1.

1. a : N R , , .
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . . , an
.
1. , , .
1) , : an = 2n (
), an = 2n 1 ( ) ..
2) (
). ,
: a1 = a, an+1 = an + d.
: b1 = b, bn+1 = qbn . : a1 = 1, a2 = 1, an+2 = an + an+1 .
( ) , .
3) , ,
. .
2. a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . . .
1) A (A = lim an )1, > 0
n

N = N (), n > N |an A| < .

2) , ( lim an = ),
n

M N = N (M ), n >
N |an | > M .
3) ( lim an = +),
n

M N = N (M ), n > N
an > M .
4) ( lim an = ),
n

M N = N (M ), n > N
an < M .
.
lim an = 0, .
n

, (. 4, 5
6).
2

1
2. an = 2n
2.
n2 +1
. > 0.
1 , ( ) A.
1

N = N (), n
 2

 2n 1

 < ,


1
(1)

 n2 + 1

3
< 2 < .
(2)
n
n ( , ) , (2) , ,
r
3
n>
.

,
"r #
3
+ 1,
N () =

n > N () (1) .
.
3. r R ,
:
[r] = max{l Z | l 6 r}.
3.
an = n2 ,

bn = n2 ,

cn = (1)n n2 .

lim an = +,

lim bn = ,

lim cn = ,

.. . ,
1
1
(1)n
an = 2 ,
bn = 2 ,
cn =
n
n
n2
.
4.
1, 1, 1, 1, . . . , (1)n , . . .
. , :
a R > 0 N N n > N : |an a| > .

(3)

1. (3) , . .
{an } : N N , .. (n) <
(n + 1). bn = a(n) {an }.
, an = (1)n n2 (n) = 2n,
bn = a2n = (1)2n (2n2 ) = 4n2
{an }.
1. {an } lim an = a. n
bn , lim bn = a.
n

, 4 . ,

bn = a2n1 = 1,

cn = a2n = 1.

lim bn = 1, lim bn = 1, {an } .

n

2.
4. D R . f : D R x. D
f ,
V = { y R | y = f (x) }
. y = f (x)
{ (x, y) | y = f (x) } R2 .
y = f (x) z = (y) f . z = (f (x))
f , .
x = (y) f , (f (x)) = x f ((y)) = y
x y.

3.
5. y = f (x) (), x < x
,
f (x) 6 f (x )
(f (x) > f (x )).
(4)
. (4)
, ( ), .
6. y = f (x) ,
x x. , f (x) = f (x),
, f (x) = f (x).
, , 0, ,
1
1
f (x) = (f (x) + f (x)) + (f (x) f (x)).
2
2
:
1) ( , ) y = a0 +
a1 x + + an xn .
n
1 x++an x
2) y = ab00+a
+b1 x++bn xn .
3) y = x .
4) y = ax , a > 0.
5) y = loga x, a > 0, a 6= 1.
6) y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tg x, y = ctg x, y = sec x y = csc x.
7) y = arcsin x, y = arccos x, y = arctg x y =
arcctg x.
, .

5 ( ).
ex + ex
ex ex
,
ch x =
2
2
, . , , .
sh x =

4.
7. a R y = f (x) (b, c)
a, , , a. A :
1) f x, a, > 0
> 0, x (b, c), 0 < |x a| < ,
|f (x) A| < ( A =
lim f (x));
xa

2) f x, a , > 0
> 0, x (a, c), 0 < x a < ,
|f (x) A| < ( A =
lim f (x))2;
xa+

3) f x, a , > 0
> 0, x (b, a), 0 < a x < ,
|f (x) A| < ( A =
lim f (x))3.
xa

8. c R y = f (x) (b, +). A f x,

, > 0 X > 0, |f (x) A| < x > X ( A = lim f (x)).
x+

x, (
A = lim f (x)).
x

2. ,
. , a R 4
U (a) = {x R | |x a| < },

U () = {x R | |x a| > }.
lim f (x) = b, a b
xa
, , .
9. b y = f (x) x
a, U (a) U (b),
f (x) U (b) x U (a).
, x
a+ ..
2 , (a, c).
3 , (b, a).
4 .

10. lim f (x) = 0 ( lim f (x) = 0

xa

x+

lim f (x) = 0), f (x)

a (, ).
1 ( ). .
2 ( ). .

5.
11. y = f (x) a, (b, c) a, , , a,
M > 0,
(5)

|f (x)| > M

x, 0 < |x a| < . lim f (x) = .

xa

(5) f (x) > M , lim f (x) = +,

xa

f (x) < M , lim f (x) = .

xa

, , a.
2 ( ). y =
f (x) a ( , ),
1
f (x)
, .
3 ( ). :
1) lim f (x) = lim g(x) = A < , lim (f (x) + g(x)) = ;
xa

xa

xa

2) lim f (x) = + lim g(x) = +, lim (f (x) + g(x)) = +;

xa

xa

xa

3) lim f (x) = lim g(x) = A 6= 0, lim (f (x) g(x)) = ;

xa

xa

xa

(x)
4) lim f (x) = A 6= 0, lim g(x) = 0 g(x) 6= 0, lim fg(x)
= ;
xa

xa

xa

(x)
5) lim f (x) = A lim g(x) = , lim fg(x)
= 0.
xa

xa

xa

6.
1 ( ). y = f (x)
a, , > 0
> 0, x x ,
0 < |x a| < ,

0 < |x a| < ,

|f (x) f (x )| < .

.
4. a a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . . , lim an = a,
n

lim f (x) = lim f (an ).

xa

2 ( ). , :

1) f (x) 6 g(x) 6 h(x)

2) lim f (x) = lim h(x) = A.
xa

xa

lim g(x) A.
xa

3 ( ). y = f (x)
(a, b) ( , b = +). ,
, lim f (x). +.
xa+

.
6 ( ).
1

lim (1 + x) x = e.

(6)

lim (1 + x1 )x = e

(7)

x0+

x+

5. lim f (x) = A 6= A > p (A < q), (

xa

a), a x
f (x) > p (f (x) < q).
1. y = f (x) () a, () a
, , , a.
2. y = f (x) a,
a , m M ,
m 6 f (x) 6 M
x, 0 < |x a| < .
6. y = f (x) y = g(x) a.
f (x) 6 g(x)
lim f (x) 6 lim g(x).

xa

xa

.
7. y = f (x) y = g(x) a.

lim (f (x) g(x)) = lim f (x) lim g(x)

(8)

lim (f (x) g(x)) = lim f (x) lim g(x).

(9)

xa

xa

xa

xa

xa

xa

lim g(x) 6= 0,
xa

(x)
lim fg(x)
=

xa

lim f (x)

xa

lim g(x)

xa

(10)

7.
12. :
 
1) 00 a

f (x)
g(x) ,

lim f (x) =

f (x)
g(x) ,

lim f (x) =

xa

lim g(x) = 0;

xa

2)
lim g(x) = ;

xa



xa

3) 0 a f (x)g(x), lim f (x) =

xa

0, lim g(x) = ;
xa

4) a f (x)g(x), lim f (x) =

xa

lim g(x) = +.

xa

(x)
fg(x)
, f (x)g(x) f (x) g(x) .

.
 
7. sinx x 00 0.

lim sinx x = 1.
(11)
x0

.
x

8. xa , a > 1, > 0,
.
x
lim xa = +.
x+



(12)

, , .
 
9. logxa x , a > 1, > 0,

.
lim loga x
x+ x

= 0.

(13)

, ,
.
3. f (x)g(x) , 1 , 00 0 .
f (x)g(x) = eg(x) ln f (x) .

(14)

13. a ( , ) f (x) g(x) , 1.

f (x) a g(x).
(15)
, , f (x) g(x).
10. :
sin x x,
x2
1 cos x
,
2
tg x x,

(16)
(17)
(18)

arcsin x
arctg x
ex 1
ax 1
ln(1 + x)

(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)

x,
x,
x,
x ln a,
x,
x
loga (1 + x)
,
ln a
(1 + x) 1 x.

(24)
(25)

14. , y = f (x) k, k > 0,

f (x) a (x a)k ,
6= 0.
(26)

f (x) = O((x a)k ).
(27)
f (x)
lim (xa)
k = 0,
xa

f (x) = o((x a)k )

, k.

(28)

8.
15. y = f (x), (b, c),
a (b, c),
(29)
lim f (x) = f (a).
xa

(), lim f (x) = f (a) ( lim f (x) = f (a)).

xa+

xa

(29) , , a.
8. y = f (x) a , , .
9. x = x a y = f (x) f (a). y = f (x)
a , lim y = 0.
x0

4 ( ). y = f (x)
(b, c). ,
.
5 ( ). y = f (x) (b, c) a (b, c). , z = (y)
, a = f (a) a , (f (y))
a.
6 ( ). y =
f (x) y = g(x) a ,

f (x)
f (x) g(x), f (x) g(x),
g(x)
( , g(a) 6= 0).
3 ( ). :
1) y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn (, +);
2
n
1 x+a2 x ++an x
2) y = ab00+a
, ;
+b1 x+b2 x2 ++bn xn

3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)

y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

= ax , a > 0, (, +);
= loga x, a > 0, a 6= 1, (0, +);
= x [0, +) > 0 (0, +) < 0;
= sin x y = cos x (, +);
= tg x y = sec x , x = (2k + 1) 2 , k Z;
= ctg x y = csc x , x = k, k Z;
= arcsin x y = arccos x [1, 1];
= arctg x y = arcctg x (, +);

9.
16. y = f (x) a lim f (x) 6= f (a) ( lim f (x)), , a
xa+

xa

. , .

10. ,
17. y = f (x), [a, b],
, a, b
.
7 ( ). y = f (x) [a, b] ,
f (a) f (b) < 0.
a b c, :
f (c) = 0,

a < c < b.

8 ( ). y = f (x) [a, b] :
f (a) = A,

f (b) = B,

A 6= B.

, C, A B, c [a, b],
f (c) = C.
4. , .
4 ( ). ,

f (x) = 0
[a, b], f (x) , [a, b] . , 5, , ,
, . , , f (a) < 0,
f (b) > 0. c = a+b
2 . , x0
c.
ba
|x0 c| 6 1 =
,
2
.. 1 .
5 (a, b) .

10

:
(1) f (c) = 0,

(2) f (c) < 0,

(2) f (c) > 0.

c , .. . , 7, (c, b), (a, c). ,

2 = 21 . , n
, n = ba
2n . ,
,


ba
n = log2
+1

, , , .
9 ( ). y = f (x) () .
x = g(y),
().
10 ( ). y = f (x) [a, b]. , m
M ,
m 6 f (x) 6 M
x [a, b].
11 ( ). , [a, b],
.