. . , . .

September 3, 2003

 51
21.1
45

45

. . . .
.
. .: , 2002. 264 .
ISBN 5-94057-038-0
,

, .
,
.
.
, , 1995
2000 - . . . .

21.1

ISBN 5-94057-038-0

c . ., . ., 2002.

c , 2002.


, , .
,
.

.
,
1995 2000 . . , . . . . . . ,
,
,
.
, - . . . , ,
. , , .
.

.
, .
,
.
, ,

.
, .
. ,

, , . .


-.
.

. ,
.
, 18 (
. . . ), .
. . , . . , . . ,
,
, .
. . TEX- .
, , . : 117630, , . . , . 8 ,
.
. .
alpha@pisem.net
. .
ustinov@mech.math.msu.su


, .

N
Z
Q
[x]

.


70

x ( , x)
{x}
x: {x} = x [x]
n!
: n! = 1 2 . . . n
7
{xn }
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , . . .
b|a
b a
8
a ... b
a b
8
a b mod m a b m
53

a
m
53
(ak . . . a0 )q
q-
6
(a1 , . . . , an )
a1 , . . . , an
29
[a1 , . . . , an ]
a1 , . . . , an
32
[a0 ; a1 , . . . , an ]
42
(n)

60
(n)
n
34
(n)
n
34
Fn

36

i
i = 1
101
C

101
z
z
101
arg z
z
101
|z|
z
101

73

= ( 5 + 1)/2
39

151
kn
A
k- n
16
Akn
k- n
16
Pn
n
17
Ckn
k- n
17
Ckn
k- n
17
Cn

25
En
n: En = 11
. . . 1}
74
| {z
n

1.
. ,
1, , n, n+1,
.
1.1. . , a b
b 6= 0, q r ,
a = bq + r,

0 6 r < |b|.

1.2. . ,
q > 2 n

n = ak qk + ak1 qk1 + . . . + a1 q + a0 ,
0 6 a0 , . . . , ak < q. (. 3.125, 11.68.)
. ak , ak1 , . . . , a1 , a0 n q- , n = (ak ak1 . . . a1 a0 )q .
(ak ak1 . . . a1 a0 )10 = ak ak1 . . . a1 a0.
1.3. {an } = a0 , a1 , . . . , an , . . . , T
an+T = an

(n > 0).

, t, T t .
1.4. . , . (. 12.1.)
1) .

2. ,

2) .
3) 1 ,
.
4) , a, ,
k, , a 6 k < n n,
k > a.
5) ( .) , 1 2, ,
n > 1, 2n n 1,
.
1.5. x , x +
n xn +

1
. ,
x

1
. (. xn

7.46.)
1.6. x1 , . . . , xn . ,
(1 + x21 ) . . . (1 + x2n )
.
(. 7.14.)
1.7. A1 , A2 , . . . , An , . . .

A1 = 1,

A2 = 1,

An = An1 2An2

(n > 3).

, n > 2 2n+2 7A2n .

2. ,
. n! ( n )
1 n:
n! = 1 2 . . . n.
, 0! = 1.
1.8 1.14 .
1.8. 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2n 1) = n2 .
1.9. 12 + 22 + . . . + n2 =

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
.
6

1.
1.10. 12 + 32 + . . . + (2n 1)2 =

n(2n 1)(2n + 1)
.
3

1.11. 13 + 23 + . . . + n3 = (1 + 2 + . . . + n)2 .
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
.
4
n(n + 1)
12
22
n2
1.13.
+
+ ... +
=
.
13
35
(2n 1)(2n + 1)
2(2n + 1)

1.12. 1 2 3 + 2 3 4 + . . . + n(n + 1)(n + 2) =

1.14. 1 1! + 2 2! + . . . + n n! = (n + 1)! 1.
1.15. . , n
n = a1 1! + a2 2! + a3 3! + . . . ,
0 6 a1 6 1, 0 6 a2 6 2, 0 6 a3 6 3, . . .
1.16. a0 , a1 , . . . , an , . . . :
a0 = 2,

a1 = 3,

an+1 = 3an 2an1

(n > 2).

.
. a b . b a, q , a = bq.
a b, q a
b.
b a b | a
a ... b (a b).
, b 6= 0.
b a, b - a.
, 1.17 1.24, n.
1.17. 10n + 18n 1 ... 27.
1.18. 11n+2 + 122n+1 ... 133.
1.19. 25n+3 + 5n 3n+2 ... 17.
1.20. n3 + 5n ... 6.
1.21. 62n+1 + 1 ... 7.
1.22. 32n+2 + 8n 9 ... 16.
1.23. 4n + 15n 1 ... 9.
n
1.24. 23 + 1 ... 3n+1 .

1.25. , n ,
3n , 3n .

2. ,

1.26* . 1 2n n+1 . ,
, .
(. 2.34.)
1.27.
1

x(x 1)
x(x 1) . . . (x n + 1)
x
+
. . . + (1)n
= 0.
1!
2!
n!

1.28 1.36 n.
1
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 + . . . + 2 < 2. (. 7.81.)
2
1
2
3
n

1
1
1
1.29. + + . . . + > n.
n
1
2
(2n)!
4n
1.30.
>
.
n+1
(n!)2

1.28.

1.31.

1
1
1
13
+
+ ... +
>
n+1
n+2
2n
24

(n > 1).

1.32. . (1+x)n > 1+nx x > 1.

1.33. 2n > n.
1.34.

1 3 5 . . . (2n 1)
1
6
.
2 4 6 . . . 2n
2n + 1

1.35. nn+1 > (n + 1)n

(n > 2).

1.36. |x1 + . . . + xn | 6 |x1 | + . . . + |xn |, x1 , . . . , xn

.
1.37* . .

x1 + . . . + xn
> n x1 . . . xn ,
n
x1 , . . . , xn .
1.38. 2m+n2 > mn, m n
.
1.39. n :
) n! > 2n ; ) 2n > n2 .
1.40.
23 1 33 1
n3 1
3
... 3
3
2 +1 3 +1
n +1

(n > 2).

10

1.

3.
1.41. 16 16
. ,
.
1.42. I. 8 ,
. ,
,
.
, . ( )? (.
5.71.)
1.43. II. 1, 2, 3. , 1- 3-. , 1- 3- ?
( 2- .
, .)
1.44. III. , 1.42 :
?
1.45. , n
n, .
1.46. ,
n n, .
1.47. . ) ,
, .
, :
,
. 11 , 11 , .
, ?
) , , n ?
1.48. -
. ,
, . (. 3.72.)

3.

11

1.49* . . )
, ,
.
: ? ,
- .
? ( .)
) ,
, 1000?
1.50. n , ,
?
1.51. n ,
,
. ?
1.52. n , , ?
1.53* . n
? ?
1.54. . , ,
. ( , .)
1.55. n-. ,
n- ( ) . ,
n- (n 2).
1.56. 100 100 4 ,
2 2 . ,
.
1.57. k . k .
( k ) . .
, m?
1.58. . ,

+ = 2,
, , .

12

1.

1.59* . .
, , ,
. ,
.
1.60. . ,

, .
1.61. () 100 ?

1. ?
2.1. ) A, B C. A
B 6 , B C 4 .
c A C?
) D
A D D C.
A C?
. a m ,
b ( a) n ,
a b m + n .
. a m , b ( a) n ,
a b m n .
2.2. C (c, )?
2.3.
(30 ) . ?
2.4. 32 , 29 . :
?
2.5. 6 8 ,
. ?
2.6. - .
,
. -? (. 12.9.)
2.7. , 5?
2.8. ,
?

14

2.

2.9. ,
?
2.10. : ,
, ?
2.11. ,
, , .
, 23 37. ,
. , ?
( 23 37 237.)
2.12. ,
(, 54345,
17071)?
2.13. , ?
2.14. 7
?
2.15. ,
. ?
2.16* . .
. (
).
,
?

2.
( ). nk + 1 n -
k + 1 .
2.17. ,
, ,
.
2.18. 70 , : 20 ,
20 , 20 , .
, ,
10- ?

2.

15

2.19.
. , ,
.
2.20. 2k + 1 , 1
2k + 1. ,
?
2.21. , ?
2.22. ,
. , -
.
2.23. 200 41, 42 43 ,
600 300 300 . ,
100 .
2.24. .
, , .
2.25* . 51 (
0). ,
6 , 2
.
2.26. 1 101 . , 90 , 11
.
2.27. 2000 .
,
?
2.28. 1002 , 2000. , ,
. ,
1002 1001?
2.29* . , ,
. ,
,
-
.

16

2.

2.30. . , . ,

.
?
2.31. (
). ,
, , .
2.32. , 11 ,
.
2.33. 6 ,
. . ,
,
. (. 5.36.)
2.34. 1.26
.

3. ,
. M = {a1 , . . . , an } n . (ai1 , . . . , aik ) k-.
k- ,
.
ai1 , . . . , aik ,
. ai1 , . . . , aik ,
, .
k Ak .
A
n
n
2.35. :
k = nk .
) Akn = n(n 1) . . . (n k + 1); ) A
n
2.36. 17 . 17 ,
?
. n- M = {a1 , . . . , an }.

3. ,

17

n Pn .
2.37. Pn = n!.
2.38. 8 , ?
2.39. .
?
2.40. , 17
?
2.41. 7- , 1, . . . , 7.
2.42. ) 28
?
) ,
?
2.43. ,
?
2.44. , 28 , 4 . ? , ?
. M = {a1 , . . . , an } n . k- (ai1 , . . . , aik ), . k-
, , .
.
Ckn Ckn .
2.45.
.
, ?
2.46. n . ?
2.47. n . . ?

18

2.

2.48. a b A1 ,
A2 , . . . , Am B1 , B2 , . . . , Bn . , Ai Bj (1 6 i 6 m, 1 6 j 6 n),
, ?
2.49* . . 9
. . ,
, , 6 ?
,
n , m
(m 6 n).
2.50. 7 , 9 .
?
2.51.
) Ckn =

n!
;
(n k)! k!

) Ckn = Ckn+k1 =

(n + k 1)!
.
(n 1)! k!

2.52. , Ckn k-
n .
2.53. .
n
(x + y)n = C0n xn + C1n xn1 y + C2n xn2 y2 + . . . + Cn
ny .

Ckn ,
x + y.
2.54.

) ( 2 + 4 3)100 ; ) ( 2 + 3 3)300 ?
2.55* . , a
n
n, n + 1, nn + 1, nn + 1, . . . a.
2.56. :
) 10-; ) k- (k > 3)?
2.57. n- . . .
?

3. ,

19

2.58. . ,
.
: ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ?
,
. .
2.59. .
m n , , n 1 m 1
. ,
( (0; 0))
( (m; n))? (. 2.77.)
2.60. 10 10 10, . O
. ,
, , ,
O .
, ?
2.61. , ; m .
?
2.62. 6 :
) 12; ) 24 ?
2.63. C, n .
C A B ,
) A B ;
) A B?
2.64. . ,
X
(x1 + . . . + xm )n =
C(k1 , . . . , km )xk1 1 . . . xkmm
k1 +...+km =n

C(k1 , . . . , km )
C(k1 , . . . , km ) =

n!
.
k1 ! . . . km !

C(k1 , . . . , km ) .

20

2.

2.65.
10 , . ? (
, 10 .) (. 2.95.)
2.66. 6- , ?
2.67. m n , m > n. ,
? (. 3.129, 11.84.)
2.68. 1 6.
20 ,
?
n
m (n > m) ,
?
2.69. 1 6.
20 (
)?
2.70.
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1000
) ;
(. 11.67.)

) ?

2.71. 17 ,
, , , ,
?
.
,
C00
C01
C02

1
C11

C12

1
C22

C03
C13
C23
C33
... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1
2
1
1
3
3
1
... ... ... ... ... ... ...

(. 2.76,
2.77).

3. ,

21

2.72. 112 = 121 113 = 1331

? 114 ?
2.73.

?
2.74. - .
2.75. n (a + b)n ?
2.76. :
) C05 + 2C15 + 22 C25 + . . . + 25 C55 ;
) C0n C1n + . . . + (1)n Cn
n;
.
) C0n + C1n + . . . + Cn
n
2.77. :
k mk
k
) Cm
r Cm = Cr Crk ;
m+1
m
m+1
;
) Cn+1 = Cn + Cn
n
0 2
2
) C2n = (Cn ) + (C1n )2 + . . . + (Cn
n) ;
k
0 k
1 k1
) Cn+m = Cn Cm + Cn Cm + . . . + Ckn C0m ;
k1
k1
) Ckn = Ck1
n1 + Cn2 + . . . + Ck1 .
:
, Ckn k-
n ; , Ckn
xk (1 + x)n ;
2.59.
2.78. .
k+1
k1
Ck1
Ckn+1 = Ckn1 Ck+1
.
n1 Cn
n+1 Cn

2.79. 120
. ?
2.80. (x + y)n
240, 720, 1080. x,
y n.

22

2.

2.81. . ,
n
n = C1x + C2y + C3z ,
x, y, z , 0 6 x < y < z.
2.82. 10 14 . , .
2.83. m n ,
m
m1
Cm+1
n+1 : Cn+1 : Cn+1 = 5 : 5 : 3.

2.84. (1 + 3)100
?

2.85. ,
1, 2, 3, 4 5, :
) ;
) ;
) ?
2.86. 5
5 10- ,
?
2.87* . n- . ,
.
? ?
2.88. .

1
6

1
5

1
4
1
30

1
3
1
20

1
2
1
12
1
60

1
1
1
6
1
30

1
2
1
12
1
60

1
3
1
20

1
4
1
30

1
5

1
6

, . . .

4.

23

, . ,
.
2.89. :
1
1
1
1
1
1
= + +
+
+
+ ...;
1
2
6
12
20
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
) = +
+
+
+
+ ...;
2
3
12
30
60
105
1
1
1
1
1
1
) = +
+
+
+
+ ...
3
4
20
60
140
280

2.90.
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ ...
12
30
60
105

.
2.91.
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ ...;
12
23
34
45
1
1
1
1
)
+
+
+
+ ...;
123
234
345
456
0!
1!
2!
3!
)
+
+
+
+ . . . (r > 2).
r!
(r 1)!
(r 2)!
(r 3)!

. -
, . (. [8].)
2.92. 10 15 .
4 . ,
?
2.93. . , 5?
2.94. , 0 9. .
,
) ; ) ?
2.95. 4 , 4
. ,
) 2 : 2; ) 3 : 1; ) 4 : 0? (. 2.65.)

4.
2.96. . , , . , ,

24

2.

. , ,
, . ,
, , ?
2.97. . a1 ,
, a2 ,
, . ., ak , k .
? (, k
.)
2.98. n A1 , . . . , An
E j (x) ,

1, x Aj ,
j (x) =
(j = 1, . . . , n).
0, x E \ Aj
, (x) A = A1 . . . An , 1 (x), . . . , n (x)
1 (x) = (1 1 (x)) . . . (1 n (x)).
2.99. .
|A1 A2 . . . An | = |A1 | + . . . + |An | |A1 A2 |
|A1 A3 | . . . |An1 An | + . . . + (1)n1 |A1 A2 . . . An |,
|A| A. (.
4.138.)
2.100. 100 28
, 30, 42, 8, 10, 5,
3 .
?
2.101. ABC 8
.
( A, B, C ),
ABC?
2.102. 1 16 500,
) 5;
) 5 3;
) 5 3, 11?

5.

25

2.103. 1 33 000,
3 5, 11?
2.104. 1 1 000 000,
, ,
?
2.105. . 30 .
, ?
2.106. 15
, ?
2.107. 6 2
3 2 . , -
, 1 2 .
2.108. 5 9 1 . , ,
1/9.
2.109* . 1 5 1/2 .
) , , 3/20.
) , , 1/5.
) , , 1/20.
2.110. , 2.109 ) ) 1/5 1/20
.

5.

{Cn } = {C0 , C1 , C2 , . . . } = {1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, . . . }.
. n + 1 x0 , x1 , . . . , xn ,
n . Cn x0 x1 . . . xn ,
. , n = 2 : x0 (x1 x2 ),
(x0 x1 ) x2 , n = 3 5:
x0 (x1 (x2 x3 )), x0 ((x1 x2 ) x3 ), (x0 x1 ) (x2 x3 ),
(x0 (x1 x2 )) x3 , ((x0 x1 ) x2 ) x3 .

26

2.

2.111. {a1 , a2 , . . . , a2n },

+ 1 1, , a1 + a2 + . . . + a2n = 0,

a1 ,

a1 + a2 ,

...,

a1 + a2 + . . . + a2n

?
2.112. (n + 2) ?
2.113. . 2, 3, 4, . . .
. ,
. (
.) ?
2.114. . 50 , 2n
. ,
50 . ,
. , ,
?
2.115. . {a1 , a2 , . . . , an }
, + 1. ,

{a1 , a2 , . . . , an },

{a2 , . . . , an , a1 },

...,

{an , , a1 . . . , an1 },

. :
Cn = Cn
2n+1

(4n 2)!!!!
1
1
= Cn
=
,
2n
2n + 1
n+1
(n + 1)!

(4n 2)!!!! = 2 6 10 . . . (4n 2) ,

. (. 3.105.)
2.116. . ,
Cn = C0 Cn1 + C1 Cn2 + . . . + Cn1 C0 .
(. 11.92.)

1.
. p ,
p > 1 p , 1 p.
, 1 . ,
, .
3.1. . ,
.
3.2. , 17.
3.3. , 30 .
3.4. n > 2. , n n!
.
3.5. p q, p2 2q2 = 1.
3.6. , n! + 1 n + 1, n + 1
.
3.7. , p = 4k + 3 . (. 4.127.)
3.8. , p = 6k + 5 . (. 4.128.)
3.9.
, n
d 6 n.
3.10. n ?
3.11. 111, 1111, 11111,
111111, 1111111. (. 4.25.)

28

3.

3.12. , 1000
.
3.13. , n n
, .
3.14. ) 5; ) 6 , ?
3.15. ,
?
3.16. , 15 ,
d. , d > 30000.
. , 2
-.
3.17. , 3, 5 7 -.
3.18. , .
3.19. , n > 2 2n 1 2n + 1
.
3.20. n n4 + 4 ?
3.21. , P(n) = n2 + n + 41 n
?
3.22. {pn } (p1 = 2, p2 = 3,
p3 = 5, . . . ). , pn > 2n n > 5. n
pn > 3n?
3.23. pn+1 < p1 p2 . . . pn .
3.24. , p1 p2 . . . pn + 1 ?
3.25. .

:
e1 = 2,

en = e1 e2 . . . en1 + 1 (n > 2).

en ? (. 4.79.)
3.26. . , an + 1 ,
k
.
.
a . 2 n = 2k . ( fk = 22 + 1
.

2.

29

3.27. , fn 2fn 2.
3.28. , fn n > 1
.
3.29. . , an 1 ,
a = 2 n .
q = 2p 1 .
3.30. Pn (x) = an xn +. . .+a1 x+a0 (n > 1, an 6= 0). , x = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Pn (x) ?

2.
. () a1 , . . . , an
a1 , . . . , an ,
. a1 , . . . , an (a1 , . . . , an ).
a1 , . . . , an 1,
.
3.31. , a1 , . . . , an
0, .
3.32. m n,
, .
? ?
3.33. p q . [0; 1] p + q . ,
, p + q 2
1
,
p

2
,
p

...,

p1
,
p

1
,
q

2
,
q

...,

q1
.
q

3.34. 1 .
, ,
.
?
3.35. 1.1 a b. ,
a = bq + r (a, b) = (b, r).
3.36. . m0 m1 , m1 > 0
m1 - m0 . , k > 1

30

3.

a0 , a1 , . . . , ak1 m2 , . . . , mk , m1 > m2 > m3 > . . . > mk > 0,

ak > 1,

m0 = m1 a0 + m2 ,

m1 = m2 a1 + m3 ,

m =m a +m ,
2
3
2
4

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

mk2 = mk1 ak1 + mk ,

mk1 = mk ak ,
(m0 , m1 ) = mk .
3.37. , s k 1 0 us , vs , us ms + ms+1 vs = d, d = (m0 , m1 ). ,
u v :
m0 u + m1 v = d.
(. 6.67.)
3.38. (a, b) = 1 a | bc. , a | c.
3.39. (1
. . 1}, |1 .{z
. . 1}).
| .{z
m

3.40. a b, , a b = 600?
3.41. a1 , a2 , . . . , a49
a1 + a2 + . . . + a49 = 540.

?
3.42. 19
19 ?
3.43. 1 1000 .
, 15- : 1, 15, 31, . . . ,
, . . ?
3.44. , (5a + 3b, 13a + 8b) = (a, b).
3.45. ?
3.46. , a, b c


b+c a+c a+b
,
,
= (a, b, c).
2

2.

31

3.47. 40 18. , ,
. ?
,
?
3.48. x y 3x + 2y 23.
, 17x + 19y 23.
3.49. , n:
)

2n + 13
;
n+7

2n2 1
;
n+1

n2 n + 1
.
n2 + 1

3.50. n
)

n2 + 2n + 4
;
n2 + n + 3

n3 n2 3n
?
n2 n + 3

3.51. n
)

n4 + 1
;
n +n+1
2

n3 + n + 1
n2 n + 1

?
3.52. n > 1 n3 3
n 1.
3.53.

3m n
,
5n + 2m

, m n .
3.54. , m 6= n :
) (am 1, an 1) = a(m,n) 1 (a > 1); ) (fn , fm ) = 1,
k
fk = 22 + 1 . (. 3.39, 3.122, 6.69.)
n

3.55. , 22 1 n .
3.56. ,
n
pn+1 6 22 + 1.
3.57. , (a, mn) = 1 (a, m) = 1 (a, n) = 1.
3.58. , (a, b) = 1, (2a + b, a(a + b)) = 1.
3.59. , (a, b) = 1,
a + b a2 + b2 1 2.
3.60. a b . , a, 2a, 3a, . . . , ba (a, b) b.

32

3.

3.61. (a, b) = 1 (x0 , y0 )

ax + by = 1. ,
x = x0 + kb, y = y0 ka,
k .
3.62. ax+by = c
a, b, c?
3.63. ( ):
) 45x 37y = 25;
) 109x + 89y = 1;
) 19x + 95y = 1995;
) 43x + 13y = 21;
) 10x + 2y + 18z = 7; ) 34x 21y = 1.
3.64. ,
.
3.65. , ,
120 ?
3.66. a b,
a+b
3
= .
13
a2 ab + b2

3.67. , (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ) = 1,
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn = 1
.
. a1 , . . . , an 0 . ()
, . a1 , . . .
. . . , an [a1 , . . . , an ].
3.68.
) [1, 2, . . . , 2n] = [n, n + 1, . . . , 2n];
) (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ) = (a1 , (a2 , . . . , an ));
) [a1 , a2 , . . . , an ] = [a1 , [a2 , . . . , an ]].
3.69. n .
, , .
) , .
) . :
(4, 6, 9) (2, 12, 9) (2, 3, 36) (1, 6, 36),
(4, 6, 9) (4, 3, 18) (1, 12, 18) (1, 6, 36).

3.

33

3.70. c,
) 7x + 9y = c 6
;
) 14x + 11y = c 5
.
3.71. c,
19x + 14y = c 6 ?
3.72. a b . (x, y),
0 6 x 6 b 1. N(x, y) =
= ax + by.
) , c
(x, y) (0 6 x 6 b 1), c = N(x, y).
) . , c, ax + by = c
, c = ab a b.
3.73* . a b . , ,
ax + by = c n
, c
(n 1)ab + a + b 6 c 6 (n + 1)ab a b.
(. 1.48.)
3.74* . 81x +
+ 100y, x, y ,
. , . ,
.

3.
. ,
1, (
) .
3.75. 3.38.
3.76. ,
.
3.77. 100! ?

34

3.

3.78. n, 1999!
34n .
3.79. , n+1 2n 2n ,
2n+1 .
1
s
s
1
3.80. a = p
1 . . . ps , b = p1 . . . ps , p1 , . . . , ps
, 1 , . . . , s , 1 , . . . , s > 0. :
1 ,1 )
s ,s )
;
) (a, b) = pmin(
. . . pmin(
1
s
max(1 ,1 )
max(s ,s )
) [a, b] = p1
. . . ps
;
) (a, b)[a, b] = ab.

3.81. :
) [a, (a, b)] = a; ) abc = [a, b, c](ab, ac, bc);
) (a, [a, b]) = a; ) abc = (a, b, c)[ab, bc, ac].
3.82. , (bc, ac, ab) ... (a, b, c)2 .
3.83. , (a, b, c)[a, b, c] = abc
. (a, b, c)
[a, b, c] abc?
3.84.
) 2 3 5 7 11; ) 22 33 55 77 1111 ?
3.85. k 1 6
, k .
3.86. (n) s
1
n = p
1 . . . ps , (n) . :
+1

) (n) = (1 + 1) . . . (s + 1); ) (n) =

p1 1 1
ps +1 1
... s
.
p1 1
ps 1

3.87. n, ,
(n) = 6, (n) = 28.
3.88. n .
) 15; ) 81 .
?
3.89. n = 2x 3y 5z , ,
30 , 35
42 , .
. f(n), , :
1) f(1) = 1; 2) f(m n) = f(m) f(n) (m, n) = 1.

3.

35

f(1) = 1 f(m n) = f(m) f(n)

m n, f(n)
.
3.90. (n) (n).

3.91. (n) 6 2 n.
3.92. . ,
.
3.93. (m, n) > 1. (m n) (m) (n)? (n). (. 4.144.)
. n , (n) = 2n.
, 6 28 :
1 + 2 + 3 + 6 = 2 6,

1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 + 28 = 2 28.

3.94. . , 2k 1 = p
, n = 2k1 (2k 1)
.
3.95* . . , n , n = 2k1 (2k 1), p = 2k 1
.
.
. m n ,
m n , ,
n m. , m
n ,
(m) m = n,

(n) n = m,

(m) = m + n = (n).
3.96. . ,
p = 3 2k1 1, q = 3 2k 1 r = 9 22k1 1 ,
m = 2k p q n = 2k r . .
3.97. ,
) (n) > 3n; )* (n) > 100n?
3.98. . n = 2 p1 p2 ,
p1 p2 , , (n) = 3n.

36

3.

3.99. , d . ,
h i ,

d,
.
d

3.100. ,
h i
h [] i

d
=
.
d

3.101. . n!
s
1
n! = p
1 . . . ps .
h i h i h i
n
n
n
k =
+ 2 + 3 + ...
pk

pk

pk

3.102. ,
h i p n! ,
n
.

p1

3.103. n
:
n = 2e1 + 2e2 + . . . + 2er

(e1 > e2 > . . . > er > 0).

, n! 2nr , 2nr+1 .
3.104. .
p n p-
:
n = ak pk + ak1 pk1 + . . . + a1 p1 + a0 .
, p , p
n!, n, p ak .
3.105. 3.101 ,
1

Cn
2n (n > 0) . (. 2.115.)
n+1

(2m)! (2n)!
(m, n > 0) .
m! n! (m + n)!
n!
3.107. r, nr
2

3.106. ,

n > 1?

4. ,
.
{F0 , F1 , F2 , . . . } = {0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, . . . }
F0 = 0, F1 = 1, Fn+2 = Fn+1 + Fn (n > 0).

4. ,

37

(1202 .) ().
3.108. . .
, ,
,
?
3.109. , . , , .
.
, . n-
? (. 3.114.)
3.110. 6 ,
:

,
, , 12 .
?
3.111.
F1 , F2 , . . . , Fn , . . . ?
3.112. .
Fn+1 Fn1 F2n = (1)n

(n > 0).

n? (.
12.13.)
3.113. :
) F1 + F2 + . . . + Fn = Fn+2 1; ) F2 + F4 + . . . + F2n = F2n+1 1;
) F1 + F3 + . . . + F2n1 = F2n ;
) F21 + F22 + . . . + F2n = Fn Fn+1 .
3.114. , n > 1 m > 0
Fn+m = Fn1 Fm + Fn Fm+1 .
:
3.109. ,
.

38

3.
3.115.
) F2n+1 = F2n + F2n+1 ;
) Fn+1 Fn+2 Fn Fn+3 = (1)n+1 ;
) F3n = F3n + F3n+1 F3n1 .
3.116. F4n+2 Fn Fn+1 Fn+3 Fn+4 .
3.117.
1
2
Fn
+
+ ... +
.
12
13
Fn1 Fn+1

3.118. .
:
) 2 | Fn 3 | n; ) 4 | Fn 6 | n;
) 3 | Fn 4 | n; ) Fm | Fn m | n.
3.119. , m
Fn (n > 1), m.
3.120. , m Fk .
, m | Fn , k | n.
3.121. , Fn1 Fn
(n > 1) .
3.122* . . (Fn , Fm ) = F(m,n) .
(. 3.141.)
3.123. 8 ,
. , .
3.124. n, 0 1, 1 . ,
Fn+2 .
3.109.
3.125. . , n, Fm ,

n=

m
X

b k Fk ,

k=2

b2 , . . . , bm 0 1,
, bk bk+1 = 0 (2 6 k 6 m 1).

4. ,

39

:
n = (bk . . . b2 )F .
(. 12.14, 4.193 0 .)
3.126. . :
Fn =

bn
n

,
5

1+ 5
1 5
b =
=
,
2
2

( ) . (. 11.43, 11.75.)
3.127. :
X

[(n1)/2]

2n1 Fn =

k
Cn
2k+1 5 .

k=0

(. 4.129.)
3.128. , Fn
n
5

,

Fn =

n
1
+
.
2
5

3.129. .
:
C0n + C1n1 + C2n2 + . . . = Fn+1 .
, , , ,
(. , II 2.67, 3.124, 11.44 11.45.)
3.130. :
Sn = C0n C1n1 + C2n2 . . .
(. 11.44, 11.45.)
3.131. 1 2,
n? ,
n = 4, :
11111,

112,

121,

211,

3.132.
x n+1 + y n = 1.

22.

40

3.
.

{L0 , L1 , L2 , . . . } = {2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123, 199, 322, 521, . . . }
L0 = 2, L1 = 1, Ln+2 = Ln+1 + Ln (n > 0).
3.133. ,
:
) Ln = Fn1 + Fn+1 ;
) 5 Fn = Ln1 + Ln+1 ;
) F2n = Ln Fn ;
) L2n+1 + L2n = 5F2n+1 ;
) Fn+2 + Fn2 = 3Fn .
(. 9.79, 11.41.)
3.134. 1 2. ,
n (n > 3)? ,
.
b (.
3.135. Ln .
11.77.)
3.136.
r
r

7+3 5
5
4 7 3

= 1;
2
2
r
r

5
5
5 11 + 5
9 76 34
)
+
= 1.
2
2

,
.
3.137* . :
) x2 xy y2 = 1;
) x2 xy y2 = 1.
3.138. ) ,
m > 2 4 5 m- .
) , F5t+2 (t > 0)
t + 1 .
3.139. 3.36 k
. , m0 m1
m1 > Fk+1 , m0 > Fk+2 .
3.140. . m1 t . , m0

5.

41

k m0 m1
k 6 5t.
3.141. .
1
1
1
1

1
1

15

8
13

1
1

1
1

40

15
60

104

1
5

40

260

260

1
8

104

1
13

Fnk ,
Fnk =

Fn Fn1 . . . Fnk+1
Fk Fk1 . . . F1

(0 6 k 6 n).

) , k
.
Fnk = Fnk
k1
) , Fnk Fn1
k
Fn1 ( ) 2.77).
) ,
.
3.142* . .
A1 , A2 , . . . , ,
(Am , An ) = A(m,n)

(m, n > 1).

,
Akn =

An An1 . . . Ank+1
Ak Ak1 . . . A1

. (. 8.89.)

5.
. a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an
an > 1. n- ()
1

a0 +
a1 +

(3.1)

1
a2 + . . .

1
an

42

3.

( [a0 ; a1 , a2 , . . . , an ]).
a1 , a2 , . . . , an (3.1).
3.143.
3.144.

129
147

.
13
111

Pn
= [1; 1, . . . , 1 ]. Pn Qn ?
| {z }
Qn
n

3.145.
?
3.146. .
(. 2) . m0 m1 (m1 6 m0 ) a0 m1 m1 ,
m1 m2 (m2 6 m1 ) a1
m2 m2 , . . ,
. (. 3.157.)
m1 /m2 .
3.147. n , n .
3.148. . a/b
, a/b.

a b 3.146?
3.149. a0 , a1 , . . . , an .
P1 = 1,
Q1 = 0,

P 0 = a0 ,
Q0 = 1,

Pk = ak Pk1 + Pk2
Qk = ak Qk1 + Qk2

(1 6 k 6 n);
(1 6 k 6 n).

, k = 0, 1, . . . , n
:
)

Pk
= [a0 ; a1 , a2 , . . . , ak ];
Qk

) Pk Qk1 Pk1 Qk = (1)k+1 ;

) (Pk , Qk ) = 1.
.
Pk
= [a0 ; a1 , a2 , . . . , ak ]
Qk

(k = 0, 1, . . . , n)

5.

43

(3.1).
3.150. :
) Pk Qk2 Pk2 Qk = (1)k ak
(1)k+1
P
P
) k k1 =
Qk
Qk1
Qk Qk1

(k > 2);

(k > 1);

) Q1 < Q2 < . . . < Qn ;

P0
P
P
P
P
P
P
< 2 < 4 < ... 6 n 6 ... < 5 < 3 < 1 ;
Q0
Q2
Q4
Qn
Q5
Q3
Q1
P
P
) 2k < 2l+1 (k, l > 0).
Q2k
Q2l+1
a
3.151. a b = [a0 ; a1 , a2 , . . .
b

. . . , an ]. , ax by = 1 c x y
(Qn1 , Pn1 ) (Qn1 , Pn1 ).
, ?
3.152. a/b ,
ax by = 1,
a) a = 101, b = 13;
) a = 79, b = 19.
3.153. .
365 , 366. n- , 100,
, n 4. n- ,
n 100, , n
400. , , 1996- 2000- , 1997-
1900- . XIII.
,
.
, .
, , . (.
12.7.)
.
1

[a0 ; a1 , . . . , an , . . . ] = a0 +
a1 +

1
a2 + . . .

1
an + . . .

a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . . .

44

3.

, ,
= lim

Pn
,
Qn

Pn
= [a0 ; a1 , a2 , . . . , an ].
Qn

3.154. ,

= [a0 ; a1 , . . . , an1 , n ],
a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an1 , n > 1 . , .
3.155. ,
[a0 ; a1 , . . . , an , . . . ]
.
,
, , .
, - .
.
3.156. ,
= [a0 ; a1 , . . . , an , . . . ].
,
= a0 +

1
1
1
1

+
. . . + (1)n
+ ...
q0 q1
q 1 q2
q2 q3
qn qn+1

3.157. {ak } {bk } :

a1 = 1, b1 = 2, an+1 = min(an , bn ), bn+1 = |bn an | (n > 1).

) , an 6= 0 an 0 n .
) , cn = a21 + a22 + . . . + a2n
.

5.

45

3.158. . ,
365,2420 . . . = [365; 4, 7, 1, 3, . . . ]
. ,
366 . ?
1000 ? , ,
?
3.159. .
1079 ,
. ,
[365; 4, 7, 1] .
?
.
[a0 ; a1 , . . . , ak , ak+1 , . . . , ak+T , ak+1 , . . . , ak+T , . . . ] =
= [a0 ; a1 , . . . , ak , ak+1 , . . . , ak+T ]
ak+1 , . . . , ak+T . a0 , a1 , . . .
. . . , ak .
[ a0 ; a1 , . . . , aT 1 ]
.
3.160. :
) [ 5; 1, 2, 1, 10 ]; ) [ 5; 1, 4, 1, 10 ]; ) [ 2; 1, 1, 3 ].
3.161. :

1
) 2; ) 3; ) + 7.
2

3.162. A4. n, m,

m
297
2<
<
.
n

210

3.163. .
n, m,

m
220
3<
<
.
n

127

(. [185].)
. , .

46

3.

= b + c d , 0 =
= b c d .
3.164. , .
.
.
, . (. [5], [28].)
3.165. ,

0,0001,

) = 2; ) = 2 + 5; ) = 3 + 7.
3.166. :

(1 + 2)n+1 (1 2)n+1

[ 2; 2, . . . , 2 ] =
.
| {z }
(1 + 2)n (1 2)n
n

3.167* . . ,


p
1

  < 2 ,
q

2q

p
.
q

3.168. . , pn /qn (n > 1)

,





pn 
1
pn1 
1



 < 2 
< 2 .
qn

qn1

2qn

2qn1

:
p/q ,


p
1

  < 2 .
q

2q

3.169* . , p q (q 6= 0),



p
1

 2  > 2.
q

3q

3.170. , k > 1 :
aFk+2 1
= [aFk ; aFk1 , . . . , aF0 ],
aFk+1 1

5.

47

{Fk } .
3.171. , bx2 abx a = 0, a b ,
, 2.
?
3.172. , x = [ a; b ],

1
.
[ a; b ]

3.173. ,
A+

=
B
,

0 =

A D
(1; 0).
B

3.174. , x = [a; b, c ],
a [ c, b ].

1.
4.1. m n . , mn(m + n)
.
4.2. . , - , . , , .
4.3.
. ,
, .
4.4. 10 15 .
, ,
.
24 ?
4.5.
(a8 h1). ?
4.6. 5 5 (. ). ,
? (
.)
4.7. ( ), 64 ?
.
4.8. . 6
.
.
, ?
4.9. 27 . , 27 .

1.

49

. ,
.
- .
26
? , , .
4.10. A, B C.
, .
25 . ?
4.11. . 5 . ?
4.12. 1 ,
a b ab 1 ?
4.13. 2n- A1 , . . . , A2n .
P, . ,
P
A1 , . . . , A2n .
4.14. 1, 2, . . . , 10. + ,
?
4.15* . 17- ,
, . ,
.
4.16. ,
15 . ,
.
4.17. 101 , 50 ,
1 .
,
, .
?
4.18. 7 . 7 .
4 .
, ?
4.19. 4 4 +
,
+
+
+
+

+
+
+

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

50

4.

, , ,
- ( , ). , ,
, .
4.20. .
A, B C.
.
. ,
A 20 , B 21 , C 22 ?
(. 5.78.)
4.21. . 32
( . 1). , ,
. , 1 . ,
5 ,
2. (. 5.79.)



. 1.

. 2.

: .
A B , C . A, B C, B .
4.22. , . ,
, n2 .
n n.
2. n.
(
). ,
0111, 2 2
3 3:
0
1

1
1

0
1
1

1
1
0

1
0
1

2.

51

, (n+1)(n+1)
, .
,
?

2.
4.23. p > 3 . , p2 1 ... 24.
4.24. , ,
3n , 37.
4.25. , 11 . . . 1 (1986 )
) 8; ) 32 .
4.26. ,
2001
2001
) 23
+ 1; ) 23
1 .
4.27. :
) 241 1 ... 83; ) 270 + 370 ... 13; ) 215 1 ... 20801.
4.28. , p > 2

1
1
1
m
= + + ... +
n
1
2
p1

p.
4.29. m n , m > n, m
n n , m + n
m n. m : n.
4.30. a, b, c , a + b + c ... 6. ,
a3 + b3 + c3 ... 6.
4.31. , 1110 1 ... 100.
4.32. ,
, 15?
4.33. :
) 3x2 + 5y2 = 345; ) 1 + x + x2 + x3 = 2y .
4.34. , 11999 + 21999 + . . . + 161999 17.
4.35. , . ,
13.

52

4.

4.36. , 1 2001 ,
.
7
77
77
4.37. , 77
77 ... 10.
4.38. x , x2 001 (
). x (
).
4.39. .
1, 2, 3 4.
,
. ,
) 2004?
) 2005?
4.40. .
2 3, , 6.
, 5,
, 6.
4.41. , , 37,
,
37.
4.42. , p 1 6 k 6 p 1,
Ckp ... p.
4.43. , 4.42:
Ckn ... n 1 6 k 6 n 1, n .
4.44. , p 1 6 k 6 p 2,
..
Ckpk+1 Ck2
pk1 . p. ?
4.45. , p , a
b
(a + b)p ap bp ... p.
4.46* . : 51 ,
49 , 5 .
,
. 105 ?

2.
4.47. , n , n, , n.

3.

53

4.48. , , .
4.49. 99 1, 2, . . . , 99.
. 1, 2, . . . , 99.
, , 99 . , .

3.
. m > 1. a b m, m.
a b (mod m).
4.50. :
) a b (mod 0); ) a b (mod 1)?
4.51. . , a b (mod m)
c d (mod m),
) a + c b + d (mod m); ) ac bd (mod m).
. m

.
a m. a
mt + a,
4.52. , a
t .

b
4.53. , a
, a b (mod m).
.
,
.
4.54. , m x1 , . . . , xm m,
m.
4.55. x1 , x2 , . . . , xm
m. a b yj = axj + b (j = 1, . . . , m)
m?
4.56. ,
, : ,
, , . ,

54

4.

. , m = 6
:
+

0 1 2 3 4 5

0 1 2 3 4 5

0
1
2
3
4
5

0
1
2
3
4
5

0
1
2
3
4
5

0
0
0
0
0
0

1
2
3
4
5
0

2
3
4
5
0
1

3
4
5
0
1
2

4
5
0
1
2
3

5
0
1
2
3
4

0
1
2
3
4
5

0
2
4
0
2
4

0
3
0
3
0
3

0
4
2
0
4
2

0
5
4
3
2
1

m = 7, 8, . . . , 13.
4.57. a b (mod m) ac bc (mod m) ?
4.58. a b (mod m) ac bc (mod mc)?
4.59. 100 . 1 5
. , . . (. 5.81.)
4.60. 8 . ,
8, . . 2002 ?
4.61. - ,
21 , 4 ,
1999 . , 100
? (: , ,
3 , , .)
4.62. 6 , 15, 16, 18, 19, 20 31 . 5 ,
, .
?
4.63. ,
n2 3, 4, 5, . . . , 9.
4.64. ,
ax2 + bx + c = 0
,
.

3.

55

4.65. ,
, 0. ,
, 0?
4.66. , , .
4.67. 22001 3, 5, 7, . . . , 17.
4.68. 7. ,
. ,
7.
4.69. p , p, p + 10, p + 14 .
4.70. , p 8p2 + 1 . p.
4.71. , p p2 +2 . ,
3
p + 2 .
4.72. 6
, .
77

4.73. 77 .
4.74.

n2 + 1
n?
3

4.75. a b . ,
) a2 + b2 ... 3, a2 + b2 ... 9; ) a2 + b2 ... 21, a2 + b2 ... 441.
4.76. a, b, c d , a4 + b4 + c4 + d4 ... 5.
, abcd ... 625.
4.77. a, b c , a3 + b3 + c3 ... 7. ,
abc ... 343.
4.78. 17 21999 + 1.
4.79.
en ? (. 3.25.)
4.80. . , 3,
5.
4.81. m n (n > 1).
,
) m + 1; ) m 1
.
4.82. n an = 5n2 + 10n + 8 3?
4?

56

4.
4.83. n n2 6n 2
) 8; ) 9; ) 11; ) 121?
4.84. n n2 n 4
) 17; ) 289?

4.85. x, x 3 (mod 7), x2

44 (mod 72 ), x3 111 (mod 73 ).
4.86. , 22225555 + 55552222 ... 7.
4.87. :
) 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 12 1 + 2 + 22 + . . . + 211 (mod 13);
) 12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + 122 1 + 4 + 42 + . . . + 411 (mod 13).
?
4.88. , 1k + 2k + . . . + 12k 13
k = 1, 2, . . . , 11.
4.89. , 6n + 11m 31, n + 7m
31.
4.90. , ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e, a, b, c, d, e
, x 7. ,
a, b, c, d, e 7.
4.91. ,
P(x) = an xn + . . . + a1 x + a0
x = 0 x = 1 , P(x) = 0
.
4.92. , pp+2 + (p + 2)p 0 (mod 2p + 2), p > 2
.
4.93. :
) 8x 3 (mod 13);
) 7x 2 (mod 11);
) 17x 1 (mod 37); ) 80x 17 (mod 169).
ax b (mod m), ax + my = b.
4.94. 1xy2 x12y, ,
7.
4.95. ax b (mod m)? .
4.96. a ax 1 (mod p)
a?

3.

57

4.97. . , p
(p 1)! 1 (mod p).
4.98. . ,
n>1
(n 1)! 1 (mod n),
n .
4.98 0 . .
p > 2 .
p- ,
p- ? (, , .)
.
4.99. . , p ,
(p 2)! 1 (mod p).
4.100. . , p p+2
- ,
4((p 1)! + 1) + p 0 (mod p2 + p).
4.101. , a1 , . . . , an 1
a1 a2 + a2 a3 + . . . + an1 an + an a1 = 0.
, n ... 4.
F(x1 , . . . , xn ) x1 , . . . , xn . ,
F(x1 , . . . , xn ) = 0

(4.1)

F(x1 , . . . , xn ) 0 (mod m) (m > 1).

(4.2)

, m (4.2) ,
(4.1) .
4.102. ,
:
) x2 + y2 = 2003;
) 12x + 5 = y2 ;
) x2 + 7y3 + 6 = 0;
) x2 + y2 + z2 = 1999;

) 15x2 7y2 = 9;
) x2 5y + 3 = 0;
) x41 + . . . + x414 = 1999;
) 8x3 13y3 = 17.

58

4.

4.103. ,
.
4.104. . ,
Hn = 1 +

1
1
1
+ + ... +
2
3
n

n > 1 .
4.105.
1! + 2! + . . . + n! = m2 .
4.106.
2x 1 = 5y .
4.107. (m, n) = 1, a b (mod mn)
a b (mod m)
a b (mod n).

4.
4.108. n, 10n 1
) 7; ) 13; ) 91; ) 819.
4.109. ,
) 111
. . . 1} ... 13; ) 111
. . . 1} ... 17.
| {z
| {z
12

16

. p p - a.
ap1 1 (mod p).
4.110. , (1 + 1 + . . . + 1)p .
4.111. p , p 6= 2, 5. ,
111 . . . 11, p.
: ,
, .
4.112. n n2001 n4 11?
4.113. ,
, 0 1.
4.114. p a, p. k
, ak 1 (mod p). ,
p 1 k.

4.

59

4.115. , : p , a
ap a (mod p).
4.116. ,
a12 + b12 + c12 + d12 + e12 + f12 ... 13.
, abcdef ... 136 .
4.117. . p > 2 . p- a ? (,
, .) .
4.118. 103
) 5102 ; ) 3104 .
4.119. , 30239 + 23930 .
4.120. 2571092 + 1092?
4.121. , p , p =
6 2, 5,
1/p p 1.
, p 1.
4.122. p . , 2p 1 2kp + 1.
4.123. n , 17. ,
n8 + 1, n8 1 17.
4.124. , p
. . 2} 3
. . 3} . . . |9 .{z
. . 9} 123 . . . 9 ... p.
1| .{z
. . 1} 2
| .{z
| .{z
p

4.125. p > 2 a,
p, x2 a (mod p). ,
a(p1)/2 1 (mod p).
4.126. , x2 + 1 p,
p = 4k + 1.
4.127. 4.126 , p = 4k + 1. (. 3.7.)

60

4.

4.128. , p p = 4k + 1
x = (2k)! x2 + 1 0 (mod p).
4.129. 3.127 , p Fp Fp+1
p.
4.130. p p > 3. ,
x2 + x + 1 0 (mod p),
p 1 (mod 6).
6n + 1. (. 3.7.)
4.131. p p > 5. ,
x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 0 (mod p),
p 1 (mod 5).
5n + 1.
. (n)
1 n, n.
4.132.
a) (17); ) (p); ) (p2 ); ) (p ).
4.133.
(1) + (p) + (p2 ) + . . . + (p ),
? (. 4.149.)
4.134. (n)
. a b

1,
b + 1,
...
(a 1)b + 1,

2,
b + 2,
...
(a 1)b + 2,

3,
b + 3,
...
(a 1)b + 3,

...,
...,
...,
...,

b
2b
...
ab.

b?
a? ,
.
. m , ,

4.

61

. (, a
m, a m.)
4.135.
m?
4.136. x1 , x2 , . . . , xr
m. a b yj = axj + b (j = 1, . . . , r)
m?
4.137. (m, n) = 1, x y
m n . ,
A = xn+ym
mn. .
s
1
4.138. n = p
1 . . . ps .
(n) = n(1 1/p1 ) . . . (1 1/ps )
) ;
) (. 2.99).
4.139.
) (x) = 2; ) (x) = 8; ) (x) = 12; ) (x) = 14.
4.140. 1 5 ?
4.141.
) (x) = x/2; ) (x) = x/3; ) (x) = x/4.
4.142. n :
a) (n) = n 1; ) (2n) = 2(n); ) (nk ) = nk1 (n)?
4.143.
) (5x ) = 100; ) (7x ) = 294; ) (3x 5y ) = 600.
4.144. , (m, n) > 1. (m n) (m)
(n)? (. 3.93.)
4.145. a = 2(a).
4.146. , n > 2, n .
4.147.
n.
4.148. n
. , n = 12
:
0
1
1 1 1
5
1
7
2 3 5 11
,
, , , ,
, ,
, , , ,
.
1 12 6 4 3 12 2 12 3 4 6 12

62

4.

d, d n?
4.149. .
X
(d) = n,

d|n

, n

d|n

(. 4.133.)
4.150. . n
n .
n ?
4.151. :
) (m) (n) = ((m, n)) ([m, n]);
) (mn) ((m, n)) = (m) (n) (m, n).
.
. m > 1 (a, m) = 1.

a(m) 1 (mod m).

(. 4.197.)
4.152. , 0001?
4.153.
) , m = pn ;
) .
4.154. , 751 1 103.
4.155. p > 2 . ,
7p 5p 2 ... 6p.
4.156. x, ax + b 0 (mod m), (a, m) = 1.
4.157. , a:
a) a5 a ... 30;
) a11 a ... 66;
.
17
.
) a a . 510; ) a73 a ... 2 3 5 7 13 19 37 73.
4.158. , m
n, 2n 1 ... m.
4.159. , n 2n! 1
n.

5.

63

4.160. . ,
561 : (a, 561) = 1,
a560 1 (mod 561).
, , .
4.161. a, a10 + 1
10.
s
4.162. . m = p11 . . . p
s
m . (m)
s
1
(p
1 ), . . . , (ps ):

s
1
(m) = [(p
1 ), . . . , (ps )].

, a , (a, m) = 1,

a(m) 1 (mod m).

5.
4.163. 3, 9 11. N

N = an an1 . . . a1 a0.
:
) N ... 3 an + an1 + . . . + a1 + a0 ... 3;
) N ... 9 an + an1 + . . . + a1 + a0 ... 9;
) N ... 11 an an1 . . . a1 + a0 ... 11.
4.164. , 100 , 100
100 , ?
4.165. 2, 4, 8, 5 25.
2, 4, 8, 5 25.
4.166. xy9z, 132.
4.167. 13xy45z, 792.
4.168. . N, . ,
, . . , ,
N. ,
N 9.

64

4.

4.169. 9 1234 . . . 500? (

1 500.)
4.170. , 192021 . . . 7980 1980.
4.171. , abcd 99 ,
ab + cd 99.
4.172. {xn } : x1 =
= 32001 , .
x5 .
4.173. ,
, 225.
4.174.
?
4.175. a b
. a b?
4.176. , n > 6 ,
1.
4.177. 8n . ,
, ,
, . ,
n = 2001?
4.178. :
2
) 4237 27925 = 118275855; ) 1965
= 3761225;

5
) 42971064 : 8264 = 5201;
) 371293 = 23.
4.179. , : ,
. ab cd = effe.
?
4.180. , 230
, .
4.181. , 2 ,
2?
4.182. 19.
N 19:
1) N;
2)
2;
3) 1) 2) ,
, 19.

5.

65

4) 19, 19 | N, 19 - N.
.
4.183.
10n 1 . ,
21, 7.
21?
4.184. x y xxyy
?
4.185. , 12 .
4.186. , N 5N
, N 9.
4.187. ) 30-; ) 20- ,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5. ,
, . . ,
9, ?
4.188. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, . ,
.
4.189. . N
N = an an1 . . . a1 a0, ri 10i m (i = 0, . . . , n). , N
m , M = an rn + an1 + . . .
. . . + a1 r1 + a0 m.
4.190. 3, 9, 6, 8, 12, 15, 11, 7, 27, 37.
ri , ,
, 10i ri (mod m).
4.191. ,
2 , 2.
, 2 m > 1.
4.192. , :
1) 5 ,
5;
2) 7 , , , 7.

66

4.

4.193. ,
, ,
, 3 9.
4.193 0 . ) 2, ) 3, ) 5, ,
.

6.
. m1 , . . . , mn
, (mi , mj ) = 1 i 6= j, m = m1 . . . mn ,
a1 , . . . , an , A .
x ,

x a1 (mod m1 ),
..............

x an (mod mn )

(4.3)

A 6 x < A + m. (. 6.51.)

. ( ) . .
4.194. n an = n2 + 3n + 1 55?
4.195. :
14
) 1910 66; ) 1914 70; ) 179 48; ) 1414 100.
4.196. m1 , . . . , mn .
,
ab

(mod m1 m2 . . . mn )

ab

a b

.....

ab

(mod m1 ),
(mod m2 ),
........
(mod mn ).

6.

67

4.197. m1 , . . . , mn . , x = (m2 m3 . . . mn )(m1 )

x 1 (mod m1 ),

x 0 (mod m ),
2

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

x 0 (mod mn ).
4.198. ,
x, (4.3).
4.199. .
4.200. x, :


x 3 (mod 5),
x 2 (mod 13),
)
)
x 7 (mod 17);
x 4 (mod 19).
4.201. , 2, 3, 5, 7 1, 2, 4, 6 .
4.202. , .
4, 5 6 ,
, 7 ,
.
?
4.203. 1000! 10250 .
4.204. a ,
a + 1 3, a + 2 5, a + 3 7, a + 4 11, a + 5
13.
4.205. m1 , m2 , . . . , mn
. , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
m1 , m2 , . . . , mn ,
x = x1 m2 . . . mn + m1 x2 m3 . . . mn + . . . + m1 m2 . . . mn1 xn
m1 m2 . . . mn .
.
4.206. .
, x , a1 , . . . , an , (4.3)
m1 , . . . , mn .
.

68

4.

4.207. , m1 , . . . , mn c
. ,

m1 . . . mn

ni /mi (y = 1, . . . , n).
4.208. ,
454 2, 7 9?
4.209. , , , .
4.210. -. ) 625
, :
6252 = 390 625.

x2 x

(mod 10000)?

) , k 4 k
00 . . . 00, 00 . . . 01 , , : ,
.
4.211. .
, (
1 37) . ,
, , ,
.
, 9
3 3, , 2 2.
4.212. . , , ,
, ( ),
, , .
12- , 12
. ,

:
, 0 1 ( );
, 2 3 ( );
, 4 5 ( );

6.

69

, 6 7 ( );
, 8 9 ( ).
60- 5 .
,
5 .

, ,
1.
. , = m/n, m , n
. . Q.
, .
.
= 0,a1 a2 . . . ak b1 b2 . . . bn b1 b2 . . . bn b1 b2 . . . bn . . . ,
b1 b2 . . . bn , ,
. b1 b2 . . . bn ,
a1 a2 . . . ak , n

= 0,a1 a2 . . . ak (b1 b2 . . . bn ).
5.1.
:
)

1
;
7

2
;
7

1
;
14

1
.
17

5.2. a b ,

0,aaaaa . . . = 0,bbbbb . . .
5.3.
1
= 0,0204081632 . . .
49

,
2?
5.4. . :
1
= 0,004115226337448 . . .
243

1.

71

5.5. :
) 0,(12) + 0,(122); ) 0,(3) 0,(4); ) 0,(9) 0,(85).
5.6. , ,
.
1

5.7. n
n
?
5.8.
) = 0,101001000100001000001 . . . ;
) = 0,123456789101112131415 . . .
?
5.9. ,
,
.
5.10. ,


2. , ,
,
.
1

5.11. n,

n
n+1
.

5.12. , [2k 2] (k = 0, 1, . . . )
.
5.13.

:

3
3
) 3 2; ) sin 1 ;
) 17;
) 2 + 3;
) cos 10 ;
) log2 3.
) 2 + 3 + 5; ) tg 10 ;
5.14. . ,
) 8x4 + 4y4 + 2z4 = t4 ; ) x2 + y2 + z2 + u2 = 2xyzu;
) x2 + y2 + z2 = 2xyz; ) 3n = x2 + y2
.
5.15. , x3 + x2 y + y3 = 0 (0; 0).
5.16.
) ?
) ?

72

5. , ,

) ?

5.17. x2 +ax+b = 0 1+ 3.
a b, , .
a, b, c . ,

5.18.
a, b, c .
5.19. :
r
q
2 3+

5.20.
s
r
3

6+

13 +

847
+
27

r
6

48.

847
= 3.
27

5.21. 17 :
1
1
1
+
+ ... +

;
1+ 2
2+ 3
99 + 100
p
p

2 + 3/2
2 3/2
p
p
+
)

;
2+ 2+ 3
2 2 3

|40 2 57| 40 2 + 57.

5.22.
: p
p

3
3
20 392;
) p20 + 392 +
p

3
3
) p 5 2 + 7 5p2 7;

) x + 6 x 9 + x 6 x 9 (9 6 x 6 18).
5.23. .
q

10 + 24 + 40 + 60.
5.24. . :
r
r
q

a + a2 b
a a2 b
a b=

.
2

(. 7.15.)
5.25* . ,
.

2+

3+

5+

7+

11 +

13 +

17

5.26. a b loga b ?

1.

73

5.27. , sin x cos x ,

tg(x/2) .
5.28. . ,
.
5.29.
?
5.30. . , n 6= 4
n- .

5.31. , ( 2; 3)
.
5.32. :
1
1
1
p

;
)
)
)
;
3
3
1+

a
1

)
;
a+ b+ c
1

)
;

3
1 3 a + a2

2+

2+ 3
1
;

)
a + 4 ab + b
1

)
;
4
2+ 44+ 48+2

a+

b+

3
c

5.33. n ( 2 + 1)n ( 2 1)n

?
5.34.
:
s
r
q
p

1024
) 2 + 2 + . . . + 2 + 6 =
2+ 3+
|
{z
}
10
s
r
q

) 2 + 2 + . . . + 2 + 2 = 2 cos n+1 .
2
|
{z
}

2 3;

1024

5.35. e. e e = lim (1 + 1/n)n . ,

n

) e = lim (2 + 1/2! + 1/3! + . . . + 1/n!);

n

) e = 2 + 1/2! + 1/3! + . . . + 1/n! + rn , 0 < rn 6 1/(n!n);

) e .
(. 11.73, 7.51).
5.36* . e . N ,
.
, k .

74

5. , ,

, N > [k! e],

, . (. 2.33.)
5.37* . {xn } {dn }
p
x1 = 1, xn+1 = [ 2xn (xn + 1) ], dn = x2n+1 2x2n1 (n > 1).

,
2
2 = (d1 , d2 d3 . . . )2 . ( 2
.)

2.
, .
. n , n En = 11
. . . 1} .
| {z
n

.
.
5.38. ,
10n 1
= a1 a2 . . . an
m

, 1/m
1/m = 0, (a1 a2 . . . an ).
5.39. , (m, 10) = 1, En ,
m. ?
5.40.
{p/q} {10k p/q}?
5.41. , (m, 10) = 1, 1/m .
. ,
.
5.42. 1/m, .
5.43. (n, 10) = 1, m < n, (m, n) = 1, t
, 10t 1 ... n. , t
m/n. ?

2.

75

5.44. , (m, 10) = 1, 9En /m,

n- ( ) 1/m. ,
(m, 3) = 1 En ,
m, 9En /m .
5.45. , (m, 30) = 1, ,
1/m 9.
5.46* . . 1/7 N =
= 142857. :
(142 + 857 = 999).
, q > 5 p < q p/q
2n- N = N1 N2 , N1 + N2 = 99
. . . 9}.
| {z
n

5.47* . . N = 142857
. : 2 142 857 = 285 714, 3 142 857 = 428 571 . . . ,
1, 2, 3, . . . , 6 ; 14 + 28 + 57 = 99; N2 = 20408122449, 20408 + 122449 = 142857 = N.

. 1/17, 1/19? .
5.48. L(m) 1/m. ,
(m, 10) = 1, L(m) (m).
5.49. (m, n) = 1. , m/n (m).
5.50. , (m1 , 10) = 1 (m2 , 10) = 1, L(m1 m2 ) = [L(m1 ), L(m2 )].
1/m1 + 1/m2 ?
5.51. ,
.
5.52. ,
.
5.53. , , 5, 6 8 .
5.54. m m = 2a 5b m1 , (10, m1 ) = 1.
k = max(a, b). , 1/m
(k+1)- , ,
1/m1 .
5.55* . 1/107, 1/131,
1/151. ( , .)

76

5. , ,

3.
5.56. 1 ,
3 , 9 , 27 81 .
61 , ?
5.57. , 1 .
10 1 ?
5.58. .
-. . n .
?
5.59. 4 .

) ;
) ?
5.60. 4 . , 1 40 ?
5.61. ) .
, . . ,
, 30 . ,
, 15 ?
) ( ) ,
?
5.62. ) , .
, ,
, , .
, , ,
. ?
)
, 2 ?
5.63. :
1.
0
) 100; ) n? (. 6.77.)
5.64. . ,
x n. , , n = 16,

3.

77

15 x16 = x x . . . x,
:
x1 = x x = x2 ,

x2 = x1 x1 = x4 ,

x3 = x2 x2 = x8 ,

x4 = x3 x3 = x16 .

n = 2e1 + 2e2 + . . . + 2er

(e1 > e2 > . . . > er > 0).

, xn
b(n) = e1 + (n) 1
, (n) = r
n. (. 11.88.)
5.65. l(n) ,
xn . n = 15 n = 63 ,
,
n l(n) < b(n).
5.66. 1 31
5
1
9
17
25

3
11
19
27

5
13
21
29

7
15
23
31
8
12
24
28

2
10
18
26
9
13
25
29

10
14
26
30

3
11
19
27
11
15
27
31

6
14
22
30

7
15
23
31
16
20
24
28

4
12
20
28
17
21
25
29

18
22
26
30

5
13
21
29

6
14
22
30

7
15
23
31

19
23
27
31

, . , , ? ,
1 63?
5.67. . ) 27 (
). . , (
, , ,
. .). , .
, .
. , ,
?

78

5. , ,

) ,
3n (n < 9) ?
5.68. : 1, 2 3.
, , .
, ?
5.69. 1 200.
,

) ;
) , ?
5.70* . 1 200,
. (
) . ,
?
5.71. , A
A = a0 + 2a1 + 22 a2 + . . . + 2n an ,
ak = 0, 1 1 ak ak+1 = 0 0 6 k 6 n1,
.
5.72. . 0 1
. (1/3; 2/3)
,
,

. , ,
.
) .
) , 1/4 .
)
2
2
2
2
+ +
+
+ ...
3
9
27
81

. ,
.
) , x [0, 2]
x = + , .
5.73. .
01101001100101101001 . . .

3.

79

. . .
, ,
.
) 2001 ?
) , ,
?
) ,
01, 10.
) , .
) , n ,
n- ? (. 11.88.)
5.74. . , 28 1 .
(.
1.42) . , 0
28 1. .
5.75. . n 1 n.
, . ,
n = 10, : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 3, 7, 1, 9,
5. n J(n)
. ,
) J(2n) = 2J(n) 1;
) J(2n + 1) = 2J(n) + 1;
) n = (1bm1 bm2 . . . b1 b0 )2 , J(n) = (bm1 bm2 . . . b1 b0 1)2 .
5.76. -. , n - m k (m k = n), m k
.
1) m k
m = (ms . . . m1 m0 )2 ,

k = (ks . . . k1 k0 )2

( ).
2) 2:
(ms , . . . , m1 , m0 ) + (ks , . . . , k1 , k0 ) (ns , . . . , n1 , n0 )

(mod 2).

80

5. , ,
3) (ns , . . . , n1 , n0 ) n:
(ns . . . n1 n0 )2 = n.
, 4 9 = 3,

4=(100)2 , 9=(111)2 , (1, 0, 0) + (1, 1, 1)(0, 1, 1)

(mod 2), (011)2 =3.

, - :
) m m = 0; ) m k = k m; ) (m t) k = m (t k);
) n 6= 0
m1 m2 . . . ml = n,

(5.1)

j (1 6 j 6 l), mj n < mj .
5.77. . .
.
() , .
, .
m1 , m2 , . . . , ml
(5.1).
) ,
-, - n 6= 0.
) , -
- n = 0.
) .
) , : 3, 4 5
?
5.78. II. - . ,
4.20.
{A, B, C} f,

f(A) f(B) = f(C),

f(A) f(C) = f(B),

f(B) f(C) = f(A).

, ?
5.79. II. -
4.21.
5.80. . ,
6 8 = 48 . :

3.

81

- ,
, ,
. ,
, .
) .
, ,
?
)
?
)
?
5.81. .
. 1 5 .
, ,
) ; ) . (. 4.59.)
5.82* . . 3 n n
n , :

, : . , : ) ; ) .
n?
5.83. 4 . (
, , ).

.
5.84* . 12 . ,
( , ,
).
,
.

82

5. , ,

5.85* . 13 . , 13 ,
.
, ,
?

1.
. x1 , x2
x2 + px + q = 0.
x1 + x2 = p,

x1 x2 = q.

6.1. x1 , x2 x2 + px + q = 0.
p q
)

1
1
+ ;
x1
x2

1
1
+ 2;
x21
x2

) x31 + x32 ; )

1
1
+
.
(x1 + p)2
(x2 + p)2

6.2. f(x) = x2 + ax + b g(y) = y2 + py + q

x1 , x2 y1 , y2 , a, b, p, q
,
R(f, g) = (x1 y1 )(x1 y2 )(x2 y1 )(x2 y2 ).
f(x)
g(y) .
6.3. x2 + px + q = 0 x1 x2 .
, y1 , y2 :
) x31 , x32 ; )

1 1
,
;
x21 x22

) x1 +

1
1
,x + ;
x2 2
x1

x2 x1
,
.
x1 x2

6.4. x1 , x2 ax2 + bx + c = 0
n
Sn = xn
1 + x2 (n > 0).
aSm + bSm1 + cSm2 = 0 (m > 2).
6.5. a

x2 + 2ax + 2a2 + 4a + 3 = 0
? ?
6.6. p q,
Ax4 + Bx2 + C = A(x2 + px + q)(x2 px + q)?

84

6.
6.7. a

x2

15
x + a3 = 0 ?
4

6.8. f(x) = x2 +px+q. p q

f(p) = f(q) = 0?
6.9. p q x2 + px + q = 0
2p p + q?
6.10. a
) ax2 + (a + 1)x 2 = 0; ) (1 a)x2 + (a + 1)x 2 = 0
?
6.11. , y = 2x2 .
6.12. y = x2 + px + q, . ,
, , .
6.13. , x2 + 5bx + c = 0 x1 x2 ,
x1 6= x2 , y2 +2x1 y+2x2 = 0
z2 + 2x2 z + 2x1 = 0. b.
6.14. , ax2 + bx + c bx2 + cx + a (a 6= 0)
. .
6.15. a x2 + ax + 1 = 0 x2 + x + a = 0
?
6.16. x2 + px + q = 0,
x px q = 0. ,
x2 2px 2q = 0.
2

6.17. (x; y),

y = p2 + (4 2p)x x2 .
6.18. (x; y),

y = p2 + (2p 1)x + 2x2 .
6.19. (x; y),

(x a)2 + (y a)2 6 2 + a2 .

1.

85

6.20. ,
) (x a)(x b) + (x b)(x c) + (x a)(x c) = 0;
) c(x a)(x b) + a(x b)(x c) + b(x a)(x c) = 0
.
. x2 + px + q Opq
(p; q). .
a2 + ap + q = 0 , p2 4q = 0
.
6.21.
, ?
6.22. a Opq
a2 +ap+q = 0. ,

p2 4q = 0. (. 9.20.)
6.23. x2 + px + q = 0 x1 , x2 . Opq M(p; q),
:
) x1 = 0, x2 = 1;
) x1 = x2 ;
) x1 6 0, x2 > 2;
) 1 6 x1 6 0, 1 6 x2 6 2.
6.24. a,
4x2 2x + a = 0 , x1 < 1, x2 > 1.
6.25. q, p x2 +px+q = 0
.
6.26. Opq p2 4q = 0
p + q + 1 = 0, 2p + q + 4 = 0 .
,
x2 + px + q = 0 (2; 1).
6.27. (p; q) p2 4q = 0.
.
6.28. a
(a2 + a + 1)x2 + (2a 3)x + (a 5) = 0
1, 1?
6.29. , x2 + ax + b = 0
2
x + cx + d = 0 1. ,
x2 +

a+c
b+d
x+
=0
2
2

86

6.

1.
6.30. x2 + px + q = 0 p
q 1 1.
,
.
6.31. a
1
(2 a)x2 3ax + 2a = 0 ?
2

6.32. a
(1 + a)x2 3ax + 4a = 0 1?
6.33. a (a 1)x2
2(a + 1)x + 2(a + 1) = 0 ?
6.34. m
x2 (m + 1)x + m 1 = 0 ?
6.35. r,
(r 4)x2 2(r 3)x + r = 0 ,
1.
6.36. x,
(2 a)x3 + (1 2a)x2 6x + 5 + 4a a2 < 0
a [1; 2].

2.

6.37. . P(x) Q(x)
, Q(x) . ,
T (x) R(x) ,
P(x) = Q(x)T (x) + R(x),
deg R(x) < deg Q(x); , T (x) R(x) .
. P(x) Q(x)
P(x) = Q(x)T (x) + R(x),
T (x) , R(x) . R(x) , T (x)
, Q(x) P(x) (Q(x) | P(x)).

2.

87

6.38. . ,
P(x) x c P(c).
6.39. , n n
.
6.40. -
n- , n ?
6.41. x1 , x2 , . . . , xn an xn +. . .+a1 x+a0 = 0.

) a0 xn + . . . + an1 x + an = 0; ) an x2n + . . . + a1 x2 + a0 = 0?
6.42.
P(x) = xn + an1 xn1 + . . . + a1 x + a0
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ,
P(x) = (x x1 )(x x2 ) . . . (x xn ).
Q(x) = P(x) P(x). ,
) Q(x) 2n x;
) Q( x) x21 , x22 , . . . , x2n .
(. 9.83.)
6.43. :
) x4 4x3 + 6x2 3x + 1 x2 x + 1;
) 2x3 + 2x2 + x + 6 x2 + 2x + 1;
) x4 + 1 x5 + 1.
6.44. P(x) = x5 17x + 1
x + 2.
6.45. a P(x) = x1000 +ax2 +9
x + 1?
6.46.
P(x) = x81 + x27 + x9 + x3 + x
a) x 1; ) x2 1.
6.47. , P(x) = (x + 1)6 x6 2x 1
x(x + 1)(2x + 1).
6.48. P(x) 2 x1, 1
x2. P(x)
(x 1)(x 2)?

88

6.

6.49. ,

x3 + y3 + z3 + k xyz
x + y + z.
6.50. n 1 + x2 + x4 + . . . + x2n2
1 + x + x2 + . . . + xn1 ?
. m(x) . a(x) b(x)
m(x), m(x). ,

a(x) b(x)

(mod m(x)).

6.51. .
m1 (x), . . . , mn (x) ,
(mi (x), mj (x)) = 1 i 6= j, a1 (x), . . . , an (x)
. ,
p(x) ,

p(x) a1 (x) (mod m1 (x)),

....................

p(x) an (x) (mod mn (x))

deg p(x) < deg m1 (x) + . . . + deg mn (x). (. 6.131 6.140.)
6.52. P(x) = (2x2 2x + 1)17 (3x2 3x + 1)17 .
a) ;
) x.
6.53. a b P(x) = (a + b)x5 + abx2 + 1
x2 3x + 2?
6.54. . , .
6.55. R(x) xn + x + 2
x 1.
2

6.56. x3 6x2 +ax6 = 0 3.

.
6.57. a P(x) = xn +axn2
(n > 2) x 2?
6.58. p q x4 + 1
x + px + q?
2

2.

89

6.59. a
P(x) = a3 x5 + (1 a)x4 + (1 + a3 )x2 + (1 3a)x a3
x 1?
6.60. ,
x P(x 1) = (x 26) P(x).
6.61. xn an1 xn1 . . . a1 x a0 = 0, an1 , . . .
. . . , a1 , a0 > 0. ,
.
6.62. . ,
f(x) = an xn + . . . + a1 x + a0
an , . . .
. . . , a1 , a0 .
6.63.
f(x) = an xn + . . . + a1 x + a0 ?
6.64. ,
a3 (b2 c2 ) + b3 (c2 a2 ) + c3 (a2 b2 )
(b c)(c a)(a b).
. , .
, P1 (x), . . .
. . . , Pk (x) (P1 (x), . . . , Pk (x)).
6.65. , P(x) = Q(x) T (x) + R(x)
(P(x), Q(x)) = (Q(x), R(x)).
6.66. . P(x) Q(x)
, Q(x) Q(x) - P(x).
, s > 1 A0 (x),

90

6.

A1 (x), . . . , As (x) R1 (x), . . . , Rs (x) ,

deg Q(x) > deg R1 (x) > deg R2 (x) > . . . > deg Rs (x) > 0,

P(x) = Q(x) A0 (x) + R1 (x),

Q(x)
= R1 (x) A1 (x) + R2 (x),

R (x) = R (x) A (x) + R (x),

1

.......................

Rs2 (x) = Rs1 (x) As1 (x) + Rs (x),

Rs1 (x) = Rs (x) As (x),

(P(x), Q(x)) = Rs (x). ( 3.36.)
6.67. (P(x), Q(x)) = D(x). , U(x) V(x) , deg U(x) < deg Q(x), deg V(x) < deg P(x),
P(x) U(x) + Q(x) V(x) = D(x).
( 3.37.)
6.68. P(x), Q(x)
P(x) U(x) + Q(x) V(x):
) P(x) = x4 + x3 3x2 4x 1, Q(x) = x3 + x2 x 1;
) P(x) = 3x4 5x3 + 4x2 2x + 1, Q(x) = 3x3 2x2 + x 1.
6.69. (xn 1, xm 1).
6.70. a0 , a1 , a2 , . . .
a0 = 0,

an+1 = P(an ) (n > 0),

P(x) , P(x) > 0 x > 0.

, m k (am , ak ) = a(m,k) .
6.71.
 6
x x5 + x4 x3 + 5x2 = 5,
x6 2x5 + 3x4 4x3 + 2x = 0.
6.72. p 3x2 4px+9 =
= 0 x2 2px + 5 = 0 ?
6.73. P(x) Q(x) ,
(x + 1) P(x) + (x4 + 1) Q(x) = 1.
6.74. ( 3, . 92) P(x) Q(x),

P(x)(x2 3x + 2) + Q(x)(x2 + x + 1) = 21.

2.

91

6.75. P(x) Q(x),

P(x)(2x3 7x2 + 7x 2) + Q(x)(2x3 + x2 + x 1) = 2x 1.
6.76.

2n + 1

n(n + 1)

n n + 1?
6.77. .
Pn (x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + . . . + a1 x + a0

(an 6= 0)

x = c , n .
Pn (x)
Pn (x) = (. . . (an x + an1 )x + . . . + a1 )x + a0 .
(. 5.63.)
bn , bn1 , . . . , b0 , Pn (c),
bn = an , bk = c bk+1 + ak

(k = n 1, . . . , 0).

, Pn (x) (x c) ,
bn1 , . . . , b1 , b0 . , :
Pn (x) = (x c)(bn xn1 + . . . + b2 x + b1 ) + b0 .
6.78. . :
an+1 bn+1 = (a b)(an + an1 b + . . . + bn );
a2n+1 + b2n+1 = (a + b)(a2n a2n1 b + a2n2 b2 . . . + b2n ).
6.78 0 . , n > 2
nn1 1 ... (n 1)2
6.79. . ,
Pn (x)
(x c):
n
X
Pn (x) =
ck (x c)k ,
k=0

92

6.

ck

P(k) (x) 
(0 6 k 6 n).
ck =

k!

x=c

(. 11.21.)
6.80. , x4 + 2x3 3x2 4x + 1
x + 1.
6.81. P(x + 3) x, P(x) = x4 x3 + 1.

3.
.
, .

() . , .
, , ,
, .
,
.
6.82. :
) x4 + 4;
) 2x3 + x2 + x 1;
) x10 + x5 + 1;
) a3 + b3 + c3 3abc;
) x3 + 3xy + y3 1;
) x2 y2 x2 + 4xy y2 + 1;
(. 9.8.)

) (a + b + c)3 a3 b3 c3 ;
) (x y)5 + (y z)5 + (z x)5 ;
) a8 + a6 b2 + a4 b4 + a2 b6 + b8 ;
) (x2 + x + 1)2 + 3x(x2 + x + 1) + 2x2 ;
) a4 + b4 + c4 2a2 b2 2a2 c2 2b2 c2 ;
) (x + 1)(x + 3)(x + 5)(x + 7) + 15.

6.83. x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 12?
6.84. , x4 +px2 +q
.
6.85. :
(a + b + c)5 a5 b5 c5
.
(a + b + c)3 a3 b3 c3

4.

93

6.86. , m
(x + y + z)m xm ym zm

(x + y + z)3 x3 y3 z3 .
6.87. a, b, c . ,
a2 (c b) + b2 (a c) + c2 (b a)
.
6.88. , a, b, c

1
1
1
1
+ + =
,
a

a+b+c

- .
6.89. , a + b + c = 0,
2(a5 + b5 + c5 ) = 5abc(a2 + b2 + c2 ).
6.90. . , (p, q) = 1 p/q
P(x) = an xn + . . . + a1 x + a0
,
) a0 ... p; ) an ... q.
,
. (. 7.41.)

6.91. , 17 .
6.92. , cos 20 .
6.93. :
) x5 2x4 4x3 + 4x2 5x + 6;
) x5 + x4 6x3 14x2 11x 3.
6.94. :
) x4 + x3 3a2 x2 2a2 x + 2a4 = 0; ) x3 3x = a3 + a3 .

4.
. P(x) = (x a)k Q(x), k > 1 Q(a) 6= 0.
a P(x) k. a

94

6.

1, ,
1, a .
6.95. , a 1
, P(a) = 0 P 0 (a) = 0.
6.96. P(x) , R(x), , P(x),
1.
Q(x) = (P(x), P 0 (x)) R(x) = P(x) Q1 (x). ,
) P(x) R(x);
) R(x) .
6.97. R(x) , :
) P(x) = x6 6x4 4x3 + 9x2 + 12x + 4;
) P(x) = x5 + x4 2x3 2x2 + x + 1.
6.98. ,
P(x) = 1 + x +

x2
xn
+ ... +
2!
n!

.
6.99. A B Axn+1 + Bxn + 1 x = 1
?
6.100. , x2n nxn+1 + nxn1 1 n > 1
x = 1.
6.101. , P(x)
, P(x) = an (x x0 )n .
6.102. , n > 0 nxn+1 (n + 1)xn + 1
(x 1)2 .
6.103. , n > 0
n2 xn+2 (2n2 + 2n 1)xn+1 + (n + 1)2 xn x 1
(x 1)3 .
6.104. , n > 0
x2n+1 (2n + 1)xn+1 + (2n + 1)xn 1
(x 1)3 .
6.105. ,
P(x) = a0 + a1 x + . . . + an xn

5.

95

1 m , :

a0 a1 + a2 a3 + . . . + (1)n an = 0,

a1 + 2a2 3a3 + . . . + (1)n nan = 0,

...........................

a1 + 2m a2 3m a3 + . . . + (1)n nm an = 0.
(. 11.12.)
6.106. ,
P(x) = (xn+1 1)(xn+2 1) . . . (xn+m 1)

Q(x) = (x1 1)(x2 1) . . . (xm 1).
(. 11.95.)

5.
. x1 , x2 ,. . . , xn
an xn + an1 xn1 + an2 xn2 + . . . + a1 x + a0
(an 6= 0).

x1 + x2 + . . . + xn = an1 /an ,

x x + x x + ... + x
1 2
2 3
n1 xn = an2 /an ,

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..........

n
x1 x2 . . . xn = (1) a0 /an .
. , , .

1 (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = x1 + x2 + . . . + xn ,
2 (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = x1 x2 + x2 x3 + . . . + xn1 xn ,
.............................
n (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = x1 x2 . . . xn ,
.
. F(x1 , . . . , xn ) : F(x1 , . . . , xn ) = G(1 , . . . , n ) (. [23].)

96

6.

G F
, , ,
F , G
.
(. . 92). F(x1 , . . . , xn ) m a1 1 . . . ann ,
(a1 + 2a2 + . . . + nan ) m.
6.107.
:
) (x + y)(y + z)(x + z); ) (x2 + y2 )(y2 + z2 )(x2 + z2 );
) x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz;
) x21 + x22 + . . . + x2n ;
3
3
) x + y ;
) x4 + y4 + z4 .
6.108. , a+b+c = 0, a2 +b2 +c2 = 1. a4 +b4 +c4 .
6.109. x, y, z

x + y + z = a,

1
1
1
1
+ + = .
x
y
z
a

, a.
6.110. :

x + y + z = a,
x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 ,
3
x + y3 + z3 = a3 .
6.111. a,
x1 , x2 , x3 x3 6x2 + ax + a
(x1 3)3 + (x2 3)3 + (x3 3)3 = 0.
6.112. ,
x3 + x2 2x 1 = 0.
6.113. , x1 , x2 , x3
x3 2x2 + x + 1 = 0.
,
y1 = x2 x3 , y2 = x1 x3 , y3 = x1 x2 .

5.

97

6.114. c
x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0
a b, ,
.
6.115. ,
x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0
. p, q r , ,
, ?
6.116. ) ,
x + y = u + v,
x2 + y2 = u2 + v2 .
, n
xn + yn = un + vn .
) ,
x + y + z = u + v + t,
x2 + y2 + z2 = u2 + v2 + t2 ,
x3 + y3 + z3 = u3 + v3 + t3 .
, n
xn + yn + zn = un + vn + yn .
6.117. :

x + y + z = 6,

1
1
1
11
)
+ + = ,

x
y
z
6

xy + yz + xz = 11;

x(y + z) = 2,
) y(z + x) = 2,

z(x + y) = 3;
 2
x + y2 + x + y = 32,
)
12(x + y) = 7xy;

2
2

x + y = 7,
)

1 + 1 = 1;
y
x
2

x + y + z = 1,
) xy + xz + yz = 4,
3
x + y3 + z3 = 1;
 2
x + y2 = 12,
)
x + y + xy = 9.

6.118. a, b, c
x4 ax3 bx + c.

98

6.

.
6.119. , a, b, c
a + b + c = 0. , 2a4 + 2b4 + 2c4 .
6.120.
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, ,
.
6.121. a b x3 + ax + b = 0 , ?
6.122. a, b, c , p ,
r R .
, p, r, R,
a, b, c.
1
1
1
1
+
+
=
.
ab
bc
ac
2rR

6.123.

x + y = uv,
u + v = xy.
6.124.
) 4x3 18x2 + 24x = 8, 4x3 18x2 + 24x = 9;
) 4x3 18x2 + 24x = 11, 4x3 18x2 + 24x = 12?

6.
6.125.
c

(x a)(x b)
(x a)(x c)
(x b)(x c)
+b
+a
= x.
(c a)(c b)
(b a)(b c)
(a b)(a c)

6.126.
c2

(x a)(x b)
(x a)(x c)
(x b)(x c)
+ b2
+ a2
= x2 .
(c a)(c b)
(b a)(b c)
(a b)(a c)

6.127. x1 < x2 < . . . < xn .

f1 (x), f2 (x), . . . , fn (x) n1,
fi (xi ) = 1 fi (xj ) = 0 i 6= j (i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n).
6.128.
f(x) = f1 (x) + f2 (x) + . . . + fn (x),

6.

99

fi (x) .
6.129. x1 < x2 < . . . < xn . ,
y1 , y2 , . . . , yn f(x)
n 1 , f(x1 ) = y1 , . . . , f(xn ) = yn .
6.130. A, B C P(x)
x a, x b x c.
(x a)(x b)(x c).
. n1,
x1 , . . . , xn ( ) y1 , . . . , yn ,
.
6.131. f(x)
(x xi )?
(. 6.51).
6.132. f(x) 2, :
) f(0) = 1, f(1) = 3, f(2) = 3;
) f(1) = 1, f(0) = 2, f(1) = 5;
) f(1) = 1, f(0) = 0, f(2) = 4.
6.133. . . 12,
14 15 7, 5 11 .
13 ?
16 ?
6.134. . , 12, 14 15 5, 7 2
.
13 ?
6.135. 100 . ,
. , 100 .
6.136.

2
3

z + ay + a x + a = 0,
2
3
z + by + b x + b = 0,

z + cy + c2 x + c3 = 0.

100

6.

6.137. a, b c . ,

x + ay + a z = 0,
x + by + b2 z = 0,

x + cy + c2 z = 0,
x = y = z = 0.
6.138. f(x) = x10 + a9 x9 + . . . + a0 ,
f(1) = f(1), . . . , f(5) = f(5).
, f(x) = f(x) x.
6.139. P(x) = an xn + . . . + a1 x + a0
. ,
|3n+1 P(n + 1)|, . . . , |31 P(1)|, |1 P(0)|
1.
6.140. , f(x) ,
n,
f(x)
(x x1 )(x x2 ) . . . (x xn )

(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
n :
A2
An
A1
+
+ ... +
,
x x1
x x2
x xn

A1 , A2 , . . . , An . (. 6.51.)
6.141.

x1
x2
xn

+
+ ... +
= 1,

a1 b1
a1 b2
a1 bn

x1
x2
xn
+
+ ... +
= 1,
a2 b1
a2 b2
a2 bn

......................

x2
xn
x1
+
+ ... +
= 1.
an b1

an b2

an bn

1.
. z =
= x + iy, x y , i , , 1; x
z, y
( x = Re z, y = Im z). z x = 0, y 6= 0 . z = x iy
z = x + iy. C.
7.1. z = x + iy, z 0 = x 0 + iy 0 .
) z + z 0 ; ) z z 0 ; ) z/z 0 .
7.2. :
) z + z 0 = z + z0 ; ) z/z 0 = z/z0 ;
) z z 0 = z z0 ;
) (z)= z.
. z = x + iy
(x; y) Oxy . r = x2 + y2
z (r = |z|). , Oxy
Ox (x; y), z
(r = arg z). , arg z
.
|z| = r, arg z = , z
z = r(cos + i sin ). z. z = x + iy z.
7.3. :
) z + z = 2 Re z; ) z z = 2i Im z; ) z z = |z|2 .
7.4.

:


) |z1 + z2 | 6 |z1 | + |z2 |; ) |z1 z2 | > |z1 | |z2 |; ) |z 1| 6 | arg z|,
|z| = 1.

102

7.

7.5. :

+ i sin ;
6
6
cos + i sin
)
.
cos i sin

) 1 + i;

) 2 + 3 + i;

) sin

) 1 + cos + i sin ;
7.6. :


z i
) |z| 6 1;
) arg 
 = ; ) |z i| + |z + i| = 2;
z+i

) |z i| 6 1;

) Re(z ) 6 1;

) Im

) |z| = z;


z 1
) 
 < 1;

) |iz + 1| = 3;

1
1
< ;
z
2

< arg(z i) < ?

6
3

z+1

7.7. min |3 + 2i z| |z| 6 1.

7.8.
:
) , ;
) , ;
) , , ;
) 1 ( ) O,
.
7.9. z, |z 1 i| = 2|z + 1 i|.
7.10. . ,
|z a| = k|z b| k 6= 1
(a b ).
7.11. , z1 z2

|z1 + z2 |2 + |z1 z2 |2 = 2(|z1 |2 + |z2 |2 ).
?
7.12. , aj , bj (1 6 j 6 n)

p
(a1 + a2 + . . . + an )2 + (b1 + b2 + . . . + bn )2 6
p
p
p
6 a21 + b21 + a22 + b22 + . . . + a2n + b2n .

1.

103

7.13. , x + iy = (s + it)n , x2 + y2 = (s2 + t2 )n .

7.14. . :
(a2 + b2 )(u2 + v2 ) = (au + bv)2 + (av bu)2 .
(. 1.6.)
7.15. , z =
= a + ib
r
r

a2 + b2 + a
a2 + b2 a
w=
i
.
2

,
, ? (.
5.24.)
7.16.

) p24 + 70i;
) p3 4i;

)
2 + i 2; ) 1 + i 3;

) 7 24i;

) 12 5i.

7.17. :
) z2 + z + 1 = 0;
) z2 (3 + 2i)z + 6i = 0;
2
) z + 4z + 29 = 0;
) z2 (3 2i)z + 5 5i = 0;
2
) z (2 + i)z + 2i = 0; ) z2 (5 + 2i)z + 5 + 5i = 0.
7.18. :
) z4 4z3 + 6z2 4z 15 = 0; ) 
z4 + (z 
4)4 = 32;
) z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 3 = 0;

1 ix
1 + ix

= i.

7.19.
x4 + px2 + q = 0, p2 4q < 0?
7.20. , |z| = 1 (z 6= 1), t z = (1 + it)(1 it)1 .

7.21. y(x) = |x + x2 1| (x ).
7.22. z
.
) 2z2 ;
) 3z + z2 ; ) (z i)1 ; ) Rz + zn ( < R).
2
) z + 3z ; ) z3 ;
) (z 2)1 ;
7.23. z
1 i, 2 i, 2 + 2i, 1 + 2i.

104

7.

a) z2 ; ) z3 ; ) z1 ?
7.24. . .
,
z = r(cos + i sin ):
zn = rn (cos n + i sin n)

(n > 1).

n n-
:


+ 2k
+ 2k
wk = r1/n cos
+ i sin
(k = 0, . . . , n 1).
n

(. 12.11.)
7.25. :

a) i; ) 4 1; ) 8i; ) 3 1 i;

1;

8
i 3 1.

7.26. , wk (k = 0, . . . , n 1), wn = z z n-. (. 8.2.)

7.27. , zn = 1 1, , 2 , . . . , n1 .
7.28. :
) z2 + |z|2 = 0;
) z4 = z4 ;
2
) z + |z| = 0; ) (z + i)4 = (z i)4 ;
) z2 + z = 0;
) z3 z = 0.
7.29. s
zn = 1, s .
7.30. :
cos n
= 1 C2n tg2 + C4n tg2 . . . ;
cosn
sin n
)
= C1n tg C3n tg3 + C5n tg5 . . . .
cosn

7.31.
a) (1 + i)n ;

) (1 + i 3)n ;


1 + i 3 20
)
;
1 i

20
3i
) 1
;

) (1 + cos + i sin )n ;

) ( 3 + i)n ;


cos + i sin n
)
.
cos + i sin

7.32. x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0.

1.

105

7.33. , x44 + x33 + x22 + x11 + 1 = 0

x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0.
7.34. :
) cos

4
6
2
+ cos
+ cos ;
7
7
7

) cos

2
4
6
cos
cos .
7
7
7

7.35. ) ,
P(x) = (cos + x sin )n cos n x sin n
x2 + 1.
) ,
Q(x) = xn sin n1 x sin n + n sin(n 1)
x2 2x cos + 2 .
7.36.

n1
Q 2
k
) x2n 1 = (x2 1)
x 2x cos
+1 ;
n
k=1

n 
Q
2k
) x2n+1 1 = (x 1)
+1 ;
x2 2x cos
2n + 1
k=1

n 
Q
2k
2n+1
2
) x
+ 1 = (x + 1)
+1 ;
x + 2x cos
2n + 1
k=1


n1
Q
(2k
+
1)
+1 .
) x2n + 1 =
x2 2x cos
2n

k=0

7.37. , ,
cos nx = Tn (cos x),

sin nx = sin x Un1 (cos x),

Tn (z) Un (z) n.
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
. Tn (z) Un (z) .
7.38. , Tn (x) Un (x)
T0 (x) = 1,

T1 (x) = x;

U0 (x) = 1,

U1 (x) = 2x,

Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) Tn1 (x),
(. 11.80.)

Un+1 (x) = 2xUn (x) Un1 (x).

106

7.

7.39. , 2Tn (x/2)

, .
7.40* . , cos = 1/3.
?
7.41.
(. 6.90), , p/q Q cos(p/q) 6= 0, 1/2, 1,
cos(p/q) .
7.42. ,
cosn x =

n
X

n1

sinn x = sin x

ak cos kx,

k=0

bk sin kx,

k=0

a0 , . . . , an , b0 ,. . . , bn1 . n = 2, 3, 4, 5. sinn x n
n
n
P
P
sinn x =
ck cos kx, sinn x =
dk sin kx.
k=0

k=0

7.43. , sin = 3/5. , sin 25

n
, n , 5.
25

7.44. P0 (x) = 1, P1 (x) = x, P2 (x) =

= x2 1, . . .
Pn+1 (x) = x Pn (x) Pn1 (x).
, P100 (x) = 0 100 [2; 2]. ?
7.45. :


1 + i tg
1 i tg

n

1 + i tg n
.
1 i tg n

7.46. , z + z1 = 2 cos , zn + zn = 2 cos n.

zn + zn y = z + z1 ? (. 1.5.)
7.47. x = cos

Tn (cos ) = cos n,

Un1 (cos ) =

sin n
.
sin

, x = sin ?
7.48.
a,b (a, b) = 1. ,
( a + i b)n (a; b) = ( 1; 1), ( 1; 3), ( 3; 1).

1.

107

. n (n > 1),
n
( ) . (. [20], [217].)
7.49. f(x)
a+ib. , aib f(x).
(. 7.82.)
7.50. ,

, .
7.51. . a b .



a + ib n
ea+ib = lim 1 +
.
n

:
ea+ib = ea (cos b + i sin b).
, sin x cos x :
cos x =

eix + eix
,
2

sin x =

eix eix
.
2i

(. 5.35, 11.73 12.12.)

7.52. , z1 , z2 ez1 ez2 = ez1 +z2 . (. 11.73.)
7.53. , .
7.54. ln z z?
7.55.
az ? (. 12.12.)

1
7.56. i 1 = (1)1/i 23 .

7
2
2
= cos
+ i sin .
n
n

7.57. z = e2i/n
a
) 1 + za + z2a + . . . + z(n1)a ; ) 1 + 2za + 3z2a + . . . + nz(n1)a .
7.58. ) :
cos + . . . + cos n =

sin(n/2) cos((n + 1)/2)

;
sin(/2)

108

7.

) :
sin + . . . + sin n.
(. 8.11.)
7.59. :
sin + sin 3 + . . . + sin(2n 1)
= tg n.
cos + cos 3 + . . . + cos(2n 1)

7.60. :
) cos2 x + cos2 2x + . . . + cos2 2nx; ) sin2 x + sin2 2x + . . . + sin2 2nx.
7.61. (1 + i)n ,
:
) C199 C399 + C599 . . . C99
) C0100 C2100 + C4100 . . . + C100
99 .
100 ;
7.62. ) :
C0n C2n + C4n . . . = 2n/2 cos

n
.
4

) :
C1n C3n + C5n . . .
7.63. ) :
1 + C3n + C6n + . . . =

1 n
n
2 + 2 cos
.
3
3

) :
C1n + C4n + C7n + . . . ;

C2n + C5n + C8n + . . .

7.64. :
1
3

1
9

C1n C3n + C5n . . . =

2n
3

(n1)/2

sin

n
.
6

7.65. :
) 1 + a cos + . . . + ak cos k + . . . (|a| < 1);
) a sin + . . . + ak sin k + . . . (|a| < 1);
) cos + C1n cos 2 + . . . + Cn
n cos(n + 1);
) sin + C1n sin 2 + . . . + Cn
n sin(n + 1).
7.66.


1
1
lim 1 + cos x + . . . + k cos kx .
k

7.67. z1 , . . . , zn , < arg z < + . ,

1.

109

1
) z1 + . . . + zn 6= 0; ) z1
1 + . . . + zn 6= 0.

7.68. z1 , z2 , . . . , zn .

z = 1 z1 + 2 z2 + . . . + n zn ,
1 , 2 , . . . , n ,
1 + 2 + . . . + n = 1.
7.69. ,
1
1
1
+
+
= 0,
za
zb
zc

a, b, c ,
a, b, c, (
).
7.70. f(x) = (xa)(xb)(xc)
a, b, c. ,
a, b, c.
7.71. . f(x) n
1 , . . . , n . M
1 , . . . , n . ,
M.
7.72. n
) x2n + xn + 1 x2 + x + 1?
) x2n xn + 1 x2 x + 1?
7.73. , a n (a + 1)2n+1 + an + 2 a2 + a + 1.
7.74. n (x + 1)n + xn + 1 :
) x2 + x + 1; ) (x2 + x + 1)2 ; ) (x2 + x + 1)3 ?
7.75. n (x + 1)n xn 1 :
) x2 + x + 1; ) (x2 + x + 1)2 ; ) (x2 + x + 1)3 ?
7.76. (x 1) | P(xn ). , (xn 1) | P(xn ).
7.77.
P(x) = x6n + x5n + x4n + x3n + x2n + xn + 1

Q(x) = x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1,
, n 7.

110

7.

7.78. (z 1)n = (z + 1)n .

?
7.79. , a(z b)n = c(z d)n ,
a, b, c, d ,
. (. 7.10.)
7.80. , n > 1
X

n1

1
n2 1
=
.
3
sin (m/n)
2

m=1

7.81* . . ) ,
n > 1
X

(n1)/2

m=1

1
2
2

=
2
6
2n
m

(0 < < 1).

) :

X
1
2

m=1

2
.
6

7.82* . . P(x)
x . , a(x) b(x), P(x) =
= a2 (x) + b2 (x).

2.
:
Ta a;
Sl l ( l);
R
A A ;
HkA A k.
7.83. : 0, 1 i,
1 + i


1
i
w = + z?
2

7.84.
w = z3 ?

2.

111

7.85. :
) w = z + a; ) w = 2z; ) w = z(cos + i sin ); ) w = z?
7.86. w = f(z)
l Ox?
7.87. w = f(z) :
; ) H21 H1/2
) H2O T3+4i ; ) R/4
1 ;
i
/4
/4
/4
k
2
.

R
) R/4
) T3+4i HO ; ) HA ;
1 Ri R1
i
O = (0; 0) . : (f g)(z) = f(g(z)).
7.88. H2i
O.
7.89. .
, :

Ta , k1 k2 = 1,
k1
k2
HA2 HA1 =
HkA , k1 k2 6= 1,
a A1 A2 ,
A A1 A2
k = k1 k2 .
7.90. A(0; 0), B(0; 2), C(2; 2),
D(2; 0) :
) w = iz; ) w = 2iz 1; ) w = z2 ; ) w = z1 .
7.91. 2 < Re z < 3 :
) w = z1 ; ) w = (z 2)1 ; ) w = (z 5/2)1 ?
7.92.

) |zabi| = a2 + b2 w = 1/z;
) |z a| = R w =

2aR
.
z a2 + R2
2

7.93* . n- .
,
) n2 ;

) n ctg ;
2n

) nn/2 .

112

7.

. -
,
az + b
,
cz + d
az + b
w=
,
cz + d

w=

(7.1)
(7.2)

= ad bc 6= 0.
7.94. (7.1) (7.2) , =
= ad bc = 0?
. C C,
1
= , C = C {}.
0

7.95. , - .
7.96. , -
(7.1)
w = R/z.

+
1.
8.1. , , n- , .
8.2. :

2
1
cos
= ;
5
5
2
1
1
1
)
=
+
;
sin(/7)
sin(2/7)
sin(3/7)

a) cos

) sin 9 + sin 49 + sin 89 + . . . + sin 329 = 0.

(. 7.26.)
8.3.
) cos

4
7

cos
cos ;
9
9
9

) cos

3
5
+ cos
+ cos .
7
7
7

8.4. cos 36 cos 72 .

8.5. ) , , 36
(. . ).
)
2.
8.6. 0 < x < 90 :
p

a) 13 12 cos x + 7 4 3 sin x = 2 3;

) 2 2 cos x + 10 6 cos x = 10 6 cos 2x;

) 5 4 cos x + 13 12 sin x = 10.

8.7. :
arctg 1 + arctg

1
1

+ arctg = .
2
3
2

8.8. :
ctg 30 + ctg 75 = 2.

114

8. +

8.9. x, y, z xyz(x + y + z) = 1.
(x + y)(x + z).
8.10. x, y, z
5 6 x, y, z 6 8.
S = 2x2 y2 + 2x2 z2 + 2y2 z2 x4 y4 z4 ?
8.11. xk
cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x +

1
= 0.
2

2 cos xk ? (.
7.58, 8.88.)
8.12.

ay + bx = c,
cx + az = b,

bz + cy = a.
? (. 8.83.)
8.13. a, b, c, x, y, z ,
x2 + xy + y2 = a2 ,
y2 + yz + z2 = b2 ,
x2 + xz + z2 = c2 .
xy + yz + xz a, b c. (. 9.16.)

2.
. . , z1
z2 , z1 + z2 .
8.14. z1 z2 .
z, :
z z1
z z
= 0; ) arg 1
= 0.
) arg
z z2

z z2

.
V(z2 , z1 , z0 ) =

z2 z0
z1 z0

2.

115

( ) z2 ,
z1 , z0 .
8.15. , , z0 z1 z2 ,
V(z2 , z1 , z0 ) z2 , z1 , z0 .
8.16. , z2 , z1 , z0
, V(z2 , z1 , z0 ) ,
z z2
z0 z2
= 0
.
z1 z2
z1 z2

8.17. , , z1 z2
z,
z z2
z z2
=
.
z1 z2
z1 z2

8.18. ,

Bz Bz + C = 0,
C .
8.19. , , z0 , z1 , z2 ,
z3 ( )

V(z0 , z1 , z2 )
z z2 z0 z3
= 0
:
.
V(z0 , z1 , z3 )
z1 z2 z1 z3

.
W(z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 ) =

V(z0 , z1 , z2 )
V(z0 , z1 , z3 )

( ) z0 , z1 , z2 , z3 .
8.20. . z10 , z20 , z30 ,
z , - (7.1) z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 . ,
0
4

W(z10 , z20 , z30 , z40 ) = W(z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ).

8.21. W(z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ) (7.2)?

116

8. +

8.22. - .
, - .
8.23. , ( )
Azz + Bz Bz + C = 0,

(8.1)

A C .
8.24. , (8.1) w = z + u
w = R/z .
- .
. S O R , A, O, A 0 ,
OA OA 0 = R2 /OA. O
, ,
, O.
S O R2 , S
.
8.25. , w = 1/z .
8.26. - w =

az + b
w = z cz + d

) i R = 1; ) Rei R;
) z0 R.
8.27. . ,
.
8.28.
(8.1). (7.1)
A 0 zz + B 0 z B 0z + C 0 = 0,
A 0 C 0 . A 0 , B 0 C 0 A,
B C.

2.

117

. A R O |OA|2 R2 .
8.29. , w
Azz + Bz Bz + C = 0

ww +

B
B
C
w w+ .
A
A
A

8.30. . ,
w,
S1 S2 , .
S1 S2 .
8.31. .
S1 , S2 S3 . ,
Q,
.
Q S1 , S2 S3 .
8.32. . a1 , a2 a3
z z = 1. , h = a1 + a2 + a3
a1 , a2 a3 .
8.33. . a1 , a2 a3
z z = 1. ,
e = h/2 1/2 a1 a2 a3 , ,
a1 , a2 , a3 h.
8.34. . , m = (a1 +
+ a2 + a3 )/3 a1 a2 a3 .
8.35. . , ,
.
8.36. . u z z = 1 u1 , u2 , u3 ,
u a2 a3 , a1 a3 , a1 a2 a1 a2 a3 .
) , u1 , u2 , u3
u1 = (a2 + a3 + u a2 a3 /u)/2,
u2 = (a1 + a3 + u a1 a3 /u)/2,
u3 = (a1 + a2 + u a1 a2 /u)/2.

118

8. +

) , u1 , u2 , u3 .
8.37. 4 . ,
. , 4
.

3.
8.38. :
) sin 20 sin 40 sin 60 sin 80 ; ) cos 20 cos 40 cos 60 cos 80 .
8.39. :
cos

2
3
4
5
6
7
cos
cos
cos
cos
cos
cos
=
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

 7
1
2

8.40. :
cos a cos 2a cos 4a . . . cos 2n1 a.
8.41. :

2
3
n
sin
sin
. . . sin
;
2n + 1
2n + 1
2n + 1
2n + 1
(n 1)
2
3

sin
sin
. . . sin
;
) sin
2n
2n
2n
2n

2
3
n
) cos
cos
cos
. . . cos
;
2n + 1
2n + 1
2n + 1
2n + 1
(n 1)

2
3
) cos
cos
cos
. . . cos
.
2n
2n
2n
2n

) sin

8.42. :
tg 20 tg 40 tg 80 =

3.

8.43. :
cos

x
x
x
x
x
1
cos 2 cos 4 cos 8 cos 16 = .
31
31
31
31
31
32

8.44. , sin = 1/5 sin(2 + ). :

tg( + ) = 3/2 tg .
8.45. ,
3 sin2 + 2 sin2 = 1,
3 sin 2 2 sin 2 = 0.

3.

119

, + 2 = /2.
8.46.
:

2
6+ 2
) sin 15 =
, cos 15 =
;
4
1 + 5
) sin 18 =
,
4

p 4
10 + 2 5
cos 18 =
.
4

8.47. :
sin 6 =

p
p

30 6 5 6 + 2 5
,
8

cos 6 =

p
p

18 + 6 5 + 10 2 5
.
8

8.48. :
+
+
+
) sin + sin + sin sin( + + ) = 4 sin
sin
sin
;
2
2
2
+
+
+
) cos + cos + cos + cos( + + ) = 4 cos
cos
cos
.
2
2
2

8.49. :
tg + tg + tg

sin( + + )
= tg tg tg .
cos cos cos

8.50. , ,
,
tg + tg + tg = tg tg tg .
8.51. , + + = ,
sin + sin + sin = 4 cos

cos cos .
2
2
2

8.52.
) f1 (x) = a cos x + b sin x; ) f2 (x) = a cos2 x + b cos x sin x + c sin2 x.
8.53. cos x + cos y = a, sin x + sin y = b. cos(x + y)
sin(x + y).

8.54. , cos x .
8.55. n
y = cos nx sin

5
x
n

3?
8.56. f(x) = A cos x + B sin x, A B
. , f(x)
x1 x2 , x1 x2 6= k (k ),
f(x) .

120

8. +

8.57. ,
a1 cos(1 + x) + a2 cos(2 + x) + . . . + an cos(n + x)
x = 0 x = x1 6= k (k ) ,
x.
8.58. f(x) =
= sin6 x + cos6 x.
8.59. sin4 x + cos4 x = a.
8.60. sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = 0.
8.61. tg x + tg 2x + tg 3x + tg 4x = 0.
8.62. a cos x + b sin x = c.
,
c2

.
= 2
cos2
2
2

a +b

8.63. :

x sin + y sin 2 + z sin 3 = sin 4,

x sin + y sin 2 + z sin 3 = sin 4,

x sin + y sin 2 + z sin 3 = sin 4.

8.64. :
h 
i



33
) arccos sin
; ) arcsin cos
.
7

8.65. , :

) cos arcsin x = 1 x2 ; ) sin arccos x = 1 x2 ;

) tg arcctg x =

1
;
x

) ctg arctg x =

1
;
1 + x2
x
) cos arcctg x =
;
1 + x2

) cos arctg x =

1
;
x

x
;
1 + x2
1
) sin arcctg x =
.
1 + x2

) sin arctg x =

8.66. :

) arctg x + arcctg x = ; ) arcsin x + arccos x = .

2

8.67. :
) arcsin(x) = arcsin x, ) arccos(x) = arccos x.
1
x

8.68. arctg x + arctg ?

8.69. :
arctg x + arctg y = arctg

x+y
+ ,
1 xy

3.

121

= 0, xy < 1, = 1 , xy > 1 x < 0, = +1, xy > 1

x > 0.
8.70. :
4 arctg

1
1

arctg
= .
5
239
4

8.71. :
arctg

1
1
1
1

+ arctg + arctg + arctg = .

3
5
7
8
4

8.72. :
arctg

x
x
x
+ arctg
+ . . . + arctg
2
2
1 + 1 2x
1 + 2 3x
1 + n (n + 1)x2

(x > 0).

8.73. :
arctg

r
r
r
+ arctg
+ . . . + arctg
,
1 + a1 a2
1 + a2 a3
1 + an an+1

a1 , a2 , . . . , an+1
r (a1 > 0, r > 0).
8.74. , {Fn }
arcctg F2n arcctg F2n+2 = arcctg F2n+1 .
(8.2)

arcctg 2 + arcctg 5 + arcctg 13 + . . . + arcctg F2n+1 + . . . =

.
4

8.75. , x > 1 :
2 arctg x + arcsin

2x
= .
1 + x2

8.76.
arcsin

x2 8
x

= 2 arcsin .
8
4
2

8.77. :


arcsin 1 x2 ,
arccos x =

arcsin 1 x2 ,

0 6 x 6 1;
1 6 x 6 0.

8.78. :
arcsin x + arcsin y = arcsin(x

1 y2 + y 1 x2 ) + ,

122

8. +

= 1, = 0, xy < 0 x2 + y2 6 1; = 1, = 1,
x2 + y2 > 1, x < 0, y < 0; = 1, = 1, x2 + y2 > 1, x > 0, y > 0.
8.79. , 0 < x < 1
= 2 arctg

1+x
,
1x

= arctg

1 x2
,
1 + x2

+ = .
8.80.
arcsin cos arcsin x
8.81. , 0 6 6

arccos sin arccos x.

cos sin > sin cos .

8.82.


1
5
sin 2 arctg arctg
.
5

12

8.83. . ,
b
c
a
=
=
,
sin
sin
sin

++=

(8.3)

:
a = b cos + c cos ,
b = c cos + a cos ,
c = a cos + b cos .

(8.4)

(. 8.12.)
8.84. , (8.4) 0 < < , 0 < < , 0 < < , a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
(8.3).
8.85. . , (8.4)
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos ,
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos ,
(8.5)
2
2
2
c = a + b 2ab cos ,
(8.4) (8.5) .
8.86. .
, , A, B, C.

3.

123

(8.7) (8.6),
(8.8) ( ). , ,
.
,

cos = cos cos + sin sin cos A,
cos = cos cos + sin sin cos B,
cos = cos cos + sin sin cos C,

(8.6)

, , , , A, B, C 0 .
,
sin A
sin B
sin C
=
=
.
(8.7)
sin

sin

sin

8.87.
. , (8.6)

cos A = cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos ,

cos B = cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos ,
cos C = cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos ,
r

tg

A+B+C
=
4

tg

(8.8)

p
p
p
p
tg
tg
tg
,
2
2
2
2

2p = + + .
8.88.

:
r
r
r .
r

3
2
4
8
7
3 5 3
) 3 cos
+ 3 cos
+ 3 cos
=
;
7
7
7
2
r
r
r
r
3
96
2
4
8
3 3
) 3 cos
+ 3 cos
+ 3 cos
=
.
9

(. 8.11.)
8.89.
uk =

sin 2nx sin(2n 1)x . . . sin(2n k + 1)x

.
sin kx sin(k 1)x . . . sin x

, uk cos x.
(. 3.142.)
8.90. uk . :
) 1u1 +u2 . . .+u2n = 2n (1cos x)(1cos 3x). . .(1cos(2n1)x);
) 1 u21 + u22 . . . + u22n = (1)n

sin(2n + 2)x sin(2n + 4)x . . . sin 4nx

.
sin 2nx sin 2(n 1)x . . . sin 2x

1.
9.1. ,
) p > 0 x3 + px + q = 0
;
) p < 0
;
) p < 0
.
9.2. ,
z3 + Az2 + Bz + C = 0
z = x +

x3 + px + q = 0.
(9.1)
9.3. ,
) x3 + px; ) x3 + px + q; ) ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
.
p
p

3
3
9.4. 2 + 5 + 2 5 = 1.
9.5.
1
3

x3 + x 2 + x = .
9.6. ,
x3 + ax2 b = 0,
a b b > 0, .
9.7. a b,
x3 + px + q = x3 a3 b3 3abx?

1.

125

9.8.
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
. (. 11.74.)
9.9. a b
x3 a3 b3 3abx = 0.
.
9.10. ,
(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ac)(x2 + y2 + z2 xy yz xz) =
= X2 + Y 2 + Z2 XY YZ XZ,

X = ax + cy + bz,
Y = cx + by + az,
Z = bx + ay + cz.
9.11. .
x3 + px + q = 0:
s
s
r
r
x=

q
+
2

p3
q2
+
+
4
27

p3
q2
+ .
4
27

9.12. x3 + x 2 = 0
.
9.13. ,
p
p


3
1 3
=
5 2+7 5 27 .
2

.
9.14. a x3 x a = 0.
2

9.15. x3 x = 0.
3 3

?
9.16. , x1 , x2 , x3 x3 +px+q = 0,

x22 + x2 x3 + x23 = x21 + x1 x3 + x23 = x21 + x1 x2 + x22 = p.

(. 8.13.)

126

9.

. f(x) n > 2,
f(x) = an (x 1 ) . . . (x n ) f(x)
. D(f) f(x)
:
Y
D(f) = a2n2
(j l )2 .
n
16j<l6n

D(f) , f(x)
, D(f) = 0.
9.17. .
x3 + px + q = 0 x1 , x2 x3 . p q
D = (x1 x2 )2 (x2 x3 )2 (x3 x1 )2 .
9.18. ,
4p3 + 27q2 = 0

x3 + px + q = 0.
9.19. a b,

x3 + ax2 + 18 = 0, x3 + bx + 12 = 0
, .
. 4p3 + 27q2 = 0 Opq
x3 + px + q = 0.
ap + q + a3 = 0, ,
a, .
9.20. Opq
?
, , , ? (. 6.22.)
9.21. Opq (p; q),
x3 + px + q = 0 ) ; )
; ) ; ) .
9.22. Opq (p; q),
x3 + px + q = 0
1.
9.23. Opq (p; q),
x3 + px + q = 0 ,

1.

127

(a; b). , ,
, a = 2, b = 4.
9.24. . 4p3 +27q2 < 0, x3 +px+q = 0
( ), , ,
. .
) , p < 0 9.1 x = kt

4t3 3t r = 0
(9.2)
t.
) , 4p3 + 27q2 6 0 (9.2)

,
3

t1 = cos

t2 = cos

+ 2
,
3

t3 = cos

+ 4
,
3

= arccos r.
9.25.

) x3 3x 1 = 0; ) x3 3x 3 = 0.
.
9.26. , f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c
, f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 2ax + b ,
.
9.27. ,
x3 + px + q = 0,
x3 + p 0 x + q 0 = 0
,
(pq 0 qp 0 )(p p 0 )2 = (q q 0 )3 .
9.28. ) , 4p3 + 27q2 6 0 9.1
x = y +
ay3 3by2 3ay + b = 0

(9.3)

y.
) , (9.3)
y1 = tg

,
3

y2 = tg

+ 2
,
3

y1 = tg

+ 4
,
3

128

9.

:
b
,
+ b2

sin =

a2

cos =

a
.
+ b2

a2

9.29. .
4-
.
) , 4
x4 = Ax2 + Bx + C.

(9.4)

) (9.4)

x4 + 2x2 + 2 = (A + 2)x2 + Bx + (C + 2 ).
(9.5)
, > A/2 (9.5)
( x). (9.5), (9.4).

2.
9.30.

9.31.

x2 + y2 = 1,
4xy(2y2 1) = 1.

y = 2x2 1,
z = 2y2 1,

x = 2z2 1.

9.32. ,
x y ,
0<

xy
1
< .
1 + xy
3

9.33.
2
2
x + y = 4,
z2 + t2 = 9,

xt + yz = 6,
, x + z .

2.

129

9.34.

) 1 x2 = 4x3 3x; ) 1 x = 2x2 1 + 2x 1 x2 ;

r
) x +

x2

35
;
12

1 |x|
= 2x2 1.
2

9.35. {hn } :
r
p
1 1 h2n
1
h1 = , hn+1 =
(n > 1).
2

hk < 1,03.

k=1

9.36. [0; 1]
8x(1 2x2 )(8x4 8x2 + 1) = 1?
9.37. |x1 | 6 1 |x2 | 6 1.
r


p
p
x + x2 2
2
2
.
1 x 1 + 1 x2 6 2 1 1
2

9.38.

|2x 1 4x2 | = 2(8x2 1).

9.39* . x, y z xy + yz + xz = 1.
, , , , + + =

x = tg(/2),

y = tg(/2),

z = tg(/2).

9.40. :






3
 
1
1
1
x + 3y = 4y ,
3
x
+
=
4
y
+
=
5
z
+
,
x
y
z
a) y + 3z = 4z3 ,
)

xy + yz + xz = 1;
z + 3x = 4x3 ;

2
2y
1 z2
2x + x y = y,
1 x2
=

,
2
2
2
) 2y + y z = z,
)
1+x
1+y
1 + z2

xy + yz + xz = 1.
2z + z2 x = x;
9.41. xy + yz + xz = 1. :
x
y
z
4xyz
+
+
=
.
1 x2
1 y2
1 z2
(1 x2 )(1 y2 )(1 z2 )

9.42. :

130

9.

tg x tg z = 3,
tg y tg z = 6,

x + y + z = .

9.43. :

y = x(4 x),
z = y(4 y),

x = z(4 z).
9.44. :
r

1 + 2x 1 x2
+ 2x2 = 1.
2

3.
. - . , y = f(x) =
= f1 (x) x, f2 (x) = f(f1 (x)),
f3 (x) = f(f2 (x)), . . . , fn (x) = f(fn1 (x)) , , . . . , n- f(x).
xn = fn (x0 )
.
. , , . , , , .
(. [7].)
9.45. . 1 . . ,
,
. . , ,
, 100 2/3 . 1/3 .
1 .

9.46. 2. {xn } :


1
2
x0 = 1, xn+1 =
xn +
(n > 0).
2

, lim xn =
n

xn

2. (. 9.65.)

3.

131

9.47.
, x0 = 1?
9.48. . , {xn },


k
1
xn +
, (n > 0),
x0 = 1, xn+1 =
2

xn

. .
9.49. a k > 0 . {an }


1
k
a0 = a, an+1 =
an +
(n > 0).
2

an

, n

 n

an k
a k 2
=

.
an +

a+

9.50. a0 a1 . {an }

a + an1
an+1 = n
(n > 1).
2

an a0 , a1 n.
9.51.
I. ) ,
3 x (x > 0) ,

x.
. {yn }, p y0
x,
, , y0 =

q

yn+1 =
xyn (n > 0).
,
lim yn =

x.

)
.
9.52. II. ln x
x = 1 1.
lim

x 0

ln(1 + x)
ln(1 + x) ln 1
= lim
= 1.
x
(1 + x) 1
x 0

132

9.

N. 9.51,
.
9.53. . ,
, f(x) = x, .
x0 , {xn } xn+1 = f(xn ) (n > 0). ,
x = lim xn , f(x) n

, : f(x ) = x .
. . Oxy f(x)
y = x.
A0 (x0 , f(x0 )), A1 (x1 , f(x1 )), . . . , An (xn , f(xn )), . . . ,
B0 (x0 , x0 ), B1 (x1 , x1 ), . . .
. . . , Bn (xn , xn ), . . . B0 A0 B1 A1 . . . Bn An . . . .
9.54. :
x
2

) f(x) = 1 + , x0 = 0, x0 = 8;
) f(x) =

1
,
x

x0 = 2;

) f(x) = 2x 1, x0 = 0, x0 = 1,125;
) f(x) =

3x
+ 6,
2

5
2

x0 = ;

) f(x) =
x2 + 3x 3, x0 = 1, x0 = 0,99, x0 = 1,01;
) f(x) = 1 + x, x0 = 0, x0 = 8;
) f(x) =

x3
5x2
25x

+
+ 3,
3
2
6

x0 = 3.

9.55. {an }
a1 = 1,

an+1 = an +

1
a2n

(n > 1).

, ?
9.56. {an }


a
lim an+1 n = 0.
n

, lim an = 0.
n

3.

133

9.57. a1 , a2 , . . . , ak ,
lim (xn + a1 xn1 + . . . + ak xnk ) = 0

{xn },
lim xn = 0. ,
n

P() = k + a1 k1 + a2 k2 + . . . + ak
1.
9.58. :
) xn+1 =

1
,
1 + xn

x0 = 1;

) xn+1 =
sin xn , x0 = a (0; );
) xn+1 = a + x, a > 0, x0 = 0.
9.59. ? , a b ,
a : b = b : (a b). ,
,
.
, ;
. ,

, .

.
, .
.

9.60. 3 a. {an } :


a
1
2an + 2
(n > 0).
a0 = a > 0, an+1 =
3

, lim an =
n

an

a.

9.61.
x3 x 1 = 0.
9.62. {an }
a1 = 1,

an+1 =

3an
1
+
4
an

(n > 1).

134

9.

,
) {an } ;
) |a1000 2| < (3/4)1000 .
9.63. ,
a1 = 2,

an+1 =

an
a2
+ n
2
8

(n > 1).

9.64. . ,
f(x) [a; b] ,
|f 0 (x)| 6 q < 1. , f(x) = x [a; b]
x . ,
:
|xn+1 xn | 6 |x1 x0 | qn ,

|x xn | 6 |x1 x0 |

qn
1q

(n > 0).

9.65. , {xn } 9.46

:
xn = [1; 2, . . . , 2 ] (n > 0).
| {z }
2n 1

|xn

2|. (. 9.81)

9.66.
9.48 ?
9.67.

2x21

= x2 ,

1 + x21

2x22
= x3 ,

1 + x22

2x3 2 = x1 .
1 + x3

9.68. :
2
3
y = 4x + x 4,
2
z = 4y3 + y 4,
2
x = 4z3 + z 4.
9.69. {xn } :

x1 > a, xn+1 = a + xn .

k -

3.

135

, {xn } . .
9.70. . , f(x) x = f(f(x)) x = f(x) .
q
p

9.71. a + a + a + x = x.
9.72. - . a b
, a > b.
{an } {bn } :
a0 = a,

b0 = b,

an+1 =

an + bn
,
2

bn+1 =

an b n

(n > 0).

, .
- a, b (a, b).
9.73. - . a b
, a < b.
{an } {bn } :
a0 = a,

b0 = b,

an+1 =

2an bn
,
an + bn

bn+1 =

an + bn
2

(n > 0).

) , .
- a
b.
) ,
a b.
) a = 1, b = k. {bn }
{xn } 9.48?
9.74. - . - a b {an } {bn },
a0 = a,

b0 = b,

an+1 =

2an bn
,
an + bn

bn+1 =

p
an b n

(n > 0).

(a, b). , (a, b)

(a, b) (. 9.72)


1
1 1
=
,
.
(a, b)

b a

136

9.

9.75.

1 x21 = x2 ,

1 x2 = x 3 ,
..........

1 x2n1 = xn ,

1 x2n = x1 .
9.76. 0,01 x100 {xn },
) x1 [0; 1], xn+1 = xn (1 xn ), (n > 1);
) x1 [0,1; 0,9], xn+1 = 2xn (1 xn ), (n > 1).
9.77. , f(x), (x0 ; f(x0 )) Ox

x0

f(x0 )
.
f 0 (x0 )

9.78. .
f(x) = 0
xn+1 = xn

f(xn )
,
f 0 (xn )

( x0 ).
, f(x) = x2 k

x0 > 0

k,

lim xn = k.
n
xn+1 xn ? 9.48.
9.79. .

f(x) = x2 x 1.
,
) x0 = 1; ) x0 = 0?
?
xn .
9.80. p q
p2 4q > 0. , :

3.

137
q
p yn
q
=p
zn

) y0 = 0,

(n > 0);

yn+1 =

) z0 = 0, zn+1
(n > 0).
y , z x2 px + q = 0.
9.81. . ,
q

=p
p

q
p
...

q
...

. 9.80, x2 px + q = 0.
, :
xn+1 = xn

x2n pxn + q
x2 q
= n
.
2xn p
2xn p

, x0
, x1 , x2 , . . . . (. 9.65.)
9.82.
f(x) = 0. f(x) = x(x 1)(x + 1)
x0 , f(x0 ) 6= x0 x2 = x0 .
9.83. .
P(x) = xn + an1 xn1 + . . . + a1 x + a0
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , |x1 | > |x2 | > . . . > |xn |. 6.42
Q(x) n,
x21 , x22 , . . . , x2n .
P(x). . P0 (x), P1 (x), P2 (x), . . . , P0 (x) = P(x)
k
k
Pk (x) x21 , . . . , x2n .
n1
Pk (x) = xn + a(k)
+ . . . + a1(k) x + a0(k) .
n1 x

,
k

1/2
) lim (a(k)
= x1 ; ) lim
n1 )
k

(k)

anl
(k)

anl+1

1/2k
= xl

(1 6 l 6 n).

138

9.

9.84. . , ,
x2 x1.
x1 x2 ,
|x1 | > |x2 |?
9.85. .
1/2.
n-. Pn (
) pn ( ).
) P4 , p4 , P6 p6 .
) , :
p
2Pn pn
P2n =
, p2n = pn P2n (n > 3).
Pn + pn

) P96 p96 .
1
10
<<3 .
71
3

9.86. .
v
s
r s
r u
r
u
2
1
1
1 1 t1
1 1
1 1
=

+
+
...

9.87. x0 , x1 , x2 , . . .
x0 = 1,

xn+1 = axn

(n > 0).

a, . a?
9.88. a1 , a2 , a3 , . . .
a1 = 1,

an+1 = an +

1
a2n

(n > 0).

,
) ;
) a9000 > 30;
an
) lim
.
3
n

9.89* . (xn , yn , zn ) (n > 1) :

6
7

x1 = 2, y1 = 4, z1 = ,
xn+1 =

2xn
,
x2n 1

yn+1 =

2yn
,
y2n 1

zn+1 =

2zn
z2n 1

(n > 1).

4.

139

) ,
.
) (xn , yn , zn ),
xn + yn + zn = 0?

4.
9.90. .
, , , . 4 / , 3 /
6 / .
?
. , n
x1 , . . . , xn . . ,
x1
.
x2 . ,
.
.
9.91.

x 3y + 2z t = 3,

2x + 4y 3z + t = 5,
)
4x
2y + z + t = 3,

3x + y + z 2t = 10;

x + 2y + 3z t = 0,

x y + z + 2t = 4,
)
x + 5y + 5z 4t = 4,

x + 8y + 7z 7t = 8;

x + 2y + 3z = 2,

x y + z = 0,
)
x
+ 3y z = 2,

3x + 4y + 3z = 0;

x + 2y + 3z t = 0,

x y + z + 2t = 4,
)
x
+ 5y + 5z 4t = 4,

x + 8y + 7z 7t = 6.

9.92. . ,
1, 2.

140

9.

9.93. 4 . . 1/4
. .
, , 1/4 .
2. ,
) ? )
, ?
9.94. . ,
,
.


ax + y = a2 ,
ax + y = a3 ,
)
)
x + ay = 1;
x + ay = 1;


2
ax + ay = a ,
ax ay = ab,
)
)
x + ay = 2;
2ax y = a;


(a + 1)x + 8y = 4a,
ax + by = a,
)
)
ax + (a + 3)y = 3a 1;
bx + ay = b;
 2

a x + (2 a)y = 4 + a2 ,
|a|x y = 1,
)
)
ax + (2a 1)y = a5 2;
x + |a|y = a.
9.95.
?
9.96. , ,
(1, 1, 1, 1) (1, 2, 2, 1) .
9.97.

x + y + z = 0,
x + y + z = 0,

x + y + z = 0.
. ,
,
.
9.98. :

4.

2
3
2x + 3y = 5,
x + ay + a z = a ,
) x y = 2,
) x + by + b2 z = b3 ,

x + 4y = a;
x + cy + c2 z = c3 ;

x + ay = 1,
x + y + z = 1,
) 2x + 4y = 2,
) ax + by + cz = d,

2
bx + 4y = 2;
a x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 ;

ax + by = a,
ax + by + cz = a + b + c,
) (a 2)x + y = 3, ) bx + cy + az = a + b + c,

x + y = 1;
cx + ay + bz = a + b + c.

141

9.99. :

x1 + x2 + x3 = 0,

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 2a1 ,

x + x x x = 2a ,
x2 + x3 + x4 = 0,
1
2
3
4
2
.............
)
)
x

x
+
x

x
=
2a

1
2
3
4
3,

x99 + x100 + x1 = 0,

x1 x2 x3 + x4 = 2a4 ;
x + x1 + x2 = 0;
100

x + y + z = a,

x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + . . . + nxn = a1 ,

x + y + t = b,
nx1 + x2 + 2x3 + . . . + (n 1)xn = a2 ,
)
)
x
+
z
+
t
=
c,

........................

2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 + . . . + xn = an .

y + z + t = d;
9.100. 13 . , 12
, ,
. , , , : ) ; )
; )
()
.
9.101. ,

a1 4a2 + 3a3 > 0,

a 4a + 3a > 0,

3
4
2
..............

a 4a100 + 3a1 > 0,

99
a100 4a1 + 3a2 > 0.
a1 = 1; a2 , . . . , a100 ?

 10

, (
), .

1.
10.1 10.37 .
10.1. x + 1/x > 2.
10.2. .
r
a2 + b2
a+b
>
.
2
2

10.3. (a + b + c + d)2 6 4(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ).

p

10.4. (a + c)(b + d) > ab + cd.

a + 3b
10.5. 4 ab3 6
.
4


a + 2b + 3c + 4d 10
.
10.6. ab2 c3 d4 6
10

10.7. x2 + y2 + z2 > xy + yz + xz.

10.8. x2 + y2 + 1 > xy + x + y.
10.9. x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 + x25 > x1 (x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 ).
10.10. x4 + y4 + 8 > 8xy.
10.11.

3
a+b+c
6
.
1/a + 1/b + 1/c
3

10.12. (ab + bc + ac)2 > 3abc(a + b + c).

10.13. 2

1
2x

+2

>22

6x

10.14. ab + bc + ac 6 0 a + b + c = 0.


 x+y 
10.15. 
 < 1, |x|, |y| < 1.
1 + xy

1.

143

10.16. x y 6 x + y, , + = 1 (, > 0).

10.17. a2 b2 + b2 c2 + a2 c2 > abc(a + b + c).
10.18. (a + 1)(b + 1)(a + c)(b + c) > 16abc.
10.19. (a + b + c + d + 1)2 > 4(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ), a, b, c, d [0; 1].
10.20. x4 + y4 + z2 + 1 > 2x(xy2 x + z + 1).

10.21. ( x + y)8 > 64xy(x + y)2 (x, y > 0).

10.22. (a + b)(b + c)(a + c) > 8abc.
10.23. (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ) > 9abc.
10.24. a2 (1 + b4 ) + b2 (1 + a4 ) 6 (1 + a4 )(1 + b4 ).
10.25. a4 + b4 + c4 > abc(a + b + c).
10.26. a3 b + b3 c + c3 a > abc(a + b + c).
10.27. 2(a3 + b3 + c3 ) > ab(a + b) + ac(a + c) + bc(b + c).
a

a + ... + a

n
10.28. min k 6 1
6 max k .
b1 + . . . + bn
16k6n bk
16k6n bk




x
y
z
10.29. 1 +
1+
1+
> 8.

y
b
c
a
10.30. + + >
b
c
a
a
b
10.31.
+
b+c
a+c
1
1
10.32.
+
b+c
a+c

3.
c
3
> .
a+b
2
1
9
+
>
.
a+b
2(a + b + c)

10.33. 3(a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 ) > (a1 + a2 + a3 )(b1 + b2 + b3 )

a1 > a2 > a3 , b1 > b2 > b3 .
10.34. ,
a1 > a2 > . . . > an ,

b 1 > b2 > . . . > bn ,

a1 bk1 + a2 bk2 + . . . + an bkn
(k1 , k2 , . . . , kn 1, 2, . . . , n),
a1 b1 + a2 b2 + . . . + an bn ,

a1 bn + a2 bn1 + . . . + an b1 .

144

10.

10.35. . ,
a + a2 + . . . + an b1 + b2 + . . . + bn
a1 b1 + a2 b2 + . . . + an bn
> 1

.
n
n
n

10.36. :
a+b+c6

a2 + c 2
b2 + c2
a3
b3
c3
a2 + b2
+
+
6
+
+
.
2c
2b
2a
bc
ac
ab

10.37. . ,
a1 > a2 > . . . > an > 0


a
a
a21 + a22 + . . . + a2n 6 1 + 2 + . . . +
1+

2+

an

n+ n1

2
.

10.38. (1+x1 ) . . . (1+xn ) > 2n , x1 . . . xn = 1.

10.39. , n
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
> 1.
n+1

n+2

3n + 1

10.40. , n
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
n+1
n+2
2n

1/2 3/4.
10.41* . p, q,

1 1
+ = 1.
p q

, a b
ab 6

ap
bq
+
.
p
q

10.42.
p
p
p
x21 + (1 x2 )2 + x22 + (1 x3 )2 + . . . + x22n + (1 x1 )2 .
10.43. n :

n+1
) n 6 n n! 6
;
2
 n
 n
n
n
)
< n! <
;
3
2
 n
 n
n
n
)
< n! < n
.
e

2.

145




10.44. , x 0;
2

1
1
0<
2 < 1.
sin2 x
x

(. 7.81.)
10.45.
,

m n

m n, n m 3 3.
10.46. 22
?

.2
..

10.47. :
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
>
n+1
n+2
2n
2
n
1
1
) 6 1 + + . . . + n
6n
2
2
2 1
1
1 3
99
1
)
< ...
< ;
15
2 4
100
10
1 3
99
1
) . . .
< .
2 4
100
12

(n > 1);
(n > 1);

10.48. ,
+ +
= 1
y
z
x
.

2.
10.49. . ,
f1 (x), . . . , fn (x),
[a; b]. :
min f1 (x) + . . . + min fn (x) 6 min (f1 (x) + . . . + fn (x)).

x[a;b]

x[a;b]

x[a;b]

10.50. :
(b1 + . . . + bn )2
b2
b21
+ ... + n 6
.
a1
an
a1 + . . . + an

10.51.
) :
(c1 d1 + . . . + cn dn )2 6 (c21 + . . . + c2n )(d21 + . . . + d2n );
) :
r
a1 + . . . + an
6
n

a21 + . . . + a2n
;
n

146

10.

) :
b + . . . + bn
n
6 1
.
1/b1 + . . . + 1/bn

10.52. :

b1 +...+bn
b1 + . . . + bn
a1 + . . . + an

b1
a1

b1

...

bn
an

bn

10.53. , :

a + . . . + an
) n a1 . . . an 6 1
;
n

b1 +...+bn
b1 + . . . + bn
)
6 bb1 1 . . . bbnn ;
n

) c

b1
1

. . . cbnn 6 c1 b1 + . . . + cn bn , b1 + . . . + bn = 1.

10.54. . , A B,
: .
(2)
(2)
(1)
k(1)
A , kB , kA , kB . , N A,
, k(1)
A N.
3
2

4
3

(1)
k(1)
, k(2)
, k(2)
A = 2, kB =
A =
B = 3.

, N, ,
,
?
(1)
k(1)
A , kB ,
(2)
(2)
kA , kB .

3.
. f(x),
[a; b]:
= {(x, y) : x [a; b], y = f(x)}.
f(x) , T
, T . .
()
() .

3.

147

10.55. , f(x)
[a; b], x1 , x2 [a; b] 1 , 2 , 1 + 2 = 1 :
f (1 x1 + 2 x2 ) > 1 f(x1 ) + 2 f(x2 ).
10.56. . ,
f(x) [a; b],
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn (n > 2) [a; b] 1 , 2 , . . . , n
, 1 + 2 + . . . + n = 1, :
f(1 x1 + . . . + n xn ) > 1 f(x1 ) + . . . + n f(xn ).
10.57. , x1 , . . . , xn [0; ]
:


x + . . . + xn
sin x1 + . . . + sin xn
sin 1
>
.
n

10.58. :

) n(x1 + . . . + xn ) > ( x1 + . . . + xn )2 ;
)

n3
1
1
6 2 + ... + 2 ;
(x1 + . . . + xn )2
x1
xn

n
) nx1 . . . xn 6 xn
1 + . . . + xn ;

) .


1
1
+ ... +
> n2 .
(x1 + . . . + xn )
x1

xn

10.59. , x + y + z = 6, x2 + y2 + z2 > 12.

10.60. . p q , 1/p + 1/q = 1. ,
a1 b1 + a2 b2 + . . . + an bn 6 (ap1 + ap2 + . . . + apn )1/p (aq1 + aq2 + . . . + aqn )1/q .
. 6= 0 x1 , . . . , xn
1/

x + . . . + x
n
S (x) = 1
.
n

: ( = 1), ( = 1),
( = 2). 0
S0 (x) = n x1 . . . xn .

148

10.

10.61. , :
S1 (x) 6 S0 (x) 6 S1 (x) 6 S2 (x).
10.62. , < 6= 0, S (x) 6 S (x).
10.63* . , < 0 < ,
S (x) 6 S0 (x) 6 S (x),

lim S (x) = lim S (x) = S0 (x).

+0

10.64. , < , S 6 S ,
x1 = x2 = . . . = xn .

4.
10.65. :
) x4 + y4 + z4 > x2 yz + xy2 z + xyz2 ;
) x3 + y3 + z3 > 3xyz;
) x4 + y4 + z4 + t4 > 4xyzt;
) x5 + y5 > x3 y2 + x2 y3 .
. , x, y z.
, = (k, j, i), k > j > i,
. T (x, y, z) = T(k,j,i) (x, y, z)

X
T (x, y, z) =
xa yb zc
{a,b,c}={k,j,i}

( {a, b, c} 3! {k, j, i}).

10.65 :
) T(4,0,0) (x, y, z) > T(2,1,1) (x, y, z);
) T(3,0,0) (x, y, z) > T(1,1,1) (x, y, z);
) T(4,0,0,0) (x, y, z, t) > T(1,1,1,1) (x, y, z, t);
) T(5,0) (x, y) > T(3,2) (x, y).
10.66. T
) x4 y + y4 x > x3 y2 + x2 y3 ;
) x3 yz + y3 xz + z3 xy > x2 y2 z + y2 z2 x + z2 x2 y.

4.

149

. , = (1 , . . . , n ) n ,
k- k , .

     

       

s = 1 + 2 + . . . + n .
10.67. T
:
) (3, 2); ) (3, 2, 1); ) (3, 3, 0, 0); ) (4, 1, 1, 0).
10.68. s,
) s = 4; ) s = 5; ) s = 6; ) s = 7.
. = (1 , . . . , n ) = (1 , . . . , n )
s = 1 + . . . + n = 1 + . . . + n .
, (  ), :

1 > 1 ,

1 + 2 > 1 + 2 ,
.....................

1 + . . . + n1 > 1 + . . . + n1 ,

1 + . . . + n = 1 + . . . + n .
, , , ,
.
, (4, 2, 1)  (3, 2, 2), 4 > 3, 4 + 2 > 3 + 2, 4 + 2 + 1 =
= 3 + 2 + 2.
10.69. , = (1 , 2 , 3 )  = (1 , 2 , 3 )
, (
)

(k 1, j + 1, i)
(k, j, i) (k 1, j, i + 1)

(k, j 1, i + 1)

.

150

10.

10.70. s = 4 , (4, 0, 0, 0),

(1, 1, 1, 1).
10.71. ) , (4, 1, 1) (3, 3, 0)
, .
6?
) s = 7.
10.72. T (x, y, z) > T (x, y, z) x,
y, z. ,  .
10.73* . .
= (1 , . . . , n )

= (1 , . . . , n )

. , ,  ,
x1 , . . . , xn
T (x1 , . . . , xn ) > T (x1 , . . . , xn ).
10.74. .
, (n, 0, . . . , 0)
n (1, 1, . . . , 1)?
10.75. :
) x4 y2 z + y4 x2 z + y4 z2 x + z4 y2 x + x4 z2 y + z4 x2 y > 2(x3 y2 z2 + x2 y3 z2 +
+ x2 y2 z3 );
) x5 + y5 + z5 > x2 y2 z + x2 yz2 + xy2 z2 ;
) x3 + y3 + z3 + t3 > xyz + xyt + xzt + yxt.
10.76. 10.36 . ?

 11

1.
.
{bn } = b1 , b2 , . . . , bn , . . .
{bn } ,
{bn }:
bn = bn+1 bn

(n = 1, 2, . . . ).

(, b0 = 0.) )
.
11.1.
) n2 ; ) n(n 1); ) nk ; ) Ckn .
11.2. {an } {bn },
bn = an , (n = 1, 2, . . . ). Sn {an }
Sn = a1 + a2 + . . . + an
{bn }?
11.3. {an } , an = n2 . ,
12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + n2 .
11.4. 13 + 23 + 33 + . . . + n3 .
11.5.
n
X
1
k=0

F2 k

=3

F2n 1
F2 n

(n > 1).

) , , .

152

11.

. f(x) f(x + 1) f(x)

f(x) . :
n f(x) = (n1 f(x)) (n > 1)
(, 0 f(x) = f(x)).
11.6. , Q(x) m + 1,
P(x) = Q(x) m.
11.7. , P(n) m Q(n) m + 1 , : Q(n) = P(n) Q(0) = 0.
11.8.
n f(x) =

n
X

Ckn (1)nk f(x + k).

k=0

11.9.
f(x + n) =

n
X

Ckn k f(x).

k=0

11.10. f(x) m. ,
m < n, n f(x) = 0. m f(x) = 0?
11.11.
n
X



k n
Ckn (1)k 1
.
n

k=0

11.12. , m 1 6 m < n :
n
X
(1)k km Ckn = 0.
k=1

(. 6.105.)
11.13* . y0 , y1 , . . . , yn , f(x) m < n :
n
X

f(k)yk = 0.

(11.1)

k=0

, yk = (1)k Ckn , .

1.

153

11.14. ,
:
 
a
bn
b a an bn
1
=
; ) n = n n
.
)
bn

bn bn+1

bn

bn bn+1

11.15. (an bn ) an bn .
.
11.15 0 . . n-
n

(n) X
f(x)g(x)
=
Ckn f(k) (x)g(nk) (x).
k=0

n

X
n f(x)g(x) =
Ckn k f(x)(nk) g(x).

()

k=0

11.16. y = ex ,
y 0 (x) = y(x) y(0) = 1. {an } ,
?
11.17. . .
,
:
X

n1

x=0

n1

f(x)g(x) = f(n)

x=0

n1

g(x)

f(x)

x=0

n1

x
X

g(z),

z=0

n1

f(x)g(x) = f(n)g(n) f(0)g(0)

x=0

g(x + 1)f(x).

x=0

11.18.
{an } , an = n2n .
Z
( xex dx.)
11.19. :

154

11.
n
P

1
;
k(k
+ 1)
k=1
n
P
1
;
)
2
k=2 k 1
n
P
1
)
;
k=1 k(k + 1)(k + 2)

n
P
(k 1) 2k

k=1

k(k + 1)

n
P

4k + 1
;
k(k
+
1)(4k2 1)
k=1
n
P k1
)
;
k!
k=1

n
P

k! k.

k=1

11.20.
:
n
n
n
P
P
P
)
k2 qk1 ; )
k sin kx; )
k2 cos kx.
k=1

k=1

k=1

. Cn
x

x(x 1) . . . (x n + 1)
Cn
,
x =
n!

x. x > n .
11.21. . ) ,
f(x) n

f(x) = d0 C0x + d1 C1x + . . . + dn Cn
x.
Ckx
x. , . (.
6.79.)
) , d0 , d1 , . . . , dn dk = k f(0) (0 6 k 6 n).
11.22. . f(x)
n x = 0, 1, . . . , n. ,
f(x) = d0 C0x + d1 C1x + . . . + dn Cn
x,
d0 , d1 , . . . , dn .
11.23. f(x) = x3 x 2 f(x). ,
, f(x) ... 6 x.
11.24. , f(x) n
x = 0, 1, . . . , n,
x.

2.

155

11.25. ) q
f(x) = cqx + an xn + . . . + a1 x + a0
x = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n + 1. ,
x > 0 f(x) .
) ) f(x)
m > 1 x = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n + 1. , f(x) m
x > 0.
11.26. , n f(n) = 22n1
9n2 + 21n 14 27.
11.27* . n
12 22 32 . . . n2
+ , 0?
. f(x, y) . f(x, y) ,

,
1
4

f(x, y) = (f(x + 1, y) + f(x 1, y) + f(x, y + 1) + f(x, y 1)).

11.28. f(x, y) g(x, y) . ,
a b af(x, y) + bg(x, y) .
11.29. f(x, y) . ,
x f(x, y) = f(x+1, y)f(x, y) y f(x, y) = f(x, y+1)f(x, y)
.
11.30* . . f(x, y) ,
M ,
(x, y) Z2

|f(x, y)| 6 M.

, f(x, y) .

2.
. a0 , a1 , . . . , an , . . . , p q
an+2 = pan+1 + qan

(n = 0, 1, 2, . . . )

(11.2)

156

11.

() .

x2 px q = 0
(11.3)
{an }.
11.31. , a0 , a1 , {an } .
11.32. , {an } = bxn
0 (11.2) , x0
(11.3) {an }.
11.33. (11.3) {an } x1 x2 . ,
a0 , a1 c1 , c2 ,

n
a n = c1 x n
(n > 0).
1 + c2 x 2
11.34. (11.3) {an } x0 2. , a0 , a1 c1 , c2 ,
an = (c1 + c2 n)xn
0

(n > 0).

11.35. n- , (n > 0):

a) a0 = 0, a1 = 1, an+2 = 5an+1 6an ;
) a0 = 1, a1 = 1, an+2 = 3an+1 2an ;
) a0 = 1, a1 = 1, an+2 = an+1 + an ;
) a0 = 1, a1 = 2, an+2 = 2an+1 an ;
) a0 = 0, a1 = 1, an+2 = 2an+1 + an .

11.36. 1 + 2 ,
:

(1 + 2)1 = 1 + 2 = 2 + 1,

(1 + 2)2 = 3 + 2 2 = 9 + 8,

(1 + 2)3 = 7 + 5 2 = 50 + 49,

(1 + 2)4 = 17 + 12 2 = 289 + 288.

an bn

(1 + 2)n = an + bn 2, (n > 0). (. 11.59.)

2.

157

) an bn (1 2)n .
) a2n 2b2n = 1.
) {an } {bn }?
) ), n- {an } {bn }.
)
an , bn

2.
11.37. :

2 + 3 = 4 + 3,

(2 + 3)2 = 49 + 48,

(2 + 3)3 = 676 + 675,

(2 + 3)4 = 9409 + 9408.

.
11.38. ,

(x + y 5)4 + (z + t 5)4 = 2 + 5
x, y, z, t.
11.39. a2n 3b2n = 1.
11.40. , Qn ,
Q0 = ,

Q1 = ,

Qn+2 = Qn+1 + Qn

(n > 0),

Fn Ln .
. Fn (x) (n > 0)
F0 (x) = 0, F1 (x) = 1
Fn+1 (x) = x Fn (x) + Fn1 (x) (n > 1).
, Ln (x)
L0 (x) = 2,

L1 (x) = x,

Ln+1 (x) = x Ln (x) + Ln1 (x) (n > 1).

11.41. .
. x = 1?
,
(. 3.133):

158

11.

) Ln (x) = Fn1 (x) + Fn+1 (x) (n > 1);

) Fn (x) (x2 + 4) = Ln1 (x) + Ln+1 (x) (n > 1);
) F2n (x) = Ln (x) Fn (x) (n > 0);
) Ln (x)2 + Ln+1 (x)2 = F2n+1 (x)(x2 + 4) (n > 0);
) Fn+2 (x) + Fn2 (x) = (x2 + 2)Fn (x) (n > 2).
11.42. Fn+1 (x)/Fn (x) Ln+1 (x)/Ln (x) (n > 1)
, (. 3.144.)
11.43. . (. 3.126 11.75.)
11.44. ,

  F
  L (ix)
x
x
n
n+1 (ix)
Un
, 2Tn
.
=
=
n
n
2

11.45. Fn (x)
Ln (x). 3.129 3.130 .
11.46. -. ABC,
. A A n ?
11.47. ABCDEF,
.
) A C n ?
) , , D?
) -. A,
D .
. ,
n ? ?
11.48. , p>2 ,

s
r
q
p
n
n
2 + 2 + . . . + 2 + 2 + p = 2 2 .
|
{z
}
n

11.49. , ,
, 6 .
.
n- ?
11.50.

2.

159

) (6 + 35)1999 ; ) (6 + 37)1999 ; ) (6 + 37)2000

1000 .
11.51., n [(1 + 2)n ] n (mod 2).
11.52. , an = 1 + 17n2 (n > 0)
.
11.53. {xn } {yn } :
xn = xn1 + 2yn1 sin2 , yn = yn1 + 2xn1 cos2 , x0 = 0, y0 = cos .
xn yn n .
11.54.
. . ,
, ,
1/5 , .
;
.
, .
?
. a0 , a1 , . . . , an , . . . , b0 , . . . , bk1
an+k = bk1 an+k1 + . . . + b0 an

(n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ),

(11.4)

() k- .

xk bk1 xk1 . . . b0 = 0
{an }.
11.55* . n-
k- ,
a) x1 , . . . , xk ;
) x1 , . . . , xm 1 , . . . , m ?
11.56. (11.3) (11.2) x1,2 = a ib = rei . ,
c1 , c2
an = rn (c1 cos n + c2 sin n).

160

11.

11.57. n- , (n > 0):

a) a0 = 0, a1 = 1, an+2 = 4an+1 5an ;
) a0 = 1, a1 = 2, an+2 = 2an+1 2an ;
) a0 = 1, a1 = 2, an+2 + an+1 + an = 0;
) a0 = 1, a1 = 8, an+2 = 6an+1 + 25an .
11.58. (11.4)
a) an = n2 ; ) an = n3 ?

11.59. (1 + 2 + 3)n = pn + qn 2 + rn 3 + sn 6 (n > 0).

:
p
p
p
) lim n ; ) lim n ; ) lim n . (. 11.36.)
n

qn

rn

sn

3.
.
F(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn + . . .

(11.5)

.
, , , , , .
. (11.5)

F 0 (x) = a1 + 2a2 x . . . + nan xn1 + . . .
11.60.
:
) (1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . . )(1 x + x2 x3 + . . . );
) (1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . . )2 ;



(x)n
x2
xn
x2
+ ... +
+ ... 1 x +
... +
+ ... .
) 1 + x +
2!

n!

2!

n!

11.61. . , a0 6= 0,
F(x) F1 (x) = b0 + b1 x + . . . + bn xn + . . .
, F(x)F1 (x) = 1.
11.62. :
) (1 + x)1 ; ) (1 x)1 ; ) (1 x)2 .
. {an } = a0 , a1 , . . .
.
F(x) = a0 + a1 x + . . . + an xn + . . .

3.

161

.
11.63. F(x) {an }.

F(n) (x) 
an =
 .
n!

x=0

11.63 0 . , p
Fn (Up1 (

Fnp
5
,
)) =
2
Fp

,
F3n
F3
F5n
Fn (11) =
F5
F7n
Fn (29) =
F7

Fn (4) =

(p = 3);
(p = 5);
(p = 7).

11.64. :
) an = n; ) an = n2 ; ) an = Cn
m.
11.65. :
) C1n + 2C2n + 3C3n + . . . + nCn
) C1n + 22 C2n + 32 C3n + . . . + n2 Cn
n;
n.
11.66. an
(11.6)

x1 + . . . + xk = n

F(x) an . :
) F(x) = (1 + x + x2 + . . . )k ; ) F(x) = (1 x)k .
11.67. , , an (11.6)
. an ,
11.63. (. 2.70.)
11.68. :
(1 + x + x2 + . . . + x9 )(1 + x10 + x20 + . . . + x90 )
(1 + x100 + x200 + . . . + x900 ) . . . =

1
.
1x

(. 1.2.)
11.69. .
, n

P
) Ckn = (1)k Ckn+k1 ; ) (1 + x)n =
Ckn xk .
k=0

162

11.

11.70. :
) an = Cm
) an = Cm
n.
m+n ;
11.71. . ,
1 000 000 000 000 999 999.
, . N
. :
) (1 + x + . . . + x9 )3 (1 + x1 + . . . + x9 )3 = x27 + . . . + a1 x + N +
+ a1 x1 + . . . + x27 ;
) (1 + x + . . . + x9 )6 = 1 + . . . + Nx27 + . . . + x54 .
11.72. .
.
Exp(z) = 1 + z +

X
z2
zn
zk
+ ... +
+ ... =
.
2!
n!
k!
k=0

11.73. :
) Exp 0 (z) = Exp(z); ) Exp(( + )z) = Exp(z) Exp(z).
(. 7.52.)
11.74. a, b c
a = 1 + C3n x3 + C6n x6 + . . . ,
b = C1n x + C4n x4 + C7n x7 + . . . ,
c = C2n x2 + C5n x5 + C8n x8 + . . . .
,
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (1 + x3 )n .
(. 9.8.)
11.75. ,

F(z) = F0 + F1 z + F2 z2 + . . . + Fn zn + . . .

z
1
1
1
=

,
b
1 z
1 z z2
5 1 z

1+ 5
1 5
b =
=
,
. 11.63,
2
2

F(z) =

. (. 3.126 11.43.)

3.

163

11.76. ,
0,1 + 0,01 + 0,002 + 0,0003 + 0,00005 + 0,000008 + 0,0000013 + . . .
.
11.77.

L(z) = L0 + L1 z + L2 z2 + . . . + Ln zn + . . . .
, Ln
b (. 3.135.)
.
11.78.

P
P
Ln
Fn
)
)
n;
n.
n=0

n=0

11.79.
.
F(x, z) = F0 (x) + F1 (x)z + F2 (x)z2 + . . . + Fn (x)zn + . . .

L(x, z) = L0 (x) + L1 (x)z + L2 (x)z2 + . . . + Ln (x)zn + . . .
11.80. . (. 7.38):
FT (x, z) =

Tn (x)z ,

n=0

FU (x, z) =

Un (x)zn .

n=0

11.81. , ,
:
n1
n1
P k k
P 2 k
)
2 x ; )
k 2 ;
k=0
n1

k=0

k=0
n1
k

k2 ;

k sin kx.

k=0

11.81 0 .
(11.2) a0
a1 .
. .

164

11.

. , 3 = 1 + 2 3 = 2 + 1
.
11.82. p(n) n. :
p(0) + p(1)x + p(2)x2 . . . = (1 + x + x2 + . . . ) . . . (1 + xk + x2k + . . . ) . . . =
= (1 x)1 (1 x2 )1 (1 x3 )1 . . .
( , p(0) = 1.)
11.83. n . ak , k.
ak . ,
,
. , 5, 3, 3, 2,
(5, 3, 3, 2) (4, 4, 3, 1, 1) (5, 3, 3, 2).
11.84. , n
2n1 1 , , , . ,
241 1 = 7 4:
1 + 1 + 1 + 1,

1 + 1 + 2,

1 + 2 + 1,

2 + 1 + 1,

2 + 2,

1 + 3,

3 + 1.

11.85. n
,
,
. ,
6 :
6,

1 + 5,

2 + 4,

1 + 2 + 3,

:
1 + 5,

3 + 3,

1 + 1 + 1 + 3,

1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1.

d(n) n , l(n) .
:
) d(0) + d(1)x + d(2)x2 + . . . = (1 + x)(1 + x2 )(1 + x3 ) . . . ;
) l(0) + l(1)x + l(2)x2 + . . . = (1 x)1 (1 x3 )1 (1 x5 )1 . . . ;
) d(n) = l(n) (n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ).
( , d(0) = l(0) = 1.)

3.

165

11.86* . -

. ,
4, . 148.
11.87. an
(1+qx)(1+qx2 )(1+qx4 )(1+qx8 )(1+qx16 ) . . . = a0 +a1 x+a2 x2 +a3 x3 +. . .
(. 5.64.)
11.88. n-
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)(1 d) . . . =
= 1 a b + ab c + ac + bc abc d + . . . (n = 0, 1, 2, . . . )?
(. 5.73.)
11.89.
1

(1 4x) 2 = 1 + 2x + 6x2 + 20x3 + . . . + an xn + . . .

11.90. x y
x = y + y2 + y3 + . . . + yn + . . .
y x.
11.91. x y
x=y+

y2
y3
yn
+
+ ... +
+ ...
2!
3!
n!

y x.

P
11.92. C(z) =
Cn zn n=0

{Cn }. ,

C(z) = zC2 (z) + 1,

C(z). (. 2.116.)
11.93. 2.115,

X
n
(1 z)1/2 =
Cn
1/2 (z) ,
n=0

Cn
1/2 =

(1/2)(1/2 1) . . . (1/2 n + 1)
n!

(
. 154).

166

11.

4.
. k l gk,l (x)
gk,l (x) =

(1 xl+1 )(1 xl+2 ) . . . (1 xl+k )

.
(1 x)(1 x2 ) . . . (1 xk )

11.94. gk,l (x) 0 6 k + l 6 4 ,

.
11.95. gk,l (x):
) gk,l (x) =

hk+l (x)
,
hk (x) hl (x)

hm (x) = (1 x)(1 x2 ) . . . (1 xm ) (h0 (x) = 1);

) gk,l (x) = gl,k (x);
) gk,l (x) = gk1,l (x) + xk gk,l1 (x) = gk,l1 (x) + xl gk1,l (x);
) gk,l+1 (x) = g0,l (x) + xg1,l (x) + . . . + xk gk,l (x);
) gk,l (x) x kl.
gk,l (x) . .
, , .
11.96. gk,l (x) x = 1. , gk,l (x) , x = 1. gk,l (1) = Ckk+l . , ) ) 11.95 x = 1?
11.97.
Sl (x) = g0,l (x) g1,l1 (x) + g2,l2 (x) . . . + (1)l gl,0 (x).
11.98. Pk,l (n) n
k , l.
:
) Pk,l (n) Pk,l1 (n) = Pk1,l (n l);
) Pk,l (n) Pk1,l (n) = Pk,l1 (n k);
) Pk,l (n) = Pl,k (n);
) Pk,l (n) = Pl,k (kl n).
11.99. fk,l (x)
Pk,l (n):
fk,l (x) = Pk,l (0) + xPk,l (1) + . . . + xkl Pk,l (kl).

4.

167

) :
fk,l (x) = fk1,l (x) + xk fk,l1 (x) = fk,l1 (x) + xl fk1,l (x).
) , fk,l (x)
gk,l (x).
11.100. , k l gk,l (x) , xkl gk,l (1/x) = gk,l (x).
:
Pk,l (n) 11.98.
11.101. ,
Pkl (0) + Pkl (1) + Pkl (2) + . . . + Pkl (kl) = Ckk+l ,
.

 12

12.1. , .
, ,
. ,
n ( 1 n).
1 n1 .
2 n .
2 n 1
, .
n .
, , ? (.
1.4.)
12.2. . :
9 25
9
25
= ;
6 + 10
6
10

8 50
8
50
= .
2+5
2
5

?
12.3. 100, .

16 6
1
= .
6 64
4

12.4.




16
16
64
64
= log 16 + log ; log
8 = log
log 8.
log 16 +
15

15

?
12.5. a b
sin a + sin b = sin(a + b)?

169
12.6. 12 21
(144 441).
? :
441 ?
12.7. . ,
,
. , (.
3.153).
12.8. , ,
. ,
. ,
?
12.9. - 2.6.
12.10. x
(x a)(x b)(x c) . . . (x z).
12.11. 1 = 1. ,
, . :
r
r

1
1
1
1
= 1 1 = 1 1 1 = 1.
=

, :
p

1 = i2 = 1 1 = (1)(1) = 1 = 1.
- ? (. 7.24.)
12.12. , . 7.51,
, sin x , cos x :
(e2i )x/(2) (e2i )x/(2)
11
eix eix
=
=
= 0;
2i
2i
2i
2i
x/(2)
2i
x/(2)
(e )
+ (e
)
eix + eix
1+1
cos x =
=
=
= 1.
2
2
2

sin x =

? (. 7.55.)
12.13. 65 = 64 = 63.
. ,

170

12.

, , ,
:

, 64 = 63? (. 3.112.)
12.14. . 3.125 . ,
.
, , 30 .
30 :
30 = 21 + 8 + 1 = F8 + F6 + F2 = (1010001)F .
,
F7 + F5 + F1 = 13 + 5 + 1 = 19 = (101001)F .
19 . (
18,46 .) .
, . ,
n n 6 100, 2/3 .
12.15. S :
(12.1)

S = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 ...

(12.1), ,
S:
1
2

S = 1 (1 1 + 1 1 + . . . ) = 1 S S = .
S (12.1) :
S = (1 1) + (1 1) + . . . = 0 + 0 + . . . = 0;
S = 1 (1 1) (1 1) . . . = 1 0 0 . . . = 1.

171
, ,
S:
S = 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + . . . = 1 + (1 1) + (1 1) + . . . = 1.
, , S:
1
S = = 0 = 1 = 1.
2

S ?

, ,
1
1.15. 1.14.
1.16. an = 2n + 1 (n > 0).
1.26. n = 1 . ,
n > 1
n+1. ,
. 1 2n + 2
n + 2 . 2n + 1 2n + 2,
. n
a1 , . . . , an . n + 1,
n + 1 | 2n + 2. , a1 , . . . , an
n + 1, . n + 1
1 2n, .
:
n + 1 , 2n, , 2.
1.27. x = 1, 2, . . . , n.
1.37.
(. 1.4), n n 1.
n n = 2k .


2
1
1.40.
1+
.
3

n(n + 1)

1.42. 28 1 .
1.43. 38 1.
1.44. 2 37 1.
1.45. n ,
n + 3 (
). n = 3k, n = 3k + 1, n = 3k + 2,
n, .

, ,

173

n 6, 4, 8. ( 3 3, 2 2 5 5.
1.47. ) 2 (11 = 1 + 1 + 3 + 6). ) (n + 1)2n 1 .
1.48. 8, 9 10 .
,
.
1.50. 1 + n(n + 1)/2.
1.51. n2 n + 2.
1.53. (n3 + 5n + 6)/6.
1.57. k + mk m.
1.58. .
1.59. .
:
. ,
, .
1.61. an n
. ,
h n 1 i
, n ;
4
an = an3 +
0,
n .
a100 = 24 + 23 + 21 + 20 + . . . + 3 + 2 = 208.

2
2.1. ) 24. ) 28.
2.2. 9 106 .
2.3. 103 303 .
2.4. 27/25 .
2.5. 65 84 + 64 85 .
2.6. 40.
2.7. 9 104 2.
2.8. 9 105 56 .
2.9. 9 109 9 9!.
2.11. 360.
2.12. 9 102
2.13. 9 107 5.
2.14. 37 .
2.15. 54 .
2.16.
. : .

174

, ,

2.18. 38
2.19. n , 0 n
. , n
, 0.
2.20. k + 1 ,
. k + 2 ,
, k + 1
1 2k. 2 k 1
.
2.21. 16 2 2.
16 ,
. : 16.
2.22. 50 .
2.23. N(k, l) N(k, r) k-
.
N(k, l) + N(k, r) = 200 (k = 41, 42, 43);
N(41, l) + N(42, l) + N(43, l) = 300;
N(41, r) + N(42, r) + N(43, r) = 300.
, ()
().
,
N(41, l) 6 N(41, r),

N(42, l) 6 N(42, r),

N(43, l) > N(43, r).

N(41, l) + N(42, l) + N(43, r) = 300 N(43, l) + N(43, r) > 100.
2.24. . 2.19.
2.25.
. m
6 6 m 6 10. m A6 ,
6- . ( )
A5 , . . . , A1 . A1 .
A2 ,
. .
2.27. 999.
2.28. , 1 2n 2 (n > 3)
n + 1 ,
, . n = 3
. , n = k

, ,

175

n = k + 1. k + 1
1 2k 2, .
, 2k 1
2k. k 1 2k 2.
(1, 2k 2), (2, 2k 3), . . . , (k 1, k),
, .
2k 1. 1002 1001, . 1000,
1001, . . . , 2000.
2.30. n .
n(n 1)
.
2

(0, 1, . . . , n 1) . 1 .
2.31. . . .
. ,
. ,
.
, .
2.33. 6- .
3 , , .
.
, . ,
.
2.34. n
{1, 2, 4, 8, . . . , 2k , . . . },
{3, 6, 12, 24, . . . , 3 2k , . . . },
............
{2n 1, (2n 1)2, (2n 1)4, . . . , (2n 1) 2k , . . . }.
[n + 1; 2n].
, (n + 1)-
.
2.36. 17!.
2.38. 8!.
2.39. 16!.
2.40. 16!/2.
2.41. 28 6! 1111111.
2.42. ) 28!; ) 28! 27 2 26!.
2.43. C49 .

176

, ,

2.44. C428 , C327 .

2.45. 2 C710 + 1 C610 .
2.46. C2n .
2.47. C2n .
2.48. C2n C2m .
2.49. , 5 .
.
. C59
. 4
, .
, 6 ,
.
Cm1
n m + 1
n
.
2.50. C57 C59 .
2.54. ) 26; ) 51.
2.55. n = 2a 1.
2.56. ) C2k k.
2.57. n.
2.58. ) 5!; ) 6!/2; ) 8!/3!; ) 11!/(2! 3!); ) 11!/(4! 2! 2!);
) 13!/(2!)4 .
2.59. ,
m x n y :
Ox, x, Oy,
y.
(m + n)!
n
= Cm
m+n = Cm+n .
m! n!

2.60. ,
9 x, y z. : 27!/(9!)3 .
h (m + 1)(m + 2) i2
2.61.
.
2
1 6
24!
1
2.62. ) C12 . )

.
2
4! (6!)4

2.63. A B
C a, b c.
3n .
2.65.

32!
.
10! 10! 10! 2! 2

2.66. 6-
9876543210. : C610 .

, ,

177

2.67. (m+1)- (m1

) n ,
. : Cn
m+1 .
.
2.68. C519 ; Cn1
m1
2.69. C525 .
2.70. ) C2999 ; ) C21002 .
2.71. C522 .
2.72. 113 = C03 103 + C13 102 + C23 101 + C33 100 , 114 = 14641.
2.73. 27 .
2.74. . , , ( 2.88). Ckn n ) 11.69.
2.75. n = 2k 1.
2.76. ) 35 ; ) 0; ) 2n .
2.77. ) : m r,
m k. :
k r, m k.
2.79. 36 .
2.80. x = 2, y = 3, n = 5.
2.81. . n
C3z , .
C2y .
C1x .
2.82. 3
C310 = 120. 8 ,
8 14 = 112.
8 .
2.83. m = 3,n = 2.
2.84. C6100 4( 3)64 .
2.86. 2 5! 5!.
2.87.
, . ,

. Tn Tn = C4n . Kn ,
n- ,
Km+1 Km = Tm+1 Tm + m 1.

178

, ,

m 2 n, ,
Kn+1 = Tn+1 +

n(n 1)
.
2

Kn+1 = C4n+1 + C2n =

n(n 1)(n2 n + 10)

.
24

2.88. ,
, ,
. , Ckn ,

1
.
(n + 1)Ckn

1
1
1
+
=
k1
(n + 1)Ck1
(n + 1)Ckn
n Cn1
n

.
2.90. ,
(. 2.88)
1
1
1

= ,
6
12
12

1
1
1

= ,
12
20
30

1
1
1

= , ...
20
30
60

2.77 ).
2.91. )

1
.
(r 1)! (r 1)

2.92. C410 /C425 .

2.93. 5/90 = 1/18.
2.94. ) 1/103 ; ) 1/102 .
2.96. , .
2.97. a1 + a2 + . . . + ak .
2.100. 20.
2.101. Na , BC . Nb , Nc , Na,b , Nb,c , Na,c Na,b,c . N
. N = 63 , Na = Nb = Nc = 62 , Na,b =
= Nb,c = Na,c = 6, Na,b,c = 1.
:
63 3 62 + 3 6 1 = 53 .
2.102. ) 13200; ) 8800; ) 8000.

, ,

179

2.103. 1600.
2.104. 998 910.
2.107. S , Si i-
(i = 1, 2, 3), Si,j , i- j-
(1 6 i < j 6 3), S1,2,3 , .

S (S1 + S2 + S3 ) + (S1,2 + S1,3 + S2,3 ) S1,2,3 > 0.

S1,2 + S1,3 + S2,3 > S1 + S2 + S3 S = 3.

S1,2 , S1,3 S2,3 1 2 .
2.108. 2.107.
2.109. ) :
X
X
X
X
S
Si +
Si,j
Si,j,k +
Si,j,k,l S1,2,3,4,5 > 0.
(13.1)
, . ,

X
X
X
S1
S1,i +
S1,i,j
S1,i,j,k + S1,2,3,4,5 > 0.
,
X
X
X
X
Si 2
Si,j + 3
Si,j,k 4
Si,j,k,l + 5S1,2,3,4,5 > 0.

(13.2)

P (13.1) (13.2),

Si,j,k . , (13.2) (13.1):
X
X
X
3S 2
Si +
Si,j
Si,j,k,l + 5S1,2,3,4,5 > 0.

Si,j > 2

Si 3S = 5 3 = 2.

i j Si,j > 1/5.

)
(13.1) (13.2),
P

Si,j .
2.110.
12
24
123
145

13
25
124
234

14
34
125
235

15
35
134
245

23
45
135
345

180

, ,

. , 1 2
, . , 1/5 1/20 .
2.111.
x0 x1 . . . xn
"(" +1;

" " 1

" " +1;

")" 1.

2.112.
x0 x1 . . . xn ,
x0 , x1 , . . . , xn ( x0 x1 . . . xn ).
2.113.
2.111.
2.115. , {a1 , . . . , an }, , :
, . , .
, 2.103 a0 = 1.
2.116. x0 x1 . . . xn ,
.

3
3.1. p1 , p2 , . . . , pn , N = p1
p2 . . . pn + 1 ,x .
3.2. 2 19.
3.5. 2q2 = (p 1)(p + 1). ,
p . q .
q = 2. p = 3.
3.7. p1 = 3, p2 = 7, . . . , pn . N = 4p2 . . . pn + 3.
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn , 4k + 3.
3.8. 3.7.
N N = 6p1 . . . pn + 5.

, ,

181

3.9. a n
b,

a b = n. a b n.
3.10. n . 3.9.
3.11. 111 = 3 37; 1111 = 11 101; 11111 = 41 271; 111111 = 3 7 11
13 37; 1111111 = 239 4649.
3.12. 1001! + 2, 1001! + 3, . . . , 1001! + 1001.
3.14. ) 5, 11, 17, 23, 29; ) 7, 37, 67, 97, 127, 157.
3.15.
a , a > 1. ak = a + kd
k = ma a, .
3.17. 3.
3.18. 5.
3.20. n4 + 4 = n4 + 4n2 + 4 4n2 = (n2 2n 2)(n2 + 2n 2).
3.21. n = 40 n = 41. n = 0, 1, . . . , 39 P(n)
.
3.23. p1 2 . . . pn 1.
3.24. 2 3 5 7 11 13 + 1 = 30031 = 59 509.
3.25. e5 = 1807 = 13 139.
3.26, 3.29.
6.78.
n
n+1
2n
3.27. 2n > n + 1, 2n+1 | 22 . 22
1 | 22 1.
n+1
2n
fn | 22
1 | 22 +1 2 = 2fn 2.
3.28. 3.19.
3.30. x = 0 a0 . a0 = p
. P(x) x1 = p,
x2 = p2 , x3 = p3 , . . . , P(xj ) ... p. P(xj ) = p
(j = 1, 2, . . . ) P(x)
, . : .
3.32. (m, n) + 1, m + n (m, n).
3.33. OABC, , O(0; 0),
A(q, 0), B(q, p), C(0, p). OB
x + y = k (k = 0, 1, . . . , p + q), p + q
.
3.34. 180 .
3.35. (a, b) (b, r) .
.
3.38. (a, b) = 1, u v
au + bv = 1. c, acu +

182

, ,

+ bcv = c, a . a
, a | c.
3.39. m > n m = nq + r, r < n,

(1
. . 1} , |1 .{z
. . 1} ) = ( 1
. . 1} , |1 .{z
. . 1} ).
| .{z
| .{z
m

, , ,
m n , ,
, (m, n) .
3.40. 10.
3.41. 10.
3.42. 19 19 360 = 1 .
3.43. 500.
3.45. .
3.47. 20 , 9 .
3.49. ,
.
3.50. ) (n2 + 2n + 4, n2 + n + 3) = (n + 1, 3),
, (n + 1, 3) > 1. : n = 3k 1.
) (n3 n2 3n, n2 n+3) = (n2 n+3, 6n),
2, 3, n.
. , n = 3k
n = 3k + 1. (n2 n + 3, n) = (n, 3), n
n = 3k. : n = 3k, n = 3k + 1.
3.51. ) , .
,
n4 + 1
n+3
= n2 n + 2
.
n +n+1
n +n+1
2

, n = 3,
0 < |n2 + n + 1| < |n + 3|. n
0 < n2 + n + 1, : n + 3 > 0 n + 3 < 0.
, n2 6 2. n = 1,
n = 0, n = 1 . :
n = 3, 1, 0.
) n = 0, 1.
3.52. n = 2, 3.
3.53. 17.
3.54. ) m > n (am 1, an 1) =
= (amn 1, an 1).

, ,

183

(m, n) 0. ,
3.39. , 3.39 . , ,
a.
) fn+1 = f0 f1 . . . fn + 2.
3.55. .
3.57. 3.38.
3.58. 3.57.
3.64. , , Fn Fn+1.
3.66. 7 2.
3.68. ) .
3.73. 3.72,
(x; y) N(x, y) =
= ax + by. ,
N(x, y) = c

(13.3)

(b; a). ,
c, (13.3) n + 1
, nab + a + b.

(xk ; yk ) = (1 + kb; 1 + (n k)a) (0 6 k 6 n).

, c, (13.3)
n , (n 1)ab + a + b. c, (13.3) n ,
(n 1)ab + a + b 6 c 6 nab + a + b.
3.74. 4140.5.
3.76. 27.
3.77. 24.
3.78. 123.
3.81. 3.80, ,
.
) max(, min(, )) = ;
) min(, max(, )) = ;
) + + = max(, , ) + min( + , + , + );
) + + = min(, , ) + max( + , + , + ).
3.84. ) 32; ) 3 4 6 8 12.

184

, ,

1
3.86. , n = p
1 .. .
s
. . . ps

s
1
d = p
1 . . . ps

(0 6 1 6 1 , . . . , 0 6 s 6 s ).

3.87. n = 12.
3.88. ) 28; ) 160 169.
3.89. x = 6, y = 5, z = 4.
3.90. (n) (n)
3.86.
3.91. n a, b ,
a b =
n,
n.
3.93. (m n) < (m) (n); (m n) < (m) (n).
3.94. (n) 3.86.
3.95. n n = 2k1 b, b , k > 2.
(x) ,
(n) = (2k1 )(b) = (2k 1)(b).
, (n) = 2n = 2k b,
(2k 1)(b) = 2k b.

b = (2k 1)c,

(b) = 2k c = b + c.

c 6= 1, b b, c 1. (b) > 1 + b + c,
(b) = b + c. c = 1, (b) = b + 1, b = 2k 1
. 3.29,
k. n n = 2p1 (2p 1),
p b = 2p 1 .
p = 2, 3, 5, 7
n = 6, 28, 496, 8128.
3.96. 220 284; 17296 18416.
3.98. 120.
3.100. ,
d.
3.102.
.

, ,

185

3.103, 3.104.
p = (ak pk1 + . . . + a1 ) + (ak pk2 + . . . + a2 ) + . . . + ak =
= ak (pk1 + . . . + p + 1) + . . . + a1 =
=

(n ak . . . a1 a0 )
(ak (pk 1) + . . . + a0 (p0 1))
=
.
(p 1)
(p 1)

3.107. . n n = 2k 1
.
3.108. 377 .
3.109. an ,
n- . a1 = a2 = 1. , (n + 1)-
n- ,
n- . an+1 = an1 + an . an = Fn1 .
3.110. 233 .
3.111. F0 = 0, F1 = 1 Fn+2 = Fn+1 + Fn
: Fn = (1)n+1 Fn .
3.112. .
3.113. .
3.114. :
n- .
3.116. 1.
3.117.

F3
Fn+2

.
F 1 F2
Fn Fn+1

3.118. ), ), ) Fn 2, 3 4. ) 3.114.
3.119. F1 , F2 , . . . m.
. 0 ( F0 m)
.
3.122. ) 3.35. ) (Fm+n , Fm ) = (Fm , Fn ),
3.114.
3.123. ) 3.113
Fn + Fn+1 + . . . + Fn+7 = Fn+9 Fn+2 .
, Fn+8 < Fn+9
Fn+2 < Fn+9 .

186

, ,

3.124. . 3.109.
.
3.125. n
: n Fm , n.
3.126. , Fn , , F0 = 0, F1 = 1 Fn+1 = Fn + Fn1 .
3.127. , .
3.129. . 3.124 2.67.
3.130. Sn = 0, n 2, 5 (mod 6); Sn = 1, n 0, 1 (mod 6);
Sn = 1, n 3, 4 (mod 6).
:
Sn =

sin (n + 1)/3
(n + 1)
2
= sin
.
sin /3
3
3

3.131. Fn+1 .
3.134. Fn2 + Fn = Ln1 .
b n.
3.135. Ln = n +
3.136.
r

Ln + Fn 5
(1)k
2

r
k

Lk Fk 5
= 1.
2

3.137. )
(1, 0), (2, 1), (5, 3),
. ,
(xn , yn ) = (F2n+1 , F2n ), n .
(. 3.111.) , (F2n+1 , F2n )
, : F22n+1
F2n F2n+2 = 1. (. 3.112.) ,
. , , (x, y),
x > 1 y > 0. , x y
y < x 6 2y. ,
(x, y)
. . . (x y, 2y x) (x, y) (2x + y, x + y) . . .

, ,

187

:
0 < x 0 = x y < x,

0 6 y 0 = 2y x < y.

, y = 0, x = 1,
(F1 , F0 ).
. . . (F1 , F0 ) (F3 , F2 ) . . . (F2n+1 , F2n ) . . .
, (x, y) = (F2n+1 , F2n ) = (xn , yn ).
) (xn , yn ) = (F2n , F2n1 ),
n .
3.138. ) Fn+5 >
>

21
F ,F
6 8Fn .
2 n n+3

k1
k1
k
k
.
= Fnk1 Fn1
+ Fk+1 Fn1
+ Fk1 Fn1
3.141. ) Fnk = Fnk+1 Fn1
k
3.142. , An
k
Ak1
n1 An1 .
3.143. ) [11; 3, 4]; ) [1; 6, 6].

3.144.

Fn+1
.
Fn

3.147. 3.113, ).
3.149. ) k = 0, 1 .
. , k. k + 1. k + 1
k- ak ak + 1/ak+1 :
[a0 ; a1 , . . . , ak , ak+1 ] = [a0 ; a1 , . . . , ak + 1/ak+1 ].

[a0 ; a1 , . . . , ak ] =

Pk
a P
+ Pk2
= k k1
,
Qk
ak Qk1 + Qk2

(13.4)

[a0 ; a1 , . . . , ak , ak+1 ] =

(ak + 1/ak+1 )Pk1 + Pk2

P
= k+2 .
(ak + 1/ak+1 )Qk1 + Qk2
Qk+2

) . ) ) ,
Pk Qk .
3.151. ) 3.149.
3.152. ) xk = 4 + 13k, yk = 31 + 101k (k Z); ) xk = 6 + 19k,
yk = 19 + 79k (k Z).
3.153. 400 400 ,
97 366 + 303 365
97
= 365 +
400
407

188

, ,

, 26 , . :
3323 .

3.157. 1, 2 3.146.
3.158.
128 .
8
3.159. [365; 4, 7, 1] = 365 . 33 ,
33
,
, . , 8 33 .
5000 . ,
-
.
:
1 = (365,24219879 0,0000000614 (n 1900)) ,
n
.

3.160. ) 33; ) 34; ) (1 + 17)/2.

3.161. ) 2 = [1; 2]; ) 3 = [1; 1, 2]; ) 1/2 + 7 = [3; 6, 1, 6, 5].

3.163. 97/56.
3.164. ,

= [a0 ; a1 , . . . , ak1 , ]
. 3.149 )
(13.4), .
ak ,
=

pk1 + pk2
,
qk1 + qk2

:
2 qk1 + (qk2 pk1 ) pk2 = 0.
, . ,
= [b0 ; b1 , . . . , bm , ],
.

, ,

189

3.166. ,
pn =

(1 +

n+1

2)
(1 2)n+1

2 2

p1 = 2, p2 = 5
pn+2 = 2pn+1 + pn ,
(1 +

qn =

2) (1 2)n

2 2

q1 = 1, q2 = 2
qn+2 = 2qn+1 + qn .
, pn /qn n- [2] = 1 + 2.
3.167. ,
pn /qn . , n
qn 6 q 6 qn+1 . n p/q
n- . ,
. , , p/q
(; pn /qn ), (pn /qn ; pn+1 /qn+1 ),
(pn+1 /qn+1 ; ) ( , pn /qn < pn+1 /qn+1 ).


 

1
1
p
  p pn 
>

>




>
2
q

2q

qn

qqn

qn > 2q, n.
:

 

p
p
pn+1
p
p
p
1
1
1
= n+1 n =

+
n >
+
,
qn qn+1

qn+1

qn

qn+1

qn

q qn+1

q qn

q > qn + qn+1 , n.


 

1
1
p
 p p

>   >  n+1  >
,
2
q
q
qn+1
q qn+1
2q

 
 

1
p p
1
1
p
p
 
6  n  6  n  +   6
+ 2
qqn

qn

qn

q
qn qn+1
2q
qn
q
q
qn+1 > 2q 1 6
+
. 1 <
+
= 1.
qn+1
2q
2q
2q
p
p
, ,
= n.
q
qn
a
=
,
b
p
a
6=


q
b
1
a p
q

>

bq

190

, ,

3.169. , p/q



p
1

 2  < 2.
q

3q

3.167, p/q
p/q = Pn /Qn .




|Pn+k Qn Pn Qn+k |
p
P 

 Pn+k
n  = lim
.
 2  = lim 
q

Qn+k

Qn

2.

Qn Qn+k

an = |Pn+k Qn Pn Qn+k |.
a0 = 0, a1 = 1
ak = 2ak1 + ak2 (k > 2). an
2: ak = Qk1 (k > 1),
d=

Qk1
1
Q Q
= 2 n k1 .
Qn Qn+k
Qn+k
Qn

,

1
Qn Qk1
> .
Qn+k
3

Qn . , ,
3.114:
Qn+k = Qk1 Qn+1 Qk2 Qn .

Qn Qk1
Qn Qk1
1
=
=
.
Qn+k
Qk1 Qn+1 Qk2 Qn
Qn+1 /Qn + Qk2 /Qk1

,
5
Qn+1
6
Qn
2

Qk2
1
6 .
Qk1
2

3.170. aFk+2 1
a
1.

Fk+1

3.171.

ab +

a2 b2 + 4ab
= [a; b].
2b

3.173. = [a0 ; . . . , an ] f(x) =

= qn x2 + (qn1 pn )x pn1 . . f(0) = pn1 < 0 f(1) = pn pn1 > 0,
(1; 0).

, ,

191

4
4.3. a b , a2 + b2 = c2 , c2 2 4.
4.5.
. .
: .
4.12. .
4.18. ,
.
4.19. .
4.20. , ,
A B .
A, C B, C. : B.
4.21. 1.


























. 1.


















. 2.

, , 4.20, ,
, A.
- ( . 2). ,
A 5 ,
.
4.22.
. ,
( ).
, ,
. , 4.
, 0111.
.
4.23. p2 1 = (p 1)(p + 1). p 1 p + 1
2, 4.
4.24. 111 = 3 37.

192

, ,

4.25. ) 8 11 . . . 1 (n )
n = 1, 2, 3, 6, 331, 662, 993. )
111 111 = 1001 111 = 3 7 11 13 37.
4.26. 23k + 1 ... 2k + 1, 23k 1 ... 23 1.
4.28.

1
1
p
+
=
.
k
pk
k(p k)

4.29. m/n = 5/2.

4.30. c = 6k a b
2 3.
4.31. ,
11n .
4.32. b c .
: (b, c) = (8, 17), (35, 40), (36, 39) (112, 113).
: 4.
4.33. ) (x, y) = (5, 9), (10, 3). )
(1 + x)(1 + x2 ) = 2y . : (x, y) = (0, 0), (1, 2).
4.34. k1999 + (17 k)1999 ... 17.
4.35. .
,
(, 765765).
.
abcabc = abc 1001 = abc 7 11 13,
13, , ,
13 . abcdef
(abc 6= def).
defabc. ,
. 13,

abcdef + defabc = (abc + def) 1001 = (abc + def) 7 11 13.

13 .
4.36. ,
9.
4.39. ) , 2004 4 10 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4.
) . 401
(1, 2, 3, 4) (4, 3, 2, 1).
4.42. Ckp =

p!
. 0 < k < p, (k!(p k)!, p) = 1,
k!(p k)!

p .

, ,

193

4.43. n p .
n n = p m, (m, p) = 1.
(. 3.101) , p Cpn
1, n - Cpn .
4.45. 4.42.
4.46. . ,
,
5.
4.47. , a1 , a1 +a2 , . . . , a1 +a2 +. . .
. . . + an n,
n.
4.48. , 10 ,
2, 3, 5, 7.
. , 5 2.
2 3, 5 7.
9 .
4.49. 1, 2, . . . , 99 50 49 .
,
.
4.50. ) . ) a
b.
4.51. (a + c) (b + d) = (a c) + (b d),
ac bd = c(a b) + b(c d).
b,
4.52. , a

b a (mod m) b a = mt. , a
mt + a.
c,
= b.
4.53. a
. , t1
t2 c = a + mt1 , b = a + mt2 .
a b = m(t2 t1 ), b a (mod m).
4.54. m.
4.55. (a, m) = 1.
4.57. (m, c) = 1.
4.59. , , , 1 6.
4.62. x , 2x, 3.
4.64. 5 8,
.

194

, ,

4.68. b 105 + a 10a + b.

7 5b + a 3a + b.
5b + a 5(3a + b) (mod 7).
4.69. , 3. p = 3.
4.70. p 6= 3, 8p2 + 1 ... 3.
4.71. , 4.69, 4.70,
3.
4.72. 5. 5, , , 4. : 5, 11, 17, 23, 29.
4.73. 3.
4.74. n2 3 0, 1,
.
4.75. a2 + b2 0 (mod 3)
a b 3.
m = 7
4.78. 24 1 (mod 17).
4.79. . en 5.
4.80. a2 + b2 = c2 .
4.81. ) m + 1 3 (mod 4). ) m 1 2 (mod 3).
4.82. an ... 3 n = 2 + 3k; an ... 4 n = 2k (k Z).
4.83. ), ), ) n; ) n = 3 + 11k (k Z).
4.84. ) n = 8 + 17k (k Z); ) .
4.85. x = 17 + 73 k (k Z).
4.91. , x
P(x) 1 (mod 2). , P(x)
.
4.93. ) x 2 (mod 13); ) x 24 (mod 37); ) x 5 (mod 11);
) x 15 (mod 169).
4.94. 1652 6125.
4.96. a 1 (mod p).
4.97. 2 p 2 , a
b ( a 4.96) , ab 1 (mod p).
(p 1)! p 1 (mod p).
4.98. n . p n (p < n), (n1)! 0 (mod p),
(n 1)! 1 (mod p).
4.99. (p 1)! + 1 = (p 2)!(p 1) + 1 = (p 2)!p ((p 2)! 1).

, ,

195

4.100. p , 4((p 1)! + 1) +

+ p 0 (mod p). , p + 2
, 4((p 1)! + 1) + p 0 (mod p + 2).
p 2 (mod p + 2) p + 1.
p(p + 1) 2(p + 1) = 2((p + 2) 1) 2 (mod p + 2).
2(p 1)! :
2(p + 1)! 4 (p 1)! (mod p + 2).
p + 4:
2((p + 1)! + 1) + (p + 2) 4((p 1)! + 1) + p (mod p + 2).
p + 2 ,
(p + 1)! + 1 0 (mod p + 2) , , 2((p + 1)! + 1) + (p + 2)
0 (mod p + 2), 4((p 1)! + 1) + p 0 (mod p + 2).
4.101. , a1 a2 + a2 a3 + . . . + an1 an +
+ an a1 0 (mod 4).
aj (j = 1, . . . , n). +1,
n 0 (mod 4).
4.102. m, ) m = 4;
) m = 3; ) m = 7; ) m = 8; ) m = 5; ) m = 5; ) m = 16;
) m = 13.
4.103.
5:
(n 2)2 + (n 1)2 + n2 + (n + 1)2 + (n + 2)2 = 5(n2 + 2).
n2 + 2 5, 5(n2 + 2)
.
4.104. 1, 2, . . . , n ,
. .
.
4.105.
, , ,
10.
4.106. x = 1, y = 0.
4.107. 3.38.
4.108. 6.
4.111. 10p1 1 = 99 . . . 9 0 (mod p).
4.115. a = 0 . ,
a > 0. 4.42

196

, ,

(a+1)p ap +1 (mod p). ,

, .
ap a
,
p
p
a a
. :
+ a.
p

4.117. a

4.118. ) 1; ) 9.
4.119. 31.
4.120. 1093.
4.122. q 2p 1.
2p 1 0 (mod q) 2q1 1 0 (mod q) (
). 3.54 ).
4.123. n16 1 = (n8 1)(n8 + 1).
4.129. 3.127, , Fp 5(p1)/2
(mod p), 2Fp+1 1 + 5(p1)/2 (mod p). , 5(p1)/2 1 (mod p)
= 10k 1 5(p1)/2 1 (mod p) = 10k 3.
4.130. x 6= 1 xp1 1 0 (mod p)
3
x 1 0 (mod p). 3.54.
4.131. xp1 1 0 (mod p) x5 1 0 (mod p).
4.132. ) 16; ) p 1; ) p(p 1); ) (p )
, p.
1 p p . (p ) = p1 (p 1).
4.133. p .
4.134. , b, (b) .
(a) , a. (. 4.55.)
4.135. (m).
4.136. (a, m) = 1 b m.
4.139. ) x = 3, 4, 6; ) x = 15, 30, 20, 24, 16; ) 36; ) .
4.140. , (m) = 2. 1 5 (mod 4),
3 5.
4.141. ) x = 2 ; ) x = 21 32 (1 , 2 > 1); ) .
4.142. ) n; ) n; ) n.
4.143. ) x = 3; ) x = 3; ) x = 2, y = 3.
4.144. p, m
n, (m n) 1 1/p,
(m) (n) (1 1/p)2 . (1 1/p) < 1,
(m, n) = 1 (m n) > (m) (n).
4.145. 8, 12.

, ,

197

4.146. k/n, (nk)/n.

. k/n = (n k)/n ,
n , k = n/2 k/n n/2.
4.147. S(n) . , S(1) = 1.
n>1


X d
(n)
1 X
nd
d
1 X
=
+
.
=
1=
(d,n)=1
16d6n

(d,n)=1
16d6n

(d,n)=1
16d6n

: S(1) = 1, S(n) = (n)/2 n > 1.

4.148. (d).
4.149. 4.148. ,
n . , d,
(d) .
4.150. (n)/2.
4.151. ) ,
, m n
. m = p , n = p ( > >
> 0). [m, n] = m = p ,
(m, n) = n = p .
) ,

(p+ ) (p ) = (p ) (p ) p .
, , (p ) = p (p1). (. 4.132.)
4
4.152. 3(10 ) 1 0 (mod 104 ).
4.155. 2 3 . p .
4.156. a(m)1 b.
4.158. n , , (m).

s
n!
1
4.159. n = p
1 ... pj j
1 . . . ps . , 2
j = 1, . . . , s.

mj = pj j .
4.160. 561 = 31117,
a560 1 (mod p), p p = 3, 11, 17.
.
4.161. , a,
(a, 10) = 1. (10) = 4, a10 + 1 0
(mod 10) a2 +1 0 (mod 10).

198

, ,

a = 1, a = 3, , a 3 (mod 10). : a 3
(mod 10).
4.162. , (a, m) = 1

a(m) 1 (mod pj j ) (j = 1, . . . , s).

4.166. 3993, 3597, 6797.
4.167. 8, 9 11. : 1 380 456.
4.169. . ,
1 + 2 + . . . + 500.
4.170. 9 11
8079 . . . 2019.
4.173. 11 111 111 100.
4.175. 9.
4.179. 11.
4.180. 3.
4.181. . 9.
4.182. 10a + b 0 (mod 19) a + 2b 0 (mod 19) .
4.184. xxyy 11. ,
x0y 11. : 882 = 7744.
4.185. 12,
, 3. 3,
3. 9. 4. ,
36. 27, 2712 = 324.
, ,
18 ( 9 27).
18 12 = 216. 108, 144, 180, 216. : 108.
4.187. ) : , 6.
) : 1,
, 6.

55, .
4.188. 9.
4.189. aj 10j aj rj (mod m), M N (mod m).
M N m .
4.191.
an qn + . . . + a1 q + a0 an + . . . + a1 + a0

(mod m)

, ,

199

an (qn 1) + . . . + a1 (q 1) 0 (mod m),
ai ,
q 1 0 (mod m). , m = 2
. : q = 1 + mk (k > 1).
4.192. 21.
4.194. 5 11. : n =
= 6 + 55k, k Z.
4.195. ) 1910 66 r. 19 1 (mod 2), 19 1 (mod 3), 19 2 (mod 11), ,
r 1 (mod 2), r 1 (mod 3), r (2)10 (mod 11).
, (2)10 1 (mod 11). r = 1. ) 11; ) 17; ) 36.
4.197. .


m1 . . . mn (mj )
(j = 1, . . . , n).
4.198. x = a1 x1 + . . . + an xn , xj =
mj

4.200.
4.201.
4.203.
4.204.
4.207.

) x = 58 + 85k (k Z); ) x = 78 + 13 19k (k Z).

2 3 5 7 1.
2 10249 .
15803.
n = 2.
c
a
b
=
+
m1 m2
m1
m2

c = a m1 + b m2 . ,
, c a m1 + b m2 (mod m1 m2 )
4.196. n

4.208. 45486.
4.209. 215 310 56 .
4.210. )
x(x 1) 0 (mod 24 ) x(x 1) 0 (mod 54 ). x 0, 1 (mod 24 )
x 0, 1 (mod 54 ). 104
4 , x = 0 x = 1.
x = 0625 x = 9376,
. : x = 9376.
) .
, 0 1

x1 = . . . 8212890625, x2 = . . . 1787109376.
4.211. m1 = p21 , . . .
. . . , m37 = p237 , p1 , . . . , p37 .

200
??.

, ,
(p 1)! + 1
(p 1)! (p 1)
=
1
p
p

5
5.1. ) 1/7 = 0,(142857); ) 2/7 = 0,(285714); ) 1/14 = 0,(714285);
) 1/17 = 0,(0588235294117647).
5.2. a = 0, b = 0 a = 1, b = 3.
5.3. 1/49 = 0,(020408163265306122448979591836734693877551).
2/102 + 4/104 + . . . ,
1/49.
5.4. 1/243 = 0,(004115226337448559670781893).
5.5. ) 15926/111111 = 0,(143334); ) 4/27 = 0,(148); ) 14/99 =
= 0,(14).
5.7. n = 2 5 .
5.9. ,
, .
5.11. n = 21 51 , n + 1 = 22 52 . n = 1 n = 4.
5.12.

5.16. ) . ) 2 + ( 2) = 0.

p
) ( 3) = 2. = ,
q

3p = 4q .

2
= 2 .

, .
,

2 = 2 2.
5.17. x = 1 + 3,

(4 + a + b) + (a + 2) 3 = 0.

3 ,
4 + a + b = 0
a + 2= 0.: a = 2, b = 2.
5.18. a, b, c ,

p q

q( b a) = p( c b) b(p + q) = p c +q a.
, ac
. , a c

.

5.19. 2 + 6.
5.21. ) 9 = 100 1; ) 1; ) 10.
5.22.
) 4; ) 2; ) 6.
5.23. 2 + 3 + 5.
5.24. .

, ,

201

5.25. : b1 , . . . , bn , a1 , . . . , an , ,

(13.5)
b1 a1 + . . . + bn an 6= 0.
a1 = 1,

a2 + . . . + an . 13.5 p1 , . . . , pm ,
a1 , . . . , an .
5.26. a b ,
a = dm b = dn d, m n.
5.28. .
, ,
.
5.29. , , , , tg 60 = 3
/ Q.
5.31. (x; y) (u; v).

(x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = (u 2)2 + (v 3)2 ,

2(u x) 2 + 2(v y) 3 = u2 + v2 x2 y2 .
.
5.32. ) 6.82 ).
5.33. n.
5.36. 2.33, . k = 1 . . , k 1,
k.
l
m N .
N1
N1 =
,
k

, dxe n ,
x 6 n. N1
l [k! e] m h [k! e] i h
i
k! e
N1 >
>
=
= [(k 1)! e].
k

(. 3.100.) - N1
, .
, ,
k 1 . N1 > [(k 1)! e], ,

202

, ,

,
.
5.38.
0,(a1 . . . an ) =
, a1 a2 . . . an =

a1 a2 . . . a n
.
10n 1

10n 1
1
,
= 0,(a1 a2 . . . an ).
m
m

5.39. 10k(m) 1 0 (mod m) k > 1.

9 Ek(m) 0 (mod m). m 3, Ek(m) 0
(mod m). m 3 9, m
E3k(m) E9k(m) .


10 p
p
= 0,a1 a2 . . . ak ak+1 . . . ,
= 0,ak+1 . . .
5.40.
q

5.41. r0 = 1, r1 = 10 m[10/m]. . . , 1 m . rk 10k (mod m),

10. (m, 10) = 1,
10(m) 1 (mod m), r(m) = r0 = 1. ,
, (m).
5.42. 11, 33 99 99, 9.
5.43. 10t 1 (mod n), r0 rt (. 5.38)
, r0 = m rt 10t m (mod n).
m/n t. , T , rT = r0 (
5.41) r0 10T r0 (mod n).
r0 = m (m, n) = 1,
r0 . , 10T 1 (mod n).
5.45. 5.38.
5.46. t = 2n . 5.43,

10t 1 (mod q). 10n 1 (mod q)

p
+
q

10n p
q

= 1.
p
= 0,N1 N2,
q

10n p
= 0,N2 N1,
q

N1 + N2 = 99
. . . 9}.
| {z
n

5.47. 1/7
:
r0 = 1,

r1 = 3,

r2 = 2,

r3 = 6,

r4 = 4,

r5 = 5,

r6 = 1,

r0
r
= 2,
7
7

r0
r
= 1,
7
7

r0
r
= 4,
7
7

...

...

, ,

203

, 1/7 +
+ 2/7 + 4/7 = 1 .
, N N =
= (106 1)/7. N2 = (106 1)2 /49. ,
N2 ,

X
N2
k=1

10

6k

= N2

1
106 1
142857
=
=
.
49
7
10 1

142857
7

1
= 0,(142857),
7

N2 N.
5.48. . 5.41.
5.51. abcdef = 3 fabcde. , abcdef:
= 0,(fabcde) =

1
0,(abcdef).
3

10 = f,(abcdef) = f + 3 .
f

= . f.
7
5.52. , .
5.56. 81 + 9 + 1 = 61 + 27 + 3
5.57. . .
5.58. 2n 1.
5.59. ) 24 1 = 15; ) (34 1)/2 = 40.
5.60. 1, 3, 9 27 .
5.61. ) ,
. 30
. ,
. ) 24 1.
5.62. ) ,
. ) 9.
5.63. ) n = 2k1 + 2k2 + . . . + 2km (k1 > k2 > . . . > km > 0),
k1 + m.
5.65. b(15) = 6, l(15) = 5:
x1 = x2 , x2 = x1 x = x3 , x3 = x1 x2 = x5 , x4 = x23 = x10 , x5 = x3 x4 = x15 .
l(63) = 8 < 10 = b(63).

204

, ,

5.66. . , 23,
1, 2, 4 16.
5.67. .
5.71. A , A m = A/2 .
A , a0 = 1 a1 ;
A a0 4 A m = (A a0 )/4
a0 .
A m.
5.72. 0 1 0, 1 2. , )
, 1.
5.73. ) 1; ) ; ) n- 2 (n) ( n).
5.74.
0 7. 1 n,
, .
k- ,
, n-
k.
5.75. ) 1, 2, . . . , 2n, . 1, 3, 5, . . . , 2n 1
. k-
2k 1. ,
, J(n), 2J(n) 1.
5.76. ) n = (ns . . . n1 n0 )2 , ns = 1.
m1 , m2 , . . . , ml s- . mj
, mj n < mj .
5.77. ) n 0 m1 , m2 , . . . , ml , n.
, .
) 5.76 ), j (1 6 j 6 l)
mj n < mj . j- mj (mj n)
, -.
) , n = 0. . ,
,
.
) 1, 4, 5.

, ,

205

5.78. , f(A) = 3, f(B) = 5, f(A) = 6.

, - ,
5 = f(B).
5.80. ) 4
. , , ,
: 2, 5, 1, 4 (2 ,
5 , 1 4 .
5.81. ) m1 , m2 , . . . , ml , r1 , r2 , . . . , rl
m1 , m2 , . . . , ml 6.
n = r1 r2 . . . rl
- 6. n = 0, ; .

m1 = m2 = . . . = ml1 = 1,

ml .

(13.6)

( .) :
13.6, l , ,
- n 0 1; l rl = 1,
, .
, n 0 = 0. , .
5.83. 1- 2- , 1- 4-.
5.84. -, : 001, 010, 011, 012, 112, 120, 121, 122, 200,
201, 202, 220.
,
0 ( 001, 010, 011, 012),
- , 2 (200, 201, 202, 220).
0, 0.
2 2. 1.
001, 200,
201, 202 ( , 0),
120, 121, 122, 220 ( ,
2). ,
.
010, 020, 200, 220 012, 112, 122,
202 (, )
.
, .
:

206

, ,

- ,
. ,
, .
- . .
5.85. 13- 111
.
5.84.

6
p
q

6.1. ) ; ), )

 2
p
q

2
;
q

) p(p2 3q).

6.2. b2 abp + bp2 + a2 q 2bq apq + q2 .

6.3. ) y2 + p(p2 3p)y + q3 = 0; ) y2
) y2 +

p(p + 1)
(q + 1)2
y+
= 0;
q
q

) y2 +

p2 2q
1
y + 2 = 0;
q2
q

2q p2
y + 1 = 0.
q

6.5. 18. a = 3.
6.7. . : 5/2, 3/2.
6.8. (p, q) = (0, 0), (1, 2), (1/2, 1/2).
6.9.
p = 2/3, q = 8/3.
. :

6.10. ) a ( , 5 2 6) ( 5 + 2 6, 0) (0, + )
) a 6= 1, a 6= 3.
6.11. y = 1/8.
6.12. D(0; 1).
6.13. b = 1/10.
6.14. x = 1.
6.15. . : a = 2.
6.17. , y = 4x 2x2 . : y < 4x 2x2 .
6.18. y > x2 x
6.20. )
10.7. ) 10.12.
6.21. , ,
.
6.28. ,

x = 1 . a (2 11;
2 + 11).

i
h
1+ 5 1+ 5
6.30.
,
.
2

, ,
6.31.
6.33.
6.34.
6.35.
6.37.

207

a (16/17; 2).
a [1; 1] {3}.
m = 0.
r (; 5/2) (4; 9/2).
x,
f(a) = a2 + a(4 2x2 x3 ) + (2x3 + x2 6x + 5)

a [1; 2] . , . . x,
f(a) > 0

a [1; 2]

()

f(a) , , ()

f(1) > 0,
f(2) > 0.


x(x 1)(x + 2) > 0,
(x 1)(x + 3) 6 0.
, x [2, 0] {1}. ,
(, 2) (0, 1) (1, +).
: : x (, 2) (0, 1) (1, +).
6.38. P(x) x c r:
P(x) = (x c)T (x) + r.
x = c, r = P(c).
6.40. .
6.42.
Q(x) = (x x1 )(x x1 ) . . . (x xn )(x xn ) = (x21 x) . . . (x2n x),

Q(x) p x Q( x) n. Q( x2k ) = P(x

k )P(xk ) = 0,
x21 , x22 , . . . , x2n Q( x).
6.43. ) x4 4x3 + 6x2 3x + 1 = (x2 x + 1)(x2 3x + 2) + 2x 1;
) 2x3 + 2x2 + x + 6 = (x2 + 2x + 1)(2x 2) + 3x + 8;
) x4 + 1 = (x5 + 1) 0 + x4 + 1.
6.44. , P(2) = 3.
6.45. , P(x) x + 1
P(1) = a + 10. 0 a = 10.

208

, ,

6.46. ) P(1) = 5.
) .

P(x) = (x2 1)T (x) + ax + b
x = 1, x = 1, a = 5, b = 0. : 5x.
6.47. , P(0) = 0, P(1) = 0, P(1/2) = 0.
6.48. R(x) P(x) (x 1)(x 2)
R(x) = ax + b. P(1) = 2, P(2) = 1. a = 1,
b = 3. : R(x) = 3 x.
6.49. k = 3.
6.50. , n
x2n 1 xn 1
xn + 1
:
=
2
x1
x+1
x 1

x. , , 1 xn + 1.
n .
6.51. n.
6.52. ) P(1) = 1.
)
P(1) P(1)
1 517 717
=
.
2
2

,
P(1) + P(1)
1 + 517 717
=
.
2
2

6.53. P(x) x2 3x + 2 = (x 1)(x 2)

P(1) = 0 P(2) = 0.
(a + 1)(b + 1) = 0. a = 1,
b = 1. a = 1, b = 31/28. b = 1
a = 31/28. : (1, 31/28), (31/28, 1).
6.55. 6.46, R(x) =
= [x(1 (1)n ) + 7 + (1)n ]/2.
6.56. 1, 2, 3.
6.57. a = 4.

6.58. x4 + 1 = (x2
i)(x2 + i) = (x2 2x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 1) =

= (x2 2ix 1)(x2 + 2ix 1).

.

, ,

209

3
6.59. P(1)
= 0 a 4a + 3 = 0.
1 13
.
: a = 1,

6.63. f(x).
6.69. 3.54. : x(m,n) 1.
6.70.
Pn (x) = P(P(P . . . (P(x)))).
|
{z
}
n

, am = Pm (a0 ) am =
= Pmk (ak ) m > k. Pn (x) = an +x Qn (x), Qn (x)
, m > k
(am , ak ) = (Pmk (ak ), ak ) = (amk + ak Qn (ak ), ak ) = (amk , ak ).
3.39
6.71. x = 1.
6.72. p = 3.
6.73. P(x) =

(x 1)(x2 + 1)
1
, Q(x) = .
2
2

6.74. P(x) = ax + b, Q(x) = cx + d. ,

,
(a + c)x3 + (3a + b + c + d)x2 + (2a 3b + c + d)x + 2b + d = 21.
,

a + c = 0,

3a + b + c + d = 0,

2a 3b + c + d = 0,

2b + d = 21.
a = 4, b = 5, c = 4 d = 11, P(x) = 4x + 5, Q(x) =
= 4x + 11.
4
5
4
11
6.75. P(x) = x + , Q(x) = x + .
21
21
2n + 1
1
1
6.76.
= +
.
n(n + 1)
n
n+1

21

21

6.78. .
6.80. 1 + 4(x + 1) 3(x + 1)2 2(x + 1)3 + (x + 1)4 .
6.81. P(x + 3) = 55 + 81x + 45x2 + 11x3 + x4 .
6.82. ) (22x+x2 )(2+2x+x2 ); ) (1+2x)(1+x+x2 ); ) (1+x+x2 )
(1 x + x3 x4 + x5 x7 + x8 ); ) (a + b + c)(a2 ab + b2 ac bc + c2 );
) (x + y 1)(1 + x + x2 + y xy + y2 ); ) (1 + x y + xy)(1 x + y + xy);

210

, ,

) 3(a+b)(a+c)(b+c); ) 5(xy)(xz)(yz)(x2 xy+y2 xzyz+z2 );

) (a4a3 b+a2 b2ab3+b4 )(a4+a3 b+a2 b2+ab3+b4 ); ) (1+x)2 (1+3x+x2 );
) (abc)(a+bc)(ab+c)(a+b+c); ) (2+x)(6+x)(10+8x+x2 ).
6.83. x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 12 = (3 2x + x2 )(4 + 3x + x2 ).
6.84. , p2 4q < 0, x2 + q/x2 + p

t = x + q/x .
6.85. 5/3(a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + ac + bc).
6.86. ,
(x + y + z)3 x3 y3 z3 = 3(x + y)(y + z)(x + z).
, (x + y + z)m xm ym zm x + y.
, ,
y = x. , (x x + z)m xm (x)m zm = 0.
x + z y + z .
6.87. .
6.88. a + b = 0, .
, a + b.
, a + c b + c.
, .
6.89. c = a b.
6.91. 6.90, x2
17 = 0 1 17.
. x2 17 = 0
.
6.92. , = cos 20
4x3 3x = 1/2,
.
6.93. ) x = 1, 3, 2; ) x = 1, 3.
6.94. ) x4 + x3 3a2 x2 2a2 x + 2a4 = (2a2 x2 )(a2 x x2 );
) x3 3x a3 a3 = (a + 1/a x)(x2 + x(a + 1/a) + a2 + 1/a2 1).
6.97. ) x2 x 2; ) x2 1.
6.98. , (P(x), P 0 (x)) = 1.
6.99. A = n, B = n 1.
6.106. , , 3.142.
6.107. ) 1 2 3 ; ) 1 (21 32 ); ) 1 (21 32 ); ) 41 2 3 +
+ 21 22 232 23 231 3 ; ) 21 22 ; ) 41 + 41 3 + 222 421 2 .
6.108. 2.
6.109. (a x)(a y)(a z) = a3 a2 1 +
+ a2 3 .

, ,

211

6.110. (0, 0, a), (0, a, 0), (a, 0, 0).

6.111. a = 9.
6.112. x3 5x2 + 6x 1 = 0.
6.113. y3 y2 2y 1 = 0.
2
1
6.114. c = a3 + ab.
27
3
6.115. , x1 , x2 , x3
, ,
(x1 + x2 x3 )(x1 x2 + x3 )(x1 + x2 + x3 ) > 0.
p, q r, p3 4pq+
+ 8r > 0.
6.116. ) , x, y u, v . ,
x, y u, v .
6.118. x4 ax3 ; x4 ax3 x + a; x4 x3 + x 1; x4 + x.
6.119. 6.107 ).
6.120. (c + d)(b + c + d) = ad.
6.121. b = 0, a < 0.
6.123.
(x 1)(y 1) + (u 1)(v 1) = 2.
6.124. ,
: .
6.125. x = a, x = b, x = c.
6.127. fi (x) =

(x x1 ) . . . (x xi1 )(x xi+1 ) . . . (x xn )

.
(xi x1 ) . . . (xi xi1 )(xi xi+1 ) . . . (xi xn )

6.128. f(x) = 1.
6.129. f(x) = y1 f1 (x) + . . . + yn fn (x).
, n n + 1
, .
6.130. R(x) 2,
R(a) = A,

R(b) = B,

R(c) = C.

6.129:
R(x) = A

(x c)(x a)
(x a)(x b)
(x b)(x c)
+B
+C
.
(a b)(a c)
(b c)(b a)
(c a)(c b)

6.131. f(xi ) = yi .
6.132. ) 1 + (3 x)x; ) 1 + (1 + x)2 ; ) x2 .

212

, ,

6.133. 1 17 .
6.134. 2 14.
6.135. .
6.136, 6.137.
a, b c.
6.138. f(x) , f(x)
. (. 6.129) f(x) = f(x).
6.139. P(x) , P(0) = 1, . . . , P(n) = 3n .
, P(n + 1) < 3n+1 .
6.140.
f(x) = f(x1 )

(x x2 ) . . . (x xn )
(x x1 ) . . . (x xn1 )
+ . . . + f(xn )
.
(x1 x2 ) . . . (x1 xn )
(xn x1 ) . . . (xn xn1 )

6.141.
f() =

( a1 ) . . . ( an )
x1
xn
+ ... +
=1
.
b1
bn
( b1 ) . . . ( bn )

7
7.4. )
. )
. ) , .



7.5. ) 2 cos + i sin

;
4
4



p


) 2 + 3 cos
+ i sin
= 2 cos
cos
+ i sin
;
12
12
12
12
12






) 2cos  cos + i sin
;
2
2
2



) (1/ 2) cos + i sin

;
4

) cos
2 + i sin 2.
7.7. 13 1.

7.8. ) Re x < 0; ) 0 < arg z < ; ) | Re z| < 2; ) |z| < 1 Im z 6 0.

2

7.9. (x + 5/3)2 + (y 1)2 = (4/3)2 .

7.11.
.
7.13. .
7.14. ) 7.2.

, ,

213

p
p

7.16. ) (2 i); ) 1 + 1/ 2 + i 1 1/ 2 ; ) (7 + 5i);

) ( 3/2 + i/ 2); ) (3 4i); ) ((5 i)/ 2).

1 3
7.17. ) z =
;
2

) z = 2 5i; ) z = 2, i; ) z = 3, 2i;

) z = i + 2, 3 i; ) z = 3 + i, 2 + i.

2
(1 i 3);
7.18. ) z = 1, 3, 1 2i; ) z = 1 3 2, 1 +
2



k
+
, (k = 0, 1, 2, 3).
) z = 2, 2 2 6i; ) x = tg
16

7.19. 6.6.
7.20. t z:
t=i

1z
.
1+z

t, z,
. z = cos + i sin .
1 z 1 + z :


+
+
+
1 z = 2 cos
cos
+ i sin
,
2
2
2



cos + i sin
.
1 + z = 2 cos
2

t, , t : t = tg(/2). ,
t ,
z = 1.
7.21. , [1; 1], x x = sin t (t [/2; /2]).
7.29. 0, s 6= kn, n, s = kn.
7.30.
.
7.31. .
7.34. ) 1/2; 1/8.
7.35. ) , P(i) = P(i) = 0 .
) ), , Q((cos sin )) = 0.
7.37. , V.
7.39. ,
2Tn (x/2).
7.40. = m/n. cos(360n) = 1. cos(360n) =
= T360n (cos ), , T360n (x) 1
x = cos = 1/3. f(x) = 2T360n (x/2) 2

214

, ,

x = 2/3. 7.39, f(x) 1,

. , f(x)
.
7.41. T360q (x) 1.
7.44. Pn (x) = 2Tn (x/2), Tn (x) .
7.45. .
7.46. z + z1 = 2 cos
z.
7.47.
x = cos , sin = cos( /2). : n = 2k,
Tn (sin ) = (1)k cos n,

Un1 (sin ) = (1)k+1

sin n
.
cos

n = 2k + 1,
Tn (sin ) = (1)k sin n,

Un1 (sin ) = (1)k

cos n
.
cos

7.49. f(z) = 0, f(z) = f(z) = 0.

7.50. .
:
(x a ib)(x a + ib) = x2 2ax + a2 + b2 .


a + ib n
7.51. lim 1 +
,
n
n
a
e :




n

a + ib n
a n
ib
= lim 1 +
lim 1 +
lim 1 +
n

. ,

n

ib
lim 1 +
= lim 1 + i tg
n

a+n

b
a+n

a+n

n

:

n


b
nb
nb
lim 1 + i tg
+ i sin
= cos b + i sin b.
= lim cos
n

a+n

a+n

a+n

7.52. 7.51.

, ,

215

7.54. ln z . z = |z|ei , ln z
wk = ln |z| + i( + 2k) (k Z).

ewk = eln |z| ei(+2k) = |z| (cos + i sin ) = z.
7.55. az = ez ln a , 7.51,
7.54.
7.56. i- z = ei = e(+2k)i
e+2k ,

i
k . z = 1 1 = e(1+2k) .
, , k = 0.
sin(n/2) sin((n + 1))/2
.
sin(/2)
sin 2nx cos(2n + 1)x
sin 2nx cos(2n + 1)x
; ) n
.
7.60. ) n +
2 sin x
2 sin x

7.58. )

7.61. ) 250 ; ) 249 .

n

7.62. ) 2n/2 sin

.
4

 

(n 2)
(n 4)
1 n
1 n
7.63. )
2 + 2 cos
;
2 + 2 cos
.
3

7.67. ) z1 , . . . , zn
arg z = + /2.
1
) z1
< arg z <
1 , . . . , zn
< 2 .
7.69. z abc, z a,
z b, z c . 7.67, . ).


1
1
1
7.70. f 0 (x) = f(x)
+
+
za
zb
zc
7.69.
7.72. ) n 1, 2 (mod 3); ) n 1 (mod 6).
7.74. ) n = 6k 2; ) n = 6k 2; ) .
7.75. ) n = 6k 1; ) n = 6k + 1; ) .
7.76. x = 1 P(xn ),
xk = cos(2k/n)+i sin(2k/n) (k = 0, . . . , n1).
P(xn ) (x x0 ) . . . (x xn1 ) = xn 1.
7.77. 7.
7.78. zk = i tg(/2 + k/n) = i ctg(k/n) (1 6 k 6 n 1).

216

, ,

:
Cn1
zn1 + Cn3
zn3 + . . . = 0.
n
n

1 (z1 , . . . , zn1 ) = 0,

2 (z1 , . . . , zn1 ) =

(n 1)(n 2)
Cn3
n
=
.
6
Cn1
n

, 6.107, ),
z21 + z22 + . . . + z2n1 =

(n 1)(n 2)
.
3

7.80.
1

m
m
2
m = 1 + ctg n = 1 i ctg n
sin
n

2

n1
n1

 

X
X
m 2
m 2
=
1

i
ctg

=
n

i
ctg

.
m
n
n
sin2
m=1
m=1
m=1
n1

7.78,
,
X

(n 1)(n 2)
. 3

n1

X
(n 1)(n 2)
m
n2 1
2
=
1
+
ctg

=
n

1
+
=
.
m
n
3
3
sin2
m=2
m=1
n1

7.81. , 0 <

1
1
2 < 1 x (0; /2)
sin2 x
x

(. 10.44) 7.80.
7.82. P(x) ,
z1 , z1 ,
. . . , zn , zn (. 7.49).
n
Y

(x zk ) = a(x) + ib(x).

k=1

n
Y

(x zk ) = a(x) ib(x).

k=1

P(x) = a2 (x) + b2 (x).

, ,

217

7.85. ) a; )
2; )
.
7.86. w = z e2i .
i+1
7.87. ) w = 2(z + 3 + 4i); ) w = 2z + 3 + 4i; ) w = (z i) + i;
2
) w = k(z A) + A; ) w = z 2; ) w = z + (1 + i)(2 2).
7.89.
HkA11 : w = k1 (z A1 ) + A1 ;

HkA22 : w = k2 (z A2 ) + A2

w = k1 k2 z + k2 (1 k1 )A1 + (1 k2 )A2 .
k1 k2 = 1, . k1 k2 6= 1,
k1 k2 , A

k1 k2 z + k2 (1 k1 )A1 + (1 k2 )A2 = k1 k2 (z A) + A.
7.93. ) 7.58, ); ) 7.58, ); ) 8.41, ) ).
7.96. (7.1)
w=

,
c
c(cz + d)

= ad bc 6= 0.

8
8.1. , n-2
,
,
n
.
8.2. ) 8.1 , .
) A1 A2 . . . A7 . M
A1 A4 A2 A5 .
A1 MA5 A2 A3 A4 .
) 8.1 ,

.
b
5+1

51

= ; cos 72 =
= .
4
2
4
2

21 21
2
14 21
8.6. ) x = arccos
; ) x = arccos ; ) x = arccos
.
24
3
20

8.4. cos 36 =

218

, ,

8.7. OAB, OKLM, O(0, 0), A(1, 2), B(3, 1), K(0, 2),
L(3, 2), M(3, 0).
8.8. 30 .
8.9. x = p a, y = p b, z = p c. : 2.
8.10. . : 3 54 6 S 6 3 84 .
2k
(k = 1, 2, 3); x3 + x2 2x 1 = 0.
8.11. xk =
7
8.12. ,
x = cos , y = cos , z = cos .
8.13. x2 + xy + y2 = a2
x, y, a 120 . :
r
xy + yz + xz =

p =

p(p a)(p b)(p c)

,
3

a+b+c
.
2

8.14. ) , z1 z2 , [z1 ; z2 ]. ) ,
z1 z2 .
8.21. W(z10 , z20 , z30 , z40 ) = W(z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ).
8.26. ) w = i +

1
;
z+ i

) w = Rei +

R2
;
z Rei

) w = z0 +

R2
.
z z0

+ Bad
Bcb
+ Ccd,

8.28. A 0 = Aa
a + Ba
c Ba
c + Cc
c, B 0 = Aab

C = Abb + Bbd Bbd + Cdd.

8.38. ) 3/16; ) 1/16.
0

8.39. cos
cos

2
4
7
cos
cos
cos

15
15
15
15

3
6
cos .
15
15

8.40.
sin a.

8.41. )

2n + 1
;
2n

n
;
n1
2

1
;
2n

8.43. 32 sin
x2 =

n
.
n1
2

x
. : x1 = 2n, n 6= 31l;
31

31
(2n + 1), n 6= 33l + 16 (n, l Z).
33

8.45. :
sin 2 =

3
sin 2,
2

3 sin2 = 1 2 sin2 = cos 2.

, ,

219

cos( + 2) = cos 3 sin2 sin

3
sin 2 = 0.
2

8.46. ) sin 15 = sin(45 30 )

cos 15 = cos(45 30 ); ) 8.4.
8.47. sin 6 = sin(60 54 ) sin 54 =
= cos 36 .
8.48. )
sin + sin sin sin( + + ).
) .
8.49. tg + tg + tg
tg + tg + tg =
8.50.
8.51.
8.55.
8.58.
8.59.

sin( + + ) + sin sin sin

.
cos cos cos

+ + = k.
) 8.48.
n = 1, 3, 5, 15.
1, 1/4.

1 = (sin2 x + cos2 x)2 = sin4 x + cos4 x + 2 sin2 x cos2 x.

8.63. x = 2(cos + cos + cos ) + 8 cos cos cos ;

y = 2 4(cos cos + cos cos + cos cos );
z = 2(cos + cos + cos ).
8.64. )

9
;
14

.
10

8.65. ) y = arcsin x (/2 6 x 6 /2). sin y = x, cos y =

p

= 1 sin2 y = 1 x2 , ,
cos y > 0. .
8.66. :

< arctg x < ,

2
2

0 6 arcctg x 6 .

3
< arctg x + arcctg x <
.
2
2

sin(arctg x + arcctg x) = 0.
,

3
< arcsin x + arccos x <
2
2

220

, ,

sin(arcsin x + arccos x).
8.68. /2 x > 0 /2 x < 0.
8.69. , arctg x+arctg y
arctg

x+y
, .
1 xy

,
tg(arctg x + arctg y) =

x+y
x+y
= tg
.
1 xy
1 xy

< arctg x + arctg y < ,
0 1.
.
8.70, 8.71 8.69.
8.74.
ctg(arcctg F2n arcctg F2n+2 ) =

F2n F2n+2 + 1
= F2n+1 .
F2n+2 F2n

(8.2) . n 1 ,

arcctg 2 + arcctg 5 + arcctg 13 + . . . + arcctg F2n+1 + . . . = arcctg 1 = /4.

8.75. = 2 arctg x + arcsin

2x
. ,
1 + x2

0 < 6 3/2 sin = 0.

8.76. 0 6 x 6 4.
8.80. arcsin cos arcsin x + arccos sin arccos x = /2.
8.82. 8.69 2 arctg 1/5 = arctg 5/12. : 0.
8.83. a = b cos + c cos
sin = sin cos + cos sin .
.
8.84. (8.4) :
b=

c(cos + cos cos )

,
sin2

a=

c(cos + cos cos )

.
sin2

,
1 cos2 cos2 cos2 2 cos cos cos = 0.

, ,

221

cos + cos cos = sin sin , cos + cos cos = sin sin ,
+ + = , a sin = c sin , b sin = c sin .
8.86.
cos A =

cos cos cos

.
sin sin

sin2 A =

1 cos2 cos2 cos2 + 2 cos cos cos

,
sin2 sin2

sin2 A
1 cos2 cos2 cos2 + 2 cos cos cos
=
.
2
sin
sin2 sin2 sin2

, , , A, B, C
,
sin2 A
sin2 B
sin2 C
=
=
.
2
2
sin
sin
sin2

, , , A, B, C 0 ,

sin A
sin B
sin C
=
=
.
sin

sin

sin

9
9.2. z = x + , x2
A + 3. = A/3.
9.3. ) f(x) = x3 + px , . ) f(x) =
= x3 + px + q f(x) = x3 + px , . )
9.2 , f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
f(x) = x3 + px + q
.
.
9.5. 2x3 + (x + 1)3 = 0.
9.6. x1 x2 +x1 x3 +x2 x3 = 0, x1 x2 x3 = b > 0.
9.7. a b
 3
a + b3 = q,
a3 b3 = p3 /27.

222

, ,

a3 b3 y2 +
+ qy p3 /27 = 0.
s
r
r
a3 , b 3 =

q2
p3
+ ;
4
27

a, b =

q2
p3
+ .
4
27

9.8. :
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c)(a + b + c2 )(a + b2 + c).
2 1:

1 + i 3
=
,
2

1 i 3
=
.
2
2

9.9. x1 = a + b, x2 = a + b2 , x3 = a2 + b, 2
1 ( 9.8.)
9.10.
a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ac = (a + b + c2 )(a + b2 + c),
x2 + y2 + z2 xy yz xz = (x + y + z2 )(x + y2 + z),

(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ac)(x2 + y2 + z2 xy yz xz) =

= (X + Y + Z2 )(X + Y2 + Z) = X2 + Y 2 + Z2 XY YZ XZ.
9.11. ,
9.7 x1 9.9. ,
, , a b
.
9 x x = a + b, ,
a b a b = p/3. a
b 9.7, x1 = a + b,
x2 = a + 2 b
x3 = 2 a + b, 1.
9.12. x0 = 1.
x3 + x 2 = (x 1)(x2 + x + 2),
.
x0 = 1:
s
s
r
r
1=

1+

1+

1
+
27

1+

1
.
27

, ,

223

9.13. x3 + 3/4x 7/4, = 1.



2
2
3 , a =
9.14. a ;
3 3 3 3
h
i
2
2
2
= a
/ ; 1 .
3 3
3 3 3 3

9.15. x1 = 2/ 3.
,



2
2
2
1
x3 x = x
x2 + +
.
3 3

.
,

,
. : x1 = 2/ 3, x2 = x3 = 1/ 3.
9.16. x1 + x2 + x3 = 0.
9.17. D(x3 + px + q) = 4p3 27q2 .
9.18.
9.17.
9.19. a = 1, b = 2, x1,2 = 1 5.
1 + 6k
(k = 0, 1, 2);
9
1 + 12k
(k = 0, 1, 2).
) xk = 2 cos
18

9.25. ) xk = 2 cos

9.27. ,
(p p 0 )x + (q q 0 ) = 0.

(13.7)

q 0 , q ,

x3 (q 0 q) + x(pq 0 qp 0 ) = 0,

x2 (q 0 q) + pq 0 qp 0 = 0.

(13.8)

(13.7) (13.8) x,
.
9.29. 9.5
: ; .
:
D() = (C + 2 )(A + 2) B2 = 0,

> A/2.

.
. ,
D(A/2) = B2 6 0,
lim D() = ,

224

, ,

> A/2.
9.30. x = cos t, y = sin t, t [0; 2].


4k
8k
2k
, cos
, cos
(k = 0, . . . , 4),
9.31. (x, y, z) = cos
9
9
9


2k
4k
8k
(x, y, z) = cos
, cos
, cos
(k = 1, 2, 3).
7
7
7
9.32. .
9.33. x = 2 cos , y = 2 sin , z = 3 cos , t =
3 sin .
1
9.34. ) x = cos t. : x
,
2
p
p


2+ 2
2 2
,
; ) : x {5/3, 5/4}; )
2

x = sin t, t [/2; /2]. t

t = /5. : x = sin(/5). ) x = cos t.
9.35. hn = sin 2, hn+1 = sin . h1 = sin(/6),

S =
sin
n .
n=1

32

sin x < x (x > 0)

1 X
1

S< +
= + < 1,03.
2
3 2n
2
6
n=2

9.36. x = cos t, t [0; /2].

8 cos t cos 2t cos 4t+1 = 0. sin t, ,
sin 8t + sin t = 0
sin(7t/2) cos(9t/2) = 0. , ,
[0; /2] 3 . : 3.
9.40. )

2x

y=

1 x2

2y
z=
1 y2

x = 2z 2
1z

x = tg , (/2, /2) , y = tg 2,
z = tg 4, x = tg 8. tg = tg 8, , =
k

2k

4k

k
,
7

4 6 x 6 3. : (x, y, z) = (tg , tg
, tg
) (3 6 k 6 3).
7
7
7
9.43. a = 2 x, b = 2 y, c = 2 z, a = 2 cos .

, ,

225

9.44. x = sin t, t [/2; /2],

r
1 + sin 2t
= cos 2t.
2

, sin 2t = 1 sin 2t = 1/2,

/4].
p t [/4;


2 3
1
t = /4 t = /12. : x ,
.
2
2
9.46. dn dn = xn 2. {dn }
dn+1 =

d2
n
2( 2 + dn )

(n > 1).

n , 0 < dn < 1,
dn ,

: 0 < dn+1 < dn /2. d2 = 3/2 2

,

lim dn = 0,
lim xn = 2.
n

9.47. 2.
9.48.
9.46, dn
dn = xn k.
dn+1 =

d2
n
2( k + dn )

(n > 0).

{dn } . , 0.
9.49. .
9.50. an =

2a1 + a0
a a
+ (1)n 1 n10 .
3
32

9.51. , :
sr
qp
q

y0 =
x
yn+1 =
x3 yn (n > 0).
9.52.
lim

ln N1/2
k

N1/2 1

= 1,
k

ln N = lim 2k (N1/2 1).

k

226

, ,

ln N k , .
9.59. OAKB , , O(0; 0),
A(a; 0), K(a; b), B(0; b).
x=

aq
,
1 q4

y=

aq4
,
1 q4

51

b
q =
= .
2
9.60.
9.46, dn
dn = an 3 a.
dn+1 =

2d3n + 3d2n 3 a

3( 3 a + dn )2

(n > 1).

n0 dn0 (
n = 2 a), dn+1

dn+1 <

3d3n + 3d2n 3 a
d2n
=
< dn

2
3
3
a + dn
3( a + dn )

(n > n0 ).

{dn } . , 0.
9.61. x2 =1 + 1/x. , x1 = 1, xn+1 = 1 + 1/xn ,
.
( ) ,
. (. 9.78.)
9.62. 0 < 2 an < (3/4)n .
9.63. 0 < q < 1 , ( n)
an+1 < qan .
9.64. .
9.67. (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1).
9.71. 9.69 , a + x = x. ,

1 + 4a

a > x1,2 =
.
4
2
9.72. bn < bn+1 < an+1 < an . (a, b) a b

, ,

227

:
 /2
Z
p
(a, b) = 2

1

dx

a2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x

9.73. ) , : an bn = ab (n > 0).

.
9.74.
r
1/an + 1/bn
1
=
,
an+1
2

1
=
bn+1

1
1

.
an bn

9.79. ) xn = F2n +1 /F2n = [1; 1, 1, . . . , 1] ;

|
{z
}
2n

b
) xn = F2n +1 /F2n = F2n 1 /F2n = [1; 2, 1, . . . , 1] .
{z
}
|
2n 1

9.80. {yn } {zn }

x2 px+q = 0.
, q.
9.81. , pn /qn
p2n q q2n
p2n
=
.
q2n
qn (2pn p qn )

9.82. f(x) ,
x0 6= 0, x1 = x0 . ,
x2 = x1 = x0 . x1 = x0
x0 (x20 1) = x0 . x0 = 2.
9.83. :
P1 (x) = x2 3x + 1 = x2 L2 x + 1,
P2 (x) = x2 7x + 1 = x2 L4 x + 1,
P3 (x) = x2 47x + 1 = x2 L8 x + 1,
Lk . :
Pk (x) = x2 L2k x + 1.

b
x1 = lim (L2k )1/2 = , x2 = lim (L2k )1/2 = .
k
k

9.85. ) 4, 2 2, 2 3, 3; ) an = tg(/n), bn = sin(/n),

pn = nbn , Pn = nan .

228

, ,

9.86.
sin x = 2n sin

x
x
x
x
x
cos cos 2 cos 3 . . . cos n
2n
2
2
2
2

lim 2n sin

x
=x
2n

x
x
x
x
= cos cos 2 cos 3 . . .
sin x
2
2
2

, x = /2, .
9.87. a y = ax
y = x. : a = e1/e , lim xn = e.
n

a3n > 3n a3n 3n.

x1 + y1 + z1 = x1 y1 z1 .
) (2, 1, 3, 4).
) 13 11; ) 61 69.
) (4/9, 5/9, 1/2, 1/2); ) (8/13, 6/13, 6/13, 6/13).
) a = 1, (x, y) = (t, 1 t) (t R); a = 1,
 2

a +a+1
a
; a 6= 1, (x, y) =
,
.
9.88.
9.89.
9.91.
9.92.
9.93.
9.94.

a+1

a+1

) a = 0, (x, y) = (2, t) (t R); a = 1, ;


 2
a 2 2a
,
.
a 6= 0, 1, (x, y) =
a1

a1

) a = 1, (x, y) = (2 4t, t) (t R); a = 3,


 4(a 2)
1a
,
.
; a 6= 1, 3, (x, y) =
a3

a3

) a = 0, (x, y) = (t, 2) (t R); a = 1, ;

 5

a 2a4 + 2a2 a + 6 a6 a2 2a 4
a 6= 0, 1, (x, y) =
,
.
2
2
2(a 1)

2(a 1)

) a = 1, (x, y) = (t, 1 t) (t R); a = 1, (x, y) =

= (t, t 1) (t R); a 6= 1, (x, y) = (a2 + 1, a).
) a = 0, (x, y) = (t, 0) (t R); a = 1/2, b = 1/2,
(x, y) = (1/2 + t, t) (t R); a = 1/2, b 6= 1/2, ;


a b a(1 2b)
,
.
a 6= 0, 1/2, (x, y) =
2a 1

2a 1

) a = b = 0, (x, y) = (t1 , t2 ) (t1 , t2 R); a = b 6= 0,

(x, y) = (t, 1 t) (t R); a = b 6= 0, (x, y) = (1 + t, t) (t R);
a 6= b, (x, y) = (1, 0).


a2 1
2a
) a > 0, (x, y) =
,
; a < 0, (x, y) = (0, 1).
2
2
a +1 a +1

, ,

229

9.95. . x y ,
x + (1 )y .
9.97. ,
(1, 1, 1).

10
10.1. (x 1)2 > 0 x.
10.2. .
10.3. 10.2.
10.4. .
10.5.
.
10.6.
.
10.7. (x y)2 + (y z)2 + (x z)2 > 0.
10.8. .
10.9. (x1 /2)2 + x22 > x1 x2 , . . . , (x1 /2)2 + x25 >
> x1 x5 .
10.11. .
10.12. 10.7.
10.13. : ,
.
10.14. a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc = (a + b + c)2 = 0.
10.15. 1 + xy .
, (1 x)(1 y) > 0.
10.16. .
10.17. a2 (bc)2 +b2 (ac)2 +c2 (ab)2 > 0.
10.18. .
10.21.

( x y)4 > 0.
10.22. a(bc)2 +b(ac)2 +c(ab)2 > 0.
10.23. .
10.24.
(1 + a4 )(1 b2 )2 + (1 + b4 )(1 a2 )2 > 0.

230

, ,

10.25. 10.7 10.17.

10.27. a3 + b3 > a2 b + ab2 .
10.29. 10.22.
10.30. .
10.31. 10.27.
10.32. ( 10.11).
10.37. .
10.41. x y ,
p=

x+y
,
x

q=

x+y
.
y

= a1/x , = b1/y
xx+y + yx+y
> x y .
x+y

:
q
xx+y + yx+y
> x+y x+y . . . x+y x+y . . . x+y = x y .
x+y
|
{z
}|
{z
}
x
y
p

10.43. ) ( n n!)2 = n (1 n) . . . (n 1) > n nn = n.

.
10.44. x (0; /2)
x < tg x,
1
1
1
1
2 <
2 = 1.
2
2
sin x

sin x

10.46. m, n, k > 2, m(n

tg x

> (mn )k .

10.47. )

1
1
>
(1 6 k 6 n 1).
n+k
2n

) 2k (0 6 k 6 n). )

2 4
100
...
3 5
101

1 2 4 6
98
... .
2 3 5 7
99

)
7 9
99

...
.
8 10
100

, ,
10.48.

231

x y z
= 1.
y z x

10.50. fk (x) = ak x2 + bk x.
10.52. fk (x) = ak ex bk (x + 1).
10.53. ) b1 = . . . = bn = 1. ) a1 = . . . =
= an = 1. ) a1 = b1 c1 , . . . , an = bn cn .
10.55. l(x) f(x)
1 x1 + 2 x2 . , ,
1 f(x1 ) + 2 f(x2 ) < 1 l(x1 ) + 2 l(x2 ) = l(1 x1 + 2 x2 ) = f(1 x1 + 2 x2 ).
10.56. . n = 2
10.55. ,
n > 2 n + 1. = 1 + . . . + n > 0.
1

+ . . . + n = 1. n = 2,

 



f(1 x1 + . . . + n+1 xn+1 ) = f 1 x1 + . . . + n xn + n+1 xn+1 >



1

> n+1 f(xn+1 ) + f

x1 + . . . + n x n .

, ,



f 1 x1 + . . . + n xn > 1 f(x1 ) + . . . + n f(xn ).

f(1 x1 + . . . + n+1 xn+1 ) > 1 f(x1 ) + . . . + n+1 f(xn+1 ).

10.58.

: ) f(x) = x; ) f(x) = 1/x2 ; ) f(x) = enx ; ) f(x) = 1/x.
10.60. y = xp ,
(1 x1 + 2 x2 + . . . + n xn )p 6 1 xp1 + 2 xp2 + . . . + n xpn .

1 =

n
1
, . . . , n =
1 + . . . + n
1 + . . . + n

(1 x1 + 2 x2 + . . . + n xn )p 6 (1 + . . . + n )p1 (1 xp1 + . . . + n xpn )

1 x1 + 2 x2 + . . . + n xn 6 (1 + . . . + n )1/q (1 xp1 + . . . + n xpn )1/p .

232

, ,

k = bqk , xk = ak b1q
(k = 1, 2, . . . , n).
k
10.63. f(x) = ex ln x1 , . . . , ln xn .

ex , x [1; 1]:
ex = 1 + x + x2

(|| < 1).


1/
 ln x1

+ . . . + e ln xn 1/
e

S (x) =
= 1 + ln(x1 . . . xn ) + 2 A
,
n
n

1/
1/ 

S0 (x) = e n ln(x1 ...xn )

= 1 + ln(x1 . . . xn ) + 2 B
,
n

A = 1 (ln2 x1 + . . . + ln2 xn ); B =

2 2
ln (x1 . . . xn ); |1 |, |2 | < 1.
n2

lim

S (x)
1 + (/n) ln(x1 . . . xn ) + 2 A
= lim
S0 (x)
0 1 + (/n) ln(x1 . . . xn ) + 2 B

1/

= 1.

10.71. ) ; ) (5, 1, 1) (4, 3, 0); (4, 1, 1, 1) (3, 3, 1, 0).

10.72. : x = y = z = t; x = y = t,
z = 1; x = t, y = z = 1 t.
10.73. , ,
. ,
= (1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , n ) = (1 1, 2 + 1, 3 , . . . , n ),
n
1 2 3
1 2 > 2. x
i1 xi2 xi3 . . . xin
1 1 2 +1 3
n
x
xi2 xi3 . . . x
i1
in .
T (x1 , . . . , xn ) > T (x1 , . . . , xn ) , :
1 2
1 2
x
i1 xi2 A + xi2 xi1 A;

1 1 2 +1
1 1 2 +1
xi2 A + x
xi1 A,
x
i1
i2

n
3
(A = x
i3 . . . xin > 0) , . ,
1 2
1 1 2 +1
1 2
1 1 2 +1
x
xi2
x
xi1
=
i1 xi2 + xi2 xi1 xi1
i2
1 1 2
1 1 2
= (x
xi2 x
xi1 )(xi1 xi2 ) > 0,
i1
i2
1 1 2
1 1 2
1 1 > 2 x
xi2 x
xi1
i1
i2
, xi1 xi2 .

, ,

233

10.75.
10.75. )
x4 y2 z + x2 y4 z 2x3 y3 x = x2 y2 z(x y)2 > 0.
) (5, 0, 0) (2, 2, 1)
:
(5, 0, 0) (4, 1, 0) (3, 2, 0) (2, 2, 1),
:
x5 + y5 x4 y xy4 = (x4 y4 )(x y) > 0,
x4 y + xy4 x3 y2 x2 y3 = xy(x2 y2 )(x y) > 0,
3 2
x y + y2 z3 x2 y2 z xy2 z2 = y2 (x2 z2 )(x z) > 0.

11
P

k1

11.1. ) n2 = 2n + 1; ) n(n 1) = 2n; ) nk =

Cjk nj ;

j=0

.
) Ckn = Ckn+1 Ckn = Ck1
n
11.2. Sn = bn+1 b1 .
11.3. an . an
an = An3 + Bn2 + Cn A, B, C
an = n2 .
11.4. an an = An4 + Bn3 + Cn2 +
+ Dn, an = n3 .
11.5. , m 1/F2m = Fm1 /Fm F2m1 /F2m .
11.6. Q(x) = xm+1 .
Q(x) = xm+1 xm = (m + 1)xm + . . .
11.8. n.
11.10. 11.6. m f(x) = m!am , am f(x).
11.11. n!/nn .
11.13. 11.12, yk = (1)k Ckn .
, {yk } . ,
(1)
: y(1)
y0(2) , . . . , y(2)
0 , . . . , yn
n . 1 2 ,

234

, ,

11.1 {y(1)
k }
n
}

f(k)
=
k
:
{y(2)
k
n
X

= 1 ,
kn y(1)
k

n
X

= 2 .
kn y(2)
k

k=0

k=0

(2)
y(3)
= 2 y(1)
(k = 0, . . . , n)
k
k 1 yk
,
n
X

=0
f(k)y(3)
k

k=0

f(x), deg f(x) 6 n. f(x)

, f(k) = y(3)
(k = 0, . . . , n).
k
n
X

2
(y(3)
k ) = 0,

= . . . = y(3)
= y(3)
y(3)
2
1
n = 0,

k=0

(2)
{y(1)
k } {yk }.
11.12. 11.8 11.10.
11.15. (an bn ) = an+1 bn + bn an = an bn + bn+1 an .
11.16. an = 2n .
11.15 0 . n = 1

(f(x)g(x)) = f(x + 1)g(x) + f(x)g(x) = f(x)g(x) + f(x)g(x + 1)

. . () n.

n+1 (f(x)g(x)) = n (n f(x)g(x)) = n (f(x)g(x) + f(x)g(x + 1))

n+1 (f(x)g(x)) =

n
X
k=0

n
X
nk
Ckn k f(x)k k + 1g(x+k)+
Ckn k+1f(x)
g(x+1).
k=0

, ,

235

n+1 (f(x)g(x)) =

n
X

Ckn k f(x)nk+1 g(x + k) +

k=0

n+1

Ck1
k f(x)nk+1 g(x + k) =
n

k=1

n+1

(Ckn + Ck1
)n f(x)nk+1 g(x + k) =
n

k=0

n+1

Ckn+1 k f(x)n+1k g(x + k)

k=0

(3n + 2)(n 1)
1 1
1
; )

;
4n(n + 1)
2 2
(n + 1)(n + 2)
2
1
1
) 1
+
; ) 1 ; ) (n + 1)! 1.
2n + 1
n+1
n!

11.19. ) 1
)

2n+1
1;
n+1

1
;
n+1

11.21. ) n f(x) g(x) = d0 C0x +d1 C1x +

k
k
+ . . . + dn Cn
x f(0) = g(0) (0 6 k 6 n).
x = 0, 1, . . . , n, .
11.22. f(x)
x = 0, 1, . . . , n, dk , dk =
= k f(0) (. 11.21), .
11.27. n = 4k + 1 n = 4k + 2, .
. n = 4k+3 n = 4k. ,
n = 7,
n = 8. , n = 3 n = 4
. n2 (n+1)2 (n+2)2 +(n+3)2 = 4 ,
, + ,
0. ,
n, n + 8k (k > 0).
n = 7, 11 12. ,
,
0 m, , m = 8.
:
1 + 4 9 + 16 25 36 + 49 = 0;
1 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 36 49 64 + 81 100 + 121 = 0;
1 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 36 + 49 64 + 81 100 121 + 144 = 0.

236

, ,

11.28, 11.29 .
11.30.
x f(x, y) = f(x + 1, y) f(x, y)

y f(x, y) = f(x, y + 1) f(x, y),

. x f(x, y) . , M =
= sup(x,y)Z2 f(x, y). Z2 K
(n n), x f(x, y) > M/2
V. , f(x, y)
K Ox Mn/2.
f(x, y).
11.31. .
11.33. 11.32, {an }=ci xn
i (i=1,2)
c1 , c2 (11.2),
. ,
c1 , c2 , a0 = c1 + c2 , a1 = c1 x1 + c2 x2 .
n
, {an } {c1 xn
1 +c2 x2 }
. 11.31, .
11.35. ) an = 3n 2n ;
) an = 1;






1
1
1+ 5 n
1
1
1 5 n
) an =
1+
+
1
= Fn+1 ;
2

) an = n + 1;

1
) an = ((1 + 2)n (1 2)n ).
2 2

11.36. ) (1 2)n = an bn 2.

) a2n 2b2n = (an bn

2)(an +
bn 2) = (1 + 2)n
(1 2)n = 1.
) (an +bn 2)(1+ 2) = (an+1 +bn+1 2) ,
an bn an+1 = an +
+2bn , bn+1 = an +bn . an+2 2an+1 an = 0, bn+2 2bn+1 bn = 0
(n > 0).

1
1
) an = ((1 + 2)n + (1 2)n ), bn = ((1 + 2)n (1 2)n ).
2

2 2

11.38. .
11.41.
, V. , ), ) ) .
. (. 11.31.)
) ), -

, ,

237

, ,
. , c
F2n+4 (x) = (x2 + 2)F2n+2 (x) F2n (x).



 i
h
x x2 + 4 n
1
x + x2 + 4 n

;
11.43. Fn (x) = 2
2
2
x +4


n 

2
2
x+ x +4
x x +4 n
Ln (x) =
+
.
2
P 2
P

n2k
.
(Cknk + Ck1
nk1 )x

Cknk xn2k , Ln (x) =

11.45. Fn+1 (x) =

k>0

k>0

11.46. an , bn , cn , dn , en , fn A n A, B, C, D, E, F
. , bn = fn , cn = en .
,

bn+1 = an + cn ,

dn+1 = 2cn ,
an+1 = 2bn ,

cn+1 = bn + dn .
, xn+4 5xn+2 + 4xn = 0 (n > 0).
a0 = 1, a2 = 2, a2n = (2 + 4n )/3.
11.47. ) cn+4 5cn+2 + 4cn = 0 (n > 0)
(. 11.46) c0 = 0, c2 = 1,
c2n = (4n 1)/3.
) , D,
cn+2 = 3cn (n > 1). c2n = 3n1
(n > 1). a2n = 2 3n1 .
) , n
, D,
. n :
P2k =

a2k + c2k + e2k

3k1
= k1
2k
2
4

(k > 1).

n:
P2k+1 =

b2k+1 + f2k+1
2a + c2k + e2k
3k
= 2k 2k+1
= k
2k+1
2
2
4

(k > 1).

D .
n = 2k + 1
c2k + e2k
2 3k1
= 2k+1 .
2k+1
2
2

238

, ,

N=

(2k + 1)

k=1

2 3k1
.
22k+1

1 X 3k 2k+1
t3
f(t) =
t
=
.
2k
2
3

k=1

4 3t

f(t)
t = 1:
N = f 0 (t)|t=1 = 4.
: 4 .
11.49. (3n (2)n )/5.
11.50. .
11.52. x2 17n2= 1

(x1 + n1 17)k = xk + nk 17 (k > 1).

11.53. xn = 1/2 sin [(1 + sin 2)n (1 sin 2)n ], .
yn = 1/2 cos [(1 + sin 2)n + (1 sin 2)n ]
11.54. a0 , ak ,
, k- .
ak+1 = 4/5(ak 1) (k = 0, . . . , 4).
, {ak }

5ak+1 9ak + 4ak1 = 0 (k = 1, . . . , 4).
11.33 ,
ak = c1 + c2 (4/5)k

(k = 0, . . . , 5).

, c1 = 4. ak k 0
5, c2 c2 = 55 n. n = 1
a5 = 45 4 5,
55 4. : 55 4.
1+i
1i
11.57. ) an =i/2((2+i)n +(2i)n ); ) an =
(1+i)n +
(1i)n ;
2

) a3n = 1, a3n+1 = 2, a3n+2 = 3; ) an = i((3 4i)n (3 + 4i)n ).

11.58. 3 n2 = 0 4 n3 = 0.

, ,

239

11.59.

11.36.
2 3,
n

n
1 = (1 + 2 + 3) = pn + qn 2 + rn 3 + sn 6,
n
n
2 = (1 2 + 3) = pn qn 2 + rn 3 sn 6,
n
n
3 = (1 + 2 3) = pn + qn 2 rn 3 sn 6,
n
2 3)n = pn qn 2 rn 3 + sn 6.
4 = (1
(1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 1),
(1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 1),
1 n
n
n
( + n
2 + 3 + 4 ),
4 1
1
n
n
n
qn = (n
1 2 + 3 4 ),
4 2
1
n
n
n
rn = (n
1 + 2 3 4 ),
4 3
1
n
n
n
sn = (n
1 2 3 + 4 ).
4 6

p
p
= 2, lim n = 3, lim n = 6.
n rn
n sn

pn =

lim

pn
qn

11.65. f(x) = (1 + x)n =

=

n
P

n
P

Ckn xk . f 0 (x) = n(1 + x)n1 =

k=0

kCkn xk1 . x = 1, . ):

k=0
n
X

kCkn = f 0 (x)|x=1 = n 2n1 .

k=1

. ):
n
X

k2 Ckn = (xf 0 (x)) 0 |x=1 = n(n + 1)2n2 .

k=1
n1

: ) n 2
; ) n(n + 1) 2n2 .
11.67.
F(k) (x)
1
= Ckn+k1
k!
(1 x)n+k

an = Ckn+k1 .
11.68. ,
.

240

, ,

11.69. , 11.63.
11.70. , xm :

n
Cm
m+n x =

n=0

1
,
(1 x)m+1

n
Cm
nx =

n=0

xm
.
(1 x)m+1

11.72. 11.71 , N


1 x10 6
.
x27
1x

N (1 x10 )6 (1 x)6 x:
(1 x10 )6 =

6
X

(x)10k Ck6 ;

k=0

(1 x)6 =

xk Ck6+k1 .

k=0

1
17
2
7
N = C06 C27
32 C6 C22 + C6 C12 = 55252.

11.73.
.
zn Exp(( + )z)
Exp(z) Exp(z). ,
n
X
k
k=0

k!

( + )n
,
n!

n
nk
1 X k k nk
=
Cn
.
(n k)!
n!
k=0

( 2.53).
11.74. ,
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c)(a + b + 2 c)(a + 2 b + c)
( 9.8).

a + b + c = (1 + x) ,
a + b + 2 c = (1 + x)n ,

a + 2 b + c = (1 + 2 x)n .

a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = [(1 + x)(1 + x)(1 + 2 x)]n = (1 + x3 )n .

, ,

241

11.76.
z = 1/10. 10/89.
11.77. L(z) =

2z
.
1 z z2

11.78. ) 2; ) 6.
z
2 xz
, L(x, z) =
.
2
1 xz z
1 xz z2
1 xt
1
11.80. FT (x, z) =
, FU (x, z) =
.
1 2xt + t2
1 2xt + t2

11.79. F(x, z) =

11.81. ) f(x).
, ,
f(x) =

(2x)n 1
.
2x 1

) 11.65 f 0 (1) = 2n (n 2) + 2.
) , 11.65 ),
(xf 0 (x)) 0 |x=1 = f 0 (1) + f 00 (1) = 2n (n2 5n + 8) 8.
) 7.58 ),
X

n1

g(x) =

k=1

sin((n 1)/2)x cos(nx/2)

.
sin(x/2)

g 0 (1):
g 0 (x)|x=1 =

n sin(n 1)x (n 1) sin nx

.
2(1 cos x)

11.83. .
11.84.
2.67. ,

1
1
=
= 1 + x + 2x2 + . . . + 2n1 xn + . . .
1 x/(1 x)
1 x x2 x3 . . .

11.87. an = q(n) , (n)

n.
11.88.
(1 ax)(1 bx2 )(1 cx4 )(1 dx8 ) . . . ,
x = 1. a = b =
= c = d = . . . = 1. 11.87
(1)(n) .

242

, ,

11.89. an = Cn
2n .
11.90. x = y/(1 y), y = x/(1 + x). ,
y = x x2 + x3 x4 + . . . + (1)n+1 xn + . . .
11.91. y = x x2 /2 + x3 /3 x4 /4 + . . . + (1)n+1 xn /n + . . .
11.92. 2.116 , zn C2 (z)
.
11.93. C(z) = zC2 (z) + 1,
C(z) =

1 4z
2z

( C(0) = 1).
C(z) =

1X n
C1/2 (4)n zn1 ,
2

(2n)!
.
n!(n + 1)!

1
2

Cn = (4)n+1 Cn+1
1/2 =

n=1

11.94. , ,
:
g0,0 (x)
g1,0 (x)
g2,0 (x)
g3,0 (x)

g1,1 (x)
g2,1 (x)

g3,1 (x)

g2,2 (x)
g3,2 (x)

g3,3 (x)

, V.
11.95. ) ) ).
) k ).
) l ).
11.96.
gk,l (x) (1 x)k . gk,l (x) x = 1 2.77.
11.97. Sl (x) = 0 l
Sl (x) = (1 x)(1 x3 ) . . . (1 xl1 ) =

hl (x)
hl/2 (x2 )

l. . ,
S0 (x) = 1 S1 (x) = 0. ,
Sl (x) = (1 xl1 )Sl2 (x).
) 11.95,
Sl (x) = (1xl1 )g0,l1 (x)(1xl2 )g1,l2 (x)+. . .+(1)l1 (1x0 )gl1,0 (x).

, ,

243

(1 xl )gk,l (x) = (1 xk+l )gk,l1 (x)

, :
Sl (x) = (1 xl1 )(g0,l2 (x) g1,l3 (x) + . . . ) = (1 xl1 )Sl2 (x).
11.98. ) .
) n = a1 + a2 + . . . + aj , j 6 k, ai 6 l n
kln = (la1 )+(la2 )+. . .+(laj )+l+. . .+l kln,
lai , , ,
l, k j. ,
?
11.101. 2.59

12
12.3. 16/64, 19/95, 26/65, 49/98.
12.5.
sin

a
b
a+b
sin sin
= 0.
2
2
2

: a = 2k, b = 2l, a + b = 2m.

12.7. , 400-
7.
12.9. .
12.10. (x x). : 0.
x
12.12.
2
. - , ln z .
12.13.

12.14. 1,609 . . . ,
= 1,618 . . .

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]

[8]

[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]

. . .: , 1990.
., . . .: , 1965.
., . . .: , 1965.
. ., . ., . . . .: , 1959.
. . . .: , 1960.
. . . .: , 1969.
. ., - . ., . .
: - 10 . .: , 1998.
. ., - . ., . .
: - 11 . .: , 1998.
. . .: ,
1971.
. . .: , 1972.
. .: , 1974.
. . . .: , 1967.
. ., . ., . . . .: , 1998.
. ., . ., . . .
.: , 1977.
. . .: , 1992.
., . ?. .: , 2001.
. . . .: , 1979.
. . .: , 1966.
. . .: , 1970.
. . . . .:
, 1987.
. . . .: , 2000.
. . : . .:
, 1962.
. . . .: ., 1937.
. . . : - . . - .
. . , 1954.
. . . .: , 1996.

245

[26] . . . : , 2000.
[27] . ., . ., . . .: , 1948.
[28] . . . .: , 1978.
[29] . . .: , 1970.
[30] . . . .: , 2000.
[31] . . . .: , 1963.

[32] . ., . ., . ., . .
. : . .: , 1988.
[33] . ., . . . .:
- . -, 1995.
[34] . ., . ., . ., . .
. .: , 1986.
[35] . ., . ., . . . .: , 1999.
[36] . ., . . . .: , 1986.
[37] . ., . . . .
. .: , 1996.
[38] . ., . ., . . . : , 1994.
[39] : . .: , 1977.
[40] . . . .: , 1940.
[41] . . . . .: , 1937.
[42] . . . .: ,
1970.
[43] . .
. .: , 1957.
[44] . ., . ., . ., . . . .: , 1962.
[45] ., . . . 1. .: , 1978.
[46] . . . .: , 2001.
[47] . . . . 1 4. .
[48] . ., . ., . ., . . . .: - - , 1997.
[49] . .
. . 1 3. .: . . . , 1998.
[50] . ., . ., . . : 3 . . 1. .
.: , 2001.

246

[51] . ., . ., . . .
. . 22. .: , 1982.
[52] . . . . 64. .:
, 1988.
[53] . . . . 56.
.: , 1986.
[54] . . . 83. .: , 1992.

[55] . . . . 35.
.: , 1968.
[56] . . . . 39. .: , 1963.
[57] . . . . 6. .: , 1984.
[58] . ., . . . . 21. .:
, 1961.
[59] . . . . 47. .: ,
1969.
[60] . . . . 5. .: , 1983.
[61] . . . . 34. .: ,
1960.
[62] . . . . 1. .: , 1950.
[63] . . .
. 13. .: , 1979.
[64] . . . . 59. .: ,
1986.
[65] . . . . 3. .: , 1974.
[66] . . . . 43. .: , 1979.
[67] . . . . 60. .: , 1989.

[68]
[69]
[70]
[71]
[72]

[73]

30 (). .: , 2000.
(. . 1).
. l // 10. 1978.
. // 5.
1973.
. //
11. 1980.
., . // 2.
1995. // . . . 4. .: , 1999.
(. . 5).
., . //
3. 1991.


[74]
[75]
[76]
[77]
[78]
[79]

[80]
[81]
[82]
[83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
[87]
[88]
[89]
[90]

[91]

[92]
[93]
[94]
[95]
[96]
[97]
[98]
[99]
[100]
[101]
[102]
[103]
[104]

247

. // 3. 1991.
. // 9. 1971.
. // 2. 1980.
., . // 3. 1973.
., . ? // 6. 1995.
. ? // 3.
1971. // . . 4. .: , 1999. (. . 5).
. // 5. 1971. // 1. 1990.
. // 7.
1974.
., . // 2. 1974.
. // 8. 1973.
. // 10. 1982.
., . // 9. 1970.
. // 8.
1979.
. //
4. 1975.
. // 8. 1970.
. // 1. 1970.
., ., . // 9.
1983. // . ( ). .: , 1994. (. . 2).
. // 6. 1992. //
. ( ). .: ,
1994. (. . 2).
. // 3. 1983.
. // 2. 1977.
. // 4. 1975.
. // 4. 1989.
. // 9. 1972.
. // 9. 1978.
., . // 5. 1978.
. // 6.
1972.
. // 2. 1980.
. Ckn , , // 2. 1973.
. // 11/12. 1988.
. //
9. 1973.
., . // 1,
1983. // . ( ). .: , 1994. (. . 2).

248

[105] ., . // 1. 1986.
[106] ., . // 1. 1985.
[107] ., .
// 1. 1982.
[108] ., .
// 6. 1981.

[109] ., . /7 7 // 2. 1996.
[110] . // 6. 1980.
[111] . // 11. 1970.
[112] . // 10. 1989.
[113] . // 1. 1971.
[114] . // 10. 1978.
[115] .
4. 1975.
[116] . , . . .
// 8. 1988.
[117] . // 2. 1986. // .
( ). .: , 1994.
(. . 2).
[118] ., . // 5. 1984.
[119] . ? // 5. 1977.
[120] . // 4. 1987. . //
. ( ). .: ,
1994. (. . 2).
[121] . // 7. 1978.
[122] . // 6.
1990.
[123] . // 3. 1988.
[124] . // 9. 1976.
[125] . // 10. 1972.
[126] . // 6. 1983.
// . .: , 2000. (.
. 6).
[127] . . . . // 9.
1970. // 1. 1995.
[128] ., . // 9. 1990.
[129] . // 12. 1983.
[130] . // 5. 1989.
// . ( ).
.: , 1995. (. . 3).
[131] . // 9. 1979.
// . ( ). .:
, 1994. (. . 2).
[132] . // 1. 1984.

249

[133] ., . // 7. 1985. // . . . 3. .:
, 1999. (. . 3).
[134] . // 8. 1971. // 5. 1991.
[135] . ? // 7. 1986.
[136] . // 4. 1998.
[137] . // 6. 1999.
[138] . // 6. 1991.
// . ( ). .:
, 1994. (. . 2).
[139] . // 6. 1992. // .
( ). .: , 1994.
(. . 2).
[140] . // 2. 1974.
[141] . // 4. 1997.
[142] . // 5. 1970.
[143] . // 10. 1977. // .
. . 3. .: , 1999. (.
. 3).
[144] ., . // 3/4. 1993.
// . ( ).
.: , 1994. (. . 2).
[145] . // 6. 1972. //
. .: , 2000. (.
. 6).
[146] ., . x2 = x // 11.
1989.
[147] . ? // 3. 1978.
[148] . ? // 11, 12. 1980. //
. ( ). .: ,
1994. (. . 2).
[149] ., . // 4. 1990.
[150] ., . // 6. 1984. // .
. . 4. .: , 1999. (.
. 5).
[151] . // 2. 1972.
[152] . , // 7. 1977. // 6. 1994.
[153] ., . , . . . // 9. 1976. //
. .: , 2000. (.
. 6).
[154] . // 1. 1974. // 3. 1984.
[155] . // 8. 1987.
[156] . // 4. 1987.
[157] . ? // 7. 1972.

250
[158]
[159]
[160]
[161]
[162]
[163]
[164]

[165]
[166]
[167]

[168]
[169]
[170]
[171]
[172]
[173]
[174]
[175]
[176]
[177]
[178]
[179]
[180]

[181]

[182]

[183]
[184]

. 1600 // 4. 1973.
. // 4. 1998.
. ? // 4. 1994.
., . , // 9. 1981.
. // 9. 1972.
., . e // 8. 1979.
. // 1. 1981.
// . . . 4. .: , 1999. (.
. 5).
., .
// 5. 1980.
., . // 10. 1978.
., . // 1. 1978.
// . . . 3. .: , 1999. (.
. 3).
., .
// 12. 1984.
. // 11.
1989.
. // 5, 6. 1999.
. // 5. 1975.
., . ,
// 7. 1984.
. // 9.
1978.
. // 11. 1974.
., . // 5. 1983.
. // 12. 1979.
. // 3. 1971.
. // 6. 1973.
., . //
12. 1985.
. // 3. 1982. // 2. 1983.
// . .: , 2000. (.
. 6).
. // 3. 1984. // . .: , 2000. (. .
6).
. // 4. 1982. //
. .: , 2000. (.
. 6).
.
// 4. 1972.
. // 9. 1984.


[185]
[186]
[187]
[188]
[189]
[190]
[191]
[192]
[193]
[194]
[195]
[196]
[197]
[198]
[199]
[200]
[201]
[202]
[203]
[204]
[205]
[206]
[207]
[208]

[209]

[210]
[211]
[212]
[213]

[214]
[215]
[216]
[217]
[218]

251

. , 220 /127 3? // 11. 1978.

. // 5. 1972.
., . 30 // 3. 1992.
., . // 2. 1994.
. // 9. 1976.
. // 2. 1998.
. , // 12. 1991.
. - // 9. 1988.
. // 4. 1987.
. // 3. 1991.
. // 11. 1991.
.
// 3. 1988.

. 2 e // 6. 1996.
. // 6. 1997.
. // 6. 1996.
., . // 7. 1979.
. // 5. 1979.
. // 2. 1997.
., . // 1, 3. 2000.
. // 4. 1974.
. // 6. 1973.
. // 2. 1971.
.
// 1. 1972.
. // 7. 1991. //
. ( ). .: ,
1994. (. . 2).
. 4. 1992.
// . ( ).
.: , 1994. (. . 2).
. . . III. .: ,
2001. (. . 4).
. 10n 1 // 4. 1987.
. // 10. 1988.
. , // 6.
1990. // . .: , 2000.
(. . 6).
. , , // 7. 1982.
. //
6. 1994.
. // 9. 1978.
. // 2. 1990. // .
.: , 2000. (. . 6).
// 8. 1989.

252

[219] . // 7, 10.
1983. // . ( ). .: , 1994. (. . 2).
[220] . // 12. 1976.
[221] . //
3. 1997.
[222] . // 7. 1983.
[223] . , , ,
// 8. 1981.
[224] . sin nx cos nx // 6. 1986.
[225] ., . // 6.
1970.
[226] ., . // 6. 1971.
[227] ., . //
12. 1973.
[228] . // 1. 1976. // . .: , 2000. (.
. 6).
[229] . // 9. 1984.
[230] . // 6. 1988. // .
. . 3. : , 1999. (.
. 3).
[231] . // 10. 1979.
[232] . // 9. 1979.
// . . . 4. .: , 1999. (.
. 5).
[233] . //
3. 1980. // . . . 4. .: ,
1999. (. . 5).
[234] . // 9. 1990.
[235] . // 2. 1971. // 1. 1992.
[236] . // 2. 1974.
[237] . //
7. 1984.
[238] . // 9. 1981.
[239] . // 11. 1971.
[240] . // 2. 1997.
[241] . // 6. 1995.
[242] . // 12. 1984.
[243]
[244]
[245]
[246]
[247]
[248]

.
.
.
.
.
.

// 21. 1998.
// 3. 1998.
12 // 51. 1997.
// 25. 1999.
- // 48. 1997.
- // 20. 1998.

,
. . . . ,
, .
1. . .
. .
.
2. . . . . . . ().
. . . .
. [ -. .]
3. . .
. . . . .
. - . [
, . .
.]
4. . . .
.
. .
. . , ,
.
. . [ .]
5. .
. . . .
. . [ . .]
6. . . . .
.
. . . . . . -

254

.
. . . .
. . . .
. . [ . .]
7. . .
. ; . . . .
.
. [ .
.]
8. .
. . . [ . .]
9. . .
. . . ( ). .
. .
.
. [ .]
10. . . . . .
n- . .
. . .
11. , , . . . .
. .
. .
. . . .

. ,
.
, . ,
.
1 : [16], [38], [51].
1 : [32], [35], [52].
2 , : [7], [32], [35], [36], [58], [60], [65].
3 : [1], [6], [9], [36], [58], [195].
2 : [6], [14], [29].
1 ?: [8], [30], [38], [51], [113], [148], [170].
2 : [26], [35], [36], [38], [46], [51], [93], [177].
3 , : [8], [11], [13], [19], [30], [38], [39],
[40], [51], [66], [71], [84], [101], [113], [165], [170], [173], [224], [225].
4 : [30], [51], [104], [170], [236].
5 : [13], [74], [121], [232], [246].
3 : [5], [13],
[33], [34], [36], [37], [38], [42], [49].
1 : [10], [16], [24], [30], [54], [80], [115], [116], [120], [192], [152],
[154], [157], [159], [171], [176], [187], [215], [238].
2 : [9], [16], [24], [30], [35],[43], [59], [99], [104], [158], [175],
[203], [209].
3 : [39], [54], [103], [104], [134], [192], [160],
[203], [137].
4 , : [9], [11], [41], [47], [54], [57], [83], [193],
[172], [184], [196], [198], [235], [237].
5 : [9], [24], [26], [28], [57], [88], [89], [175], [226], [243].
4 : [5], [13], [33], [37], [38], [42], [49], [50].
1 : [9], [26], [216].
2 : [26], [142], [177], [229], [203].
3 : [24], [26], [79], [82], [105], [114], [125], [138], [142], [144], [150],
[162], [167], [203].
4 : [10], [15], [24], [114], [125], [144], [152], [188],
[203], [238].

256

5 : [9], [10], [56], [69], [211].

6 : [138], [146], [221].
5 , , :
1 : [5], [10], [16], [18], [26], [30], [32],
[33], [37], [41], [48], [51], [136], [100], [119], [140], [151], [163], [167], [203], [219],
[227], [228], [197], [199].
2 : [15], [37], [127], [188], [218].
3 : [1], [13], [34], [123], [191], [200],
[210], [231], [244], [245], [247], [248].
6 : [7], [21], [25], [32], [41].
1 : [35], [43], [48], [50], [75], [90], [91], [94], [97], [98],
[135], [139], [141], [147], [183], [212].
2 : [20], [23], [30], [50],
[81], [111].
3 : [22], [30], [43], [50], [222].
4 : [20], [23], [30], [43], [212].
5 : [22], [23], [44], [48], [50], [156], [168], [194].
6 : [23], [30], [101], [194].
7 : [8], [20], [31], [63], [77], [126], [217].
1 : [23], [32], [39], [41], [43], [47], [50], [51], [76], [107],
[112], [122], [129], [178], [180], [186], [204], [208], [213], [224].
2 : [17], [182].
8 + :
1 : [26], [48], [109], [169], [242].
2 : [17], [31], [77], [214].
3 : [41], [44], [50], [230].
9 : [41].
1 : [25], [43], [44], [50], [97], [124], [126], [145],
[153], [174], [181], [189], [190], [212], [230], [239].
2 : [72], [130].
3 : [19], [23], [34], [51], [55], [67], [92], [95], [110], [143], [161], [205].
4 : [32], [36], [43], [50], [61], [64], [132],
[135].
10 : [2], [27], [32], [34], [38], [48], [49], [51], [179].
1 : [3], [35], [41], [43], [47], [50], [53], [73], [78],
[86], [87], [117], [128], [131], [139], [155], [164], [201], [202], [206], [207], [234],
[240].
2 : [73]
3 : [3], [60], [149], [233].
4 : [133], [179].
11 :
1 : [10], [12], [13], [30], [37], [47], [70], [85], [101], [108],
[166].
2 : [12], [13], [47], [57], [62], [100], [106].

257

3 : [6], [19], [30], [45], [47], [57], [101], [102], [107],

[112], [118], [165], [220], [223].
4 : [21], [30], [41].
12 : [4], [9], [13], [39], [96].

I.

A
E
I
N
P

B
Z
K
Oo

II.
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2
3
1
3
6
10
15
21
28
36
45

5
8
1
4
10
20
35
56
84
120

13
21
1
5
15
35
70
126
210

34
55
1
6
21
56
126
252

89
144
1
7
28
84
210

233
377
1
8
36
120

610
987
1
9
45

1597
2584
1
10

4181
6765
1

III. , ,
n
2n
3n
Cn
n!

0
1
1
1
1

1
2
3
1
1

2
4
9
2
2

3
8
27
5
6

4
16
81
14
24

5
32
243
42
120

6
64
729
132
720

7
128
2187
429
5040

8
256
6561
1430
40320

9
512
19683
4862
362880

10
1024
59049
16796
3628800

IV.
,
(40 ):

2 = 1,41421 35623 73095 04880 16887 24209 69807 85697 . . .

3 = 1,73205 08075 68877 29352 74463 41505 87236 69428 . . .

5 = 2,23606 79774 99789 69640 91736 68731 27623 54406 . . .

259

= 3,14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41972 . . .

e = 2,71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249 77572 . . .
= 1,61803 39887 49894 84820 45868 34365 63811 77203 . . .
(40 ):

2 = 1,01101 01000 00100 11110 01100 11001 11111 10011 . . .

3 = 1,10111 01101 10011 11010 11101 00001 01100 00100 . . .

5 = 10,00111 10001 10111 01111 00110 11100 10111 11110 . . .

= 11,00100 10000 11111 10110 10101 00010 00100 00101 . . .
e = 10,10110 11111 10000 10101 00010 11000 10100 01010 . . .
= 1,10011 11000 11011 10111 10011 01110 01011 11111 . . .
V.
1. :
T0 (x) = 1,
T1 (x) = x,
T2 (x) = 2x2 1,
T3 (x) = 4x3 3x,
T4 (x) = 8x4 8x2 + 1,
T5 (x) = 16x5 20x3 + 5x,
T6 (x) = 32x6 48x4 + 18x2 1,
T7 (x) = 64x7 112x5 + 56x3 7x,

U0 (x) = 1,
U1 (x) = 2x,
U2 (x) = 4x2 1,
U3 (x) = 8x3 4x,
U4 (x) = 16x4 12x2 + 1,
U5 (x) = 32x5 32x3 + 6x,
U6 (x) = 64x6 80x4 + 24x2 1,
U7 (x) = 128x7 192x5 + 80x3 8x.

2. :
F0 (x) = 0,
F1 (x) = 1,
F2 (x) = x,
F3 (x) = x2 + 1,
F4 (x) = x3 + 2x,
F5 (x) = x4 + 3x2 + 1,
F6 (x) = x5 + 4x3 + 3x,
F7 (x) = x6 + 5x4 + 6x2 + 1,
F8 (x) = x7 + 6x5 + 10x3 + 4x,
F9 (x) = x8 + 7x6 + 15x4 + 10x2 + 1,

L0 (x) = 2,
L1 (x) = x,
L2 (x) = x2 + 2,
L3 (x) = x3 + 3x,
L4 (x) = x4 + 4x2 + 2,
L5 (x) = x5 + 5x3 + 5x,
L6 (x) = x6 + 6x4 + 9x2 + 2,
L7 (x) = x7 + 7x5 + 14x3 + 7x,
L8 (x) = x8 + 8x6 + 20x4 + 16x2 + 2,
L9 (x) = x9 + 9x7 + 27x5 + 30x3 + 9x.

3. :
1
1
1

1
1+x

1
1
1 + x + x2
1 + x + x2
1
1 + x + x2 + x3
1 + x + 2x2 + x3 + x4
1 + x + x2 + x3

260

VI.
4. :
cos( x) = cos x;
sin( x) = sin x;





x = sin x; sin
x = cos x;
cos
2
2




3
3
cos
x = sin x; sin
x = cos x;
2
2





tg
x = ctg x; ctg
x = tg x.
2
2
5. :
cos(x y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y;
sin(x y) = sin x cos y sin y cos x;
tg(x y) =

tg x tg y
;
1 tg x tg y

ctg(x y) =

ctg x ctg y 1
.
ctg y ctg x

6. :
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x;
cos 3x = 4 cos3 x 3 cos x;

cos 2x = 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x;

sin 3x = 3 sin x 4 sin3 x = sin x (4 cos2 x 1);

cos 4x = 8 cos4 x 8 cos2 x + 1;

2 tg x
;
1 tg2 x

ctg 2x =

ctg2 x 1
;
2 ctg x

3 tg x tg3 x
;
1 3 tg2 x

ctg 3x =

ctg3 x 3 ctg x
.
3 ctg2 x 1

tg 2x =
tg 3x =

sin 4x = 4 sin x cos x (2 cos2 x 1);

7. :
r
r
x
1 cos x
x
1 + cos x
sin =
; cos =
;
2
2
2
2
r
1 cos x
sin x
1 cos x
x
;
=
=
tg =
sin x
2
1 + cos x
1 + cos x
r
x
1 + cos x
1 + cos x
sin x
ctg =
=
=
.
sin x
2
1 cos x
1 cos x
8. :
sin 2x =

2 tg x
;
1 + tg2 x

cos 2x =

1 tg2 x
;
1 + tg2 x

tg 2x =

2 tg x
;
1 tg2 x

ctg 2x =

1 tg2 x
.
2 tg x

261

9. :

+
cos
;
2
2
+

cos cos = 2 sin

sin
;
2
2

cos
;
sin sin = 2 sin
2
2
sin( )
sin( )
tg tg =
; ctg ctg =
.
sin sin
sin sin
10. :
cos + cos = 2 cos

1
[cos( ) cos( + )];
2
1
cos cos = [cos( ) + cos( + )];
2
1
sin cos = [sin( ) + sin( + )];
2
tg + tg
.
tg tg =
ctg + ctg
sin sin =

11. :
1
(1 cos 2x);
2

cos2 x =

1
(3 sin x sin 3x);
4

cos3 x =

sin2 x =

1
(1 + cos 2x);
2

1
(3 cos x + cos 3x);
4
1
1
sin4 x = (cos 4x 4 cos 2x + 3); cos4 x = (cos 4x + 4 cos 2x + 3).
8
8
12. :



a
b
a sin x b cos x =
a2 + b2
sin x
cos x =
a2 + b2
a2 + b2

= a2 + b2 (sin x cos cos x sin ) =

=
a2 + b2 sin(x ),
sin3 x =

b
. ,
= arcsin
a2 + b2



sin x cos x = 2 sin x

.
4
13. :
sin x = a, |a| 6 1 x = (1)n arcsin a + n
cos x = a, |a| 6 1 x = arccos a + 2n
tg x = a x = arctg a + n
ctg x = a x = arcctg a + n

(n Z);
(n Z);

(n Z);
(n Z).

262

VII.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

0
100
400
900
1600
2500
3600
4900
6400
8100

1
121
441
961
1681
2601
3721
5041
6561
8281

2
144
484
1024
1764
2704
3844
5184
6724
8464

3
169
529
1089
1849
2809
3969
5329
6889
8649

4
196
576
1156
1936
2916
4096
5476
7056
8836

5
225
625
1225
2025
3025
4225
5625
7225
9025

6
256
676
1296
2116
3136
4356
5776
7396
9216

7
289
729
1369
2209
3249
4489
5929
7569
9409

8
324
784
1444
2304
3364
4624
6084
7744
9604

9
361
841
1521
2401
3481
4761
6241
7921
9801

VIII.
275 .
2
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
37
41
43
47
53
59
61
67
71
73
79
83
89
97

101
103
107
109
113
127
131
137
139
149
151
157
163
167
173
179
181
191
193
197
199
211
223
227
229

233
239
241
251
257
263
269
271
277
281
283
293
307
311
313
317
331
337
347
349
353
359
367
373
379

383
389
397
401
409
419
421
431
433
439
443
449
457
461
463
467
479
487
491
499
503
509
521
523
541

547
557
563
569
571
577
587
593
599
601
607
613
617
619
631
641
643
647
653
659
661
673
677
683
691

701
709
719
727
733
739
743
751
757
761
769
773
787
797
809
811
821
823
827
829
839
853
857
859
863

877
881
883
887
907
911
919
929
937
941
947
953
967
971
977
983
991
997
1009
1013
1019
1021
1031
1033
1039

1049
1051
1061
1063
1069
1087
1091
1093
1097
1103
1109
1117
1123
1129
1151
1153
1163
1171
1181
1187
1193
1201
1213
1217
1223

1229
1231
1237
1249
1259
1277
1279
1283
1289
1291
1297
1301
1303
1307
1319
1321
1327
1361
1367
1373
1381
1399
1409
1423
1427

1429
1433
1439
1447
1451
1453
1459
1471
1481
1483
1487
1489
1493
1499
1511
1523
1531
1543
1549
1553
1559
1567
1571
1579
1583

1597
1601
1607
1609
1613
1619
1621
1627
1637
1657
1663
1667
1669
1693
1697
1699
1709
1721
1723
1733
1741
1747
1753
1759
1777

2 128
29 33, 40, 42, 179
84 89
174, 182
253
- 13, 166
19
99
18, 21, 106, 182,
212, 235
106,
149 152
23, 156, 232
108

84
6
147, 148, 162,
228, 236, 237
147, 148
123
124
124
83, 203

43
45 46
45
73 74
69
73
42
() 41 47
71
78
37
12

35
39, 130
50, 79
79, 201
79, 201
132
114
129
68
43, 166
45
45

45
53
99
110
149 153
150
n 150
n- 102

101
91
91
91
63

17 23, 163
41
41, 184
- 113
114
155
156
50, 79, 188
135
124
,
75

264
136
129
135
6
12, 165
88, 89, 228
133, 222
70
81 98
163 164, 254

96 98
155, 160, 231, 254
108
93 96, 146
148
155, 160, 231, 254
152
103, 155, 160, 210, 254

93
77
99
146
147
148
87
29
32
42
140 148
9
145
145, 226, 227
142
143
9, 144, 148
143
145
148
146 148
142
- 78 80, 201

100
115
115
108
104
33
113
113
112

-
109 110
108
110
108
16, 146
69
45
- 13, 166
108
153 157
40
77
36
87
13
13
69
45
151
108
110
19, 23
63 65
2, 4 8 63
19 64
3 9 65
10k n 1 64
65
14 16, 52, 58,
190, 198
157 163
160
160
160
162
160
160

265

83, 124
115
115

84, 203, 204, 206

46
128, 222
93 96, 212

81, 203
57
, 57
107
27
86
65 68, 196
57
120, 214
120
46
222
40
46
57
153
38
91, 104, 210

93
109
104
33
19, 58
120
120
58 62, 192 195
11, 35, 58 62, 195, 198
48
61
37, 183
101
, 22, 174
20, 22, 39 41, 175, 253
99
126
127
255 256

115
115
42
161 162
16
81
5, 73 74
108
157
163
42
43
53
37
21
53, 67
60, 67
65 66
21
65
36, 73, 75 80, 201
202, 236, 254
73 74
6
75 80
8
38, 167
, 136 139
17
53 68
56
- 132
- 132
9, 145, 148
145
- 133
9, 145, 148
145
145 146

114
88, 205
159, 234

101

266
122 126
124
153 157
83

124
7, 253
n- 154
26, 163, 236
39, 155, 160, 182
23
25, 60, 175 176
121, 214
128
123, 124, 218 219
36, 181, 189
102, 105, 209, 210
185
,

152
121
71
89
89
105
(n) 76, 200, 236
(n) 34 35, 181
(n) 34, 61
35
() 144
153
211
33 36

105
157 164
160
160
160
162

160
160, 235
(n) 60 62, 66, 67, 193
194, 198
10, 78, 200
63
67
57
35
, en 28, 55
45
69 73
62
Cn 25 26, 163, 253
99
99 110
Ln 40, 135, 155, 160, 183,
223
29, 35, 181
69
27 29, 55, 257
28, 57
69 73
35, 63, 181
27 28
fn 28, 31
, Fn 36 41, 47, 119,
134 155, 160, 182 184, 222, 253

5, 108, 135, 253

2 46, 73
1/7
74
2 128, 131, 154, 253
e 5, 72, 73, 142, 198, 223, 253
i 5, 99
69
, 5, 39, 160, 213, 253
19
151, 159
105

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
, . . . . . . . . . .
3.
. . . . . . . .
2.
1.
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.
, . . . . . . . .
4.
. . . . . . . . . . .
5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
, . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. , ,
1.
. . . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.
. . . . . . .
6.
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.
. . . . . . .
7.
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . .
8. +
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .

3
5
6
6
7
10
13
13
14
16
23
25
27
27
29
33
36
41
48
48
51
53
58
63
66
70
70
74
76
83
83
86
92
93
95
98
101
101
110
113
113
114
118

268

9.
1.
. . . .
2.
. . . .
3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
. . .
10.
1.
. . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . . .
3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
. . .
11.
1.
. . . . . . . . .
2.

3.
. . . . . .
4.
. . . . . . . . .
12.
, ,
1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

124
124
128
130
139
142
142
145
146
148
151
151
155
160
166
168
172
172
173
180
191
200
206
212
217
221
229
233
243
244

253

255

.
I.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
II.

III.
, , .
IV.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VI.

VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VIII. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

258
258
258
258
258
259
260
262
262
263
. . . . . . . . . 263
. . . . . . . . . 267

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

 ,

.



01335 24.03.2000 .
27.6.2002 . 60 90 1/16. 1.
. . . 16,5. 2000 .

121002, , ., 11
.
248640, . , . , . 5.

,
., . 11. . 2417285. E-mail: biblio@mccme.ru