. .

. .

I
230100

 2014

( )

. . ,

. .

I
230100

 2014


1 230100,

, , .
: , ,
, , , , - , , , , ,
, , .

, 230100
.

, .

,
, , , , ,
.

A\(B C) = (A\B) (A\C).

1.

A\(B C) = A (B C) = A (B C) =
= (A B) (A C) = (A\B) (A\C).
, , .

2.

Bi = (A Bi ).
iI

iI

xA

Bi (x A) x Bi (x A) (i(x Bi ))

iI

iI

i((x A) (x Bi )) i(x (A Bi )) x (A Bi ).
iI

1.

, .

A = {x | x Z, x 6} B = {x | x Z, x 2, x 3}.
3. , Z Z =
= {x | m n Z(x = 3m + 5n)}.
4. A, B , C , A B , B C ,
A
/ C.
5. A, B , , A B A B .
6. , A1 A2 . . . An A1 , A1 = A2 = . . . = An .
7. , A B , A\B = .
8. , A = B , A B = .
2.

10. A\(B C) = (A\B) (A\C);

9. A\(B C) = (A\B) (A\C);
11. A\(A\B) = AB ; 12. (A\B)\C = (A\B)\(B \C); 13. AB = B A;
4

14. (A B) C = A (B C);
15. A (B C) = (A B) (A C);
16. A (A B) = B .
17. , \ , .
18. , \ , .
19. , , , \.
20. , \ .
21. , \.
22. A = {1; 4; 5}, B = {2; 4; 6}. A B , A B , A\B , B \A,

A B.
23.

24.

2AB = 2A 2B ,

25.

2A

{1; 2; 3},

A.

An = An k

nk N

nN

A1 A2 . . . A n . . .

{nk }
k=1 .

nZ , n. :

26. nZ mZ;
27. nZ;
28. nZ;
29. pZ, P 
n=2
n=1
]
]
[1
[ p1P
1
;
30. n ; 1 n ;
31. n ; 1 + n1 .

nN

32.

C([a; b])
[a; b],

nN

 , -

Cx3 ([a; b]) = {f C([a; b]) | f (x) = 3}.

Cx3 ([a; b]),

x[a;b]

33. B

Cx3 ([a; b]).

x[a;b]

Ai = B Ai
iI

iI

)
;

34. B

Ai = B Ai
iI

iI

)
.

.
, ()

(X, Y, f ),

X, Y

 ,

Y,

 , -

f (x)

Y.

 .

, , .

3.

f (x) =

x3
x

|x| > 1,
|x| 6 1;

f, g : R R :

x > 8,
x
g(x) = 2 x |x| 6 8,
2 + x x < 8.

g f.
5

 -

f ,  g . -

, ,

f,

f (X).

f , :

x3 x > 1,
f (x) = x 1 6 x 6 1,
3
x
x < 1.

(1; )

x (1; ),

f x3
(1; ). -

g , .

, , -

x = 2 : (1; 2] (2; ). f ((1; 2]) = (1; 8]

(1; 8] g ,
f ((2; )) = (8; ), g .

, ,

(g f )(x) =

x3
2 x3

x (2; ),
x (1; 2].

x [1; 1], f ([1; 1]) = [1; 1],

g . ,

(g f )(x) = 2 (x) = 2 + x

x [1; 1].

x (; 1], f ((; 1)) = (; 1).

g , . (; 1) : (; 2) [2; 1).

f ((; 2)) = (; 8). g

, ,

(g f )(x) = 2 + x3
f ([2; 1)) = [8; 1).

x (; 2).

, ,

(g f )(x) = 2 x3

x [2; 1).

x3
2 x3
(g f )(x) =
2+x

2 + x3

x (2; ),
x [2; 1) (1; 2],
x [1; 1],
x (; 2).

f :XY

 ,

B , B1 , B2 

Y . , :
35. f (B1 B2 ) = f (B1 )f 1 (B2 ); 36. f 1 (B1 B2 ) = f 1 (B1 )f 1 (B2 );
37. f 1 (Y \B) = X \f 1 (B);
38. f 1 (B1 \B2 ) = f 1 (B1 )\f 1 (B2 );
39. B1 B2 f 1 (B1 ) f 1 (B2 ).

40.

, ,

f 1 (B1 ) f 1 (B2 ) B1 B2 ,
, .

41.

f :XY

A X,

f (A) = {y Y | x( X) (x A) (y = f (x))}.

f :X Y

 ,

X.

A1 , A2

, :

42. f (A1 A2 ) = f (A1 ) f (A2 );

43. f (A1 A2 ) f (A1 ) f (A2 ).
44. , ,

f (A1 ) f (A2 ) f (A1 A2 ),

, .

45.

46.

, ,

f (A1 )\f (A2 ) f (A1 \A2 ).

f (A1 \A2 ) f (A1 )\f (A2 ),

, .

47.

(A1 A2 ) (f (A1 ) f (A2 )).

48.

, ,

(f (A1 ) f (A2 )) (A1 A2 ),

, .
,

f : X Y :
49. f (f (B)) = B f (X);
50. f 1 (B) = B f (X) = .
51. , A 1
X f : X Y A f
(f (A)).
f : X Y , A X , B Y . , :
53. f (A) B = A f 1 (B) = ;
52. f (A) B = f (A f 1 (B));
54. f (A) B A f 1 (B).

f : X Y , g : Y Z , A X , C Z . , :
55. (g f )1 (C) = f 1 (g 1 (C));
56. (g f )(A) = g(f (A)).
57. , A X , B X , iA : A X 
1
, iA (B) = A B .
58. f : X Y , A X , B Y , g = f |A : A Y 
1
f A. , g
(B) = A f 1 (B).
, f : X Y  ,
A, A1 , A2 X :
59. f (A1 A2 ) = f (A1 ) f (A2 );
60. f (A1 \A2 ) = f (A1 )\f (A2 );
1
61. A1 A2 f (A1 ) f (A2 );
62. f (f (A)) = A.
63. f : X X
n
n f = IdX . , f .
64. , f g , g

65.

f g

66.

g : B C , h : C D.

A, B , C , D

f : A B,
gf hg

f , g , h .
67. A, B , C f : A B , g : B
C , h : C A. , h g f , g f h,
f hg (),
(), f , g , h .
f, g : R R f g , g f :
,

68.

f (x) =
69.

f (x) =
70.

1+x
1x
x2
x

x > 0,
x < 0;

1+x
2x

g(x) =
{

x > 1,
x < 1;

g(x) =

|x|
4x

x > 1,
x < 1;

x < 2,
x > 2.

f : R R
{
1 + x x > 0,
f (x) =
1 x x < 0.

f ([0; 1]), f ([1; 2]), f 1 ([0; 1]), f 1 ([1; 2]).

71. f : R R,
((
)) 1 (( 1 1 )) 1
2 ; 2 , f ([0; 2]).
f ((0; )), f 4 ; 5
, f
6

72.

fn : N N,

fn (k) =

nk
n+k

f (x) = sin x.

k < n,
k>n

, , ?

C(R)  . F : C(R) C(R) -

, , .
:

73. [F (f )](x) = f (ex );

74. [F (f )](x) = ef (x) ;
75. [F (f )](x) = (x2 1)f (x);
76. [F (f )](x) = (x2 +1)f (x); 77. [F (f )](x) = f (2x1); 78. [F (f )](x) = f 3 (x);
1

79. [F (f )](x) = f (x 3 ).
80.

75, 76, 78 79.

.
.
, , , , ,
.
,
.
(0

1),

4.

(000 . . . 0)

(111 . . . 1).

x1 x2 (x1 x2 )x3 .
.

1. :

21

54

x1 x2 (x1 x2 ) x3 .
2.

x1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

x2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

x3
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

x2 x1 x2 x1 x2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1

, ,

x3 (x1 x2 )x3 x1 x2 (x1 x2 )x3

1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
9

81. x y ;
82. x y ;
83. x (y x);
84. x (x y);
85. (xy) (xy); 86. x ((xy)z); 87. x (y z); 88. (x y) z ;
89. x (y z);
90. (x y) z ;
91. (x (y z)) (x (y z));

)
93. x (y z) (x (y z));

92. (x (y z)) (x (y z));

94. (x y) ((y z) (x (y z)));

95. ((x y) ((z (x y))
z)) (x y);
96. (x y) (((y z) (z x)) (x z)).

xi (i = 1, 2, 3)  ( : 0, 1). :
97. (x1 = x2 )(x2 = x3 ); 98. (x1 > x2 ) (x2 = x3 ); 99. (x1 = x2 )(x2 = x3 );
100. ((x1 > x2 ) (x2 = x3 )) (x1 > x3 ).

101. x x;
102. x x;
103. (x x);
104. x x;
105. x (y x);
106. x (x y);
107. ((x y) x) y ;
108. ((x y) y) x;
109. ((x y) x) y ;
110. ((x y) x) y ;
112. ((x y) (y z)) (x z);
111. (x y) (y x);
113. (x (y z)) ((xy) z); 114. ((x z)(y z)) ((xy) z);
115. (x (y z)) ((x y) (x z)).
, :

116. x y y x; 117. x (y z) (x y) z ; 118. x (y z) (x y) z ;

119. x (y z) (x y) z ;
120. x (y z) (x y) (x z);
121. x (y z) (x y) (x z);
122. (x y) xy
123. (x y) xy

 ;

124. xx x
 ;
125. xx x
126. x 0 x;
127. x 1 x;
128. x x;
130. x (y z) (x y) z ;
131. x y x y ;

y) (y x).

129. x y y x;
132. x y (x

.
, -

   :

134. (x y) ((y z) ((x y) (x z)));

133. x (y (x y));
135. ((x y) z) ((x y) z); 136. ((x y) (x (y z))) ((x y) z);
137. ((x y) (x ((y (x z)) (y z))) z);
138. ((x y)
(x y)) ((x y) (x y)); 139. ((x y) z) (((x y) z) (x y));
140. (x (y z)) ((x (y z)) (x y)).
  :

141. x y z ; 142. x y xy ;
145. xy xyz x yz ;

143. xy xy(y z); 144. x y(xy z);

146. (x x yz) (x y z);
10

147. (x y)z (xy y z);

148. x y x y(x z) x(y z);
149. xyz (x yz)xy(x (y z)); 150. xy x(y z)(x y)xzyz .
.

19

, :

a b a b,
a b (a b)(b a) ab ab (a b)(a b).
, ,
, , ,

aa1
, ,

x1 x1 1,
1 1 1,
(x1 x2 )x3 (x1 x2 )x3 1.
:

1 ) a ab a b;
2 ) a(a b) ab,

1) a ab a b;
2) a (a b) ab;

a a b (a a)(a b) 1(a b) a b;
a(a b) a a a b 0 ab ab.
5.

x1 x2 (x1 x2 )x3 .
.

x x (x1 x2 )x3
1 2

x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x3

x1 x2 (x1 x2 )x3

x
| 1 {zx1 x}3

x
| 2 {zx2 x}3

11

 x1 x2 x3

)
)
)
)
)

x1 (x2 x3 ) x1 (x2 x3 ),
x3 (x1 x2 ) x3 (x1 x2 ),
x2 x1 x3 x2 x1 x3 ,
x1 x3 x2 x1 x3 x2 x1 x3 x2 ,
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 .

)  ) .

 . . .
, , , , .
 .
,
- (
).

6.

(x1 x3 )(x2 x3 ) (x1 x2 ) x3 .

.

(x1 x3 )(x2 x3 ) x1 x2 x3 .
1-

(x1 x3 )(x2 x3 )

2-

x1 x2 x3
3-

z
}|
{

x1 x2 x3 x2 x
x

x
1
3
3
| {z }

x1 x2 x3
x1 x2 x3 .

x1 x2 x3

(x1 x3 )(x2 x3 ).

(x1 x2 )(x2 x3 )

x1 x2 x2 x2 x1 x3 x3 x1 x2 x3 ;

x1 x2 x3

x1 x2 x3 .

, -

.
. ,

12

,
 .
, :

151. xy x y ; 152. xy xy ; 153. x y x y ; 154. x y y x;

155. xy xy x; 156. x xy x; 157. x(x y) x; 158. x xy x y ;
159. x(x y) xy ;
160. (x y) y x y ;
161. (x y)(x y) x;
162. x y y x;
163. x y x y ;
164. xy xy xy x y ;
165. x (y z) (x z)(y z);
166. x (y z) y (x z);
167. x xy xz xy xz x y z .
, :

168. x x y ; 169. xy x; 170. x (x y); 171. (x y) (x y);

172. (x xy) (x y); 173. (x y) (y x); 174. (x y) (y x);
175. (x y) (y x);
176. (x y) (x y);
177. x (y xy);
178. (x y)x y ;
179. (x y)y x;
180. (x y)x y ;
181. (x y)x y (   : (x y) x y);
182. (x y)(y z) (x z);
183. (x (y z)) (xy z);
184. (x z)(y z) (xy z); 185. (x z) ((y z) (xy z)).
, :

187. x y x y y ;
188. (x y)(y x);
186. xy (x y)x;
189. (xy)(x y); 190. (x y)(y z) (z x); 191. xz xz yz xyz ;
192. xy(x y); 193. xy(x y); 194. (x y)(x y); 195. (x y)(x y).
,  

 :

196. x y ;
197. x y ;
198. x y ;
199. x y z ;
200. x (y z);
201. x (x y); 202. x y (x y); 203. x y ; 204. xy (y x);
205. x y (x z).
,  

 :

207. xyz ;
208. x y ;
206. xy ;
211. x y z ;
212. (x y)(y z);

209. x y ;
213. xy xz .

210. x(y z);

, :

214. x y ;

215. xy z ;

218. x y (x z);

216. xy z xyz ;

217. x (y z);

219. (x y)(y z).

,  ,

   :

220. x y ;

221. (x y) (y z);
13

222. (x y) (y z);

223. (x y) (y z); 224. (x y)(y z) (x z); 225. (x y)(y

z) (x y z);
226. x y z v ;
227. (x y) (z (x z)).
.
.
: ,

.

7.

F (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 ).

F .
y1 = x1 x2 x3 , y2 = x1 x3 ,

F = y1 y2 .
(y1 , y2 )

, (F ):

(y1 y2 ) y 1 y 2 y 1 y 2 y1 y2 ;
(x1 x2 x3 ) x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 (x2 x3 ) x1 (x2 x3 );
(x1 x3 ) x1 x3 x1 x3 x1 x3 x1 x3 x1 x3
x1 x3 x1 x3 (x1 x3 )(x1 x3 ) x1 x3 x1 x3 x1 x3 .
:

F y1 y2 x1 (x2 x3 )(x1 x3 ).
: , ,

, 0

1,

8.

(x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 ),
.
.

((x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 )) ((x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 x1 x3 ))

x1 (x2 x3 ) ((x1 x3 )(x1 x3 ))

x1 (x2 x3 )(x1 x3 x3 x1 ) x1 (x2 x3 )(x1 x3 ).

:

228. x(yz); 229. xyxz ; 230. (x y)(xyz); 231. (xyyzzv)(x y z);

14

)
(
)
232. x y z(x y) ; 233. xyzxyzxyzxyz ; 234. (x y)(x z) xy
(
)
(
)
(x y)z x ;
235. xy yz xyz(xz yz) xy (x y z).
:

236. xx x; 237. x 0 x; 238. xy yx;

240. xy x y ;
241. x(x y) x;
243. x xy yz xz x z .

239. x (y z) (x y) z ;
242. x xy x y ;

: , , , .
:
,
.
():
1. .
2. , , , .
3. .
4. .
5. .

9.

(x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 ).
.

(x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 ) x1 x2 x3 (x1 x3 x1 x3 )

x1 (x2 x3 ) x1 x3 x1 x3 x1 x2 x1 x3 x1 x3 x1 x3
x1 x2 x1 x3 x1 x3 .
()  , :

f (f ) ((f )) (f ).
10.

(x1 x2 x3 )(x1 x3 ).
.

(x1 x2 x3 )(x1 x3 ) (((x1 x2 x3 )(x1 x3 )) )

(((x1 x2 x3 )(x1 x3 x1 x3 )) )
(x1 (x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 ) (x1 x3 ))
(x1 x2 x1 x3 x1 x3 x1 x3 ) (x1 x2 x1 x3 x1 x3 )
(x1 x2 )(x1 x3 )(x1 x3 ).
15

 () , :
1. .
2. , , , .
3. .
4. .
5. , :

. . . xi xi . . .

6. .

x1 , x2 , x3 ):
. . . x1 x3 . . . . . . x1 (x2 x2 )x3 . . . . . . x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 . . .)
( (

7. .

11.

(x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 ).
.

(x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 ) x1 x2 x3 (x1 x3 x1 x3 )

3

x1 (x2 x3 ) x1 x3 x1 x3
4

x1 x2 x1 x3 x1 x3 x1 x3 x1 x2 x1 x3 x1 x3
7

x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 .
() :

f (f ) ((f ))
12.

(f ).

(x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 ).
.

(x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 )

((

) )
(x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 x1 x3 )

(x1 (x2 x3 ) x1 x3 x1 x3 ) ) ((x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 ) (x1 x3 ))

((x1 x1 x2 x3 x1 x3 x2 x3 )(x1 x3 )) (x1 x2 x3 x1 x3 )
(x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 ) (x1 x2 x3 )(x1 x2 x3 )(x1 x2 x3 ).

16

, , , .

(x1 x2 x3 )(x1 x3 ).
x1 x2 x3 (x1 x2 x3 )(x1 x3 )
0 0 0 1 x1 x2 x3
0 0 1 0 x1 x2 x3
0 1 0 1 x1 x2 x3
0 1 1 0 x1 x2 x3
1 0 0 1 x1 x2 x3
1 0 1 1 x1 x2 x3
1 1 0 0 x1 x2 x3
1 1 1 1 x1 x2 x3
:
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 ;
:
(x1 x2 x3 )(x1 x2 x3 )(x1 x2 x3 ).

( ):

244. x (y z);
245. xy (x y);
246. (x y z)(x y);
247. (x y)(y z) (x z);
248. x y ;
249. x y ;
250. x y z ;
251. (x y) (x (y z));
253. (x y)(y z)(z x).

252. (x y)(y z) (x z);

( ):

254. x yz ;
255. xy yz z ;
256. x yz x y z ;
258. x yzv ;
259. x yz ;
260. xy x y ;
262. x y x z ;
263. x (y z).

257. x yz ;
261. x y z ;

,
, , :

264.
267.
270.
272.

xy x y ;
265. x y xy ;
266. xy xy ;
(x y)x x y z ; 268. x y x z ; 269. (x y) (y x);
(x z) ((y z) ((x y) z));
271. xyz xyz xyz x y z ;
xy x y (x y)(x y).

273. x y ;

274. xy ;

278. x (y x);

275. x y ;

279. xy(x y);

276. x y ;
280. x y z ;

277. x y ;
281. xy z .

( ) :

283. (x y) x;
284. x (y x);
285. x (y z);
282. x y ;
287. (x y)(y z)(z x);
286. (x y)(y z) (x z);
288. (x y)(y z)(z x);
289. (x y)(y z)(z v).
( ) :

290. (x y) x y ;
291. xx y ;
292. xy(x y);
293. x yz ;
295. (x y)(y z)(z x);
296. x y (x z);
294. xyz ;
298. x y z (x y)z ;
299. xy zv .
297. ((x y) (y x))z ;
17

300. x y x y ;
301. x y x y ;
302. x y x y ;
303. x (y z) (x y) z ;
304. xy z x(y z);
305. (x y) z
x y z;
306. (x y)z x yz ;
307. (x y) z (x y) z ;
308. (x y) z (x y) z ;
309. xy z (x y)z .

x, y , z :
313. (x y)(x y);
314. xy xy x y .

310. xy ;
311. x y ;
312. x;
. F
()

f1 , . . . , fn ,

f1 f2 . . . fn F 1.

, :

315. y ; x y , x;
316. x; x y , y ;
317. x; x y , y ;
318. y ; x y ,
x;
319. y ; x y , x;
320. y ; x y , x;
321. x z ; x y , y z ;
322. x y z ; x z , y z ;
323. z x; x y , y z ;
324. x y ;
x y , y x, x y ;
325. x; x y , y z , z ;
326. z ; x y , y z , x;
327. y z ; x z , y x z , x;
328. z y ; x y , x, z ;
329. z x;
x y , xy , z y ;
330. x t; x y , y z , x z yt;
331. xt; x z ,

y z , z y t, z t.

( ) :

332. x, x y ;
333. x, x y ;
y z ; 336. x (y z), y z ;
z x;
339. x, x y , x y z ;
341. x (y z), y (z t).

334. x, y , x y ;
335. x (y z),
337. x y , y z ;
338. x y , y z ,
340. x (y (z t)), x (y z);

( ) , :

342. x y ;
343. x y ;
344. x y ;
345. x y ;
346. x y x y ;
347. x y z ;
348. (x y) z ;
349. (x y) z ;
350. x y z ;
351. x (y z).
. f1 , . . . , fn F ,

f1 , . . . , fn .

352.
356.
359.
362.

a b, a b; 353. a b, b a; 354. a b, a b; 355. a b, a b;

a b, a b;
357. a b, b c a c;
358. a b, a b b;
a b, b c, c a; 360. a b, b c, a b; 361. a b, a b b;
a b, b c a c;
363. a b, b c, c a a bc.

, :

364. a b, b a;

365. a b, a b;

367. a b, b a a b;

366. a b, a b a b;

368. a b, a b a;
369. a b,
b a, a b a b;
370. a (b c), (a b) c b c;
371. a (b c), (a b) c a c;
372. a bc, b ac,

18

c ab, a b c a b c;

373. a b c, a c b, b c a, a b c a b c.

.
,

, ,

. , ( )

, , .
, x | y x y , x y x y , x y xy xy .
{0, 1, , }.
{0, 1, , } .

,
.
:

P2  ;
P0  , 0;
P1  , 1;
S  .
K  , K(n)
n .
xi f (x1 , . . . , xn ) ,
f (x1 , . . . , xi1 , 0, xi+1 , . . . , xn ) = f (x1 , . . . , xi1 , 1, xi+1 , . . . , xn ).
xi f (x1 , . . . , xn ) ,
f xi .

374.

) P2 (1), P2 (2);
) (x1 x2 ) (x2 x3 );
) (x1 x3 ) (x2 x3 );
) x1 x3 x2 x4 ;
) (x1 x2 ) x3 ;
) (10101100)  f ;
) (11000100);
) (x1 | x2 ) x3 .
375. :
) x1 x2 x1 x2 ;
) x1 x2 x2 ;
) x1 x2 x1 ;
) (x1 (x2
x3 )) ((x1 x2 ) (x1 x3 ));
) (x1 x2 )((x2 x3 ) (x1 x3 ));
) (x1 x2 ) (x2 x1 );
) (x1 x2 ) x1 .
376. :
) P0 (n) P1 (n);
) P0 (n)\P1 (n);
) P0 (n) S(n);
) P0 (n) P1 (n);
) P0 (n) S(n);
) P0 (n)\S(n);
) S(n)\P0 (n)?
377. 374 375 , :
) P1 .
) P0 ;
378. :
) (x1 x2 x1 )x4 x1 x2 x3 ;
) x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x3 ;
) (x1 x2 ) x1 x3 ;
) (0001001001100111);
) f (x1 , x2 , . . . , x2m+1 ) = x1 x2 . . . x2m+1 ,
{0, 1};
) (x1 x2 )(x1 x3 )(x2 x3 );
) (x1 | x1 ) x2 ?
379. f

19

) (00111001);
) (x1 | x2 ) (x1 x3 );
) x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x4 x3 x4 .
380. 374, 375,
381.

382.

x.

) (x1 x2 x3 ) x1 x2 x3 ;
378 ?
378 379 -

) x1 (x2 x3 );
) (00110111);
) x1 x3 (x2 x3 );
) x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x3 x1 ;
) (01100111)?
383. 374, 375, 378, 382 ?
384. 383 0, 1

385.

, ;
) , ;
) , ;
)
0, ;
) 1, ;
) ;
) , , , ,
) , , , , |;
) |;
) | .

386.

) {x1 x2 };
) {x1 | x2 };
) {(1011), (1100001100111100)}.
387.

) {x1 x2 , x1 x2 x3 };
-

) x1 x2 , x1 x2 ;
) x1 x2 , x1 x2 x3 ;
) x1 x2 , x1 x2 x3 ;
) 0, 1, x1 (x2 x3 ) x1 (x2 x3 );
) x, (0010), (0101110011100011);
) 1, x1 x2 , (x1 x2 ) (x2 x3 ), (x3 | (x1 x2 )) x3 ;
) x1 x2 , x1 ;
) x1 x2 , x1 x2 , x1 x2 ;
) x1 x2 , x1 , x1 x2 ;
) x1 x2 , 0, x1 x2 ;
) x1 x2 , x1 ;
) x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x3 , 0, 1;
) x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x3 , x1 ,

x1 x2 ;
388.

387 ,

,
.

{f1 , f2 , . . . , fm }

389.

390.

{f1 , f2 , . . . , fm } .

) P2 (1);
) P2 (2);
391. ,

) P2 ;

) P0 P1 ;

M,

393.

M = , M = P 2

[M] = M,

P2 \M

. ,

395.

) P0 \P1 ?

, , -

394.

) P0 P1 ;

392.

, -

M M

, , ,

20

( f [, ]).
396. , f M f M .
397. M (P2 \P0 ), M (P2 \P1 ).

398.

, ?

399.
400.

P2 (2)\(P0 P1 L S M ).

, , -

) (10010110);

, :

) x1 x2 x2 x3 x1 x3 ;

) x1 x2 x3 x2 x3 x3 x1 x2 1.

) (11111101);

- .
.
13.

, . , ,
 .
. -

00, 01, 10, 11.

C 1 C 2 M1 M2
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
1
0 0 1
0
0 0 1
1
0 1 0
0
0 1 0
1
0 1 1
0
0 1 1
1
1 0 0
0
1 0 0
1
1 0 1
0
1 0 1
1
1 1 0
0
1 1 0
1
1 1 1
0
1 1 1
1

f
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

f:

f C 1 C 2 M 1 M 2 C 1 C 2 M 1 M2 C 1 C 2 M1 M 2 C 1 C 2 M1 M2
(
)
(
)
C 1 C 2 M 2 C 2 M2 M 1 C 1 C 2 M 2 C 2 M2 M1
(
)(
)
C 2 M 2 C2 M2 C 1 M 1 C1 M1 .
21

 : )

) ).

.
14.

, -

, 
.
, . ( ,  ):

22

x1 x2 (x1 x2 )x3 x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 .
, :

( ).
, :

, :

23

xzy xyz.
(
, ):

, , . .

, :

402. x y ;
401. x y ;
405. (x y) x(y z);
406.

403. x y ;

x
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
24

y
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

z
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

f1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0

f2
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0

404. (x y)(y z);

f3
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1

407.

. -

,
.

408.

, .
, ,  . ,
.

409.

. , .

410.

. , , :
 ,
 ,
 ,
 ,
 .
, ,
:

411.

412.

413.

414.

25

415.

416.

417.

.
.

1.

2.

xP (x) yP (y) tP (t) . . .

418. x 3 (x N);
419. x 5;
420. y = x2 , x R;
421. x2 + x + 1, x R;
422. x2 + y 2 = 0, x, y R;
423. x2 + y 2 > 0,
425. x < y , x, y R;
426.
x, y R;
424. x2 + y 2 = z , x, y, z R;
2
x R y R , x = y + 1.
427. x + y 2 < 2,

x, y R?
428.

418  427 ,

, ?
:

429. x(x y x + (y), x, y R);

430. (x < y, x, y R)
z((x < z) (z < y), z R; 431. y((y R, y > 0) z(x = yz, x, z
R));
432. x(yP (x, y) Q(x, y, z));
433. uv(u, v) t(t, u).
434. 418  427 .

26

435. xP (x, y) xP (x, y);

436. xP (x, y) xP (x, y);
437. xyP (x, y, z) yxP (x, y, z);
438. xyP (x, y, z) yxP (x, y, z);
439. x(P (x, y)Q(x, y)) xP (x, y)xQ(x, y); 440. x(P (x, y)Q(x, y))
xP (x, y) xQ(x, y);
441. x(P (x, z) Q(y, z)) xP (x, z) Q(y, z);
442. x(P (x, z) Q(y, z)) xP (x, z) Q(y, z);
443. xyP (x, y, z)

yxP (x, y, z) 1.

, :

444.

445.

446.

;
;

447.

448. .
449. (a, b)

450.

x((x) Q(x)) = x(x) xQ(x);

x((x) Q(x)) = x(x) xQ(x);

yxP (x, y) xyP (x, y) = 1.

451.

(a, b)?
, Q P

x((x) P (x)) (x(x) xP (x);

x((x) P (x)) (x(x) xP (x);

x((x) P (x)) (x(x) xP (x);

x((x) P (x)) (x(x) xP (x);

x((x) P (x)) (x(x) xP (x)?

.

, , .. .
- (C, Pascal .).
:

452.

454.

;
;

456.

455.

458.

453.

2N;

457.

27

, 3;

459.

x = n-

460.

461.

(=, +)

462. x < y ;
463. x = 0;
464. x = 1;
465. x y ;
466. x  .
467. x < y

N2 .

28


1.

C , a, b c.
A, B C .
A

1.
2.

A, B

.
3.

, , .
4. ,
5. , e

B.

6. ,
7.
8.
9.

C
A

.
.

10.

{A, B}.

A = and(or(a, not(b), not(c)), or(a, c, not(b)), or(c, b, not(a)),

or(b, not(a), not(c)))
B = and(not(a), not(b), not(c))
C = cb b ab 1 a
2

A = and(or(a, c, not(b)), or(c, not(a), not(b)), or(b, not(a), not(c)))

B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, c, b), and(a, not(b), not(c)),
and(a, c, not(b)), and(c, b, not(a)), and(c, not(a), not(b)))
C = cb acb b ab 1 a
3

A = and(or(a, c, b), or(a, c, not(b)), or(b, not(a), not(c)))

B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, not(b), not(c)), and(a, c, not(b)),
and(c, not(a), not(b)))
C = cb ac
4

A = or(a, c, not(b))
B = or(and(a, not(b), not(c)), and(c, not(a), not(b)),
and(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
C = c 1 ac
5

A = or(c, b, not(a))
B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, not(b), not(c)), and(a, c, not(b)))
C = b1a
29

A = and(or(a, b, not(c)), or(a, c, b), or(a, not(b), not(c)),

or(c, not(a), not(b)), or(b, not(a), not(c)), or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
B = (and(a, c, b))or(and(b, not(a), not(c)))
C = b ab ac
7

A = and(or(a, c, b), or(a, not(b), not(c)), or(a, c, not(b)), or(c, b, not(a)),

or(c, not(a), not(b)), or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
B = (and(c, not(a), not(b)))or(and(b, not(a), not(c)))
C = cb1a
8

A = and(or(c, b, not(a)), or(c, not(a), not(b)), or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))

B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, c, b), and(a, not(b), not(c)), and(c, b, not(a)))
C = cb 1 a
9

A = and(or(a, b, not(c)), or(a, c, b), or(c, b, not(a)), or(b, not(a), not(c)),

or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, c, b), and(a, c, not(b)), and(c, not(a), not(b)),
and(b, not(a), not(c)))
C = cb ac
10

A = and(or(a, b, not(c)), or(a, c, b), or(c, not(a), not(b)))

B = or(and(a, not(b), not(c)), and(a, c, not(b)), and(c, b, not(a)),
and(c, not(a), not(b)))
C = cb c ab 1
11

A = and(or(a, b, not(c)), or(a, not(b), not(c)), or(c, b, not(a)),

or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, c, b), and(c, b, not(a)), and(c, not(a), not(b)),
and(b, not(a), not(c)))
C = c ab 1 ac
12

A = and(or(a, b, not(c)), or(a, c, b), or(a, not(b), not(c)), or(c, not(a), not(b)),
or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
B = or(and(a, c, b), and(a, c, not(b)), and(c, not(a), not(b)))
C = acb c 1 ac
30

 13

A = and(or(a, b, not(c)), or(a, c, not(b)), or(c, b, not(a)), or(c, not(a), not(b)),

or(b, not(a), not(c)))
B = or(and(a, c, b), and(a, c, not(b)), and(c, not(a), not(b)))
C = acb b 1 ac a
14

A = and(or(a, c, b), or(c, b, not(a)), or(c, not(a), not(b)), or(b, not(a), not(c)),
or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, c, b), and(a, not(b), not(c)), and(a, c, not(b)),
and(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
C = acb c b ab 1 ac a
15

A = and(or(a, not(b), not(c)), or(c, not(a), not(b)), or(b, not(a), not(c)),

or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, not(b), not(c)), and(a, c, not(b)),
and(c, not(a), not(b)))
C = cb c 1 ac
16

A = (or(a, b, not(c)))and(or(a, c, not(b)))

B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, c, b), and(a, c, not(b)), and(c, b, not(a)),
and(c, not(a), not(b)), and(b, not(a), not(c)), and(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
C = b ab
17

A = and(or(a, c, b), or(c, b, not(a)), or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))

B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, c, b), and(a, not(b), not(c)), and(a, c, not(b)),
and(c, b, not(a)))
C = c ab 1 ac
18

A = and(or(a, b, not(c)), or(a, c, b), or(c, b, not(a)), or(b, not(a), not(c)),

or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
B = or(and(a, not(b), not(c)), and(a, c, not(b)), and(c, b, not(a)),
and(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
C = cb acb c b a
19

A = and(or(a, c, b), or(a, not(b), not(c)), or(c, not(a), not(b)),

or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, c, b), and(c, b, not(a)), and(c, not(a), not(b)))
C = cb acb c b
31

 20

A = and(or(a, b, not(c)), or(a, c, b), or(a, c, not(b)), or(c, b, not(a)),

or(c, not(a), not(b)))
B = or(and(a, not(b), not(c)), and(c, b, not(a)), and(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
C = cb acb b ab ac a
21

A = and(or(a, b, not(c)), or(a, not(b), not(c)), or(c, b, not(a)))

B = (and(a, b, not(c)))or(and(a, c, not(b)))
C = acb c ab a
22

A = or(a, not(b), not(c))

B = or(and(a, b, not(c)), and(a, c, b), and(a, c, not(b)), and(c, b, not(a)),
and(c, not(a), not(b)), and(b, not(a), not(c)))
C = cb acb c b ab 1 a
23

A = and(or(a, c, b), or(a, not(b), not(c)), or(a, c, not(b)), or(c, not(a), not(b)),
or(not(a), not(b), not(c)))
B = f alse
C = cb acb ac
24

A = and(or(a, b, not(c)), or(a, c, not(b)), or(c, b, not(a)))

B = or(and(a, c, b), and(a, c, not(b)), and(c, not(a), not(b)),
and(b, not(a), not(c)))
C = c1
2.

- -

A, B

C,

x, y

z.

1. - ,

A, B

C.

2.

.
3.
4.

B , .

C , .

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, z, not(y)), or(x, not(y), not(z)), or(y, z, not(x)),

or(y, not(x), not(z)), or(z, not(x), not(y)), or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, y, not(z)), and(y, z, not(x)),
and(z, not(x), not(y)), and(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
C = xyz xz yz y 1
32

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, y, not(z)), or(x, z, not(y)),

or(y, not(x), not(z)), or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = (and(x, z, not(y)))or(and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = xyz xy xz x y 1
3

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(y, z, not(x)), or(y, not(x), not(z)),

or(z, not(x), not(y)), or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = or(and(x, not(y), not(z)), and(y, z, not(x)), and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = xy xz yz
4

A = and(or(x, z, not(y)), or(y, z, not(x)), or(y, not(x), not(z)),

or(z, not(x), not(y)))
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, y, not(z)), and(x, z, not(y)),
and(x, not(y), not(z)), and(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
C = xyz xz
5

A = and(or(x, not(y), not(z)), or(y, not(x), not(z)),

or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = or(and(x, y, not(z)), and(y, not(x), not(z)),
and(z, not(x), not(y)), and(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
C = xyz xz yz y
6

A = (or(x, y, z))and(or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))

B = or(and(x, y, not(z)), and(x, not(y), not(z)), and(y, z, not(x)))
C = xyz xz yz y 1
7

A = and(or(x, y, not(z)), or(y, z, not(x)), or(y, not(x), not(z)),

or(z, not(x), not(y)))
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, y, not(z)), and(x, z, not(y)),
and(y, z, not(x)), and(z, not(x), not(y)),
and(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
C = xy x z 1
8

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, not(y), not(z)), or(y, z, not(x)),

or(y, not(x), not(z)), or(z, not(x), not(y)),
or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = or(and(x, y, not(z)), and(x, not(y), not(z)),
and(y, z, not(x)), and(y, not(x), not(z)), and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = xyz x yz y
33

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, y, not(z)), or(x, not(y), not(z)),

or(y, z, not(x)), or(y, not(x), not(z)), or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, y, not(z)), and(x, z, not(y)),
and(x, not(y), not(z)), and(y, not(x), not(z)),
and(z, not(x), not(y)), and(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
C = xyz xz x yz y z 1
10

A = (or(x, z, not(y)))and(or(y, z, not(x)))

B = or(and(x, not(y), not(z)), and(y, z, not(x)),
and(y, not(x), not(z)), and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = xyz xy xz yz y 1
11

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, y, not(z)), or(x, not(y), not(z)),

or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = (and(x, y, z))or(and(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
C = xyz x
12

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, y, not(z)), or(x, z, not(y)),

or(y, z, not(x)), or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, y, not(z)), and(y, z, not(x)),
and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = xy
13

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, y, not(z)), or(x, z, not(y)),

or(y, z, not(x)), or(y, not(x), not(z)))
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, y, not(z)), and(x, z, not(y)),
and(y, z, not(x)), and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = xy xz yz y 1
14

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, y, not(z)), or(z, not(x), not(y)))

B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, not(y), not(z)), and(y, z, not(x)),
and(y, not(x), not(z)))
C = xyz xy x yz z
15

A = and(or(x, z, not(y)), or(x, not(y), not(z)), or(y, z, not(x)),

or(y, not(x), not(z)), or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = or(and(x, y, not(z)), and(x, z, not(y)), and(y, z, not(x)),
and(y, not(x), not(z)), and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = xy xz x y z
34

 16

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, y, not(z)), or(x, z, not(y)),

or(y, z, not(x)), or(y, not(x), not(z)), or(z, not(x), not(y)))
B = or(and(x, y, not(z)), and(x, not(y), not(z)),
and(y, z, not(x)), and(y, not(x), not(z)), and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = xz x yz
17

A = and(or(x, z, not(y)), or(y, z, not(x)), or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))

B = or(and(x, y, not(z)), and(x, z, not(y)), and(x, not(y), not(z)))
C = xz yz 1
18

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, z, not(y)), or(y, not(x), not(z)),

or(z, not(x), not(y)), or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, y, not(z)), and(y, not(x), not(z)),
and(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
C = xyz xz z 1
19

A = and(or(x, z, not(y)), or(x, not(y), not(z)), or(y, z, not(x)),

or(y, not(x), not(z)), or(z, not(x), not(y)), or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, y, not(z)), and(x, not(y), not(z)),
and(y, z, not(x)), and(y, not(x), not(z)), and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = x yz y z
20

A = and(or(x, y, not(z)), or(y, z, not(x)), or(y, not(x), not(z)),

or(z, not(x), not(y)))
B = or(and(x, z, not(y)), and(x, not(y), not(z)), and(y, z, not(x)),
and(y, not(x), not(z)), and(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
C = xy xz x yz z
21

A = and(or(x, not(y), not(z)), or(x, z, not(y)), or(y, not(x), z),

or(z, x, not(y)), or(not(x), y, not(z)))
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, z, not(y)), and(x, not(y), not(z)),
and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = xz
22

A = and(or(x, y, z), or(x, y, not(z)), or(x, not(y), not(z)),

or(y, z, not(x)), or(z, not(x), not(y)), or(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
B = (and(y, z, not(x)))or(and(y, not(x), not(z)))
C = xyz xy xz x yz y z 1
35

 23

A = or(x, z, not(y))
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, y, not(z)), and(y, not(x), not(z)),
and(z, not(x), not(y)))
C = xy yz y 1
24

A = true
B = or(and(x, y, z), and(x, y, not(z)), and(y, z, not(x)),
and(z, not(x), not(y)), and(not(x), not(y), not(z)))
C = xyz xz x yz y
3.

:


u,

T (u);

 , .
, , , , .
( ) .
1

T (u).
q1
q2
| q2 + 1 | q2 1
| q0 0 q1 + 1

u1 =||||
u2 =| |

A = {|, }

A = {|, }

T (u).
q1
q2
q3
| | q3 + 1 | q2 0 | q1 + 1
| q2 + 1 | q3 + 1 | q0 0

u1 =|||
u2 =| |
u3 =|| |

3
,

u,

q1 4
q2
| q1 + 1 q2 1
q2 1 | q0 + 1
36

u1 =|||
u2 =|| |

{|, }

 4
,

u,

{|, }

q1
q2
q3
| q1 + 1 | q1 1 | q2 + 1
q2 + 1 q3 + 1 q0 0

u1 =|| |
u2 =| ||||

5
,
? .

q1
q2
| | q2 + 1 | q2 + 1
| q0 0
| q0 0
6
, .
7
,

m.
8
,

N N.

x + y,

x + 2y ,

9
,

N N.

10
,

N N.

x y ,

11
,

N N.

x2 + 3y ,

12
,

N.

3x,

13
,

N.

x2 ,

14

,
{

f (x) =

x+1
2x

x = 2n,
x = 2n + 1,

15

37

N.

{0, 1} T , T (1n ) =
def
n N, an = aa
. . . a}.
| {z

= 1n 01n ,

16

T (0n 1n ) = (01)n ,

{0, 1} T ,
n N, a = aa
. . . a}.
| {z

n def

17

{0, 1} T , T (1n ) =
def
n N, an = aa
. . . a}.
| {z

= 1n 012n 013n ,

18

{0, 1} T ,
def
n, m N, an = aa
. . . a}.
| {z

T (1n 01m ) = 1m 01n ,

19
, 
.

l>1

20
, ,

, , ,

l + 1 , ,

l > 1

21
,

22

,

l>1

l+1

( ).

23
, , ,  , (
).
24
,

q0 , , q0 ,

38

 4.

 -

.
,

A, B

. .
:

A
= 25 + n;
2. B
= 20 (n + 2);
3. C & m;
4. A , B , C
A, B , C ;
1.

5.

B C;
) A C ;
) A B C ;
) B C ;

)
)
)
)

A B C;
A B C;
A B \ C;
C \ B.

1) . . , . .
. 1. .

 .: , 1999.

128 .
2) . . , . .
. 2. .  .: , 2000. 288 .
3) . . , . .
. 3. .  .: , 1999. 176 .
4) . . , : , , . 4- .  .: , 2001. 280 .
5) . . . .  .: , 1979.
168 .
6) . . . .

 .: ,

1980. 128 .
7) . . .

.: , 2003. 236 .

39


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

40