Arch - Resource One

• w co o d) d) C d) d> d) d) X d) C/3 i 3 c o CO
ft u- c ,2 o *2 "<t 0) o •g o X 00 o x x S
| 3 00 3 O d)
3 CJ C3
CJ T3 X £ c^ 3 3
w «+-
O aj w
T3 CJ 2 s to CJ
2 *o O N •£ u c*
£ •= >
g .8
c/) C
-e
° 2
C t O
o £
o CD
o CM "3
g
S
> .
r ?
8. 8
£ x
x> o oi
cn
CJ
CJ — E. £
XX E
X GO
> d) o
3
u 'Sb PQ *
oo £ a
* " s
Q) O u d) d) u d>
U oo oo
o O CAl p o
r-< 25 E fc 3 u. "C ^ 5
00 •i x £ 3 £ E d) QJ ? d)
Ui t/j
a3
E -o * a
c
.t: >
o
oo ou = t -o c
d)
D-
_ C ^
X
w w
CO 3
.£ o
•W
§
JZ
.2
C < CO
2 2
3 CJ ^ &o S
3 00 c D
3 cq CJ
^ a, 3
3
d> E
£
Z
>
CO
O
3 u 3
„ d> o CO E c3 00 c S -5 ^ • 00 e S 3 X S x p E CJ O O
O r. ^ OH
60 •§ &• 3 o> - C9 O s ^ c « O. , r oo o « O S ^ d) >5 >» 2 «» o O d) C ^ E "5 -c CJ 00 qj " c u. D CO 3 3 3
cj d> £ a>
u •B ^ (U CO u
O S
O
c
o
2 u Jj £
u ft -c °- X S- _
X X YJ - >- > o OJ 00 ~
E C/3 O
CJ
en 3
CJ
. 3
O w O
<D X CA >> c s *> u 2 03 w 03 d>
o t. w
Z QJ 3 E 3 '55 co -I
X 3 o. 0) 00 u t X B 2 S *-• d> '»
s ^
u
CJ O d) c
£ c« ^ 3 X ^ '2 2 00 C/3 00
u
d> 0> _o
2ft 3 8
3 2 C
° o>
y) 3 <*- •— c o
d) d> 03
22 f <N c 2
«
D-
<= 3
c/5 3 cr -5
3 : Is
V < l
il H X
X
CO
O
O
s X ^ E 3 >% o £ X O E
CJ
-5
c
CJ O X C d>
>, o u.
_
T3
2
d>
o > .ft
X W .B X •S 3 u.
8 Z X £ '£
X
k-l 5 "EL CO
x <*-< S
Uh
CJ d)
C
£
® 8
s? 5
— 2 * £ u «
o ° _ 3
1 - 2 D « E UH
CJ
CJ n~H
O - d)
o
CO 2 "3 2 o T3 c^ 1 = I Q b0 X S. 6.
3 CO 3 X O 00 E CJ
03 "X C/3 .E ex. 3 3 W X 3 O d>
s ^ c 5 O 3 r= E to O 5/3 2 -o 5/3 U X 0 J*
o <j x c O .s 3 X co 3 « <2 a, S> 5
Q, 03 |S ft
d) ^
u E
X
•aW C/3 C/3 B Cu 3- UJ H <L) OH B ^ O s *3 !> 00 d>
X c •- 00 22 2 0> g E o B" ^ E o CJ d> u op o E 5/3 O
ft ^ > 3
d> O 03 a> •— d) 3 to 13 c/3 "o ^ X O d/ u. c0 ^ t: x I § s < ^ ¥ 2 UH x / •s d)
co
O H> Q .5
Z"§
E 3 *5 .5 .2
03
«3 e
d>
D.
—
3
a.
-*-> CO
oo £
C/D
3
U. o D-
d) d» 3 2 o ^ E « O J= •o Si >
a. ^
3
UH CJ £ X 0
aj ft X
to
E
>%
0 w d> o 3 — a . g QJ
8. c 00 w QJ 3 <+- c- 3 d>
>H
2 at
d> C x Q. 2 X E
u 1/3
5 « ^ 3 o .S o £ £ - "2 oo
d) u 1/5 a;
3 ^ aj QJ
3
O- C/3 CO 0
3 £ CJ E. C £
CO
2
°
^ 8
u £ go
GO
X o 3 C
o u
X 5/3
d) T3 i—> O
03
CO 2
c
fc c
*-
c/)
'o
3
2 D
3C o.
_ c
d>
0 I
*— QJ w o
C4-
d) •a •- o X
S 2 H ^
| E
3 X
o -§
3
00 E
3
QJ 3
p-
X X o
03 ^ -a =3 O oo g « a qc H ^ o 0 X
« 2
3 <D
O r
c <W
E X
co C
00 03
o
•*" ^
X C CL
o
o co •= .X
C
O
3
3
00 ^
.£ 8
a> O
to CO
x c o x J2 o
5jQ ^ C/3 Ok _ <-• « CC ttC 5 & . QJ UH CJ ^ QJ
CO 3 E ft £
X
u.
d)
X
d)
to S _* 2 c - 2 c > d X _ 03 "O a w ^ LL W CJ 3 E 3 U w to
o 3 -a X ° O >. s •ro c/3
d) G .5 « S P ' C = E ^
cr
3
- 3 £3 5 rt\ • r-
X c £ to J, to W O ^ u • d . s § 1 - X .3 .C CO co X ^
p.. H
Q, X «> w c
a. <d 2 •r r - o ft >>3 I f ? I—" UH UH 00 O X x 2 u 3
3 03 CO o a 00
= ?..
5£ X X CJ C/3 x x CJ 3 -3 CJ 3 P
— <1>
o -£
k_ CO CJ <D C3 03 Q O X «> 2, c~ g o § 3 X 2 s r z 2 OH X 3
ft X CJ 3 CJ CO
00 ^ C/3 3 3 CJ 0 s § 3 X
u 0 CO "" •§ -» x £ to u- 00
§ s - u
U -g > u PJ E 3 E 3 O X o o 3 0
co • —
P rl CO d) 3 C/3 § E d) 03 ^ t o - 3 O OH
d> — d> g -5 o g CJ 3 X ° E Uh CJ i 8* a
CO (J CO — X <D -o X d» X X 05 /V X E rv 3 o E 3 aj to
u. 3 c/3 E « u
a> Q. o d> 03 > 03 3 X x ^ PC CJ X 0 U <4_ r* X O .ft > s c 2
u u" u
<*-* UH
W
*P
D V-
X U,
U jt; , O - ^ g. •-
^
3
X 3 > 2 1 3 o
H
u, *0
Q-
CJ < CO
CJ
CJ H X
CO X o 3
X « O
3 0
03 r- ^- £ « .2 2 < ^ a. E1 tg
3 H S - g 3 X 00 3 t- cj ft
3 O co os 5 <a ^ "O J2 ~ — .5 X CO •— 3 ~a CJ
3 3
O § C ft C
cr c 3
O X o u.
0
oo •§ C 3
o
C GO cj c u-
^
X
,0 3 o
•-
cr
cj & £ ft x
£ to
a. x t/3 H c+—i TD a (S a.
^ E
QJ
X CJ
3
3
CJ
3
x
C/3
a^
C/3
C/3 d) o x 03 V3 &C X 5/5 "X
M.J, i " ' on CO 1
0) Q .2 > — d> E c c (J o o 
.5 o oo G> X ft -* 3 o
a: o ^ c^ 2 UJ .£ -o o d) 3 E- u. .3 W) CO CJ • — O 3
C -3 CO E X E — •> o 3 if D.
« £ C 3
3 *750
CO • = 0 E X C
35 "X E 0 C £ 2 £ CO "w
0 UH •H-
c
00 O - O
03 w d) 03 2 2 •« 3 S ^^ to OH 2 3 X
X 3
o
— 2 5/5
>% X E E "8 > X ^ 3 s 2 E
u E c »- s — • 1E 00 to o QJ 3 c u. w O o
o 81E d) S2 o 0c 3 d) CJ 3 ° opx . - C d> 0 £
LU
« — 8 •- d> c d > • • • ft V- O 00 0 E O 3 <4- 0
E <+- S 3 3
a> a & 2 2 a. •S -S
c
UJ x 2 - - o O. ^ w
q < 2 X CO <4-. O u « O c 3
d> d) U- E o X E o X " !r x CO C CJ 00
O X
X
E X
3 o .£ £ *> CO O 00 aj
° X x c o a CO c d) ft 3 cj E
0
c^ . w E E o .> S d>
00
3 • R? 3 — CO 3 CJ ZS »- co
X
x a. <L> 12 -2 x "2 lc o- O 3 CJ >
CC
d> 2 d> QJE _ _0
d) o X) cj 3 CJ
0
u
t)
S
Q « § ~ X TZ X
03
d>
E
 *
CO
d> r
CO <4_ 1J= "
3 C E c/3
3
CJ 3 co *T3
g> O.
3 o 2
rr1
E- x 3 13
CJ X 3
5/3
' 0 3 ^
8
E
0
CO
d>
2ft
§I
3
3
d> X
£ 3
CJ
X
X
u-
3
3
X
O <4-H
O
UH
CJ
*
2 o
8 =
*
3
"ft © O QJ X 00 Co CO
g
§- u-
« (U d» 00 — P CJ •S 3
3 ^ ^ X x 3 CJ X 3 E d)
O
X
Q£ £ - s p s ° co X c O 3
3 2 O 00 x £ C — .. o o cj "> « CO QJ P- 3 E C* co Q)
CO CO <*- U CJ 0
cC
d) CO 3 QJ 1" dJ o 3 15 cj
X CO 3 d> fc 3 g
—
x <+« a -o 00 CJ QJ '£ 0 ' 00 X a_ 3 > X O
3
d) CO - i| d) 12 X E 3 X X
D
ZJ
3
C
O
£
d) -—
t
3 .£i
d) o
N £ 5 2 •—
E i_
O
E
CO
co E
3 *- co C
C/3 G
lp
EX
d)
QJ QJ O
3
UH to 5/3 X QJ X
X 00
U O
CO CO
O
I ! CJ ^ «u°, X X
m - U * .2 o
j_ 4--
QJ CJ X 1 § QJ C5 3 CO
0
—. —- o
£ E U—i 3 T3' s1 1 X 3 U— 3 .2 E <0 3 4- ?
M O O g- «
X C/3 g JC
a ^ 00
w- E Q
^ w
ft
^ OO -3 to to >
O E
«> ,2 > 3 a O E
el
8 d) W) o c •£ ^ P 8 S i S
CJ 2 2 O O o d> -E
 p •
— 00 C
Ok • S£ n «
.2 3
8 M ® c
0 ^ 3 " S "f 0 £ S
3
2
3 CJ 3
X 0
.*2 u
UH UH
CJ X .ft <W 3 S o
c c
Q. y
0J X
x •-
3 .3
00 = QJ R-*
co .^
d> QJ
O 3
QJ d)
•o
3
o ?
—
"o CO 0 u u
COX x d) C/3 00 £ > 3 a ^ 3 tocO
o 3 O X CJ E
^ E 3 O 3 ^ 3 -X E QJ
a: - E > H u 2 c X .2 "£
GO d> oj •- - o w QJ O W.
3 UH
00 O X >
E O u
CO
^
V-I G>
d> C X o
(J
u- *> 2
C/3
3 co
Em > 3
'ft 3
O ^ 3
"ft O r;
r-
d>
00
co o
£ 3 ^ w
d) CJ O d> «4- X <2 S X X X > QJ 3
.2" — u X o •: * CO >T* 3 O to „ 3
2 '? E d) T3 X u- X
X X 00 03 & 3 > CJ CJ
E * ^ X X X >-» - o ^ 1/3 3 " E- g
H 3 co C/3 3 c^ S .E 3
0 CO ° « x H 3 5 £ s s a a o 00 O «
> = ^ •—» 3 O 2 E _
3 X CJ X d) O CO .ft > 2 S 8 5 c 00 o 3 ® 3
^ pr' Q E.. «
QJ d) Q.
CO 3 0 c c u CO ,
c o ,S£ > » Q j C J3 - s - i dd>)
3 u i- 3
3 o *2. § o •2 T? t>
8 .23 2 3 co _c
3 ^ 2 o o X C/3 C E U X ^ £ "5
GO *-» 3 »_ w CJ f e b E a o Z a c a CJ S 2 < 2 2 2 2 H j=
0> >> d)
C/3
t- "TT « « 5 J C/3 «* d) *-
D)
o d) X X"
.2 H i- d)
C3 ^5 o s -5 o d> X -O CO 3 X 3 > UFT AJ
o ^ C/3 C3 D- 3 ^ 3 73 X CO
3 c« E 3 "X
*- C/3 C/3 X
8 cr 2 'a. c E 3 ft CJ 3
E 3 d)
5 c d) CO n '« C c 3 3 >*> ^ S CJ Uh 3 0 3
> X X 3
UH CO
00 2 O 3 8 « d> CJ
co .2 3 O 13 O d) x
2 w d)
£ .2
>>
d)
3 > 2 CO
X
CO
3
d)
o E *r
E .2 •§
CO
E
O
so a -
C w
^
wa
3
2 c IX
O
X
S E oo
E
O
<2
<4- x X d>
Oh
E
d)
O *00
to
3
>
s § - § O X ,x 3 O X
E x
d) to ° " '5 ^ C _ 3 S 3 2 ° a -
3 3 E
-2 -2 3 3
00 h "o3 E
X E
^ o *
3
O
—
x x °1 a.
X
o
o
d>
-a x
.ft
.2 co
3 3
d) 3
X
CJ 3
"A> A.
d> co X ^ X d> u-
a = x .2? o O 2 CO
3 3 3
> C/5 a cP C -2 x!
CO 3 
O C 3 o oo
CO c
E X
d) >-> QJ CJ x X £ D> 0.
u. CJ
X d) C/3
u en u e?
.2 ^ x CJ 3 2
X X 00 X JZ U-
o o . co 4- E .2 £ d)
E 0 J>* H CJ
3 3 '£
3 J= > tj .- d) » » 3 CO
d) O
X 3 . ^ .5 E
ift S 2 E N O- X 3 13 X UH
O n. —
w. >» E •^
5 ^
o £ V o X x g> 8 O 'ft W
X
E
0
E X
UH 0 CJ
1'i X
O E 3
3
—
W
x
o O
w
N
^ B 5. .2 « £ 2 2 2 Oh
00 CO CJ X
CJ
£ "
X
X 3
2 > —
c
o .5
o ^ E ^
O >2 £ "fi £
o
X 3 X ft
• XI
X o .E 2 Co
'CJ CJ CJ CJ ? „ CJ 3
3
II
d) • 3 V
J— 3 C CJ O 3 3 3 X
X
C/3 rtl 3 - E
§ i 3 2 3 E cx X E ~ _ o co
3 X * 3 3 E 3 3 U £ d> E CO
o 2 d) x <4. 3 .2
00 d) C/3 O. o "" s
«
«
3
3
0 ftS
co
X
CJ
Tj
x c o 00 3 E
E 3
3 w d) o 3 X — E 3 X £
d) S "X , E c TO d)
X U- *™* i d> 2 3 O o X X •O u
h O o CJ 2 ^
d) E .E £ o c
x •§ .. E CJ E o 'ft 00 3 = ?
d) 2 •£
> 2 E 00 ^ x o QJ 4-* CO 3 3 X
3 •£ 2 § x •" E CJ "S CJ -
r? O
00
3 ,0,
C
o
E
c
n O 03 o ja
d) 2 cj E a
^ 3
CJ
ft O X
c 00 E "g x 1) JZ s <»
X co
CJ
X x
CJ
00 ^
= ^ js a o •ft c
5 ?
« s
E E o 55 QJ E
3 co cu ft:
3
3
J ^
X X C^- * c: 3 3
X
3
X *5 2 c X £ x *—' fli cj ft CO «4-k _ CJ > ? a
O. X o E u x x -2 d) 3
H
G ^
c w CJ- o^ d)
>%
H CJ 5/5 3 5 /
3 3
(U 3
g 8 o J- QJ 8 0 ^
3 O
f— 3 >. d)
•2 3 - ^ 2 £ C2 2 ° - d> QJ £ 00
d) c^ r- en CJ Co —
E so „ '5 s d) 3 £ x U =5I< CO < 00 ^ 3
3 g <£ -g d»- O. £ .£ OJ C s « co E w
d) 3 o
2 c 3 C x "J <h/ f > '
£ •§ e S E O 3 2 d) o 3 d)
3
a. 2 x a. o cr Io - 2 d>
CO co > X E > E H-H 00 U— CO
43 Gfi >*
3 a> <y c X <L> C C X 43
o Q. •- o C CL X 43 .J U T3
-a £
CO —
CL O
c X > r5 "° J j T 03 3 8 § 3-
JZ CO L O
<D "S « a. I a : 03 r-
"1 * 03 x k-
u O a *-» o3 03
"
o
k- >> CL GO C Vs- r-
u. < E > 03
a. E E L4 k«
C c X CO C " 03 X la T? C CL
D. C 43
B I o o O tJ u- C O 2 o O M y S> •* CO ^
3 La o i c SA O «
3
"co 03 JOo u GO O x 03 03 .W O 03 iS cy <3
— " c E 0 . . S « .S cy £5 3 CO
X) P
k* X
3
C G> £ 4> ? % C U
C
3
£ 43 3 -P . O "O J ts 06
e • C S 2 03 b --3 - e* 2
c Q.
CL £ M to
D. cr 43 E o GO z £ CL ?3 o
3
O E 43 U W I S s I = a o i 2
u X <u
R- GO
43 GO ; a •§ 0^ 03 .o « i s " L
co
<—
L C 3 •- .E E o ,o E o 43 X c 2 « CL 3
» E o g C
L- c ^ c 8.t c 43 o X x O 43
co "
DO E tt a y ® ^ -3 §• 2 «
O x o O *- O U a. § o o k^ k» X 43 u, cd C o g | s ® ^ g ® g E 8
3 I * .2 c 3 X £^ X 'S .2 C3 03 3 58 </} ^ L« 0/ ___
X
t: O CO a. O '? g 12 o °® £ o H
co O E
i-s ^Y £ fo £ § £> t ,C5 CO 3 co 3
<— O
.. £ CL o «—
CL CO © 3 3 4> E o ZJ •<—' 43 u f " OJ JJ CO 3 X § I £ * Z '* U W •£
43 E X
•° 15 0 tr ^ o ^ 2 CC 43 a. H g 0 £ C T3 3 3 S 03 03 03 3 X
> O © ~ C 03 GO ^ > "H.
n > > o 2 § "0
2
CO
CO
43 43
LU *S £ a> — u 3 c
5/3 0) "••2 5 kj 3 u • -2 .2, >*» 03 S £ 3 ' o £ X X o 3 X n x C g to
C
IF) <D X 0
c ^ -o x — O
03 GO ^ - >>
C/3 3 *—
E c « 2 Q, 4J
O
It-* -•§ « 03 2 - S > » - C E S0C E E w 5/3 a
CO U. *-*
c X 4> a> C C X o o >, .S
U
5 B «a ^ j s t . . C co P
4> <D w O• X x c 2 >. 3 X c d 5 0 O 3 3 « 03
LU £
(U
X O co o
-a CL E 2 |'§• » a e 4> 3
!s
3 o .2
!S
>> >> 0 IJ .i ^
k-
CO o o c op § CG *3 E W O E
43 c
c o
> GO
c o <2 c E E O 3 — J* 'o 8 2 o " c = g E >> °^ • —) E E ^ 43 >>
a t s S a
co c <*-* O x
^ £ S £ - E C to
O £ jy 3 CO X 03 O 2 >» .5 g X
03 >> u
68 c c
3* 43 C 0 43 S3 C o •= -S 2 o 43 La
03
O w c C 3 k Q, Li H 03 ® M X 03 a «j E c
OD
c Q. >* L CO 2 ^
"O o 03 C ^5G <G> — SJJ 1 s I •c _2 J= o "Oa CL X C 03 - X 3 c l- ^ X > X 41 ¥ o © .2
G C 03 "g S v O <D 3 V? /3 X E CO
— g _, 43 • W 5 L. 03 • ^3 r> 03 ^
a« E U O y' 06 •
c 8 *• U ®
8.0 a. 3 X C -3
o 5 ° N
•3 U X o *03 ^
c E 43 73 C £ 3 O rv 43 43 3
> O JJ3 c X c 13 - O 3 ** B E i : ^ ch
C 3 E 0) ~ 0) G> x £0 03 0 O CL g as a .s - £O fU.l ° » |
GO C 3 o
5/3
O 1 .1 .E t- .E 43 .2 O o ^ *-•
3 x 4} *3
X CO E GO M E CL — ^ c >> E a o « 03 3
O •-
O
< »-
2 O CJ •s a X
*3
X
3 GO 3 GO O o 2
E U X C
01 —> > » - •2 « C
3 > 43
L
O X
>
X ^ y ck
O a 1 «
o ^
>1
T3
3 ©
Ua
73
CO 1 l a^s
3 .5
E
rU
u.
-§1 §
a . «
s
» ^
* a > §• ^ ° 2.
# # «
L 3
t/> 5 00 « g 8 Z* co ^ 43 S ie £ 1# « ec
LU
c .2 03
u o © 43 c u -
.5 &
§ •§» CO Q 3
a. SO Xo ® GO
§ !
co X
® ¥ tS v a
G .t 3 G O-
a «j .=5 d 01
#g
'L
X
q: >- o
ro
£ •O X G) x £3 .i c/3 L
Q- C i! z 3 <
o 4J C 3 u c > X 3
CO W 0) ^ "i
0 0 3 •2 P ° < cr •—• 3. CD <
£ c S © GO — cr ID
<D T3
O -RR>
O ^ C3 C s ^ 3 _43 CL °
C- (U 0 ui O < O
C T3
Er- u. ..
D E X z •S CD LL 3 Z 3
LU
o
03 1>
C. <D <-
X <D E £ 2 5 C/3 0 CO ID 3 Z 3 <D X X O
"O c3 g 3
s 1 43
UJ cr x 3 3 X
J I 0 £ X "E CD
Y. Z 3
o .5 > S g U3 •+ 7
C —• Q_ 1—
CO •-
C I
O «
u-
<s > £ « L 43 03 ° I
CL O X 3
•
X 3 »—1 <
Q. 03 CO «
0 c
»— Z> 3 3 3 Z
CO GO - 43 D \
CO
1) u. . X .3 C b c y5 3 •— O <D X 3 3 — < 3
3 O w •- (U . op £ X > 1 3 1 o
> CD >- —• 3 OR OR — O 3 Z e
o a: . <D
<L> w 43 O - C
43
5 £ \
•—« CD J- X • 3 3 *—«
*5 *° to "O Cd x CO O Z V
LU X
0)
XCJ -a _c
<D 4> (J X
> 3
O
§ ;s t*— ^ 43 E a> o
CO
u- *-
>• ™
H"
U
LI_
CD
Z
< K—T 3
OR
3 < X >*
3
<
Q. u-.
o
x
•*—' ^
—I __
3 4> 03 x ° 43 CG 43 03
43 ^
S O c z CL 3 V < 3 s
c GO 2 Q. a) n b cl E '— 4
3 • X 3 < 3 Z
o c U — E g i
D c
3 0 43 0
1 I CL 03 E CO I o
a:
CL CD Z <3 z 3 3 3 3 3
cS
OC/5 w
w
Q. £ X
C
X o
. a. * L CO 0 uT R
~ M
3Z Z
(D ' <C
J- 3
CO CJ
3
X
3
> O
3
X
3
<
Z
<
2
> 03 C 03 o © O 03 co Z fc
O 03
w ° c <2 C 2 <3>
QC Z 1 3 •— X 3 Z < 3 3 3 3 c
o 5 'i E
e5 ° c
43 00 CD •—1 CL CL > Z z < O X < 3 . 4—T a>
E ^3 CA E .E -a CL > O < CL ID > 4 z J 3 3 AS
0) (U w P fc c E
C 43
E
k—
CL .—I - cr >- O3 3 ID <D X • IV 3 3
> u 3 (U 2 g 43 '
o CO J— F—
E 2 3 E
> 1
0 •+ Z3 OR 3 3 3X Z •—.
*c > P ^ ^

 •£— 3 ^ o O E UJ CL Z X 3 < 3 111»—' 3 Z X X u
_ X £ 5 - 2 60 C o • 1 UJ 3 X R- 3 33 < O <c V 3 •
o ^ O V3 W ro CL z Jj
2 « c w 3 X X JZ w '35 u 2 C .2
2 LL CL 3 3 3 CD 3 3 3 3X
J£ o. o »—1 ID UL X 3< ID 3 Xz X 3 3
o a> X 3 C 3
e r g-x J{ 3 Z
O u.
H3
O
0) CO O 3 c X 3 03
> X _J CL UJ ID 33 < X X3 3 3 X 33
O « 9- X X o u. X CL c/3 3 CS C/3 O < CL V U <D X t- Z 3 3 3 3 *—1 3 XX
U UJ CL 3 T—1 3 33 3 <3
3 CO x 33 1 Z ZZ CO O <» O X3 I
• <3Z ~ Z X 3 1—1 < O 3 3 33 41
LL 3 ID ID »—1 z ID • •» X X • 3 3 UJ S
• ax — 3Z < 3 ZX *1
L 43 3 3 O> O
*->
3
c O C c 3
C h c
— '
E a x X 0 X c E 3 o 4/ 43 43 .0
3 O = k- t-
«u CO —1 Y- CL — O CD 3— 3 W < •• Z3 >-
X X
CO
x £ X
E x X -u 0 o 23 3 s o -S h 3 CQ
0 o x 2 , • o •V > X < 3< 3 _J 3^ 3 « 3 Z <O
T3 C T3 C/5 vl E 43 co > •- 4/ X 2 O •
—
C ^
E 3 S y 2 a- * JJ —' CD CJ X J- ID X CO X < 3 X
43 CO
— 2
"> I CL o> •— 43 0) La C/3 *— CO
k- o •— X x £
E • GO c ^ 1 E a
g "2 « X c
.E CO CO X CO =3
60 > 07 >> « * Z O X 3 33 •• >- < • 3— X 3Z <
k— 0 M 3 -o U J8
W 5 o > 43 43 £ x < Z O 3 <D Z 3 Z Z3 • < X 3<
43 c CL 43 CO CO
y~v
C3 ^ 4J O X
1I s
B C •R'
•E x o E -o c C CO o G) CO
O > X 2 43 L-
k- >% M
x 3 _J M(5 UJ ID 3 3 < >—1 • X 3O < 3X
o o ^ C> s
*
CO
4> £ ° ^ u X > = C G z >O 3 3 •
CO CO X
X CL E 3
c/3 R E 2 OC u1
C CO •—
CO Z X3 X 3 3 X 3 3
4J • —JJ o
X 4> 1 E 4/ 3
E GO k* f CL >, •= « a JZ CO E CL o CO y u CO
3 3
CO
E 73 CR z UJ X —• Q Z X • •—1 3 3 3 3 OR v
I CD
43 k-« C
c *43
C 43 L
k— Z G -2 2 03
.. CO CO X
X
§ f GO X X 3 3 « UI z> r— 0 z O< > •• Z O •3 3 3
HJ 0 O
3 4> — 2 "6 O E CL 2 k- k* c 3 tr
00 .E U- 'ZZ X 3 CO CO 2 c X
'E w 3 O w C
4) 3 S E
o CD >- —c <D X OR LU X — 3 X3 Z 3 3 OR I
u GO W O. LLi X
03 O >% 3 o '5 CL CO 43
GO CO 3 4343 5 o .J . 2 3
s •§ 4J CO _i t- < ••
a <3 c 43 £ c^ « -s E . CO u* t O r 1=- .2 GO u CO
u. CL
GO x G>
x £ X 3
03 X
CL o 3 00 * >,
3 ID 3 3 U 3 OR < »—« 3 33
a.
u
CL 0 CL k. o >. £ Q. 3 O
O C U 'C
Z O
a. E UJ < »- UJ 3 CL 3 3 »—1 —' Z to 3 X z 3 S
0) 5 s U CJ 43 c U_ GO O x -c u CL 43 c
CL ^ '> « -E c 2 z «—4 < Ul z u < > 33 3 z 3 < X rv.
CJ s, o 0) 5 GO 3 3
CO 2 t2 "O L x' k. CO
r-. •-• X »—1 U UJ z
4/ o UJ z CO z
v L c RV <3
CO X CO c CO o o CO <
43
43
o. o X 3 3 3 \ I
£ OR
c _N 0 k-
2 .2 x 4> ••
•£ GO CL
'43 43
C GO C 5 88 s a CL w O CO E ^
X
b ^ CL k- t> 43 3 E C X • x W .J* X I TH Z X < • •• 3 •—1 3 X3 X X3 X 3 vO V
43 43 C X GO <+-
c/3 w Jor 3 3 X 4> ' 5 X 4/ 43 cc x 4/ O , w
X o E ^ u cr> < >- H- X 33 1— < —3 3 •• O «— rH
43 C X X CL 68 I i 0) X
3 CO 3
X
43 0 X w C x O X 43 CO 43
k-
CO <d b •• BO
s CG GO
i 5 C O
_ 0)
_ 43 E
L E
>> ~ D GO CL X
^ o ^
co O CL 43 3 1 H- <D CO C 3 < 3 X OR3 O 3X Z 3 3 <C \
•Si CO cr CVJ o: <R »—« a
C c/5 X x
73 O X 0 CO 3 •— CL 3 3
0) E X
c X S 2£ c
CO CO 3 3 OR 33 3 O3
•E E 43 CL
O <J C QJ <2 w E X43 c
CO GO c <n _l CO <D IW a co CD <n ' ••
^ w X C/) C 43 o X > CL X CD X X X
CO :3
c O C .06 -8 a 2 o 43 0 W 3
8 o 3 x O 3 Z X
£u CO X c
43
8 » = 06
2 E
T3
c
4) c u. (D (O t— COX CO® z 3 3 3X 3 3 3<
L s & § O __
X 43 3
C 0 £ L- CO y S M
43
CO co > 3 X CC CD
s
k— ? •- QJ
*43
o I § 2 X CO 32 D CO 3 < CL (D UJ " III
»> c CL
2 •22 2 3
•° 0 X 3 "o E .2 Q 43 CO CO x 2
CO *5 3 x 2 *
2 X CO
c X 43 0 Q '2 k- •X
— >> £ M
CJ
< a
33
to z
% 3 3 33
a
c 3 3
a. 06 CO
~ as k— 3 X i_ o CL UJ 3 X 0z 3 33 3 3 UJ
CL c L S -o X O 3
>% •2 u 2 > 43
O
•~"
E Z s -a 0) CL c
0
C cT X
,
£
CL o 43
X k* L- 0
a 43 0 E *C
GO 2 k.
o ^
_) •• cr X CL 3 <n X 3— 1 Z 4 4 3 »- iS*
<4>
X X
0 43 0 8.." 5 u GO43 =" Z 2 IS CO -2 k.
43 £
43
GO 3 J S o —< UJ UJ •—« CD 3 > > z (D 1—I > X X 3 3 X • • »—« <
L* L X O
4J D > >> X X
CO
§. k- x •• z a •• Z X 3 LJ >— X 3 33 Z V 3 CD •<
•C
— X
.r 0 43 U- —« ° X CD CO 3
43 a.5
S f X
0
X
1
o ^ o^ -2
x £ LZ "E • CO (D 3•— 3 CL 3 — X3
^ CL O C CO CL F -c S2 Z X »—< 3
S u od 43 a < c "E c 43 k— CO 'a. ^ *-
CO O 33 CL
o X X
X 43 X H ^ CO *3 H CO > V3 O O •— c CO = 2 u C/J X > (J 3 3 3 33 z CD Z 3 3 •• J < 3 Z X X)
<o o> 2 o
C/5
3 w X
k— « g 3 w
to•
 2 > CO 43
X
X .2 •"S c2
u. ^ -5 O _l UL X u —3Z O 33 ID O <D •—« X 3 •• < 3 3 3X
OS CO
0 c
CO
c g
o E oS
O CL 'S 0 X
CO .= c 4/ 43
k-
GO C0 .E 2 k-
43
"co
CO » ZR E
Z GO
v- X X LJ cr UJ z > ID ID 3 CL 3 3 X CD <z 3 33 3 3 X <
LU c J "E o «
CO X C
1 E O o .c :o a 3 »—*
X
2 A II •— — CO _I UJ CL X 3 3 3< <3 3< 3 3X Z , 3 X 3 CO
Q UJ 0 3 X 3 (D 3 3 3 3 < 3 3 <
< J— < CO 3 3 X 3 
£> c 2 x w ft G a .s r— 4> 54
r- «1 00 E
1 « -C c o
C ~ ^ 4. "
X3 £
rj 4. î x o
« = U r= •*- u o V
•- " x £ t;
U - 05 u 2 53 £ ^ 2 - 2 ;o ^
w >< O •- "•§ t = a Q. != § ^ -5: •-
,y 3 S- " 2
a a a * «
o oo i». a- u
Efa - O « £
.2 •- «
M u -H £ -c • •o a £ $> «> •Sf c 3
uj g ^.a* y o ° X eg
O « O - u
« SP' •s a 2 >>
J" ud "5 C « C X X- > ~ < •sj a i X}
4> 3 <x •- > c 2 oo « P rs
7 c P t: ^ cu •S .5 £ E o ^
r
O 4) i 3 ^c '-r- C
a. -x <+-c u. SJ
« •" ° 00 o V5 o & *n a
t i. 2 J c " o c X ON en
— 3 U Ml a ° 15 E a t o
M ° 2 c -S 73 o 4) 4> X v.
O _ c n 0> > 4) £
X E 4) rA * 4, a
a- 2 U i/~i
"> 30> 8 ^ 1 w *
o C 00 X —
o ^ - -3 op a - c ^3 a. u c <4-
4> a> o ^Ti CO
•M
eg 4> w u "2 u.
c X o w* rt
c 15a. 3 X
u
£* I 4) ceg O ON K 00 3 •mm
cfc <X C >
E 03 — c u u. _o
4) O XI
a X II 2
o x « c c C ^2 ^t 53 £4. Z
"O 4) X 3 .3 > c asON S> B- £3. G ? •
3
JC
•w
0)
i- u
as — •o
3 c 6C/5 4> o eg o 3
4-
P — 3
t/3 c jg v-> X CO
o j* 4)
4. E O
o w *3 C/5 4) CO
' ZLeg 3 -o C 3 4)
> cn X £
"3 3
"4) 4) O
00 o >> C/5
—
O
c 3 c •* ' X
—
13 oD "-o
3 •o as C 0) as OX)
X 4) '"~" E OX) c X
4> c c o
4) £ .2
*•"*
U O 03 "O 5 00
O X 15
3 jX >.
!/!
W T3
4) •—«
o 4) 3
o c
-c -2 0
4- 13
CD O o u ^ > 4) C
c OX) c a
co X
W5 13 c •" V2
c c 4* c c —
u. Ou 3 3 o c, u
X oo q. c X W £ CA1 O "O
a E 4) .35 T3 c o >> •15 o
«« .E 3
C/3 X x
X
=3
% o OJO O "X 4
eg 1) 3
***!
t
O
C/5
c «
o £ O c w T3 c JZ > O 3 c 00 —
,o C •>
a « <=
X
00 4) E
U. UJ o
X i- a. C/3
CO 03 eg 4)
4) & oo x op >, o 3 cg
o
o
<+- CZ) — 2.:a o
o
> « a ,E on „, ' •-
— ^ C sSl
or •— X s>« c 4) c 4) OX) 3 — w O (L) ^ K
4> — ,o . -s O c UJ 4) w c o a s ^ s.1
> 4) U pa
4 ,. 3 eg •o c
o eg 4> X X c
4) 4> o
u. o X _4)
o 4)
E "eg
C
£ •£ E 'o 13 15 4)
4. t- E
o «j
U O o ,53
4-<
Q. 4) c/;
O X)
4^ o w L_ Q1 C —
CO •— eg u.
4) C O 4) c V3 C/3
O
a -3-
CO > CL O•~ „ CJ «~ 4> X c
c/T 2 C 3 o
X a> 4. t3
o
O £
\J 9 .o C O c/a
^ •
> \o •;
4) c
< 2 4) c
> X X
0X) 4) C/5 Xi —' C a; oo 8> £
U- 3u. 4) cn -J . — "3 c S c -
4-i o c 4)
c ^ <L> .- .E 2i .2 .32 ° >
== 2 eg 4)
O- oo x
93
o s C 2 .52 "53 Js
as X X 03
-C u. C/5 eg c
ro a 4) 4)
OX) x
o
F c/eg o
u c/ 4-
c o
-- -" -^ X
—- o .= 4) C O
eg •o
O C t- 2 C/5 E £ o 0)
o .t;
• — WJ _ U 00 s
— •— •£ a a S
<o o o o e
E 5 S
 a>
'a. J S .2 03 < ^
s > •£ = E GUO <L> —
o.-5 >> .E te 13 oo
o %
 'o £ ^ 3 f-
• ** .E j= y >2 ^ "7\
« g.-
o o 00 &
5 § | D X ,P -a C3 03
03 c/5 4) X) a ;s a
•5 .*> .2 C
"5 ^ ~ a S
c: ^ p — ^ ~
^ • g > « ^ - § S - a ^ :
S ' S S r a o f e j ' 3 ^ ! ;
•2 ? „ .5 ^ 3 53 ~
k S S S « J ^ -" -°
tx fc
5 B " 5 s i g I s ? § 5
C •£ > r ° .® B -c.-*
^ ^ '•-
S
k i o .
• s
<*; *- &2 ?^ ^ ^ S^ z*«i a ^ 5
<j cM v. ». c5â>s^>,g
u i mi -i*a i * § ?
«*•
.. i
<*3
^
r* -C "^J •*""
s ^ ^ S -
"5
S
12 St ^
a g g " ^
Qp £,
^
^ S " o i ? ^ c
^ ®C ^ ?k e, « "** ^> ^5 V
5 C ST -O §: £f >2 £ ^ N JU
c si n
C3 *-' C •>-»
1/3 o c
t/3 <L> CX) 3
C sz e
C/3 * "3 e
3 Uj
cc CJ
S3
n -C'J
w si> 3
e <« <o
— u jz CQ O z
Q. —• w u Q M 33 O
00 ~V5 z
C T OX) s: ^3 CJ M z •*: a —3 u
a 3
3 H co > ^3 Z M — O >« < 02 E •S < •a x ca ca d
5 x •• £ 02 M 3 ' 3 -5: o ca • em o
R- ^ 2 « a £ I c -s:
Q> W 31 CO *T3 «
£ g =3 £ 5J co O w
J= QQ c - Q •4 ^ •52 ^ ^ r
o Z 6 02 5
^
-w ->J
^ "J3
tl
6 E z w em U2 -3 •£ C O o
3 M < x W
If s -S c> > £
f £ S
22 <« R
8 02
z s CO
W CO
w "^5 S s
^ 3- &
-5*2 •^*2
«
33
3 •£ i_ £ 3 "a 3 3 £
t| § to U 52 CO O
c 2
b u 53 % 02 52 U
3
<
D >-3 CQ
02 Go 1 § 3r- ^ §z >- ca
15 = U I 2? ^ Cm 53 |
w Em b)
e Q 0. O UJ CO >m > EM O Cm
2 OD V • m •JC i« "53 J — <o <<o
m § C4 S>-s I 3 M
v .E £ V
c W
> 2T to ^ W Q in *
53 u UJ
3 . 02 co no 33 no
x: 05 So 2; >5 J. < co I ta
"5
3 8 - z z ^ "S 3 - 1^ c£
E -s: co
§'? 3 3 UJ
_ ca x co
p E *> ^ ^ --3 (N 53 ^
1 1 a Q W D
o 3 -s: c. -S ^ -c x UJ CO g ^ u o
O m ."H o I *> Q uu ^
"c75 u -3 •5 "*3 H CO Q "^3 I -S H O
m 5j -s: s: Z 02 g Q
O dJ 3 a -2; co ca < u. 2
-C O 5 e « 2 WH ^ £ 1 O
dj E E-» H O *» •£ to
® SS
Um •* o -^j ^ 13 *, I & —
7Z m c ^ >. C V. 02 Z S '§ I
UJ 2 dJ M—« 3 3 W E-t W m W 00
dj c
£ > O (S wt
(U H 02 in
c £ c3 > H co S •f &4
x: dj ob < a*
o
c o o 3w CO
dJ X) a 22 x
<D 3 E ii w >*
x: CT aj a, •2 Z ca
C/5 o M a ca
o m
M—< 4
i a d
M _) Z o d
c 3 A U CO -1 IB 02 W t4
e* o< < w
2/5 D. - C
2 H O M U
U.
0) ^ - 03 (U
x: W H Z to co
co >* a, Q M
c < M B sr co
CS •J
£ P"» u.
> 2 -c Wj 3:
a,
<
» U H
< Z
^03 Eh c Q 3 C2 >« bm
^ ) ca 02
CQ « £ O *1 A
O
cm
CO o
.ti C m On H X A4 02 ca
3 X 02 o ca 3
o §^
O § <u C dJ £m
J
Z <4 U ca 02 CO ca
Q E D z co U co 3 co U "m
"5
£ i o
'£ W <M H a
z
CO a
z
C _ CO TO
03
H a co 02 s M a s H
U C/5 E 3DO O t»4 ~t CN hin T ^ in rU
H 02 CM i« -H A -Jfc=*fc =«; A
I
1 G 3
3 ' 1 3 •3 C P X X 00 c 3 3 •- i i
G CO
> £ 3 X
•*-' CO
x c c O 0
C
LN
3 CO
3 3 c c
"O £ 3
bX)
3 LN
O 3
A
®
c
o
O
3 £* O
C
C/D 0> Ln =5 o
Oo
3
X
CL
to c
£ c s e
3
co £ 3 O
£ 'S c
3
X £
E O1 *
WD *3
3 3
IM
3 "3 CL X ft 4—»
O
CO 3 - 00 CO CO X) o 3
CO 3 3
3 4-* CO 3 4—» O I 0 &
<3 :
£ 0 X
3 00
£ ft -£> <2 c 3 >> LN
d) 3
3 X
LN
3 2 3 B
.£
X
3
LN
4—* <D (D
cl 3 'co ?3 CO £ CO X C
3 3 3
CO
LZ
S < 4-1 4—»
bo o
£
CO
co C3 o X 3 CO X <£ £ E „ 3 3
3
3 £>g E
3
X
C X ft X
<D O
to
>%
3 £
£ c
l—l • — CO X •3 V 3 X O £ o I ^
B g X 3 c X) F575 o
C G
C/3
D- X
CO
LN
3
£
00 ft u P
3 — 3
to
X
£ T3
3
X
LM
CO
J2 o XI E
o C I-
3 *0 <L—1
On
C+—L fO " S t !
3 FT C "ft X 3 <D a-
bX) 3 3 2 BO c . 2 S If •MM '-S I 3 U G O MN
C^- *"co X > 00 O u tp O I o ^ o
O _g 3 3 3 .2 U .2 £ 3 •— -FT
c
LN G
0 e LN
£ .0 co CO S IS t5 CL
3
T-T
£
£ 3 "co ft ft 3 O £
I- 3
> 0 c O (Z)
N nN V _
w) C X 3
CL 3 3
5/5
a. £ -a
C
3 3
I ° 3 . 3 X 3 o
a c
a . £
g o
3
LN
3 CO
3
Op ft 4-1
"O
f o
05
CO CO 3 >» 3
3
'o o
3 co X "ft LN
. CO •3
CL
3 CO "ft
« o
a
XI O -O 5 LN 4» On ^ X C
ON 3 CO £ Ln (j
03 O — "> "A-
cC/5
8
w X
c co
§ I B C I«
^ O
a.
ft rp
B > "3
LN c "ft
3
2 cm w a
o jai U
O
ft C 3 o g
<D o
3 CE3
d. e £ _3
ft
3 CO
^
O 2 2 s
B
3
C £X
ft
U
A.
O
— B 3
CO
3 > 3 >
"S
3
4>
u 3 XI
C
CO CO
G X LN 3 O •" §
X:
—» o 'o 3 »v X >>
c
w O CO 3
c1
- CO 3 0
-5 C3
In
CL G
3 O
V
M 3 X)
"ft O 3 41
M O Ln
O. s« 0 X N co g a
o. CO 3 •*"*
5 E X CO 3 X P o 0 £" 'ft a I- u -1 z c3
00 CO LN
3
3
c c/3
o
3 > .3 L- CO
^3
CL £ ^
X
c £> <D 00
o X
> 0J)
o
C
£
>
c
X
CO
O 3
x •S
LI—( *7 W
P
c3
JC
a o
C
w
3 co 1,3 £ I— W 3 C O g o 3 t3 — 3 1 . 2 C
X 3 •3 5
a. 5) g
rv 3 C S)
*• LN
O
3
D-
bi)
CO
ft
CO
3 •-
CO 84 >>
E
< 41
CO m-»
.o
^LH £ •« M
o <L)
3
o
or
£
E
CO > "5 , 3 , X ^
z «
3 CO JZ
u- 3
^ 3 o o
3 ft to
LN
bo CO
bX)
0
) O
3 3 C C
3 3
CO CL 3 d)
3 w
« « ^ O C s
_3 X
3 X
3
VI
•*-»
C
^3
X
C4-4
CD M
4) c C X £
3 CL d LN =3 S i i r b, 58 ^ •43 3 o
.
LU z 6b
O co
CO X
£ X •*-'
X °? 6 <4— fc £
,0
3
3
>
3
CO
CO
C
ft 3 X
3
LN
I*M
3 X
.ft X
O
LN
bX) «« f 3 e2 — x
°3 3 ^3
0,3 3
CO
C
3
X
La
p» o - C M
X 03
cd
X "a.
3 «- 13 CO JO .2 3 ~ CO "3 bX) 1 .= 00 3
® x ^5 > CO 1
-
X bX) 41 DO ^ 'is t:
T3 £
CL
\ S
O 0 i
x c L- d) - H bX) "3 3 X ^ o
"3 x X C 3 X 3 3 3 -M, CO H ,P c •M •— Cm f § s o CP 4J <D
I?
0)
o
o" —
X CO CO 3 ^ X
I ^ L.
A 41
CO
c
£ CA u.
^ C
.5 o ) % C
'ft
0
.P W 0^ 3
3 — "3
AC — fi ® AS
X U
CO
CO
c
3
41 3
C CO
5 3 3 •~
d 0 E eo 3
0" 3 '-4— 3 £
0C «
X ^
C
c
ft 41 A 5
^
3
t/5 o
2 „ « .2 3 p *n c+- CO Cm e U O 0
o E •p
> E
LN
CD
_co •£
*- o
00 d
~ CO
) g- LN
X
3
C
3
2
3
CO
X
£ O
> . * 3 co
H
.-=
,s «
U
0)
•X CO
LN
3 Ln Ln CP 4m* >1 CL
C
4)
<D
C
3
w
LJ
' 3 3
CO
3
C •£
a.
d *T3
3 °^ CO ) 3
C
0
£
3
£
0
u
£ 3 3 3
M >? s
"S
£
®
X)
3
ft X 41 C5 CT3 r. .
•3 —
O 41 o
O to
41 ^
CL c+- 3 •p 3 C •Na O a) q Ln
we
s . g p LN O
LN 3 ° = 1 C SZ O 60 3
0,3 3 *N 3 3 3 CL •— 73 O co CO c 3 X> -® 3 -o
3 £
3
£ > CO 3 > - o o 3 CL CL CL C c 3 £ 2
D- co E E aS S
^© 4)
4j O u
3 £
a c co
^ ^ L-
 (U 3 3 03
41 — 3 CL
1 o
3' X C X 3 CO 1 d) x <1> 3 C eel CO CL 00 3
o
41 <D
DFI'D
A
s
5 2 %
>3
4) 41
J2
x >1
<M
c
C "O
0 c
3 00 X
3
3
C X g C 3 X •-1 > 3 r, C w 3 C X Ln r; p DC 4M* •- T3
•3 E •- c 3 M CL X 3 ^ 2 d) >> CO o 3 41
<4_« 3 co 3 O
^ .5
3 3 CO
O ~ o.
* J 3
1—1 E '5
3 co X
x X O X X
3 H J5 D ^ c 00
to
CO _N 00 3 On - MI
O E £ -p
1 'S 3 3
O X 3
LN
— — E *-«
§ 2 N g
00
c
3
X
CO
3
3 T3
3
CO
c
p ^ 3
£ 3 £ < s T3 <D 
X
 >
LN O O CO .2 c co
3
—
u
<
a « g
co CL 2 c
3 X CO c
£? LN 3
u
u <
w
"2
O
T3
3 C
T3 ""
1 £
oe
=
X
"g S
3 c0
-o
CO
3
3 w c
0 .2
co
x f
£ C
0
3
CO bi)
T3
CO O
3
co 3
Z £ Cu
U
c
•—
<A 6
<L)
X s *- s
o
On
O Z 41
Li
CO
3 —
3 i5 O C 00 X 0
LN
3 Zm
c
CO
3 •p
3
CO
<
LN
3 £ 0
3
3
co •*=
3
5
o ' c
.2 o ^
0) ft ft
u. £
S CO E •- co .2 . E u c O 3 3 x ^ "c c £ 2 « • = 41 (D is
03 ^
•*-> s o* b ru *
O < £ 1 § .2 x 3
3
O
IM E
06
H
LN C £ 3
O
3
•5 E - Ml J; C ^
3 x
X X
S3
X
3
O L »1 L
<D
0 <4-
• •• "C c — bX)
3 o
0
3
co
x x E*
X > MM 3 P o
.2
5/9
3 w U WD • •«
O 03
C
S C ® N

—
I
T3
E x
3 a. "" 2 <
c U
LN
3
3
2 uz sp"i
Z x
3 3
C
O
S
« §
3
X
3
CO
3 S u
x
c
o O O
.£?
3 X
6
B
CL W
o
S3
S3
o
lT C
LLN
(d) CO
s - S
•• C/D
C CO <*> CO -i
T3 3 o < "< CO *-» X ? 3 u 4* S> 0
CO CO 3 X 3 p °
CO 4> J= P° 0 C
•— IM u Z 3
CL
M
.E x ;J E 3 3 3
> x £ 12 £ 5
t O
3 *1 "5 E
u
j=
Sd
" E 2 ft
3
H
CO
00 'C c
o o 2
CL E
0 3 0
Z
H
H
to O
e i
3
IM £ O
c
fll
«>
x; C
X
C
O
c
O 7-
° 3O 3
3 CO •g p
2
c
eo
c0
•—I
^5
3
LN
G
3 •- O I ft On
o
£ 3 2 s oc — — E
3 > 3 NP a. w
X
3
LN 3
C 5 «> *°
3 X 5< ° S n H 3
.2 -O ft
2 J= 2 G 3 d J S co X CL CO 73 in 3 ^2 73
a> 3
In x o
& « S T3
0
3 CO "O £
X
Q
>% O CO
a. bX) CO t , 0 op H X
3
3 " — c0 c £ Z « a « 7» 3 C
x £ 3
•C -a
3 c u S a
3
CO C 3
ft Z >>
3
-PI X
O M
= o £ 3 X _ M I
^ X c
3
O '3 3
CO 3
L
X DC' .% 4>
co X
SI 4*
<*>
3
CO
CO 0 ft
0 3 3° co CO X
3 *P 3 3
IM
CL
3 3 X | c
x x
£ x
3 "p M 4) 41 41 V
CL 2 3 CO .P C/3
? l-
UP O
^•'5 -° -2
o
.£? x
3
"O co
2 E — 0
X
4-* 3 X
X
>>
O
3
LN o >>
e. O 3
X
£ m X
Iu CL E CO 3
00 „ 3 X
CO LO
CO 73 X ^
•2
p
c
3
£ ra
3
4) ci
'm O
O ^
41
£
Ln
-O
I
>
3 3 X 3 C 1 ^ U -5 CL V>
c 3 UN . 3 E| m 03
co
co
£
O
5^
O
co
3 3 O 3 X 3
c
3
C
X
£
C
3 3
X O >> 3
0
CX 3 X M
O
LN
E X
0 *-*
3 c
3 J3
o 3
I 3
3 = 2
= § LM
o
M. o §
CO
8
n
X
41
41
T3 <ji
S
CL 3
M
z
T3
<
73.
c
03
say
e < W)L-4 ^ 3 bu 3 3 3 CL X C/D O

< " - .&• X
3 3 O
t:
C
O
'ft 3 H
3 u 0
£ < 3 2"
7
CO 3
(J
X
CL O CL U 3
CO •? a1 3
L-
•
3 X
r- LN
3
'N
3
3
3 3
X
£ 3
CO O
X G ^ X
3
3
CO > 1 : 3 _M 3 £ & 3 ft CO £
A 2 3 IM '3 3 CO E P = C 3 • C
-2 3 r- CL CO 2 to L- C _C
UN
CO 3 E x E « ^
CO
3
C/5 LM CO
X X
3 CO
>
3
o
3
o
3
C
o
E x E 3 C 00 O 3 CO E X 3 co E
u C
1 X M >> >» X S3 P
C 3 00 >> C
• G bX) CO X
• —n
3
3 CO
• 60 41 "
3 P .40 CO
ft ^ C G 3 c O 73
4 W
3 C
c BfiS £ x 3 K CD FT ^ 5 3 O
ox c x — •I -fi
A K £ a
3 *- cr 3 3 & * 3 X 3 FT G <2 3 3 c 3 W L> cG £
OT --
IM J
X "8
Q_ G r- CL 1/5 I 3 « X X 3 ia 3 P E
o 3 DC . CO
3 B £ * £ & O
a <4-N *3 "3 CL O ^ 3 O 2
X
0 E 3 S — . CO hi) G p 3
X 7J £
o
c
.—
a
3 cm
a. •-
•— w
< 8 g B
H
3 O
41 O 0 C £
A. .E 5-
X
3 Up 3 ft C
• O N " FC C £ CO <F[
3
.9 X
£ £
O
2 E 0 ~ —
T3 ZJ £
R x> « o G 2 IS
c X
•S J= 15
°O 41 ^ .E
| "3 -3
8
Ln 8 «
CO
X
c < 3 £ E e e £ '35 *3 .2 ^
H
^ 1
t
C0 r-
CO <—• s—
U
CO ^
U 5 3
N 23
R
—
30 3 co
C
5. 2 0 3
2
1 Ln ^n §* 3
.2 a
X
3
3
£
X c
3 O
ft
£
3
C
CO 3
X
3 G - 'ON C 2
E
G
E
C3 ^ D. « •-
~
^
00 G 3
. O 00
"
3
3 2 •- V .2 41
3 S JH 3 3 3 3 3 co
CO CO jm
LN CO 3 bX) P 3 CO3 X co 3
° " 13 2 13 £ ^ 3 ^
3 to O
3
X
IM 13 E c
CO
£
g . €
3 E
£
4j—1 x * S
3
"- 41 CO 3 £ £ 3 -G
E "3 CO
3
Z
Up
X
3 O
5 « C A 3 •- .FT CO co
3
2 £
ft
§
u l> c E C 13
CO
3
M.
r- «—n
c O
co
»-
3 J=
^ 0^ • X
3 13
°
u
c RT- *-
>%
X'
73
LN
£ CO £
O 13 C
G
CO £ 1 3 - LZ
CO C/3 c X A < .§ U, 2 UP X 3
CO -0 C
a> c
>
•5 M2
(9 " AS -E
O
§• . > o
«
ctj £•
3
•- ^ £
eo
£ ^ E
00 o 3
41 C
O w
W eo _E
X
OX)
O
X
3
O
0 3 3 —
3 L— 3
3 Is 1= *"
J2 CL U
G ^ C0
co C 2
: 5
»
P
_C o t- g 2 s < £< w 3
3 ^
Up
2
-C
O
3
CO O c 3
3
u.
c E £ "p co
e
x 3 X
LN
3 3 c X 3 x 0 •3 O -3 / to
CO
« 5 o °2 con 3 ^ E 3 'P MI L- j a
3 3 X x 3 ^ 3 r" 3 X -pj q v x 2 a:
CO JY
cn o G
£
3 <4- CO
C
'ft X 3 o Z u a < "FT
C
- X x x _ 3 co £ to C Im CO CO Q
bX) O
S? M 11 - 1- CL M 3
3 LM 3 C CO CO
co ^ 3
O ' X Z <l r 3
c
1 MM
3 O y °
X Q_ CO CO
CO
l - o E ft £
X
3
LN c X e 3M 3 <G 2 x
LN
3
D
3 2 ' C M £ 0 S CO
CO
o 3IM • —
3 X ""
CL S£
Ln
60 IT.
Im 7T
Up O 8 »
3z
O
E ° b E 2
3 -— 3 u 2 1/5 •S S £ _bp CO
C^N CL L- CO J-
co 3 ^
CO 3
Z eo -1 3 3 2 S B .2 0 ^ ^ ftCL •°
C
3 O
.!= £
< « u ^ £ "3
C X
3
co
3
co
op
00 73
c 'C 'C 1
bX)
C £
bi) 3
c
VM
3O •>
Q
X 2 3 CL G
-= X g
G 3 > 3
G
CO 3 bp
ft
3
<->
O
co
E -0
Q CL g
^
X
CO Ln
«> 3
«>
W
co
X x '3
•S UN
X 8.
s
3 *R C
'3 CO LN LN *3 3 — 3 u
a
3 f/N t DC C 3 V CO
3
-2 3 H £ 8 SJ
Z •3 X E [> £ X X
3 CL
_
> >»
3 "co o 3 x
1 7 1 X >4 "to
E ' 5
3
CL 33
X
G
3 X
^ o
CO
G
CO 3 - 3
>
W) 3
C
U
O
C — c > g 1 ^ 5 2 a< >> "C 3 X 3 C/3 co •— 3 = -g
I 3- o CO X G ft G: •-> « 2 s
<d
O O 2 •- o
o 3 CL C CO 60-S 3 M O M .2 ^ -2 . X X
^ a to 73 c 3 41 J G 3 ~ 41 ° C6 7
3 " '5 E
- 2 8 £ c X X X 3 .p CO C LH > '£ 3 LN O ^ A. 3
z jo " a. 3
x .2
co •— —
«
3
K) "O * ° CO X
bX) C O X £ 1-2 1=
0
S
%
M
CO X S 3 ^ O |£ co _ a> 3 CL 8 8 •S 2
O
H CO - SP E n. E "3 C £ ~ 2 3
a) 3 -/5 —» G 1 * rr c zs *3 ™ LU G 3 3 C T3
O 3 3 o 44 >, M O T» M s
X
x X £ C Ln co
3 C <4-
^3 w
3 3 TI C CL "O X 73 to
I)
£ .£ a r
§ " (fl x - ^ E — C
V3 £ e - 8- C
w
3 O 3 ft .
2 3 M
J= c
„ e 2 a 2 O -
N O
2 — CO 60 CO
X 3
x. c e w
X co co o
CO ° 3
60 7^ o
X
3
>N O -
3
C
Im CO . C •2 S t
c O &
2 3 °
3 3 <- c ^ CO CO
5 0
E *-
CL °
£• O
3
c O .§ E n 3 W R-' 4)
N —' E DM S O C O
ft M CL
2 3 £
C CD
C T7
B0 G X
• '£. -o O o .
E X ^
3
> X
3 CL 3 S ,E
41 (M 'S! » I L X
73 £ O U CO
a
L-
J) J C
8 £ 3 CO C
o
O u X C P P C O 3 co to 3 2 • ! X
< 1 T l ! u s -§ £ <
Im 41
L_i
00
LN <1) LN
> °
3
C
£ <4M
3 D. 2 2 CO P G F— JS X *5 W CO 3 n
"O
'3 2 'co
^ Y>
CO
_) P 3
P C
E
C
M "
«
C
L
3
c
g c o g ^ W c | S " I ^ §
«
>
s
O CO x
3
X
CO CO
0XJ _
0
G
8" °
X c
(1
3
•23 g 5" L-
c
03
O) Y 3 , CO
co
L-
to
-FC"
O
S ^
. 3
ft X I & Z
3 3 Un
W) ,
Ln
O
X
3 O
c £
0 £
c 73 -Q
3
5 3 -O
3
MM
u
c 3 --
3
o C u T i a co £ e e l " " o 3 o •8 £ 3 £ « 3
>
J= 41 4 C C W
,0 G •S 00°^ UN X C ft c C
<
< > _ < 0 . > E c o x C CL — CL CO W) >- c CO U 1 „
X ^ •— Ln •° H ^ J — 3 3 U CO to 3
z C
3
^
p
E fee
t: -
c
rir eo .
£ >, = ^ 5 a
H
3
3
>1 G
£ 3
ox) 3
G — E co
3 X
O
"ft
£
3
3
O
LN
A
CO
3
OC 60 >—
c 7
SZ
3
3 —
3 3
O T/5
8
Ln
O
<
— -P FC
.3
G
2
3
G
3
X
^
3
2
4/5
X •-
CO G
60 G
X
Z
LI
CO
G
D
3
LN *41 .h
3 JZ 3
^ "e ft
2 S E
'5
£
3 co u. 5* CO ft E O C 3 CO O
^C CO
a a ? 1 * « £ « s T £ ^
,p
G
CO £ "ft
* > " 3 a. 2
FT CO 3-
3
3
>
3
^ u.
O »)
^
?
Ln CO
CL 3 to 73 3 C 3 £ B 35 > CO
3 X
X X X 3
X CL . c DC -J u U £ 3 S o o
•
Y•
\
C *J 00 • U 00 d-x Ci
5 > E G c 0 £ X C
C O 3 co 3 3 "3 G M I• I 3 C T3 "O co *3 co 00 1/5 X 73
CO G C C <£- X
- '5 .5 .2
-a -0 2
G G 
£„ 2. 6 I
P - G O O
' 3 <0
3 OX) ,2 o co C §| 3 3 ^ 9 C G <L> U X co -2 3 G > 00 G G ^ ° o-
G +-» G G ? O C 00 P > G G
£ O -S £ U E
X P Q. S3 -G T co s G 3 . O G G, G E • — U. E -3 G C 'o
•g ° : a. * i £ .5 OQ -a V 3 d> •. CO C G C J2 ^ 1 G 3 Ox — E
O X G
•S -=
e
3 3 o < C—I . G O C C co 3 G 73 > C Vx 'S «>
3 73
G £ C •c ^ "£ 2 3 G U 5 G
E •£ G §
<£ C G .HF co ^ G X
O 2 1 •§ C
X
G 3 G CO CO
o
O RE G G G U a £ M , X *4_* d) G
<3 G G X G
O H X
•— 3 3 E
t •= 'C 8-.2 G £ o 8 60 73 X a G U
£ O i3 t Wi
G E
x c G X U 2 co G ^ >, G
X ^
>> 3 ^ D-T £ 2
oo £
O *-
U
03 P 00 o P .G G > G O .. ? _ — X 73 co Ox X 3 3
£| a. G v_ t- .5 TJU £ > •a m d-x _3 X G X 3? 3 •-• 3 .52 O 2 s
G w u G >> Ox W G O ° 33
G .T5 X W
3 X
C £ O G G X
S V _ O
x
U U- CO G "O ^ G « P S 00 • S I Ox W
G 2
>» i2 ~ a. x a, £ "S ° 00 3
»- G c c*- X X
I F 3 > >» *3 CO -
O X 3 G G ^ «> 3 2 u. o
.5 X co O •£ S ^ CO 15
G O co - G S. " S £ •1 H £
3 CO G O •- O
w
C+-X 73
o o
5 '2 * O c
G G TO X •n O G G G =^ G £
£ 2p £
~ .52 ° 22 ^ O "O „ X ^ G X C« I: S E G •- C C ^ O - X . -R X ^
g E 3 3 o E O X c G " CO o
CO G G c 3 r/i CQ 3 G o co co G OO 3 ^ ^ 3
|co «
G ^ G Ox 3
u, w •—- c G 3 5 £ G .2 2
Ox G | 3 '
X * « 3 73 -X G .2 •- 'G u 2 G G G G G *-< 3 X G 73 <y JS
~ G ^ P G 8 •£ X 3 G
CO
G G
*7"! X 33
C X
O W £ ^ 3
G co O C ^ 3 U< T—< G X ^ Ux 3 2 " ^ "H CO G
o
CO <R> ^ S 3 —<
C £ « 3 3 CO 5 3
X — w- 3 CO UX G O C 'X G OO.SC P 3
t* CO G o X 3 G o C G -n
3 OX G G 3 00 G g.
X X
§ 3 8 I o
£
S " = G * •2 c E -2 2 X X U CO £ 3
E
co &
O
"5 £
00
3 £ •£ •£ a. g fc
co JP £ ^ ^
co > > ^ I 8 > 5
G 3 -7
G
O- o
3 a. G
*-' D I d-. C O Ux o a - g § £ •—< 3 3 > G
3 X
E I * G> O 2 .S i I 3 3 co G
« G 5 O 6 P X ,. . co -2 O Ox > «-I ^ 3 co G
D-< 8
d- r» •a _ 3 S C G X 3 X •2 ^ G X 3 X R" G 13 G
C - pL 3 o X o s (/J "20 u. o ^ G W G 50 2 E §•^5
x a. £• 3 « 2 3 - C £ 3 O ° G * CT C P | CO <£ X
G
« G O « 00 co *3 X G
U. 3 *5 x O ~ d> B d- £ G
,. u.
> 2 2 X c 3 G C OQ X
o pu — O (U
2 5 «- .5 * *
CP
~ d-. 2. -2
^c O o 0
CO
.2 c &
3 GC
3 ^ G C 3 2 00 O x-x x > 3 c ^ FC CO 5 | J—I l_l
• »- O 3 VX o co 3 O .3 00 3
A. -A ° 3 x "2 ° ^ c X
oo G X c B B X 73 t- X G X G c X G c
2| X-. 3 P G 3
8.1 °
E « 3 <£ s CO G c > G 3 G G 'O o 3 3 X > G X $ 3 a* B G G
co A3 2 3 G N* G
•> ^
^ CO
E 3
o £ =
 | .2 § G O
X
"G B ® X o G G U J3 G G P V-< »-I _ CO . G .£ JS O 73
£ c d>
U N 3 •S o
W -A W- p.
d> ^ _c
c G
* -§
C CO G C 3
X d-x O £
G
S
.P
.S
G 73
C" 3
2 g
00 >
'o £3
u
c
C
C G
3 <£ I 3 X
2 3
'p 3
X '
X 52 3 3
O
3 '§
RI
CO
G
£ 3 S
G
3 G
X 3
•s I
«- X C
3 3
CO «S: C o .2 d-x 3 3 P
CO U ° X G 7G3
H ^ £ 2 J=
E s £ -s
00
« . g ,2
73
E
URN TD
G C <
•—
G 3 CO
CL. >, o
c C S Cr> ^
2 X
3
_ •2 §
3 *? X
G 3 X G
B G >>
^ -§
X o
X CO 3 E - XV
t_x
G o -E„ CO
<-> c U
o co c£
O S
C
G
o 1/3 O d) £ p X 3 G
3 Ux U X G J-. C
O ^ .32 c/i 3
t- O c G O
1- Oi
G
.FT <
w
3 > X G G
o
. P
CO CO
d) i- D- 3 X d-. O CO
N UX O X X G
O D CO
U.
d>
•M d- X CO •O
O c C "3 «
o G
s-
X 3 12
3 «V CO
CO
33
3 § 8
>, £ £ GU O
c
3
G o
UxU <D
G > U,
X 'G D> > O
CQ oo I
R™ !G S
<
X H g J- CO
•o
U OO *A C >
G G C c (U •
D r- o E =5 A "O G X G
ON X 3 2 G X 3 c
X 2 £
o C
^ G £ 3
>> G .31 £ • 2 - 2 G 3 <« 00 CO *
CO l—i 3 3 G X G 3 o
,o E X Ux -±i
Is s (U G A I *~* c
o P: 00 c X co
C
TX £ ° c X ^ c
00 /—s
00 O 2 5 <D - .. 03 2 CO PJ o
~ B S <Z1 G X
o -3
° c 3
O. 4>
S = O. O- 3 G CO z
3 C O . X 00 > o c
£ S3 -C s s G 3 G
CO 3 i-
d) C
d) o x
CJ CO - S 3 "3 C Ux o 00
'd> -5 X d> 00 O I O
G 3. G
c o *- CO .C W - 7- o P O o X G X
° E JU ^ ,O co CO CO dx C
a. u- •o 3 -if
W
H. o O X 3
u « s j C U S G
C 3 O *1 § G
3 U a. •£ •2 O J C G
o d) U. CO
o t- G CO
co X 5/5 "2D> E ^ 00
d) — 2 o 73 d) 3c 2 O G G 'o5 3
u. o
Q£ W) "G_ *3 73 7T
3 2 ° X CP
c G G 2 C »- X
E "8
^ 2 N O G
'C 1 CJ 'co
> G G '
*2 G 3 G
X X CG X In
3 *• 3
•o S 2 S 2 5 CN 2 X G 3
t/>
<D
• MB
(J
TO
OC
53
o
OO CO
£
O
O
D> 0)
C
D>
S3
O
X o
3:
o
6»1
OC
Community Memory News
A publication of The Community Memory Project ^ weve Number One
~$Me •Sot-tuuavt buf be?Arc
UJ€~ iut-cIL i~e-vvu\wxib iuzfiztt&C
This is the inaugural issue of excitement. We'll be publishing design of our software, the location
Community Memory News, the print- Community Memory News irregularly and nature of the pilot system, the
medium companion to the Com for a while, and more frequently as social and political meaning of the
munity Memory computer system. the pilot system begins operation. system, and the immediate and
Its publication marks the approach of longer-range problems to be
the first public demonstration of the In this issue, we include a brief resolved.
Community Memory system since section about the Community The success of the Community
1975. Memory vision and a description of Memory system depends as much on
its intended physical incarnation for its social design as on the hardware
By producing this newsletter, we those of you who aren't already fam we choose or the details of its user
hope to enlarge our circle of friends iliar with it. Most of the rest of the interface. In all these areas, we
and allies; to ask for your feedback; newsletter is devoted to the state of invite your comments. As we
and to keep you in touch with our the project: our current thinking proceed, we'll also be asking for
progress, our debates, and our about the hardware we'll use, the your participation.
Community Memory can be used as a community filing cabinet,

a continuously available conversation on any topic
whatsoever, a place for people with common interests to find
each other.
Community Memory is designed Messages on the Community Community Memory node is now
as a powerful and public system for Memory system might include: scheduled to begin operation in the
communications and information San Francisco Bay Area in late 1983.
exchange. Its medium will be com • announcements and com
ments on current events, enter It will serve as a pilot test and
puter technology: a network of rela demonstration of the system. This
tively small and cheap computers, tainment, restaurants
pilot project and some of the issues
each connected to a dozen or more • debates about community it raises are discussed in "Coming
terminals located mostly in public and political activities Soon to a Terminal Near You" in
places such as neighborhood centers, this issue.
cafes, bookstores, and libraries. • listings of community
resources
The Community Memory sys
• information about bartering,
tem will provide simple yet powerful
buying, selling, and renting
ways to store and label information,
which can then be browsed, selected, • notices about groups being
sorted, and fished out. All the facili formed
ties of the system are available to all
• graffiti, poems, dialogues,
its users: anyone can post messages,
and "multilogues."
read messages, and add comments or
suggestions to them. Since the users themselves are the
Community Memory can be source of information in the Com
used as a community filing cabinet, a munity Memory, the system is not
continuously available conversation subject to the various kinds of con
on any topic whatsoever, a place for straints imposed by commercial
people with common interests to find "information providers."
each other, a tool for collective Each set of Community
thinking, planning, organizing, and Memory terminals around a com
fantasizing. puter is called a "node." The first
History and Funding economy and prove that we need not
yet awaken from the American
The 1983 demonstration of the
dream.
Community Memory system has
been a long time coming. The Pro As we introduce Community
ject began nearly a decade ago with a Memory, we'll stress that its focus is
14-month field test using terminals communications, not data processing.
in two Berkeley stores and a branch At the same time, we hope the sys
of the San Francisco public library. tem will demonstrate the liberatory
The system received enthusiastic potentials of computer technology.
response and heavy use, but was dis But we doubt that many of these
continued in 1975 because it was potentials can -be realized within the
based on expensive, obsolete com status quo.
puters and programs which would
not allow expansion or replication.
A few years later, the Commun
ity Memory Project was revitalized,
and began work to create appropriate
software for the current generation In the Year of the Computer, we must cope
of smaller, cheaper, more powerful with "computerphilia:" the notion that
computers. This effort absorbed
most of the Project's resources until pushing a few keys on a terminal will
recently.
Now, the core of the Commun
liberate people, make their jobs more
ity Memory database software is interesting, and give them unlimited powers.
complete, and we're collecting feed
back on the "first draft" of the user
interface, which we demonstrated at
the West Coast Computer Faire in
San Francisco in March. The next We also enjoy continuing finan In our society, computers tend
issue of Community Memory News cial support from Lee Felsenstein, to concentrate power where too
will include a description of the user one of Community Memory's found much already accrues. Most often,
interface and the considerations ers and more recently the designer the technology is used to keep track
we're keeping in mind as we design of the Osborne I. of people, to put them out of work,
and revise it.
As we move from development
We've also been scoping out the to operation, our plan is that upkeep
hardware the system will run on. and maintenance of the pilot and
Our thoughts on hardware are dis subsequent nodes will be funded by
cussed in more detail later in this small user fees.
issue.
The early development of the The Dangers of
Community Memory software was
supported by private donations, Computerphilia
mostly from the Project's founders, The world into which we are
and by huge amounts of volunteer introducing the Community Memory
work. In 1979, we made the rounds system has changed greatly since its
of the foundation world. We got a first field test in 1974. Then, com
few nibbles, but nary a bite. puters themselves were a novelty
Our search for funds soon led us and "computerphobia" ran wild.
to offer the software developed by In the present Year of the Com
the Project to the commercial puter, we're vying for attention with
market. Royalties from the sale of video games and loud promises of a
two programs — Sequitur, a rela personal computer in every home.
tional database management system, Now we must cope with "computer
and X.Dot, a telecommunications philia:" the notion that pushing a
package — have recently become a few keys on a terminal will liberate Community Memory News is a publi
significant part of our income. (For people, make their jobs more cation of The Community Memory
more information about Sequitur or interesting, expand their information Project. Issue number one was pro
X.Dot, please contact Pacific horizons, and give them unlimited duced by Sue Bloch, Marcy Darnov-
Software, 10th and Parker Streets, powers. Not only that, but comput sky, Sandra Emerson, and Michael
Berkeley, CA 94710, 415-540-5000.) ers are also supposed to rescue the Rossman.
Memory will be a forceful enough • The concept of "keywords"
to control them, and, in the case of
example of the potentials of the - labels provided for each mes
military uses, to threaten them. The
technology to provoke demands for sage by its author - will be
last thing we want is for the
similar interactive services from stressed, and user-generated
existence of Community Memory
users of private information utilities. categories will be be encouraged.
somehow to obscure these facts.
Conventional menus, which force
The freely available "electronic
information into pre-defined
bulletin boards" that computer hob
categories, will be available as
byists have developed are more com
An Alternative Information organization aids. But their use
patible with our viewpoint and sys
Utility tem. Community Memory may will be optional.
Computer communications net

works that bear some technical
resemblance to Community Memory
are fast being developed under spon
In our society, computers tend to concentrate
sorship of several governments. power where too much already accrues.
Field testing by corporate
conglomerates in the United States, Most often, the technology is used to keep
Canada, and Europe is underway.
These Videotex networks and other
track of people, to put them out of work, to
information utilities will soon pro control them, and, in the case of military
vide teleshopping, telebanking, and
telestudying - but not much in the uses, to threaten them.
way of interactive communications.
For example, the Canadian

Videotex system, Telidon, boasts • There will be no private
develop to provide access to elec
fancy graphics capabilities that files. Any user can read any mes
tronic bulletin boards and to public
advertisers love. But so far, public sage and attach comments of
portions of other databanks.
Telidon terminals provide users only unlimited length and number to
Currently, you need a personal com
a keypad with which to make menu it. However, a message can be
puter of your own to use the elec
selections from pre-packaged data edited only by its author.
tronic bulletin boards, and they usu
bases, rather than with a full key
ally have limited capabilities. • Since commenting and
board to enter their own messages.
As the Community Memory indexing facilities will be an
Community Memory differs network grows, it will evolve in integral part of the system, any
from these commercial systems by response both to technical develop user can help organize a custom
virtue of its public nature — its open ments and to the desires of its users. ized "view" of the database.
ness and its dependence on the users For example, if personal computers • There will be no censorship
of the system. The contents of the really become as common as per beyond what is necessary for legal
Community Memory database will sonal cars, Community Memory may
and housekeeping purposes.
come directly from the public rather support dial-in access. But the
than from information providers features of the system that
with commercial interests. Each user correspond with our desire to build a • Use of the system will be
will have full interactive access to liberatory communications tool are cheap enough to be in reach of
the database, including the ability to unlikely to change. almost everyone.
contribute to it on an equal basis and • The hardware necessary to
to attach commentary to any item in
Design Principles
run a node will be relatively inex
it. The Community Memory termi Both the social and technical
pensive, so that many groups can
nals will be located primarily in pub design of the Community Memory
system reflect our political under "buy into" a node.
lic places rather than in the living
room. And the owners of the Com standing of communications technol
munity Memory network will be ogy. Here are some of our design • Each node will be as self-
community or nonprofit groups, who principles and features: sufficient as possible, so that
will jointly determine how the sys technical or political crises
• The system will be easy
tem develops, how it's run, and how affecting other nodes in the net
enough to learn that it does not
work won't bring down the whole
it's supported. intimidate the first-time or casual
user. More complex functions system.
Community Memory is an alter
will be available to experienced
native information utility that seeks Putting these long-held princi
and sophisticated users, but these
to establish a different relationship ples into practice raises sticky ques
will be nearly invisible at first
with the public it serves. In addi tions that we're still discussing.
tion, we hope that Community glance.
Coining Soon to aTerminal Near You
We expect that the pilot system we want to maintain a unity of con • a super-utility for micro
will begin as a network of about 20 cept and image. The agreements we computer users and users'
terminals. The terminals will be work out with node hosts will vary groups, organizing their
sited in such public places as according to their needs and natures, knowledge and resources
libraries, grocery stores, coffee shops but every node will be recognizable
and community centers. This pilot as part of the Community Memory • a utility focused on skills
test is designed to expose the system network. exchange, barter, and other ways
to a wide variety of users and to a to further a person-to-person
The imminence of putting our economy.
fully general information-traffic, but
long-held principles into practice has
to concentrate its resources in a
stirred some debates among us. One
small enough locale for it to be Any of these functions might
of the most controversial issues is
meaningful as a community utility. develop as subsystems of a fully
the propriety of developing - ' or
To make the system immedi
ately useful, we'll "seed" the data
base with information likely to be
interesting to its users. We'll also be
recruiting local "gatekeepers" to We hope the Community Memory pilot will
help organize and tend the database
as it grows. A gatekeeper is not a stimulate the formation of groups — based
terminal-sitter; Community Memory
terminals are meant to function
either on geographic proximity or common
without on-site assistance. Modest interest « that will own and operate other
coin-box fees will probably be
charged to explore the possibility of
nodes.
direct user support.
We'll monitor the pilot inten
sively, both on site and remotely.
The pilot is part of the design pro
encouraging others to develop - public Community Memory node.
cess of the Community Memory sys
"dedicated" or special interest Com But they are also proposals for
tem, during which we'll be asking its
munity Memory nodes, in contrast emplacements of Community
users to participate in its social and
to fully public ones. Proposals have Memory that seem feasible in their
technical evolution. We'll be testing
included dedicated systems for: own right, inviting our attention
different versions of how the system
appears to users and encouraging dis after the pilot system is in place.
• a grassroots activist net
cussion of the Community Memory Which of them, if any, we choose to
work, most likely in the antinu-
concept. explore will depend strongly on the
dear or environmental move
ments interest and resources we find in the
We hope the pilot will stimulate proposed "target" communities to
the formation of groups — based • a network of health care help us and spur us on.
either on geographic proximity or agencies and sites, to collect Another controversial issue for
common interest ~ that will own and information about health care us concerns dial-in access to the sys
operate other nodes. We envision a providers and quality, about tem. Our current discussion holds
wide diversity in the character of shared problems and practices, against it not only the privileged
Community Memory nodes, though and about available resources access it would give to owners of
personal computers, but also the (The most complete recent list fund both of these functions. They
problems of geographical dispersion, ing of such projects is in Steve will present their plan to private
privatization, and lack of face-to-lace Johnson's "Information and Com investors who have expressed
interaction. munications Technologies for the interest in their project. PICA is try
Yet we have a sense that Com Community," available for $6.00 ing to put together a cooperative of
munity Memory's democratization of from Center for Urban Education, community groups and small
information goes on more through 0245 SW Bancroft, Portland, OR businesses to purchase the necessary
the system itself than through the 97201. But as in the rest of the equipment and resources.
environment of its access. We also computer field, developments in
feel that the personal computer community computing are so rapid
info-sphere needs some example of that any "complete works" is soon
user-provided, user-driven informa obsolete.)
tion systems - before commercial The primary focus of most of
developments foreclose the chance these groups is to provide computer
for them to grow. services — word processing, account
Other issues include the ulti ing, mailing lists -- to community,
mate cost of Community Memory to nonprofit, and grassroots political
users and to node hosts (how cheap organizations. While we appreciate
is cheap enough?); the agreement the importance of this task, it's not
we'll strike with node hosts (what what Community Memory itself is
policies must a group agree to follow
in order to call itself Community
Memory; for example, will continu The personal computer info-sphere needs
ous public access to the terminals be
required?); the part that the node
some example of user-provided, user-driven
hosts will play in planning and carry information systems - before commercial
ing out publicity, education, and pol
icy formation for the system; and the developments foreclose the chance for them
degree of control we may need to
exercise over databases or provider to grow.
identities (we stand strong for no
content control, but face libel and meant to be about. However, recent (The Computer Services Collec
copyright issues). talks with several groups on the tive may be contacted c/o Willard
West Coast suggest that people who Russell and Joel Schwarzbart,
There are many more issues.
are developing community-oriented Applied Sciences Building, UC Santa
It's a full agenda. Again, we invite
computer services might well be Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064. The
your comments. We'll try to keep
interested in hosting Community address of the Public Interest Com
you posted on developments through munications Association is 318 17th
future issues of Community Memory Memory nodes. The possible
configurations are numerous. Avenue, Seattle, WA 98122, 206-
News.
329-1804.)
For example, both the Com
Community Memory and We don't mean to suggest that a
puter Services Collective in San
Computer Services Diego and the Public Interest Com Community Memory host group
munications Association in Seattle must already be well-versed in com
While we've been slaving away
plan to combine computer services puter technology. As the scenarios
over the hot terminals, other groups
interested in community uses of for progressive groups with Com mentioned elsewhere in this
munity Memory-like communica newsletter indicate, we hope that
computers have also been hard at
tions facilities. CSC is drawing up a neighborhood groups, activist
work. Though their ideas and pro
plan for a business-oriented com groups, and groups based on other
jects are sometimes quite different
puter services operation in San affinities will work with us to proli
from ours, they often overlap or are
complementary. Diego that they hope will be able to ferate Community Memory.
'c
Hardware Components of the Pilot System
What hardware — computer, Here's a diagram of the types of Choosing the Hardware
disk storage, terminals, modems — equipment needed for a typical Com
will a Community Memory system munity Memory node, with some Over the years, the Community
require? definitions of terms: Memory software has been
Its average node should be able developed on many different com
to connect 16 to 20 terminals at one puters, beginning with one of the
time. Computer and disk storage Central computer: the machine that first of the inexpensive minicomput
should operate with enough speed carries out information and retrieval ers, a hand-built DEC LSI 11/23
and efficiency to give users good ser requests on behalf of the users. affectionately nicknamed "Stupid."
vice. The terminals should be easy (Also called "cpu" or central pro Although we have always dreamed
and comfortable to use, and might cessing unit.) of being able to run the system on a
have a joystick, mouse, or touch $1000 home computer, we're not
RAM (Random Access Memory):
pad, as well as a keyboard, for fast there yet.
the computer's internal memory
or fancy message maneuvering. storage for current tasks. Fortunately, as the Community
The recipe for these hardware Memory software has expanded, the
Disk storage: bulk storage for users'
elements is currently being refined amount of computing power that can
messages and comments. Disk
by our Hardware Committee, whose be packed into a microcomputer has
storage can be much larger than the
members will order the equipment kept pace. Most home computers
cpu's internal storage.
for the pilot system. A local are based on 8-bit computer chips
Terminal: a keyboard and screen for such as the Z80 or the 6502. In
engineering research and develop
typing and displaying messages. recent years, faster and more power
ment firm, Golemics Inc., is
custom-tailoring designs for a termi Modem: a device to connect the ful 16-bit chips are being used for
nal and an input device which will be computer to the terminal through a desktop microcomputer systems that
available for future Community telephone line. have all the capabilities of a mini
Memory systems. However, we plan Joystick, mouse, or touchpad: dev computer.
to keep the Community Memory ice for pointing to items or com The Community Memory
database and inter-node communica mands on the screen (alternative to software currently performs best on
tions software portable enough to typing commands or pressing the mid-range 16-bit microcomputer sys
run with a variety of terminals and arrow keys on the keyboard). tems such as those based on the
computers. Motorola MC68000 processor chip.
disk storage
joystick,
mouse,
or touchpad
In dollars, that means that the cen can be installed on a wide range of
16-bit computers: the choice of an
Information Stations
tral computer and disk storage to
support each set of 16-20 terminals 8086, Z8000, or 68000 system will Choosing the central com
will cost between $10,000 and influence only the speed and puter is the smallest and perhaps
$25,000. These prices can be efficiency of the system's operation. simplest part of the task of build
expected to decline by 20-30% over And one of our development goals ~ ing a Community Memory node.
the next couple of years, but the getting the software off the Unix Friendly software needs to be
operating system - is intended to housed in a friendly environ
price of a Community Memory cen
increase its efficiency, and therefore ment, and we are currently
tral computer will still be roughly
lower the cost of the cpu needed to developing designs for Commun
equivalent to that of a new small car.
support a given number of terminals. ity Memory's public terminals.
That's the bad news. The good
The pilot system, and probably Each Community Memory
news is that Community Memory
"information station" will feature
a keyboard and a screen in a
video-game style cabinet. The
terminals for the pilot system
won't have special cabinets, but
Although we have always dreamed of being we will experiment with several
types of terminal stands for both
able to run the system on a $1000 home com stand-up and sit-down use.
puter, we're not there yet.
Feedback Invited
We invite comments on our
the next couple of nodes, will be proposed hardware shopping list
installed on 68000-based computers for the Community Memory sys
in order to show Community tem. In particular, we are open
Memory to its best advantage. The to advice on the best design for
Community Memory Project will the public terminals and the set
subsidize the initial cost of these up of information stations. We
will be actively soliciting feedback
machines.
during the trial of the pilot sys
tem, and we would like to hear
In addition to a 16-bit cpu with
about what equipment is being
16 to 20 serial ports to connect as
used to support electronic bulletin
many terminals, a Community
board systems, and systems
Memory node will need:
involving public use of comput
ers.
• 1/2 to 1-Megabyte RAM
• 10- to 20-Megabyte Win
chester disk (but up to 150 Mb
for very large databases)
• backup and data transfer
media (tape, floppies, or remov
able Winchester).
Attention All Programmers

The Community Memory Project is looking for a few good programmers.
If you're interested in doing something socially beneficial with your skills,
send a letter and resume to us at 916 Parker Street, Berkeley, CA
The Journal of Community Communications
-One of the best (and maybe the only) sources of information on expen-
cal aspects of communications.

-- Steve Johnson, Rain Magazine
VILLAGE DESIGN • P.O. BOX 996 • BERKELEY, CA 94701
subscription rates: $14 for 4 issues; $20 for inflations and toe,go. S2S_ a,r_ma._
For a friend. . .
For yourself. ..
I'd like to subscribe to the Journal. Please enter a gift subscription for:
Enclosed is my check or money order for $.
NAME:.
NAME:
ADDRESS:.
ADDRESS:
CITY, STATE, ZIP.
CITY, STATE. ZIP:
PHONE
PHONE:_
...minimi""""""'"'"!
Keep in touch
/
We'd like to hear your ideas
I #)
about sites and scenarios for Com
munity Memory. The -communi
ties" we have in mind might be
based on various kinds of affinities
— on geographical proximity, on
shared interests, and so on.
If you or your group, or other
groups you know of, might be
interested in hosting a Community
Memory node, let us know.
Please add me to you, mailing lis, and send me the next issue of , N<m.
Please send me The Community Memory Project: An Introduction (14 pages). Enclosed is $1.00.
- Enclosed is a donation in support of your work.
- Enclosed are my suggestions.
Phone
Name,
Address
City
Mail to: The Community Memory Project

916 Parker Street
Berkeley, CA 94710
in in
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHUIII" I I I I I I I I I I I I I I , I I I I I I I U I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
New CM Network Gets Good Response
The Community Memory
system has been up and running on
three terminals in our home town
of Berkeley, California for nearly a
year. It seems to be a hit! Every
month, each terminal gets about
600 uses, and over a thousand new
messages are added to the database.
We hope that this single
three-terminal system is only the
beginning. Already, the pilot sys
tem is starting to demonstrate
Community Memory's potential as
a new, democratic communications
medium, an enterprise that com
bines the spirit of the Free Speech
Movement with the best of Silicon
Valley technology.
New terminals will be added
to the Berkeley system as soon as
we (or someone else) can afford it.
We're also talking with other
groups about installing Community included in this issue.) the system.
Memories in their communities. After a year of testing and
Eventually, our networking Project spent 1983 developing a revision, we had a system that was
software will link together several prototype of the system and testing simple to use, yet powerful enough
Community Memory systems so it on as many people as we could to enable people to organize and
share any kind of information.
However, we still had no agreement
The three Community Memory terminals were — and still on where to put the system.
are — the first public-access computers that allow users to Our biggest problem seemed
put their own messages into the system. to be communicating what kind of
system we had in mind. Without a
concrete example to look at, many
that any user can dip into the infor convince to sit down in front of a
people had trouble imagining what
mation pools of all the Community terminal. We tried it out on visi
such a system would look like and
Memories. tors to our warehouse office, and
how it would be used. In January
on people without prior computer
1984, we decided that our best bet
Installing the Berkeley Com experience that we invited to use
was to install a three-terminal
munity Memory was the climax of the system while we watched over
demonstration of the Community
many years of work: the path we their shoulders. We carted our
Memory system in Berkeley, our
took had many long detours. The equipment and our literature to
home base.
early part of our history is told in community fairs, to conferences,
An Introduction to Community and to neighborhood meetings. We We thought we could easily
Memory and in Issue #1 of Com talked to potential sponsors of a afford to finance the pilot ourselves:
munity Memory News, which was pilot system — groups that would although we were (as always) short
published in 1983. (Both of these purchase the necessary equipment, of funds, we had just concluded a
are available; see order form host a set of terminals, and manage — continued on next page
Community Memory News #2 Page 2
software license agreement that As if this weren't enough to the Whole Earth terminal in Sep
would have funded us for a year. keep us busy, we became involved tember.
Apple Computer Corporation with "The Electronic Cafe," an art The three Community
agreed to donate three Soroc termi project timed to coincide with the Memory terminals were — and still
nals. All that remained was to 1984 Olympics that connected are — the first public-access com
select three Berkeley terminal sites. several Los Angeles restaurants puters that allow users to put their
into a video and computer network. own messages into the system. All
We wanted places where the
The schedule was tight. The of the major Bay Area newspapers,
terminals would be in plain view
final modifications to the terminals, several national publications, and
(to attract users and to prevent
for example, were finished ten several radio stations covered our
vandalism); places that had heavy
minutes before the grand-opening debut.
foot traffic from a variety of people
party. After the first few hectic
and where the hosts were interested
in the Community Memory experi Unfortunately on the day of weeks in which our public found
ment. After visits to about a dozen the party we also learned that our problems and we made repairs, the
prospective sites and much negotia software license agreement had fal system itself settled down and
tion, we found three sites that met len apart. That meant our prospec started running well. It quickly
our criteria: the Telegraph Avenue tive income would be well below gained an enthusiastic following at
Co-op, part Of a chain of coopera the bare minimum. At the very each of the terminal sites.
tively owned supermarkets; La least, Community Memory would Many of the problems we'd
Pena Cultural Center, a restaurant grow much more slowly than we'd anticipated never materialized.
and community meeting place; and planned. Despite this, we deter People were able to use the system
the Whole Earth Access Store, a mined that somehow we'd come up without supervision, and there has
been no vandalism whatsoever.
The Community Memory is
now filled with about 3000 mes
v ' £
<3 sages, ranging from ads to jokes to
lOUR OWN
2k.
poetry to politics to nonsense. As
\P0p-p6 in ~i •C'
might be expected from a system in
which messages are not edited or
censored, there is something to
interest or offend almost everyone.
with the effort and money to get
One of the major ongoing
the system installed and to keep it
complaints about Community
going. The same financial situation
Memory is the number of garbage
— and the same commitment —
continue to this day. messages it contains. Interestingly,
the database is changing in charac
"hip" department store whose In addition to that bad news, ter as the system matures. We are
clientele ranges from back-to-the- we had a great deal of difficulty noticing longer and more substan
land types to Yuppies. convincing the phone company that
tive messages replacing the "visible
we wanted only a very simple con
We then ordered the special CB radio" chatter that we saw at
nection between each of our three
lines we needed from the phone first. More users are taking advan
local terminals and the host com
company, and based on their tage of the author and password
puter. Since we deliberately sited
estimated installation time, started features, which lets them edit their
the three terminals within easy
telling people we would be own messages at a later date.
operating in early May. reach of one phone company busi
ness office, we didn't want or need We've had three open com
Having agreed to "go public" conditioned lines or even a dial munity meetings about the system,
at a Grand Opening party at the tone. It took several weeks, several — continued on p. 7
end of April, we rushed to add the crews of installers, and several tries
finishing touches to the hardware before all the terminals were
and software. We modified the hooked with the simple "twisted Community Memory News is a publication
not-so-state-of-the-art Soroc termi pair" that we requested. of The Community Memory Project. Issue
Number Two was produced by Terre Bey-
nals, added software for collecting
The first terminal finally went nart, Marcy Darnovsky, Sandy Emerson,
statistics on system use, and Carl Farrington. Lee Felsenstein, and Karen
on line at La Pena cultural center
developed techniques for making Paulsell. Feel free to contact us with your
on July 17, 1984. Several phone
repairs without having to interrupt comments and questions at: 916 Parker St.
problems later, we installed the
the system's operation. Berkeley, CA 94710. (415) 841-1114.
Co-op terminal in early August and
Page 3
Community Memory News #2
The Free Speech Policy

encourages uses we support. We The constitutional argument
On March 8, 1984, we sent a will "seed" the database with mes
memorandum to one of our potential The suggestion to establish a
sages about community activities reviewer who decides what is
host sites that explains our policy of and resources, public and political
not editing or censoring messages in appropriate for the Community
events, skills sharing, and similar Memory and what is not raises First
the database, except when someone topics. Off-line, we will prepare
makes a complaint about a specific Amendment issues of free speech
literature and posters that explain and censorship. Aside from the
message stating that the message is our hopes for the system. importance of upholding these
causing personal harm or harassment.
principles, it is dangerous for pro
In practice, we've had to remove only The political arguments
four messages in ten months of opera gressives to set precedents that
The Community Memory sys smack of constraining free speech.
tion.
tem provides a way for any user to Once we bend the principle our
This "free speech policy" has respond to any message. A user selves, we are in a much weaker
always been controversial, giving may attach a comment to a mes position when censorship is pro
rise to concerns about good taste, sage, and subsequent readers of the posed from other political quarters.
legality, expediency, efficiency, and original message will be informed The legal and regulatory
other aspects of the operation of of the the existence of the com issues raised by computer informa
Community Memory. Excerpts ment. tion utilities are as yet unresolved.
from our collective response are
included here.
Debate and exchange will certainly provide a much better
We would like to respond to
political education for the users of Community Memory
your concerns about the appearance
of racist, sexist, commercial, and than would sweeping problem messages under the rug.
unwanted messages on the Com
munity Memory computer bulletin The ability to comment on We have posted notices on each
board. While we certainly share messages means that Community terminal that state:
your concerns about possible Memory can be a forum for dis
abuses of the system, we feel that cussing issues like racism and
PLEASE READ BEFORE USING
allowing representatives of the sexism. Debate and exchange will
COMMUNITY MEMORY
Community Memory Project or certainly provide a much better pol
itical education for the users of Community Memory is an unmediated
anyone else to remove "inappropri
Community Memory than would communications system. All user mes
ate" messages is not the best
sweeping problem messages under sages go directly into the system, and
solution.
the rug. In fact, instigating the are available immediately to all other
We have worked hard to open exchange of ideas and opin users.
develop Community Memory, and
ions is one of the raisons d'etre of Messages are not reviewed or
have lived for years with dreams the Community Memory system. screened in any way.
about its use as an open channel for
community discussion and organiz The technology on which
Each message in the Community
ing. The issues you raise are ones Community Memory is based is Memory represents solely the opin
relatively new, although com
that we've considered carefully, and ion of its author. Neither the
mercial systems that use the same
we'd like to share our thoughts Community Memory Project nor
technology are currently being
about them. the sponsors of individual terminals
planned and field-tested. The
can make any attempt to verify the
developers of these commercial
The practical argument accuracy or appropriateness of the
"information utilities" will make
information or statements in these
First, we believe that there no provisions for the public interest
messages.
won't be enough unwanted mes unless they are forced to do so. We
sages to create a problem. During would like Community Memory to You use and view Community
a public test of a much earlier ver serve as an example of the Memory at your own risk. We
sion of the system, in 1974 and democratizing potential of the new offer users the opportunity to com
1975, very few such messages technology. If it is to be exemplary ment on messages which they think
appeared. We intend to provide an it must take care not to set a pre are inaccurate or incorrect. Like
atmosphere around each Commun cedent for controlling the contents messages, comments are not
ity Memory terminal that of such systems. reviewed or screened.
Page 4
Co-Op Store Surveys G

Last fall, Community People are mainly interested
Memory and the management of in using the CM system as an elec
the Telegraph Avenue Co-op super tronic bulletin board (78%). In
market (a Community Memory ter addition, 66% wanted to see the
minal site) obtained feedback from system as a forum for community
Community Memory users with a information, 27% would like to use
short questionnaire developed by it as a clearinghouse for consumer
the Co-op Education Department. and nutritional information and 8%
The following is an outline of the wanted to see news about the Co
results. op.
Questionnaires were placed The Telegraph Avenue Co-op
next to the terminal and voluntarily terminal is part of a three terminal
filled out by a variety of CM users. pilot Community Memory System.
There were questions about age, Currently there is no charge to use
sex, income and amount of previ the system, but there are plans to
ous computer experience. Other attach a coinbox to each terminal.
questions concerned use of CM: Users would be charged an access
how often, when, and where. In fee (for example, 25 cents for 5
addition, the survey asked what minutes). Proceeds from the coin
kind of information the user would box would help pay phone bills and
like to get from (or put into) Com maintenance costs. Because of this,
munity Memory. one question asked how people's
A total of 60 people use of Community Memory would
responded. Most of the people who change if the coinbox were
"My 7 year old daughter has had fun teaching people who
were struggling to use it. So have I. I love to see it here.'
filled out the questionnaire were

installed. The question was:
25-44 years old. 37% were women
and 63% were men. The largest HOW WOULD YOUR USE OF
COMMUNITY MEMORY CHANGE IF
proportion of respondents made
COMMUNITY MEMORY COST 25 CENTS
less than $10,000/year (34%); 25% FOR 5 MINUTES?
were in the $10-20,000 bracket. Of USE IT A LITTLE LESS
the people surveyed, 17% had USE IT A LOT LESS
users check out the Co-Op terminal
never used a computer before, 55% WOULDN'T USE IT AT ALL
used one occasionally and 8% used

one often. Of the 60 people surveyed,
When asked about how much 5% wrote in that they wouldn't use
they used Community Memory, it any less. (That category was
32% said they had used it over 4 inadvertently missing from the list
times, 23% had used it a couple of of choices). 26% said they would
times and 30% had only used it use CM a little less, 15% said they
once. 11% of the people surveyed would use the system a lot less and
had never used CM at all, but they 32% said they wouldn't use the sys
filled out the survey anyway. 71% tem at all.
have, at one point or another, been
unable to use Community Memory One of the last questions
because it was either not working (which inspired the most varied
or already being used by someone responses) was "What word best
else. Most people use the system describes Community Memory?
in the evening (31%). According to the respondents, the
Page 5
ommunity Memory Users

following quotes were taken directly "It has been most interesting
from the surveys: observing the system grow and see
Community ing how individuals discover new
Memory "I was considering a decision
and couldn't make up my mind. I
communication patterns."
threw out the question on Com Because only people at the

| .read and add messages
munity Memory and have had Telegraph Avenue Co-op were sur
e exchange information veyed and because the sample is so
several responses. It's a fantastic
, .make a connection feeling to read a response to your
small (60 people), this survey is
message!" not representative of all of the
Berkeley Community Memory
"My 7-year-old daughter has
users. However, it's interesting to
had fun teaching people who were find out what sort of people are
struggling to use it. So have I. I using the system and what their
love to see it here." perceptions are. It is also instruc
"I located an old acquaintance tive to find out what people are
through this once. (Fancy meeting using it for and what they would
you here!)" like to see it become.
"Input not controlled. It's This survey was taken three
full of obscenities. Too bad. Tech- months after the terminal had been
nojunk." installed, so we can assume that the
"Time to use it is more views uncovered are the initial
important to me than money to use reactions to the idea (within this
particular community). A follow-
it."
up survey might uncover a move
"The few real messages are away from the perception of the
interesting; the incredible number system as merely an electronic bul
of stupid messages make its use letin board. At the time of this
(browsing at any rate) quite irritat writing, we have noticed that many
ing. Perhaps once people get over people are also using the system for
the thrill of being able to swear and dialogues, discussions and
talk about sex in public that will announcements of events and com
change." munity services.
Now, add a TITLElo your message.

How To Add a Message^ Step 3
TtTifi ,v, nu IK..4 M, ,r IIT.JI ..TIlilHuit
ouemoN AUTtBUt AaMyamM
Step 1 ED vHmnoKm
Community Memory are: fascinat rr Press

0
tx u
PNW HCLP tap
YOU AM NOW
aa a pee auwa *• utaaaM. Yka eat
jaw tm h nnta it Umam rot afeerc Ac
Ya» fear Umtt» Ml UW N£W tJNF
ing, instructive, relevant, out (H3 Tkt^MAaoMttn.tW DOW?
fdHmCvmm mmmmrnummtr* ..
dated, great, fantastic, tedious, Ste? 2
e COMTCKTU row "
tacky, inefficient, needed, interest
ing, cluttered, useful, useless, | mu ««•
.IT**
riendly, unfriendly, fun, boring,

elpful, needing more locations, s i-sr-
;ss nvr ---
cumbersome, novelty, ok, wonder-
*-• •.•zrirz.r--* t 3
u > progressive, original, great Y<M *»'! km itMit
faja — TW»* art 4 aIN. key*. UP DOW»
!«e
Potential, intrepid, keen, slow, •OS? 1TMntHMt
neat, exciting, expressive, over-
-A, g
1k* rr
'«** then. PRESS (7J Step 5^ §£
s ructured, valuable. As you can Wtea yhrm,,e<, ,yp,ni ,hC
pmnalyoww
i*
see' P e r c e Ptions varied quite a bit.
Stories about using the Com
4 7 il
R
munity Memory system were soli- The Users Guide to Community Memory
C1 e at the end of the survey. The
Page 6
Becoming Self-Supporting
We're planning to start charg
ing for using the Community
Memory terminals at some future Table 1: Start up Costs for a 16-Terminal Community Memory
date. The fee most often men
tioned is 25 cents, the same price The node $30,000 Maybe as low as $15,000, or as high as
as the cheaper video games. computer $50,000, depending on the particular machine,
memory, number of ports, etc.
Here are the results of some
computations we've done to answer Terminals 10,400 16 terminals at $650 each
the question "How many quarters Modems 9,600 16 pairs at $600/pair
would it take for a Community
Furniture 2,000 Tables (and perhaps chairs) for each site
Memory system to be self-
financing?" Before we lead you Phone 1,600 Average of $100/site
through the calculations, we'll ease installation
the suspense by saying: 51 quarters Total Startup $53,600
per day, per terminal will pay for a
16-terminal Community Memory others only 5; we compromised in Berkeley yet, we find these
system, one and one-half staff peo with a figure of 25 days per month. numbers encouraging. With just 3
ple, phones, maintenance, and Dividing $314 per month by 25 terminals (and two of them at loca
insurance. days, we arrive at $12.56 per termi tions that are open only 6 or 8
To arrive at "51 quarters per nal per day, or 51 quarters (and 6 hours a day), the terminals average
day," you need to divide the total more cents).
more than 4 hours of use on the
startup costs shown in Table 1 by We use the figure "5 minutes busiest days.
60 months (5 years) to arrive at a for a quarter" as our ballpark figure
monthly pay-off of $893. Adding These calculations are still in
when describing our charging the "back of the envelope" stage.
the ongoing monthly costs from scheme; if we use this as the rate,
Table 2, that's $5038 a month in We may have under- or over
each terminal would need to be fed estimated some costs. We haven't
expenses. That sounds steep...but quarters for 51 5-minute sessions, a
the cost per terminal is only $314 done a recent computer price sur
total of 4 hours and 15 minutes per vey, but we believe that computer
per month ($5038 / 16 terminals). day.
prices will continue to go down.
We figured that some places Even though we don't have The biggest expense over time is
would be open 7 days a week, and coinboxes attached to our terminals actually the salaries; this might be
reduced with more volunteer effort,
or might be higher if there aren't as
many volunteers.
Table 2: Monthly Costs of System Operation

One aspect of the model
Personnel $2,750 1 1/2 full-time equivalents at $20,000/year that's very interesting when you
play with it on a spreadsheet is its
Phone lines 720 $45 per site
dependence on the number of ter
Rent 200 A space for the computer, and the 1-1/2 minals. Adding a few more termi
workers nals increases the original invest
Computer 175 Cost of our current maintenance contract ment slightly, but substantially
maintenance reduces the number of uses
required per terminal, since the
Additional 100 Terminals & modems
cost of the computer and the fixed
maintenance
and repair monthly costs are spread over a
larger number of users.
Insurance 100 For the computer and terminals
After we have installed coin
Phone, supplies 200 Costs of maintaining the office boxes on our three pilot terminals,
postage, etc. we'll be able to get a more accurate
Total Monthly $4,145 estimate of how many quarters it
Costs really takes to keep a Community
Memory system alive and well.
Page 7
Starting a Community Memory

The Community Memory If a person submits a com Connection to the Network:
Project is now ready — and eager plaint that a particular message is
_ to help other groups start their When the network is available
causing harm or problems, and that
own Community Memory systems. to interconnect Community
person unambiguously identifies the
Memory nodes, the system opera
We'll provide the software and sup message, then that message may be
tor agrees to link the local node to
port, including operating instruc removed by the system operator.
the network.
tions, installation procedures, other
literature, signs, and training. The System operators will assist
Non-profit Operation:
operators of the system — a local other groups in setting up Com
The system will be operated munity Memory systems by provid
group or coalition — will be
on a not-for-profit basis. If fees are ing information and technical assis
responsible for providing the
charged for using the terminals, tance whenever possible.
hardware, arranging for the termi
they must be low enough to be
nal sites, and running the system. Our Escape Hatch:
considered nominal. Any revenue
We'll ask each group to sign a realized from these fees must be The Community Memory
formal license agreement with the used to cover the capital and Project can review the performance
Community Memory Project. The operating expenses. of system operators, and rescind
license agreement includes a set of the agreement if they aren't meet-
operating principles and practices
for the Community Memory sys
We want to take the investment we've made — the years
tem. We're working on a draft of
this agreement. We'd like to hear we've spent developing the Community Memory software
your feedback on these basic princi and concept — and with a minimum set of "rules"
ples: encourage politically progressive community-based
Public Access: information structures.
All terminals at which the CM
software and/or database is avail ing the spirit and terms of the
able for use will be accessible to the Information in the database agreement. The Community
general public during the entire cannot be used except through the Memory Project will give a system
time that the host site is open to public Community Memory termi operator at least 6 weeks' notice
the public. nals. In particular, the information before a review.
Free Speech: cannot be sold or transferred to
One of our objectives is to
other databases. encourage innovation and diversity
Messages entered at the ter
in the applications of Community
minals will be immediately available
Community Accountability: Memory. We want to take the
to users: there won't be any prior
review process. The system operator will investment we've made — the
demonstrate sensitivity to the needs years we've spent developing the
Messages in the CM database Community Memory software and
of the community, and have some
may not be modified by the system concept — and with a minimum set
operator except: public accountability. (This could
be in the form of community meet of "rules" encourage politically
Expired messages can be ings and/or publicly available progressive community-based infor
deleted. mation structures.
minutes and records.)
New CM Network Gets Good Response

taken steps toward forming the first tem, and to attach coin boxes and
~ continued from p. 2
Community Memory Association. printers to the terminals that are
The Association will assume owner already installed. We have learned
provLr^ C h W e r e W e " a t t e n d ed and
a great deal about the power and
COUDIP FUS W'TH '°TS °R IDEAS AND A ship and control of the Berkeley
Valuab,e new system, with the active participation limitations of our system by doing
As nart° f volunteers.
this pilot. We plan to make the
c ampaien° an, ongoin8 fundraising of more of the Co-op grocery stores
system even easier to use and
sional r ' / e Ve hired a P'ofes- as a likely prospect.
better at helping users find just the
submit p Un ra'Ser and continue 'o messages they want. As always, we
foundatbm 1 a p p l i c a t i o n s t 0 v a r i °us This year, we hope to add
and agencies. We've more terminals to the Berkeley sys need your help.
i
£thcr
**« n£ wiffj
toMMmry MEMORY fr.

THIS? WHAT CANI HOW
M WITH IT USE IT
& ' ASNOUfiCEHf;
°*c
^ #
^° \vvlo^ The important point about this

system is that it gives people the power
to make their information public."
The Community Memory Project

916 Parker St. ^*
Berkeley, CA 94710
^ 3
A publication of The Community Memory Project shofh-eJl $ <Zt] «t Summer 1987
Campaign Begins For

Community Support
by Catherine Dunford
has begun organizing support through
community meetings, volunteer work,
regular publication of Community Mem
ory News, and local and national fund-
raising. This new program reflects a con
tinuing commitment to make it easier for
people to learn about, communicate and
cooperate with one another.
CM Community Meetings
Community Memory Community
Meetings (otherwise known as CMCMs)
focus on the organization as a community-
based group providing solutions to the
communication problems we face in our
In the Works: New Hardware, attempts to work with one another.

CMCM participants gain an under
Software for Community Memory standing of the role of communications in

group activity and learn about threats to
we've learned from operating the Berkeley human freedom arising from coercive
by Carl Farrington
pilot system is that Community Memory applications of "information" techno
After three years of operation, The logies. Project representatives discuss
Community Memory Project is rede appeals to people. The terminals are used
how typically available means of commu
signing its software to take advantage of about 30% of the time that they are
available. We get over 1000 new mes nication limit and distort the ways we can
newer, cheaper machines and of our expe work together. They present the Commu
rience with the Berkeley pilot system. sages each month, and have seen exam
ples of every kind of system use we expec nity Memory solution—minimize these
ted: buying and selling, meeting people distortions through positive applications
Since we designed the system now of computer technology—and suggest
running in Berkeley, the power and avail with mutual interests, "publishing" poe
try, essays and computer art, discussing ways to contribute to the CM Project.
ability of low-cost computers has in
creased dramatically. We can use these politics and current events, and sharing
The meetings offer a framework
new machines to reduce the price of the useful information.
for both unaffiliated individuals and those
CM system and increase its capabilities. already involved in local organizations to
With these increased capabilities, we can We have seen some unanticipated
discover how they can best utilise the
solve many of the problems we have occurences as well. A few people have
CM computer system. The system can
found during the three years we have been used the system to get important personal
act as an organizing tool for both estab
operating our pilot system in Berkeley. problems off of their chests, often evo
lished groups and coalitions "waiting to
king encouraging and helpful responses.
happen." CMCMs encourage participants
The changes we plan include new Several people have developed mythical
to "adopt" their own interest on the sys
terminals, coinboxes, a more graphic pre CM "personalities" that banter back and
tem and foster its growth as a topic for
sentation of messages, and new tools for forth with one another. All of this usage
discussion and, ultimately, connection
organizing and sharing information. has taken place with little or no effort on
beyond the boundaries of electronic com
our part to advertise the presence of the
munication. People choosing to adopt a
Of course, none of this would be system or train people in its use.
subject can thus support the Project while
worth doing unless we thought people furthering their own agendas.
would use it. But the biggest lesson See Redesign, p. 6 See Support, p. 2
Page 2
Support, continued from page 1 financial support of foundations, govern Community Memory has demonstrated
Volunteer Program ment funding agencies, and major its viability as a concept and an organi
Regular meetings open the door to donors. zation. Now we seek financial assistance
newcomers by orienting them to the Pro For most of its history, the to expand the pilot system and develop
ject, its perspective, and its openness as Project has paid for itself through a few CM as a communications package avail
an organization, but only time and con individuals' donations and the proceeds of able to other communities and groups.
tinued involvement can provide an overall licensing software originally designed for
familiarity with the technical and organi CM. Major expansion now underway Summary
zational aspects of CM. The Project pro will be financed by a variety of sources, Increased support for the Com
vides an organizational as well as a tech from proceeds on coinboxes at the termi munity Memory Project will benefit sys
nological setting for working together to nals to individual contributions to funds tem users, local groups, potential CM
promote social change. While the CM from grant-making institutions. system operators, proponents of demo
cratic communications, and every person
As a unique community institution, we stand at the whose work connects them to the CM
Project. The Project's members believe
forefront of groups using computer communications to this community organizing program will
further the democratic process. improve the future of all concerned
individuals and organizations as it furthers
budget does not permit a large paid staff, As a unique community institu the goals of Community Memory.
the organization offers interested indivi tion, we stand at the forefront of groups
duals volunteer positions with an organi using computer communications to fur
zation built on principles of mutual re ther the democratic process. With world
spect, free speech, self-determination, and Catherine Dunford is CM's new Admini
wide recognition for our innovative work, strator and Community Organizer.
community/coalition-building.
The CM Project realizes the

importance of respecting individual's dif
ferent skills, interests, and ability to com Taking a chanpp-
mit time and talents. We need the help of
someone offering two hours a month of
clerical assistance just as much as we
need volunteer C programmers and termi CM Meets the Press
nal maintenance helpers. a.SanCe'
*** Community Memory terminal beckons, 'touch the
. r •e 8rouPs f°ur terminals handle about a thousand entries a
Quarterly Issues of CM News
TINT*^roSS 3 range of categories."* "A Plexus P-35, running the
With this issue, the Community
a 70 ^y^teu)»^drives...[the Community Memory] program through
Memory News begins quarterly publi
sagw. 1 Sk W,lh e"0Ugh room 10 slorc ncar'y 50.000 m£-
cation. Numerous information requests
demonstrate a need for current materials
on the Project's development. The minallhat "lets ^ T
demise (temporary, we hope) of the Jour-
ml of Community Communications pro
T""1 "" °" cork "' ™ ""ready Com-
vides another impetus to publish more fre X
" 'It i. thl ° T' search for housing and exchange information "!
quently. The CM Project goals cannot be
reached in a vacuum; a quarterly CM said"3 "The ^f.fulure.' Co-Op consultant Richard Pearlman
r ^ 1 5c n l h u s i a s l i c a b o u tC o m m u n i t y M e m t x y a sa
News gives our far-flung network of col
leagues and friends timely updates on
issues _ being addressed and problems
solved by CM. " s y ° " :
CM News actively solicits contri

butions from our readers. While most
articles will focus on the Project and its SZ'llec^tTJc' I'oJZZ." m,m " " Pr«irammrfm CM
own programs, each issue will also con
tain more far-ranging pieces of interest to 16'
CM supporters. «• I r •
Chronicle, October 4, 1985, pagC 30 " 3 m2Qih- Francisco
Fundraising for CM Expansion Jan Francisco Chronicle, August 29. 1984, page 4.
With expansion comes the need pageT* ° Calif0nua 31 Berkeley's Daily California^ August 30, 1984,
for increased funding. Over the next year, 5The Oakland Tribune, August 30. 1984, page B-l.
we will inaugurate a campaign to gain the
Summer 1987
Page 3
Viewpoint
Preserve Our Right to

Free Thought; Fight
Textbook Censorship
by Richard Weiss
Editor's note: While Community

Memory must, by necessity, limit the
scope of its work, we will present
opinion pieces discussing issues of inte
rest to our readers. We welcome submis
sions for future publication.
In a free society, information

flows, unobstructed and uncensored.
With the exception of privately-owned
information, knowledge is the property of
the community. Its members have a
right to that information. It is said that
knowledge is power. This is true, but it
is not just power over other people which
knowledge bestows: a much greater gift is Project Moves to New Office,
the power to think freely and to make
your own judgements and decisions. This Adds Fourth Terminal, Paid Staff
ideal has not been attained; censorship, an
by Karen Paulsell
attempt to control or shape this power, natural wood, not fluorescent red and
has always been with us. Since the begin While the last issue of blue.
ning of this century, particularly during Community Memory News was in press,
the free speech movement of the sixties Community Memory was looking for When we switch to using Atari
and early seventies, a good deal of pro new office space. We finally found a ST's as the terminals, we'll modify this
gress was made toward opening the filters suitable storefront just 3 blocks from the design slightly. It provides space for the
which blocked information channels. old warehouse. It provides offices for the (soon-to-be-installed) coin mechanisms,
staff, a kitchen and meeting room, and a and can also house a printer.
Of late, there has been a move reception area with our in-house *
ment to reverse these gains. Attempts to Community Memory terminal. For nearly two years, Community
censor certain books from the curricula of Memory functioned almost entirely on
our public schools are on the rise. The The office is open Monday the work of a few volunteers. In the past
most apparent object of these attacks have through Thursday, 10 - 5 p.m. Whether few months, we have hired 3 people.
been the sciences. Scientific texts, how you are a local Community Memory Carl Farrington and Philip Kohn, who did
ever, are far from being the only victims. user or a telecommunications pilgrim visi much of the final design work on the cur
A broad range of books, from James ting the Bay Area, it's wise to make an rent version of Community Memory, are
Joyce's Ulysses to L. Frank Baum's The appointment before coming to see us. now back on salary. They are working
Wizard of Oz have been pulled from the The new address is: 2617 San Pablo Ave on the re-design of the software described
desks of students. Usually these books nue, Berkeley, CA 94702. Our phone on page one of this issue.
are banned on religious or moral grounds. number remains the same: (415) 841-
Frequently they are pulled on the basis of 1114. Catherine Dunford has just joined
complaints from just a few parents or * us as Administrator and Community Orga
clergy members, and textbook bans are The fourth Community Memory nizer. She'll be doing community out
carried out without further input from the terminal was installed in February, 1986 reach, planning community meetings, and
community. In many cases a handful of at the Shattuck Avenue Co-op organizing the work of the Community
vocal people dictate the educational cur Marketplace. Almost immediately, it Memory volunteers.
riculum for an entire community. became the most heavily-used of all the
terminals. It is also our sleekest-looking. Karen Paulsell is a technical writer,
This issue is not one of the left or The first three terminals arc mounted on consultant on typesetting for UNIX sys
right. Attacks are coming from both tradi tables; the new one is housed in a birch- tems, and current President of CM. She
tionally liberal as well as conservative plywood box. It looks vaguely like a also serves as Treasurer of the Union for
See Censorship page 6 stand-up video game housing - but in Democratic Communications.
Page 4
On Community
the Memory Systen
fPHILOSOPHY TUTOR
Date: 2/23/87 Author: Philosopher
Index: philosophy, tutor, tutoring, philosopher
Call me at xxx-xxxx for philosophy. I will discuss terms

înprivate^^^
PHILOSOPHY TUTOR WANTED. MID AGED

f PHILOSOPHY TUTORING
ARTIST, MALE WA
Date: 2/28/87 Author: Anonymous
Index: artist
Index: philosophy, tutor, history, androgyny, sex, art,
thought
Respond to =re- Philosophy tutoring
Name Sahlu Alemayehu
Philosophy tutor wanted. Mid aged artist, male wants
Qualification =pilosophy of education based on the
to dicuss and leam about ideas. Will pay tutoring fees
philosophy of free enterprise
to grad student or equiv. A broad knowlege of the
Tel- yyy-yyyy
history wf thought is necessary.
Add-123 Blahblah Dr.
Sample questions}
y Someplace, Cal.
How has the concept of self changed from ancient to
modern times? How is it different in non western
cultures. f PHILOSOPHER ADD
How do we comunicate when such basic concepts as Date: 3/13/87 Author: Anonymous
belief truth, etc are not universally defined and indeed are Index: anauncements, of, phylosofer's, head
different for different people even within the same
culture? Name Sahlu
How are yin yang dichotomies related? Does the Qualification Philosophy of free enterprise
male-female polarity extend to the soul what ever that Psycho-epistemologist
is? What does it mean to be androgynous? History of art and science
Why are philosophy books so filled with so much Address 123 Plahblah Dr Someplace CA;
boring nonsense? Phone yyy-yyyy
Leave response here with your qualifications and price
and means of contact
f WHY IS PHILOSOPHY DIFFERENT IN NON-WHITE
CULTURES? PERHAPS
Index: [no index words entered]
WHY is philosophy different in non-white cultures?

Perhaps you should look to their art forms; especially the
oral tradition/concepts of time are vastly different.
by Harlan Shays losophy tutor. This entry is unusual (2) and (3). Perhaps the third response
mainly because it was longer than one was an effort to clarify the previous one.
It would be impossible to screen: few messages go longer than one In any case, they demonstrate that a wider
reproduce an average chain of messages frame. Four responses followed the ini presence on CM does not necessarily
from Community Memory. There are no tial message. While we cannot know the mean greater user comprehension. More
typical messages or comment chains. The intentions of the writers, certain obser messages do not automatically clarify the
"message tree" replicated here demon vations can be made about their respective author's position.
strates some of the ways people use CM. contributions. The final branch turns away from
These messages were written If we compare the resulting chain the initial request and becomes more of a
between February 23rd and May 7th, to a family tree, then it is the "first dialogue in its own right. The fourth
1987. They are reproduced exactly as seen branch" that seems to indicate that the response (4) offers the tutor-seeker help in
on the system, except for phone numbers tutor-seeker quickly found what he defining the question. Though brief in
and addresses, which were changed forpub- sought. Conversely, the second and third wording, it shows two aspects of CM in
lication here. The chain begins with a branches immediately dead end. It seems action. First, because the author did not
relatively straightforward request for a phi clear that the same author wrote responses write a title, the system plugged most of
Summer 1987
n, Messages Grow on "

TUTOR PHILOSOPHY BACKGROUND
Date: 2/23/87 Author: Anonymous Date: 2/24/87 Author: Philosopher
Index: education, phliosphy, art 1
Index: philosophy, tutor, philosopher, truth
1
What is your education? B A University of California, Berkeley, 1969.
10-year study of ethical, political and economic
philosophy since. I have expertise in these fields. I
cannot help you with epistemology, Oriental philosophy,
and other fields. Satisfaction guaranteed. I am one of
the world's top experts on natural moral law, having
written extensively on the subject.
JEWISH PHILOSOPHY: THE ONE TRUE SET OF
s
BELIEFS /^S
Date: 3/19/87 Author: M. Berkowitz
Index: studco, farming, second, alliance, religion,
philosophy, martin, jew, boy, berkowitz, m, v^/
america, politics
^JEWISH PHILOSOPHY; GODS JOKE OF THE AGES 1
*STUDCO*STUDCO*SCUDZO*STUDCO*STUDCO* Date: 5/7/87 Author: Anonymous
Index: reality, beanbrain, berkowitz 4
WHY is philosophy different in non-white cultures? Isn't
1
that a bit like asking why chimps didn't write English
god has his little jokes, i guess yur itl v l ,
Common Law? Intelligence is a genetically transmitted
trait, just as brown hair and large phalluses. There is only
one true master race, and that is people of Russian Jewish
descent. (Myself and my compatriots fit that description
excellently, by the way.)
Death to all Gentiles,
Martin Berkowitz
*STUDCO*STUCCO*STUDCO*STUDCO*STUDCO*
I
PHILOSOPHY KNOWS NO RACIAL BOUNDS
Date: 3/23/87 Author: Mr. Natural
Index: philosophy, race, mr, natural
How do you know it is different. It looks all the same

to me. Pygmy philosophy is identical to Jewish
philosophy, which looks like the Tao.
the first line (as it appeared on the termi spective nicknames are familiar to repeat chain demonstrates conclusively how
nal screen) into that slot. The resulting users of the system. open communications works on CM.
fragment made an intriguing teaser for the Messages (4-1) and (4-2) also Message (4-1-1) is a brief retort to mes
message and may have boosted partici serve to highlight the openness of CM. sage (4-1). Any CM user can comment
pation in the chain. Second, this response This is unmediated communications, and on earlier messages in this way.
demonstrates how one message can the frankness may offend some people. There may yet be further additions
prompt a chain entirely separate from the While a planned fee of 25 cents for to this comment tree. Readers are invited
goals of the original entry. One can only entering messages is expected to to use the system and see for themselves.
wonder at what the tutor-seeker thought eliminate much of the "garbage" quotient,
of the fourth message and its descendants. it would be a mistake to assume that all Harlan Shays is Community Memory's
There are two responses to mes offending material will cease. CM Recording Secretary and Development
sage (4): (4-1) and (4-2). Together they operates with the idea that the benefits of Chair. A recipient of New York Univer
illustrate the participation of certain loyal uncensored communication far outweigh sity' s Master's degree in Interactive Tele
users of CM. These people have selected the impact of the bigotry displayed in cer communications, he does freelance tech
author names for themselves, and the re tain messages. The final response in the nical writing.
Page 6 Community Memory News
Redesign, continued from page 1 computer, we can help people learn to use users as to what is important. But obvi
But both we and our user commu the CM system quickly, and provide extra ously, a lot of messages on the system
nity have found problems with the sys assistance in areas where people have come from people who are using the sys
tem and the way it is used. problems. tem just to try it out, and not because
they have anything in particular to say.
New Hardware The new system will use menus
The biggest barrier to establishing extensively to let users choose quickly The new system will use the coin
and expanding CM systems is the from among several options. (The current boxes to address this problem. By char
expense. The cost of the central com system presents each option one at a ging a quarter for each message added, we
puter ($30,000) and the expertise neces time, requiring users to respond YES or hope to reduce the number of senseless
sary to operate it prohibit most organi NO to each choice. This is not only less (and sometimes offensive) messages en
zations from establishing such a system. efficient, but the number of different tered. At the same time, we want to keep
The use of customized terminals makes options we can offer is limited by the reading of messages free to encourage
even the addition of a single terminal to user's patience.) We will allow users to people to try CM when encountering it
by chance.
Central to the idea of CM is that people can share Finding Information More Easily
Central to the idea of CM is that
information without needing an editor to organize,
people can share information without
distill, and censor. needing an editor to organize, distill, and
censor what they say. For this to work
our system a complex proposition. The scroll more rapidly through the messages with a large number of messages, the sys
coinboxes, which were intended to offset themselves. (In the current system, users tem must provide effective tools for fin
the expense of operation, are not yet sup have to alternate between seeing single ding what you want and filtering out what
ported. messages and selecting messages from you don't want
lists of titles.) We also plan to have a
Since we began development of more graphic representation of the inter In the current system, the author
the Berkeley system, the computer indus connection of comments. of a message indicates the message's con
try has changed in various ways. Com tent by choosing several "index words"
petition to make low-cost copies of More Terminals that describe the subject of a message and
IBM's Personal Computer has reduced The hardware used in the new optionally by linking the message to
microcomputer prices dramatically. At design makes it cheaper and easier for us another as a comment. People searching
the same time, newer and faster chips to add more terminals. Having more ter for information may browse through a
have been developed thatradically increase minals on the system will solve a num list of all the messages on the system,
the power of these machines. ber of problems. By making the system see all the comments on a particular mes
more visible, it will increase the number sage, search for messages with particular
The cost of personal computers of people who encounter and use it. By index words, or search for messages con
has fallen to the point where it is eco increasing the audience on CM, it will taining particular words in the text. All of
nomical for us to build one into every make the system a more worthwhile place these mechanisms are being used, but
CM terminal. We can program these to put information. each has some associated problems.
computers to provide users with much
more help operating CM than is possible Having more terminals will allow See Redesign, p. 8
under the present system. At the same us to experiment with a wider variety of
time, each user will require less work terminal sites. We are interested in set Community Memory News is pub
from the central computer, so we can use ting up "special interest" terminals loca lished quarterly by The Community
a cheaper central machine to support the ted near existing community services that Memory Project, a non-profit orga
same number of terminals. provide people with information. Clinics, nization. Community Memory is a ser
local media outlets, and various referral vice mark of The Community Memory
In a system structured like this, and information centers have expressed in Project. Other than the text of messages
the terminals will still cost about what terest in using CM if it were more acces replicated from the CM Berkeley system,
they do now (about $1500) but the price sible and had a wider audience. $uc'h use all contents © The Community Project,
of the central machine could be as low as will provide important sources of infor 1987.
$10,000 for a computer that could handle mation to CM users, and give these orga
16 terminals, and even lower for a "starter nizations a new way of meeting with Editor this issue: Catherine Dunford
system" handling fewer terminals. their constituencies.
CM is located at 2617 San Pablo Ave.,
More Help for Users Addressing User Complaints Berkeley, CA 94702, (415) 841-1114.
Having a computer built into each The most frequent complaint from We can also be reached on the WELL:
CM terminal allows us to interact with users of the current system is the number email Catherine Dunford <dcat>, Lee
our users in a much more sophisticated of "junk messages" that they see. To Felsenstein <lee>, or Karen Paulsell
way. Employing many of the ideas used some extent this is unavoidable, and only <kjp>. Via PeaceNet, email <karen>.
so successfully in Apple's Macintosh reflects differences of opinion among
Summer 1987 Page 7
Cenwrshin. continued from page 3 actively in the education of their children. prised how many share your concerns.
groups. At risk is not just the viewpoint They find it easier to restrict the learning Write to your local paper. You might
of a particular political, social, or reli material to things that don't offend them make otherwise isolated people realize
gious philosophy. It would seem that than to allow their children to be exposed that there are others with similar view
any individual or group that finds material to alternate points of view. This would points. Organize. An active coalition of
offensive or simply not in line with their require that they discuss things with their a few individuals can exercise much more
particular point of view is at liberty to children that they are either uncomfortable clout than can a large disorganized body
have that book removed from the schools. with or do not understand. This is of people (as the would-be censors have
By restricting access to alternative ideas, unfortunate (though they do not think already found out).
these groups attempt to impose their
viewpoints on the impressionable minds
of students. The real loss is not that Take part in the processes that shape your community.
these students will end up with a parti An active coalition of a few individuals exercises much
cular set of values (not necessarily in line more clout than a large, disorganized body of people.
with yours or ours), but that they will
have arrived at their beliefs without the
opportunity adequately to assess and com so), since their children are not the only Finally, if you live in Berkeley,
pare the alternatives. They will lose the ones affected. use Community Memory. This is a tool
opportunity to learn critical thought. placed in your community for your use.
People who cannot think for themselves If you are concerned with where You can use it to voice your opinion.
are sheep, and sheep can be led. This is this trend might lead, we would like to You can use it to exchange ideas and cla
the objective of those who would dictate offer a few suggestions as to what you rify your thoughts. You can use it to
the lessons of our young people. can do about it: Find out if your local organize. The important thing is to take
school district has a list of banned or an active part in the processes which
A major argument of some restricted books. Talk to the people shape your community now and those
censors is a claim to the right to become involved in education in your area. Let which will shape its future. If you don't,
involved in the education of their chi everyone from teachers to members of the it will be shaped for you.
ldren. I do not dispute this right. How school board know how you feel. Talk to
ever, by restricting the school curriculum, other elected officials. They may or may Richard Weiss is a telecommunications
they infringe on the rights of other not be sympathetic to your cause, but consultant currently working in the bank
children. The problem with this group is they are your servants, not you theirs. ing industry. He also participates in
that they are too lazy to participate Talk to other parents. You might be sur- CM's supervisory group.
< om in u n i 1 \ Meinor\ needs vour support!
mMM 'iU'r
The Community Memory Project, 2617 San Pablo Ave., Berkeley, CA 94702, (415) 841-1114
Yes, I'd like to be in on Community Memory's efforts—sign me up!

1 yr. CM News
1
Regular Subscription @ $10.00 —
Name
Sustainer Subscription @ $25.00 —
Organization
New CM Design Spec
Address
copies @ $3.00
City/State/Zip
Phone TOTAL ENCLOSED

For your contribution to be tax-deductible, make your check payable to Village Design.
Page 8
against the trigger index words of all the
Redesign, continued from page 6 messages on CM are organized.
forums, and a list of potential forums for
Browses through all the messages
We plan to assign every message the message is displayed. The user may
always start at the most recent message pick forums from this list, putting the
and work backwards. Many users have ex entered a unique 5 or 6 charater "tag" that
can always be used to refer to the mes new message into them.
pressed a desire for an option to jump im
mediately to any message (e.g. by mes sage. This will allow users to return
quickly to any message they have The host of a forum may add any
sage number) when browsing.
entered or seen in CM, and to make one else's message to the forum or
Messages entered as comments are remove any message from the forum (but
sometimes irrelevant, and when many reference to any number of other
messages in messages they enter. not from the database). Messages re
comments branch out from a message, moved from a forum are kept on a list of
people tend to get confused about how the "rejected messages" for that forum. This
By putting tags into messages
messages fit together. list serves two functions. It prevents the
that refer to other messages, users can
build more complex, menu-like message author from re-submitting the
Index word searching and searching message to the forum, and it allows all
the text of messages are very similar in structures out of the information they
enter. For example, a message might users to see (if they choose) what the
the current system, so people may not forum host has chosen to reject
know which they are using, or even that include some general information, and
there is a difference. It is possible to do tags for other messages that elaborate on
various aspects of the subject. When users are searching for infor
searches based on more than one index
mation, after providing an index word,
word, but the results of these searches are
The system will offer users more they are shown a list of fourms to search,
hard to understand. Also, some users
help when assigning index words to mes with the contents of the list again based
don't assign any reasonable index words
sages and when making comments. This on the trigger index words. The user may
to the messages they enter, and so those
should improve the quality of choices choose one or more forums from the list
messages don't get found. or request to search the entire database.
users make in those situations. The sys
The only serious pattern of abuse tem will represent the connection
between comments graphically when dis Summary
of the system has been the intentional
playing messages. These are the changes currently
adding of large numbers of irrelevant
under consideration for the CM system.
index words to messages. This seems to
Finally, we are introducing a new We hope they will make the system both
have been successfully dealt with by limi
organizing tool for data called a "forum." more useful and more widely available.
ting the number of index words accepted
A forum is a collection of messages on a Your comments and suggestions are, of
on a message. To some extent, the prob
specific subject The user who creates a course, appreciated, and now is the best
lem itself was an attempt by users to
forum becomes the forum's host The time to make them. You can write us to
make the most of the limited audience
forum host makes up a unique name for make suggestions or to obtain a more
available via the four terminals and might
the forum, a short description of its pur complete design specification for com
be less of a temptation on a larger sys
pose, and a list of "trigger index words" ment. Copies of the design spec can be
tem. Since the numerical limitation has
forced people to choose index words more which, when one appears on a message, ordered using the coupon on page 7.
carefully, they seem to use relevant index are an indication that the message might
belong in that forum. Carl Farrington has worked with CM as a
words rather than simply popular ones.
programmer and administrator for the past
To deal with these problems, we When a user adds a message, the six years. He is also interested in educa
are making significant changes in the way index words on the message are compared tion issues and outdoor recreation.

2617 San Pablo Avenue
Berkeley CA 94702
Winter, 1987-88
A publication of The Community Memory Project
Communications and Community: Community Memory

An Interview with Lee Felsenstein as a Source of Help
By Richard Weiss by Harlan Shays
Lee Felsenstein is a well known Bay Area The information available on

engineer and activist. He was involved in Community Memory terminals comes
the development of micro computers since from people who step up to the screen and
the beginning, and was an early member of type what they want to say. Any individual
the Home Brew Computer Club. He is may enter information or a comment of his
perhaps best known for having designed or her own. The material on CM comes
the Sol terminal computer, the first micro from its users, not the organization that
computer with integrated video, and the manages the system.
Osborne 1, the first portable computer, as Community Memory is the only public
well as being a co-founder of Community access system that relies on its users for its
Memory. The Community Memory Proj information. People using CM are actually
ect has always tried to remain explicity communicating with each other from
aware of the dynamics that communica different locations, and at different times.
tions technology creates in the community. This kind of interaction could not have
This interview presents some of Lee's ideas existed until relatively recently; CM is one
on broadcast and non-broadcast media. of many possible combinations of
The following interview took place in the computers and telecommunications.
offices of Upstart Corporation, Lee's latest
commercial venture. In light of its unique nature, we're often
photo by Richard Weiss
asked "Do people actually receive the help
they seek when they use CM?" While no
Richard: What is the difference between were those of a couple of TV stations, and
other service is identical to CM, some
broadcast and non-broadcast media? maybe a newspaper. Hundreds of people
distant cousins do exist. A look at two older
who got this bill suddenly began calling
Lee: I use the term broadcast media to innovations can help frame the question.
these media, and in fact inverting the
describe any medium where the media, information was coming back in, Joseph Weizenbaum, an MIT computer
information is replicated in identical form and of course most of them were not set up science professor, developed two "natural
from a centralized point. It radiates to handle it. So, this made the papers, which language programs" called ELIZA and
outward from that point; it's broadcast. It was I guess their goal. DOCTOR in the mid 1960's. He was trying
does not refer necessarily to electronic to show that computers could appear to
media. Print is a broadcast medium, unless Richard: Which emphasized their point?
understand human language within a given
the print is done by xerox machines or context; he never intended for his work to
Lee: Emphasized their point, but you see
typewriters, or whatever. have therapeutic implications. However,
they didn't really make their point until it
Richard: I guess another term to describe got into the papers. And came back out his DOCTOR program bears a strong
broadcast media would be simplex, in a again to millions of people. resemblance to Rogerian nondirective
single direction? therapy.
Richard: What are some other differences
between broadcast and non-broadcast The DOCTOR program begins by
Lee: Possibly. There is a reverse channel,
asking "How may I help you?". As the
but it's extremely small and cluttered. media?
"patients" describe their problems, key
Some conceptual artists from SF several
Lee: There's always someone in charge of words and phrases are picked up by the
years ago, around '68, did a "media
the communication, always an editor in a program and fit into preselected responses.
inversion" as they called it. They bought
broadcast context, and in a non-broadcast The exchange between a user and the pro
some very high-quality mailing lists and
context there is no editor; all parties to the gram might seem like a conversation to the
made a very official looking bill for 50-
conversation (and I guess that's the best casual observer, but there is no
some dollars and sent it with an inscription
thing you can call it, a conversation) are comprehension on the part of the machine.
on the bottom, "If you have any questions,
call the following numbers". The numbers continued on page 5 continued on page 4
Page 2
commitments and technical problems

A Summary of CM's
Community Memory stalled the project repeatedly.
Development Plans
Plans for Coinboxes The pace of the development increased
this spring when Chris Helps took over the As described in the Summer, 1987
development of the coinbox subsystem and issue of CM News, The Community
by Carl Farrington
Henricus Holtman began modifying the Memory Project is in the midst of a
The idea of coin-operated computer
CM software to control the coinbox. Carl major revamp of the system. Our
terminals has been an important part of the
and Henricus integrated the new software major goals are: lower startup costs,
Community Memory concept from the
into the pilot system and installed the first greater community involvement,
early days of the project. That idea took an
coinbox in early August. easier-to-use software, and more
important step toward reality last August
powerful user tools. The hardware
with the installation of a prototype coinbox
More work remains to be done before changes include:
on the CM terminal in our office.
coinboxes are installed on the public CM • a lower-cost central computer
Despite cost-cutting changes now in terminals. Also, the CM Board of Directors • intelligent terminals
progress [CM News Summer 1987] has decided not to install the coinboxes • a programmable coinbox
establishing and running a CM system will until the pilot system has more terminals, • 4-6 new terminal locations.
continue to take money. Coinboxes on CM which are planned for the next few months.
terminals would provide a way to meet the But the prototype has already attracted The new Community Memory
costs of system operation without interest from a potential sponsor of a CM software will feature:
depending exclusively on grants and system, and allows us to demonstrate • forums on particular topics
donations. A self-supporting CM system is another important aspect of CM. (messages can be placed in one
an attractive idea to foundations, individual or many forums)
CM wishes to thank Henricus and • user-designed "buttons" which
donors, and prospective system operators.
Chris for their efforts, as well as Jeff will let users link messages
The prototype coinbox operates under Milstead and Aaron Waters, who built the • pop-up windows for help and
computer control, and allows us to experi prototype and provided invaluable
special features.
ment with different pricing schemes. Our assistance in making it work. •
current proposal is to charge 25 cents for
adding a message, but to allow people to Now Available: The First Research Report
read messages for free. To the user, this cost
is minimal (if a newspaper offered free ad On Community Memory
vertising, the stamp or phone call to put At Community Memory, we were de This papier presents the first outside
your ad in would cost almost as much) but lighted to receive a paper called The Seg evaluation of Community Memory. We
this money would help cover system costs. mented Society: Can New Technologies have learned from it and from subsequent
Narrow the Gap?' The paper was written discussions with its author. In many ways,
Recently, we have averaged 200 mes
by Susan Douglas, from San Francisco it confirmed out "seat of the pants"sense of
sages per terminal monthly. If we received
State University. It was presented at the the system, and who was using (or not using
a quarter for each of these messages, we
Left Coast Gathering of the Union for it). It has also given us new ideas for
would bring in $50/terminal each month.
Democratic Communications in October, research to conduct, since it looked at is
This would cover the terminal phone bills,
1987. sues from a new perspective. If you'd like
and help with administrative expenses.
a copy of the paper (30 pages including ref
Of course, if we charged for using the The paper presents the results of over erences), please send $3.00 to cover copy
system, the number of messages added 50 hours of field research that Douglas ing and postage to the address below.
would decrease. But we hope that the nomi conducted at Community Memory
terminal sites, and a content analysis of Community Memory would like to
nal charge would primarily eliminate "gar
messages from the Community Memory work with other researchers who are inter
bage" messages that most people perceive
database. While the paper doesn't answer ested in similar fieldwork experience. We
as an annoyance anyway. As we add more
the question of its title (who possibly (unfortunately) can't afford to pay, but
terminals, the system will become an in
could?), it presents an excellent literature we'd really like to see additional research
creasingly effective way to reach people,
review of research into information gaps, performed as we introduce more terminals
which will also offset the effect of the
and evaluates the relevance of this work to and our new software. Contact Karen
charge. Other pricing schemes could also
new communication technologies. Paulsell at the address below. •
be used to balance the need for revenues
with the desire for inexpensive service. Community Memory News is published by The Community Memory Project, a non-profit
Developing equipment to support this organization. Community Memory is a setrice mark of The Community Memory Project.
flexibility has taken a long time. The selec Other than the text of messages replicated from the CM Berkeley system, all contents © The
tion of a commercially-available coinbox Community Project, 1988.
and the design of special hardware to han Editor this issue: Karen Paulsell
dle the coins under computer control was CM is located at 2617 San Pablo Ave., Berkeley, CA 94702, (415) 841-1114.
begun four years ago by Lee Felsenstein, We can also be reached on the WELL: Lee Felsenstein <lee>, or Karen Paulsell <kjp>. Via
Philip Kohn, and Carl Farington, but other PeaceNet, email <karen>.
Page 3
Extending Electronic Full Text of the Amendment

Freedom of Speech Words to be deleted are enclosed in brackets [ J.
Words to be added are enclosed in asterisks. * *.
by Karen Paul sell
First—That subdivision (a) of Section 2 of Article I thereof is amended to read:
The California ballot this November
may contain a constitutional amendment SEC.2. (a) Every person may freely speak, write [and], publish, *or
that adds a few phrases to two existing electronically communicate* his or her sentiments on all subjects, being
sections of the California Constitution. responsible for the abuse of this right. A law may not restrain or abridge liberty
The additional clauses would affect your of speech [or], press, *or electronic communication*
freedom of speech—by explicitly extend
ing protection into the realm of electronic Second—That Section 13 of Article I thereof is amended to read:
communications. The amendment also
extends the "search and seizure" provisions SEC 13 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
to cover information kept about you in effects, *including personal information stored in electronic information systems
electronic information systems and com and computer data bases,* against unreasonable seizures and searches may not e
puter databases. violated- and a warrant may not issue except on probable cause, supported by
The bill, ACA 36, was sponsored by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place *or location to be searched
Gwen Moore (D-Los Angeles). "This bill and the persons and things to be seized.
brings the California Constitution up-to-
these important analysts why you favor the
date with the 'information age'," said the Assembly Elections Committee, and
passage of ACA 36.
Moore, who chairs the Utilities and then be approved by two-thirds ol both
Commerce Committee. "It removes the houses. Strong bi-partisan support in the If you want more information about the
gray area surrounding electronic com Elections Committee will certainly help get bill, contact the sponsor, Assemblywoman
munications, declaring once and for all full approval. You should write or call the Gwen Moore (D-Los Angeles) or her ad
their equivalency with conventional Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and members viser, Bob Jacobson at 916-445-8800, or
communications as far as constitutional of the Assembly Elections Committee, send mail to her at: State Capitol, Room
considerations are concerned." expressing your support for ACA 36. The 2117 P. O. Box 942849, Sacramento CA
names and phone numbers are in the box 94249-0001. Once it passes the Elections
At Community Memory, we re
below, as well as the Committee's address. Committee, you should write your repre
encouraged to see this piece of
The vote is scheduled for late January. sentatives to support its passage.
legislation.We've had a keen interest in
First Amendment law, particularly as it has If one of these people represents your More information on ACA 36 and
applied to "speech" on the computer, since district, your calls or letters will have related telecommunications and informa
we first contemplated our public access special weight. If you can't write to each of tion policy issues can be obtained from the
computer services. Now that computer the people on the list, at least write a letter Utilities and Commerce Committee's new
based communications is becoming big to the Chairman and Vice-Chairman. legislative computer bulletin board. The
business, with more and more big players Capitol Connection. The telephone
You can also reach the Committee
exploring the electronic marketplace, we number is 916-442-0746 (7 bits, even
consultant (staff director), Barbara
agree with the views of Assemblywoman parity, one stop bit). The Capitol
Milman, at 916-445-7610. The Repub
Moore. It's time to end the ambiguities that Connection is free; you'll have to register
lican consultant, Jim Caldwell, can be
surround the application of existing before you can begin using it.
reached at 916-445-3260. You can tell
freedoms to electronic communications.
Can't you just hear Judge Bork saying"I'm
Assembly Elections Committee
sure that the framers did not intend..."?
State Capitol, Room 5119
At the Federal level, Congress passed P.O. Box 942849
the Electronic Communications Privacy Sacramento, CA 94249-0001.
Act in 1986. But that may not protect
ncTrn p rwAPON Chairman (D-San Diego, 619-232-2405)
intrastate electronic communications. 818-446"313 }
RICHARD L. MOUNTJOY, Vice-Chairman
Even California law enforcement agencies
WILLIAM P. BAKER (R-Walnut Creek, 415-932-2.. 7)
support this amendment; they favor
TOM BANE (D-Van Nuys, 818-986-8090)
removing the existing "gray areas
DENNIS L. BROWN (R-Long Beach f4)
surrounding such issues as the use of BBS s
r.ARY A CONDIT (D-Modesto, 209-576-6-11)
in computer crime, and the rights of law
DÊmER«D-lin8Be.c;.2,3-5^^)
agencies to use information seized under
JOHAN KLEHS (D-San Leandro, 415-464-0847)
existing statutes.
raHNR.IiW,S(R-0,mge. 7,4.^-09^
Community Memory urges you to BURT MARGOLIN (D-W.LA., 213-655-975 )
support this bill, ACA 36. It first must pass
Pttye 4 Community Memory News
continued front pnyc I

Title: Housing Advisory and Appeals Board Date Entered: MAR 20, 1987
The therapeutic value of such a
Author: Bret
program has been debated in the field of Boards and Commissions Housing Advisory and Appeals Board
psychology for over two decades. But even Hears all matters pertaining to substandard buildings; investigates specific building
Weizenbaum's own secretary would share and housing problems as may be referred by the city council.
her problems with DOCTOR, and cover the Carlos Baltodano, Secretary 644-6530 ^£onmg 644-6570 ^
terminal to keep Weizenbaum from
reading over her shoulder. Title: CHANGES MADE ON THE BOARD Date Entered: NOV 29. 1987
Author: Anonymous
There are a few similarities that
Carlos Baltodano is no longer with the City of Berkeley.
DOCTOR shares with Community Robert Gamblin is now the ACTING head of the Building Department and Chairman of
Memory. CM and DOCTOR are both the Housing Advisory Board.
delivered electronically; users enter and Watch out for him. He is anti-tenent.
obtain information on a computer terminal.
Both CM and DOCTOR use computer

with what transpires during a session up to DOCTOR were created. Public databases
technology to provide interchanges that
each individual user. such as The Source and CompuServe were
would ordinarly occur in other ways. A
designed as information storehouses for
therapeutic relationship differs from However, the major difference is more
anyone with a computer, a modem and an
DOCTOR (at the very least) in that the important than all the similarities. The
account number. While these services
former is a face-to-face meeting with a live main difference between CM and DOC
included facilities for computer confer
person. Many of CM's interchanges could TOR is that a remark on DOCTOR prompts
encing, analysts in the field of electronic
not happen anywhere else, but some uses of a single predetermined response, usually
publishing expected only routine ex
CM may be compared to an editorial page, composed using words derived from the re
changes in the bulletin board sections; they
a ride board, or a bathroom wall. mark. An entry on CM may draw one re
expected the stored database material to
sponse. many responses, or none at all. An
CM and DOCTOR also share a hands- attract the greatest usage. In fact, the areas
innocent question may yield a pragmatic
off approach regarding content. Like CM, where users could communicate with each
suggestion or set off a frenzied exchange of
DOCTOR does not rely on a central author other turned out to be the fastest growing
comments.
ity to provide information. A session on components of those systems.
CM or DOCTOR will be grounded in the A different type of computer-derived
Other information providers in the field
format set up by the respective designers, help arose several years after ELIZA and
of electronic publishing found similar
patterns. "Better Homes and Gardens"
Title: Disabled Dilemma Date Entered: SEP 25, 1987
reformatted a selection of its articles for use
Author: Anonymous
on a videotex system. However, the most
Yesterday, while my brother and I where waiting for a ride home from the Ashby BART,
popular part of their package was a user
we saw a disabled woman in an electric wheelchair trying to use an elevator to get down
to her train, the elevator did not work so she wheeled out to see the atendant. none was recipe exchange. Airlines also were
present, so she tried again. It did not work. Seeing that she was obiously upset my surprised by the relatively heavy attention
brother and I aproached her and asked her what was wrong, all sshe could say was "I paid to their travel bulletin boards.
can't go home!" and dissolve into tears. My brother and I went to the atendants cubical,
no one was there so we looked around for one. we could not find one. we returned to
It seems that the only thing more
the cubical and found her crying and shaking her head saying "never go home", this mae common than the human tendency to
me so angry that I almost opend the emergency exit to sound the alarm, jump the barrier communicate is our human ability to forget
and use the emergency phone, instead 1 told her that I was going to call BART and get her this tendency. Many computer system
home. I went to the phone put in my quarter and just then the atenndant came and designers seem to have very short
unlocked the elevator. It should not be possible for our disabled brothers an sisters to memories in this regard.
have so much trouble in their courageous efforts to lead normal, free lives. They are
right to call the rest of us "temporarily able-bodied" people. Let's all work together to Community Memory allows the
remember their presence and do what we can to make such frightening incidents rarer division between help and communication
ând rarer, i am still quite enraged whenever I remember this experience. > to blur, much as it does in real life. In doing
so, CM serves a role that makes a
Title: BART and the disabled, a response Date Entered: SEP 26, 1987 comparison with any other resource—
Author: Anonymous electronic or traditional—very difficult.
It always seemed to me that BART should be able to issue electronic elevator keys to the
disabled—sort of like a teller card. They might even combine it with a fare card. Or they Many of the best examples from CM
could have a combination lock—the computer room at my job has one of these; it has a are too long to include here since it's the
membrane keyboard, with 6 numbers. You just touch the numbers in the right order. human-to-human communication in the
They should pick some technology that the greatest number of disabled can easily use chains of responses that makes them fasci
without assistance, but there probably isn't one technology that can work for everyone. nating. We reproduce two of the briefer
And. let's hear it for the disabled folks from all over the US who are coming to SF this ones exactly as they were entered on the
^w'eek to bring their concerns to the Transportation Convention! ^
system. The opinions they express may or
Fall I9K7 Page >
may not be based on facts, but that is ti ue tor

anything appearing in print. Japan Visits Community Memory
The first was written by a BART pas*
senger after a disturbing experience with Next, he said that he wanted to ask me
by Karen Paulsell
nonfunctioning equipment. The second some personal questions, and that if I didn't
For the past few years, the American want to answer them, to just tell him. His
concerns tenants rights in Berkeley. Both
press has presented stories of Japanese questions were about why I chose to work
demonstrate a combination of help-seeking
industrial prowess and the American in Community Memory, what my values
and spleen-venting familiar to CM users.
business community's trips to Japan to are what my goals are, and how my work
Other CM entries enlarge our concept study the phenomenon. Community here had changed my goals and values. My
of help. Over the course of several install Memory has seen an interesting Hip side to answers weren't nearly as interesting as his
ments last year, one writer described how this pilgrimage. Quite a few or our recent reasons for asking, which he told me when
he lost his virginity to a friend ol his visitors have come from Japan. Following 1 questioned him. He said that the type of
mother's. He told of the incident with great the publication of Aki Okabe's book. community activism that Community
sensitivity and candor. His monologue was Alternative Networks (in Japanese), our Memory (and many other groups) repre
both a gift of support to anyone at a similar Japanese visitors have arrived well sent is not known in Japan, and that he
point in life, and a request for feedback informed about the Project. wanted to understand how and why such
from anyone reading the series. groups take place in the U.S.
The Japanese visitors' interest has been
An entirely different discussion started both technical and social. They want to We've heard the same types of ques
in May, 1987 when one user began a know what we're doing, but they also want tions and comments from other Japanese
message with "Extreme Emotions— to know how. and why. A recent visitor, a visitors over the years—enough to think
Watcha Gonna Do With 'em?" Responses city librarian, asked a few questions to clear that it represents an interesting trend. While
came in offering suggestions and up details described in the book. He then we haven't followed up on the activities of
recounting personal experiences. Users began to ask questions about Community our visitors, we look forward to hearing
also wrote messages praising earlier Memory's structure, our decision making from them in coming years—especially as
contributors, and asking related questions. processes, how we reach consensus on they apply what they've learned while
One wanted to know why the originator had difficult decisions, and our relationships visiting us and other U.S. community
listed "music" as an index word. The
with other organizations. groups. •
answer said, in part, "It has to do with the
tone quality of metallic forms of Rock."
continued from page I have an equal priority and you get the
As for this article's original question message you look for, you don't get a
equally in charge. And in fact, the rules ol
("Do people actually receive the help they message you don't look for. So the
how conversations are mediated are still
seek when they use CM?"), a subjective argument that certain kinds of speech are
unclear. There is of course no question of
evalutaion seems to indicate that certain intrusive, such as shouting fire in acrowded
how a broadcast medium is mediated; the
people do. Only the individual writer theater, doesn't apply. We don't ever get
boss says do it; you do it or you don't do it.
knows for sure in each case, but many into a crowded theater. It is always pretty
requests for feedback do appear to gamer Richard: Is lack of censorship an impor much one person looking for a message,
relevant responses. tant component of the CM philosophy.' and one person placing a message.
Other measures of success in gauging Lee: Yes, CM takes the position that the
There are limits somewhere; we don't
assistance rendered are harder to see. We community is the important element.
know where they are, and we would hope to
don't even know how many users found the Community Memory is set up to facilitate
be able to expand the limits. You don't
ride or roommate they were seeking, since the development and redevelopment of
expand the limits by placing the limits on
the messages usually include phone community or communi/tev. This is yourself and assuming that's it. When we
numbers and there aren't responses we can community in the communication context,
started Community Memory in 1973, the
count. Field observations are one possible rather than in the physical context. fact that we had made provisions for people
method of measuring CM's success. Although it can have either realization. to define their own keywords opened up
Another is the feedback which users direct theirown creativity in using the system. We
In order to develop community, you have to
to Community Memory via the system found a tremendous flourishing of modes
have the maximum availability to
itself. Suggestions on ways to make CM a of use. We were really amazed by the range
communication for the people who are
better method of delivering help are always of uses that people seemed to be putting it
encouraged. prospectively in that community. That
pretty much precludes censorship and to.
Further information about computer editing. We trust people with the ability to
Richard: How do you see communications
therapy may be found in Psychobabble by discriminate in theircommunication just as
functioning in communities?
R D. Rosen, Avon, 1979 and in Computer people do in speech. We argue that because
Power and Human Reason by Joseph of the technology, the potential for Lee: It's my contention that first of all,
Weizenbaum, W.H. Freeman & Co., San overwhelming other kinds of speech does human beings are village dwellers: this is
Francisco, 1976. • not exist in CM. All messages essentially more
Pane 6
The next point is that BBS systems
from previous pane Richard: And electronic, interactive media
generally serve a pre-defined community
built into us somehow. If you look around do away with that excuse?
of interest. Again, nothing wrong with that,
the world, you do not find societies of in fact I look forward to the time when we
Lee: Well, let's just say that the efficiency
isolates except in pathological circum have full-fledged CM style systems
argument is yielding to a technical solution.
stances, such as New York, and other big available for pre-defined communities of
I think that perhaps the efficiency that is
urban conurbations.
latent in the electronic telecommunications interest.
As Jane Jacobs pointed out succinctly in technology has not yet been recognized. At
Once again, though, we have some better
The Death and Life of Great American CM, we are pushing the frontier by
prospects. Right now, only one computer
Cities, the thing that makes life bearable exploring in the human domain. We are not
has CM running on it. But, we have got the
and humane in a city is the degree to which using supercomputers, we are not counting
hooks built into the system, and we have
villages, in effect, or neighborhoods can our bits and bauds, but rather trying to get
done a lot of the work for the inter
establish themselves. the structure to spread on a lateral basis.
computer communication between two
computers runningCM. And we've always
I've come to the conclusion that politics is exercised intended that as the system grew, it would
through the control of channels of communication; grow by spawning new nodes, new
computers, and these computers would be
control of channels of information flow within a society. on the CM network via high-speed
communication among themselves.
What does it take to develop a community, We are not imposing a hierarchical
especially in an urban society? From my structure on the community as we see it. Richard: But BBS systems are still limited
experience, ranging back to the community Rather, we are growing the capacity from to users who themselves have computers?
organizing my parents did in our the ground up and letting the people work
neighborhood in Philadelphia which was out their ways of developing grapevines Lee: That's correct. You have to have a
integrating in 1955, an element, a partial through the system. Then they will ideally computer yourself in order to use a BBS
answer is, of course, communication, take on the support of portions of the system. Which means that you are auto
opening channels of communication. I've system, in effect to support their own matically within a certain range in terms of
come to the conclusion that politics is grapevines. income and in terms of interests. We re
exercised through the control of channels trying to make better levels of communica
of communication; control of channels of Richard: Some people have argued that tion available, on a localized basis (and
CM has become outdated with the advent that's another element of where CM is dif
information flow within a society.
of computerized bulletin board systems ferent) to people without any computers at
If you can put yourself in a position to (BBS's) which have become quite all. We had seen people using the original
dictate to other people what they will and prevalent in recent years. How do you CM system in Berkeley who would never
will not hear from each other and say to answer that? have gone near a computer, especially in
each other, you by definition have political those days! Our potential usership is much
power over those people. You may not Lee: We still think we are technologically
greater than the set of people who have got
realize it, but you have it. We have in effect way ahead of the bulletin board systems.
computers.
been living in an information age since the CM is based upon a relational database
beginning of writing. You needed writing which is generally understood to be the Another point is that CM is oriented
in order to control other people through class of database system which is really towards usage within local, geographical
information; you no longer had to be the open ended. areas, and within more specific
strongest man on the block in order to communities of interest. With the new
I'm all for BBS's, however, I still don't
control and dominate the people around software coming up, we'll have a large
think you can equate them with CM. The
you. overlap of more specified forums, which
number one reason is technology; we are
are communities of interest, all of which
Looking again at the question of what operating at a level of technology which
are available on every CM terminal. This is
makes community, I say it's communica has really yet to be appreciated. One of the
something that you can't get on the BBS
tion and it's the ability to communicate things I'm trying to do in the overlap
systems. You can get it, to a certain extent,
without control over your lines of commu between my commercial activities and
on the large centralized database systems
nication by anyone else. Usually that what CM is doing is push that idea, and get
such as the Source, CompuServe and
control has been imposed in the name of some of this technology around in the
others. But the higher the degree of
efficiency. The rationale is "We can't have commercial area, so it will be paid attention
centralization, the more the problem occurs
everybody doing what they want to do" and to. of just plain inefficiency. In a computer,
"There's only a few presses around, so let's centralization generally means
The BBS systems are generally single-
just exercise economies of scale and we 11 inefficiency for the particular users.
user. They're on microcomputers; you can't
have cheapnewspapers, which / will edit".
really run more than one user at a time on a
The societal control, the broadcast So that when you get online to Source or
micro. And only FidoNet allows
structure, has always been excused on the CompuServe, during high usage periods,
communications between the BBS's.
grounds of efficiency.
m
Fall 1987
options as to how that coinbox is used, since with, the capitalist system of production
you can wait a long time for things to
it's a matter of programming at about three and marketing. I've seen some great
happen. And I was asked, I think in 1979 or
different levels. success in personal computers in doing just
80, by William von Meister, the guy who
that.
invented the Source, why don't you come
Professionally, the things I have done that
put CM on the Source? My response was The technology for establishing CM type
are of relevance to CM have turned out
that we are not looking to do a centralized systems should be made available. I think
well, and most of the things I've done that
nationwide CM system. It would not work that it will have a very good market because
are irrelevant to CM have not turned out
well. It would spoil the myth of the system. people resonate to the possibilities that
well. So I take a hint from this. Whatever 1
do, I should always ground it in things and non-broadcast communication makes
Our concept doesn't have one single
concepts, structures that can be of use to the available to them, especially when realized
computer running everything, a
development of CM and that sort of com at an advanced level of technology. W e saw
"downtown" computer. Our concept
munication. I'm not going to ask why, but this resonance happening in 1973, and
involves a network of computers, each one
that's just what seems to work. we've seen it since then. We need to
having many terminals. That network of
develop more. We need to play the music,
smaller computers would cooperate by
The product we're working on here at rather than just hitting something and
using high-speed communication. There
Upstart Corporation is really a result of a hearing it ring.
would be no center of the network. conversation in which Carl Farrington
asked me how we could make the cheapest There's a great deal of development that
Richard: Where do you and CM go from
possible bit-mapped or graphics computer. has to be done, primarily in the human area.
here? What are your visions for the future?
Which really is the Atari 520 ST. But at that Development of myth, development of
time, which was early 84, it was not at all understanding of what this is, understand
Lee: I'm working on my visions, CM is
clear that the Atari, even the Atari com ing of how you use the system. Okay,
working on implementing its visions.
pany, was going to survive. So I began you've got the hardware and the software,
They're not different visions necessarily.
thinking... how would you do that? How that does something, but to use it, you have
So when you say you and CM, I'll draw the
could you make a real cheap computer to approach it with some intention as to
distinction. CM is undergoing a redesign of
that's rather like the Macintosh or the Sun, what you want to use it for. There are rules
the software, and to a certain extent, the
and of course the Atari. How could you to be followed and rules to be discovered as
hardware. This has been discussed
make it a kit. I've got a product that is to how to use it to get a certain effect.
elsewhere. [See A Summary of C M s
Development Plans on page 2.] The
important thing there is that we're getting People resonate to the possibilities that non-broadcast
away from high-cost specialized hardware
communication makes available to them, especially
and moving to lower-cost, widely available
hardware. That's one thing, as a hardware when realized at an advanced level of technology.
designer, I think is very good.
growing from that seed. I consider it of I call this process the courseware. There's
We're looking at Atari 520 ST's and PC a lot of development that has to be done
some potential relevance to CM.
clones as terminals, which are widely avail there. This cannot be centralized
able at very low cost, and we'll reduce the To go into a slightly higher level, I would development, nor should it be. Making the
cost of the central computer from $30,000 like to make the components of CM com tools available facilitates this decentralized
to maybe $10,000 or below. mercially available, and subject to the development. It's necessary to provide the
economies of large scale production, as channel of communication, non-broadcast
We're also adding the coinbox, and that large a scale as it will tolerate. That is a of course, among the people who are
will create a significant change in the myth perfectly viable approach that's paid off developing it. I perceive that as being an
and the usage of the system. We have before, and will certainly pay off again. important step in CM's future
found, for instance, that people are put off development.
by the myth of the system because of the 1 would like to make "community of
kind of conversations that they see going interest" systems; that is to say, small to Richard: So Community Memory is es
on, the sort of role-playing conversations medium sized CM systems that you could sentially defined by the community?
that are apparently being played out by hook up to phone lines, and set up and
either juveniles or people who are of a declare yourself to be an information Lee: That is the whole point. It is defined
juvenile frame of mind. Nothing really bad, resource for a community of interest. These by the community that develops through its
but, on the other hand, if people look at that would not be members of the CM network, mediation, and since it is a non-broadcast
and say, "Oh, that's all that's going on but they would be potential members ot medium, the mediation of the system is
there", then we have to watch out for that. CM networks. essentially passive. It is determined, in the
We expect that the coinbox, costing 3 cents aggregate, by the members of that particu
There are levels of sophistication of those lar community. Almost a self-developing
more than a 22 cent stamp to use, will have
systems; I would like to be able to feed the community. There's really no good way to
a significant effect in changing the myth.
technology that's developed for CM into predict it.
We're going to have to be very carefully H
the structural system that I'm now familiar
monitoring what goes on. We have a lot of
Pu,ge X
Put a Message on Community Memory

If you want to put a message on Community Memory, but don't find your way to one of our terminals, here's
a blank you can use (make copies if you need more than one).
Please Type!
Title: you can use up to 45
Title: characters
Author: Expiration Date :
Index Words: Author: Leave blank, or use
a "nickname" (up to 12
{Type your message below) characters).
Expiration date: Up to one

year from now; if you leave it
blank the message will be on
CM for about 6 weeks.
index Words: Use words that

you think people will use when
they are looking for your
message. You can use up to
10 words.
The message: can be as

short or long as you like. The
message box is 12 lines of 57
characters. A message can
continue for several screens,
but short messages are more
effective.
Deadline: April 1, 1988. All telephone numbers included in messages will be confirmed
before messages are posted. You must include your name and address below if it is not
included in the message. (This is for our records only.)
Name
Organization
Address _
City State Zip.
BULK RATE
The Community Memory Project U.S. POSTAGE
2617 San Pablo Avenue PAID
Berkeley, CA 94702-2227 BERKELEY, CA
PERMIT NO. 1156
iMn "ir ,rr,,rr,rii,i,,i"iii",ii"i",i,ii
9966-20/^6 VO Aa|8>jj8a
8nu8A\/ oiqed ues LL9Z
psfojd AJOOI8I/\| Ajiuniuwoo
Keep CM News coming to you!

Community Memory News brings you updates on the Community Memory
and news about other community communications projects and concerns.
You can keep Community Memory News coming to you for only $10 00 for
4 issues.
Community Memory is preparing a big expansion, and we have a lot of

expenses in the next few months. If we're going to add 6 new terminals,
we need to raise additional funds. The cost of installing a terminal is more
than $1200. Your generous donation now will really make a difference.
You can help build the only community communications project of its kind.
With your assistance, Community Memory can be a success.
'II help keep Community Memory growing!
Name
Group
Address
City, State, Zip.
Your 22* stamp on this envelope will save us 45*.
$ 10.00
I—i Send me 4 issues of Community
I—I Memory News
I—| Here's my contribution towards

installing a new CM terminal:
$ 25 cords and cables
$ 40 a month's phone costs
$100 the terminal stand
$150 modem
$400 computer
$500 phone line installation
$
Total Enclosed:
If you wish your donation to be tax-deductible, please make your
check payable to Village Design.
Vol. I, Issue I Winter 1991
What's New with the

Collective Mind
Two thousand people each month use
Community Memory to share ideas and
inspirations, exchange goods and
services, meet, talk, gossip, debate and
support each other. Since we launched
Community Memory participants come in all shapes, sizes and ages.
the network last February, we've This young poet expresses himself at Milt's Coin Op .
watched a variety of people use Com
munity Memory in ways which have The Muse meets
surprised and delighted us.
The Memory:
The Community
Community Memory encourages you to Profile of A Community Memory Poet
Memory Project
break free from simply being an infor
Can poetry be an effective means for brings together
mation consumer. Instead, you become
change? Community Memory participant people and groups
an active participant in a growing infor
and active poet, RV Cottam believes so, to share informa
mation and idea exchange. You dis
even in the United States where - "our tion, resources and
cover that in some forums you're the
'private-profit' lives are fueled, not by opinions. Through
expert — and in others, there are issues
unity or common beliefs, but by a 'divide the use of an elec
you've never before considered.
and conquer' mentality". tronic network with
ten public access
Right now, Community Memory is
RV began writing poetry 15 years ago computer sites in
home to 61 forums or discussions,
because he decided poetry was an effec Berkeley, the Com
ranging from job listings to debates
tive way of transforming society. Before munity Memory
about the environment to jokes. Seven
that, he'd experimented with various Project both encour
teen of these forums are hosted by
political parties and philosophical theo ages and facilitates
community agencies. .
ries. But, he came to the conclusion that dialogue, informa
the things that need changing have to be tion-sharing, and
Naturally, a lot of participants use
brought to light in order for a philosophy constituency-
Community Memory as a bulletin board
or party to be effective. Now he uses building.
— to post messages about needing a
Community Memory as a tool to share his
roommate or selling a bicycle, finding a
insight into American society.
new employee or promoting a babysit
ting service. Others use Community
%
"Community Memory has provided me
Memory to track down information
an on-going medium, with the potential of
(continued on page 3) (continued on page 2)
Community Memory Project

page 1
New Software Muse and Memory (con't.)
being alive on a day-to-day basis," RV told
Features us. Traditionally, publishing can be such a
We're in the process of implementing
lengthy process. Topical work can become
new features to make Community
outdated before the reader sees it. With
Memory easier to use:
Community Memory, ideas and messages
are published as soon as they are posted.
Adding Messages Will Be Easier
A single option will allow you to
RV hosts the POETRY II forum where local
either ADD a new message or RE
poets, like Jack Hirschman, Julia Vinograd
SPOND to the message you're reading.
and John Hatch, regularly publish their
After you type a message, Community
work. This open and diverse forum can be
Memory will ask you if your entry is a
found under the <discussions> topic, with
new message, a response or a sugges
The 5 C's as it's subheading. The 5 C's are
Network is the quarterly tion.
newsletter of the Community RV's goal for this forum - "communicate
Memory Project.
conscience and consciousness of commu
VaVette Holts, Editor
More Options For Forum Hosts
nity creatively".
Printed by Inkworks Forum hosts will be able to pull
Board Of Directors responses from other forums and add
Of utmost importance to RV, is encourag
Sandy Emerson, Sybase them as messages into their forums.
Carl Farrington, Design & ing poets to write. As a founder of the
Delivery This will make reading debates and
Lee Felsenstein, Golem ics Mature Poets group - which meets weekly
Evelyn Pine, Community
on-line conversations more direct,
at the North Berkeley Senior Center - RV
Memory Project without always having to climb
Richard Weiss, Bank of makes regular and concerted efforts to
America through all the branches of a discus
sion tree. support new poets, and to give and receive
Staff
Evelyn Pine, Executive Director
feedback from the more seasoned poets.
YaVette Holts, Outreach
Coordinator Community Memory Accounts
Carl Farrington, Chief
Our 25 cent message fee serves as a "Words are tools to communicate thoughts
Programmer
Will Thomas, Programmer filter. Participants have to stop and and feelings, therefore all those who write
Greg Williamson, Programmer
think if they really want to add their anything are poets. Not everyone is a good
Advisors message to Community Memory. To poet, but everyone is a poet." And,
Earl Crabb, InterMedia
encourage our ongoing participants, according to RV "good" poetry is not what
Development Corp...Taleb
Jenkins, South Berkeley Neigh
we're setting up a system to give it's about, really. Expression and investiga
borhood Development
Corp....Philip Kohn, accounts'. These could be used in tion are more important. "So, it doesn't
International Computer Science
several ways: 1) users could send in matter if you use pen and paper, a type
Institute...Louis Labat, Alameda
County Department of
money which would be 'credited' to writer or a computer keyboard. It's the
Aging...Regina Minudri,
Berkeley Public Library...Mimi their account and then they wouldn't thoughts that are important because they
Recker, University of California,
need a quarter every time they wanted can bring change," RV argues.
Berkeley...Bert Scharlach
to leave a message; 2) forum hosts
could receive a certain number of free RV encourages writers of all persuasions
Project is sustained by local
imagination, volunteer energy,
messages to help vitalize their forum, to post poetry, stories and ideas on Com
donations and grants. We are
supported by funds from the or as compensation for hosting a munity Memory. Because he hopes to
Telecommunications Education
forum; 3) enthusiastic participants eventually publish a printed anthology of
Trust, established by the
California Public Utilities
could be rewarded with free messages poetry from his forum, include your name
Commission. Write Community and address (or phone number, but not
Memory at 2617 San Pablo (kind of like the frequent flyer pro
Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94702; both) with your poetry, so that you can be
or call (415) 841-1114. gram); 4) we could start a Message of
contacted.
the Week contest and award free
- YaVette Holts
messages to the winning author.
Coming hi The Next Issue of
Any ideas on how to best distribute these Network
accounts? Your suggestions on how to im
prove Community Memory are not only
Inside The Memorial :
welcome, but encouraged. 1 he niaking »f the Alameda Count) War
Memorial
Community Memory Project

page 2
What's New (con't.)
from local institutions - to scan the •••••••
Berkeley City Council agenda, to find : B U Z W O R D
social service information for seniors or • • • • • • •
homeless people. Political alerts about
the tuna boycott, Redwood Summer,
Operation Rescue and war in the Community Memory activists do much more than hack
Middle East have dotted the net. away at computers ....Recently, Country Joe McDonald
joined the ranks of CM forum hosts. He'll be hosting the
But Community Memory is more than a Alameda County War Memorial Project which will list
bulletin board. It's a direct line between all deceased and MIA veterans from Alameda county.
two people, between an individual and Friends and relatives are encouraged to participate by
the community, and between communi adding messages about their loved ones. Volunteers are
ties.
needed to help 'build' the memorial. Anyone interested
should contact Community Memory for more
Berkeley's cable TV consultant an
swered queries from cable subscribers details Greg Williamson, a Com
as part of her community needs assess munity Memory . "sysop", was hon
ment. An Ecology Center Board ored, along with the \ entire Processed World
Member fielded questions about recy magazine collective, % by the Bay Area
cling. Country Joe McDonald has Media Alliance for outstanding com
pulled together a group to create an munity journalism. Their new book,
interactive Veteran's Memorial. The Bad Attitude, is now on the shelves of Berkeley's better
East Bay Express saluted our <Jokes> book stores Sandy Emerson, Director of Technical
forum. (A reader's favorite joke: "What Publications for Sybase, gave a presentation on "Commu
are the two types of Alaska salmon?" nity Memory: Democratic Telecommunications in Action"
"Regular and unleaded.") at the national conference of the Union of Democratic
Telecommunications....Richard Weiss, longtime Commu
At the Community Memory office, there
nity Memory supporter, was elected President of the
have been more changes. Tom Nemcik,
Board at the November board member's meeting.
who for two years served as Project
Director, is now instigating environ Let us know what you're up to. Leave items on Community Memory or
mental activism. Will Thomas, a drop a line to YaVette Holts,Community Memory Project, 2617 San Pablo
longtime Community Memory volun Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94702.
teer, has come on staff as a programmer.
YaVette Holts has been hired as Out
reach Coordinator. Her goal is to Very, very interesting! I'd like to receive
double usage at the public terminals in
more information on Community Memory.
the next year. Evelyn Pine is now
Executive Director.
CLIP Name
Since 1973, we've been bringing com Street Address
munication tools to a wide range of
people. This new ten-terminal, public
AND City, State, Zip
Phone
access network puts these tools in the
hands of homeless people, seniors,
SEND
Send to Community Memory Project at 2617 San Pablo
youth and low income people.
Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94072
This year we intend to offer dial-in I I'm especially interested in:

access to Community Memory, so I EH hosting a forum EH hands-on training
individuals and local groups can more I • using CM from home • tax-deductible donations
(continued on page 4) L,
Community Memory Project i
page 3
OFF-LINE Collective Minds (con't.)
Community Memory stalwart, "flipper", hosts the <Bioforum> where
easily access this community-created file
participants discuss everything from gardening to deep ecology to in
cabinet. As always, we believe the more of
fighting and factions. Network asked the articulate cetacean for his
our heads we put together, the more
view of Community Memory.
compelling and pertinent this collective
mind — this Community Memory — will
The thing I like best about this software is the new literary form
it's spawned. Little 50 line packets networking back and forth, be. „ ,
-Evelyn Pme
branches upon branches. One comment giving way to 75 mes
sages in a response chain only three layers deep says that we ve fr x\
gone a bit past the "call and response" method of conversation. There are 10 Community
Instead, we have this cascade of words breaking and getting larger Memory Locations
and wider with each step. And me, I enjoy surfing along on that
• Central Library
Shockwave. Shattuck and Kitteridge
• Claremont Library
Community Memory is, to me, an idea that is almost more exciting 2940 Benvenue (at Ashby)
in its potential than it is in its present state. That doesn t mean • South Library
that I'm not thrilled with the way it is now. But somehow, there is 1901 Russell (at MLK, Jr. Way)
only a hint of the magnitude of the yet-to-be-tapped potential • West Library
within CM. Imagine...a cheap and egalitarian mode of mass com 1125 University (near San Pablo)
munications with twice as many locations and colorful "hold my • International House
hand while I figure this thing out" screen graphics - that's the kind 2299 P i e d m o n t ( a t B a n c r o f t W a y )
• North Berkeley Senior Center
of potential I see.
Outside of that, there isn t much I d 1901 Hearst (at MLK , Jr.Way)
change about the system as it is. I think • Milt's Coin-Op
Plug Into the primary barrier that stands in the way 3055 Telegraph (at Webster)
What's • Milt's Coin-Op II
of greater public use is a basic fear of
2483 Hearst (at Euclid)
Happening - computers, not flaws in the way the
• Ecology Center Complex
Become system is set up. It reminds me of those 2530 San Pablo (bet. Parker & Blake)
people who take 10 or 15 minutes just to • S. Berk. Nghbrhd. Devel. Corp
a Community
get $20 out of their ATM. It's just fear that 1767 Alcatraz (near Adeline)
Memory they'll do something wrong.
Volunteer!!
The <BioForum > can be found under the topic
ivords <discussions> or <environment>.
Nonprofit Org.
Village Design U. S. Postage
2617 San Pablo Avenue PAID
Berkeley, CA
Berkeley, California 94702
Permit No. 100
Address Label Here
Community
Memory
Printed on recycled paper
page 4
•
f
Bit - llltl iii I IIIIMI 1 1111 g'iiii liiiilil ||!| I -^ - IIPII
II The Community Memory
•
Vol. I. Issue IV December 1991
We Need You in 1992

1992 looks to be a time of change for the
Community Memory Project. Some of
these changes are exciting and inspiring,
others are more difficult and call for
renewed commitment.
First, as our lead story notes, the Commu

nity Memory Project will be working more
closely with the City of Berkeley.
\sivi
CM ctiujjci A nancy,
staffers iaveue, Evelyn
Nancy, YaVette, zveiyn and
ana Carl
Larl contemplate
con, 199Cs triumphs.
As Councilmember Ann Chandler wrote,
"Community Memory already has a wealth The City of Berkeley
of experience in running a public network.
This experience will greatly contribute to Hooks up with The Community
achieving the Council's goal of opening the
City's systems to its citizens."
Community Memory Memory Project
brings together people
On December 10, the Berkeley City and groups to share in
Not only has the City generously agreed to
Council voted to "direct the City Manager formation, resources
house the system's central memory, but we
will be working with the Information
to facilitate the installation of the Commu
and opinions. Through
Systems Department to create an e-mail link nity Memory Computer System within the
the use of an electronic
between the Community Memory network City's computer room at 2180 Milvia
Street and to work with Community network with ten
and the city's administrative network,
Citywide. Memory to support the equipment and public access computer
establish an electronic mail link between sites in Berkeley, the
(continued on page 3)
Community Memory and the Community Memory
Administration's network, Citywide." We Project both encour
Please note our new are delighted that Community Memory ages and facilitates dia
mailing address: sites will eventually serve as electronic
logue, information-
COMMUNITY mail drops through which you will be able
sharing, and
MEMORY to touch base with city officials and de
constituency- building.
1442 A Walnut St. partments. The potential of Community
#311 Memory to be a bridge between residents
Berkeley, CA and local government is immense.
94709 ' Thanks to Councilmember Ann Chandler
(510) 841-1114 for initiating this important first step.
Community Memory Project;

Network
Celebrating Another First

Every year Community Memory hosts a festive event to publicize and personalize our
growing network of information, commentary and conversation. It's always a great time
because there's food, libations, and entertainment and, like our online community,
everyone is invited. This
year we enjoyed the same
good time, but because of
the hard work and commit-
ment of a few very special ' j
volunteers, our annual party
took on a special signifi- KjjHj
Nehi-ork is the quarterly cance. K Jr\
newsletter of the Community
Memory Project.
From our first announce- M j":—; flEpppSM kjA
YaVette Holts, Editor
Printed by Inkworks
ment of the completion of M flf\ *qL jt/
Community Memory's BpF Jf
Board Of Directors
Jim Cara, Berkeley Public interactive Alameda _ - . f,
Library, Claremont Branch County War Memorial,
Mary Eisenhart. Microtimes photo by Rick Kern
Magazine support poured in from all Volunteer Greg Ross and Board member Mary Eisenhart enjoy the party.
Carl Farrington, Design &
Delivery
over the East Bay and beyond. It was particularly heartwarming because, for obvious
Lee Felsenstein. Golemics reasons, a war memorial is a curious thing to celebrate and, some would say, especially in
Evelyn Pine, Community
Memory Project Berkeley. But the overwhelming coverage by the press, the determined efforts of the
Margaret Russell, Santa Clara
volunteers, and the well-attended unveiling party were all proof positive that Community
Univ. School of Law
Richard Weiss, Bank of America Memory can work to bridge the chasm and make the connection between human senti
ments, computers and technology.
Staff
Evelyn Pine, Executive Director
YaVette Holts, Outreach
Director
On Veterans Day, Monday, November 11, the Community Memory Project hosted a
Nancy Kern, System Operator robust celebration recognizing some of the things of which we are most proud. The
Lorrie Nicoles, System Operator
Assistant celebration, which was held at The China Station Restaurant, commemorated the broad
Roderick Wallace, Administra ening of Berkeley history with the unveiling of the first and only interactive war memo
tive Assistant
rial. The memorial, which took over 12 months to complete, pays homage to nearly two
Advisors
Boona Cheema, Berkeley/
thousand Alameda County veterans who sacrificed their lives in military service during
Oakland Support Services World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam war and, most recently, the
Earl Crabb, InterMedia Persian Gulf War.
Development Corp...Taleb
Jenkins, South Berkeley Neigh
borhood Development
Corp....Philip Kohn, International As the memorial came to completion, it became apparent that, for many people, Commu
Computer Science
nity Memory is the first and only local place where their loved ones are publicly remem
Institute...Louis Labat, Alameda
County Department of bered. The interactive nature of Community Memory allows family and friends to leave
Aging...Regina Minudri,
permanent remembrances. The first remembrance was left during the unveiling and
Berkeley Public Library...Mimi
Recker, University of California, since then, several touching entries have been added to the online memorial Guest Book.
Berkeley...Bert Scharlach
The Community Memory Project The program of the unveiling featured remembrances and presentations by Mayor Loni
is sustained by local imagination,
volunteer energy, donations and Hancock Lee Haltennan from Ron Dellums' office, Berkeley Public Library Director
grants. We are supported by Regina Minudri, Community Memory Executive Director Evelyn Pine, and Outreach
funds from Pacific Bell. Write
Community Memory at 1442 A Director YaVette Holts and, of course, the Memorial forum host, Country Joe McDonald
Walnut Street, #311, Berkeley, who performed his popular anthem, "Fixin' to Die Rag".
CA 94709; or call (510)841-
1114.
By the end of the evening, party-goers, volunteers and news reporters alike were all
talking about another first in Berkeley. The Community Memory staff, on the other
hand, were pleased to have a chance to rest after having made yet another idea become a
reality.
YaVette Holts
Community Memory Project ;

page 2
Network
We Need You...
(con't.) : BUZZWORDS:
Second, we have also been meeting with
other community groups and institutions to
The Community Memory summer youth program, Operation: In
see what role they would like to play in the
long term development of the network. Effect!! recently caught the attention of Dominique DiPrima,
With ten publicly-sited terminals, almost host of the local television show Home Turf. She and her "posse"
100 on-line information and discussion filmed Kaidi Depelchin, Annetta Harris, Kuang Huang and
forums, and two thousand users a month, Dafina Lee in a segment that will air late in January '92 We are
the network is ripe to be institutionalized
pleased to welcome Pacific Bell to our growing list of supporters.
and nurtured by a diverse collection of
They have awarded The Community Memory Project a $5000
local groups and individuals.
grant Lots of new energy will be added to Community
Moreover, Pacific Bell has awarded the Memory's driving force. We welcome two new board members
Community Memory Project a $5,000 and a new advisor. Joining the Board are Jim
grant to assist in this effort. Cara, Director of the m " \ Claremont Branch of
Berkeley Libraries, and » \ Mary Eisenhart, Managing
The third activity the Community Memory
Editor of MicroTimes I magazine. Community
Project Board of Directors will be under
activist Boona Cheema, Director of Berkeley-
taking this year is a program of public edu
Oakland Support Services (B.O.S.S.), will be joining our team of
cation about the importance of public
access to computer networks. advisors We'd like to acknowledge and thank everyone in
volved in making our annual party and the unveiling of the Com
The development of commercial networks munity Memory Alameda County War Memorial an overwhelm
like Prodigy, the Well, SF-CafeNet, and ing success; in particular, we'd like to thank Gert Chiarito, Greg
Minitel's San Francisco experiment, 101
Ross, Jim Watson, Rich Vannucci, Joe McDonald, Barbara
Online, in addition to the growth of mu
Shayesteh, Rachel Richmond, Lee Halterman, Regina
nicipal networks, and the moves to create a
Minudri, Mayor Loni Hancock, Stephen O'Shea, Rick Kern,
National Research and Education Network
(NREN), all point to a window of opportu Kinko's Copies and China Station Restaurant Printed copies
nity in which we can educate policy of the Community Memory Alameda County War Memorial are
makers and the general public in the value available for $15. Call or write the Community Memory Project
of the broadest possible public access to for more details.
telecommunications networks and com
puter tools. We want to share what we've
learned in Berkeley over the past twenty
years to enhance community-based, com ] Yes, I want to volunteer.
mercial, educational and governmental j—| Yes, I support the Community Memory
telecommunications networks. Project. I have enclosed a donation of
At the same time, like so many nonprofits, CLIP • $500 • $100 • $50
educational institutions, governments and • $250 • $75 • $25
businesses, we are facing a period of re
trenchment.
AND (For tax deductible donations, make checks payable to Village Design. Thank You.)
Our grants from the Telecommunications SEND Name

Education Trust, which funded our com Street Address
munity outreach efforts, have run out. We City, State, Zip
have laid off our Outreach Director,
Phone
YaVette Holts, and System Operator,
Send to The Community Memory Project at 1442 A Walnut Street #311,
Nancy Kern as of December 15. The
I
Community Memory Project will miss ^Berkeley, CA 94709^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ —> ••- — — — .J
(continued on page 4)
Community Memory Project -
page 3
We Need You....
THANKS FOR A GREAT '91!!
The Community Memory Project wants to thank the following people for making
(con't.)
1991 such an incredible year: Regina Minudri of the Berkeley Public Library, them both. They have done remarkable work to
Patti Wong of the South Library. Jim Cara of the Claremont Library, Dawn
make the online community we inhabit such a
Swanson of the West Library, Helmut Meister of the International House,
yakker-friendly place.
Suzanne Ryan and Lee Hogg of the North Berkeley Senior Center, Milt Van
Damme of Milt's Coin-op 1 and II. Durrell Ali of the South Berkeley Neighbor
hood Development Corporation, Chris Clarke and the whole gang at the Ecology I'll be kicking around for another two months to
Center, Berkeley City Council, David Cogin of Councilmember Ann Chandler's assist the Board of Directors in initiating their
Office, Chris Mead and Lianne Birkhold of City of Berkeley Information new projects for 1992 as well as working with
Systems, Sean Gordon of the City of Berkeley, RV Cottam, Anna Stevenson and the Board and our Technical Advisory Group in
all the Mature Poets, Will Thomas, Greg Williamson, Tom Nemcik, Eugenia
managing the network. Clearly, we need your
Andruchowicz. Maria Delgado, Steve Long of Inkworks, Flora Russ and Alice
help like never before. You can participate by
Porter at Berkeley High School, Carl Shelton of the Berkeley Youth Employment
Services, Connie Ramos of Merritt College, Gloria Rose, Marion Standish,
making good use of the Community Memory
Kathleen T. Schuler, Barbara Sanders, Taleb Jenkins, Sandi Lawson of the Revi- network, by volunteering or by sending in a do
talization Exchange, Anne Butigan of Berkeley Trip, Shirley Fogarino of Vista nation. (See the tear-off on page 3.) Give me a
College, Milton Fuji and Clifford W. Frost of the University of California, Kay ring at (510) 841-1114 and let me know how
Finney and Debbie Carton of the Berkeley Public Library, Country Joe you want to get involved.
McDonald and the Alameda County War Memorial Task Force, Kaidi Depelchin,
- Evelyn Pine
Annetta Harris, Kuang Huang, Dafina Lee, Louis Labat of the Alameda County
Department of Aging, Mimi Recker. Earl Crabb of Intermedia, Allan Kuchinsky
of Hewlett Packard, John Schweizer, Susan Walters, and Molly Hopp of Pacific Bell, the Bay Area Nonprofit Computer Consortium. Jim
Davis and the Berkeley Chapter of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, Steve Costa and BMUG, Anna Couey, Bemdt
Scharlach, Cliff Barney, Susan C. Blumstein, James Bond, Mary R. Clayborn, Fred L. Convers of Conversational Computing, Sandy
Emerson, Dave Fogerty, David Gans, Flash Gordon, MD.. Katherine Hardy, Bruce Kirschner, Philip Kohn, Anna & Martin Rabkin,
Michael Rossman, Harlan Shays, Myra Shays, Arthur R. Siegel, William D. Smart, Bonnie Trach. James L. and Martha Watson, and
William Zinn.
& Central Library • International House N

There are 10 Community 2299 Piedmont (at Bancroft Way )
Shattuck and Kitteridge
Claremont Library Memory Locations • Milt's Coin-Op II
2940 Benvenue (at Ashby) 2483 Hearst (at Euclid)
South Library • North Berkeley Senior Center
• Ecology Center Complex
1901 Russell (at MLK. Jr. Way) 1901 Hearst (at MLK , Jr.Way)
2530 San Pablo (bet. Parker & Blake)
West Library • Milt's Coin-Op
• S. Berk. Nghbrhd. Devel. Corp.
1125 University (near San Pablo) 3055 Telegraph (at Webster)
\ 1767 Alcatraz (near Adeline) J)
Village Design
1442 A Walnut Street #311
Berkeley, CA 94709
recycled paper -sggjp

Arch - Resource One

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Arch - Resource One

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

• w co o d) d) C d) d> d) d) X d) C/3 i 3 c o CO

e < W)L-4 ^ 3 bu 3 3 3 CL X C/D O

Community Memory can be used as a community filing cabinet,

Computer communications net­

For example, the Canadian

Attention All Programmers

cal aspects of communications.

VILLAGE DESIGN • P.O. BOX 996 • BERKELEY, CA 94701

Mail to: The Community Memory Project

The Free Speech Policy

Co-Op Store Surveys G

filled out the questionnaire were

used one occasionally and 8% used

ommunity Memory Users

threw out the question on Com­ Because only people at the

Now, add a TITLElo your message.

Community Memory are: fascinat­ rr Press

riendly, unfriendly, fun, boring,

Table 2: Monthly Costs of System Operation

Starting a Community Memory

New CM Network Gets Good Response

toMMmry MEMORY fr.

^° \vvlo^ The important point about this

The Community Memory Project

Campaign Begins For

In the Works: New Hardware, attempts to work with one another.

Software for Community Memory standing of the role of communications in

The CM Project realizes the

CM News actively solicits contri­

Preserve Our Right to

Editor's note: While Community

In a free society, information

Call me at xxx-xxxx for philosophy. I will discuss terms

PHILOSOPHY TUTOR WANTED. MID AGED

WHY is philosophy different in non-white cultures?

n, Messages Grow on "

How do you know it is different. It looks all the same

< om in u n i 1 \ Meinor\ needs vour support!

Yes, I'd like to be in on Community Memory's efforts—sign me up!

Phone TOTAL ENCLOSED

The Community Memory Project

Communications and Community: Community Memory

Lee Felsenstein is a well known Bay Area The information available on

commitments and technical problems

Extending Electronic Full Text of the Amendment

continued front pnyc I

Both CM and DOCTOR use computer

may not be based on facts, but that is ti ue tor

Put a Message on Community Memory

Expiration date: Up to one

index Words: Use words that

The message: can be as

Keep CM News coming to you!

Community Memory is preparing a big expansion, and we have a lot of

Your 22* stamp on this envelope will save us 45*.

I—| Here's my contribution towards

What's New with the

Community Memory Project

Community Memory Project

This year we intend to offer dial-in I I'm especially interested in:

Address Label Here

Printed on recycled paper

II The Community Memory

We Need You in 1992

Computer communications net

threw out the question on Com Because only people at the

Community Memory are: fascinat rr Press

CM News actively solicits contri

First, as our lead story notes, the Commu