( )

2013

1
Chernov.Pvl@gmail.com
1

......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1. ...................................................................................... 7
1.1 ................................................................................................... 7
1.2 ................................................................................. 8
1.3 ..................................................................................................... 9
2. ..................................................... 11
2.1 - ................................................................................................... 11
2.2 .......................................................................................................... 17
2.3 ....................................................................................................................... 23
3. ................................... 27
3.1 ......................................................................... 27
3.2 ........................................................................................... 28
3.3 ................................................................................................ 31
3.4 ................................................................. 34
3.5 ........................................................................ 38
4. ......................................................................................................... 41
4.1 ......................................................................................................................... 41
4.2 ......................................................... 44
4.3 ........................................................... 50
4.4 ..................................................................................................... 54
4.5 ................................................................................................. 60
5. .............................................................................. 62
5.1 .................................................................................................................. 62
5.2 ................................................................................................. 67
5.3 ....................................... 71
5.4 .................................................................................... 77
6. , .................................................. 81
6.1 , .......................................... 81
6.2 ............................................................................. 86
6.3 ............................................................................ 91
6.4 ................................................................... 97
7. ........................................................................... 99
7.1 -.................................................................................................. 100
7.2 ........................................................... 102
7.3 - ............................................................................................. 104

2
 7.4 ............................................................................................. 105
7.5 ............................................................................................................ 109
................................................................................................................................................. 113
1 -
..................................................................................................................................................................... 114
2 - ............... 115
3 ....................................................................................... 116
4 .............................................. 117
5 ................................................................................................. 118
6 : ..................................................................... 119
7 : ...................................................... 120
8 : ............... 121
9 ...................................................................................................... 122
10 ......................................................................................... 123
11 2D ..................................................................................... 125

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50
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58
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59
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60
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61
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62
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5 ,
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63
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64
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66
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67
 (5.12) .

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68
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69
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16
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70
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71
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MATLAB,
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t.
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72
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73
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74
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75
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x).


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76
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. 5.11

77
, mxy
(x, y).

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( x, y) ( x) ( y) (5.22)

x2
( x) d 2
1 / 4
exp ip x x 2
2d

y2
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2 1 / 4
exp ip y y 2
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5.12 (5.22)
x.
(5.13)
-.
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)
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( 5.13).
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. 5.12 . px = 7; py = 0.
,
(5.13), ,
V(x,y), ,
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78
 Uxi i- V,
Uy j j- .
2.2 4.3

.
. ,
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MATLAB, . 5.13


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79
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xy). 11 MATLAB
.

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80
 6. ,
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dx f ( x ) x
d
x f ( x) (6.1)
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x
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x x; x
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x.
, x x
, (6.2) :
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.
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y x x y

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81
 ,
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A, B ; AB BA
.
(6.6)
.

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:
0 1 0 i 1 0
x ; y ; z (6.7)
1 0 i0 0 1
, , [ x , y ] .

0 1 0 i i 0
x y ;
1 0 0 0 i
i
0 i 0 1 i 0
y x ;
i 0 1 0 0 i

i 0 i 0 2i 0 1 1 0 1
[ x , y ] x y y x z (6.8)
0 i 0 i 0 2i 2i 0 1 2i
:
1
[ y , z ] x (6.9)
2i
1
[ z , x ] y (6.10)
2i

82
 (6.8-6.10) ,
.
.
- .
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2.1). .

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. , :
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( ).
( 6.2).

83

. ,
, (5.4) p x i x , ,
, :
[ p x , p y ] [ x , y ] 0 (6.13)
, (px, py, pz)
.
( x):
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84
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17
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85
 6.2

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86
 ,

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S1
S2:
2 2
p1 D1 S1 D1 S 2 (6.18)

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2
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( 4.3),
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=/2, :
p1 a 2 a 2 2a 2

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2 2

p2 2 p1

/2 , .
.
.
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87
 1 S1 a1 ; 2 S 2 b2 (6.20)

2 S 1 a2 ; 1 S 2 b1 (6.21)
,
S1 1
S2 2,
:
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: a1 b2 .
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:
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(6.22)
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:
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2 2
(6.23)
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2 2 2
(6.24)
:
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88
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N+1 .
.
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(6.25)

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89
 ,
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I ( x) ~ E ( x) (6.26)
,
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90
 p ( x) ( x)
2
(6.27)
p x; (x)
x,
( ).
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6.3

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(6.28)

z,
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.
(4.28):
1 1
S (6.29)
2 2

.
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91
 . S
(entangled) .

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c1 c2 ,

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( 50%,
50%, ). ,
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92
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(0)

10 ,
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. ,

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6 .
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) .
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:
c1 c2 (6.30)

, z. ,
,
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93
 1 ,
( 6.3).

,
. 6.3
{+_}
:
1 1 2 1 (6.31)

1 ,
; 2 ,
.
, , 1

, , , (6.31)
.
, (6.29).


.
6
(6.31), |1|2 {
, } |2|2
{ , }.
.
6 ,
: - . -
, . 6.4

( 6.4).
,

, +1 , ,

94
 -1,
:
1 ,1, 2 ,1, (6.32)

, .
..
6
,
6. , .

19.


,
, ,
.
,
4.3. 1

1 :
1 i ni (6.33)
i

1 i ni (6.34)
i

ni i- ; ,
.
:
1 1 i i ni (6.35)
i

19

.
95
 i * i i i * ,
i i (.
4.24).

M, :
1, M 1 1, M 1 (6.36)
:
1, M 1 1, M 1 i ni , M 1 i ni , M 1 (6.37)
i i

,
(6.35). . ,
, i * i i *i . -
ni , M 1 ni , M 1
, .
.
.
6.

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96
 .
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.

6.4

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(6.14) . ,
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.

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,
.
(no-cloning theorem20).
,
z:
(6.33)

:
(6.34)

:
(6.35)

,
:

20
1982.:
Wootters, Zurek, Wojciech. A Single Quantum Cannot be Cloned. Nature 299: 802803. doi:10.1038/299802a0
97

1

2
, (6.36)

1
2


1
2

1


2
(6.37)

3, (6.36)
.
:

1
2


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2

(6.38)

(6.37) (6.38) .

, ,
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98
 7.

(Gedanken Experiment),
.

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99
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100

B2, 50%

50% .
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101
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21
(1911-2008) ,
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103
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. ,
, 50%
50% . D1,
104
 .
D2, , ,
, ,
.
25%
. - ,
:
.

7.4

,
, (quantum eraser).

7.7.
,
S,

- (
BBO),
. 7.7

. ,
:
1 1
, (7.2)
2 2
1,
. ,
, .
.
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z y (4.7).
105
 ,
,
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.
z, y. ()
:
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, (7.4)

.
( 7.7),
( ),
D1.
D2.
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D2 .

,


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,

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106
7.8)22.
.
(P1 P2 7.9).
-, ,
.

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P1 P2 ,
.
90, ,

( 7.9).
, , .

, ,
, .

22
S. P. Walborn, M. O. Terra Cunha, S. Padua, and C. H. Monken. Double-
slit quantum eraser // Physical Review A, (65, 033818, 2002).
http://grad.physics.sunysb.edu/~amarch/Walborn.pdf
107
 , .
D2 P ,
:

1
2
i , (7.5)

7.10 . ,
, , D2
(7.5), D1
() .

) )
. 7.10

.
z, 50%

50% ,

.
() .
,
, .
.

.
108
 ,
.


. BBO
P , BBO
D1, D1 ,
P. . ,
,
P .

7.5

23 ,
.
. ,
6,
, .
,
(6.14)

. ,
,
.
.
.

:
(7.6)

23
1993, 70 .
109
 :
1. (4.28):

S
1
2
(7.7)

2. X ,
:

X (7.8)

3. Z , :

Z (7.9)

4. C x ,
:

C x a b c d a b c d , (7.10)

, C x
.
,

(, 5.2
). ,
, - .
:
1. (7.6), A,
.
2. (7.7),
A.
3. (7.7),
(7.6).
B.
:

110
 1. C x ,
A.
2. x.
3. z.
4. B
.
5. B, ,
:
,
.
,
Z .
,
X .
,
Z , X .

24.

(7.7), 4.4,
B
( 7.11).
,
A
( ).
, (
) ,

24
1993 :
C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crpeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, W. K. Wootters. Teleporting an Unknown Quantum State
via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Channels, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895-1899 (1993)

111
 A B
,
.

. 7.11

.
.

, ,
, ,
.

112

.

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. .
,
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1960-, .
,
.

113
 1
-
%%
clear
n = 20; %
x = linspace(0, 5, n)';
y = x.^2; %

%%
h = (x(2)-x(1));

d = (- diag(ones(1,n-1),-1) + diag(ones(1,n-1),1));
D = d / (2 * h); % 1-

d2 = (diag(ones(1,n-1),1) - 2*diag(ones(1,n)) + diag(ones(1,n-1), -1));

D2 = d2/h^2; % 2-

I = tril(ones(n,n))*h; %

%%
dy = D*y; %
dy2 = D2*y; %
in = I*dy; %
%%
plot (dy(2:n-1)); % (y=2x)
figure
plot (dy2(2:n-1)); % (y=x)
figure
plot (in(2:n-1)); % y=2x (y=x.^2)

114
 2
-
clear
%%
S1 = [ 0 1
1 0 ];

S2 = [ 0 -1i
1i 0 ];

S3 = [ 1 0
0 -1 ];

%% 3-

N = [1 0 0]'; % x

M = [1 1 0]'; % 45 x-y

%%

SdotN = S1*N(1)+S2*N(2)+S3*N(3); % (
)
SdotM = S1*M(1)+S2*M(2)+S3*M(3);

[V_SdotN,D] = eig(SdotN); %

[V_SdotM,D] = eig(SdotM);

amplitude = V_SdotM(:,1)'*V_SdotN(:,1); %

amplitude'*amplitude %

(1+cos(pi/4))/2 % ( )

115
 3

clear

%%
S1 = [ 0 1
1 0 ];

S2 = [ 0 -1i
1i 0 ];

S3 = [ 1 0
0 -1 ];

S0 = [ 1 0
0 1 ];

%%
u = [1 0]'; % |u>
d = [0 1]'; % |d>
ud = kron(u,d); % |ud>
du = kron(d,u); % |du>
Singl = ud-du; % |ud>-|du>
Singl = Singl/norm(Singl); %

%%

P0 = (S3+S0)/2;
P45 = (((S1+S3)/sqrt(2))+S0)/2;
P90 = (S1+S0)/2;

%%
A = kron(P0, S0); %
notB = kron(S0, P45); %
notC = kron(S0, P90); %

%%
N_AnotB = (Singl'*A*notB*Singl); %
2*N_AnotB
N_AnotC = Singl'*A*notC*Singl

% 2 N_AnotB < N_AnotC -

116
 4

clear
%%
n = 200; %

x = linspace(-4, 4, n)';
h = (x(2)-x(1));
Dsquared = (diag(ones(1,n-1),1) - 2*diag(ones(1,n)) + diag(ones(1,n-1), -
1))/h^2; %
V = x.^2; %

%%
H = -Dsquared + diag(V); %
[Vect,Val] = eig(H); %
Val=diag(Val);

%%
figure1 = figure;
axes1 = axes('Parent',figure1);
hold
for i=1:7
plot([-4 4],[Val(i) Val(i)] )
end
plot(x, V,'LineWidth',2,'Color',[1 0 0]);
ylim(axes1,[-1.5 15]);

117
 5

clear
%%
n = 1000; %
l = 20e-10; %
me = 9.109E-31; %
h = 1.054E-34; %
e = 1.602E-19; %
e0 = 8.854E-12; %

%%
x = linspace(-l, l, n)';

dx = (x(2)-x(1));
Dsquared = (diag(ones(1,n-1),1) - 2*diag(ones(1,n)) + diag(ones(1,n-1), -
1))/dx^2; %
V = -1./abs(x); %
H = -((h^2)/(2*me))*Dsquared + ((e^2)/(4*pi*e0))*diag(V); %

[Vect,Val] = eig(H); %

dd=diag(Val)/1.602E-19; %%

%%
figure1 = figure;
axes1 = axes('Parent',figure1);
hold

lev = 0;
for i=1:5
lev = lev+2; %
plot([-1 1], [dd(lev) dd(lev)],'Color',[1 0 0], 'LineWidth', 2)
EnergyLevel = dd(lev)
end
plot([-2 2], [0 0],'Color',[0 0 1], 'LineWidth', 2,'LineStyle','--')

xlim(axes1,[-2 2]);
ylim(axes1,[-14 2]);

118
 6 :

clear
%%
n = 200; % ( PC)

%
p = 4;
d = 1;
x = linspace(-10,10,n);
offset = 5;
wave = ( ( exp(1i*p*(x-offset)) ).*( exp(-((x-offset).^2)/(2*d^2)) ) )./(
(pi*d^2)^1/4 );
wave = wave';

%%
x = linspace(-4, 4, n)';
h = (x(2)-x(1));
Dsquared = (diag(ones(1,n-1),1) - 2*diag(ones(1,n)) + diag(ones(1,n-1), -
1))/h^2; %
V = 0; %

H = -Dsquared + diag(V); %

%%
t = 0.01; %
figure1 = figure;
axes1 = axes('Parent',figure1);
for i = 1:20 %

U = expm(-1i*t*H); %

wave1 = U*wave; %
t = t+0.01; % ( )
plot(real(wave1),'Color',[1 0 0]) %
% plot(abs(wave1).^2,'Color',[1 0 0]) %
ylim(axes1,[-1.5 1.5]);

pause(0.5); %
end

119
 7 :

clear
%%

n = 200; % ( PC)

%
p = 4;
d = 1;
x = linspace(-10,10,n);
offset = 0;
wave = ( ( exp(1i*p*(x-offset)) ).*( exp(-((x-offset).^2)/(2*d^2)) ) )./(
(pi*d^2)^1/4 );
wave = wave';

%%
x = linspace(-4, 4, n)';
h = (x(2)-x(1));
Dsquared = (diag(ones(1,n-1),1) - 2*diag(ones(1,n)) + diag(ones(1,n-1), -
1))/h^2; %
V = 100*x.^2-1.5; %

%%
H = -Dsquared + diag(V); %
%%

t = 0.01; %
figure1 = figure;
axes1 = axes('Parent',figure1);

for i = 1:100 %

%%
U = expm(-1i*t*H); %
%%

wave1 = U*wave; %
%%

t = t+0.01; % ( )
plot(x, real(wave1),'Color',[1 0 0]) %
% plot(x, abs(wave1).^2,'Color',[1 0 0]) %
hold
plot(x, ((V+1.5)/100)-1.5)
ylim(axes1,[-1.5 3]);
hold
pause(0.2); %
end

120
 8 :

clear
%%
n = 200; % ( PC)
x = linspace(-4, 4, n)';
h = (x(2)-x(1));
Dsquared = (diag(ones(1,n-1),1) - 2*diag(ones(1,n)) + diag(ones(1,n-1), -
1))/h^2; %
V = 100*x.^2-1.5; %

%%
H = -Dsquared + diag(V); %

%%
[Vect, Val] = eig(H);
%%

t = 0.01;
figure1 = figure;
axes1 = axes('Parent',figure1);

for i = 1:100 %

%%
U = expm(-1i*t*H); %
%%

wave = U*Vect(:,3); %

%%
t = t+0.02; % ( )
plot(x, real(wave),'Color',[1 0 0]) %
hold
plot(x, ((V+1.5)/100)-1.5)
ylim(axes1,[-1.5 1.5]);
hold
pause(0.2);
end

121
 9

clear
%%

n = 200; % ( PC)

%
p = -4;
d = 1;
x = linspace(-10,10,n);
offset = -7;
wave = ( ( exp(1i*p*(x-offset)) ).*( exp(-((x-offset).^2)/(2*d^2)) ) )./(
(pi*d^2)^1/4 );
wave = wave';

%%
x = linspace(-6, 6, n)';
h = (x(2)-x(1));
Dsquared = (diag(ones(1,n-1),1) - 2*diag(ones(1,n)) + diag(ones(1,n-1), -
1))/h^2; %
V = ((x > 0).*(x<0.5))*60; %

%%
H = -Dsquared + diag(V); %
%%

t = 0.01; %
figure1 = figure;
axes1 = axes('Parent',figure1);

for i = 1:55 %

%%
U = expm(-1i*t*H); %

%%
wave1 = U*wave; %

t = t+0.01;
% plot(x, real(wave1),'Color',[1 0 0]) %
plot(x, abs(wave1).^2,'Color',[1 0 0]) %
hold
plot(x,V)
ylim(axes1,[-0.5 2]);
hold
pause(0.2); %
end

122
 10

clear
%%

n = 70; % ( PC)

%
px = 7; % x-
d = 1;
x = linspace(-10,10,n);
offset = 5;
waveX = ( ( exp(1i*px*(x-offset)) ).*( exp(-((x-offset).^2)/(2*d^2)) ) )./(
(pi*d^2)^1/4 );
waveX = waveX'; % x-

py = 0; % y-
d = 1;
y = linspace(-10,10,n);
offset = 0;
waveY = ( ( exp(1i*py*(y-offset)) ).*( exp(-((y-offset).^2)/(2*d^2)) ) )./(
(pi*d^2)^1/4 );
waveY =waveY'; % y-

wave = waveY*waveX'; %

%%
h = x(2)-x(1);
Dsquared = (diag(ones(1,n-1),1) - 2*diag(ones(1,n)) + diag(ones(1,n-1), -
1))/h^2; %
V = ((x > 0).*(x<2))*60; % x-

Hx = -Dsquared + diag(V); % x-
Hx0 = -Dsquared; %% x-
Hy = -Dsquared; % y-

%%
t = 0; %
figure1 = figure;
axes1 = axes('Parent',figure1);

for tt=1:45 %

%%
Ux = expm(-1i*t*Hx); % x-
Ux0 = expm(-1i*t*Hx0); % x-
Uy = expm(-1i*t*Hy); % y-

%% x-
for i=1:n

if ((i>25&&i<30) || (i>40&& i<45)) %

wave(i,:) = (Ux0*wave(i,:)')';
else
wave(i,:) = (Ux*wave(i,:)')'; %
end

end

123
%% y-
for i=1:n
wave(:,i) = Uy*wave(:,i);
end

%%
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
mesh(X,Y,abs(wave))
zlim(axes1,[0 1.5]);

t=t+0.002;
pause(0.5); %
end

124
 11 2D

clear
%%

n = 70; % ( PC)

%
px = 7; % x-
d = 1;
x = linspace(-10,10,n);
offset = 5;
waveX = ( ( exp(1i*px*(x-offset)) ).*( exp(-((x-offset).^2)/(2*d^2)) ) )./(
(pi*d^2)^1/4 );
waveX = waveX'; % x-

py = 0; % y-
d = 1;
y = linspace(-10,10,n);
offset = 0;
waveY = ( ( exp(1i*py*(y-offset)) ).*( exp(-((y-offset).^2)/(2*d^2)) ) )./(
(pi*d^2)^1/4 );
waveY =waveY'; % y-

wave = waveY*waveX'; %

%%
h = x(2)-x(1);
Dsquared = (diag(ones(1,n-1),1) - 2*diag(ones(1,n)) + diag(ones(1,n-1), -
1))/h^2; %
V = ((x > 0).*(x<0.3))*60; % x-

Hx = -Dsquared + diag(V); % x-
Hy = -Dsquared; % y-

%%
t = 0; %
figure1 = figure;

axes1 = axes('Parent',figure1);
for tt=1:43 %

Ux = expm(-1i*t*Hx); % x-
Uy = expm(-1i*t*Hy); % y-

%% x-
for i=1:n
wave(i,:) = (Ux*wave(i,:)')';
end

%% y-
for i=1:n
wave(:,i) = Uy*wave(:,i);
end

%%
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
mesh(X,Y,abs(wave))
zlim(axes1,[0 1.5]);

125
t=t+0.002;
pause(0.5); %
end

126