
,
. ,

-

,
.
,
,
.


- ,
,
. , .. [ ..
1965, . 67-68] ,
:

;
;
.

[ .. 1976, . 63]
, ; :
1) ;
2) (
X?);
3) /
;
4) ?;
5) ;
75

6) ;
7) ;
8)
(, )
;
9) ,

;
10) .
,
,

. ,
, (2),

(. ,
).
,


;
, ,
(., , :
, ,
, ,
,
[ 1974, .13]).

,
( ).
.. ,
[ 1974, . 33].

[ ..
1965, . 64-66].



(., , .. ), ,
, ,
.
. 2.1.

. 2.1

,
; ,

, ,
, ,
[ 1966, . 5-6].
.
,
;
.. , - .. .
, ..

,
,

.
, (, )

,
, ,
, , ,
, ..
,
. ,

-
,
( .: [ 1982]).

76

77




.
,
- .. - .
.. (. : [
.., 1965]). ,
. .. ,
,
;

( );
., ,
(.: [ 1966, . 3-5]).
, , , ,

. ,
(.
.. ), - (.:

, ,
[ 1968, . 154]),

(.: ,
,
. ).



, ,

.

(., ,
: [
.. 1965, 1969; , , 1976; ... 1974;
1968]);
,

(.: [- ... 1982, . 3]).
: I) 78

; 2)
,
; 3)


; 4)
,

,
.


, .
, ,

/
[ 1968].
,
.,

.
(
),
(, ,
) ( ,
). .. ,
. (.,
: [, ,4975],
,
.). ,
{ ):
, .. ..
,
, , ,
, .




(., : [ 1974, . 106-108; 1970, . 25;
1971, . 8]).
.. ,

. ,

79

 ,
( - )
-
,
[ 1983, . 46-47].
,
,
(. ..

.. [ 1974, . 114-115]
..
.. [ 1970, . 25]).
,
,
-
- ,
. ..
,
,
:
,
[ 1983, . 78].



. ..
, . -
,
, .
, ,
(.: , ,
- .) [ 1968, .
164-165].
,
, . ;

,

/ .
,
.
80

. , ,
(,
), -
(,
,
, ),
,

, . ,

,
(.: [ 1974, . 113; 1975, . 55]).
, ,
, ,

(,
, , .
,
..).

,
.
2.4.0
13


. [ 1960, . 19] ,
, .

, .
,
,
, - .
(
) /
( , , ).
,
- (measurement).
13

: [
, 1976; 1967; ., 1976; , 1967; 1968; , 1966; , 1960; , 1967; , 1971; , 1971;
1967; Psychological Scaling 19601.

81

 , (values),
,
.
, ,
()

,
.

.
, , .
, ,
, , , , ,
- .
, .. ,

(. ,
,
).
:
(ranked variables) (scalar variables).
,
, .
,
, ,
.
.

.
, .

,
.
: , ,

.
.

.
, - ,
.

;
, ,
, 82

.
. [
1960] ,
(
): , ,
.
,


.

, ..
,
14

:
(.:
, , ). ,
, - .
, ,
.
,

,
, .

, (, )
, (
).
, ,
,
, (.
). , ,
, ""
, ,
( ) [
1971, . 29-30]. ,
, ,
, , .
, ,
, .
,

. 14

... .

83

 ,
, ,
.

,
,
, , ,
.
,
.

(.
). ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, .

,
, -
.
, , , ,
.
,
( )
, .

,
. ,
(
).
.
,
(. ).
, ,
.

,
.
, 84

.
, ,
.
,
.
- ,
.
,
, ( ) ,
,
.
[Torgerson 1960].

. ( - .)
, 100;
,
.
, . ,
. .
11- ,
0 10. ., -
;
. , . 11
.

, .
,
0,5 . .
0,5 ,
- . , ,
10 11 1000 1001,
. ,
, 10 11
1000 1100. ,
, .
, :
. ,
,
% .
, ,
, - 85

 ,
.

.
( );
.
,
;

,
.
,
, [ .
1976, . 19].
2.5.
,

,
,
, ,
.
, . ,

(, : [Cramer 1968]).

,
.

,
.

, [
15
1971] ,
[ 1972],

[ 1978],

16
[ 1979] , ,

,
.
15
16

3.

,
.
, ,
-, ..
,
, -, , , , ,
.
,
( -
),
, - (.
, , ..).
[Deese 1965, . 45-46],
,
,
.
,
.

. . . [Marshall & Cofer
1963] ,
(
, .
, -,
:
,
..).
,
, .

(Frequency o f
Association) -
; ,

.

., ;
.,
,
. , (1977,
- ) , 193 . -

. 4.

86

87

17

. 648 .,
: 193/648=0,30.
,
().
(Mutual Fre
quency Score or Measure of Belatedness)
, , ,
. ,


,

. ,
., , (.: - 648,
- 219),
OAK - ,
. ,
( )
(
), .. - . (
).
(. . 2.1).
2.1

Oak
Pine
Tree
Forest
Shade
Wood

OAK

PINE

(102)
0
88
1
2
2

0
(102)
70
2
1
5

0
0
70
1
1
2
: 74

, (
) ,
. , tree
OAK 88 , PINE - 70,
.

, .. 74/204=0,363. ,
17

- ,
.

88

, (. OAK - tree
OAK - shade),
, .

(The Index of Inter-Item Associative strength)
-,
,
. . [Deese 1962]
19 ,
BUTTERFLY ( -),
;
19 .
( : [Deese 1965, . 49];
. . 2.2).
2.2
Moth
Insect
Wings
Bird
Fly

Moth
50
1
2

Insect
2
50

10

Wings

Bird

50
15
12

4
50
15

Fly

3
4
50

50 (.
) - .

, MOTH INSECT.
,
2 + 1 + 9 = 1 2 . 100 (..
, ),
0,12.

, ,
. , . ( )
19 .
,
.
, (bees, flies,
bug, wing, bird), a o - (sky, spring);

(wing, bird, bees, fly) (bug,
cocoon, moth, butterfly) .. ,
,
89

 ;

[Deese 1965, . 77-78]. .

, .
; ,

,
[. ., .79].
,
,

: (.: [Deese 1965]).

,
.

,


, . ,
[ 1971 , .189] ,
.
,
'', '', '', '', '', ',
''. , ,
-
(0,22) - (0,18), - (0,15) - (0,17)
:

,

- (I
- ''. 2 - ''), -
. ,


.


- .
- (Measure o f Sti
mulus Equivalence)
90

, (,
, , ).
.
(Taxonomic Index)
. , .
,
,
.
[Kiss 1968],


. , ,
,
,
[ 1976, . 142], ,
..,
.


( ) .
, ,
[ 1976, . 143].
,
.
(nodes),
(lines).
( ),
(a directed graph).
. (network),
.
(path).
(length of path) .

(the value matrix) . [Kiss 1968, . 707]
. 2.2 2.2. . 2.2 1, 2, 3,
4 5. , 12; 24; 45. ,
, 44, (loop), .
, (a connector node) 5,
1 4.
91

1 2 3 4
3

X1

X4

5
8

5
. 2.2

.2.2

(. 2.2) .
,
. x1 2
x1 2.

(. x1).
(the outdegree value)
.
, - (the
indegree value)
(
. ). , .2.2 x 1 ,
(.: 2 + 4 = 6 3
+ 8 = 11 ).


. (
- ) , -
.

,
.
-
. ,
(Measure of Relatedness)
,
, .
(The Inter-Item Associative Strength)

(, , ,
,
- .: [Kiss 1968, . 712].
92

- (Measure of Stimulus Equivalence)

,
;
3%.

,
,
, -
.
,

.
[
1983], , .
[Kiss et al. 1972]
.


, . [Szalay & Brent
1967; Szalay & D'Andrade 1972; Szalay & Maday 1973].
,
. ,
. -, -
. ,

-,
, . , -
10-12 ( ).
. 6-7 .
,
. 6, - 5,
- 4, , , - 3,
- 2 - I.

,
. 50 .

.

, ,
. ,
93

SCHOOL : Types of schools ( : school, college, university, etc.), Books, materials (book, library, pencil,
chalk, etc.) .. ( % ) .
, , ,
.

, (The In
dex of Interword Associative Affinity); :

,
, SCHOOL - , EDUCATED ,

LEARN - KHOWLEDOE -

(
., ). .
.. ,

: [ 1978].

1.000

1.000 ,
, . ,
, .. >
> .
() .

.
( ) .
[Szalay & Brent 1967, p. 174].
..


.
( ) 5 25

,
, .

,
.

. (
> > ) .

, , .


.. ( ), . 2.3
94

. 2.3
,
, . ,

- (. : [
1979].

, .

.
50- . [Osgood et.al. 1957].
,
,
.. ,
(.,
: [ .. 1965, 1969; 1970; ...
1974; 1983, 1997, 2005].
95

 ,
. [Os
good 1980]. ,
,
.
, .
,
.

( ) ,
, ,
, ,

,
,
.
( )
.


. ,
,
; ,
, , ..
.
( )

.
,
- -
.



. ( ) (
) ; (
)
, (,
), .
,
;
, .
: ,
(96

, ),
(,
) - ,
;
,
,
. ,

.

,
,
,
,
.


; ,
.
-
.
, :
(,
, ),
;
, ,
.
:

?
(
) ()
,
.
. , - ,
.
(, )
7- , (
, - ),
(..
), ,
. , , +3
.
97


,
,
,
, ,
.
, +3 -3.

, ,
. ,
,
. ; ,
, ,

,
.
1950- .
,
(..
). .
( , ,
, ,
),
,
:
( ,
: - , - , );
(
- , - , - );
( - , -
, -).
- - ,
,
.

() ,
() ,
, ,
-
.
.

1960- . .: , ,
98

, , .
20 30 .
,
: .
,
.
. , 100
-, 100 -
.
,
, ., , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ..

10000
(100 100 -
100 )
.
100
. 50

,
7- .
.
. - -
100
50 . , .

:
0,80 0,90. , ,
, .
(
0,40 0,70), ,
, , .
,
.
, ,
( 0,30 0,70),
,
99

 ,
, , .

[. . . 104].
, ,
,
?,
?, ?.
.
,
, ,
,

,
. -, -
,
( )
. ,
,
, ,
, (..
). . ,
- , ,
.
,

.
.
, , , ,
, - ,
- . 100 ,
,
.

, , .
,

,
: / - ,
/ - ,
/ -
. -
. , ,
100

-; , ,
, ,
,
.
60- .
(Semantic In
teraction Technique).
,
, , , ,
,
-
.
,
. ,
. , ,
,
;
, ,
.
. . [Paivio & Begg 1980],
, / I
.
1968 . .
/,

, /
, / /
.
,
, ,
[Paivio & Begg 1980, .100]; .
.. [ 1983],

.

,
,

,
.
, ,
, 101


, .. [
1983, . 11]. ,
,
[Osgood 1980]. ,

.
1. 50- ,
. ...
:
(
) , , [ 1983, . 10].
2. ,
,


-
[ 1983, . 11].
3.
,

[ 1983, . 12].
4. : )
,
; )


(. : [ 1983]).
: )
;
,
.
5. ,
, -
. ..
, ,

,
,

.
, , 102

[ 1983, . 48].
.
: )
(
,
- ); )
-
;
,
(.: [Paivio & Begg 1981, p. 100-101]).
7.
, ,

, -
,
:
, , , (
.:
[ 1982]).


.. [
1983] (. : [ 2005; 2002]).

, 1960- . ,
,
-
( - ).
, - .
.
(1970); -
: [Osgood 1980].
,
(, )
,
.
,
(
,
), ( ,

) (
103

 ,
/ ).
, , Terminal
/ Interminal, , .:
() vs () vs
() () vs
() vs ().
, :
() vs () vs
().

,
,
. -

. , [Osgood
1980, . 108],
;
, ,
.
,
. , ,
.
,
, , ,
- .
, .

, .
-,
,
, , .
-,
,
. ,

(. ).

. ,
.
, .
, , ,

.
, . ... : , , ,
. , ,
. ,

.
.
,
, , ,
[. 1967, . 150].

, ,
- ,

. -

.

,
.

-
.., ,
. P.M. [ 1971, .
35],
, .
. ,
, .
.
, ,

.
.

, (, 0 1 7 3 +3 0 )
(, , , ,
, , , ,
, .: [, 1971, .
20]). ,

104

105

 .
,
, .. I 5 7 (,

),
,
- 7 -3 +3.

.


(,
, .: [Paivio et al. 1968;
1989, 1990; 1985,1987]).

(., ,
- [ 1981]
[ 1970]).
(

. ).
,

, : [ 1971; ,
1971].
.

,
.
,


,
() , ,
(.: [, 1983, . 19-20]).
,

, ,
., . .. ,
.
: , 106

, [.
., . 21-24].
, ,
, ,

-
.


.
[Miller 1969]. . .
, (
);
() .
(

), (.
).

.

. m m ( );
, .
.
Nij (0 < Nij < N),
. (N) .,
i j. N ij

,
N - Nij ..

.
; .
. [Johnson 1967].
(.. ) ,
,
,

, .

.
., , ,
107

108

100

GIRL

98

100

HORSE

45

45

100

FLOWER

30

30

48

100

CHAIR

33

35

100

IDEA

10

18

100

ABOVE

BELOW

88

100

INTO

65

70

100

35

35

48

100

13

100

85

100

60

53

100
43

100

DURING
LAUGH
CRY

GROW

10

10

13

15

35

28

FALL

10

18

15

30

33

43

45

100

RICH

10

10

10

31

100

POOR

10

75

100

43

50

20

10

20

25

100

18

10

35

35

28

100

30

25

18

30

D
U
R
I
N
G

DEAD

POOR

ANGRY

28

RICH

FALL

GROW

CRY

LISTEN

LAUGH

LISTEN

100

I
D
E
A

0
0

INTO

BELOW

ABOVE

WHITE

CHAIR

DEAD

FLOWER

ANGRY

HORSE

,
, .,
.
.

.
; 20
, [Anglin
1970, . 31] . 2.4.
40 . (
% ) . ,
. , 100% (..

), (%) .,
.
, 9 8 % . boy girl, 4 5 % boy horse .. ,
, ,
(
).
, .
(.: boy - girl 98%; below above 88%; cry - laugh 85%; poor - rich 75%). ,
; ,

BOY

BOY

I) " " ( ):
,
; 2) " " ( ):
; 3) " ":
,
,
. ,

, - "" "
" [ 1983, . 69].

,

( ,
, .
, ).

GIRL

(. .2.5.
, , . : [
, 1983, . 108; , 1983, . 74-75]).
.. . [ 1983]
.

, ,
1.
:

100

. 2.4
.
(
); [An
glin 1970, . 37] . 2.5.
. 2.5 (Number of judges)
, .
.
109

 1;
(m-2) / m - l ..
. ,
. ;

,
;
.

, ..
. ,

. 2.5
;
. .
20 , ..
, ,
. ,
. . .

, ,
.
, . .
:
,
,
( GO
). .
.

...
,
,
20 .
(20 20) (
), ,
[( 1978, . 45].

.
.
, i j
. . ,
,
1. ,
, (m - 1) / m - 1 ( m -
).
(m - 3) / m - 1 ..
. -

, ..
, , .
(.
). ..
(. . 2.6).
.. , .. .. [1982, .
66],
,
;
.
.. , .. .. [1978]
() ;
50 .

.
.

,
, ..
,
,
. (
. . : [ 1983, . 72-73]).
- -
, -

110

111

 , [. .,
. 76-77].

2.6.

[ 2001].
.. [ 1989]; .
: [, 1989; 2010].

, , ,
- .

,
.
(., :
[ 1968: 165; .. 1968, . 127]).

.
, . [Anglin 1970]

: ) ; )
.; )
; ) ;
)
,
, -
; ) .

.

.. ( . ,
1981),
, (..
)
, - (.: [
1977, . 44])
( . similar - '', '')
( . opposite - '').
.. 12
,
; 18 ,
.. [1977]
; 8 .
38
, , ;
, .: - ; - .
.. ;
37 ,
: -

112

113

. 2.6
,

. , .

[Kiss et al. 1973]; . : [ 1983].

, P.M. (. .
[1982]).
, P.M.
, .
, ,
.
[ 1982, . 8].


18
.

 ( ),
, 7-
.

, (, )
(.
: , , , ..).
,
. , ,
.: (31) - (15), .. 15 . 37 , 31 - .

, .: (16) (10) (12) - (15).

- (19 . 37
).

; . .,
:

- (36)
- (34)
- (33)
- (31)
- (30)
- (28)

- (33)
- (32)
- (32)
- (30)
- (26)
- (26)

7-

(, ,
: - , ,
- , - )
( : , - , -, , - ). ,
(
) .
: - - ; - ; - - ; - ; - - ; -

: - ; - ; ; ; - . ..
,
:
- . , .
,
- .
, .. :

. ,

, (
), ,
; ,
,
19
[ 1981, . 16] .

.. (
, , 1982).
..
: . ,
7- , ,
- .
..
. .. ; .
. ., ,
.
..
,
-
. , [1970,
. 83] , , , .
..
.
[. 646] ,
,

, ,
.
19

. [ 1991, 2000, 20006].

114

115

 ,
,


20
.
2.7.

,
.
,


.

.. [ 2001]
(

).
,
.
, , ,
,
.
,

(., : [ 1991; , 2008;
2001, 20001; 2010; 2000, 2000; 2006; 1997; 1994, 2002; 2010;
. 2010; 1986, 1989, 2000, 2000; 2009;
1999, 2002, 2007]).

. , .. [2009]

, , , ,
, . (
), .
( ) , .
20

,
; 5 4.

116

(. ),

: , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , .
, ( .,
..),

: , ,
, ,
.. (
).

.

/,
,
, () ,
,
.. , [De Deyne. & Storms
2008b] ,
(.. )
;

;
.
, ,
.
, ,

. [Schulte im Walde et al. 2008]
, , ,

-, . ,

,
, ,

(,
, ,
).
, ,
117

,
( -
, ,
);
;
, .
,

;
.

.
.
,

(.: [ 1989, 2000; 1993, 2000, 2000; 1993;
1994; 1997]).

.. (., , [ 2007,
2011, 2011]),
,
.
2.8.
,
, ,

:

;
-
;
,
, .

( )
.

,
.
1, 2 [ . 2001, . 1009-1068]
. 118

II

3

1

3.0.

(., , : [ 1966; Deese 1965]).
( - )
( , ,
, , , ).

[ 1966, . 274],
[Ervin-Tripp & Slobin 1966, .452]
[ .. 1969, . 202],
(., ,.
[ 1971; Scalay & Brent 1967]
[ .. 19696, . 124].

[
1971, .6], ,

[ .. 19696, . 118].
,

.
,

.

( ,
, , ), (
, ) (
, ,
, ).
1

[ 1971],
,
(,
, ).

119

 1000 . - ,
100000 ,

2
, [Gerrow & Pol 1965]
[Kurcz 1967] .
,
, -
,

. , , -,
,
,

. -,



.
.


.


- ,

.
3.1.

100 , 1910 . .
.


,
3
., .
XX
2

, ,
, :
[Postman & Keppel 1970].
3
-
, , : [Kurcz 1966; Lambert & Moore 1966; Rosenzeig 1961, 1964].

120

, . , .
. 200 [
1966, .253], [Gerrow &
P o l l i o 1965] 360 ,
4
500 .
- ,
, ;

(bath, comfort, dream, order, sleep, trouble, wish, whistle).
,
, ..,
.,

[ 1966].

,
,
5
.
,
, , -,
., ,
.
100-115
( 111 ).
,
,
,

.
..
[ 1963].
86 , 8 - 2 500
, .
,
..
, , ,
, . ..

.
4

1977 .

, .
5
.

121


,
.
. , , ,
, , .. ,
,
. . [Lambert & Moore 1966]
20 -,

. ( ). ,
(.. 1967 )
.
.
. ,
. .
,

(
, , ,
, ..). ,
,
.


.
,


,

.

.
I. , .
: , , .
6
7
:, ' .',, ', , ,
, , , , .
: , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , . .
6

* , - ( 32 ).
,

.
7

122

: ', , ', ', .

, : , ', ', '.
, , :
, , , , , , ,', ', .
II. , :
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , .
III. , : , ,
, , , , , , .
IV. , : , , , , .
V. , : , , , , .
VI. - : - ,
- ; - ' - ; -
; ; - - .
VII. : , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , .
, , .
, ,
- ,
VI . ,

,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
; , I II
..

(
,
..).
,
,
. , 111
: - 54; - 22; - 20;
- 9; - 3; - 3.
,
, ,

,
,
.
, ,
, 123

 ,
. .
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
, , , ,
, , , .
,
,
.
,

.

8
.
,
(
, ).

- ;

- ,
.
3.2.

,

.
8

,

, ,
, .
.
, .

124

[Kurcz 1966, . 152],

[Lambert & Moore 1966].
,
, .
,
,
- - .

.
- -
.
,
(,
)

, ,
.

.

,
;
,
,

.
,

,
(he, she, it; , , ), - ().

, ,
light swiatlo (),
heavy-light
( - ),
( - ., - ., - .).
,
, ,
. (!)
: 1) ; 2) ; 3) , ; 4)
tyiy (); 5) (,
125

). , ,
,
colour,

,
.

,
.


,
-
. ,
,
, (
), ,
,
.


,
,
.

,

(). ,

,
square, ,
, . ,
.
square - round ( - ),
: - ,

- ., - ., - .
, kwadratowy kwadrat ().
cold, ,
zimny ().
, - ., , - .
- .
, , .
126

?
.

: - i - - - for; - - - among; - i - - - on.
, ,
(
- ..
[ 1978, . 359]; . : [ 1962, . 341]).
, ,
- . , blue
, ,
,
9
, , . ,
''
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
, , , (.),
among,
. 1 (, ) apa2 (
). ,
(
,
).

.,
, ,
,
-. ,
, ,

, .. , . ,
,
,
9

().
: - - -
blue.

. ,
112 ( 111 ).

127

. ,
.
, .
. ,
,
.
-
.
,

, ( )
,
.
, light
.
, heavy
- light. ,
10
lamp - light ( - c) .
,

;

-
.
( ) ,

".

.,
.

,
(
), (
, ).
,
-

.
, .
. ,

am, am ().
am ()
,
.

,
( . 3.1,
).
,
.
.
3.1

10

, -,
, lamp 52,
light - 58.
11
50 .,
, . .

128

13

[Kurcz 1967] -,
32 ,
.

129

3.3.

.

.

[Gerrow & P o l l i 1965],
1008, 182 100 .
,
100 . . . 13

(. ).

130

131

 ,
,
.
, .


.
, - . .
. .
-

, ,
14
-, .
,
, ,

- .

,
,
(,
) .-, ,
.
.
, ,
15
.
,
,
,
, .
. 3.2 ,
,
(
). . 3.2

.

3.2

, ..
, ,
, .. ,
, .

. .,
,
. II III
.
,
(II ) 2 (III ).

,
( ),
.
15
.. ,
. (.), . , . , . , . , . , . (. -), . , . (.. , ), . , . , . , . , . (. ).

,
. ,
. ,
5, 10 [Bol 1967, . 5] 25
[ 1966, . 255]
[Kurcz 1966, . 152]. ,

.

132

133

14

 ,
,
.
,

.
.
,
.
,
(
37 ).
( ) .

;
, ,
, ..

, ., ,
, . , .
, ,
(
). ,

(, - ), .
( ) ,

. .
,
,
(, - , , ,
, , ,
..).
( !) .,
,
, , -
, ,
.
-
, , ,

,
. ,
, .
134

,
., ,
.
, ,
. .-
,
16

. , 2.
: ,
( ).
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
, , .
..
,
. ,
. ,
,
, , .
( ), ,
, - . -
, -
.
.
, "" .
, . ,
15 . .
, "" ,
. , , ,
. , ? .
, ,

.
,
. ,
, ..
.
,
,
.
16

,
, .: [ 1969].

135

3.4.
.
.
, 10%
, .

,
. - ,
17
, ..
. ,
. ;
,
,
. , - .
(). . ,

- , ,
, (
) .. . 35 .
, , ,
.
,
,
.
,


,
(
).
, , ,
, . ,

- ,
,
.

,
. .
17

,
, .
(. 4).

136

. , , : 1)

; 2) ( )
.
. ,
[Kurcz 1966, . 155],

.

,
,
., . .: GLODNY
() -podrozny(ik) (', ' ',
18
") .: -() .
, , -, ,
(,
,
).
,

.

.

,
( . , ,
100 ).
()
( ,
. ).
,

.

.
, -
.
,
18

[Kurcz 1967];
( ) [ 1970, . 135].

137

62. - 4 5
12
11
6 ,
5 ,
4

3 , ,
2 , , , ,
1 , , , , , , , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , 0 - 2

,
(
) ,

,
..
.
,
,
, .
.
,
[1970],
,
.

, [ 1971].


, ,
,
., ..



, ,
.
3.5.


.

.
138

, .
.
,
. , ,
.
,
,
, ,
. ,
FAHA () 15%, YIH () - 13%, () - 13%. ,
.
(41, 40 48 ).
- 20%. ,
,
14% 11% ( 50 55 ).
: - 13%, - 10%, - 9%, - 7%.
,
, .

, .
,
. ,
, , . -
% .

.
,

.
,
:
(. MOTHER - father, brother),
(. LIGHT - knight, might),
.
,
. (
) . ,


( ,
, 139

 );

(
).

(. = 1% 10% AP1),


(., SHEEP - ship)
(COLOUR - parlour, labour), (CAT-pat, sat, mat, rat) ..

,
(. : I ,
- ),
.
(
).
: , , , ; - , , , ; - ,
, , ; - , , , ,
,

.
,
, ,

. ,
.
ZIMNY ()
: .: czlowiek (), gracz (), lor (), mezczyzna (), chiopiec (), grob (), pan
(), serce ().

, NOZYCZKI (
)
.

-
- ,
-
,
.
-
-
-
- ..
-
- )
,
, ..

,
(., : [Miller 1953]),
. ,

.

,
.
, , THINK () :
1) brain (); 2) thought (); 3) school ().
(
),
Verb - Noun.
:
- ,
( Verb-Noun),
- - ,
(.. Verb~>Noun). ,
, ( ).

-
., .: - -1) ; 2)
; 3) , - -1) , (); 2) (); 3)
(). ,


,
.

140

141

, ,
, ,
. ,

,
(.: [ 1971]).

.


.

(19
) .
,
.
-
;
. , ,
.

,

. , The Concise Oxford Dictio
nary of Current English [1957], smart (adj.)
'showing quick wit', wit intelli
gence, intellect.
The Original Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and
Phrases [1966], thought.
, , thought
: 'process, power of thinking; idea, conception, chain of reasoning,
etc., produced by thinking'.
, ,
, .
-,
,
. , , Webster's New World Dictionary [1965]
think plan, ,
plan think ahead.
-
,

.
. 3.3.
. 3.3
-


.
19

3.7,
, .

142

3.3

,
,
.
.6.
.

.
, ,
.
143


5 ( . 3.4),
(. . 3.1,
,
, . .
, , ,
5).
3.4
29
1

30 31 32 33 34
3 1 2 1
7

50 51 52 53 54
6 5 8 5 5
29

35 36 37 38 39
1
1 3 4
9

55 56 57 58 59
4 2 1 4 2
13

40 41 42 43 44
3 3 3 8 4
21

60 61 62 63 64
1
1 1
3

45 46 47 48 49
7 7 5 3 3
25

65 66 67 68 69
1
1
2

70

. . 3.5,
,
, .
3.5
A (N = 1008)
MAN
WOMAN
BOY
GIRL

71
1
1

. 3.1

,
(., , . 3.2).

70
87
72
106

n (N= 1000)

P (N = 100)

MEZCZYZNA 200
KOB1ETA
236
CLOPIEC
218
DZIEWCZYNA 236

44
46

52

49

Ka

(N = 100)
38
36
40
34

, .,
,

(. . 3.6).
3.6

FOOT
BLUE
107
146
HAND
BOY
72
218
HEAVY
BREAD
70
148
HOUSE
BUTTER
72
154
HUNGRY
CITY
92
201
LAMP
HAIR
75
151
LIGHT
COLD
79
131
LONG
GIRL
106
263
:

A
103
156
99
194
122
197
143 210
116
178
66
139
91
145
113 213

MAN
RED
Short
SPIDER
SQUARE
WHITE
WOMAN

A
200
70
132
106
176
82
174
83
180
126
177
83
236
87
94

179

, . 3.6, ,
.-
, . ,

,
(., , BLUE: 107 - 146, BOY: 72 - 218).

,
(. . 3.7).

,

. 3.2
144

145

., , .
3.7
.

.
.

31-71
48,4

16-45
32,1
20

11-56
31,1

.
.
35-68
50,2
22-49
36
27-58
40,3

.
.
31 - 5 4
42,8
23-42
28,7
14-48
25,4

.
.
29-50
44
26-48
37,1
20-33
24,3

, , . 3.5,
,

. . 3.6
, ,
. 3.7 ,
,
,
,
, ..

,
.
,


.
, ,
,
, , ,


. ,
18 30
50% . ,
30%
, , 70%
.
. , 20

. ,
.

146

.,
,
.



.
(.
: [ 1971, .183-184]).


, . . 3.3, 3.36,
- ( );
% ,
).

)
. 3.3

.
. 3.4

THINK - - .



. ,
, : [ 1969]).

147

. 3.4


. ,

(., : [Mar
shall & Cofer 1963; Kiss 1968].
,
. (. . 3.8 . 3.8).

3.8

GIRL
BOY
WOMAN
MAN

3.8

GIRL
I

BOY

WOMAN

MAN

GIRL

II

III

IY

1008
768

704

49

88

1008
2

10
41

1008

646

31

65

767

1008

...

GIRL
BOY
WOMAN
MAN

BOY

WOMANj MAN

II

III

IY

0,70

0,07

0,09
0,05
0,70

0,05

. 3.8a,
, , 1008 .,
, ,
. , GIRL .
. ,
, 704 . boy, 49 - wo
man, 10 - man.
.

. 3.8
I, II, III
2N, ..
. ,
GIRL BOY. I
- 704, - 768, - 2,
- 31. ,
: 704 + 768 + 2 + 31 = 1505.
148

1008 + 1008 = 2016, 1505 2016,

GIRL, BOY, .. = 0,70. I III , I
IY, GIRL
WOMAN, MAN (0,07 0,09 ).
3.86. BOY II
III IY , WOMAN -
III IY .

,
.
.

,
.
, , ,
(
), (.. 2N).
, , ,

. ,
.


(., , . 3.9).




, .

,
;

, ,
.



,
.

149

 3.9

0,70
0,16
0,22
0,18
0,43

0,07
0,02
0,01
0,06
0,02

0,09
0,01
0,01
0,06
0,03

0,05
0,02
0,01
0,03

0,05
0,01
0,01
0,04

0,70
0,23
0.31
0,12
0,39

3.7.

-

()
( ).
,

.

(
- )
.
-
,

- -
.
, 150

,
,
;


.
,
, - ,
, (..

- ).

, ,
-

.
-
( - ),
.
,
,
.


.


,
[
1970, . 83], ,
, ,



.


.


- 151

 ,
. , ,
.
( : [ 1966]),
.

,
, ,

.
,
.
-,
, ,
, , ,
.



.
,
:
1) ; ,
-
. : 1 (); 2 (); 3 ().
: (), (),
(), (), i ( ), -
: (), (), (), i (),
oi (), (), - : (,
), (), ( -.) .;
2) (.
, );
3) -
, . , SQUARE
: 1) triangle (), circle (); 2) rk (), trees (
), green (); 3) Madison (), street (), block (
); 4) mile ();
4) , ,
: ( ) - ii ( )
: () - () .


.;
152

-
. ,
,

, .

,

.

,
.
,
,
.
3.8.

,
.



.
,
SPIDER - web ,
. , . 8%
, 3 1 % (,
, , ). 3% .
, 14% , ..
(, , ).
I () 3 1 % . , , 6yui (
), eipme (), (), (), . 53% , 12%
(i). ()
4% , 7% .
PAJAK () 17% .
'': pajczyna (), siec (, ), nic ().
(26% ) krzyzak (),
. 7% . 153

 (owad), 8% : mucha (), r

(), robak (). , - ,
- - .
13% ,
.
: obrzydlrwy (), wstretny (),
brzydki (), okropny ().

, ,
: wstret (), strach (, ), brzydzenie (, ) ..
,
,
EAGLE - bird ( - ). .- 14%
(I) (), 37%
, , (), (
). . 10%
15% (, , , ). .-
16% - ORZEL - ,
2% : jastrzab, sep (), sokol (
), golab (), berkut (), dzieciol (), kondor (), wro (), nietoperz ( ). 36%
: biafy (), wysoki (), piqkny (), drapiezny
() ..). , 20% .-
: godlo (),
reszka (), czapka ( ), herb (), symbol (), ta (), znak (), zolnierz (), blacha (), blacszka (),
lach (, ), panstwo (, ), zloty ().
(godlo, moneta)
(czapka, zolnierz, lach, reszka).
, polski ()
. 2%
: skrzydlo (), dziob (), pazur ().
SCIS
S O R S - cut
. .
- 13% - 7% - 1 1 %
. 30% .
(),
cut, 11% . 7%
(, , , ,
).
: I) , 2) . 2 3 % 154

, ,
. .
() - 2 1 % ( ) - 9%.
(), ( ) (
) 7% .
.- NOZYCZKI ()
ciac, kroic (, ) 13% . 20%
, , ostry (), (), male (
), stalowe () .. 42%
,
.
FRUIT ()
apple (). .
18% , 50%
(, , , ).
7% , , , ,
, . 2%
, 3%.
I () () - 37% . 2 5 % .
(), 1 1 % , ,
(), (), () .
: i ().
[Lambert & Moore 1966]
L O N G - SHORT
. ,

(0,55) 0,54
- .
,

( - 16%, 10%; 23%, 19%). .,
-
0,32 ,
,
. ,
- 55% - 44%,
- - 25%, 18%.
. ,
( 68% 78% ,
), , ..
, 0,32. ,
17% 18% 155

, - 19% 6% , .
,
, ,
, NEEDLE - thread ( - , - ).

,
. ,
CHAIR table,
sit, .
. 29% ,
, , ,
, , 37% .
5% ., 7%
(, , , ). .- ,
() - 24% ,
(23%). , (, )
7% . 2%:
(), i (), - 1%: ().

. , . 3.10
.
,
. ,
, ,
. , ALIVE dead
44% , DEAD alive 22% .
3.10

alive - dead

44-22

bad - good 43-29

big-little

14-15

gold-hot

20-41

heavy - light

18-5

new-old

13-20

old-young

7-20

P
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

31-26
24-22
19-20
9-19
22-14
26-3
17-20

ipi -

oi

52-

-
61-30
- i 6-46
- ,
18-50
i
60-64
-

i -

0-0

45-52

,
. 3.10,

. ,
. ,
156

- I , , , . (6)
( ''
''),
kii () - 48% .

18 - , . ,
- ( ). ,
,
, , . 3.11.
,
( - )

. ,
: (24), (7), (6), - (9),
(4).
3.11

COLD

hot

warm

cool

cold

34
9
18

3
4
11
16
6
33

-3

62
19
50

- - . ,
- I
. ,
old ,
,
old - young new, kapi
,
(, , )
().
, kapi
, - : I
(), (), (),
ii (), () ..; 157

 i, , (), (),
: eci (, , ),
(), i (), i ().
,
, , ,
, ,
.


.


.


,
.
3.9.



[ 1967].

,
, , , : )

,

; )
.

,
[ 1967].


, ..
.
, 37 ., .


. II . 158

,
. III II- ,
2 .
I


. ,

. (, butter 21
B R E A D , bread 17
BUTTER). ,
(
, 37 . 16 BUTTER 18
B R E A D ) .
, (
, T H I N K - 34).

II III
,
.,

. II III
, .
, .


.



, 1 .


,
,
.
.
I. ,
.
, . ,
. ,
, .
.
. ,
159

 ,
.
,
.
2. ,
( I ),
,
II III .
3. , ,
,

. ,
LIGHT - bright, sight, right YELLOW - fellow
( ) ,
II III (
, ,
,
). LITTLE - small, ROAD - way,
street, path ,
.

MOTHER, FATHER - aunt, grandfather, wife, husband,
.
4.
,
.
. ,
. ,
.

;
1-43, YOU - 49, THEY - 31, WE - 85
OTHER-103, B O T H - 2 3
SIT - 108, STAND - 72
RED - 28, YELLOW - 9, BLUE - 51

(GIRL - 50, BIRD - 37; COW - 54, KNOW - 24),
(CITY - 95, BIG - 105), (FOOT - 81, HAND - 1) ..

(BOY, BROTHER, BUTTER; READ, RED, ROUND).
5.

. , 160

. II III . ,
. people, mother, son, brother, sky, colour, mouse, eagle,
go, make, father, bird, find, speak, see, young, old, red
:

:
people, mother, son, brother, ...father
:
sky, colour, blue; son, brother, ...father, ...young, old
: eagle, bird
:
go, make, ...find, speak, see;young, old, red

,

(read, red, square)
(gay, day, they, we, I).

, :.
sleep, stand, go, on, among, ...(go on)
we, you, I, together, go, round... (go together, go round)

: hurry, angry, hungry,
,
(. hurry - HUNGRY)
(angry - HUNGRY) .
6.
.





21
.

,
. ,
,

21

, ,

161

 ,
, .

.
3.10.
, 1971
.
(.
4).
, ,

, [ 1977].
,
,
.

,
/
.
,

,

(., , [ 1992, 1994]).


,
, , -
.
,


, ,
. , 1960- .

,
,
.
.

162

4.0.

.
/ ( ,
[ 1979, 1988, 1990]), -

.
/

4.1.


, ,
, . 4.1, ,
[ 1971, 1979].
4.1

( )

( )
( )

- .
100
100
500
200-700
1000
1000
1000
240
1008
209
145
100
331
288
100
100
1000
100

163

1971
1972
1975
1977
i 1981
1979
Kurcz 1967
Marsalova 1974
Russell & Jenkins 1954
Jenkins 1970
Rosenberg & Carter 1965
Rosenberg 1965
Kiss et al. 1972
Russell 1970
Rosenzweig 1970
1971a
1971a
1975
1971a


.
,
, ,
.

10 ( ,
. ) . 4.2 ( % ) ;
. 4.1

- .. .
%
, .

,
,

.

4.2

ZIEMIA
EARTH
TERRE
ERDE

422
983
989
985
1000
284
323
675
97
98

-
'
''
''
''
39
22
15
27
45
28
33
16
14
16

27
50
58
46
32
32
31
48
24
12

11
5
3
3
14
26
21
20
45
62

11,5
13
9
11

I
1,5
1
-

11,3
10
15
13
9
20
14
14,5
16
10

. 4.2 . 4.1, ('', '', '')

, 75 9 1 %
.
. . ,
, '',
, - ,
, . ''
, , , -
. , '',

, - , .
. 4.2 4.3.
. 4.2
[ 1979, . 4243]. 164

.4.1
, '', '',
'', ''
, ,
. 4.2.
% , ''
., - ,
: ,
- , ,
(
, ).
,
,
,
(. : - ,
).

165


''. , ,

(.: [ 1977]), (
14% , , ,
. .),
.
,
,
, ''.
, '',
,

- ,
(.: -). '' , , ,
.
(4 1000), ,
,
.

, , ,
.. ,
EARTH - heaven,
' '. ,
, , ,
( , , ); ,
, ..

, ,

. ,
. . [
1971, . 168] ,

,
,
. .. [
1972, 1976] ,

.
,
166

167


.

,

.
, . '',
; 9 . 10 , - , 4 ,
, 6 , - , 6 ,
. , 9 .
, 8 - , 7 - , 1 -
, 2 - , 3 - ,

, - .
,

( , .
- ). , ,
,

:
,
, ,
,
..
, ''
'',
,
,
. , '' 9 .
(.: - ;
EARTH - soil; ZIEMIA - gleba; ERDE - Boderi). .
,
(.: 9 - , 6 - ,
, ). , : ,
, , .
'' :
- - , 10 .
4 -

- , , ,
,
.
168

.
1. , ,
. , .
2.
, , ,
. . ,
,
-,
- .
.
3.

(. ,
'', )
,
,
- ,
.
4.

.
5. ,
.

.

,
: ,

, -
,
, .

(. : [
1990, .103-107; 2005, .74-77]).
4.2.



, 169

 .
,
.,

.

(.: [ 1979; 1971; 1975; i
1981; Jenkins 1970; Kiss et al. 1972; Kurcz 1967; Marsalova 1974; Rosenzweig
1970; Russell 1970]).
,
12 .
,
, .
, ,
, , , , (
), , ,
, .
,

,
. , ,
. ,
, , , ( 40, 30, 30, 30, 28
20 ).
1-2 .
,
,
''.

: 75
,
[Kiss et al. 1972]
, black (
) - 549 , red () - 477 , white () - 450
green () - 395 (
. [ 1981,1983;
1989,2003,2005]).
,
, , , , ,
,
,
,
170

- , ,
- .
, , .
. (,
, , , )

.
:
'',
'', ,
.


, 12
: 1) ; 2)
; 3)
; 4)
.

: ,
.

:
,


-
.


(
.: [ 1979, 1992, 1994]).

; ,
- ,
- (. ),
,
,
. (.. , -)
: - () .
171



. , . ,
, , ,
[Lyons 1977, . 297],

,
.
,

., ,


. ,
,
. ,

, , , , , .
. .
,

. , ,
- - 1910 1952
. ,
, [Jenkins, Russell 1960].
,
, -
[Rosenzweig 1964],

, [.
.]. ,

, ,
[Lambert, Moore 1966].

111 ,
:
-,
-
( )
(,
);
172

-, ,
:
;
,
;
,
.
,

;

( - ) ( - ),

( - - ) ..,
(.
..
).

,
,
(),

,
.
.
, . 10 12
; 9 11 , 5
- ; 8 12
, , 6 - ; 7 12
, .
,
, . . ,
, ,
- ( - ). ,
., , ,
.
, ,
, - ,
- , ,
- , - .
.,
- .
. ,
, ,
173

 . , ,
, : .
(BLAU) '',
,
-, . betrunken
-
BLAU - Alkohol BLAU - Bier ( - ; - ).
(YELLOW) ''; coward ''
.
'', ,
, , ( - , - ,
- ).
(RED), .-
' ' (. RED - Indians).
.
, , .
', ',
-
( '')
: ' ' - ! ' !'.
-
'', - ( - ) - ', '. ,

,
- .

- ,
' ';
,
, .

, . WEIB - Weifikraut ( ), . - ( - ), . - ( ) . - ( - ''), . - '
'. ,
; , ,

,
, . 174

'' ''
. , ,

. ' ',
-
[ 1975, . 42].

WHITE - house ( - )
CZERWONY - Kapturek ( - )
.
,

- (., ,
[ 2010: , 2008; . 2010]).

-
. , , ,
, ,
, , , (
,
). ,
, ; -
, - . (
WHITE - Christmas ( -
). , , , ,
, ,
, , , - , -
, , , - ;
, ,
.
, (
) ( -
); ;
,
, , , - ,
. ,
, , - , - ;
, ,
.
,
,
, .
, - 175

 .
,

- . , . ;
, , ,
- , - , -
,
(. : -
).
,
7- (
) .
,
.
: , , , ,
, , , .
,
( -
), .
.
, ,
, . ( )

,
. ,

.
-

. ,
.. , .
,
, ,
, -
.
. , ,
(. . , ,
. , ; . zboze).
,
,
. , '' '' 176

, , ,
.

. . . - , , , ,
. - '', '', ''; .
- , , . - ( - ).

, ,
.
: ) ( ); )
( ); )
(
); ) .

.
, 5 5 % .-, 42,5%
, 20,6% , 18,4% , 16% , 16% ,
15,8% , 14% , 11,5% , 9% 7%
.
- 37% -
, ,
. (,
, ), , ,
12% .
,

( 1 1 % . ''). - 23% , .: (), (
, ).
- 51%, - 3 3 % - 30%.
- 24% -
, , , godlo (
), herb (), symbol () ..
, . 7
1000 , 4 983 ,

: .,
,
, , , .
.,
,
,
, .: . - , ; - , 177

; . - (), , ; , ; . - (), ();

- (), , (); . ORZEL wolnosc (, ), potega (), sila (); PAJAK - obrzydliwy (), wstretny (), brzydki ();
. OROL - vyska (), sila (); PAVUK - odpor (),
hnus (), fuj () ..
,
,

. ,


, ,


.
,
,
.
4.3 .
,
() , (), ()
.., . .
[Porzig 1957] ,

(
,
. ). ,
,
, .
,
,
.
,
- , -
. ,
,
(
).
.
178

, ,
,
,
. , ,
( ) ,
,
, .
,
- .
,
; . . SCISSORS - cut - 67%,
. NOZNIGE - strihat' - 4 1 % , . - - 34%, .
CISEAUX - - 22,5%, . - - 19%, . SCHERE schneiden - 14,5%, . 1 - piamu - 11,5%,
-
. , . . '', '',
''; . - '', ''; . - '', '', .,
. . - ''.
,


. ,
,
.,


-. , , ,
,
,
,
.

, ,
, , , , ..,
. [1969], .


(.: > , ; > ),


(.: ; ; ).

179

- ;

- , - .

(.: [ 1979, . 53-64]).
,
..
[1976, . 93, 112], ,
, -
.
,
.
, ,
()
; , ,

. ,
( ) ,
: )
)
.
,
, .. ,


.

[Kiss et al. 1972]
( - AT) :

,

;

,

.

, (
) ,
.

, (.
[1969, . 94] ,
).

I - ,
;
II - ,
.


,
..; . 1-8 . 4.3,
, .
(I)
,
.
(2) , ,
,
, (.: either ...

180

181

(,
).
; . . ( ),
; . . 1 (), (), (
), (), ! ().
(.. )
, .
- () .
-
. .
. (); . (), (); . ().
,

; . . , , , ; . krajclr
(), latka (), holic (); . (),
; . couture (), taille (); . Nadel (), Faden (
); . krawiec (), material (), szycie () . .

:

or). (3) , ,
,
, (
- ,
).
4.3

17
18

19
20

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

10
11
12

DING - 88 dong
H O N G - 8 5 Kong
PING - 85 pong
E I T H E R - 7 8 or (15)
N E I T H E R - 6 8 nor (42)
A C C O R D I N G - 6 6 to
TROVE - 82 treasure (29)
STARK - 79 naked (4)
SILL-78 window (11)
M O R T E M - 6 1 post
SAPIENS - 60 homo
N O A H - 7 1 ark (69)
JESUS - 65 Christ
J U G U L A R - 7 8 vein
D U O D E N A L - 7 1 ulcer
OUTBOARD - 86 motor
E J E C T O R - 6 9 seat (1)
C O R N E D - 6 4 beef (1)
DEVALUED - 53 pound
PUSSY - 78 cat (1)
MACKEREL - 79 fish
T H R U S H - 5 9 bird (2)
E L M - 7 8 tree (11)
UDDER - 69 cow (4)
M A N E - 5 2 horse (1)
RUNGS - 82 ladder
PLEATS - 57 skirt
HOLSTER 8 3 gun (1)
RESERVOIR 75 water
P U R S E - 7 1 money (1)

13

ASSIST - 72 help
S H O V E - 7 2 push (18)
I N Q U I R E - 6 2 ask

14

NOURISHMENT - 75 food
U N T R U T H - 7 3 lie
DIN - 61 noise (4)
U N W E L L - 6 0 ill
STINGY - 58 mean
ARCHAIC - 50 old
CONTEMPLATE - 54
think (-)
M E D I T A T E - 5 1 think (-)

15
16

-)
( - )
(-)
( - )
( - )
( - )
.: treasure-trove ( )
.: stark-naked ( )
.: windowsill ()
.: Lat post mortem
.: Lat. homo sapiens
.: Noah's ark ( )
.: ( )
.: jugular vein ( )
.: duodenal ulcer ( )
.: outboard motor ( )
.: ejector seat ( )
.: corned beef ()
.: devalued pound (
)
.: pussy cat ()
( - ) X (is a) Y
( - ) X () Y
( - )
( - )
( - ) X () Y
( - ) X (makes) Y
( - ) X ()
( - ) X (is for) Y
( - ) X ( ) Y
(-^
(, - )
(-)
( - )
(, - )
(-)
( - )
( -
( - )
( - )
( - )
( - )

182

21

P O N D E R - 5 0 think (2)
F I L T H - 6 0 dirt (15)
GRIME - 53 dirt (2)
W E A R Y - 7 2 tired (8)
EXAUSTED-59tired(4)
FATIGUED - 70 tired (2)
PLAICE - 67 fish (4)
STARLING - 68 bird (2)
FIREARM - 64 gun (-)
RODENT - 55 rat (1)
V E H I C L E - 7 9 car(3)
P E R S P I R E - 6 7 sweat (6)
S P L A S H - 6 1 water

22

F L O C K - 7 6 sheep (5)
LEASH-61 dog(l)

23

M O O - 7 0 cow (3)
C R O A K - 5 1 frog (6)
L O A F - 7 7 bread (5)
L O B E - 9 1 ear (5)
H U S B A N D - 8 5 wife (46)
BOY - 78 girl (60)
G O O D - 7 8 bad (55)
W R O N G - 7 1 right (42)
LOW - 67 high (59)

24
25
26

27

S E L L - 5 3 buy (42)
B O R R O W - 5 1 lend (43)

( - !
(, - )
( - )
( - )
( - )
( -)
( - )
(-)
(- )
(-)
( - )
( - )
( - )
( - )
( - )
(-)
(-)
.: loaf of bread ( )
.: lobe of the ear ( )
(-)
(-)
( - )
( - )
(-)
( - )
( - )

(4),
,
.
, ,
(5), (6) (7),
(8).
,

(., , [ 1972, . 66; 1974, . 51];
).

. ,
DEVALUED - pound. ,

, ,
. ,
(., , [ 1979, . 56]),
. [Mandler 1980, . 176], ,
,
, 183

 , .

,
,
(.: [ 1976],
: [ 1979, . 56-57]).
,
(1) - (8) . 4.3
:
(
) .
, ,
ONE - 63 two (7),
, AT,
( : 1, 2 . .). ,
,

,
..

,
, .

(.: [ 1979, . 57])
,
, , .



.
, , ,
, ,
,
(
).


,
,
, (.
: [ 1975, . 61]).
,

184

XY, (9)(12) . 4.3

,

(. ),

- . , (9)
,

; .: thrush, bird, elm, tree.
He
,
, .
,
(13)(15) . 4.3.
. ,
(.
[Porzig 1957, S. 123]), ,

( ). ,
shove to push roughly [Webster's Dictionary 1965, p.
501]; din distracting noise [The Concise Ox
ford Dictionary 1957, p. 337]; .
(13), (14) . 4.3.
, , ,
,

,
[The Original Roget's Thesaurus 1966, p. XIII].

. ( . [1969])
(
). ,
, :
,

.
[ 1979: 60-61] ,



: ,
185

 (..
), -
(.. ,

).

, -

.
,
, ,
( ).

.

, - ,
,
- , ,
, -

,
.

90-
XX , ..
. ,
, -

, .. ,
, -
. , ,
,
, .. .

,
;


, ();


-
,

- , ,
,
.
,


, ,
,
,
.
[ 1994] ,
,
, ""
, "" ,

.
""
[. ., . 12].
, 1993 .

186

187

4.4.
,

,
. ,
, ..
, ,

,
, .
,
,
(.: [, 1995; 1994, 1995,2010,
2010, 2010, 2010, 2011]).

,

,
,

, .


,
- , (
)
.
2010 . ,
.
4.6.

, , ,

, .. ;
,
-
.

,
. 1993
.
, :
) / ,
;
) , ,
, ;
) , , ,
( ) , ,
- .
:
, : 1) ; 2)
. ,
: 21 17-20 ( 19 ) 21
, : 6 - 40 , 5 -
50 , 3 - 60 7 - 70 ( 16 ).

,
- .

,
, ,
.
, ; ,
,
188

, ,
.

,
, , .
, (17 .)
( ):
, , , (
), , , .
, ,
,
, .
,
. , ,

, ,
.
, , , , , ,
, , (47 , ).
, , , , , ,
, , , (30 , ).
,
,
- .

.
-, ,
.
, ,
; ,
, .. :
- ( - )
-
- ( )
- -
-
-
(, )
- - - ( )
- ( )
- ( )
- ( ; )
-,
189

 , ,
, . :
( .)
, ( , , )
( -)
(, )
( )
()
()
, , , -
( , )
( - )
( )

-,
, /
() :
, :
, , , , , , ,
(19 )
, , , , , , ,
,-, , /(19 )

-,
,
,
, / ,
, , ,
..
(, , , ...), . :
, ( , )
,
,
- ; - , -
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, ,
, , , ,

42
369 1 30 .
4 : 1-2, 3-4, 5-9,
10 . , .
190

3-4 : , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , (34 ).
5-9 : , (), , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , (26 ).
10 : (23), (16), (29),
(14), 11 ( ) , (10), (10), (10), . (15),
(15), (12), (16), (25), (30),
(13), (21), (12.
: , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , !(, , , ( 17 ).

,
, .
,
- , ,
,
, - , ( )
, . ,
,
(: 2-4-1
, ,
- - ),

( - 7).
31 , - 160 , - 132
. (. . 4.4).

,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.



.
191

 4.4

3-4-1
11-5-7
7-2-7
21-7-1
4-1-3
3-2-1
1-1-1
6-7-1
5-4-2
5-3-2
2-3-1
5-1-4
1-1-1
10-4-1
8-5-2
10-1-1

8
23
16
29
8
6
3
14
11
10
6
10
3
15
15
12

4-1-1
1-1-1
8-6-2
1-2-1
3-1-1
11-13-1
18-11-1
3-4-1
6-4-3
6-9-6
2-2-1
2-1-1
1-1-1
2-1-2
1-1-1

6
3
16
4
5
25
30
8
13
21
5
4
3
5
3

4.7.



.
-, ,
, ,
, ..,
, ,
(
..). , , , , ,
, .. ,

,

/ , ..
, .
-, ,
,
,
,
(: , , ).
-,
192

,

, : - ' ', '
', ''; - ' ', '', '
' ( ).
,


( - ) ,
,
,
. :
, (..
),
( ).
-,
, ,
,
, -
.., : , , .

(. ) .
, ,
,
,
.

, ,
,
61 . 1, 1993
2010 .,
,
, .
,
( 2 ).
1. , , ,
: , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, .
2.

, , , : ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , . ,
, , .
193

3. -3 ( ) +3 ( ),
- ,
: , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , .
4.

: , , , ,
, , , , ,
? ( ).

4.5
,

-
.

1993

-
.

..

40

2010

-
.

T..

75

2011

100

2010

-
- . ;
-
- .
..

. .
..

50

2011

. -

2010

-; -

..
..
..
..

2011

-; -

..
..
.

1993

2010

..
..
..

2011

- 2010

2010

T.M.

50

2011

..

70

5. , , : , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , .

2011 - ,

. 54
2010-2011 .
, 6 .
.
4.8.
, 1993 , 106
.
.. .
( ) 40

. .

, .

.
. 2010 .
, ( ), ( ), ( )
: . ( ) (
). 2011 (,
), ();
. ( ).

(. . 4.5).
194

..
..
..

68
164

130

106
104
106
100

1163

. 4.5 ,
.
. -,
,
. , : .., .., .. (. ); A.M. (
. ); .., .., .., .., ..,
.., .., .. (
); .., .., . . ,
.. ().

.
195

 98% . 19 22 (
);
,
.
, ,
, . ,
.
, ,
, ,
;
-
, ,
;

;

( - ,
), , , ,
, ,
.. ,
, ,
, -
.
,
, .
. ,
.

, ..
, ,
.,
: )
; )
. ,
,
.

.
,
.
,
,

- .


:
(
) , ,
, .

.

.

-
, . .
,
, ..
.
. ,
, ,
.

,
, : ,
;
, .


, - (
- ).

. , -,
., - -
,

, ..


.

196

197

4.9.
.

 ,


, [ 1972],
, 50
(
100). ,

, 10 20, 35, 50, 100, 150, 200, 350 520
. 2010 .
,
,
.

50 .

. 500

,
, ..;
.,
(
- ) .

( 50) .

-
, 50 .

100 .
.

-
, ,
/
.


,
.
.
198

50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 520 ., ,
,
,
. ..
. 4.6 . 4.7.
4.6
( 50 . )

14/0/6

10,
10,

6,

6,

3, 3,

3,
2

17/0/13
31,
2,
2,
2

15/0/7
16,
9,
7, 3,
2,
2,

2,
2

21/0/15
17,
5,
4,

4,
3, 2

22/1/19
19,
6, 5,

,

,

,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
1/1000

,
,

,
,
,
,

, ,
,
, , , ,
,
,
, , , , ,

,
, , , , ,
,

,
, ,
,
.
,
,
,
, , ,

. 4.6
.
(. -,
),
. (: 14/0/6)
(
- 14), (
);
( 6).
, ,
.
. 4.7
100 () 100 () .
1; 16
199

 ,
2 2.
, ;

.
4.7

1
1
2
2

100 50/3/37
100 51/7/35
17, 17, 3, 16, 4, 4,
3, 3, 2
3, 2, 2
3, 2, . 2, 2, 7, 4, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2
2, 2, 2
, ,
, ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , , 1990

. ,

,

.
,
, . ,

, ..,


.
.

0 .

;
, ;

,
,
, , . -
,


, -
/
,
, . ..
.
1.

;
.
2.

, .
3. ,

, .
4.
( , ,
..)
.
5.
,

, /
.

. (,
, ,
..).

30 7-
-3 ( ) +3 ( ) -

, , ,

30 :
15,35,50,100 200 .;
350 . - -

200

201


.,
. 6
. ,

, 1993 2010 .


.
15 ,
- 19
21 (. . 4.8). , (
)
( , 30),
,
: (+3
/ -3) ;


; ..
4.8

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

+3

+2

+1

-1

17
14

6
3
3
4
3
4
2
4
6
10
6
4
3

4
8
2
3
2
9
8
7
6
9
8
7
10

2
1
6
7
3

5
9
8
5
9
6
13

16
20

11
11
11
8
3
2
2
1
1
1
14
3

1
2
2
2
1
3
3
2
5
5
4
1

-2

-3

1
2
3
7
5
3
3
1
6

1
3
5
1
6
2
2
3
2

. ,
+3 ( )
0.

. .
202

-
,
+3 (, 14
,
). ,
(+3, +2, +1)
: 30 1 27,
2 - 25, 3 - 16 .. 6, 8
+3, 21 30.
,
, .. -3 (
) +3 ( ),
.
( 7-9)
,
;
.

.
10-12 ( peu) , (
, ), 10
+2 20 30
.
13-15.
, 13 ,
+1, -1 0.
14 ,
+3, 0;
, -.
15
0, 2/3 (20 30),
,
, , , 14. ,

,
.
,
. ,
,
, : , ,
.
203

 :

, ,
, .., ,
35
,
, 100 100 .
.
1.
-
, . , .
2.
, 1993-2010 .
. , . ,
50 .
4. 15 .
5.

.,
, ( , ..).

( - ),
, . .

( ) ( ).
,

,
, . , ,
17 ,

,
,
.


.


,
.

,
: ,
( ),
.
, , ,
, -
. ,
.


.:

. ,

,
,
.


,
204

4.10.

,
.
: (.. -
,
1993, 2010 ., )
(.. -
1993 2010 .).
,
( )
.
. 4.9
, .
. ,
,
.
,

, 205

,
: -
, .
,
, ..
4.9

, ,

()

()

()
() ()
()

/ -
;

. -,
,
:
; (), (),
(-, -),

( ),
.
/
, , ,
: ,
(), , (
) 90- . , ..
, ,
, .
/

,
, :
- - -;
. , -,
,
, - -
,
.
206

/. ,
, , , ,
,
.

.
.

, ,
.
.
.
- ,
.
,

. ,
,

,
, .,
, ,
(..
),
.

.
, ,
.
(
)
, .

- ; ; - , .
, . ,
,
(
- , ; - ).

( - )
.
207

 .
.
, ,
. ,
,

, , ..
-

, , ..
, ..
, ., -, ,

()

; -, -
- ,
; - , .

,
, .

,
,
, .
. :


-
.
,
,
:

;
;
;
;
;
- .

.
/ ,

(
),
:
. -
:

- , .
,
,
,
. :
: , , , ,
;
: , , , Hyp , , ;
: , , .

.

( ):

; , , ,
.

.
( )
:
: , , , ,
: , , , ,
: , , , ,
,
: 2-
6-
11-
: 6-
17-
19-

,
-

, ,

, :

208

209

;
(
/ , );
;

(, );

.
,
.
.
, ,
-
, .
, -
,
; , - , , -... .:

( 62% .);
, , , -
, , , - ;
(); , ;
, - ..;
, , .

, (, , );
;
, , (, );
;
.
. :

, 1993 2010 .,

. 1993
, -
; - . 90- . XX

:
- ; - ; - ,
.. - 210

: ,
- ,
.
,


,
. , ,
, ,
. .

.
1993 ' '.
2010 :
;
( );
(, , ,
);
.
1993 : , , , -, ,
, ; 2010 :
, ;
(, , , );

.
1993 '',
: (). 2010
:
;
(, , , , ,
, );
(), ;
();
().

: ', , '.
,
- ,
, .
1993
: , , ,
; , . 2010
.,
. :
211

 ;
;
;
;
.

: 1993 - , ; , ; 2010:
;
;
;
, , , ;
, , ,
, , , ;
;
(, , ).

.
.
1.

,


, .
2.

,
, ,
- ..
.
-
-
.
4. ,
, ,

, (
, )
( , , ).
5.
/ ,
(. : [ 1996]).
212

4.10.



(.. ) ,
, , , , , ..
, 1960-1970- .
. . .. [1982]);
[ 2001]

.. [1996],
.. [1999,
1999] [ 2005; 2004], [
.. 2006; 2009; 2010].

.. [1986, 1989,
2000, 2000]), [
2009], . : [ 1999,2002,2007].
,
: (., :
[ 1987; .. 1989; 1990, 2000, 2000;
2005; 2007; 2007]),
[ 1989; 1989, 2000; 1991; 1993; 1993, 2000, 20006;
1994; 1997; - 2002;
2003; 2004; 2004; 2010]).
:
[ 1981; 1989; 1991, 2002, 2002;
1995], [ 1996, 1998],
[ 1988; 2000; 2003] ..
(: [ 1994; / 2000]),

[ 1999; 1999; 2007].
.. [1989, 2005, 2005], ,
, (
: [ 2005; 2008; 2010].
.. [2009].
,

.
213


- ,
, ,
,
,
-
,
.
,
:
, (
),
,
.


.
-,

(., , [ 2008]);
,

(., , [ 2002,2003]).
-, ,


( , ,
..),
,
.


[1994-1998], [2001],
[2002],
[2004],
[2004],
[1994] ..
.

[ . 1995; . 2000].

[ . 2004; ,
214

2008].
[2009] .
,
:
. ,


[1977],
.. ( ,

);
, .. .. ;
.. ,
.. .
-, ,
,
[ 1979,1989; 1975; i 1981;
1988] , : [ 2004; 2004;
1998; 2004; .. 1996] (. : [ 2006]).
-,
,
, , ,

., [
2009], [ 2005;
1999, 2002,2007];
[ 2005, 2005 ];
. [ 2005] ..
-,
,
,

(., , [
2010]). ,
,
, : ,

[1994-1998],
[2004] .. ,

,

, .
215

-,
(..
):
, ,
, .

.. (.: [ 2005, 2006]).
-,
(
) ,

.
, ,
, , , : [Entwisle 1966; Gerrow & Pollio 1965; Kent & Rosanoff 1910; Kiss et al. 1972;
Kurcz 1967; Jenkins 1952; Jenkins & Russell 1960; Marsalova 1972, 1974;
Postman & Keppel 1970; Rosenberg 1965; Rosenberg & Carter 1965; Rosenzweig 1957, 1964; Russell 1970; Russell & Jenkins 1954; Russell & Meseck
1959], ,
, , , , ,
(., : [De Deyne & Storms 2008; De
Groot 1980; de la Haye 2003; Fernandez et al. 2004; Ferrand & Alario 1998;
Guida & Lenci 2007; Hirsh & Tree 2001; Magyar verbalis asszociaciok 1 1983;
Magyar verbalis asszociaciok 2 1985; Melinger & Weber http; Moss & Older
http; Nelson et al. 1998; Novak 1988; Perez & Navalon 2005]);
,
,

(., : [Hamp & Feldweg 1997; Joyce 2005; Lahl et al.
2009; Stamou et al. 2002; Vossen 1998]).

.
1960- (.: [Battig & Montague 1969;
Brown & Ure 1969; Paivio et al. 1968; Toglia & Battig 1978; Ashcraft 1978]).

,
, , , ,
, (: [Altarriba et al. 1999; lota et al. 2001; Balota et al. 2002; Barca et al. 2002; Bellezza et al. 1986; Brad
ley & Lang 1999; Clark & Paivio 2004; Cortese & Fuggett 2004; Friendly et al.
1982; Izura et al. 2005; Gilhooly & Logie 1980; Kerr & Johnson 1991; McEvoy
& Nelson 1982; McRae et al. 2005; Ruts et al. 2004; Snodgrass & Vanderwart
1980; Stevenson et al. 2007; Storms 2001; Twilley et al. 1994; Vinson & Vig216

liocco 2008; Vo et al. 2006; Wollen et al. 1980]). ,

[, 1981], 50
[ 1987],
/
, 215
,
[ 1985];
( )
.

. ,
[Carroll & White 1973];
: [Bird et al. 2001; Burke et
al. 1987; Ghyselinck et al. 2000; Ghyselinck et al. 2003; Howard 1980; Marques
et al. 2007; Morrison et al. 1997; Stadthagen-Gonzales & Davis 2006] (
, ).
-,
,
,
,

:
, /
,
,


.
-,
,
- (

, )
, ,
, ,
, ,
- .
, :

, .
, .
217


- / . .. ,
.. . - , 1996. - 656 .
.. () //
: - . . .
(, 4-8 2008 .). . 7 ( 1 4 ) . - : , 2008. - .23-31.
.. //
. ,. . - ., 1966. - . 295.
.. : . . - .:
. ., 1991.-140 .
..
// . - ., 1976.
. . - ., 1976.
/ . , ..
, .. . - .; , 2001.
/ .. , .. , X. , .. , .. . - .-: - , 2004.
- 1 3 0 .
/ .. ,
.. . - .: , 1994. - 116 .
. / . . - .: ,
1980.-528 .
AM. (
) : . . ... . . . , 2005.- 19 .
..
( ): . . ... .
. . - , 1991. - 16 .
.., ..
//
. - . , 1985. - . 159-178.
., .., ., ..
( ). - :
- . -, 1995. - 256 .
.. . - .: , 1990. - 495 .
.. : . . . - 3- .,
. - .: - . -. -; : - ,
2008. - 688 . ( ).
.. //
.. . - .: -
, 1963. - . 1 . -.47-77.
.. : .
- . , 1976. - 247 .
/ . . . . , . . .: -, 2004. - 672 .
.. : . . ...
. . . - , 1999. 18 .
.. //
.-.: , 1968.-. 158-164.
218

. : /
. . - . : , 1977.-412 .
.. . - 1: ,
1979.-120 .
.. ( MOBI.. 1: ; - . -, 1989. - 328 .
.. // -1993- 5.-.5-19.
.. . - . : ; ,
2003. - 140 .
..
// :
. . - : , . -, 1981. - . 12-16.
.. : - . .: - . . -, 1989. - 238 .
.. . - 2- . - ., 1930.
.. -
: . .... . . . - , 2007. 15 .
.
: . .... . . . - , 2007. - 19 .
.. //
.. . - .; .: , 1935. - .3-17.
.. // ..
. 6- . - .: , 1984. - . 6. - . 5-90.
: / ..
.; . . .. . - : . . . . -, 2009. 448 .
.. ( -
): . .... . . . - , 2004. - 18 .
.. .
. - .: , 1986. - 230 .
., ., . / . . - .:
, 2001.-1247 .
.. - . - .: - ,
2004.-380 .
.. (
- ) : . - .: -
, 2005. - 322 .
.
: . .... - . . - ., 20056. - 50 .
.. //
: : -
. .- (VI ). - .: , , 2010. . 1 6 . - . 41-49.
.. . - 2- . - ., 1978.
.., .., ..
// :
. - .: - ; : - . -, 2004. - .215-226.
.., . : . .
- : , 2008.-77 .
219

 .. . ; .: . - , 2001. - 320 .
.. : : . . ... . . - ., 20016. - 41 .
. / . . - .: -
. . -, 1982. - 463 .
.. . - : - -,
2004. - 1 5 6 .
..
// :
: - . .- (VI ). .:
; , 2010. - . 49-53.
.
: . . ... -. . . - , 2010. - 4 6 .
.. : . - - :
- . -, 20106. - 248 .
. . : . - : - , . -, 2006. - 386 .
.. . - . : - , 1962.
- 6 0 7 .
.. (
): . ... . . . - ,
2000. - 1 3 1 .
.. - . - : ;
.:, 1998.-245 .
.. :
: - : , 2000 - 130 .
..
: . . ... - . . - ., 20006
- 6 0 .
..
- // - :
. .- : . -, 2005. - . 7: - . 192-197.
..
// ... :
. - : . -, 2006. - . 149-158.
..
// . - .: , 1971. - . 169-178.
.. . - .: ; , 2006. - 560 .
.. // . - .: - , 1970. - .
63-85 (. : // .. . . : . . - .: ,
1998.-. 53-73).
.. . - .: , 1982. - 157 .
., ..
//
.-.: , 1983. - . 19-25.
.. . - 2- ., . . - .:
, 1967.-88 .
220

.. :
: . .... . . . - , 2005. = 18 .
..
//
. - -, 1966. - .
3 : . - . 26-37.
.
: 1 . . . (, 1966). - -: .-.
. . , 1966. - 29 .
..
// . - 1967. - 1. - . 127-134.
..
// : . . -, 1967. - . III. - . 156-159.
.. // (, 4-6
19686.). - ., 1968. - . 73-74.
.. - //
: . . . - -, 1968. - . IV. . 203-212.
..
// : . . , . -: . . . -, 1969. - . 1. - . 58-69.
..
// : . . .
. -. - , 19696. - . 119. - . 78-95.
.. //
( ) : . .
- .: - . . -, 1969. - . 10-13.
.. //
: -
1 . (, 1970). - :
; , -, 1970. - .92-95,
..
//
: . . , . . -. - , 1971. - . 98, . 2. - . 3-62
( ).
.. //
. - : , . . -, 1971. . 1.-. 154-172.
.. //
. . - .: , 1971 . - . 178-194.
. -:
, , //
: . . , . . -. -
, 1971. - . 98. - . 2. - . 63-119.
..
// . - : ,
. -, 1972. - . 1. - . 3-35.
221

 .
// Homo Loquens : - . ,,
.- : , . -, 1975. - . 27-77.
..
: , . . - . : , 1975. 50 .
.. : .
. - : , . -, 1977. - 83
.. //
/ . .. . - .: - . . -,
19776. - . 46-52.
..
: . . - : , . -, 1978.
- 8 8 .
.. //
. - ., 1978. - . 3-65.
..
// . - , 1978 -
4-39.
..
//
. - , 1978. - . 54-76.
.. : . .
- : , . -, 1979. - 84 .
..
( - . . ):
. .... - . . - ., 1980. - 31 .
..
//
: . . . / , . -. - 1981 . 28-44.
.. : . . : , . -, 1982. - 80 .
.. : . . - : ,
. -, 1983. - 135 .
..
//
: . . . - : -
19836.-. 26-41.
..
// . - .: ,
1985.-. 150-171.
..
// - .. (
, 18-23 1987 .).-., 1987. - . 46-57.
..
// : , , : .
. . . . - : , . -, 1987. - . 34-49.
222

..
// : ,
/ . . . . . - ., 1988. - . 34-48.
.. : : . . : , . -, 1988. - 95 .
.. : //
: , -: , . -, 1989.-. 83-88.
..
// : , . - :
, . -, 1989. - . 10-16.
.. :
// : : . . . - ., 1989. - . 53-71.
.. : :
. - : , . -, 1990. - 204 .
..
// : .
. . - : . . -, 1990. - . 73-83.
.. -
// - , 1990s- . 91-101.
..
//
: . . . - : . . -, 1991. - . 69-82.
.. //
: . - .: . . , -, 1991.-. 1.-. 162-200.
.. :
: . - : . . -, 1992. -135 .
.. //
: . . .- ., 1992. - . 26-35.
..
//
: . . . - : . . -, 1992. .43-50.
..
// :
: . . . - : . . -, 1994. - . 12-19.
..
//
- : , ,
: , . - : , . -, 19946. - . 5-13.
.. :
// : : . .
. - : . . -, 1995. - . 38-46.
.. : / .. , .. //
: : . . . - : . . -, 19956. . 47-53.
.. //
: . . / . . .. . - .,
1996.-. 23-39.
.. 223

 // .
- . , 1996.-. 163-175.
.
: . -: . . -, 1996. - 195 .
. //
: . . . - : . .
-, 1997.-. 11-23.
..
// . . :
. . .-: -, 19976. - . 162-173.
.. : . , .
. . - . : . . . -, 1999. - 381 .
.. //
. - 19996. - 6. - . 31-42.
.. //
: , , : . . /- : .
. -, 2000. - . 74-82.
.. -
// : . . - ., 20006. -
39-54.
.. : . - : . . -, 2001
- 1 7 7 .
.. VS //
: , , , : . . . (21-24
2003 ., ). - : , . -, 2003. - . 41-47.
.. //
: : . . .; : . . -, 20036. - . 6. - . 97-105.
.. // :
: . . . - : . . -, 2004. - . 3 . 49-61.
.. : // Slova,
stova, slova: w komunikacji jezykowej II / pod redakcja. M. Grabskiej. - Gdansk, 20046. S. 321-329.
.. . . : . . - . :
, 2005. - 542 .
..
// . - . . - 2006. - 3
(20). - . 6 . - . 101-118.
.. : . - 2- ., . . - .
: . . . -, 2007. - 560 .
..
// . - . . - 20076. -
12 (40). - . 7 . - . 18-32.
.. ( ) //
. - . . - 2009. -
25. - . . - . 15-19.
.
// : .-: , . -. 20096.-. 169-179.
. // Stadia Linguistica
224

Cognitiva. - . 2: . - : , 2009. - . 14-64.

.. //
, , : . . ., . . . . - .,
2010.-. 9-15.
..
(I) // . - . . - 20106. 5. - . 3 . - . 175-192.
..
(II) // . - . . - 2010. 15. - . 4 . - . 204-214.
..
// : . . / .
. . . , . . . - .: , 2010. - . 47-56.
.. :
// : : . . . - :
. . -, 2010. - . 10. - . 48-60.
.. // 6uiiMi
: - . .-. .
(, 21-23
2010 .). - , 2010. - . 274-280.
.. //
. - . . - 2011. - 4. - . 2
. - . 29-42.
.. // .
- : - 20116 (1 - 15 2011 .)
[ ]
http://rgf.tversu.ru/conference_dialog_yazykov_i_kultur_2011
..
// XII
(, 10-15
2011 .). - Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press, 2011 . - . 1. - . 505-511.
.. .
. - .: , 1997. - 336 .
.. . . - . 1.
(2- ., . .). - : , 1998. - 296 .
.. ( ). - .:
- , 2000. - 208 .
. = (+ ):
/ . . // Stadia linguistica cognitiva. - . 2:
. - : - , 2009. - . 308-361.
.. (
) : . . ... . .
. - , 1989. - 16 .
.. :
// - 2003 - 1 - . 35-42.
.. :
. - : , 2005. - 204 .
.. :
. . ... - . . - , 2005. - 44 .
225

 . B. :
// .. . - .:
(), 2010. - . 5-24.
.. :
. .-.. . . . _ , 2004. - 15 .
..
// . - .: , 1974. - . 106-128.
...
: . .... . . . , 2009. - 19 .
..
: . .... . . . - , 1996. - 16 .
.. :
: -: , . -, 1998 - 134 .
.. -
: . . ... . . . - , 2007. - 15 .
.. . - .: - .
.. , 1988. - 112 .
.. : . - :
, 2010.-422 .
.. :
. - : . - . . , 2009. - 352 .
.., .. :
, // . - .:
- .-. -, 2001. - . 4, . 1. - . 26-41.
.. //
. - .: , 1968.-. 164-172.
.. . - :
- , 1970. - 206 .
.. :
. . - : , . . - . , 1974. - 108 .
.. //
. - , 1975. - . 52-56.
.. : . - V .
- : , . . - . , 1982. - 99 .
.. . - .:
(), 2010. - 256 .
.. . - .: , 1974. - 252 .
.. , 215
// : . . . -
, , . -, 1985. - . 40-51.
..
, : . . ...
. . . - , 1987. - 16 .
.. . - . : , 1971.
.., . . - .:
, 2006. - 320 .
..
: . .... . . . - , 1996. - 16 .
. / . . //
. - .: - . . -, 1969. - . 93-104.
226

I . . .. . - .:
- . . -, 1996. - 197 .
.. //
/ .. . - .: , 1973. - .417-433.
.. - .: , 1998. - 848 .
.. // .
- . : , 1988.-. 19-34.
., "" "*' //
. - : , . -, 1989. - .
114-120.
AM. . - .: ,
1986. - 1 2 5 .
..
: . .... . .
. - , 1982. - 16 .
.. :
. - : , . . -, 2007. - 312 .
..
// . - . . - 2011. 4. - . 2 . - . 187-198.
..
// . - .
.-20116. - . ( ).
. : . . ... .
. . , 1993. - 16 .
.
: . . . . -, 1991. - 16 .
. ? : . - : - ,
. . -, 2002. - 202 .
. : . .
... - . . - , 20026. - 41 .
.. // :
, , . - , 1987. - . 22-37.
.., .. :
. - : - , . -, 1989. - 192 .
.. :
. - .: , 1965. - 245 .
..
// . - .: , 1968. - . 120-130.
..
. - .: , 1969. - 307 .
.. , , - .: , 19696 - 214 .
.. ,
, //
. - .: - . . -, 1969. - . 114-127.
.. //
. . - .: , 1971. - .7-19.
.. //
. - .: , 1976. - . 46-73.
.. :
227

 . - .: . -. -; :
, 2001. - 448 .
.. (. . ): . .: , 2001. - 392 .
.. // . - 2005. - .
2 6 . - 1 . - . 113-116.
., //
: , , . - .: , 2006. - . 61-74.
.. :
// , : . . .
70- . .. . - .: , 2008. - . 342-388.
.. , , . - 2- . - .: - .
, 1977. - 304 .
.. // . -
14. . - 1979. - 2. - . 3-13.
..
// , : .
. . 70- . .. / . .. , ..
. - . : , 2008. - . 205-225.
.. (
) : . .... . . . - , 2005. - 18 .
I . . .. . - . :
, 1990. - 685 .
.., .., ..
: . - .: , 1986. - 128 .
.., .., ..
// . - ., 1976.
.. : - :
. - .; : - . -, 2002. - 234 .
.. : -- :
. . ... - . . - ., 2003. - 47 .
.. (
). - : , 1986. - 230 .
.. . - .: - . -, 1975.
-253 .
.. . - .: - . -, 1979. - 320 .
., . // / .
. - .: , 1967. - . 9-110.
.. // . ., 1990.-. 20-44.
.. . - .:
- .-. -, 1997. - 72 .
.. 50 :
. - : , . -, 1987. - 160 . - .
31.07.87, 30609.
..
: . . ... . . . - , 1989. - 16 .
., . :
/ . . - .: -, 2001. - 224 .
. // 228

. - : ,
. -, 1981.-.68-81.
.. / : . . ... .
. . - , 1989. - 16 .
..
: . - : . . -, 1999. - 111 .
..
: . .... - . . - , 20006. - 46 .
.. //
. 2006. - 2 (19). - - . 5
. - . 57-65.
O.A. . - : ,
1968.-96 .
. . - 2- ., . / . . - .:
, 2005. - 336 .
.. . - .: , 1978. - 387 .
.. .
- 2- ., . - .: + , 2009. - 560 .
.. :
. .... . . . - , 2003. - 18 .
, // . - 2004. - 7(2766). - .200.
. . // - .: , 1983 -.37-89.
.. :
. . ... - . . - , 2000. - 39 .
..
( ): . . ... . . . - , 2001. - 24 .
.. :
: . - : - , -, 1990. - 110 .
.. - . - :
- , . . -, 2000. - 110 .
.. - :
: . .... - . . - ., 20006. - 43 .
- .-.: , 1972.
M.B. : . . - .:
, 1988. - 168 .
I .. , .. , .. /
. . .. . - 2- . - /.: , 2006. - 808 .
I . . . . .. . - 3- .
. - : , 2003. - 1280 .
M.E.
: . .... . . . - , 1995. - 16 .
.. //
: . . . -
: , . -, 1978. - .93-102.
.. : :
. - : . . -, 1994. - 124 .
.. :
. .... - . . - ., 2002. - 30 .
.. .., .., .. 229

 ( ). : - . -, 2000. - 312 .
: / . . ..
. - .: , 1974. - 368 .
// .
. - .: , 1971. - .3-4.
.. //
/ . .. .. . -.: ,
1966.-. 241-246;
. :
. - : , 2004. - 360 .
.. :
: . - .: - . -,
1983. - 177 .
.. : . - .: - . -,
1988.-208 .
.. : . . - : -
, . -, 1997.-400 .
.. .- 2- ., .- .: , 2005.-480 .
., .., ..
// . _ ., 1982.
- . 60-30.
.., .. ,
84 // , ,
: . . - . , 1981. - . 5-17.
.., .., ..
//
. - . 14. . - 1978. - 4. - . 25-37.
.., .. . - . :
, 2003. - 496 .
.. //
: :
- . .- (VI ). - .: , ,
2010.-. 1 6 . - . 169-175.
.., .. : // : : . . . - : . . -,
2000.-. 5-19.
.., ., ..
. - .: , , 2010. - 72 .
.. //
. - 1985. - 2. - . 105-117.
..
: . . ... .
. . - , 1999. - 16 .
.. //
: / . .. - .: , 1981.
- . 147-149.
.. . - .: , 1976. - . 465466.
.. . - 3- . - :
. . -, 1966. - 329 .
230

. : . - .: - . .,
1957.
.. : .
.... . . . -, 1994. - 16 .
. // / . .
..-., 1966. -. 1-2.-. 195-237.
.. : .
. ... . . . - , 1986. - 14.
..
: //
. - : , . -, 1989. - .105-110.
..
: . - , , 2000. - 242 .
..
: . . ... - . . - , 2000. - 42 .
.. - : . . ...
. . . - , 1994. - 16 .
. , // . .: , 1972.
. . - .: - ,
1958.-147 .
. - .
, . - .: , 1997. - 462 .
.. : . . ... . . . , 2009. - 19 .
I .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. . - 6 . - .: , 1994-1998.
//
.., .., . :
. - .: - , 2002.
.. (
) : . .... . . . - , 1993. - 17 .
.. :
: -: . . -,2000.-134.
..
: . .... - . . - ., 20006. - 46 .
..
: . .... . . . - , 1999. - 20 .
.. : : . - : -, 2002. - 168 .
..
: . .... - . . , 2007.-49 .
..
( ) // : . . . - :
. . -, 2010. - . 10. - . 143-148.
..
( ) //
. - : . . -, 1972. - . 3. - 57-78.
.. 231

 // . - .: -
, 1976. - . 107-114.
.. : -.: , 1989 - 184 .
.. . - .: , 1953. - 355 .
: , , ,
/ .. . - .: ; - , 2004. - 792 .
., . / . . - .: , 1976. - 350 .
( ) //
. - .: - . . -,
1970.-. 117-142.
I . .. . - .: . -, 1977. - 201 .
.. . - .: , 2003. - 687 .
.. : 2- . - : -
. -, 1996. - . 1 - 165 ; 4.2 - 305 .
.
(
. .). - ., 1988.
.. : . . ... .
. . - , 2006. - 15 .
..
: . .... . . . - , 1989. - 16 .
.. : . - .: -
, 2005. - 220 .
.. : .
.... - . . - ., 2006.-42 .
.. , , // . 2008.- 7 . - . 24-25.
.. , //
/ .. . - ., 1960. - . 1.
., . // /
. . - .: , 1967.-. 111-196.
.. //
.-., 1976.
. - .: , 1968. - 272 .
.. //
.., .., . . .: , , 2010. - . 45-70.
.. - . - : ,
1975.-96 .
.
: . . ... . . . - ,
1989.- 17 .
. : . .... -
. . - , 2000. - 43 .
- ..
: . .... . . . - , 2002. - 18 .
.. - . - : , 1988. - 187 .
.. :
. .... . . . - , 2008. - 15 .
. - .: -, 2003. - 576 .
232

P.M. . - .: ,
1971.
P.M. : //
: . . - ., 1982. - . 8-19.
P.M. , , : . .: , 1984.-175 .
P.M. : . - .:
, 2001.-320 .
P.M., ..
// . - ., 1971. - . 7-26.
P.M., .., ., ..
: . - .: , 1991. - 168 .
..
: . .... . . . - , 2004. - 18 .
. / . . - .: ,
1967.-406 .
.. . . - 2- . - .:
, 2002. - 272 .
X. / . . - .: - . -, 2006. - 448 .
i A.I. . - : - 1981. 144 .
.. -
// : - ., . 75 .. (, 14-15 2010 .). - ., 2010. - .246-249.
.. -
: . .... . . . - , 2010. - 17 .
.
: . .... . . . - , 2001. - 16 .
. : . ....
- . . - , 2009. - 45 .
.. . - .: , 1989. - 175 .
.. // -
: . .-: . . -, 2008. - . 11. - . 30-43.
., . : .-. . - 2-
., . - : , 2008. - 230 .
.., .., ..
: . - : , 2010. - 274 .
.. : . . ... . .
. - , 2005. - 19 .
.. : . - . :
, 1981.-264 .
.. : : . - .:
- . . -, 1983. - 158 .
.. . - .: , 2002 - 480 .
..
//
: . . - : , . -, 1988. - . 60-68.
..
233

 : . . ... . . . - , 19886. - 16 .
..
. 2500 . - , 1963.
..
( )
: . .... . . . - , 1997. - 16 .
..
// .. . - .: , 1974. - . 24-39.
. . . -
, 1998.-432 .
: . . / . . P.M.
. - ., 1982. - 142 .
: . . / . . P.M.
. - . , 1987. - 196 .
B.C. // :
. - , 1995. - . 29-39.
. (
): . . . . . . . . - , 2009. - 22 .
Altarriba, J., Bauer, L.M. & Benvenuto, . Concreteness, context availability, and im
ageability ratings and word associations for abstract, concrete, and emotional words // Beha
vior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. - 1999. - Vol. 31. - Pp. 578-602.
Anderson, B.F. The psychology experiment: An introduction to the scientific method. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1966. - 162 p.
Anglin J.M. The growth of word meaning. - Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press, 1970.
Ashcraft, M. Property norms for typical and atypical items from 17 categories: A descrip
tion and discussion // Memory & Cognition. - 1978. - Vol. 6 (3). - Pp. 227-232.
Balota, D.A., Cortese, M.J., Hutchison, K.A., Neely, J.H., Nelson, D., Simpson, G.B. &
Treiman, R. The English Lexicon Project: A web-based repository of descriptive and beha
vioral measures for 40,481 English words and nonwords (2002). Accessed September 30,
2004, on Washington University Web site: http://elexicon.wustl.edu.
Balota, D.A., Pilotti, M., & Cortese, M.J. Subjective frequency estimates for 2.938 mono
syllabic words // Memory & Cognition. - 2001. - Vol. 29. - Pp. 639-647.
Barca, L., Burany, c, & Arduino, L.S. Word naming times and psycholinguistic norms for
Italian nouns // Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. - 2002. - Vol. 34. Pp. 424-434.
Battig, W.F., & Montague, W.E. Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A rep
lication and extension of the Connecticut category norms // Journal of Experimental Psycholo
gy. - 1969. - Vol. 80. - N.3. - Pt.2. - Pp. 1-16.
Bellezza, F.S., Greenwald, A.G., & Banqji, M.R. Words high and low in pleasantness as
rated by male and female college students // Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, &
Computers. - 1986. - Vol. 18. - Pp. 299-303.
Bird, H., Franklin, S., & Howard, D. Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a
large set of words, including verbs and function words // Behavior Research Methods, Instru
ments, & Computers. - 2001. - Vol. 33. - Pp. 73-79.
Bol, ..The word in foreign-language teaching. - Psychological laboratory. University of
Utrecht, Netherlands, 1967.
Bradley, M.M. & Lang, PJ. Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction ma
nual and affective ratings: Technical Report C-l. - University of Florida, The Center for Re
search in Psychology, 1999 [ ].
Brown, W.P., & Ure, D.M.J. Five rated characteristics of 650 word association stimuli //

British Journal of Psychology. - 1969. - Vol. 60. - Pp. 233-249.

Burke, D.M., Peters, L. & Rose, M.H. Word association norms for young and older adults
// Social and Behavioral Science Documents. - 1987. - Vol. 17 (2) [ ].
Carroll, J.B. & While, M.N. Age of acquisition norms for 220 pictureable nouns // Journal
of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior. - 1973. - Vol. 12. - Pp. 563-576.
Clark, J.M., & Paivio, A. Extensions of the Pavio, Yulle, and Madigan (1968) norms //
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. - 2004. - Vol. 36. - Pp. 371-383.
Cortese, M., & Fuggett, A. Imageability ratings for 3,000 monosyllabic words // Behavior Re
search Methods, Instruments, & Computers.- 2004.-Vol. 36.-Pp.384-387.
De Deyne, S. & Storms, G. Word associations: Norms for 1,424 Dutch words in a conti
nuous task // Behavior Research Methods. - 2008a. - Vol. 40 (1). - Pp. 198-205.
De Deyne, S. & Storms, G. Word associations: Network and semantic properties // Beha
vior Research Methods. - 2008b. - Vol. 40(1). - Pp.213-231.
Deese, J. On the structure of associative meaning // Psychological Review.-l 962 - Vol. 69.
Deese, J. The structure of associations in language and thought. - Baltimore, 1965. 216 p.
De Groot, A.M.B. Mondelinge woordassociatienomen: 100 woordassociaties op 460 Nederlandse zelfstanige naamwoorden [Oral word association norms: 100 word associations to
460 Dutch nouns]. - Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980.
de la Haye, F. Normes d'associations verbales chez des enfants de 9, 10 et 11 ans et des
adults // L'Annee Psychologique. - 2003. - Vol. 103. - Pp. 109-130.
Eco U. Kant and the platypus. Essays on language and cognition. - San Diego; New
York; London: Harcourt, Inc., 2000. - 464 p.
Eco, U. The mysterious flame of queen Loana. - London: Vintage Books, 2006. - 458 p.
Entwisle, D.R. Word associations of young children. - Baltimore: The John Hopkins
Press, 1966.
Ervin-Tripp, S.M. & Slobin, DJ. Psycholinguistics // Annual Review of Psychology, 1966.-Vol.17.
Fernandez, A., Diez, M., Alonso, A., & Beato, M. Free-Association Norms for the Spanish
Names of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart Pictures // Behavior Research Methods, Instruments,
& Computers. - 2004 - Vol. 36(3). - Pp. 577-583.
Ferrand, L. & Atario, F.-X. French word association norms for 366 names of objects //
L'Annee Psychologique. - 1998. - Vol. 98(4). - Pp. 659-709.
Fivush, R. Scripts and categories: interrelationships in development // Concepts and con
ceptual development / Ed. by U. Neisser. - Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press,
1987.-Pp. 234-254.
Friendly, M., Franklin, P.E., Hoffman, D., & Rubib, D.C. The Toronto Word Pool: Norms
for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words //
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. - 1982. - Vol. 14. - Pp. 375-399.
Gerrow, J.R. & Pol Ho, ./J..Word association, frequency of occurrence, and semantic
differential norms for 360 stimulus words. - The University of Tennessee. April, 1965.
Ghyselmck, M., Custers, R. & Brysbaert, M. Age-of-acquisition ratings for 2322 Dutch words
from 40 different semantic categories // Psychologies Belgica.- 2003-Vol. 43 - Pp. 181-214.
Ghyselinck, M., De Moor, W. & Brysbaert, M. Age-of-acquisition ratings for 2816 Dutch
four- and five-letter nouns // Psychologica Belgica - 2000 - Vol.40. -Pp. 77-98.
Gilhooly, KJ. <fi Logie, R.H. Age of acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity and
ambiguity measures for 1944 words // Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation. - 1980.
- V o l . 1 2 . - P p . 395-427.
Guida, A., & Lend, A. Semantic properties of word associations to Italian verbs // Italian
Journal of Linguistics. - 2007. - Vol. 19. - Pp. 293-326.

234

235

, ., & Feldweg, . GermaNet - a lexical-semantic net for German // Proceedings of

the ACL Workshop on Automatic Information Extraction and Building Lexical Semantic Re
sources forNLP Applications. - Madrid, Spain, 1997.-Pp. 9-15.
Hays, W.L. Quantification in psychology. - Belmont, CA: Brooks & Cole, 1967. - 87 p.
Hellevig, J. A Biological Philosophy. Vol. I: The Case Against Noam Chomsky; Vol. I I :
Mental Processing. - Helsinki, Finland : Russia Advisory Group Oy, 2010. - 576 p.
Hirsh, K. W. & Tree, J. Word association norms for two cohorts of British adults // Journal
ofNeurolinguistics. - 2 0 0 1 . - Vol. 14(1). - Pp. 1-44.
Howard, D. V. Restricted word association norms for adults between the ages of 20 and 80
// JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology. - 1980. - Vol. 10. - 6.
Izura, C, Hernandez-Munoz, M., & Ellis, A. W. Category norms for 500 Spanish words in
five semantic categories // Behavior Research Methods. - 2005. - Vol. 37. - Pp. 385-397.
[ ] www.psychonomic.org/archive
Jenkins, J. The 1952 Minnesota word association norms // Postman, L. & Keppel, G.
(Eds.). Norms of Word Association-New York; London: Academic Press, 1970. -Pp. 1-38.
Jenkins, J., & Russell, WA. Systematic changes in word association norms: 1910 - 1952
// Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. - I960. - Vol. 60.
Johnson, S.C. Hierarchical clustering schemes // Psychometrica - 1967 - Vol. 32.
Joyce, T. Constructing a large-scale database of Japanese word associations // Glottometrics. - 2005. - Vol. 10. - Pp. 82-98.
Kent, G.H, & Rosanoff, A J. A study of associations in insanity. I. Association in normal
subjects // American Journal of Insanity. - 1910. - Vol. 67. - Pp. 37-96; 317-390.
Kerr, N.H., & Johnson, .. Word norms for blind and sighted subjects: Familiarity, concreteness, meaningfulness, imageability, imagery modality, and word association // Behavior
Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. - 1991. - Vol. 23. - Pp. 4 6 1 ^ 8 5 .
Kiss, G.R. Words, associations, and networks // Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal
Behavior, 1968.- Vol. 7. - Pp. 707-713.
Kiss, G., Armstrong, C, Milroy. R. & Piper, J. The Associative Thesaurus of English. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, MRC Speech and Communication Unit, 1972. - 1539 p.
Kiss, G., Armstrong, C, & Milroy, R. An associative thesaurus of English and its com
puter analysis // The Computer and Literary Studies. - Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh,
1973.-Pp. 153-165.
Kurcz, I.. Inter-language comparison of word-association responses // International Jour
nal of Psychology, 1966.- Vol.1.-No.2.-Pp. 151-161.
Kurcz, I. Polskie normy powszechnosci skojarzen swobodnych na 100 slow z listy KentRosanoffa // Studia psychologiczne. - Warzawa, 1967. - . VIII (Nadbitka). - 255 s.
Lahl, O., Goritz, A.S., Pietrowsky, R. & Rosenberg, J. Using the World-Wide Web to ob
tain large-scale word norms: 190,212 ratings on a set of 2,654 German nouns // Behavior Re
search Methods.-2009.-Vol. 41 ( l ) . - P p . 13-19.
Lambert, W.E & , N. Word-association responses: Comparisons of American and
French monolinguals with Canadian monolinguals and bilinguals // Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 1966. - Vol. 3. - Pp. 313-320.
Lyons, J. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. - Cambridge, UK, 1977.
Magyar verbalis asszociaciok I [Hungarian Verbal Associations 1 / Ed. By Ballo, L.]. Szeged, Budapest, Debrecen: Juhasz Gyula Tanarkepzo Foiskola, 1983. - 210 p.
Magyar verbalis asszociaciok 2 [Hungarian Verbal Associations 2 / Ed. By Ujvari, ] . Szeged, Budapest, Debrecen: Juhasz Gyula Tanarkepzo FSiskola, 1985. - 204 p.
Marshall, G.R. & Cofer, Ch.N. Associative indices as measures of word relatedness: a
summary and comparison often methods // Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,
1963.-Vol. 1.-Pp.. 408-421;

Marsalova, L. Slovno-associacne normy I. I-IV trieda ZDS. - Bratislava: Univerzita Komenskeho v Bratislave, 1972. - 266 s.
MarSalovd, L. Slovno-associacne normy II. V-IX trieda ZDS a vysoka skola. - Bratislava:
Univerzita Komenskeho v Bratislave, 1974. - 497 s.
Marques, J.F., Fonseca, F.L, Morais, A.S., & Pinto, LA. Estimated age of acquisition
norms for 834 Portuguese nouns and their relation with other psycholinguistic variables // Be
havior Research Methods. - 2007. - Vol. 39. - Pp. 439-444.
Maturana, H. Metadesign: Human beings versus machines, or machines as instruments of
human designs? [ ]
http://www.mteco.cl/articulos/metadesign_partel.htm
McGuigan, F.J. Experimental psychology: A methodological approach. - Englwood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960.
McEvoy, C.l. & Nelson, D.L. Category name and instance norms for 106 categories of var
ious sizes // American Journal of Psychology. -1982. - Vol. 95. - Pp.581-634.
McRae, K, Cree, G., Seidenberg, M, & McNorgan, C. Semantic feature production norms
for a large set of living and nonliving things // Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, &
Computers. - 2005. - Vol. 37(4). - Pp. 547-559.
Melinger, A. & Weber, A. Database of noun associations for German (2006) URL:
www.coli.uni-saarland.de/projects/nag/.
Miller. G. A. Language and communication. - New York, Toronto, London: McGrawHill Book Company, Inc.,1953. - 298 p.
Miller, GA. A psychological method to investigate verbal concepts // Journal of Mathe
matical Psychology. - 1969. - Vol. 6.
Morrison, CM, Chappell, T.D. & Ellis, A.W. Age of acquisition norms for a large set of
object names and their relation to adult estimates and other variables // The Quarterly Journal
of Experimental Psychology. - 1997. - Vol. 50A. - Pp. 528-559.
Moss, H., & Older, L. Birkbeck word association norms [ ].
Nelson, D.L., McEvoy, C.L., & Schreiber, . The University of South Florida Word As
sociation,
Rhyme,
and
Word
Fragment
Norms
(1998).
URUittp://www.usf.edu/FreeAssociauon/.
Novak, Z. Volne slovni paroveasociace v Cestine. - Praha, 1988.
Osgood Ch.E. Lectures on language performance (Springer Series in Language and
Communication. Vol.7). - New York: SpringerVerlag, 1980. - 276 p.
Osgood Ch.E., Suci GJ., & Tannenbaum P.H. The measurement of meaning. - Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1957. - 346 p.
Paivio, A. dt Begg, 1. Psychology of language. - Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall,
1981.
Paivio, A., Yu'dle, J.C. & Madigan, S. Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values
for 925 nouns // Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph Supplement. - 1968. - Vol.
7 0 . - N o l , P t . 2 . - P p . 1-25.
Perez, M.A., & Navalon, Objective-AoA norms for 175 names in Spanish: Relationship
with other psycholinguistic variables, estimated AoA, and data from other languages // Cogni
tive Psychology. - 2005. - Vol. 17. - Pp. 179-206.
Postman, L. & Keppel, G. (Eds.). Norms of Word Association. - New York; London:
Academic Press, 1970. - 466 p.
Porzig, W. Das Wunder der Sprache. - 2. Aufl. - Bern, 1957.
Psychological Scaling. Theory and application / Ed. By H. Gultiksen & S. Messick. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1960.
Rosenberg. S. Noun responses to adjectives from the Rosenberg-Carter norms under con
ditions of controlled association. - Nashwille, Tennessee: Peabody College for Teachers, 1965.

236

237

Rosenberg, S., & Carter, J. Controlled adjective responses to 53 nouns from KentRosanoff association test. - Nashwille, Tennessee: Peabody College for Teachers, 1965.
Rosenzweig, M.R. Etudes sur I'association des mots // L'Annee Psychologique. - 1957 Vol. 5 7 . - P p . 23-32.
Rosenzeig, M.R.. Comparisons among word-association responses in English, French,
German and Italian // American Journal of Psychology, 1961. - Vol. 74. - Pp. 347-360;
Rosenzweig, M.R. Word associations of French workmen: Comparisons with associations
of French students and American workmen and students // Journal of Verbal Learning and
Verbal Behavior. - 1964. - Vol. 3. - Pp. 57-69.
Rosenzweig, M.R. International Kent-Rosanoff word association norms, emphasizing
those of French male and female students and French workmen // Postman, L. & Keppel, G.
(Eds.). Norms of Word Association-New York; London: Academic Press, 1970-Pp.95-176.
Russell, W.A. The complete German language norms for responses to 100 words from the
Kent-Rosanoff word association test // Postman, L. & Keppel, G. (Eds.). Norms of Word Asso
ciation. - New York; London: Academic Press, 1970. - Pp. 53-94.
Russell, W.A. & Jenkins, J.J. The complete Minnesota norms for responses to 100 words
from the Kent-Rosanoff word association test. - University of Minnesota, 1954.
Russell, W.A. & Meseck, O. Der Einfluss der Assoziation auf das Erinnern von Worten in
der deutschen, franzdsischen und englischen Sprache // Zeitschrift fur Expereimentelle und
Angewandte Psychologie. - 1959. - Vol. 6. - S. 191-211.
Ruthrof, H. Semantics and the body: Meaning from Frege to the postmodern. - Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1997. - 321 p.
Ruthrof, H. The body in language. - London; New York: Cassell, 2000. - 193 p.
Ruts, W., De Deyne, S., Ameel, E., Vanpaemel, W., Verbeemen, T. & Storms, G. Dutch
norm data for 13 semantic categories and 338 exemplars // Behavior Research Methods, In
struments, & Computers. - 2004. - Vol. 36. - Pp. 506-515.
Schulte im Walde, S., Melinger, A., Roth, M, & Weber, A. An empirical characterization
of response types in German Association Norms // Research on Language and Computation 2008.-Pp. 1-38.
Snodgrass, J.G., & Vanderwart, M. A Standardized Set of 200 Pictures: Norms for Name
Agreement, Image Agreement, Familiarity, and Visual Complexity // Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. - 1980. - Vol.6. - Pp. 174-215.
Stadthagen-Gonzales, H. & Davis, C.J. The Bristol Norms for Age of Acquisition, Im
ageability, and Familiarity // Behavior Research Methods. - 2006. - Vol. 38. - Pp. 598-605
[ ].
Stamou, S. et al. BalkanNet: A Multilingual Semantic Network for the Balkan Languages

// Proceedings of the I International Global WordNet Conference (January 21-25, 2002). Mysore, India, 2002. - Pp. 12-14. http://www.ceid.upatras.gr/Balkanet/
Stevenson, R.A., Mikels, J.A., & James, T. W. Characterization of the Affective Norms for
English Words by discrete emotional categories // Behavior Research Methods. - 2007. - Vol.
3 9 . - P p . 1020-1024
Storms, G. Flemish category norms for exemplars of 39 categories: A replication of the
Battig and Montague (1969) category norms: PET studies // Brain. - 2001. - Vol. 124. - Pp
1619-1634.
Szalay, L.B. & Brent, J.E. The analysis of cultural meaning through free verbal associ
ations // Journal of Social Psychology. - 1967. - Vol. 72. - Pp. 161-187.
Szalay, L.B. & D 'Andrade, R.G. Scaling versus content analysis: Interpreting word as
sociation data from Americans and Koreans // Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 1972. - Vol. 28. - 1. - Pp. 50-68.
Szalay, L.B. & Maday, B.C. Verbal associations in the analysis of subjective culture //

Current Anthropolody. - 1973. - Vol. 14. - 1-2. - Pp. 33-50.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English / Revised by E. Mcintosh. -Oxford
University Press, 1957. - 1536 p.
The Original Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases : New Edition, com
pletely revised and modernized by R.A. Dutch. - New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1966. 1405 p.
Toglia, M.P. & Battig, W.F. Handbook of Semantic Word Norms. - Hillsdale, NJ: Eribaum, 1978.-148 p.
Torgerson, W.S. Quantitative judgment scales // Psychological Scaling. - New York,
1960.
Turvey, M.T. & Moreno, M.A. Physical metaphors for the mental lexicon // The Mental
Lexicon. - 2006. - Vol. 1. - 1. - Pp.7-33.
Twilley, L.C., Dixon, P., Taylor, D <fi Clark, K. University of Alberta norms of relative
meaning frequency for 566 homographs // Memory and Cognition. - 1994. - Vol. 22. - Pp.11126.
Vinson, D., & Vigliocco. G. Semantic feature production norms for a large set of objects
and events // Behavior Research Methods. - 2008. - Vol. 40. - Pp. 183-190.
Violi P. Meaning and experience. - Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. 291 p.
, M.L.-H., Jacobs, A.M., & Conrad, M. Cross-validating the Berlin Affective Word List
// Behavior Research Methods. - 2006. - Vol. 38. - Pp. 606-609.
Vossen, P. (Ed.). EuroWordNet A Multilingual Database with Lexical Semantic Network.
-Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998.
Webster's New World Dictionary of American Language / D.B. Guralnik, General Editor.
- New York: Populer Library Inc., 1965. - 632 p.
Wollen, K.A., Cox, S.D., Coahran, MM., Shea, D.S., & Kirby, R.F. Frequency of occur
rence and concreteness ratings of homograph meanings // Behavior Research Methods, In
struments, & Computers. - 1980. - Vol. 12. - Pp.8-15.
Zalevskaya A.A. On the associative structure of memory // Short communications pre
th
pared for the XIX International Psychological Congress (London, August 1969). - Moscow:
Psychological Society of the USSR, 1969. - Pp. 156-157.
Zalevskaya A.A. A psycholinguistic approach to the study of mechanisms of free word as
sociation // Abstract Guide: XX* International Congress of Psychology (August 13-19, 1972,
Tokyo, Japan). - Tokyo, 1972. - P. 400.
Zalevskaya A.A. An experimental study of lexical organization // XXI' Congres Internatinal de Psychologie: resumes, Paris 18-25 juillet, 1976 / Societe Francais de Psychologie. Paris, 1976.-P. 44.
Zalevskaya A A. Verbal associations in different cultural settings // Recent Trends in So
viet Psycholinguistics. - New York: Sharpe, 1977a. - Pp. 96-102.
Zalevskaya A.A. Verbal associations in different cultural settings // Soviet Psychology: A
Journal of Translations. - N e w York, 1977b. - Vol. XV, 2. - Pp. 46-52.

238
239

..
1
26.08.2011. 60 84 / 16 .
. . . 15,0. 500 . 336.

-
: , 170100, . , . , 33.
. : (4822) 35-60-63.