APSOdrive® Timing Belts Fundamentals

Index 1
Introduction
Foreword��1.1
Polyurethane ��1.3
Elastomer��1.4
APSOdrive® – from a standard product to a customized solution��1.5
Various solutions for different applications��1.6
Timing belt calculation guideline according to the TC-Calc procedure
Drive calculation��2.2
List of formulae��2.3
Calculation example��2.4
Reliability and safety��2.5
Timing belt calculation guideline for open ended and welded belts
Timing belt selection procedure��3.1
List of formulae��3.2
Preliminary belt selection��3.4
Friction values ��3.5
Calculation example��3.6
Characteristics, installation guidelines, tolerances
Characteristics of polyurethane timing belts��4.1
The E steel cord tension member ��4.2

Index 2
Pre-tension��4.3
Calculation procedure��4.4
Consequences of incorrect pre-tension ��4.5
General information��4.6
Mounting guidelines��4.7
Flanges and idlers ��4.8
Timing belt guidelines��4.9
Tooth gap shoes��4.9
Angular drives��4.10
Table of tolerances for BRECOFLEX® timing belts��4.11
Table of tolerances for CONTI® SYNCHROFLEX timing belts ��4.12
Timing belt reworking and coatings
Introduction��5.1
Mechanical reworking��5.3
Description ��5.5
Applying profiles on belts��5.6
Timing belt coatings ��5.9
Coefficients of friction��5.18
Note: The contents of this document are not binding in any way and may be subject to change without prior notice.
Angst+Pfister will not be held responsible for any use of the data and information contained within.
Introduction 1.1
Foreword
This Angst+Pfister drive technology manual Positive traction drives

contains an introduction to an extensive A positive traction drive guarantees a syn-
range of timing belts which are part of our chronous transmission between the pulleys,
stock. Nonstandard items and customized therefore it is also called synchronous drive.
solutions can also be produced or provided This kind of power transmission is gaining
swiftly. Fundamentals of calculation for belt further importance due to its very high pow-
drives, description of product properties er ratings and striking life cycles.
and accessories, such as pulleys, idlers and
bushings, are also included in this manual. Friction traction drives
Compared with positive traction drives,
Traction drives friction traction drives have the significant
Traction drives (or commonly known as belt advantage of tolerating a temporary slip-
and chain drives) are generally used to page due to excessive overload. It is the
transmit power or motion. A traction drive nature of this kind of drive that higher
can also be used to move or position items, pre-tension forces have to be applied to
which is commonly known as transport or ensure a flawless operation. Therefore
linear technology. Subject to the task an higher bearing loads have to be accepted.
application has to achieve, there are several Also, the belt is subject to a certain amount
possibilities to complete the challenge. Trac- of constant slippage, as a result of which a
tion drives are divided into two categories; perfect synchronous transmission cannot be
the positive traction drives for timing belts achieved.
and chains and friction traction drives for
V-shaped belts as well as round and flat
belts.
Traction drives
Positive drives Friction drives
V-belts
Timing belts V-ribbed belt
Chains Round belts
Flat belts
This manual lists many of the belts available from the Angst+Pfister Drive Technology product
range.
Further information on additional components is available through your nearest Angst+Pfister
sales representative.
Introduction 1.2
Elastomer or polyurethane?
Timing belts are available in different materials, but the most
common ones are elastomer and polyurethane. Elastomer is
used as a general term for polychloroprene as well as any
related elastomer compounds. The same applies to polyure-
thane, as different compounds from polyether or polyester
are available, which are suitable for casting or extruding
manufacturing processes. The commonly used abbreviation
TPU stands for thermoplastic polyurethane.
Before selecting from the two materials, elastomer or polyu-

rethane, parameters like purpose, requirements and the en-
vironment will need to be defined. All these parameters have
also an impact on the reinforced tension member, which can
be made of steel, glass, aramid or carbon. Any added layer
on the back or tooth side of the belt needs to be considered.
A solution with an elastomer belt for a power transmission is
usually more economical. On the other hand, a polyure-
thane belt is the better solution for positioning devices.
Material properties are listed on the next two pages as well

as in the belt properties.
Material properties of timing belts
Polyurethane Elastomer
Standard properties Standard properties

• length stability and low stretch due to steel • good damping capabilities
cords • low lateral forces
• resistant against deformation and high shear • low noise emission
strength • low tendency for tooth skipping
• customized pulley teeth tolerances on request • antistatic version available
• self-guiding drive belts available • excellent price-performance ratio
• high positioning accuracy
• customized solutions available Special properties
• high performance compounds
Special properties – superior level of oil resistance
• various tension members available like for ex- – high temperature resistance
ample for high flexibility or for high power • PTFE refinement of the tooth fabric
• made in stainless steel or aramid • coatings
• high pitch accuracy
• customized reworkings like coatings, machi-
ning or profiles (welded or screwed-on)
• special polyurethane compounds available
Introduction 1.3
Polyuret hane
Overview of standard properties
Properties Details/additional benefits

Operating temperature • −10°C to +80°C
Steel tension members • precise transmission of motion

• high length stability
• low stretch
Shore hardness 88 to 92 ShA • resistant to deformation and high shear strength

• high resistance to abrasion
Profiles: T, AT, ATP, CTD, BAT, • narrowed gap width for reduced backlash feasible
SFAT, V-guides, imperial pro- • self-guiding drive belts available
files, HTD, RPP, STD
Casting, injection molding • short and long endless belts available (up to approx. 30 m)
or extruding manufacturing • open-end belts for open linear drives or welded transport drive
processes belts available
Resistances • resistant to tropical conditions
• resistant to oil and gasoline
• ozone resistant
Weldable with thermoplastics • weldable up to any length

• feasible to weld on cam profiles
High pitch accuracy • for accurate positioning systems
Overview of special properties

Operating temperature • −30°C to +110°C
Flexible tension members • high flexibility

• pliant
Tension members in special • higher rigidity

twists • higher resistance to (reverse) bending
• S/Z twist (GEN III, Brecoflex)
• high pitch accuracy (Brecoflex)
• low lateral running tendency
Polyamide coated teeth PAZ • low friction
• low noise emission
Polyamide coated belt back • l ow friction

PAR • especially for accumulating conveyors
Aramid tension members • not magnetic

• higher stretch than steel (vibration absorbing)
Stainless steel tension members • minimized corrosion

• low magnetic permeability
Various rework potential • coatings

• weld on profiles
• high versatility due to screwed-on profiles (ATN): combination of
different materials, easy replacement of profiles, belt lock
• machining: milling, drilling/punching, water jet cutting
Coloring • standard: white, various colors feasible
FDA conformity • specially certified polyurethane compounds available

Introduction 1.4
Elastomer
Overview of standard properties

Operating temperature • –10°C to +100°C
Glass or aramid tension • excellent damping of impacts

members • low lateral running tendency
Shore hardness 75 to 82 ShA • smooth running
Profiles: HTD, RPP, STD, CTD, • p rime meshing performance even during high-dynamic perfor-
imperial profiles mance
• smooth running
• low tendency for tooth skipping
Manufactured in wide sleeves • economically priced production
Resistances • resistant to tropical conditions

• oil resistant under certain conditions
High-strength nylon coating • high resistance to abrasion

on teeth
Antistatic • high performance designs in accordance with ISO 9563 available
Pulleys • wide range of standard pulleys with Taper-Lock ® bushing available
Overview of special properties

Operating temperature • possible up to max. +130°C
HNBR • superior level of oil resistance
PTFE refined coating on teeth • increased resistance to abrasion for high performance drives
Reduced noise emissions • o ptimized meshing of teeth

• shock absorbing material: rubber and tension members
Coatings • v ulcanized or bonded designs feasible

• machined coatings available
Introduction 1.5
APSOdrive® – from a standard product to a

customized solut ion
Selecting the correct materials, components and confi-

gurations is a complex and time consuming process, but
crucial for the success of a drive system. At Angst+Pfister
we have more than 30 years of experience in the field of
drive technology. As a customer you can benefit from this
experience: APSOdrive® offers support for each individu-
al customer to succeed with a tailor-made solution.
Engineering services: expertise all along the

line
Our engineers have substantial international experience
in optimizing demanding belt drives and can therefore
support you with:
• technical advice for new and existing systems

• evaluating the most suitable solution
• calculating and designing mechanical drive systems
• additional use of belt drive calculation software
• commercially optimized price-performance ratio
• fast engineering and supply of customized solutions
and prototypes
We trust that using standard components in combination

with engineered customized parts will lead to the ulti-
mate drive solution.
For a detailed and cost-effective calculation for your

timing belt drive, we have various calculation tools
available. Our technical support team will be pleased to
advise you and provide you with a recommendation for
the configuration and the type of belt which will suit your
requirements.
Please do not hesitate to make use of our engineers’

know-how and also benefit from further application
related services. Upon request, we can also organize
workshops and seminars for your engineering and design
team.
Introduction 1.6
Various solut ions for different applicat ions
Whether it is a linear, transport or power transmission: we make every effort to find the most
suitable and efficient solution to comply with your specific demands.
Power transmission
Saddle st itching systems Triple spindle drilling system Pocket spring machine
Linear drives
Printed circuit board transporter High bay rack logist ics system Automat ic door system
Transport solutions
Conveying device for test tubes Tube packaging machine Conveying device for blister
packaging
Timing belt calculation guideline according to the TC-Calc procedure 2.1
The “Teet h & Cord” (TC) calculat ion proce- ATP

dure is based on t he fact t hat only a limi-
ted/defined number of teet h between t he
pulley and t he belt can be in mesh at t he
AT
same t ime. Therefore, t he transmissible
force/power is limited and can be cal
culated (calculat ion of toot h strengt h).
In order to transfer t his force to a driven
T
pulley, t he t iming belt needs to have ade-
quate strengt h characterist ics and is rein- FTadm
forced wit h cords of defined tensile strengt h
(calculat ion of tensile strengt h of tension
members). A furt her component to be consi-
dered in t his procedure is t he flexibility of
t he belt. This provides an important indica-
t ion of t he smallest pulley diameter (or belt
tensioner) to be used in t he belt drive.
Tooth shear strength Drive layout wit h in-

side idler (pulsat ing
Drive layout wit h
backside idler (alter-
The shape and t he material of a toot h are tension) nat ing tension)
t he two elements which define t he highest
force t hat can be transferred between t he Tensile strength of tension members
pulley and t he belt. A specific toot h shear The circumferent ial force acts in proport ion
strengt h as a funct ion of speed or rpm is to t he elongat ion of t he load span; exces-
t he maximum power a toot h can bear in sive slackening of t he slack span is counter-
permanent operat ion. A t iming belt drive is acted wit h appropriate pre-tension values.
correct ly designed if t he transmissible pow- The tensile strengt h of t he cords is t he maxi-
er does not exceed t he specific shear mum allowable tensile stress of t he belt, gi-
strengt h of all t he teet h in mesh. An addi- ven adequate safety factors. Allowances for
t ional safety factor is usually not needed maximum tensile fat igue strengt h FTadm are
but often considered. listed in tables for different belts.
During t he cont inuous and ongoing de- Flexibility

velopment of toot h shapes and materials, Depending on t he belt model, t he minimum
t he toot h shear strengt h has been improved number of teet h or diameter of t he
ever since. For example, an AT-Profile pulley must comply wit h t he belt specifica-
is larger t han a T-Profile and has t herefore t ion to guarantee a flawless operat ion.
a better distribut ion of t he occurring forces. Special attent ion is needed for layouts wit h
Furt hermore, an ATP profile transmits more reverse bending, meaning t he belt will be
power t han an AT profile. This is due to its bent in bot h direct ions due to pulleys or id-
opt imized distribut ion of t he transmission lers running on t he back side of t he belt.
forces on two surfaces which results in a The tension members will t hen experience
higher load capacity. different load condit ions (from pulsat ing to
alternat ing). Such layouts require pulleys or
rollers wit h a larger minimum diameter or a
higher number of teet h t han a layout wit h-
out reverse bending.
Drive calculat ion
Step 1 – Evaluation of belt type

In choosing t he correct belt for a drive, t he field of applicat ion as well as power,
rotat ional speed and velocity have to be considered. The smallest pulley in t he
whole drive needs special attent ion. The minimum diameter or minimum number
of teet h z1min will have a significant impact on t he type of belt, especially for
narrow drives.
P vmax n [min-1] Field of applicat ion Z1min* Profile
[kW] [m/s]
≤5 80 ≤10 000 Office machinery, DIY power tools, 10 T5 – XL
control technology
≤5 80 ≤20 000 Small power drives, handling technology 15 AT3
≤15 80 ≤10 000 Machine tools, pumps, text ile machines 15 AT5
≤30 60 ≤10 000 Main and auxiliary drives, machine tools, 12 T10 – L – H
text ile and print ing machinery
≤70 60 ≤10 000 Pumps, compressors, roller table drives, con- 15 AT10 – SFAT10 – BAT10 – BATK10
struct ion, paper and text ile machinery
≤100 60 ≤10 000 Grinding machines, power drives, machine 15 ATP10
tools
≤100 40 ≤6 500 Heavy duty construct ion machinery, pumps, 15 T20 – XH
paper and text ile machinery
≤135 48 ≤8 000 Construct ion machinery, pumps, compres- 20 SFAT15
sors, paper machinery
≤140 48 ≤8 000 Power drives, print ing and grinding machi- 20 BAT15 – BATK15
nery
≤160 48 ≤8 000 Power drives, paper machinery, high-bay 25 ATS15
storage, hoist devices
≤200 50 ≤10 000 Power drives, machine tools 20 ATP15
>200 40 ≤6 500 Heavy duty drives, text ile and print ing 18 AT20 – SFAT20
machinery, machine tools
Table 1: Special timing belt designs allow the rotational speed and peripheral
velocity parameters to be increased.
*Applies only to standard windings wit hout “reverse bending” and wit hout
coat ing.
Step 2 – Torque
The torque is calculated from t he available power. For drives which start and 9550 ∙ P[kW]
stop frequent ly, it is recommended to use t he start ing torque for t he calculat ion. M[Nm] =
Start ing torques for motors are usually 2.5 t imes higher (or somet imes more) t han n1[min-1]
t he rated torque.
Step 3 – Circumferential force
Wit h t he known torque M and t he pitch circle diameter of t he driving pulley d01, 2000 ∙ M[Nm]
Fu[N] =
t he circumferent ial force Fu can be calculated. This force must be counteracted d01[mm]
wit h a correct pre-tension force to avoid a slack belt strand.
Step 4 – Determination of belt width
The widt h of t he belt depends on t he specific toot h shear strengt h FTspec which is
also associated to t he rotat ional speed. The values are listed individually by belt
in t he technical sect ion. The number of teet h in mesh ze depends on t he design 10 ∙ Fu[N]
b[mm] =
of t he drive, but for calculat ion purposes only a maximum of 12 teet h can be
ze . FTspec [N/cm]
considered to be in mesh. Excluded from t his rule are some high-performance
belts, which can accommodate 16 teet h in mesh (ze is also listed in t he technical
sect ion). The calculated widt h is usually rounded up to t he upper standard belt
widt h value.
Step 5 – Determination of belt length
The lengt h of a belt can only be a mult iple of t he chosen pitch. The pitch circle π (d02 - d01)2
diameters d01 and d02 of bot h pulleys as well as t he center distance sa have to LB[mm] ≅ ∙ (d02 -d01) +2 ∙ sa +
be taken into account. The calculated lengt h LB is rounded up to t he next longer 2 4 ∙ sa
standard belt lengt h available.
By following these steps, the belt is selec-

ted for its tooth shear strength. A further
verification is now necessary for
– tensile strength of tension members
– flexibility
– safety factors
Refer to the following chapters.
List of formulae
BETA Definition of terms
Circumferent ial force FU [N]
Specific toot h force FTspec [N/cm]
FTadm
Admissible tensile load FTadm [N]
Pre-tension force per span FTV [N]
FTV
Stat ic bearing load FW [N]
FW
Torque M [Nm]
Accelerat ion torque MB [Nm]
Power P [kW]
Moment of inert ia J [kgm2]
Density ⍴ [kg/dm3]
BETA Velocity v [m/s]
sa Rotat ional speed n [min-1]
Angular speed ⍵ [s-1]
Determination of pre-tension force Centre distance sa [mm]
Depending on t he layout, number of teet h in mesh as well Belt lengt h LB [mm]
as t he circumference force, t he required pre-tension force Belt widt h b [mm]
in each span can now be calculated. Use t he factors Pulley widt h B [mm]
shown in t he table to select t he appropriate values for t he Pulley bore diameter d [mm]
stat ic span force. Pitch circle diameter d0 [mm]
Crown diameter dK [mm]
Number of Pre-tension force Span lengt h LT [mm]
Configurat ion Pitch t [mm]
teet h per span
Arc of contact β [°]
zB < 60 FTV = 13 FU
Accelerat ion t ime tB [s]
Two shaft drive 60 ≤ zB ≤ 150 FTV = 12 FU Number of teet h on belt zB
zB > 150 FTV = 23 FU Number of teet h if i = 1 z
FTV = FU Number of teet h in mesh ze
lTight span ≤ lSlack span
Mult i shaft drive Number of teet h on small pulley z1
lTight span ≤ lSlack span FTV > FU Number of teet h on big pulley z2
Linear drive all FTV ≥ FU Rat io i
Table 2
Basic formulae for belt configurat ion
10 ∙ FU Toot h shear strengt h

Widt h b= The belt widt h is calculated using t he specific toot h shear
ze ∙ FTspec
strengt h.
FU Tensile strengt h of tension members
Tensile strengt h of tension
FTadm ≥ + FTV In case of too high a span force, t he widt h of t he belt needs to
members 2 be increased.
Basic formulae for belt configurat ion
2 ∙ 103 ∙ M 19.1 ∙ 106 ∙ P 103 ∙ P

Circumferent ial force FU = FU = FU =
d0 n ∙ d0 v
d0 ∙ FU 9.55 ∙ 103 ∙ P d0 ∙ P
Torque M= M= M=
2 ∙ 103 n 2∙ v
M ∙n FU ∙ d0 ∙ n FU ∙ v
Power P= P= P=
9.55 ∙ 103 19.1 ∙ 106 103
π (d02 - d01)2
Belt lengt h LB = 2 ∙ sa + π ∙ d0 LB[mm] ≅ ∙ (d02 + d01) + 2 ∙ sa +
2 4 . sa
z∙t π∙n
Pitch circle diameter d0 = Angular speed ⍵=
π 30
19.1 ∙ 103 ∙ v Circumferent ial d0 ∙ n
Rotat ional speed n= v = 19.1 ∙ 103
d0 speed
J ∙ ∆n
Accelerat ion torque MB = Moment of inert ia J = 98.2 ∙ 10-15 ∙ B ∙ ⍴ ∙ (dk4 - d4)
9.55 ∙ tB
β n1 z
Stat ic bearing load Rat io i= = 2
FW = 2 ∙ FTV ∙ sin n2 z1
2
Calculat ion example
Scope Step 4 – Determinat ion of belt widt h wit h

Define a t iming belt for a roller table which start ing torque and zero rpm (FTspec from
is used for heavy duty transportat ion tasks. AT10 data table)
Start ing torque of t he motor is 2.5 t imes 10 ∙ FU 10 ∙ 7489 N
higher t han t he rated operat ional torque. b= = = 85 mm
ze ∙ FTspec 12 ∙ 73.5
Operating conditions are:

The next wider standard belt is selected
Given Power P = 10 kW
values b = 100 mm
Rotational n 800 rpm
speed
= Step 5 – Determinat ion of belt lengt h
Starting M 2.5 times rated LB = 2 ∙ s a + π ∙ d01 = 2 × 625 + π ∙ 79.58 = 1500 mm

=
torque torque
Ratio i = 1 Step 6 – Determinat ion of pre-tension

force
Number of z1 FU 7489 N
= z 2 = 25 FTV = = = 3745 N
teeth 2 2
Pitch circle d 01 = d 02 = 79.58 mm
diameter According to table 2 on page 2.3 for a
Center sa 625 mm
two-shaft drive and150 teet h.
=
distance
Step 7 – Check tensile strengt h of tension
Wanted A suitable belt, its pitch and width.
members (cords); FTadm from relevant AT data
sheet
Solution FU
FTadm ≥ + FTV
Step 1 – Evaluation of belt type 2
Based on t he given values and operat ing
condit ions, an AT10 is selected from table FTadm ≥
7489 N
+ 3745 N ⇒ 16000 ≥ 7489 N
1 page 2.2. 2
⇒ correct with enough cord safety factor
Step 2 – Torque
9550 ∙ P 9550 ∙ 10 kW Step 8 – Check flexibility
MNom = n1
=
800 rpm
= 119 Nm The drive layout does not use any idler or
pulley on its back side. Only alternat ing
Due to t he start and stop funct ion, t he star- tension is applied to t he tension members.
t ing torque factor of 2.5 needs to be inclu- Also t he minimum number of teet h complies
ded in t he calculat ion. wit h t he value in t he AT10 data table on
page 3.7.
M = 2.5 ∙ MNom = 298 Nm
Result
Step 3 – Circumferent ial force The drive is correct ly dimensioned wit h a
100 mm wide belt. The drive should run
2000 ∙ M 2000 ∙ 298 Nm
FU = = = 7489 N maintenance free.
d01 79.58 mm
Order designat ion:

PU t iming belt 100 AT10/1500
Reliability and safety
While choosing it is important to envisage t he worst

case scenario which can happen. That is why t he values
for t hese condit ions need to be used. If t he values such
as teet h shear strengt h, tensile strengt h of tension mem-
bers and flexibility are not exceeded, t he drive will run
wit hout any maintenance.
Remarks to be considered
• Do not just use t he values and rat ings during opera- P
t ion. Attent ion should be given to t he start ing condi- +30%

t ions. For example, a t hree-phase squirrel cage induc-
t ion motor may produce a 2 to 2.5 t imes higher
torque t han at its operat ional speed – even at
n = 0 rpm.
• Eventually breakaway torques as well as frict ion in
slides have to be considered on t he drive side, even
at n = 0 rpm.
• Stopping or braking may cause even higher peak
torques on t he drive t han t he start ing torque. Bear in
mind t hat t he torque in t his case is act ing in t he op-
posite direct ion t han during t he start ing phase.
• Accelerat ion or decelerat ion of inert ial masses such
as flywheels may have a considerable impact on t he
drive.
• The drive might also be subject to addit ional vibrat ion
and shock which have not been considered during t he
calculat ion. The sample graph on t he right shows a
condit ion where an overlaid frequency toggles
+/–30% around t he nominal power of t he drive.
Therefore t he widt h of t he belt needs to be increased
by a factor of 1.3.
Speed
Apply t he following safety factors for a speed increase i = 0.66 to 1.00 S = 1.1
rat io: i = 0.40 to 0.66 S = 1.2
i = 0.46 S = 1.3
Consider in t he event of a braking condit ion t hat a re-
verse torque occurs as well as t he transmission rat io,
which is changing to a speed decrease transmission.
Timing belt calculation guideline for open ended and welded belts 3.1
Timing belt select ion procedure
The calculat ion procedure LT-Calc is funda-

mentally focusing on t he mass to be moved
and t he involved accelerat ion. As in t he
TC-Calc procedure, t he toot h shear
strengt h, t he tensile strengt h of tension
members and t he flexibility of t he belt need
to be considered as well. The load in t he Linear table
drive is not only caused by t he driving or
driven pulley, but also by t he forces which
occur during t he transport of t he masses in-
volved.
Also addit ional analyses need to be done

which are different to t he ones of a simple
Linear slide
power drive. Propert ies such as posit ioning
accuracy and eventual vibrat ions need to
be evaluated.
The total load of a linear or transport drive

involves t hree substant ial components
which need to be taken into account when Linear trolley
calculat ing t he maximal force on t he belt:
• Acceleration force FB Design execut ion

T his is t he force which is required to get All engaged assembly groups wit hin t he
all t he involved masses in mot ion (mainly drive should be designed as light as possi-
t he mass to be moved, but also idler pul- ble and frict ion should be kept at a mini-
leys, belt etc, if t heir mass is significant). mum. The surrounding structure has to be ri-
gid. Often open-end AT and ATL t iming
• Hoist force FH belts are used and fixed on t he linear slides
T his is t he required force when t he mo- by means of clamping plates. AT and ATL t i-
t ion is done against gravity. For horizon- ming belts allow a rotat ional to linear trans-
tal mot ions FH = 0. lat ion of mot ion wit h permanent accuracy.
The high pitch accuracy between t iming
• Friction force FR belt and pulley results in an even load distri-
High frict ion forces may occur especially but ion on t he driving pulley toot h flanks.
for transport drives where t he belt runs Therefore high performance and accuracy
on a support rail. can be achieved. The material combinat ion
between belt and pulley is except ionally
suitable for bi-direct ional drives. The travel
distance per revolut ion of t he driving pulley
depends on t he pitch and t he number of
teet h on t he pulley. There are t hree com-
mon design execut ions for linear drives.
List of formulae
Used symbols Used symbols
Center distance sa [mm] Tangent ial force Ft [N]

Belt lengt h LB [mm] Accelerat ion force FB [N]
Belt widt h b [mm] Frict ion force FR [N]
Span lengt h L1,L2 [mm] Hoist ing force FH [N]
Pitch circle diameter do [mm] Specific toot h force FTspec [N/cm]
Crown diameter dK [mm] Admissible tensile load FTadm [N]
Tension roller diameter ds [mm] Pre-tension force per span FTV [N]
Bore d [mm] Maximum span force FTmax [N]
Useful linear distance sL [mm] Stat ic bearing load FSstat [N]
Total distance of travel stot [mm] Torque M [Nm]
Elongat ion △l [mm] Power P [kW]
Specific elast icity cspec [N] Mass m [kg]
Elast icity c [N/mm] Mass to be moved mtot [kg]
Posit ioning deviat ion △s [mm] Mass of linear slide mL [kg]
Posit ioning range Ps [mm] Mass of t iming belt mB [kg]
Accelerat ion distance sB [mm] Mass of pulley mZ [kg]
Braking distance s‘B [mm] Mass of idler mS [kg]
Travel distance wit h v = constant sV [mm] Reduced pulley mass mZred [kg]
Travel t ime wit h v = constant tV [s] Reduced idler mass mSred [kg]
Overall t ime ttot [s] Specific belt mass mRspec [kg/m]
Accelerat ion t ime tB [s] Specific weight ⍴ [kg/dm3]
Decelerat ion t ime t‘B [s] Accelerat ion a [m/s2]
Total distance stot [mm] Gravity g [m/s2]
Number of pulley teet h z Speed v [m/s]
Number of belt teet h zB Rotat ional speed n [min–1]
Number of meshing teet h ze Angular speed ⍵ [s–1]
Frict ion force FR [N] Characterist ic frequency fe [s–1]
Pitch T [mm] Excitat ion frequency f0 [s–1]
Basic equat ions for belt definit ion
2 ∙ 103 ∙ M 19.1 ∙ 106 ∙ P 103 ∙ P

Tangent ial force
Ft = Ft = Ft =
d0 n ∙ d0 v
d0 ∙ Ft 9.55 ∙ 103 ∙ P d0 ∙ P
Torque M= M= M=
2 ∙ 103 n 2∙v
M ∙n Ft ∙ d0 ∙ n Ft ∙ v
Power P= P= P=
9.55 ∙ 103 19.1 ∙ 106 103
π ∙n 19.1 ∙ 103 ∙ v
Angular speed ω = Rotat ional speed n=
30 d0
sv
Travel t ime wit h Travel distance wit h
tV = sv = v ∙ tv ∙ 103
v = constant v ∙ 103 v = constant
Total t ime wit h ttot = tB + tV + t`B Total distance wit h stot = sB + sv + s`B
v = constant v = constant
Velocity/
Circumferent ial speed v=
d0 ∙ n
= √ v=
2 ∙ sB ∙ a
n = nconstant
= constant
g
tin
19.1 ∙ 10 3
1000
br
ra
ea
√
le
ki
2 ∙ sB
ce
Accelerat ion t ime/ v

ng
ac
Breaking t ime tB = = v=
a a ∙ 1000
Accelerat ion distance/ a ∙ tB2 ∙ 103 v2 ∙ 103

Breaking distance sB = = tot tot
2 2∙a
To define t he act ing forces on a t iming belt, all t he moving and displaced masses must be
considered. Therefore a reduced mass mZred of a pulley and/or tension roller is used, which
is a subst itute mass wit h equal inert ia. This inert ia is performing in t he belt’s line of act ion
and t he inert ia of t he rotat ing pulley or idler is performing on t he rotat ional axis.
(dK2 - d2) ∙ π ∙ B ∙ ⍴ (dS2 - d2) ∙ π ∙ B ∙ ⍴
Mass of pulley mz = Mass of idler ms =
4 ∙ 106 4 ∙ 106
( ) ( )
mz d2 ms d2
Reduced mass of pulley mZred = ∙ 1+ Reduced mass of idler mSred = ∙ 1+
2 d K2 2 d S2
The stat ic bearing load FSstat applies only in a standst ill or under no load. FSstat depends on
t he effect ive circumferent ial force.
Stat ic bearing load FStat = 2 ∙ FTV
z∙ T
Pitch circle diameter d0 =
π
Belt elongat ion l is a result of t he pre-tension force FTV and is spread across t he whole belt
lengt h LB. The sect ion of t he belt which is in mesh will not be stretched (see technical specifi-
cat ion for values for cspec).
The pre-tension distance for linear slide execut ions is only half of t he belt lengt h.
FTV ∙ LB
Elongat ion of belt ∆I = c Free belt lengt h LB = L1 + L2
spec
Linear systems have shift ing spring rates which are related to t he posit ion of t he slide, table
or trolley. Spring rates depend on t he rat io of t he two lengt hs L1 and L2. The spring rate is at
a minimum if L1 and L2 are equal.
LB 4 ∙ cspec
Spring rate c= ∙ cspec Spring rate at L1  L2 cmin =
L1 ∙ L2 LB
In case an external force is applied to t he slide, a posit ion deviat ion appears:
F
Posit ioning deviat ion ∆s =
c
As a belt has a spring rate and t he belt is connected to a mass, it is basically known as a
spring-mass system and it is in its nature, t hat an impact on t he system will trigger its natural
oscillat ion. It is recommended to review t he linear drive for any occurring excitat ion frequen-
cies f0 which might be in t he range of t he natural oscillat ion fe. In case fe = f0, a design re-
view should be considered.
Note: The natural frequency fe of linear drives is in general much higher t han any potent ial
excitat ion frequency f0 of t he system, which means no resonance of t he drive is to be expec-
ted. Special attent ion should be given when using a stepper motor as t hese can perform on
a frequency which may cause a resonance on t he belt. The countermeasure in such an event
would be t he use of a wider belt to alter t he rigidity.
Natural oscillat ion

1
fe = 2 ∙ ∙
π
√ c · 1000
mL
Preliminary belt select ion
Using t his diagram is a fast way to find a suitable belt for a

linear drive. It is only a preliminary select ion and can be
used as a basis for furt her calculat ions and comprehensive
reviews.
Mass of linear slide mL [kg]
AT
20
/
AT
L2
0
AT
10
/
AT
L1
0
/
BA
T1
0
AT
5
/
AT
L5
Accelerat ion a [m/s2]
Example for preliminary belt selection

Mass of linear slide mL = 50 kg
Maximum accelerat ion (wit hout decelerat ion) a = 20 m/s2
Value found at t he intercept point in t he diagram:
Timing belt AT10/ATL10: 50 mm wide
Opt ional: AT20/ATL20: 32 mm wide
Recommendation
The matching driving pulley should have at least 20 teet h
(for ATL10, at least 25 teet h). Should t he pulley have less
t han 20 teet h (AT), t he next wider standard belt is recom-
mended.
Frict ion values
This table indicates most Coat ing on teet h Frict ion values µ
commonly used frict ion PUR on alumnium – 0.6 – 0.9
values
PUR on steel – 0.8 – 1.3
PUR on PTFE – 0.2 – 0.4
PUR on PE-UHMW – 0.3 – 0.5
PUR-PAZ on alumnium polyamide 0.3 – 0.4
PUR-PAZ on steel (Rz  28) polyamide 0.3 – 0.6
PUR-PAZ on PTFE polyamide 0.2 – 0.3
PUR-PAZ on PE-UHMW polyamide 0.2 – 0.3
Frict ion coefficients have a large tolerance; we recommend t he use of a higher value. The numbers are purely indicat ive.
Calculat ion example
Task Step 2 – Searching for the maximal

Moving a linear slide wit h a mass of tangential force Ft
50 kg. The maximal accelerat ion or
decelerat ion is 20 m/s2. To avoid any Forces:
slackening, t he belt is guided/suppor- FB FB = mtot ∙ a = 52.69 ∙ 20 = 10 538 N
ted by a 3 m long rail on t he teet h FR Assuming
t hat all sliding mas-
side. Pre-tension is applied by using a ses are supported equally. (The
movable pulley, so no idler is needed. mass of t he belt is being igno-
The pulley material is AlCuMgPb red)
( = 2.85 kg/dm2) FR = m ∙ g ∙ μ = 50 ∙ 9.81 ∙ 0.5 = 24 525 N
Ft
Use t he previously selected belt from Ft = FB + FH = 10538 + 24525 = 1300 N
t he “Preliminary belt select ion dia-
gram“ Step 3 – Definit ion of pre-tension
force FTV
Provided Value FTV = 1500 N
Mass linear slide mL = 50 kg Step 4 – Searching for t he highest

Acceleration a = 20 m/s2 span force FTmax
Rotational speed n = 1500 rpm
Number of teeth z1 = z 2 = 30 Fmax = FTV + Ft = 1500 + 1300 = 2800 N
Pitch circle
d 01 = d 02 = 95.49 mm
diameter Step 5 – Definit ion of belt widt h
Crown diameter d K01 = dK02 = 93.67 mm
10 ∙ FTmax 10 ∙ 2800
Center distance sa = 3500 mm b= = = 42.14 mm
ze ∙ FTspec 15 ∙ 44.3
⍴ = 0.5
Friction
(polyamide coated
teeth on a PE guide) b = 50 mm (chosen belt width)
Wanted Re-calculation of the AT10,
50 mm wide belt
Step 6 – Review maximal permitted
load on tension members FTadm
Solution
Step 1 – Search for all masses mtot to be FTadm ≥ FTmax
accelerated ⇒ 8500 N ≥ 2800 N ⇒ fulfilled
Masses: Result
mL mL = 50 kg The drive is correctly dimensioned wi-
th a belt of 50 mm width.
mL LB = 2 ∙ sa + π ∙ d01 = 2 × 3500 + π × 95.49 = 7300 mm The necessary power is:
LB 7300 mm
FT ∙ d0 ∙ n 130 095.49 ∙ 1500
mB =
1000
∙ mRspec =
1000
∙ 0.29 = 2.12 kg
P= = = 9.75 kW
19.1 ∙ 106 19.1 ∙ 106
(dK2 - d2) ∙ π ∙ B ∙ ⍴ (93.672 - 352) ∙ π ∙ 60 ∙ 2.85

mZred mZ =
4 ∙ 106
=
4 ∙ 106
= 1.0 kg Order designation:
1 Open-end PU-timing belt 50
( ) ( )= 0.57 kg
mZ d2 352
mZred =
2
∙ 1+
d K2
=
2
∙ 1+
93.672
AT10/7300-PAZ-M
mtot mtot = mL + mB + mZred + mSred = 50 + 2.12 + 0.57 + 0 = 52.69 kg

Characteristics, installation guidelines, tolerances 4.1
Characterist ics of polyuret hane t iming belts
PUR timing belts, endless or open-end, are

manufactured from wear resistant polyur-
ethane and high tensile steel cord tension
members. The combination of these high
quality materials forms the basis for dimen-
sionally stable and high resistance polyure
thane timing belts. Polyurethane timing belts
have a very high span rigidity. No
post-elongation of the tension members is to
be expected in continuous operation. Only
under extreme load and after a short run-in
time, the pre-tension of the belts might be
slightly reduced by the settling of the ten- • compact design
sion members, making a single re-tensio- • excellent power-to-weight ratio
ning of the timing belt possibly necessary. • low pre-tension
• low bearing load
The timing belts are temperature resistant • large center distances feasible
with an ambient temperature range from • large transmission ratios feasible
–30°C to +80°C. Applications close to the • high degree of efficiency, up to 98%
temperature limits (<–10°C and >+50°C),
however, might require suitable dimensio- Chemical
ning. For specific temperature ranges, vari- • hydrolysis resistant
ous belt materials are available. Please • resistant to aging
contact the Angst+Pfister technical staff for • temperature resistant from –30°C to
this type of application. The production me- +80°C
thods for timing belts are kept within tight • resistant to tropical climate
tolerances which guarantee a uniform load • resistant against basic oils, greases and
distribution during power transmission. gasoline
These polyurethane timing belts are suitable • resistant to some acids and lye
for the transmission of high torques as well
as the precise positioning and transport of For special purposes, we can produce all ti-
various goods. ming belts in materials which are appropri-
ate for specific fields of applications and
Properties can fulfill requirements such as:
• food sector (polyurethane FDA compliant)
Mechanical • low temperature range from –30°C to
• positive fit, synchronous operation +5°C
• constant length, no post fit elongation • high temperature range from +20°C to
• low noise emission +110°C
• wear resistant • use in a slightly aggressive environment
• low-maintenance
• highly flexible In addition to the standard steel cord tensi-
• positional and angular accuracy on members, we also offer stainless steel
• can be crossed (see chapter “Angular and aramid solutions. Should extra strong
drives” on page 5.10) bending stress or tension load be needed,
• fatigue resistant, low extension steel cord timing belts reinforced with our highly flexi-
tension members ble E steel cord tension members can be
• belt speed up to 80 m/s produced.
The E steel cord tension member
The thinner the single wire, the more flexi- Steel tension member embedded in PUR:
ble the entire tension member: this relation
led to the development of PUR timing belts The t hinner t he single wire,
t he more flexible t he ent ire
with E steel tension members. t iming belt.
Within the E cord, the tension is distributed

more uniformly and to thinner wires, as a Summary
result the bending stress is clearly reduced • thinner single wires in the steel cord
in each single wire. The benefit of the E • higher dynamic capabilities
steel tension members is higher flexibility. • extremely high pulsing and alternating ten-
This is an advantage for compact designs sional force capabilities
with small pulleys and idlers, where the mi- • smaller pulley and idler diameters
nimum diameter or number of teeth can • no correction of pulleys necessary
decrease up to 30% compared to the stan-
dard tension members. Remark for correct application: for applica-
tions which run on the limit of the belt’s ca-
Timing belts with E steel tension members pability, please contact your nearest
are recommended for multi-shaft drives with Angst+Pfister representative for support.
alternating bending stress.
Timing belts wit h E steel tension members/minimum number of teet h:
Type of drive AT3 AT5 AT10 T5 T10 T20

(Standard) ATP10
Pulsing tension Pulley zmin 15 12 12 10 10 12
Idler (wit hout teet h) dmin [mm] 20 18 50 18 50 100

Running on teet h
zmin
dmin
Alternat ing tension Pulley zmin 20 20 20 12 15 22
Idler (wit hout teet h) dmin [mm] 20 50 80 18 50 120

Running back of
zmin t he belt
dmin
Pre-tension
Pre-tension is intended to guarantee a mini- Circumferential force

mum tensioning force at the slack span side The circumferential force acts in proportion
to ensure smooth tooth meshing into the to the elongation of the load span, which
driven pulley. There are many ways of ap- implies excessive slackening and can be eli-
plying pre-tension to a belt, for example by minated by applying a pre-tension force
adjusting the center distance between pul- matching the circumferential force.
leys or with additional idlers.
Belt length
During operation, the tension in the tight Belt elongation due to circumferential forces
span increases while transferring the force and friction forces is roughly in proportion
to the driven pulley. At the same time, the to the belt length. Therefore, the tendency
tension in the slack span drops. A correct of running up on teeth or skipping is basi-
pre-tension is applied if during the maximal cally related to the overall belt length. A
rated transmission of power, the belt on the short belt will only slightly stretch even un-
slack span has just enough tension to en- der extreme circumferential and friction
sure correct tooth meshing with the driven forces with low pre-tension force applied.
pulley. Therefore, the belt barely runs up on teeth
or skips. On the other hand, short timing
Pre-tension should only be set as high as belts can barely compensate circumferential
necessary to minimize wear on the teeth, deviations of the pulleys. This can cause
excessive cord strain and bearing load. heavy pre-tension variations resulting in ex-
treme peak values.
Calculation of pre-tension forces
Different types of belts require different cal- Proportion of the span length
culation procedures. The essential calcula- With multiple-shaft drives, the load span is
tion formulae and tables are available in often longer than the slack span side. In this
the calculation section. case, a slight elongation of the load span
results in a very unfavorable slack on the
Influence variables slack span side. Therefore, the pre-tension
force of such drives should be set higher
Stiffness of belt than the circumferential force.
Friction forces caused by the interaction on
the teeth during meshing (especially at the Precise transmission of motion
slack span) intensify the span forces, which If the span pre-tension forces are set equal
increase the elongation. This may cause the or similar to the circumferential force, high
teeth of the belt to climb up the teeth of the transmission accuracy is possible in the re
driven pulley and finally skip. Elongation is verse operation with PUR timing belts.
directly related to the belt stiffness; high
stiffness of the steel tension members allows
lower pre-tension.
Calculat ion procedure
Step 1 – Selecting the type of belt

Based on t he mass to be moved and its accelerat ion, a suitable belt needs to be
selected as a base for furt her evaluat ion. Find t he user-friendly table on page
6.5 to select an init ial type of belt.
Step 2 – Summarizing all masses to be accelerated mtot

mtot Summarizes all masses which will be accelerated during operat ion:
mL Mass of t he linear table, slide or trolley to be moved
mtot = mL + mB + mZred + mSred
mB Mass of t iming belt (see specific propert ies for belt mass)
mZred Reduced mass of pulleys. See list of formulae for furt her details
mSred Reduced mass of idlers. See list of formulae for furt her details
Step 3 – Searching for the maximal tangential force Ft

The tangent ial force Ft is equal to all t he forces occurring on t he belt.
Caut ion: If breaking scores a higher decelerat ion t han accelerat ion, use force Ft = FB + FH + FR
caused by t he decelerat ion.
FB Accelerat ion force
FH Hoist ing force (only applies to t he masses which are actually lifted) Ft = mtot ∙ a + m ∙ g + m ∙ g ∙ μ
FR Friction force (only applies to the masses which actually create forces on
t he belt)
Step 4 – Definition of pre-tension force FTV

The pre-tension force of a linear drive is correct ly applied if t he maximal tan-
gent ial force Ft (during accelerat ion and decelerat ion) is not causing any slack FTV ≥ Ft
on t he slack span side. Hence t he minimum pre-tension force has to be at least
equal to or higher t han t he tangent ial force.
Step 5 – Searching for the highest span force FTmax

The highest span force is expected in t he load span while t he pre-tension force FTmax = FTV + Ft
FTV is performing toget her wit h t he highest (dynamic) tangent ial force Ft.
Step 6 – Definition of belt width

Find t he specific toot h shear strengt h FTspec of t he belt, which is in relat ion wit h
t he rotat ional speed, in t he technical chapter. The number of teet h in mesh ze 10 . FTmax
b=
depends on t he design of t he drive. However, for calculat ion purposes, only a
maximal number of 12 teet h can be taken into account (see propert ies in t he ze ∙ FTspec
technical chapter for ze). Based on t he result for b, t he next wider standard belt
is usually selected.
Step 7 – Review maximal permitted load on tension members FTadm
The maximal permitted load on t he tension members FTadm must always be higher FTadm ≥ FTmax
t han t he maximal tangent ial force FTmax in t he belt. A suitable safety factor must
also be considered.
By following these steps, the belt is de-

fined based on the tooth shear strength.
Further reviews have to be done:
– elongation
– positioning accuracy
– required power
Consequences of incorrect pre-tension
Pre-tension too low

• the teeth of the slack span side run up or skip the teeth of
the driven pulley
• wear on the flanks caused by the friction force during
meshing
• forced breakage by excessive elongation due to full teeth
override
Excessive pre-tension
• high bearing load
• reduction of the transferable power
• wear and tear of the belt teeth
Measuring with frequency gauge

The characteristic frequency of a belt span can be mea-
sured by using a frequency meter, such as the Angst+Pfister
tension meter. The pre-tension force of the span can then be
calculated by using the measured characteristic frequency
in the equation.
FV
F V = 4 . m . l T2 . f 2 f= √ 4.m.l T
2
f: [Hz] Frequency
m: [kg/m] Mass of belt per meter
l T: [m] Span length subject to vibration
F V: [N] Span force
General informat ion
Stretching
By applying pre-tension and the forces during operation,
the belt will be stretched according to Hooke’s law. The
elongation of the belt is relative to the applied force up to
the admissible tensile load FTadm. The span elongation of
FTadm (see technical data) is 4 mm/m for PUR belts. For wel-
ded PUR belts it is 2 mm/m.
Design
• at least one adjustable axis is needed or, if not possible,
one adjustable tension roller (not spring-loaded)
• bearings must be absolutely steady
• precise alignment of pulleys in all directions is a prerequi-
site
Transport/storing
• upon receipt, unpack the timing belt immediately and store
in coil configuration without crimping, in a dry place at
room temperature and away from direct sunlight
• do not bend or crimp during handling
Mounting
• fit timing belts loose on the pulleys without applying any
force
• for fixed center distance, mount together with pulleys
• apply pre-tensioning force according to the chapter
„Pre-tension“
• secure adjustable axis and tensioners against shifting or
loosening
• do not clamp the timing belt between flanges on the pulley
Operation
• protect the drives against dust, dirt, hot environment media
as well as acids and lye
• always observe environmental temperatures
• avoid any falling object on the drive during operation
Mount ing guidelines
Alignment
An immaculate alignment of the pulleys is a
fundamental prerequisite for a parallel ope-
ration and a long lifespan of the belt. Exten-
sive deviation of the parallelism between
the pulleys will cause uneven distribution of
tension within the belt and lateral forces
will propel the belt towards the flanges on
the pulley. This can cause unpleasant noise
and will create heavy wear on the belt.
Keeping the deviation below 0.5% of the
center distance is recommended.
Special attention is needed for drives with

extended center distances as the belt might
run sideways across the pulley and run at
the edge if no flanges are in place. Keep-
ing the angular deviation between shafts
below 0.25° per meter of the center dis-
tance is recommended. All shafts, pulleys Parallel deviat ion Angular deviat ion
and idlers must be steadily in place during max. 0.5% of max. 0.25°/m of
center distance center distance
operation to maintain the applied tension in
the system. This is to avoid any skipping of
the teeth.
Do not use tools like tire levers and never

apply high forces while mounting a belt.
Shift the idler or movable pulley in such a
way that it is easy to place the belt on the
drive. ISO 155 provides approximate val-
ues for minimum distance required for ad-
justable pulleys so that a belt can be fitted
on. Using force or tools while mounting a
belt can initiate damages which are usually
not visible but will reduce its lifespan.
Flanges and idlers
Flanges
Flanges secure the belt from running lateral-
ly off the drive. Usually only the smaller pul-
ley is equipped with flanges. Using just one
Flanges on each side of bot h pulleys
flange on each pulley on opposite sides will
also be suitable. Using two flanges is also
possible and is often used for horizontally
oriented drives. Our technical staff is at
your disposal for any support needed. Flanges on bot h sides on small pulley only
One flange per pulley on opposite sides
Idlers Outside idler (back side)

Idlers are not meant to transmit any power, Outside idlers create an additional and al-
but to apply the required pre-tension on the ternating bending on the tension members
drive. As tensioners are additional parts as they run on the back of the belt. Idlers
within a drive, they will also create further which run on the back of the belt use flat
bending stress on the belt which reduces rollers only and the diameter should be at
the lifespan. They should be made redun- least 1.5 times larger than the belt’s specific
dant whenever feasible. Idlers can be used minimum diameter for pulleys. Outside id-
on both sides of the belt. lers should be placed closely to the smaller
pulley which will then also increase the arc
Inside idler (tooth side) of contact on the smaller pulley.
Inside idlers are more favorable to the out-
side idlers because they create only addi- Deflection pulleys and rollers
tional pulsing tension on the tension mem- The same rules apply to deflection rollers as
bers. As they run on the teeth of the belt, they do for idlers.
the use of a pulley is recommended instead
of a flat roller. Flat rollers can be used too,
but the outside diameter should be 2.5 to 3
times larger than the belt’s specific mini-
mum diameter for pulleys. These idlers
should be placed relatively close to the lar-
ger pulley to minimize the reduction of the
arc of contact on the smaller pulley.
Timing belt guidelines Toot h gap shoes
Timing belts must be guided against the ten- Timing belts are form-fitting drive elements.
dency to travel laterally (sideways) off the They work without any slippage with the
pulley. This is usually prevented by adding corresponding synchronous pulleys. PUR ti-
flanges to the pulleys. By fitting suitable gui- ming belt drives can be improved for appli-
ding features, lateral forces and friction can cations when a reduced backlash perfor-
be reduced. This can be achieved by: mance is required.
• adding a guide at the end of a large free The standard play between the tooth on the
span (the length (a) of the guide should be belt and the gap on the pulley between the
at least 5 times the belt width); teeth can be reduced (SE gap) or even
• guidance on the driving pulley (preferably eliminated (Zero gap). This is usually requi-
for two shaft drives with short center dis- red for precise applications. Please contact
tance); your nearest Angst+Pfister representative for
• guidance on pulleys with low power trans- technical advice.
mission (preferably for multi shaft drives);
• guidance on the idlers • prerequisites for the application: matching
– located on the slack span side pitch between timing belt and pulley
– if located on the back of the belt: con- • influencing factors for pitch matching:
sider minimum diameter due to high – pre-tension force
bending – meshing distance (ze)
– located on the teeth side: at least 3 – load rate (rotational speed, dynamic
teeth in mesh behavior...)
– drives with changing rotational direc- – manufacturing tolerances
tion preferable in the center of the
span
– span length (a) between tension roller
and pulley should be at least 5 times Tooth gap shapes on a T10 profile
the belt width
• To achieve the best guiding performance
all flanges and guides need to be aligned
within tight tolerances. All shafts have to
be precisely installed with accurate paral-
lelism. Standard gap SE gap (low Zero gap (zero
backlash) backlash)
• It is possible to add flanges on the smaller
pulley in order to optimize costs as long
as the functional reliability is not impaired.
a
Angular drives
With PUR timing belts angular drives can

be designed, but they can only be twisted
around the span axis, which creates addi-
tional tension in the belt. Tension members
are therefore also subject to different force
values.
By using a belt width/span length ratio

IT/b ≥ 20, the drive does not require any
special precaution to be taken during de-
sign and no limitation in performance is to
be expected.
IT/b ≥ 20
b = belt width
IT = span length
Table of tolerances for BRECOFLEX® t iming belts
Length tolerances for BRECOFLEX® timing belts Width tolerances for BRECOFLEX® and BRECO®
Stated dimensions in mm, referred to the belt length timing belts M/V
Belt lengt h [mm] Lengt h tole- Belt type pitch Tolerance

up to rance [mm]
300 ± 0.41 T2.5 ± 0.5

500 ± 0.53 T5 / TK5 ± 0.5
700 ± 0.64 T10 / TK10 ± 0.5
900 ± 0.75 T20 ± 1.0
1100 ± 0.85 AT3 ± 0.5
1300 ± 0.95 AT5 / ATK5 / ATL5 ± 0.5
1500 ± 1.04 AT10 / ATK10 / ATL10 / ATN10 / ± 0.5
SFAT10 / BAT10 / BATK10
1900 ± 1.13
ATN12.7 ± 0.5
2120 ± 1.22
ATS15 / SFAT15 / BAT15 / BATK15 ± 1.0
2240 ± 1.31
AT20 / ATK20 / ATL20 / ATN20
2360 ± 1.36 / SFAT20 ± 1.0
2500 ± 1.44 ATP10 ± 0.5
2650 ± 1.49 ATP15 ± 1.0
2800 ± 1.57 XL ± 0.5
3000 ± 1.61 L ± 0.5
3150 ± 1.74 H ± 0.5
3350 ± 1.82 XH ± 1.0
3550 ± 1.91
3750 ± 2.03
4000 ± 2.11
4250 ± 2.24
4500 ± 2.32
4750 ± 2.40
5000 ± 2.52
5300 ± 2.64
5600 ± 2.72
6000 ± 2.92
6300 ± 3.04
6700 ± 3.19
7100 ± 3.35
7500 ± 3.51
8000 ± 3.70
9000 ± 4.09
Length tolerance for BRECO®

timing belts M/V (except for ± 0.8 mm/m
ATL timing belts)
Table of tolerances for CONTI® SYNCHROFLEX t iming

belts
Nominal height and height tolerances for CONTI® SYNCHROFLEX

timing belts
Type Nominal Height toleran-

height [mm] ces [mm]
T2 1.1 ± 0.15
T2.5 1.3 ± 0.15
T2.5-DL 2.0 ± 0.20
T5 2.2 ± 0.15
T5-DL 3.4 ± 0.20
T10 4.5 ± 0.30
T10-DL 7.0 ± 0.40
T20 8.0 ± 0.45
T20-DL 13.0 ± 0.60
AT3 1.9 ± 0.15
AT5 2.7 ± 0.15
AT10 5.0 ± 0.30
ATP10 5.0 ± 0.30
AT20 9.0 ± 0.45
Length tolerances for standard CONTI® SYNCHROFLEX timing

belts
Belt length measurement is carried out according to DIN 7721, in relation to
the center distance.
Belt lengt h [mm] Lengt h tolerance in

relat ion to center distance
over up to [mm]
320 ± 0.15
320 630 ± 0.18
630 1000 ± 0.25
1000 1960 ± 0.40
1960 3500 ± 0.50
3500 4500 ± 0.80
4500 6000 ± 1.20
Width tolerances for standard CONTI® SYNCHROFLEX polyure-

thane timing belts
Type/Group Widt h tolerance
up to 50 mm 50 to 100 mm Over 100 mm

[mm] [mm] [in % of belt
widt h]
K1 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.5

K1.5 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.5
T2 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.5
M (MXL) ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.5
T2.5 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.5
T5 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.5
T5-DL ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.5
T10 ± 0.5 ± 0.5 ± 0.5
T10-DL ± 0.5 ± 0.5 ± 0.5
T20 ± 1.0 ± 1.0 ± 1.0
T20-DL ± 1.0 ± 1.0 ± 1.0
AT3 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.5
AT5 ± 0.5 ± 0.5 ± 0.5
AT10 ± 1.0 ± 1.0 ± 1.0
ATP10/ATP15 ± 1.0 ± 1.0 ± 1.0
AT20 ± 1.0 ± 1.0 ± 1.0
Remarks: Tighter tolerances according to special data are possible.

Tolerance for special tension members upon request.
Timing belt reworking and coatings 5.1
Introduct ion
Transport coat ing

(wear resistant) Steel cord tension member
(constant lengt h)
PUR
(extremely wear resistant)
Nylon coat ing

(low frict ional)
Timing belt construct ion
BRECO® and BRECOFLEX® t iming belts consist of wear

resistant polyuret hane (PUR) and high tensile steel cords.
The coat ing opt ions of t he t iming belts provide a variety
of applicat ion possibilit ies in transport technology.
Correct coat ing select ion depends on t he propert ies of

t he conveyed item and t he required grip. Main factors
for an efficient transport applicat ion are:
• high friction for non-slip conveyance
• soft or hard coatings depending on characteristics of
transported material
• low friction to reduce drag (PAZ/PAR)
Every material involved behaves according to its specific

property.
To meet specific transport applicat ions, t he toot h side

and/or t he transport side can be mechanically re-
worked. In t his manner, t he flexibility of t he ent ire belt
can be maintained by making incisions in t hick coa-
t ings.
Resistance Temperature effect/synchronising

Depending on t he applicat ion, t he resis- pulley diameter
tance of each coat ing material is to be When transport ing hot goods (above ap-
viewed separately. The material resistance prox. 80°C) it must be ensured t hat t he
depends, amongst ot hers, on t he pH value, durat ion of contact is as short as possible,
t he concentrat ion, t he temperature and t he to avoid heat ing t he belt substructure to
influencing t ime of t he medium. Simple oils above 80°C. For a short period of t ime, a
generally have no damaging effect on t he coated belt can wit hstand higher t hermal
belt. Addit ives in t he oil and temperatures stress, as long as sufficient cooling is provi-
above approximately 40°C can reduce lon- ded in t he remaining cycle period. For tem-
gevity. peratures above approximately 60°C t he
toot h shear strengt h reduces slight ly. An
Friction addit ional safety measure is only needed if
The frict ion of t he belt on a sliding guide t he teet h are subjected to major stress. At
generates heat. This increases wit h t he low ambient temperatures, t he flexibility of
weight of t he items to be transported. The t he coat ing reduces. Larger diameters for
guide material must be selected such t hat t he t iming pulleys should t herefore be selec-
t he frict ion of t he transport belt in contact ted compared to normal temperature condi-
wit h it, results in a minimum value. The t ions (see diagram). The flexibility of t he t i-
guide should guarantee good heat dissipa- ming belt also reduces at low temperatures.
t ion under high pressure forces. The minimum diameters serve as a guide-
line. They apply at an ambient temperature
The frict ion value changes wit h tempera- of 20°C and linear speed of 1 m/s, also
ture. It increases as t he temperature rises assuming a low burden from t he transpor-
and diminishes at temperatures below zero ted goods. If t he exact applicat ion details
(frost). are known, it is possible to reduce t he dia-
meters. The minimum pulley diameters
Information shown in t he following tablesfor t he diffe-
Ask for advice on coat ings over 75 mm rent coat ings, apply for homogeneous coa-
wide and approximately 2 mm t hick, due to t ings wit h an even t hickness. Interrupt ions
different processing propert ies. in t he coat ing, e.g., due to cuts or grooves,
cause significant notch effects and require
Drives with reverse bending considerably higher minimum diameters.
Coated t iming belts are generally suitable
for drives wit h reverse bending. In such ap-
plicat ions, belts wit h very soft coat ings
(e.g., Sylomer) should be installed wit h re-
duced pretensioning. Coat ings t hat are ma-
nufactured based on natural rubber, such
Diameter
as Linatex, can be used for reverse bending

Coat ing
applicat ions only to a limited extent. Please t hickness
consult our technical staff for furt her infor-
mat ion.
–20 0 20 40 60 80
Temperature [°C]
Timing pulley diameter related to t he temperature

Mechanical reworking
PU t iming belts can be mechanically Backside grinding

processed to obtain specific funct ional cha- The backs of all BRECOFLEX® t iming belts
racterist ics. Timing belts wit h t hicker t han are grinded as standard. For reasons of
standard backs offer a broad range of pos- precision or in order to obtain a roughened
sibilit ies for engineers and are available al- surface, all ot her t iming belts of t he
so for mechanical processing. BRECO® range can also be grinded.
Available versions: Grinded belt edges

• version T Narrower tolerances in t he belt widt h can
• version DR be achieved by grinding t he belt edges.
• coated timing belt The edges may need to be grinded espe-
cially for BRECO® t iming belts guided by
Please note t hat t iming belts wit h t hicker rails.
backs are less flexible and require pulleys
wit h larger diameters. Better flexibility is
achieved t hrough transverse grooves or
slits. Perforated PU t iming belts are used in
vacuum transport systems. The preferred
version of t hese t iming belts is manufac-
tured wit h cord free zones. Flex t iming belts
are also available for t his purpose.
Backside cross milling

Cross grooves on t he belt back enhance
t he flexibility of t he belt. Milled grooves
are, in as much as t hey are possible from
t he technical feasibility point of view, used
to improve safe loading and secure posit io-
ning of t he products on t he belt.
Backside longitudinal milling

Independent of t he belt pitch, t he belt back
min
shaping offers a wide range of design vari-

ants for customised solut ions. In t his man-
ner, belt guiding can be achieved by a tra-
pezoidal back profile, or a round sect ion
supported and moved by means of a prism
shaped cross sect ion. Dimensions are to be
indicated as dept h measure x in relat ion to
t he belt back.
Removal of teeth Water jet cutting

The removal of individual teet h or ent ire • precise
groups of teet h is possible and should be • fast
done for accurate interlinking purposes, for • clean
example if t he remaining teet h are used to • variety of uses
posit ion t he transported goods in a specific • environmentally friendly
locat ion.
In addit ion to milling, drilling, stamping
Milling of teeth lengthwise and grinding, t iming belts can also be
Timing belts wit h toot h profiles milled reworked wit h a water jet cutt ing machine.
lengt hwise are often used in combinat ion Water jet cutt ing offers a wide range of
wit h cord-free zones in vacuum transport possibilit ies. A variety of cut-out contours
systems. can be obtained wit h high precision for
special purposes. The process is also suit-
Perforation of timing belts able for cutt ing flight shapes from pre-
The use of perforated t iming belts is prefer- assembled polyuret hane plates of different
red for areas wit hout tension members (to a t hicknesses.
limited degree also available as Flex t iming
belts) and areas wit h teet h removed in t he Benefits
longitudinal direct ion, for vacuum applica- • precise cutting edges
t ions. The mult itude of design possibilit ies • high cutting accuracy
for t iming belts in t he field of vacuum appli- • very low heat generation and no warping
cat ions, ranges from t he transport of deli- • no burrs
cate films up to sheet bars of several square • hardly any post-processing required
meters in size.
Mechanical processing
Coated t iming belts can be mechanically
reworked for special funct ional characte-
rist ics, depending on t he propert ies of t he
coat ing. Transport belts wit h t hick coat ings
are less flexible. Their use t herefore requires
a larger diameter of toot hed pulley. Trans-
verse slits or grooves can increase t he flexi-
bility of t he coat ing. Where technically pos-
sible from a product ion perspect ive, milled
Sylomer – blue (groove
grooves are used for secure handling and milled)
better posit ioning of products. Perforated t i-
ming belts are used in vacuum transport
systems. Flex t iming belts are also available
for t his purpose. The preferred version of t i-
ming belts is manufactured wit h cord-free Linatex (Cross milled) PU – yellow (square milled
zones. The teet h are milled accordingly. wit h bore holes)
Descript ion
The ATN timing belt is especially designed for applications

in transport technology. The exchangeable profile fastening
system in the belt tooth permits fast fitting and replacement
of the flights individually manufactured for t he specific
conveying application. This flexibility provides a great
variety of application possibilities, not to be realised up to
now, compared to other profile fastening systems, as e.g.
welding. If required, it is possible to convey different types
of goods in one transport system using the same timing belt,
but equipped with different profiles.
Advantages
• the belt is part of a modular design consist ing of the ATN
timing belt, fastening elements, the ATN timing belt lock
and flights/profiles
• variable profile pitches with high accuracy
• application of various profile materials is possible (pla-
stics, metal, ceramics...)
• high shearing forces
• fast and easy profile change when the products to be
transported are changed or the profiles are worn
• no belt deinstallation for profile changes
• alternative to a chain with all advantages of a timing belt
• self-alignment of the profiles during installation
• application of standard pulleys
• high visual quality
• various fastening possibilities
• cost effective for the user:
– standard belt with a high availability and variability
– short machine shut-down times for profile changes
– low test costs because of interchangeability of profiles
(prototypes)
Applying profiles on belts
Welded on profiles toget her wit h guiding surfaces allow a

For whichever transport purpose t iming reduced frict ion operat ion. PAZ version
belts are used, t he belt can be fitted wit h t iming belts are also available to furt her
any number and sequence of welded-on reduce frict ion coefficient.
profiles.
Profile selection Profile selection

The profile is made out of polyuret hane, t he The material to be transported and t he
same high-quality compound as t he t iming transport purpose influence t he select ion of
belt. Depending on t he transport t he flight.
requirement, t he design can be customized
according to t he customer’s demand.
Therefore, an exist ing profile from our
extensive stock can be used, or if needed,
a semi-finished profile will be reworked
accordingly. For exept ional requests and
appropriate number of pieces, it is possible
to manufacture new molds to achieve t he
required solut ion.
Over 3000 standard profiles
Profiles are manufactured as polyuret hane
molded part. Standard profiles are
available. Depending on t heir dimensions,
standard profiles can be reworked by
mechanical processes (drilling, milling). If
necessary, explain design requirements
by means of a drawing.
Approach
Belt lengt h and pulley diameter are t he
basis for t he drive select ion, based on t he
machine configurat ion. Many belt types
from our manufacturing range can be
equipped wit h flights/profiles. Timing belts
Profiles of sheet material Tolerances

Depending on t he quant ity, flights will pos- The reached profile posit ion of each indivi-
sibly be cut from pre-fabricated PUR sheets. dual profile is ± 0.5 mm of t he intended set
The following board t hicknesses are availa- point posit ion. A tolerance of ± 0.5 mm is
ble: 1.5; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 10; 11; 15; to be taken into account for t he profile
20 mm height.
Profiles from new tools Ordering example

Wit hin t he framework of our product ion For t he required t iming belt wit h profiles
possibilit ies, t here are pract ically no limita- t he order should preferably be accompa-
t ions for new design requirements as far as nied by a dimensional drawing. The t iming
t he shape of inject ion molded flights are belt wit h profiles can also be defined and
concerned. Costs for tools and molds might transmitted by t he order text. Example: Ti-
apply. ming belt 50 T 10/5000 V-PAZ wit h wel-
ded-on profile, profile no. 2.3.2.015.008,
Profile compound number of profiles 100, profile pitch 50,
The profiles consist of polyuret hane, t he profile posit ion opposite t he toot h.
same high-quality material as t he t iming
belts t hemselves.
Profile position opposite tooth

The belt flexibility of t iming belts is located
mainly in t he toot h gap area. To retain t he
t iming belt flexibility around t he pulley, t he
profile posit ion “opposite t he toot h” is to be
preferred.
Profile pitch, tooth pitch

We recommend to select a profile pitch
which is an integral mult iple of t hat of t he
toot h. Profile pitches ot her t han t he integral
mult iple of t he toot h pitch can be supplied,
it has, however, to be noted, t hat a uniform
offset of t he profile posit ion in relat ion to
t he toot h posit ion will accumulate.
Welding Flash
Radius
A flash builds up between flight and back of t he belt. A po- 0.5 to 1 mm
lyuret hane overhang wit h a 0.5 to 1 mm radius could
form. Should t he flash impair t he intended funct ion, ask for
“flash removed” in your order informat ion.
Flash removed
Profile thickness s
Profile opposite Profile
toot h opposite
toot h gap
The t iming belt flexibility can
be influenced by t he wel-
ded-on flight. Note as a rule
t hat t he flight t hickness s is to
be selected as t hin as possi-
Danger of breaking. ble. The table below shows
Check pulley size! t he individually recommended
maximum profile t hickness s
[mm] in relat ion to t he selec-
ted number of pulley teet h.
Max. profile thickness [mm] when Max. profile thickness [mm] when
welded-on position is opposite tooth welded-on position is opposite tooth
gap
Number of teeth on
20 25 30 40 50 60 100 20 25 30 40 50 60 100
pulley
T2.5 2.5 3 3 4 4.5 5 6 1.5 1.5 2 2 3 4 6
AT3 3 4 4 5 6 6.5 8 1.5 1.5 2 3 4 5 7
AT5/T5 5 6 6 8 9 10 12 2 2 3 4 6 8 10
AT10/T10 8 9 10 12 14 15 20 3 4 4 6 9 12 20
AT20/T20 12 13 15 18 20 23 30 5 5 6 8 12 20 30
MXL 2 2.5 2.5 3.5 4 4.5 5 1 1 1.5 1.5 2 3 5
XL 5 6 6 8 9 10 12 2 2 3 4 6 8 10
L 6 7 8 10 12 13 16 3 3 4 5 7 10 16
H 8 9 10 12 14 15 20 4 5 6 7 10 12 20
XH 13 14 15 18 20 23 30 5 5 6 8 12 20 30
Example for t he calculat ion of t he profile t hickness s for a t iming belt wit h pitch T10, which is running around a pulley
wit h 20 teet h:
• when t he profile posit ion is «opposite t he toot h», profile t hickness s ≤ 8 mm
• when t he profile posit ion is «opposite t he toot h gap», profile t hickness s ≤ 3 mm
Remark: We recommend to select t he next smaller size as profile t hickness when
t here are intermediate sizes (e.g., 22 teet h).
Timing belt coat ings
No. Product Color Hardness Working Toler. (timing belt

temperature + coating)
Degree of grip Abrasion (thk) Available thickness/

resistance (Ø) minimum pulley diameter [mm]
1 Linatex HM red 38 Shore A –40°C to +70°C 1/+1.8 mm
thk 2 3 4 5 6 8
Ø 60 80 80 80 100 100
thk 10
Medium-high Medium-low
Ø 120
2 Linard 60 red 60 Shore A –20°C to +110°C 1/+1.8 mm
thk 3 6 12 20
Ø 60 60 120 120
3 Linatrile orange 55 Shore A –20°C to +110°C 1/+1.8 mm
thk 1.5 3 5 6 10
Ø 40 60 60 80 100
Medium-high Medium
4 Linagard OZ black 39 Shore A –40°C to +75°C –
thk 1.5 2 3 5 6 8
Ø 40 40 60 60 80 100
Medium-high Medium-low thk 10 12

Ø 100 120
5 Linaplus FG FDA white 38 Shore A –40°C to +70°C 1/+1.8 mm

(Natural rubber)
thk 1.5 2 3 5 6 8
Ø 40 40 60 60 80 100
thk 10 12
Ø 100 120
6 NBR 65/EPDM black 65 Shore A –35°C to +70°C ±0.6 mm
thk 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ø 60 60 80 80 80 100
Medium-high Medium thk 8 10 12 15

Ø 100 100 120 130


7 NBR 60 white FDA white 60 Shore A –30°C to +80°C –
thk 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ø 60 60 80 80 80 100
thk 8 10
Medium-high Medium
Ø 100 100
8 RP400 yellow 39 Shore A –10°C to +120°C ±0.7 mm
thk 2 3 4 5 6
Ø 40 50 50 70 70
Medium-high Medium
9 CM280 black 175 kg/m³ –50°C to +95°C –
thk 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ø 60 60 80 80 80 100
Medium-high Medium-low thk 8 9 10

Ø 100 100 100
10 RG250 orange 160 kg/m³ –40°C to +80°C –
thk 10 15
Ø 120 150
Medium-high Low
11 Hamid Top layer green, 65 Shore A –30°C to +60°C ±0.5 mm

bottom layer black
thk 1.4
Ø 20
Medium-high Medium-high
12 Correx light brown 36 Shore A –15°C to +70°C ±0.7 mm
thk 6 10
Ø 80 120
Medium-high Medium


13 Porol black 180 kg/m³ –40°C to +75°C ±0.7 mm
thk 3 5 10
Ø 40 60 80
High Low
14 Viton black 75 Shore A –10°C to +190°C ±0.6 mm
thk 2 4
Ø 80 100
High Medium-high
15 MiniGrip Blue blue 50 Shore A –15°C to +90°C ±0.5 mm
thk 1.5
Ø 30
High Medium
16 MiniGrip green green 65 Shore A –10°C to +110°C ±0.5 mm
thk 1.5
Ø 30
High Medium
17 SuperGrip green green 40 Shore A –15°C to +90°C ±0.5 mm
thk 4
Ø 60
High Medium
18 SuperGrip blue blue 40 Shore A –15°C to +90°C ±0.5 mm
thk 4
Ø 60
High Medium


19 Supergrip white FDA white 55 Shore A –15°C to +90°C ±0.5 mm
thk 4
Ø 60
High Medium
20 PVC film blue blue 65 Shore A –15°C to +90°C ±0.5 mm
thk 1 on request (2; 3; 4; 5; 6)

Ø 30
High Medium-high
21 PVC dots white FDA white 60 Shore A –10°C to +110°C ±0.5 mm
thk 1.5
Ø 60
High Medium
22 PVC film white FDA white 48 Shore A –10°C to +110°C ±0.5 mm
thk 1.5 on request (1; 3 ;4 ;5 ;6)

Ø 40
High Medium
23 PVC herringbone white 65 Shore A –10°C to +110°C ±0.5 mm

FDA
thk 3
Ø 60
High Medium
24 T-version (extruded) transparent 85 Shore A –20°C to +80°C ±0.5 mm

PU thick back
thk 1.5 (for 5 mm pitch) 2 (rest)
Ø 80 80
Medium-low High


25 PU 385 transparent 85 Shore A –20°C to +80°C ±0.4 mm
thk 2 3 4 5 6
Ø 80 80 120 150 180
Medium-low High
26 PU 60 transparent 60 Shore A –20°C to +80°C ±0.4 mm
thk 2 3 4 5 6
Ø 80 80 120 150 180
Medium-low High
27 HV film Transparent glossy 85 Shore A –20°C to +80°C ±0.4 mm
thk 1 2
Ø 60 80
Medium-low High
28 HV film FDA Transparent glossy 85 Shore A –20°C to +80°C ±0.4 mm
thk 1 2
Ø 60 80
Medium-low High
29 T-groove TR1 & TR2 - transparent 85 Shore A –20°C to +80°C ±0.4 mm

PU with longitudinal
grooves thk 2.4 2.5
Ø 60 80
Medium-low High
30 WM 385 transparent 85 Shore A –20°C to +80°C ±0.4 mm
thk 4
Ø 120
Medium-low High


31 FG 385 Transparent 85 Shore A –20°C to +80°C ±0.4 mm
thk 4
Ø 120
Medium-low High
32 NP 385 transparent 85 Shore A –20°C to +80°C ±0.4 mm
thk 4
Ø 120
Medium-low High
33 PU Yellow Yellow 55 Shore A –10°C to +70°C ±0.4 mm
thk 2 3 4 5 6 8
Ø 70 70 90 110 110 110
Medium Medium thk 10

Ø 130
34 PU Grey Grey 55 Shore A –10°C to +70°C ±0.4 mm
thk 2 3 4 5 6 8
Ø 70 70 90 110 110 110
Medium Medium thk 10

Ø 130
35 Polyurethane D15 yellowish-trans- 60 Shore A –20°C to +80°C ±0.6 mm

parent
thk 2 3 4 5 6 8
Ø 60 80 80 100 100 100
Medium High
36 Celloflex yellowish-brown 350 kg/m³ –30°C to +80°C ±0.7 mm
thk 2 3 4 5 6 8
Ø 40 60 60 80 80 100
Medium Medium-low thk 10
Ø 120


37 Sylodyn green green 600 kg/m³ –30°C to +70°C ±0.7 mm
thk 6
Ø 100
Medium-high Low
38 Sylodyn yellow yellow 450 kg/m³ –30°C to +70°C ±0.7 mm
thk 6
Ø 80
Medium-high Low
39 Sylomer yellow yellow 150 kg/m³ –30°C to +70°C ±0.7 mm

(foam)
thk 6 12
Ø 80 80
Medium-high Low
40 Sylomer blue (foam) blue 220 kg/m³ –30°C to +70°C ±0.7 mm
thk 6 12
Ø 60 80
Medium-high Low
41 Sylomer green (foam) green 300 kg/m³ –30°C to +70°C ±0.7 mm
thk 6 12
Ø 60 80
Medium-high Low
42 Sylomer brown brown 400 kg/m³ –30°C to +70°C ±0.7 mm

(foam)
thk 6 12
Ø 60 80
Medium-high Low


43 Sylomer red (foam) red 510 kg/m³ –30°C to +70°C ±0.7 mm
thk 6 12
Ø 80 100
Medium-high Low
44 Sylomer grey (foam) grey 680 kg/m³ –30°C to +70°C ±0.7 mm
thk 6 12
Ø 80 100
Medium-high Low
45 APSOcork HWR brown-black 750 kg/m³ 0°C to +100°C –
thk 1 1.5 2 3 4 5
Ø 40 40 40 60 60 60
Medium Medium-high thk 6

Ø 80
46 ECOVIB black with colorful 600 kg/m³ –30°C to +100°C –

particles
thk 3 6 8 10 12 15
Ø 60 80 100 100 120 120
Medium Medium-high
47 Chrome Leather grey – –10°C to +120°C ±0.7 mm
thk 2 3
Ø 100 120
Medium Medium
48 Teflon black – –200°C to +260°C –
thk 0.3
Ø 90
Low Low


49 TT60 / Novoflies black – –10°C to +120°C ±0.5 mm
thk 2
Ø 120
Medium-low Medium
50 PAZ green – –20°C to +50°C ±0.2 mm
thk 0.5 0.8

Ø 15 25
very-low Medium-high
51 PAR green – –20°C to +50°C ±0.2 mm
thk 0.5 0.8

Ø 15 25
52 PAZ-PAR green – –20°C to +50°C ±0.2 mm
thk 0.5 0.8

Ø 15 25
Coefficients of frict ion
Polyethylene – angle
Polyethylene – value
Coefficient friction –
Aluminium – angle
Aluminium – value
Glass – angle
Glass – value
Steel – angle
Steel – value
Material
Nr.
1 Linatex HM 1.56 µ 57° 1.41 µ 55° 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58°
2 Linard 60 1.56 µ 57° 1.41 µ 55° 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58°
3 Linatrile 1.26 µ 52° 1.48 µ 56° 1.19 µ 50 ° 1.63 µ 58°
4 Linagard OZ 0.96 µ 44° 1.26 µ 52° 1.04 µ 46° 1.48 µ 56°
5 Linaplus FG FDA (Natural 0.96 µ 44° 1.26 µ 52° 1.04 µ 46° 1.48 µ 56°
rubber)
6 NBR 65/EPDM 1.56 µ 57° 1.41 µ 55° 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58°
7 NBR 60 white FDA 1.56 µ 57° 1.41 µ 55° 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58°
8 RP430 1.2 µ 50° 1.2 µ 50° 1.2 µ 50° 1.5 µ 57°
9 CM280 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58° 1.19 µ 50° 1.56 µ 57°
10 RG250 1.63 µ 58° 1.63 µ 58° 1.63 µ 58° 1.63 µ 58°
11 Hamid 0.89 µ 42° 1.04 µ 46° 0.96 µ 44° 1.19 µ 50°
12 Correx 1.63 µ 58° 1.63 µ 58° 1.63 µ 58° 1.63 µ 58°
13 Porol 1.63 µ 58° 1.63 µ 58° 1.63 µ 58° 1.63 µ 58°
14 Viton 0.52 µ 27° 0.74 µ 37° 0.74 µ 37° 0.74 µ 37°
15 MiniGrip blue 1.24 µ 51° 1.08 µ 47° 1.05 µ 46° 0.98 µ 44°
16 MiniGrip green 1.24 µ 51° 1.08 µ 47° 1.05 µ 46° 0.98 µ 44°
17 SuperGrip green 1.24 µ 51° 1.15 µ 49° 1.05 µ 46° 1.04 µ 46°
18 SuperGrip blue 1.24 µ 51° 1.15 µ 49° 1.05 µ 46° 1.04 µ 46°
19 Supergrip white FDA 0.95 µ 43° 0.93 µ 43° 0.81 µ 39° 1.33 µ 53°
20 PVC film blue 1.04 µ 46° 0.89 µ 42° 0.96 µ 44° 0.89 µ 42°
21 PVC dots white FDA 0.74 µ 37° 1.19 µ 50° 0.89 µ 42° 1.33 µ 53°
22 PVC film white FDA 0.96 µ 44° 0.81 µ 39° 0.89 µ 42° 0.81 µ 39°
23 PVC herringbone FDA 0.59 µ 31° 0.96 µ 44° 0.96 µ 44° 1.63 µ 58°
24 T-version (extruded) PU 1.19 µ 50° 1.19 µ 50° 1.19 µ 50° 1.56 µ 57°
thick back
25 PU 385 (85° Shore A) 1.19 µ 50° 1.19 µ 50° 1.19 µ 50° 1.56 µ 57°
26 PU 60 (60° Shore A) 1.19 µ 50° 1.19 µ 50° 1.19 µ 50° 1.56 µ 57°
Polyethylene – angle
Polyethylene – value
Aluminium – angle
Aluminium – value
Glass – angle
Glass – value
Steel – angle
Steel – value
Material
Nr.
27 HV film 1.63 µ 58° 1.41 µ 55° 1.41 µ 55° 1.63 µ 58°
28 HV film FDA 1.63 µ 58° 1.41 µ 55° 1.41 µ 55° 1.63 µ 58°
29 T-groove TR1 & TR2 – PU 1.19 µ 50° 1.19 µ 50° 1.19 µ 50° 1.56 µ 57°
with longitudinal grooves
30 WM 385 0.52 µ 27° 0.67 µ 34° 0.74 µ 37° 0.89 µ 42°
31 FG 385 1.63 µ 58° 1.41 µ 55° 1.41 µ 55° 1.63 µ 58°
32 NP 385 1.52 µ 56° 1.39 µ 55° 1.24 µ 52° 1.60 µ 58°
33 PU yellow 0.74 µ 37° 0.74 µ 37° 0.96 µ 44° 1.11 µ 48°
34 PU grey 0.74 µ 37° 0.74 µ 37° 0.96 µ 44° 1.11 µ 48°
35 Polythane D15 0.89 µ 42° 0.96 µ 44° 0.89 µ 42° 1.04 µ 46°
36 Celloflex 0.74 µ 37° 0.74 µ 37° 0.89 µ 42° 0.96 µ 44°
37 Sylodyn green 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58° 1.19 µ 50° 1.56 µ 57°
38 Sylodyn yellow 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58° 1.19 µ 50° 1.56 µ 57°
39 Sylomer yellow (foam) 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58° 1.19 µ 50° 1.56 µ 57°
40 Sylomer blue (foam) 1.33 µ 53° 1.63 µ 58° 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58°
41 Sylomer green (foam) 1.26 µ 52° 1.48 µ 56° 1.19 µ 50° 1.63 µ 58°
42 Sylomer brown (foam) 1.33 µ 53° 1.63 µ 58° 1.48 µ 56° 1.63 µ 58°
43 Sylomer red (foam) 1.41 µ 55° 1.63 µ 58° 1.41 µ 55° 1.63 µ 58°
44 Sylomer grey (foam) 1.33 µ 53° 1.63 µ 58° 1.41 µ 55° 1.63 µ 58°
45 APSOcork HWR 1.56 µ 57° 1.41 µ 55° 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58°
46 ECOVIB 1.56 µ 57° 1.41 µ 55° 1.26 µ 52° 1.63 µ 58°
47 Chrome Leather 0.44 µ 24° 0.89 µ 42° 0.59 µ 31° 1.04 µ 46°
48 Teflon 0.15 µ 9° 0.30 µ 17° 0.37 µ 20° 0.37 µ 20°
49 TT60/Novoflies 0.15 µ 9° 0.30 µ 17° 0.37 µ 20° 0.37 µ 20°
50 Polyamide fabric (PAZ) 0.22 µ 12° 0.30 µ 17° 0.30 µ 17° 0.30 µ 17°
51 Polyamide fabric (PAR) 0.22 µ 12° 0.30 µ 17° 0.30 µ 17° 0.30 µ 17°
52 Polyamide fabric (PAZ-PAR) 0.22 µ 12° 0.30 µ 17° 0.30 µ 17° 0.30 µ 17°

APSOdrive® Timing Belts Fundamentals

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APSOdrive® Timing Belts Fundamentals

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Index 1

APSOdrive® – from a standard product to a customized solution���������������������������1.5

Various solutions for different applications���������������������������������������������������������1.6

Timing belt calculation guideline according to the TC-Calc procedure

Reliability and safety���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2.5

Timing belt selection procedure�������������������������������������������������������������������������3.1

Preliminary belt selection���������������������������������������������������������������������������������3.4

Characteristics, installation guidelines, tolerances

Characteristics of polyurethane timing belts�������������������������������������������������������4.1

The E steel cord tension member ���������������������������������������������������������������������4.2

Consequences of incorrect pre-tension �������������������������������������������������������������4.5

Flanges and idlers �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4.8

Timing belt guidelines�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4.9

Tooth gap shoes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4.9

Table of tolerances for BRECOFLEX® timing belts���������������������������������������������4.11

Table of tolerances for CONTI® SYNCHROFLEX timing belts �����������������������������4.12

Timing belt reworking and coatings

Applying profiles on belts���������������������������������������������������������������������������������5.6

Timing belt coatings ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5.9

This Angst+Pfister drive technology manual Positive traction drives

Positive drives Friction drives

Timing belts V-ribbed belt

Chains Round belts

Before selecting from the two materials, elastomer or polyu-

Material properties are listed on the next two pages as well

Material properties of timing belts

Standard properties Standard properties

Overview of standard properties

Properties Details/additional benefits

Steel tension members • precise transmission of motion

Shore hardness 88 to 92 ShA • resistant to deformation and high shear strength

Weldable with thermoplastics • weldable up to any length

High pitch accuracy • for accurate positioning systems

Overview of special properties

Properties Details/additional benefits

Flexible tension members • high flexibility

Tension members in special • higher rigidity

Polyamide coated belt back • l ow friction

Aramid tension members • not magnetic

Stainless steel tension members • minimized corrosion

Various rework potential • coatings

Coloring • standard: white, various colors feasible

FDA conformity • specially certified polyurethane compounds available

Overview of standard properties

Properties Details/additional benefits

Glass or aramid tension • excellent damping of impacts

Shore hardness 75 to 82 ShA • smooth running

Manufactured in wide sleeves • economically priced production

Resistances • resistant to tropical conditions

High-strength nylon coating • high resistance to abrasion

Pulleys • wide range of standard pulleys with Taper-Lock ® bushing available

Overview of special properties

Properties Details/additional benefits

HNBR • superior level of oil resistance

Reduced noise emissions • o ptimized meshing of teeth

Coatings • v ulcanized or bonded designs feasible

APSOdrive® – from a standard product to a

Selecting the correct materials, components and confi-

Engineering services: expertise all along the

• technical advice for new and existing systems

We trust that using standard components in combination

For a detailed and cost-effective calculation for your

Please do not hesitate to make use of our engineers’

APSOdrive® – from a standard product to a customized solution��1.5

Various solutions for different applications��1.6

Reliability and safety��2.5

Timing belt selection procedure��3.1

Preliminary belt selection��3.4

Characteristics of polyurethane timing belts��4.1

The E steel cord tension member ��4.2

Consequences of incorrect pre-tension ��4.5

Flanges and idlers ��4.8

Timing belt guidelines��4.9

Tooth gap shoes��4.9

Table of tolerances for BRECOFLEX® timing belts��4.11

Table of tolerances for CONTI® SYNCHROFLEX timing belts ��4.12

Applying profiles on belts��5.6

Timing belt coatings ��5.9

Shore hardness 88 to 92 ShA • resistant to deformation and high shear strength

Polyamide coated belt back • l ow friction

Shore hardness 75 to 82 ShA • smooth running

Resistances • resistant to tropical conditions

Reduced noise emissions • o ptimized meshing of teeth

Coatings • v ulcanized or bonded designs feasible