DYNA Link Anchor Box System

2
Contents

Key Features 4
Bridge Pylons and Saddles 5
Bending and Transverse Stresses 5
Slip Limit State 5
Friction Factor 5
Construction Stages 6
Service Stage 6
Seismic Design 6
Bridge Design 6
Bridge Construction 6
Cable Inspection and Maintenance 6

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DYNA Link Anchor Box System
Key Features
The DYNA Link Anchor Box System is
based on a conventional steel structure
in which stay cables are anchored with
standard DYNA Grip anchorages.
It features many advantages in
comparison to conventional saddle
solutions in which strands are guided
through the pylon.
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The DYNA Link Curved Anchor
Box is economically designed using
conventional steel construction
standards to ensure capacity,
serviceability and excellent fatigue
characteristics.
Testing is therefore not required.
The key features of the DYNA Link
Anchor Box System are:
No friction problems; horizontal forces
are transferred by the anchor box
Cable anchorages located outside
permit slender pylon shapes
The pylon does not need to be
accessible
Stay cable assembly is just as flexible
as in the case of common stay cables
with anchorages that are located
inside the pylon
It is even possible to replace a
complete strand bundle only on one
side of the pylon
There are no limitations in terms of
deviation radii or differential forces;
consequently, no limitations in any
national regulations need to be taken
into consideration
DYNA Link Anchor Box System
Bridge Pylons and Saddles
In many contemporary cable stayed
bridges the cables are anchored inside
the pylon section. In these bridges the
tower cross section was made hollow
to allow access to install, stress and
service the cable anchorages. The
hollow pylon section also had to be
reinforced to transfer the local cable
forces and resist the opposing cable
forces on either side of the pylon. This
resulted in large dimensions of the tower
section and heavy reinforcement either
by structural steel frames or, in case
of a concrete pylon, post-tensioning
Bending and Transverse Stresses
Due to the curvature of saddles,
bending and transverse stresses are
introduced in the strands. The bending
stresses will reduce the axial strength
of the strands. The transverse stresses
may result in fretting effects between
the strand wires or between the strands
and the saddle that will result in reduced
fatigue strength of the strands.
in addition to congested passive steel
reinforcement. In many instances this
substantially increased the cost and the
construction time of these pylons.
To mitigate the issues discussed in
the previous paragraph, cable saddles
may be used. Their use will result in
compact solid pylon sections that are
more economical and faster to construct
than hollow pylons. DSI has supplied
some of the first saddles used in cable
stayed bridges (Clark Bridge, Missouri,
USA, 1993) and the largest saddle used
Slip Limit State
For cable supported bridges to behave
as intended, slip of strands inside a
saddle must be completely avoided.
This is an additional limit state that
must be investigated and verified by
the bridge designer. This limit state
in not related to the strength of the
cable components but depends on
the friction between strand and saddle
and the magnitude of the cable forces
at both ends of the saddle. Additional
load cases and combinations may need
to be investigated, using advanced
analytical methods, to ensure that this
limit state would not be violated. This is
particularly critical when seismic loads
are being investigated as discussed
below.
up to this date (156 strands for Maumee
Bridge, Ohio, USA, 2003) in addition to
many other bridges.
Although saddles offer some
advantages, it has become
apparent that they also create many
complications in the design, uncertainty
in the performance and reduced
efficiency in the construction of cable
supported structures, as discussed
below:
Friction Factor
Slip in saddles is prevented by friction
between the strands and the saddle.
Current design recommendations
(such as PTI recommendations and
fib Bulletin 30) require that the friction
factor be derived from tests on
specimens representing the parameters
of the actual saddles. These tests are
conducted in the laboratory where it is
dry and under controlled conditions.
Due to possible contamination or
condensation the conditions in an actual
saddle on site may be quite different
than the test conditions. This creates
uncertainty as to actual friction factor
available to resist differential cable
forces during the construction and
service stages of the bridge.
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DYNA Link Anchor Box System
Bridge Pylons and Saddles
Construction Stages
Most cable supported bridges are
constructed by the cantilever method.
In this method, a structure with
saddles is very vulnerable to slip
due to unbalanced loads during the
construction stages. Considering the
possible variability of friction the risk
of slip must be carefully considered
and mitigated. During the cantilever
construction of the Clark Bridge a heavy
counterweight was positioned on deck
and moved to counter the effects of
unbalanced loads and preclude the
possibility of slip in the saddles. It is
noted that unbalanced loads may be
due to construction activities and the
vertical components of unequal wind
loads acting on opposite cantilevers that
may be required for some sites.
Service Stage
For cable supported bridges with
anchorages at both tower and deck,
it is normal to investigate the live
loading patterns that would result in
the maximum and minimum forces in
each cable so that its axial strength
and fatigue resistance may be verified.
For cables with saddles it is required to
additionally investigate loading patterns
that would result in the largest force
differential in a cable at both faces of
the tower. This additional design effort is
essential to preclude the occurrence of
slip in the saddle during service.
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Seismic Design
Cable slip in saddles must be avoided
at all cost to maintain the stability and
safety of a cable supported structure,
particularly during a seismic event.
Standard seismic design methods
are not sufficient to ensure that cable
slip would not occur. The designer
must resort to advanced analytical
methods such as time history and
push over analysis to ensure the safety
of the structure. To produce reliable
results these methods require complex
and sophisticated modeling of the
structure, including the interaction of its
foundations with the surrounding soil.
In addition, the designer must select
and use a ground motion input that
hopefully would be similar to the future
seismic event. In some instances a
detailed study of the seismology of the
area and site conditions is needed so
that a site specific ground motion may
be produced for use in the analysis.
Regardless of all the above efforts,
a considerable degree of uncertainty
remains in predicting the behavior of
saddles during seismic events.
Bridge Design
The use of saddles results in equal
number of strands on both sides of the
tower for each cable. This outcome
might not be the most efficient or
desirable from the economic and
behavioral aspects of the structure.
This is evident for end spans that
have considerably larger stiffness than
adjacent main spans and particularly for
cable anchored close to end supports.
There is also uncertainty on what is
the effective cable length to be used in
the structural analysis. This uncertainty
stems from the fact that a certain length
of the curved strands inside the saddle
will be subjected to varying axial strains.
This effect may be significant for the
shorter cables of Extradosed bridges.
Bridge Construction
The use of cable saddles results in
doubling the man power and equipment
required for the installation and stressing
of cables. In addition, saddles require
that the pace of cantilever construction
on both sides of the tower be always
symmetrical before a cable may be
installed. This results in increased
construction costs and inefficient
utilization of resources.
Cable Inspection and Maintenance
Saddles do not allow the inspection of
stands inside them. This may be critical
because the strands are anchored by
friction inside the saddle pipes and are
subjected to multi-axial stresses and
differential movements due to live and
dynamic loads. These conditions may
adversely impact the design life of the
strands and their corrosion protection
system; and this uncertainty may not be
acceptable to bridge owners.
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