ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã, 2007, ÚÓÏ 53, ‹ 4, Ò.

601–608

ÄÍÛÒÚË͇ ÊË‚˚ı ÒËÒÚÂÏ.

ÅËÓÎӄ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‡ÍÛÒÚË͇
ìÑä 591.582.2

ëÇàëíõ ÅÖãìï Ç êÖèêéÑìäíàÇçéå ëäéèãÖçàà

ì éëíêéÇÄ ëéãéÇÖñäàâ Ç ÅÖãéå åéêÖ
© 2007 „. ê. Ä. ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚, Ç. å. ÅÂθÍӂ˘
àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ Ó͇ÌÓÎÓ„ËË ËÏ. è.è. òË¯Ó‚‡ êÄç
117997 åÓÒÍ‚‡, ç‡ıËÏÓ‚ÒÍËÈ Ô., 36
E-mail: rbelikov@ocean.ru, romanbelik@rambler.ru
èÓÒÚÛÔË· ‚ ‰‡ÍˆË˛ 25.05.06 „.

è‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ˚ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚, Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÂÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÏ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËË (êë) ·ÂÎÛı Û

Ó. ëÓÎӂˆÍËÈ ‚ ÅÂÎÓÏ ÏÓÂ. ç‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ‡·ÒÓβÚÌ˚ı ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍ Ë ÙÓÏ˚ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÚÛ‡
Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ˚ ̇ 16 ÚËÔÓ‚. ë‚ËÒÚ˚ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÌËÁÍÓ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚Â, ËÏÂ˛Ú ‡Á‚ËÚÛ˛ „‡ÏÓÌ˘Â-
ÒÍÛ˛ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÛ Ë ÔÓÒÚÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡. ë‰Ìflfl ‰Îfl ÚËÔÓ‚ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ‚‡¸Ë-
ÛÂÚ ÓÚ 0.1 ‰Ó 1.7 Ò, Ò‰Ì Á̇˜ÂÌË χÍÒËχθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ˚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ÚÓ̇ ÍÓηÎÂÚÒfl ÓÚ 1.4 ‰Ó
4.5 ÍɈ, ‡ Ò‰Ì Á̇˜ÂÌË ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÚÓ˜ÂÍ ÔÂ„˷‡ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÓÚ 0 ‰Ó 9 ̇ Ò˄̇Î. Ç ÓÚ΢ˠÓÚ
·ÂÎÛı ‰Û„Ëı ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËÈ, Û ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ̇˷ÓΠ˜‡ÒÚ˚ ÔÎÓÒÍË ҂ËÒÚ˚, Û ·ÂÎÓÏÓÒÍËı ·ÂÎÛı ‚ êë ̇Ë-
·ÓΠÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÍÓÓÚÍË ҂ËÒÚ˚ Ò V-Ó·‡ÁÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÚÛ‡.
PACS: 43.80.Ka

ÇÇÖÑÖçàÖ phinidae, Í‡Í ÔÓ·„‡˛Ú [9], ËÏÂ˛Ú “Ò‚ËÒÚ˚-‡‚ÚÓ-

á‚ÛÍË ÁÛ·‡Ú˚ı ÍËÚÓ‚ (Odontoceti) Ú‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌÓ
‰ÂÎflÚ Ì‡ ‰‚ ·‡ÁÓ‚˚ ÙËÁ˘ÂÒÍË ͇Ú„ÓËË:
1) ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ Á‚ÛÍË (“˘ÂΘÍË”) Ë 2) ÌÂËÏÔÛθÒ-
Ì˚Â, Ú.Â. ÌÂÔÂ˚‚Ì˚ ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚
(“Ò‚ËÒÚ˚”) [1]. ë˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ Ë„‡˛Ú ËÒ-
Íβ˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚‡ÊÌÛ˛ Óθ ‚ ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËË ÁÛ·‡-
Ú˚ı ÍËÚÓ‚, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚‡
Delphinidae (ÑÂθÙËÌÓ‚˚Â) [1]. ëӄ·ÒÌÓ Ó·˘ÂÈ
ÍÓ̈ÂÔˆËË, ˜ÂÏ ÒӈˇθÌ ‚ˉ, ÚÂÏ Á̇˜ËÚÂθ-
Ì Óθ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ [1] (ıÓÚfl ËÏÂÂÚÒfl fl‰ flÍËı ËÒ-
Íβ˜ÂÌËÈ: ̇ÔËÏÂ, ͇¯‡ÎÓÚ˚, Physeter macro-
cephalus [2] Ë ÍÓÒ‡ÚÍË, Orcinus orca [3]).
èÓ·„‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂθÙËÌ˚ ËÁ‰‡˛Ú ·Óθ¯ÓÈ Ì‡-
·Ó Ó·˘Ëı ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı ÓÒÓ·ÂÈ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ Ò ‡Á΢Ì˚ÏË
˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚ÏË ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ÏË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú Â-
ÔÂÚÛ‡ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ˉ‡ Ë/ËÎË ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËË
[4]. ë˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ÂÔÂÚÛ‡ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ÁÛ·‡Ú˚ı ÍË-
ÚÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚ı Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ Ì ‰ËÒÍÂÚÌÛ˛, ‡
„‡‰Û‡Î¸ÌÛ˛ ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ËϲÚÒfl Ô·‚-
Ì˚ ÔÂÂıÓ‰˚ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‡Á΢Ì˚ÏË ÚËÔ‡ÏË [1].
ÑÂθÙËÌ˚ ӷ·‰‡˛Ú ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ ‰ËÙÙÂÂ̈ˇθ-
ÌÓÈ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸˛ Í ‡·ÒÓβÚÌ˚Ï ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓ-
‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚Ï Ô‡‡ÏÂÚ‡Ï Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ [5]. äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó,
ÓÌË ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ Í ‚ÓÒÔËflÚ˲ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ˜‡Ò-
ÚÓÚÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ (Ú.Â. ÙÓÏ˚ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡) Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ [6],
‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ, ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ, ÏÓ„ÛÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ËÌÙÓχ-
ˆË˛ Ó· ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓÏ ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËË ˝ÌÂ„ËË
ÏÂÊ‰Û „‡ÏÓÌË͇ÏË Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ (Ú.Â. Ó ÚÂÏ· ҂Ë-
ÒÚÓ‚) [7].
ë‚ËÒÚ˚ Ë„‡˛Ú ‚‡ÊÌÛ˛ Óθ ‚ „ÛÎflˆËË Ó-
„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË „ÛÔÔ ‰ÂθÙËÌÓ‚ Ë ÔÓ‰‰ÂʇÌËË Ëı
ÒÔÎÓ˜ÂÌÌÓÒÚË [8]. è‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎË fl‰‡ ‚ˉӂ Del-
„‡Ù˚” (Ӊ̇ÍÓ, ÒÏ. ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÛ˛ ÚÓ˜ÍÛ
ÁÂÌËfl ‚ [10]). ë‚ËÒÚ˚-‡‚ÚÓ„‡Ù˚ – ÒÚÂÂÓÚËÔ-
Ì˚Â, Ë̉˂ˉۇθÌÓ-ÒÔˆËÙ˘Ì˚ ÓÔÓÁ̇‚‡ÚÂθ-
Ì˚ Ò˄̇Î˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË
„ÛÔÔ˚ Í‡Í ‰‡Î¸ÌÂ-‰ËÒÚ‡ÌÚÌ˚ ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚÌ˚ ÒË„-
̇Î˚ ‚ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÓÒÓ·Ë Ì‡ıÓ‰flÚÒfl Á‡ Ô‰Â-
·ÏË ‚ˉËÏÓÒÚË ‰Û„ ‰Û„‡ [9, 11]. ÇÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÚÂÏ,
Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ‰Û„Ó„Ó ‚ˉ‡ ËÁ ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚‡ Delphinidae, ‡
ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÍÓÒ‡ÚÓÍ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈ, ̇˷ÓΠÒÎÓÊÌ˚ Ë
‰ÎËÌÌ˚ ÒÂ‰Ë Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ Delphinidae, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl, ÔÓ-
‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, ·ÎËÊÌÂ-‰ËÒÚ‡ÌÚÌ˚ÏË ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌ˚-
ÏË Ò˄̇·ÏË, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚ÏË ÔË ÚÂÒÌ˚ı ÒÓˆË-
‡Î¸Ì˚ı ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëflı [12, 13].
ÅÂÎÛı‡ (Delphinapterus leucas Pall.) – ¯ËÓÍÓ
‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚È Ë Ò‡Ï˚È ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚È ‚
ÄÍÚËÍ ‚ˉ ÁÛ·‡Ú˚ı ÍËÚÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚ı. ÅÂÎÛı‡ ÔË-
̇‰ÎÂÊËÚ Í ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚Û Monodontidae (ç‡‚‡ÎÓ-
‚˚Â), ‚ıÓ‰fl˘ÂÏÛ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË Delphini-
dae Ë Phocoenidae (åÓÒÍË ҂Ë̸Ë) ‚ ̇‰ÒÂÏÂÈ-
ÒÚ‚Ó Delphinoidea [14]. Å·„Ó‰‡fl Ò‚ÓÂÈ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ
‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË Ë ·Ó„‡ÚÓÏÛ ‚Ó͇θÌÓÏÛ
ÂÔÂÚÛ‡Û, ‚Íβ˜‡˛˘ÂÏÛ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó ˘Â·Â˜Û-
˘Ëı Á‚ÛÍÓ‚, Ó̇ Ò ‰‡‚ÌËı ÔÓ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚ̇ ÔÓ‰ ËÏÂÌÂÏ
“ÏÓÒ͇fl ͇̇ÂÈ͇”. èÓ·„‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ·ËÓ‡ÍÛÒÚË-
˜ÂÒÍË ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÓÎËÚ¸ Ò‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔÓÔÛ-
ÎflˆËÓÌÌÛ˛ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÛ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ‚ˉ‡. ä ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏÛ
‚ÂÏÂÌË Ò ‡Á΢ÌÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂ̸˛ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÒÚË ÓÔË-
Ò‡Ì˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ ·ÂÎÛı ä‡Ì‡‰ÒÍÓÈ ÄÍÚËÍË [15], ˝Ò-
ÚÛ‡Ëfl . ë‚. ㇂ÂÌÚËfl [16], Á‡Î. ÅËÒÚÓθ ̇
ÄÎflÒÍ [17] Ë Ó. òÔˈ·Â„ÂÌ [18]. á̇˜ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï
ÔÓ˚‚ÓÏ ‚ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËË ‚Ó͇θÌÓ„Ó Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl ‰Ë-
ÍËı ·ÂÎÛı, ‚ ÚÓÏ ˜ËÒΠ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ı ÙÓÏ
ÔÓËÒÍÓ‚Ó-ÓıÓÚÌ˘¸Â„Ó Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl, ÒÚ‡ÎË ‰Ó΄Ó-

601
602 ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚, ÅÂθÍӂ˘
ÒÓ˜Ì˚ ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ·ÂÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl Ë
ÄÏÛÒÍÓ„Ó ÎËχ̇ [19]. èË Ëı Ôӂ‰ÂÌËË ·˚ÎË
ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌ˚ ÔÂ‚˚ ҂ˉÂÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÈ „ÂÓ-
„‡Ù˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ËÁÏÂ̘˂ÓÒÚË ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÓ‚Â-
‰ÂÌËfl ·ÂÎÛı [19]. íÂÏ Ì ÏÂÌÂÂ, ‰Ó ÒËı ÔÓ ÓÚÒÛÚ-
ÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‰ÂڇθÌ˚ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‚Ó-
͇θÌ˚ı ÂÔÂÚÛ‡Ó‚ ·ÂÎÛı ËÁ ˝ÚËı ‰‚Ûı Û˜‡ÒÚÍÓ‚
‡‡·, ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚ ‚ Ó·˙ÂÍÚË‚ÌÓÈ Ï‡ÌÂÂ.
ï‡‡ÍÚÂÌÓÈ ˜ÂÚÓÈ ·Ó„‡ÚÓ„Ó ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
ÂÔÂÚÛ‡‡ ·ÂÎÛı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‡ÁÌÓÓ·‡ÁË ËÏ-
ÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Ë ¯ÛÏÓ‚˚ı Á‚ÛÍÓ‚ [15–19]. íÂÏ Ì ÏÂ-
ÌÂÂ, Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÛ˛, ‡ Á‡˜‡ÒÚÛ˛ Ë ·Óθ¯Û˛, ˜‡ÒÚ¸
‚Ó͇θÌÓÈ ÔÓ‰Û͈ËË ·ÂÎÛı ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÚÓ̇θ-
Ì˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ [15, 17, 18, 20]. àı ÙÛÌ͈ËË, ÔÓ ÒÛ-
˘ÂÒÚ‚Û, ÓÒÚ‡˛ÚÒfl ÌÂËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ÏË [20, 21]. èÓ·„‡ÎË,
˜ÚÓ Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ·ÂÎÛı ËÏÂ˛Ú ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θ-
ÌÛ˛ ÔËÓ‰Û [19]. ÑÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ, ·˚ÎÓ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂ-
ÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡Ë·ÓΠ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ËÁÎÛ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ·ÂÎÛı‡-
ÏË ‚ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ [16].
àÌÚÂÂÒÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ Ò‚ËÒÚ˚, ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ, Ú‡ÍÊÂ
ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Ë ‚ ÏÂÊ„ÛÔÔÓ‚ÓÈ (‰‡Î¸ÌÂ-‰ËÒÚ‡ÌÚ-
ÌÓÈ) ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËË, Ì ÔËÏÂÌflflÒ¸, Ӊ̇ÍÓ, ‰Îfl ÍÓ-
Ó‰Ë̇ˆËË „ÛÔÔÓ‚˚ı ÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌËÈ [16].
ó‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚Â Ë ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ԇ‡ÏÂÚ˚ ÚÓ̇θ-
Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÌ˚ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒ-
ÚËÍË Ëı ÍÓÌÚÛÓ‚ ÌÂÓ‰ÌÓÍ‡ÚÌÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎËÒ¸
ÔË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËË ÂÔÂÚÛ‡Ó‚ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ‚ˉӂ Ë
ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËÈ ÍËÚÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚ı [22–26]. ì ÏÌÓ„Ëı ‚ˉӂ
Odontoceti ÚÓ̇θÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚, ÔÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, fl‚-
Îfl˛ÚÒfl ̇˷ÓΠÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘ÂÈ ÙËÁ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Í‡ÚÂ-
„ÓËÂÈ ‰Îfl ‚˚fl‚ÎÂÌËfl „ÂÓ„‡Ù˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ËÁÏÂ̘Ë-
‚ÓÒÚË ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÂÔÂÚÛ‡Ó‚.
äÓÏ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl „ÂÓ„‡Ù˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ËÁÏÂ̘˂ÓÒ-
ÚË ‰ÂڇθÌÓ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚
·ÂÎÓÏÓÒÍËı ·ÂÎÛı ÔËÓ·ÂÚ‡ÂÚ ÌÓ‚Û˛ ‡ÍÚۇθ-
ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚ Ò‚flÁË Ò ÛÒËÎË‚‡˛˘ËÏÒfl ‚ ÔÓÒΉÌ ‚ÂÏfl
‡ÌÚÓÔÓ„ÂÌÌ˚Ï ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂÏ Ì‡ ˝ÚËı ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı
[27, 28]. í‡Í, êë ·ÂÎÛı ëÓÎӂˆÍÓ„Ó ÎÓ͇θÌÓ„Ó
ÒÚ‡‰‡ ÒÚ‡ÎÓ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÓÏ ‰Îfl Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl ÍÓÏÏÂ˜Â-
ÒÍËı ÚÛÓ‚. äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, Û Ó. ëÓÎӂˆÍËÈ ÏÌÓ„Ó-
Í‡ÚÌÓ ‚ÓÁÓÒ· ËÌÚÂÌÒË‚ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËfl ÏÓ-
ÒÍÓ„Ó Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡. Ç ÂÁÛθڇÚ Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ÛÒË-
ÎËÎÓÒ¸ ¯ÛÏÓ‚Ó Á‡„flÁÌÂÌË ÏÂÒÚ‡ êë ·ÂÎÛı.
ç‡ÔÓÏÌËÏ, ˜ÚÓ êë fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÒÂÁÓÌÌ˚ÏË ÍËÚ˘Â-
ÒÍËÏË ÏÂÒÚ‡ÏË Ó·ËÚ‡ÌËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔÓÚÂ͇˛Ú
ÔÓˆÂÒÒ˚ ÂÔÓ‰Û͈ËË Ë ÔÓ‰‰ÂʇÌËfl Òӈˇθ-
ÌÓÈ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚ ÒÛ·ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËÈ [29]. é˜Â‚ˉÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ
‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËfl Ë„‡ÂÚ ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ËÒ-
Íβ˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚‡ÊÌÛ˛ Óθ. í‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ, ‚
Ò‚flÁË Ò ÛÒËÎÂÌËÂÏ ‡ÌÚÓÔÓ„ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ¯Ûχ Á̇ÌËÂ
ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍ Á‚ÛÍÓ‚˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı
ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚÒfl ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚Ï Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ‰Îfl ÔÓÌËχ-
ÌËfl Ëı ·ËÓÎÓ„ËË, ÌÓ Ë ‰Îfl ÓˆÂÌÍË ÒÚÂÔÂÌË ËÒ͇
‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ ̇ ˝ÚËı ÊË-
‚ÓÚÌ˚ı.
ñÂθ˛ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ˚ ÒÚ‡ÎË ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ
‡Ì‡ÎËÁ Ë ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ҂ËÒÚÓ‚, ËÁÎÛ-
˜‡ÂÏ˚ı ‚ êë ·ÂÎÛı‡ÏË ëÓÎӂˆÍÓ„Ó ÎÓ͇θÌÓ„Ó
ÒÚ‡‰‡.
åÄíÖêàÄã à åÖíéÑõ
èÓ‰ Ò‚ËÒÚ‡ÏË ÔÓÌËχÎË ÌÂÔÂ˚‚Ì˚ ÛÁÍÓÔÓ-
ÎÓÒÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ Ò ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ÚÓ̇ (óéí)
‰Ó 5 ÍɈ. ÅÓΠ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ ÓÚÌÓ-
ÒËÎËÒ¸ Í ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓÈ Í‡Ú„ÓËË, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÏÓÈ Í‡Í
‚˚ÒÓÍÓ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚ (Çó) Ò‚ËÒÚ˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ·˚ÎË
ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˚ ̇ÏË ‡Ì [30]. ç‡ÔÓÏÌËÏ,
˜ÚÓ ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌË Çó Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÛ˛ ͇-
Ú„Ó˲ ·˚ÎÓ ÔÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌÓ, ÔÂʉ ‚Ò„Ó, ̇ ÓÒ-
ÌÓ‚‡ÌËË ·ËÏÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÒÚË (ÔÓ‚‡Î ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË ÓÍÓÎÓ
5 ÍɈ) ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ÚÓ̇θÌ˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı
ÔÓ ¯Í‡Î ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ [30].
å‡ÚÂˇΠ·˚Î ÒÓ·‡Ì ‚ ˲Ì–‡‚„ÛÒÚ 1997,
1999–2003 „„. ‚ êë ·ÂÎÛı Û Ï. ÅÂÎÛÊËÈ (65°43′ N;
35°31′ E) Ó. ëÓÎӂˆÍËÈ ‚ ÅÂÎÓÏ ÏÓÂ. чÌÌÓÂ
ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌË ̇ҘËÚ˚‚‡ÂÚ ‰Ó 120 ÓÒÓ·ÂÈ. éÌÓ ÙÛÌÍ-
ˆËÓÌËÛÂÚ ÂÊ„ӉÌÓ Ò ÒÂ‰ËÌ˚ χfl ‰Ó ̇˜‡Î‡
ÒÂÌÚfl·fl. éÒÌÓ‚Û ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËfl ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú Ò‡ÏÍË Ò
‰ÂÚÂÌ˚¯‡ÏË ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚÓ‚; ÍÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, ‚
ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËË ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÏÂÂÚÒfl ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‚ÁÓÒÎ˚ı
҇ψӂ. Ç ÁÓÌ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl „ˉÓÙÓ̇ ·ÂÎÛıË ÏÓ„ÎË
Ó·‡ÁÓ‚˚‚‡Ú¸ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÍÓÏÔ‡ÍÚÌ˚ı „ÛÔÔ, Ó·-
˘ÂÈ ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ‰Ó 60 ÓÒÓ·ÂÈ.
å˚ Á‡ÔËÒ˚‚‡ÎË Á‚ÛÍÓ‚˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ ·ÂÎÛı, ËÒ-
ÔÓθÁÛfl ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ ËÁ ÒÚ‡ˆËÓ̇ÌÓ„Ó ÒÙÂ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
„ˉÓÙÓ̇, ÛÒËÎËÚÂÎfl Ë åÑ-ÂÍÓ‰Â‡ Sony MZ-35
(ËÎË Ï‡„ÌËÚÓÙÓ̇ ÇÂÒ̇ 212/êËÚÏ 320), Ëϲ-
˘Û˛ ÔÎÓÒÍËÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚È ÓÚ‚ÂÚ (±3–4.5 ‰Å) ÔË-
ÏÂÌÓ ‰Ó 14–20 ÍɈ (‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÚËÔ‡ ÂÍÓ-
‰Â‡). ÇÒÂ„Ó ·˚ÎÓ Ò‰Â·ÌÓ Ò‚˚¯Â 230 ˜ Á‡ÔËÒË.
èÂ‚˘̇fl Ó·‡·ÓÚ͇ χÚÂˇ· ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Îfl-
·Ҹ Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ Cool Edit Pro 1.2. ëËÌ-
ıÓÌÌÓ ÔÓÒÎۯ˂‡ÎË Á‡ÔËÒ¸ Ë ÔÓÒχÚË‚‡ÎË
ˆ‚ÂÚÌ˚ ·Â„Û˘Ë ÒÔÂÍÚÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ (‡ÁÏÂ ·ÎÓ͇
·˚ÒÚÓ„Ó ÔÂÓ·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl îÛ¸Â (Åèî) ‡‚ÂÌ
256 ÚӘ͇Ï, ‚ÂÒÓ‚‡fl ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl ïÂÏÏËÌ„‡) ËÎË ÓÒ-
ˆËÎÎÓ„‡ÏÏ˚. ÑÎfl ‰‡Î¸ÌÂÈ¯Â„Ó ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ ·˚ÎÓ ÓÚÓ·‡ÌÓ 1046 Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ Ò ‚˚ÒÓÍËÏ
ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂÏ Ò˄̇Î/¯ÛÏ.
ÄÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍË ËÁÏÂÂÌËfl Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ÔÓËÁ-
‚‰ÂÌ˚ ÔË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ÔÓ‰‚ËÊÌ˚ı ÍÛÒÓÓ‚ ‚ ÔÓ-
„‡ÏÏ Syrinx 2.1 (‡Á‡·ÓÚ˜ËÍ John Burt, äÓ-
ÌÂθÒÍËÈ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ). ì Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ËÁÏÂflÎËÒ¸
ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ë ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË: ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ò˄̇-
·, ̇˜‡Î¸Ì‡fl, ÍÓ̘̇fl, ÏËÌËχθ̇fl Ë Ï‡ÍÒË-
χθ̇fl óéí, ‰ÓÏË̇ÌÚ̇fl ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó
„‡ÏÓÌËÍ, ÌÓÏÂ ‰ÓÏË̇ÌÚÌÓÈ „‡ÏÓÌËÍË, ‡ Ú‡Í-
Ê ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÚÓ˜ÂÍ ÔÂ„˷‡ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÚÛ-
‡. éÔËÒ‡ÚÂθ̇fl ÒÚ‡ÚËÒÚË͇ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ÔÓ-
‚Ӊ˷Ҹ ‚ Ô‡ÍÂÚ Statistica 5.0 (StatSoft, Inc.). ç‡-
ıÓ‰ËÎË Ò‰Ì ‡ËÙÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ, Òڇ̉‡ÚÌÓÂ
ÓÚÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂ, ÏËÌËχθÌÓÂ Ë Ï‡ÍÒËχθÌÓ Á̇˜Â-
ÌË ԇ‡ÏÂÚÓ‚ ÚËÔÓ‚ Ò‚ËÒÚ‡.
ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 53      ‹ 4      2007
 ëÇàëíõ ÅÖãìï 603

C1 C2 C3 C4
12
8
4

C5 C6 C7 C8
12
8
ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ

C9 C10 C11 C12

12
8
4

C13 C14 C15 C16

12
8
4

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
ÇÂÏfl, c

ëÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÂÔÂÁÂÌÚ‡ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ (C) ·ÂÎÛı. íËÔ˚ ë1–ë16. è‡‡ÏÂÚ˚ ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ: ‡ÁÏÂ ·ÎÓ͇ Åèî = 256 ÚÓ-
˜ÂÍ, ‚ÂÒÓ‚‡fl ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl ïÂÏÏËÌ„‡. ëÔÂÍÚÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ˚ ‚ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ Syrinx 2.1. íËÔ˚ ë2, ë3 Ë ë16 Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˚
ÏÌÓ„ÓÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚÌ˚ÏË Ò˄̇·ÏË. ëÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ë1, ë3–ë5, ë8–ë13 Ë ë15 ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡Ú ·ÓΠӉÌÓ„Ó Ò˄̇· ËÎβÒÚË-
ÛÂÏÓ„Ó ÚËÔ‡. ëÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ÚËÔÓ‚ ë3 Ë ë12 ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡Ú Ú‡ÍÊ ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚È ÚÓÌ Ò ÌËÁÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl
ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ Ë Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ Á‡¯ÛÏÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó Çó Ò‚ËÒÚ‡ (óéí ~ 8 ÍɈ), ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ.

ÑÎfl ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÏÓÒÚË Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ‚ ÔӇ̇ÎËÁËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ‡ı Á‡ÔËÒË

(ÒË„Ì./ÏËÌ) Ë ‰ÓÎÂÈ (%) Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ÚËÔ‡ ‚
Ó·˘ÂÈ ‚Ó͇θÌÓÈ ÔÓ‰Û͈ËË ·ÂÎÛı, ËÁ ËÒıÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó
χÒÒË‚‡ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Á‡ÔËÒÂÈ ÒÎÛ˜‡È-
Ì˚Ï Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ·˚ÎÓ ÓÚÓ·‡ÌÓ 152 Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ‡,
‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸˛ 2 ÏËÌ Í‡Ê‰˚È. Ç Í‡Ê‰ÓÏ ËÁ ÌËı
·˚ÎË ÔÓ‰Ò˜ËÚ‡Ì˚ ‚Ò Ò˄̇Î˚ Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ
ˆ‚ÂÚÌ˚ı ·Â„Û˘Ëı ÒÔÂÍÚÓ„‡ÏÏ (‡ÁÏÂ ÓÍ̇
ÔÓÒÏÓÚ‡ – 5 Ò) ‚ Cool Edit Pro 1.2. ÇÒÂ„Ó Á‡ÔÓ-
ÚÓÍÓÎËÓ‚‡ÌÓ 15 653 Ò˄̇·.
Ç ‡ÈÓÌ ̇·Î˛‰ÂÌËÈ Ó·ËÚ‡ÎË ÍÓθ˜‡Ú˚ ÌÂ-
Ô˚, Phoca hispida, Ë ÏÓÒÍË Á‡Èˆ˚, Erignathus
barbatus. á‡ÔËÒË, ҉·ÌÌ˚ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ëfl
Ú˛ÎÂÌÂÈ Ì‡ ËÒÒΉÛÂÏÓÈ ‡Í‚‡ÚÓËË, Ì ·˚ÎË
‚Íβ˜ÂÌ˚ ‚ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ. ÇÒ ÔӇ̇ÎËÁËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Â
Ò˄̇Î˚, Í‡Í Ï˚ ÔÓ·„‡ÂÏ, ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊ‡Ú ËÒÍβ-
˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ·ÂÎÛı‡Ï.
ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ‚ Ò‰ÌÂÏ 22.5 ± 13.1 ÒË„Ì./ÏËÌ (ÔË
Ò‰ÌÂÈ Ó·˘ÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÏÓÒÚË ‚ÒÂı ÍÓÏÏÛ-
ÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚, ‡‚ÌÓÈ 48.7 ± 23.9 ÒË„Ì./ÏËÌ).
ÇÒ ‚ÏÂÒÚ ҂ËÒÚ˚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÓÍÓÎÓ 49% (n =
= 7683; „‰Â n – ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó Á‡ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı
Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚) ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ (N =
= 15653; „‰Â N – Ó·˘Â ˜ËÒÎÓ Á‡„ËÒÚËÓ‚‡Ì-
Ì˚ı ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚) ·ÂÎÛı, Ô˘ÂÏ
·Óθ¯‡fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ Ëı ÒÛÏχÌÓÈ ‰ÓÎË ÔËıÓ‰ËÚÒfl
‚ÒÂ„Ó Ì‡ ‰‚‡ ÚËÔ‡ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚: “ÔËÒÍ” (ë1) – 23% Ë
“˘Â·ÂÚ” (ë2) – 14%. á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÛ˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸, 7.5%,
Ú‡ÍÊ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ „ÛÔÔ‡, ‚Íβ˜‡˛˘‡fl ÚË ÚËÔ‡
ÛÔÎÓ˘ÂÌÌ˚ı Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ (ë5–ë7). é·˘‡fl ‰ÓÎfl
ÓÒڇθÌ˚ı 11 ÚËÔÓ‚ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÓÍÓ-
ÎÓ 4.5% ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚. èË
˝ÚÓÏ Ì‡ ‰Óβ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ÚËÔÓ‚ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ÓÚ
0.01% ‰Ó 3.0%.

êÖáìãúíÄíõ èË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ÁËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ë ÒÎÛıÓ‚Ó„Ó ‚ÓÒÔË-

flÚËfl Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ·˚ÎË Í·ÒÒËÙˈËÓ‚‡Ì˚ ̇ 16 ÚË-
ë‚ËÒÚ˚ (ë) – ̇˷ÓΠÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚Â Ë ı‡- ÔÓ‚. å˚ Í·ÒÒËÙˈËÓ‚‡ÎË Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ̇ ÓÒÌӂ ͇Í
‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ Á‚ÛÍË ·ÂÎÛı ‚ êë. å˚ ‡Á‰ÂÎËÎË Ëı ̇ ÙÓÏ˚ Ëı ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚ı ÍÓÌÚÛÓ‚ (ÛÔÎÓ˘ÂÌ̇fl, ‚ÓÒ-
16 ÚËÔÓ‚ (ËÒÛÌÓÍ). é·˘‡fl ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÏÓÒÚË ıÓ‰fl˘‡fl, ÌËÒıÓ‰fl˘‡fl, V-Ó·‡Á̇fl Ë Ú.Ô.), Ú‡Í Ë Ëı

ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 53      ‹ 4      2007

604 ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚, ÅÂθÍӂ˘

ï‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚˚ı (C) Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı. èÓÎÌ˚È Ì‡·Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ Ò‰ÌÂ„Ó ‡ËÙÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ±
± Òڇ̉‡ÚÌÓ ÓÚÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂ; ÏËÌËχθÌÓ„Ó Ë Ï‡ÍÒËχθÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ; n – ‡ÁÏÂ ‚˚·ÓÍË ÔӇ̇ÎËÁËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı
Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚. ÑÓÎfl – % ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ (Ú.Â. 15653)

íËÔ ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ÚÓ̇, ÍɈ äÓÎ-‚Ó çÓÏÂ èËÍÓ‚‡fl

ÑÓÎfl, ÑÎËÚÂθ- äÓÎ-‚Ó
Ò‚ËÒÚ‡ n ̇˜‡Î¸- ÏËÌË- χÍÒË- ÚÓ˜ÂÍ ‰ÓÏËÌ. ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡,
% ÌÓÒÚ¸, Ò ÍÓ̘̇fl „‡ÏÓÌËÍ
(C) ̇fl χθ̇fl χθ̇fl ÔÂ„˷‡ „‡ÏÓÌËÍË ÍɈ

ë1 300 23 0.10 ± 0.10 2.9 ± 0.4 3.1 ± 0.4 2.3 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.4 1.2 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 0.6 6.1 ± 1.7 4.8 ± 1.3
0.02–0.42 1.8–4.5 2.0–4.2 1.3–3.3 2.1–4.5 1–3 1–4 2.1–11.9 2–11
ë2 130 14 1.09 ± 0.73 3.1 ± 0.6 3.3 ± 0.8 2.6 ± 0.6 3.5 ± 0.8 9.0 ± 6.8 2.0 ± 0.6 6.3 ± 2.1 4.6 ± 1.0
0.20–4.46 1.8–5.0 2.2–6.5 1.8–5.0 2.0–6.5 0–38 1–4 2.2–13.4 2–7
C3 14 0.01 0.90 ± 0.27 2.4 ± 0.2 2.2 ± 0.2 2.1 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.4 1.0 ± 0.0 2.2 ± 0.1 5.4 ± 1.2
0.49–0.90 1.9–2.4 1.9–2.2 1.9–2.1 2.2–2.4 0–0.4 1–1 2.0–2.2 3–7
ë4 85 0.20 0.32 ± 0.19 2.4 ± 0.6 2.4 ± 0.7 2.1 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.6 0.2 ± 0.4 1.1 ± 0.3 2.4 ± 0.8 5.7 ± 1.4
0.05–1.18 1.1–4.9 1.0–5.1 1.0–4.9 1.4–5.1 0–2 1–2 1.5–5.3 3–8
ë5 130 4.30 1.06 ± 0.50 1.8 ± 0.4 2.0 ± 0.4 1.7 ± 0.3 2.1 ± 0.3 1.0 ± 2.2 4 ± 1.5 6.9 ± 2.8 6.5 ± 1.7
0.27–2.78 0.9–3.3 0.6–3.7 0.6–2.3 1.5–3.7 0–16 1–7 1.6–12.5 4–9
ë6 135 2.50 1.30 ± 0.87 2.7 ± 0.6 2.9 ± 0.3 2.5 ± 0.5 3.1 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 3.3 1.0 ± 0.5 5.6 ± 1.4 4.5 ± 1.0
0.09–4.82 1.5–3.8 1.7–4.0 1.3–3.6 2.0–4.5 0–25 1–4 2.5–9.5 3–7
ë7 52 0.70 0.90 ± 0.49 2.0 ± 0.6 4.1 ± 0.7 3.7 ± 0.6 4.5 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 1.8 1.5 ± 0.5 6.2 ± 2.2 3.2 ± 0.8
0.24–2.08 2.5–6.0 2.1–5.7 2.1–5.1 3.7–6.0 0–8 1–2 3.4–9.3 1–4
ë8 16 0.04 1.40 ± 0.40 3.0 ± 0.6 3.0 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.4 3.7 ± 0.4 3.1 ± 1.3 1.0 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 0.5 3.4 ± 0.8
0.90–2.10 2.1–4.2 2.4–4.3 2.1–3.5 3.2–4.5 2–6 1–1 2.3–4.1 2–4
ë9 8 0.23 0.63 ± 0.19 1.4 ± 0.3 2.9 ± 1.5 1.2 ± 0.3 3.1 ± 1.5 0.5 ± 0.8 2.3 ± 1.4 3.8 ± 1.8 7.8 ± 2.1
0.43–0.94 0.8–1.7 1.4–6.2 0.8–1.7 1.4–6.2 0–2 1–5 1.6–6.0 5–12
ë10 36 0.67 0.80 ± 0.30 1.4 ± 0.2 2.2 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.2 2.2 ± 0.2 3.8 ± 4.1 3.0 ± 0.8 4.4 ± 1.5 6.7 ± 0.8
0.34–1.61 0.9–1.7 1.6–2.7 0.9–1.7 1.7–2.7 0–12 1–4 1.3–7.9 5–8
ë11 8 0.01 0.97 ± 0.15 1.0 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 2.1 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.0 2.9 ± 0.6 3.0 ± 0.7 8.0 ± 0.8
0.80–1.27 0.9–1.3 1.7–2.1 0.9–1.3 1.9–2.3 1–1 2–4 1.8–4.1 7–9
ë12 23 0.10 0.57 ± 0.12 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 2.4
0.30–0.73 0.6–1.0 0.4–0.9 0.4–0.9 1.0–1.8 1–1 1–2 0.6–1.2 1–12
ë13 44 0.30 0.45 ± 0.14 2.3 ± 0.5 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 1.3 5.8 ± 2.8
0.16–0.79 1.5–4.0 0.3–1.4 0.3–1.4 1.6–4.0 0–0 1–4 1.2–9.3 1–10
ë14 41 0.01 0.85 ± 0.30 4.0 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.3 4.0 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 1.2 3.4 ± 0.5 4.4 ± 1.0
0.07–1.89 3.2–4.7 1.5–2.8 1.5–2.8 3.3–4.7 0–0 1–2 2.4–6.1 3–6
ë15 17 3 0.10 ± 0.03 1.9 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 0.3 0.7 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 0.4 1.0 ± 0.0 0.9 ± 0.3 2.4 ± 1.2
0.06–0.15 1.3–2.6 0.5–1.4 0.4–1.3 1.3–2.6 0–1 1–1 0.5–1.3 1–5
ë16 9 0.01 1.73 ± 0.84 2.3 ± 1.0 0.6 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.2 2.3 ± 0.9 0.0–0.0 1.4 ± 0.8 2.0 ± 0.9 3.7 ± 1.3
0.57–2.87 1.3–3.6 0.4–1.0 0.4–1.0 1.5–3.6 0–0 1–3 0.8–3.0 2–5

‡·ÒÓβÚÌ˚ı ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓ-‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍ (0.1–0.2 Ò) Ë Ò‰ÌË (0.7–1.2 c) Ò‚ËÒÚ˚. ë‰ÌÂÂ

(Ú‡ÍËı Í‡Í ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸Ì‡fl ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓÌ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ
Ë ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ò˄̇·). ë˄̇Î˚ Ò Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚ÓÈ
ÙÓÏÓÈ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡, ÌÓ Ò ‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ‡·ÒÓβÚÌ˚ÏË ı‡-
‡ÍÚÂËÒÚË͇ÏË ÓÚÌÓÒËÎËÒ¸ Í ‡ÁÌ˚Ï ÚËÔ‡Ï ‚
ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÂÒÎË ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓ˜Ì˚ ÙÓÏ˚ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ÓÚ-
ÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎË ËÎË ·˚ÎË ‰ÍË.
è‡‡ÏÂÚ˚ ÚËÔÓ‚ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ Ô˂‰ÂÌ˚ ‚ Ú‡·ÎË-
ˆÂ, ‡ ÒÔÂÍÚÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÂÔÂÁÂÌÚ‡ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˚ ̇ ËÒÛÌÍÂ. Ä̇ÎËÁ ÔÓ͇Á‡Î, ˜ÚÓ
Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÌÂÔÂ˚‚Ì˚ÏË, Ò‰Ì˜‡ÒÚÓÚ-
Ì˚ÏË, ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ÏË Á‚Û͇ÏË Ò Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ıÓÓ¯Ó
‡Á‚ËÚÓÈ „‡ÏÓÌ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÓÈ. ë‰Ìflfl
‰Îfl ÚËÔÓ‚ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ‚‡¸ËÛÂÚ ÓÚ 0.1
‰Ó 1.7 Ò, ÌÓ ˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÍÓÓÚÍËÂ
Á̇˜ÂÌË χÍÒËχθÌÓÈ óéí Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ‚‡¸ËÛÂÚ
ÓÚ 1.4 ‰Ó 4.5 ÍɈ, Ô˘ÂÏ Ì‡Ë·ÓΠËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚Ï
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓÌ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ ÓÚ 2 ‰Ó 3.5 ÍɈ. ÇÏÂÒÚÂ
Ò ÚÂÏ, χÍÒËÏÛÏ ˝ÌÂ„ËË ‚ ÒÔÂÍÚ ҂ËÒÚÓ‚ ·Óθ-
¯ËÌÒÚ‚‡ ÚËÔÓ‚ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔËıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ̇ Ó‰ÌÛ ËÁ
‚˚Ò¯Ëı „‡ÏÓÌËÍ (˜‡ÒÚÓ 2-Û˛ – 4-Û˛), ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ
‰ÓÏË̇ÌÚÌÓÈ, Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ ‚ ÔÓ-
ÎÓÒ ÓÚ 4 ‰Ó 8 ÍɈ.
ÅÓθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ‚ êë ËÏÂÂÚ ÔÓÒ-
ÚÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÚÛ‡. éÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÈ Ì‡·Ó
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚ı ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ÏË ÍÓÌÚÛÓ‚ ‚ÂҸχ Ó„‡-
Ì˘ÂÌ. éÌ ‚Íβ˜‡ÂÚ ÛÔÎÓ˘ÂÌÌÛ˛, ‚ÓÒıÓ‰fl˘Û˛,
ÌËÒıÓ‰fl˘Û˛, ÌËÒıÓ‰fl˘Â-‚ÓÒıÓ‰fl˘Û˛, ‚ÓÒıÓ‰fl-
˘Â-ÌËÒıÓ‰fl˘Û˛ Ë, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ‚ÓÎÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌÛ˛

ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 53      ‹ 4      2007

 ëÇàëíõ ÅÖãìï
ÙÓÏÛ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡. ë‡ÏÓÈ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌÓÈ fl‚ÎflÂÚ-
Òfl V-Ó·‡Á̇fl ÙÓχ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡, ı‡‡ÍÚÂ̇fl ‰Îfl
Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ÚËÔÓ‚ ë1 Ë ë2. Å·„Ó‰‡fl Ì·Óθ¯ÓÈ ‰ÎË-
ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË, ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÛÁÍÓÏÛ ‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓÌÛ óéí,
χÎÓÏÛ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Û ËÁ„Ë·Ó‚ Ë ÔÂ„˷ӂ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ-
ÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ·ÂÎÛı ËÏÂ˛Ú ÔÓÒÚÓÈ ‚̯-
ÌËÈ ‚ˉ. ÇÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÚÂÏ, ÙÓχ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚, Í‡Í Ë Ëı
‡·ÒÓβÚÌ˚ ԇ‡ÏÂÚ˚, Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÓ‰‚ÂÊÂ̇
ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ËÁÏÂ̘˂ÓÒÚË ‚ÌÛÚË ÚËÔÓ‚.
ë‚ËÒÚ˚ Ò ÔflÏÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl
Û ·ÂÎÛı ‚ êë ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÍÓ (~2% ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ÍÓÏ-
ÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚). èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ï˚ ‡ÒÒχÚË-
‚‡ÎË Ëı ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ˜‡ÒÚË ·ÓΠ¯ËÓÍÓÈ Í‡Ú„Ó-
ËË, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡ÂÏÓÈ Í‡Í “ÛÔÎÓ˘ÂÌÌ˚” Ò‚ËÒÚ˚.
ìÔÎÓ˘ÂÌÌ˚ ҂ËÒÚ˚ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Á̇˜ËÚÂθ-
ÌÓÈ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸˛, ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡˛˘ÂÈÒfl Ò Ì‡Î˘ËÂÏ ‰Ó-
ÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó (Á̇˜ËÚÂθ̇fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸
Ò˄̇·) ÛÔÎÓ˘ÂÌÌÓ„Ó Û˜‡ÒÚ͇, ̇ ÔÓÚflÊÂÌËË ÍÓ-
ÚÓÓ„Ó ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌ-
ÌÓÈ. ç‡Ë·ÓΠ‚‡ˇ·ÂθÌ˚ÏË Û ˝ÚËı Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚, ͇Í
Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ̇˜‡Î¸Ì‡fl Ë ÍÓ̘̇fl ˜‡ÒÚË
ÍÓÌÚÛ‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ Á‡„ÌÛÚ˚ ‚‚Âı ËÎË
‚ÌËÁ.
ìÔÎÓ˘ÂÌÌ˚ ҂ËÒÚ˚, ÔÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, Á‡ÌËχ˛Ú
‚‡ÊÌÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËË ·ÂÎÛı. èËϘ‡-
ÚÂθÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ËÁÏÂ̘˂ÓÒÚ¸ ÙÓÏ˚ Ëı ÍÓÌÚÛÓ‚
ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ÒÓ ÒÚ‡·ËθÌÓÒÚ¸˛ Ò‰ÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ˚
ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó ÚÓ̇. ëÍ·‰˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‚Ô˜‡ÚÎÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ
Ò‰Ìflfl ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ·ÓΠÁ̇˜Ë-
ÏÓÈ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍÓÈ, ˜ÂÏ ËÁ„Ë·˚ Â„Ó Ì‡˜‡Î¸ÌÓÈ
Ë/ËÎË ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÛÔÎÓ˘ÂÌÌ˚Â
Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ·˚ÎË ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ˚ ̇ÏË Ì‡ ÚË ÚËÔ‡: ÒÓ
Ò‰ÌÂÈ óéí ÓÍÓÎÓ 2, 3 Ë 4 ÍɈ (ë5–ë7, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚ-
ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ). ÇÌÛÚË Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ËÁ ˝ÚËı ÚËÔÓ‚ ̇ ÓÒÌÓ-
‚‡ÌËË ‰ÂÚ‡ÎÂÈ ÙÓÏ˚ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ ‚˚‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ÌÂ-
ÒÍÓθÍÓ ÔÓ‰ÚËÔÓ‚, Ò‡Ï˚Ï ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚Ï ËÁ
ÍÓÚÓ˚ı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ÓÒıÓ‰fl˘Â-ÔflÏÓÈ.
ëÂ‰Ë ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ Û ·ÂÎÛı ‚ êë Ì‡Ï ÌÂ
Û‰‡ÎÓÒ¸ ӷ̇ÛÊËÚ¸ ÚËÔ‡, ‰Îfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ
ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÓÚ΢ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ÔËÁ̇ÍÓÏ fl‚Îfl-
·Ҹ ·˚ ‚ÓÎÌÓÓ·‡Á̇fl ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ̇fl ÏÓ‰ÛÎflˆËfl (óå).
ÑÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ, Ò˄̇Î˚ ë8 ÚÛ‰ÌÓ Ì‡Á‚‡Ú¸ ‚ÓÎÌÓ-
Ó·‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ‚ ÔÓÎÌÓÏ ÒÏ˚ÒΠ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡, Ú‡Í Í‡Í
Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ì‡ Ò˄̇ΠÔËıÓ‰ËÚÒfl Ì ·ÓΠ‰‚Ûı ÚÓ˜ÂÍ
ÔÂ„˷‡ Ë, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ, Ì ·ÓΠ1.5 ÔÂËÓ‰Ó‚
ÏÓ‰ÛÎflˆËË. ë ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚, ‚ÓÎÌÓÓ·‡Á̇fl óå
ÌÂ‰ÍÓ Ì‡·Î˛‰‡ÂÚÒfl Û Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÚËÔÓ‚
(ÒÏ., ̇ÔËÏÂ, ̇ ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏÛ ‚ÚÓÓ„Ó Ò˄̇·
ë10). çÓ ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÂÂ, ÔÓ ‚ÒÂÈ ‚ˉËÏÓÒÚË,
ÍÓÂÍÚÌ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸ ÌÂ Í‡Í ÚËÔÓÓ·‡ÁÛ˛-
˘Û˛ ˜ÂÚÛ, ‡ Í‡Í Ó·˘Â ‰Îfl Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÚË-
ÔÓ‚ Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ÔÓfl‚Îfl˛˘ÂÂÒfl ÔË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı
ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëflı: ̇ÔËÏÂ, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÒËθÌÓ„Ó ˝ÏÓˆËÓ-
̇θÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÁ·ÛʉÂÌËfl ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı.
åÌÓ„ÓÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚÌ˚ ҂ËÒÚ˚ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ
‡Á‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ̇ ‰‚ ͇Ú„ÓËË: ÏÛθÚËÔÎˈËÓ‚‡Ì-
Ì˚ (Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ Á‡ Ò˜ÂÚ ÏÌÓ„ÓÍ‡ÚÌÓ„Ó ÔÓ‚ÚÓÂ-
ÌËfl Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚ı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚) Ë Ò„ÏÂÌÚËÓ-
ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 53      ‹ 4      2007
605
‚‡ÌÌ˚ (Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚, ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ, ÔÛÚÂÏ Ò„ÏÂÌÚ‡ˆËË
(‰ÂÎÂÌËfl) ÔÂ‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓ Â‰ËÌÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ ̇ ÌÂ-
ÒÍÓθÍÓ ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ, ÌÂ‰ÍÓ Ëϲ˘Ëı ‡ÁÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ).
éÚ΢ËÚÂθÌÓÈ ˜ÂÚÓÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ˝ÚËÏË ‰‚ÛÏfl ͇Ú„Ó-
ËflÏË fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ò„ÏÂÌÚËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ҂ËÒÚ˚
ËÏÂ˛Ú ÔÓÚÓÚËÔ˚ Ò ˆÂθÌ˚Ï ÍÓÌÚÛÓÏ. ëÓÎӂˆ-
ÍË ·ÂÎÛıË ‚ êë ËÁ‰‡˛Ú 3 ÚËÔ‡ ÏÛθÚËÔÎˈËÓ‚‡Ì-
Ì˚ı Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ (ë2, ë3 Ë ë16), ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ëı ËÁ ÍÓÓÚ-
ÍËı, ÔÓ‚ÚÓfl˛˘ËıÒfl, ËÁÓÏÓÙÌ˚ı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚.
äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, ·ÂÎÛıË ËÏÂ˛Ú 2 ÔÓ‰ÚËÔ‡ Ò„ÏÂÌÚËÓ-
‚‡ÌÌ˚ı Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚: Û ÚËÔ‡ ë7 (‚ÓÒıÓ‰fl˘Â-ÔflÏÓÈ ÔÓ‰-
ÚËÔ) Ë Û ÚËÔ‡ ë8 (Ò„ÏÂÌÚËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ÔÓ‰ÚËÔ). ëÚÓ-
ËÚ ÓÚÏÂÚËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ËÌÚÂÔÂÚ‡ˆËfl ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚ Ò˄̇-
ÎÓ‚ ë8 fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ÂҸχ ÌÂÓ‰ÌÓÁ̇˜ÌÓÈ, Ú‡Í Í‡Í
ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ Ò„ÏÂÌÚ˚ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ ÌÂ‰ÍÓ ˜‡ÒÚ˘ÌÓ
̇Í·‰˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ‰Û„ ̇ ‰Û„‡.
ë˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ÒËÒÚÂχ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı fl‚ÎflÂÚ-
Òfl ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ „‡‰Û‡Î¸ÌÓÈ [15–18]. 燯 ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ÔÓ‰-
Ú‚Âʉ‡ÂÚ ˝ÚÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ. ëÂ‰Ë ÏÌÓ„ÓÓ·‡-
ÁËfl Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı, ÔÂʉ ‚Ò„Ó, ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÓÚ-
ÏÂÚËÚ¸ Ô·‚Ì˚È ÔÂÂıÓ‰ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ò‚ËÒÚ‡ÏË ë1, ë2 Ë
ë6. Ç ‡Ï͇ı ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÔÂÂıÓ‰‡ Ò˄̇Î˚ ë1 ÏÓ„ÛÚ
ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ Û‰ÎËÌflÚ¸Òfl Á‡ Ò˜ÂÚ ÔÓfl‚ÎÂÌËfl ÓÚÌÓ-
ÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓÈ ÔÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ ÚÂÏË̇θÌÓÈ
˜‡ÒÚË (“ı‚ÓÒÚ‡”). èÓ ÏÂ ۉÎËÌÂÌËfl ÚÂÏË̇θ-
ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Ë Â Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ‡ˆËË Ò˄̇Î˚ ËÁ ë1 ÏÓ„ÛÚ
Ú‡ÌÒÙÓÏËÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ë2. чΠ‚ ÂÁÛθڇÚÂ
ÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌËfl óå Ë ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌËfl ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÍÓ‚
ÏÂÊ‰Û ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ÏË, Ò˄̇Î˚ ë2 ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÔÂÓ·‡ÁÓ-
‚˚‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ Ò˄̇Î˚ ë6.
ëΉÛÂÚ ÓÚÏÂÚËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÁÎÛ˜‡-
ÎËÒ¸ ‚ Ô‡‡ÎÎÂθÌÓÈ ÍÓÏ·Ë̇ˆËË Ò Ò˄̇ÎÓÏ ËÏ-
ÔÛθÒÌÓÈ ÔËÓ‰˚ – Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚Ï ÚÓ-
ÌÓÏ Ò ÌËÁÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚.
éÅëìÜÑÖçàÖ
ëÛ·˙ÂÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÓÔÂ‡ÚÓÓ‚ Ë ‡Á΢Ëfl ‚ ÏÂ-
ÚÓ‰Ë͇ı Í·ÒÒËÙË͇ˆËË Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‰ÂÙË-
ˆËÚ Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ Ë ÂÔÂÁÂÌÚ‡ÚË‚-
Ì˚ı Á‡ÔËÒÂÈ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ‰Â·˛Ú Ò‡‚ÌÂÌË ÂÔÂÚÛ-
‡Ó‚ ·ÂÎÛı ÒÎÓÊÌÓÈ Á‡‰‡˜ÂÈ. íÂÏ Ì ÏÂÌÂÂ,
‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌË ҂ËÒÚÓ‚˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ÔÓ͇Á‡-
ÎÓ, ˜ÚÓ 6 ËÁ 7 ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ı ÍÓÌÚÛÌ˚ı ÚËÔÓ‚ (contour
types – CT), ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ı ‡Ì ‚ [15], Ë, ÒÛ‰fl ÔÓ ‚ÒÂ-
ÏÛ, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ı ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı ËÁÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËÈ
[16–18], ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ë Û ·ÂÎÓÏÓÒÍËı ·ÂÎÛı ‚
êë. éÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú, ÔÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, ÚÓθÍÓ Ò˄̇Î˚,
ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ëí7 – “ÚÂθ”. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ Ì ËÒ-
Íβ˜ÂÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ò˄̇Î˚, ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚Â Í‡Í ëí7, ‚ÒÂ
Ê ËÁÎÛ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ·ÂÎÛı‡ÏË ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl. í‡Í, ÓÔÂ-
‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ ÒıÓ‰ÒÚ‚Ó ÔÓÒÎÂÊË‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË Ë
Ò˄̇·ÏË ë2 ·ÂÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl. çÓ, Í ÒÓʇÎÂ-
Ì˲, ËÁ-Á‡ ̉ÓÒÚ‡ÚÍÓ‚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ëí7 ‚ [15]
ÔÓ͇ ˝ÚÓÚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚÍ˚Ú˚Ï.
ë˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ·ÂÎÛıË Á‡Î. ÅËÒÚÓθ Ë Ó. òÔˈ-
·Â„ÂÌ [17, 18] ËÏÂ˛Ú ÚËÔ˚ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÌÂ
‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl Û ·ÂÎÛı ä‡Ì‡‰ÒÍÓÈ ÄÍÚËÍË [15].
606 ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚, ÅÂθÍӂ˘
ë‡‚ÌÂÌË ҂ËÒÚÓ‚˚ı ÚËÔÓ‚ (S1, S2), ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ı
ÚÓθÍÓ ‰Îfl ·ÂÎÛı òÔˈ·Â„Â̇ [18], Ò Ì‡¯ËÏË
‰‡ÌÌ˚ÏË ÔÓ͇Á‡ÎÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÓÎӂˆÍË ·ÂÎÛıË, ÔÓ
‚ÒÂÈ ‚ˉËÏÓÒÚË, Ì ËÁÎÛ˜‡˛Ú Ú‡ÍËı Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚.
Ç ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ÚËÔÓ‚ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ (7, 9, 10, 13), ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ [17] Í‡Í ÛÌË͇θÌ˚ ‰Îfl ·ÂÎÛı
Á‡Î. ÅËÒÚÓθ, ÚÛ‰ÌÓ ˜ÚÓ-ÎË·Ó ÛÚ‚Âʉ‡Ú¸, Ú‡Í
Í‡Í ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ÚËÔÓ‚, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ̇
‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË Ë ÚÓÌÍËı ‰ÂÚ‡Îflı ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ [17], ‰Â-
·˛Ú Ò‡‚ÌÂÌË ‚ÂҸχ ÒÎÓÊÌ˚Ï. Ç Ò‚Ó˛ Ó˜Â-
‰¸, ÛÌË͇θÌ˚ÏË ‰Îfl ·ÂÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl fl‚Îfl-
˛ÚÒfl ÏÌÓ„ÓÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚÌ˚ ҂ËÒÚ˚ ë3, ë16, ‡ Ú‡Í-
Ê Ò˄̇Î˚ ë8 Ë Çóëí4, Çóëí10 [30]. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ,
Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡fl Í‡ÈÌ ‰ÍÛ˛ ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÏÓÒÚ¸ ˝ÚËı ÒË„-
̇ÎÓ‚, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, Û ·ÂÎÛı ‰Û„Ëı ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËÈ Ëı
ÔÓÒÚÓ Ì ۉ‡ÎÓÒ¸ ӷ̇ÛÊËÚ¸ ËÁ-Á‡ ÏÂ̸¯Â„Ó
Ó·˙Âχ Á‡ÔËÒÂÈ.
ëÓÎӂˆÍË ·ÂÎÛıË, Í‡Í Ë ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚Â Û Ó. òÔˈ-
·Â„ÂÌ [18] Ë ‚ Á‡Î. ÅËÒÚÓθ [17], ËÏÂ˛Ú „Ó‡Á‰Ó
ÏÂ̸¯Â (ÔÓ‰)ÚËÔÓ‚ ÏÌÓ„ÓÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚÌ˚ı Ò‚Ë-
ÒÚÓ‚, ˜ÂÏ ·ÂÎÛıË Á‡Î. ä‡ÌÌËÌıÂÏ [15] Ë ˝ÒÚÛ‡Ëfl
. ë‚. ㇂ÂÌÚËfl [16]. å˚ ӷ̇ÛÊËÎË Î˯¸
2 ÔÓ‰ÚËÔ‡ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ Ò„ÏÂÌÚËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚
(Û ÚËÔÓ‚ ë7 Ë ë8). íÂÏ Ì ÏÂÌÂÂ, ÏÌÓ„ÓÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ-
Ì˚ ҂ËÒÚ˚, ‡ ËÏÂÌÌÓ, ÏÛθÚËÔÎˈËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Â
Ò‚ËÒÚ˚, Ú.Â. Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÔÛÚÂÏ ÔÓ‚ÚÓÂÌËfl
Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ËÁÓÏÓÙÌ˚ı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚, ·˚ÎË ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜-
ÌÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ ‚ ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÔÓ‰Û͈ËË ÒÓ-
ÎӂˆÍËı ·ÂÎÛı. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ÔÓ‰‡‚Îfl˛˘Â ·Óθ¯ËÌ-
ÒÚ‚Ó ˝ÚËı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·˚ÎÓ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÓ ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó‰-
ÌËÏ ÚËÔÓÏ – ë2 (“˘Â·ÂÚ”).
ë˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ Ò„ÏÂÌÚ‡ˆËfl ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ Ò‚ËÒÚ‡
ÔÓ‚˚¯‡ÂÚ ‰ÂÚÂÍÚËÛÂÏÓÒÚ¸ Ò˄̇·. èÓ·„‡˛Ú,
Ò„ÏÂÌÚ‡ˆËfl ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ÏË ‰Îfl ÔÓ‚˚-
¯ÂÌËfl ̇‰ÂÊÌÓÒÚË ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËfl Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ÔË ‰‡Î¸-
ÌÂ-‰ËÒÚ‡ÌÚÌÓÈ ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËË, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÔË ‚˚ÒÓ-
ÍÓÏ ÛÓ‚Ì ÓÍÛʇ˛˘Â„Ó ¯Ûχ [15, 16, 20]. ÑÂÈ-
ÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ, Ï˚ ӷ̇ÛÊËÎË, ˜ÚÓ Ò„ÏÂÌÚ‡ˆËfl
ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ ‚ÂҸχ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ̇ ‰Îfl Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ‚Ó
‚ÂÏfl ‰‡Î¸ÌÂ-‰ËÒÚ‡ÌÚÌÓÈ ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËË ‚ ÓÚÍ˚-
ÚÓÏ ÏÓ [31]. äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, Ï˚ Ó·‡ÚËÎË ‚ÌËχ-
ÌË ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÔÓÒΉÌ ‚ÂÏfl (2004–2005 „„.)
Û‚Â΢ËÎÓÒ¸ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ò„ÏÂÌÚËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı Ò‚ËÒ-
ÚÓ‚ Ë ‚ êë ·ÂÎÛı Û Ï. ÅÂÎÛʸ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ,
Ó·ÛÒÎÓ‚ÎÂÌÓ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÂÏ ÛÓ‚Ìfl ÓÍÛʇ˛˘Â„Ó
¯Ûχ ËÁ-Á‡ ÛÒËÎÂÌËfl ÒÛ‰ÓıÓ‰ÒÚ‚‡.
ÑÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ Û ·ÂÎÛı ‚
‡ÁÌ˚ı ÚӘ͇ı ‡‡· ‚ÔÓÎÌ ÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚Ëχ [15–
18]. ë˄̇Î˚ Ò‰ÌÂÈ ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË (0.7–
1.2 Ò) fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ó·˚˜Ì˚ÏË, ‡ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌ˚ ҂ËÒÚ˚
(·ÓΠ1.5 Ò) ‚ÂÁ‰Â ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÍË. éÚ΢ËÂÏ
·ÂÎÓÏÓÒÍËı ·ÂÎÛı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ·ÓΠ‚˚ÒÓ͇fl, ˜ÂÏ ‚
‰Û„Ëı ÏÂÒÚ‡ı, ‰ÓÎfl ÍÓÓÚÍËı ÔËÒÍÓÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı
Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ (0.1–0.3 Ò). äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, ÔÓ ‚ÒÂÈ ‚ˉËÏÓ-
ÒÚË, ‡Á΢Ëfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ë ÏÂÊ‰Û ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚ÏË
ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚË͇ÏË Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚. í‡Í, ÌÂÒÏÓÚfl ̇ ÚÓ,
˜ÚÓ Ó·Ó·˘ÂÌÌ˚È ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚È ‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓÌ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ·Â-
ÎÛı ëÓÎӂˆÍÓ„Ó ÒÚ‡‰‡ ‚ ÔË̈ËÔ ÒıÓÊ Ò Ú‡ÍÓ‚˚-
ÏË Û ·ÂÎÛı ËÁ ‰Û„Ëı ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËÈ, Ӊ̇ÍÓ ËϲÚÒfl
Ë ÓÚ΢Ëfl. ÅÓθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ‚ ‰Û„Ëı
ÚӘ͇ı ‡‡· ËÏÂÂÚ ÒÂ‰Ì˛˛ óéí ‚ ‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓÌÂ
ÓÚ 3 ‰Ó 7 ÍɈ [15–18], ‡ Û ·ÂÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl ÓÚ 2
‰Ó 4 ÍɈ. èË ˝ÚÓÏ Û ÒÓÎӂˆÍËı ·ÂÎÛı Ô‡ÍÚ˘Â-
ÒÍË ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎË ÚÓ̇θÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ ÒÓ Ò‰ÌÂÈ
óéí ÓÍÓÎÓ 5 ÍɈ. ç‡ ˝ÚÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ Ï˚ ÔÓ‚ÂÎË
ÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÛ˛ „‡ÌËˆÛ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ Ò‚ËÒÚ‡ÏË
(óéí ‰Ó 5 ÍɈ) Ë Çó Ò‚ËÒÚ‡ÏË (óéí ‚˚¯Â 5 ÍɈ).
ï‡‡ÍÚÂÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ú‡Í Í‡Í Ï‡ÍÒËÏÛÏ ˝ÌÂ„ËË Û ·Óθ-
¯ËÌÒÚ‚‡ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ·˚Î ÒÏ¢ÂÌ Ò óéí ̇ Ó‰ÌÛ ËÁ ‚˚Ò-
¯Ëı „‡ÏÓÌËÍ, ÚÓ ÓÒÌӂ̇fl ˝ÌÂ„Ëfl Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÓ
ÔËıӉ˷Ҹ ̇ ÔÓÎÓÒÛ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ ÓÚ 4 ‰Ó 8 ÍɈ.
ÇÓÎÌÓÓ·‡Á̇fl ÙÓχ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÚÒfl Û
Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ËÁ ‚ÒÂı ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌÌ˚ı ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËÈ
[15–18]. Ç ÔËÓÌÂÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ [15] Ë ‚ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Û˛-
˘Ëı, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘Ëı ÚÓÚ Ê ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Í Í·ÒÒËÙË͇-
ˆËË Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ [16, 18], ‚˚‰ÂÎfl˛Ú ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚È ÍÓÌ-
ÚÛÌ˚È ÚËÔ – CT6, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÈ ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÚËÔÛ
˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓÈ ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËË óå. Ç ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËË ·ÂÎÛı
ÄÎflÒÍË [17], ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ÂÏ ÓË„Ë̇θÌÛ˛ ÒıÂÏÛ
͇Ú„ÓËÁ‡ˆËË Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚, Ú‡ÍÊ ·˚Î ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌ ÚËÔ
Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ (CT8), ‰Îfl ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‚ÓÎÌÓÓ·‡Á̇fl óå
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl „·‚Ì˚Ï ÚËÔÓÓ·‡ÁÛ˛˘ËÏ ÔËÁ̇ÍÓÏ.
äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, ·˚Î ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌ fl‰ Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌ˚ı
ÚËÔÓ‚, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‚ÓÎÌÓÓ·‡Á̇fl óå ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡ÂÚ ‚
ÓÎË Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ËÁ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚; ̇ÔË-
ÏÂ, ‚ÓÒıÓ‰fl˘ËÈ Ò‚ËÒÚ Ò ‚ÓÎÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌÓÈ óå
(CT3), Ò‚ËÒÚ ÒÓ Ò··ÓÈ ‚ÓÎÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌÓÈ óå (CT13).
ç‡¯Ë ‰‡ÌÌ˚ ‰‡˛Ú ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌË ÛÒÓÏÌËÚ¸Òfl ‚ ÚÓÏ,
‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ÎË ÒÓÎӂˆÍË ·ÂÎÛıË ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡-
˛Ú ÚÓ̇θÌ˚ÏË Ò˄̇·ÏË, ‰Îfl ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ̇˷Ó-
ΠÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÔËÁ̇ÍÓÏ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‚ÓÎÌÓÓ·-
‡Á̇fl óå. Ç Ò‡ÏÓÏ ‰ÂÎÂ, ÒÂ‰Ë ‰ÓÏËÌËÛ˛˘ÂÈ
͇Ú„ÓËË Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚, Ú.Â. ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ (ë)
Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó ÚËÔ‡ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ̇ÏË Ì ӷ̇ÛÊÂÌÓ. Ç ÚÓ
Ê ‚ÂÏfl, ‚ÓÎÌÓÓ·‡Á̇fl óå ÒÂ‰Ë ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ
Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ Ë ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚ı Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ [30] ‚ÒÚ˜‡-
ÂÚÒfl ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓ. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ Á‡˜‡ÒÚÛ˛ (ÍÓÏÂ
Çóëí2 [30]) ÂÂ, ‚ˉËÏÓ, ÒΉÛÂÚ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸
Í‡Í ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚È ÔËÁ̇Í, ÔÓfl‚Îfl˛˘ËÈÒfl Û
Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÚËÔÓ‚ ÔË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚Ë-
flı (̇ÔËÏÂ, ÔË ÒËθÌÓÏ ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌÓÏ ‚ÓÁ-
·ÛʉÂÌËË ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı). èÓfl‚ÎÂÌË ÔË ˝ÏÓˆËÓ-
̇θÌÓÏ ‚ÓÁ·ÛʉÂÌËË ‚ÓÎÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌÓÈ óå, ‚ÂÓ-
flÚÌÓ, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ó·˘ÂÈ ÚẨÂ̈ËÂÈ, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌÓÈ
‰Îfl Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ‚ˉӂ ÁÛ·‡Ú˚ı ÍËÚÓ‚ (ÒÏ.,
̇Ô., [3, 32]).
ì ·ÂÎÛı ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË [15–17, 20] Ë
òÔˈ·Â„Â̇ [18] Ò‡Ï˚ÏË ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË
Ò˄̇·ÏË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÎÓÒÍË ҂ËÒÚ˚. Ç ÓÚ΢ËÂ
ÓÚ ÌËı Û ·ÂÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl Ò‡Ï˚ÏË ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌ-
Ì˚ÏË Ò˄̇·ÏË ‚ êë fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÍÓÓÚÍË ҂ËÒÚ˚
ë1 – “ÔËÒÍ”, Ëϲ˘Ë ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ V-Ó·-
‡ÁÌÛ˛ ÙÓÏÛ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡. äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, Á̇˜ËÚÂθ-
̇fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÏÌÓ„ÓÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚÌ˚ı Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ë2 – “˘Â-
·ÂÚ” Ú‡ÍÊ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ V-Ó·‡ÁÌ˚ı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚.
í‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ, V-Ó·‡Á̇fl ÙÓχ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡ ̇Ë-
ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 53      ‹ 4      2007
 ëÇàëíõ ÅÖãìï
·ÓΠ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‚ÒÚ˜‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ Ò˄̇ÎËÁ‡ˆËË ·ÂÎÓÏÓ-
ÒÍËı ·ÂÎÛı ‚ êë.
ÑÛ„ËÏ ‚‡ÊÌ˚Ï ÓÚ΢ËÂÏ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Û
·ÂÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÔÎÓÒÍËÂ Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ÌÂ 5.
ÚÓθÍÓ Ì ‰ÓÏËÌËÛ˛Ú ‚ ‚Ó͇θÌÓÈ ÔÓ‰Û͈ËË,
ÌÓ Ë ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÍË (~2%). ëÍÓÂÂ,
ÏÓÊÌÓ „Ó‚ÓËÚ¸ ÌÂ Ó ÔÎÓÒÍËı, ‡ Ó· ÛÔÎÓ˘ÂÌÌ˚ı 6.
Ò‚ËÒÚ‡ı, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÏÌÓ-
„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ (7.5% ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı ÒË„-
̇ÎÓ‚). ã˛·ÓÔ˚ÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ú‡Í Í‡Í ÛÔÎÓ˘ÂÌÌ˚Â
Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ ̇ÏÌÓ„Ó ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚÂθÌÂÈ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ë1, 7.
ÚÓ ÔÓ Á‡Ú‡Ú‡Ï ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ë ÒËΠ̇ ËÁÎÛ˜ÂÌË ÓÌË
Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓ Ëı Ô‚ÓÒıÓ‰flÚ, ÒËθÌÓ Ó‰Ì‡ÍÓ ÛÒÚÛ-
Ô‡fl ÔÓ ˝ÚËÏ Ô‡‡ÏÂÚ‡Ï ‚ÒÂÈ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË V-Ó·-
‡ÁÌ˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ. 8.
ÉÓ‚Ófl Ó „ÂÓ„‡Ù˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ËÁÏÂ̘˂ÓÒÚË, ÌÂÓ·-
ıÓ‰ËÏÓ Û˜ËÚ˚‚‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ Ï‡ÚÂˇΠ‰Îfl ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ‡·Ó-
Ú˚ ·˚Î ÒÓ·‡Ì ËÒÍβ˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ‚ êë. Ç ‰Û„ÓÏ ÍÓÌ- 9.
ÚÂÍÒÚ Ò˄̇ÎËÁ‡ˆËfl ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÔËÌ-
ˆËÔˇθÌÓ ËÌÓÈ [19, 31]. íÂÏ Ì ÏÂÌÂÂ, Ï˚ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÏ,
˜ÚÓ ‚˚fl‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ ‡Á΢Ëfl ‚ÔÓÎÌ ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ Ó·Û-
ÒÎÓ‚ÎÂÌ˚ „ÂÓ„‡Ù˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ËÁÏÂ̘˂ÓÒÚ¸˛, Ú‡Í
Í‡Í Á‡ÔËÒË ·ÂÎÛı ‚ ‰Û„Ëı ÚӘ͇ı ‡‡· ·Óθ¯ÂÈ 10.
˜‡ÒÚ¸˛ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌ˚ ‚ ÒıÓ‰Ì˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëflı, Ú.Â. ‚
ÏÂÒÚ‡ı ÎÂÚÌÂÈ ÍÓ̈ÂÌÚ‡ˆËË ·ÂÎÛı [15–17, 20].
Ç Ó·˘ÂÏ, ÂÔÂÚÛ‡ ËÒÚËÌÌÓ ÚÓ̇θÌ˚ı Ò˄̇- 11.
ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÓÏÓÒÍËı ·ÂÎÛı ÒıÓÊ Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ÏË Â-
ÔÂÚÛ‡‡ÏË Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ËÁ ‰Û„Ëı ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËÈ
[15–18]. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ÚËÔ˚ (C3, ë8, ë16, 12.
Çóëí4, Çóëí10), ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÛÌË͇θ-
Ì˚ÏË. äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, ‚ ÓÚ΢ˠÓÚ ·ÂÎÛı ‰Û„Ëı ÔÓ-
ÔÛÎflˆËÈ, ÒÓÎӂˆÍË ·ÂÎÛıË ‚ êë ̇˷ÓΠ˜‡ÒÚÓ
ËÁÎÛ˜‡˛Ú Ò‚ËÒÚ˚ Ò V-Ó·‡ÁÌÓÈ ÙÓÏÓÈ ÍÓÌÚÛ‡
(ë1 Ë ë2). 13.
ÅãÄÉéÑÄêçéëíà
чÌÌÓ ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌË Ôӂ‰ÂÌÓ ÔË ÙË̇ÌÒÓ- 14.
‚ÓÈ ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍ åÂʉÛ̇Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÙÓ̉‡ Á‡˘ËÚ˚
ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı (International Fund for Animal Welfare).
å˚ „ÎÛ·ÓÍÓ ÔËÁ̇ÚÂθÌ˚ John Burt (Cornell Uni-
15.
versity, USA) Á‡ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌÛ˛ ËÏ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊ-
ÌÓÒÚ¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏÛ Syrinx 2.1.
ëèàëéä ãàíÖêÄíìêõ 16.
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ceans. New York: Plenum Press, 1979. P. 345–368.

Whistles of Beluga Whales in the Reproductive Gathering

off Solovetskii Island in the White Sea
R. A. Belikov and V. M. Bel’kovich
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovskii pr. 36, Moscow, 117997 Russia
e-mail: rbelikov@ocean.ru, romanbelik@rambler.ru

Abstract—Whistles recorded in a reproductive gathering of beluga whales near Solovetskii Island in the White
Sea are analyzed. On the basis of the absolute characteristics and shape of the frequency contour, whistles are
classed into 16 types. Whistles belong to a relatively low frequency band, contain many harmonics, and have
a simple shape of frequency contour. The average whistle duration varies from 0.1 to 1.7 s for different types,
the average value of the maximum fundamental frequency varies from 1.4 to 4.5 kHz, and the average number
of inflection points is from 0 to 9 per signal. In contrast to other populations, where flat whistles are the most
frequent vocalizations, beluga whales observed in the reproductive gathering of the White Sea most often pro-
duce short whistles with a V-shaped frequency contour.

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