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1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater:
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American Public Health Association, Washington 2005, American
Water Works Association, and Water Works Environment Federation.
2. National Research Council, 1998, Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability
of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water. National
Academy Press, Washington, DC20418.

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15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ vvvvvvvv * Ot @

17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O vvvvvvv + %E

19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?| Ot | : 1 {Zqy G

27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 9 +}+ wy G : 2 {Zqy G

27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 9= v Q CG h Q h P @G h Q Y 9 " g y G 1-2

31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g 9+ } z y ,F 9+ } + wy G { + z J A y G 2-2

39 . . . . . . . . pH ?+]}AG ?FQOh _FhQO+%yG f(*C R+vQ@ 3-2

39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , F9 +} + wyG f R G( A yG 4-2

46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? +F 9 +} +w yG ? +v QA G 5-2

51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 9 j y G ? + ! 9 < hP 6-2

55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?*(ztyG 7-2

60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QD M AyG h J 9 *h Qj yG 8-2

64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? *( ]gy G J9 =v QC G 9-2

72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a QZy G g9 +| ,p ? *( ]gy G J9 =v QC G 10-2

76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? * Q = M C G ? + F 9+ } + wy G { + y 9J A y G 11-2

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138 ............................................ J9ShQ+qyG 3-3

141 .............................................. >y9Ja yG 4-3

143 ................................. A9 C 9 < ? y ( t " C G V GQ | } G 5-3

152 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?*(gCG J9 Sh Q +q yG Q9 =A LG 6-3

155 .................. e ( * O *Q ( =S( A=* Qw yG h 9 *O Q 9 +@G Q9 =A LG 7-3

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158 ............. J 9 + | ( C Q @G ^ f ? y GO y G ?+ !( y (t y G 9 * Q+ A w = y G 8-3

161 ......................... J9 +! ( y( t yG ? f ( } H J G Q9 =A LG 9-3

174 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , F9 + } +v j( +A G _G T v} G L9 +A IG 10-3
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193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?* ( + AG ?@ 9 g C G ? } d! C 11-3

203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? *( + AG ? +v QA G 12-3

221 .................................. + (
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221 ............................................. A9CG bj\ 1-4

224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (zgyG - ? f QTy G - bj]y G J9 s ;f 2-4

231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bj]yG B; >+< 9 !} G , p H9+T!:G 3-4

240 ............................ IP < 9 "yG J9 M ]C G [F 9 ZL 4-4

248 ....................................... e 9 d" yG [F 9 ZL 5-4

259 ....................................... ? 8p 9 w CG > +<9 ! } G 6-4

260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > + <9 ! } G ? w= W y N ( S 9I { + z ; 7-4

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272 .......................... > <9 + !}G , p 9T:

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276 ................. ?I Aq ( C G J G( " ty p 9 T :

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278 ................................. , qZgy 9 Q ? }v G f * @G + 11-4

284 ........................ 9
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289 ..................... J !G9R q

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292 .............................. ?p
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313 .................................................... g 9+ CG ?+ f(! : 5 {ZqyG

314 ................... (SDWA) ? |6

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319 .................. H QWy 9 ? Q G ?

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321 ......................... H QW y 9 ? 9 } wy ? f y
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338 ............................ (CWA) ?q d y 9 ?t C

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340 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NPDES)

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362 ........................... bj] y G J 9 =z aA| 9 ? }vh A CG + 1-6

365 ................. f O CG , pu Q FG AG # | ? 9s y
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382 ............................................... Q8< 9V IO E 3-6

385 ................................... ? JaTy 9 { 9 |

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403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 9 C G #* R< h h *R ( AyG N \ 7-6

418 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 9 | 9} Z y G 8-6

438 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 9 + T ! : G O G O @ Q G h ! 9| 9-6

447 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u F GQ A G Q+ <9 " Y J 9$ ( p 10-6

449 ....................... h * R ( A y G ? } d !C ~ + } Z @ J 9a aJ 11-6

451 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h * R ( A y G ?} d! C ~ * ( t @ 12-6

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472 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >+S QA yG 3-7

480 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q V9 =C G K +V QA yG 4-7
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481 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {t D CG Q O wA yG 5-7
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484 ......................................... b h Q| v v v v Q O w| 6-7

486 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K +V QA yG 7-7

497 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,F 9+}+w yG Q +DMA yG 8-7

506 ................................. ? J F G Qy Gh ~gay G b=\ 9-7

508 .................... ? + f9 " Z y G ? * ( ] g y G ? + F 9+ } + wy G O G( C G 10-7

510 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IQ(zqyG 11-7

515 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Q( z w yG 12-7

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531 ............................................... fh R h } G 14-7

533 ..................................... HQ WyG g 9 +| ~+t g@ 15-7

549 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? +p ( @G A9 C G ? @9 g | 16-7

551 ................................ > +SQ Ay9 < I Q TgyG ? y GR E 17-7

562 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R +"j" CG h O * O AG ? y GR E 18-7

565 ............................................ A 9 C G QG Q tA S G 19-7

570 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? +p ( @G g9 +C G I Q( z v 20-7

576 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P(*}G dO9=A yG 21-7

578 ......................... J GQ A"y G ? yGR P ( + !} G d O 9 =A yG 22-7

582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N +! QR yG ? y GR E 23-7

585 ........................................... I Q( z q yG ? y GR E 24-7

585 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? +W i} 9 < K +V QA yG 25-7

588 ........... jh Qw +C G b ( p K +V QA yGh jh Q w+C G K +V QA yG 26-7

594 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Twg yG K\9 "A yG 27-7

602 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QJ=yG g 9 +| ? I( z| ? y GR E 28-7

604 ..................... g 9 + C G ? @9 g | , p J; ] qy G QO 9 Z | 29-7

609 .................. A 9C G ? @ 9g | J 9 qz M C J9 + z } f Q9 + A L G 30-7

615 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P="y G rY h 31-7

618 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bj] yG K+VQ @ rY h 32-7

620 ............................... A 9 CG ? f h R "| I z}A G MQ _ 33-7

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645 ............................................ A9 C G J9 aI {+ jW@ : 8 {ZqyG

645 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &A!9+Yh h*R(Ay G e9 d! X+Aq@ 1-8

653 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h *R( A yG e 9 d! Q9 =A LG 2-8

660 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?+ F9 C G J 5W"C G {+ jW@ b=\ 3-8

670 ....................................... J;GTy G xT| 4-8

673 ...................................... A9 C G ^f ?dp9 JC G 5-8

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677 ........................................... A 9 C G J: O g| 6-8

679 .................................................. #|} G 7-8

683 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9% Z F 9 Z L h a Q ZyG g9 + | J 9 <9 + T!G : 9 {ZqyG

684 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?+ z J CG a QZy G g9 +| 1-9

690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,f 9"ZyG a QZy G g9 +| 2-9

696 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {L GOzy H 9 +T! : Gh KVQy G 3-9

700 .................................... ?+!OC G a QZy G g9 +| 4-9

704 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >vQ| f9+AfG 5-9

710 ..................................... aQZyG g9+| ~++t@ 6-9

717 ..................................... aQ ZyG g9 +| h + } : ?} d !C : 10 {ZqyG

718 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rZg yG jQ 9 H e 9d ! 1-10

724 ................................. ?+JZ y G jQ 9 G CG e 9d ! 2-10

733 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q* Q9 G C G ,p H9 +T !: G f 9 +A fG h S 9 +s 3-10

740 ............................ J; Y( yG h Q
Q * 9G C G >+ <9 ! C 4-10

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746 ................................. eO Q yG h ? * O f9 t yG ? t =a yG 5-10

749 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q* Q9 G C G >+v Q@ 6-10

758 ......................................... Qh Q G CG Q9 =A LG 7-10

763 ...................... a QZ y G g 9+ | h = ,p h p Q J 9 aI 8-10

769 ........................................... aQ ZyG g9 + @ | ? 9g| : 11 {Zqy G

773 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?a J C G ~ + } Z @ , p J GQ 9 =Af G 1-11

779 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? + yh } G ? @9 gC G 2-11

790 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N]yG J 9 aI 3-11

799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >+S QA yG 4-11

813 ....................................... j( + AG K +V QA yG 5-11

837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?*(+AG ?*(%A yG 6-11

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875 ......................................... QG Q tA S : G c Q < 8-11

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893 ..................... a QZ yG J 5> J9 +} vh [F 9 ZL 11-11

900 ....................................... I z} A G J9 M ]| 12-11

908 ........................................... Iz } AG _ M D@ 13-11

915 . . . . . . . . . . Q * Q 9G C G I z > M Q _h ?@ 9 g C ~ + d" A y G J 9= z aA | 14-11

915 .............. B r Z y G ? * ( + A G ? = z Z y G O G( C G J 9= z aA | 15-11

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944 ................................................ A9 G YR 17-11 C !

956 ............................. ?*(+A G ?=zZyG OG G MQ_ 18-11 (C

964 .................................. ? QwyG ?JFGQyG b=\ 19-11

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989 . . . . 9 %A !9 + Yh 9 %z + jW@ h 9 7 QG O Eh a QZ yG g 9 +| ?}d ! C ? f9 aASG : 12 {ZqyG

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999 ...................................... Qh Q G G ? f9 aA SG C 2-12

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1023 ................................... a QZ yG g 9 +C ? |O tA | ? @ 9 g | : 13 {ZqyG

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1069 .......................................... , fGQRyG jqQyG 2-14

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1143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . uvvvJz|

1157 ........................................... )N Q f v v v v j R +z G ! E ( J 9 J z a Z | B v=C

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205 1.00 3.0
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145 1.00 3.0
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365 0.76 2.0
485 0.76 2.0
315 0.76 2.0
220 0.76 2.0
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520 0.33 1.0
440 0.33 1.0
565 0.33 1.0
520 0.33 1.0
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/  ? *   ( ) # * &-+        : 21-3 
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1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th
ed. Published jointly by American Public Health Association,
Washington, DC 20005, American Water Works Association, Water
Pollution Control Federation. New York: American Public Health
Association, 1998.
2. Waterborne Pathogens. 1st Ed. Denver, CO : American Water Works,
1999. AWWA manual ; M48
3. Hammer, Mark J. Wastewater Treatment in Dry Climates (Desert or
Desert with Some Rain). Alexandria, VA : Water Environment
Federation, 2001. 22314-1994.



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lb/cu ft I:A = P
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ft/sec2 I2g = 64.4
:8  1  3-4  64 
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1
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9.80 19.6 9.80 19.6
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hL = f (5-4)
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V= = = 3.2 ft/sec
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= Z1 :!  ! 5-4    
    
"200 kPa = p2 "9.3 m = Z2 "1.2 m/sec = V1 " 280 kPa = p1 "4.5 m
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4.5 + + = 9.3 + + hL
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hL = 3.4 m = 33 kPa

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K C K C

0.71 120 1.51 80

0.62 130 1.00 100

0.54 140 0.84 110

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S0.54 =
= = 0.0744

S = 0.07441/0.54 = 0.07441.85 = 0.00817 m/m

S = 817 m/1000 m

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1.85
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A = 0 ft + 80 Psi × 2.31 ft/Psi = 185 ft
B = 30 + 30 × 2.31 = 99 ft
C = 40 + 100 = 140 ft

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(%) (ft) (gpm) (%) (ft) (gpm)
96 0 220 0

65 93 1000 63 216 1500

77 89 1500 81 203 2500

83 82 2000 85 192 3000

a
84a 77 2200 86 182 3300

83 70 2500 85 176 3500

71 49 3000 72 120 4500

 
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2 2
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N1 1750
(gpm) :8 8 1750 (rpm) @  6  1  )  /8
I132 (bep) @ 2450 (gpm) I140 (bep) @ 2040 (gpm) I148 ft @ 1240

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 1300 1 68 (gpm) 2200 5G (bep)  1150 (rpm) @
.L
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Q ( 0.015 = n @) = 860 = gpm
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V ( n = 0.015 @) = = 3.5 ft/sec
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ft/ft 1 =!4 48 in. 
#4 %  + L H   D!
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5500 gpm = 7700 x 0.72 K 0   30 in. 4 =!4 + * 68 )?

.1.5 ft/sec = 1.4 x 1.08 = v ,  

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 12-4 
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.(23-4 /8;) 3.0 ft/sec = ) + * 4
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Qfull = 0.182= m3/sec = 180 l/s
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A 0.159

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19.6 1961
28.6 1962
18.1 1963
34.3 1964
29.3 1965
35.7 1966
35 1967
27 1968
35 1969
36.9 1970
90.3 1971
50.6 1972
35.3 1973
59.4 1974
26.3 1975
30.1 1976
29.4 1977
29.7 1978
30.4 1979
49.6 1980
36.6 1981
59.1 1982

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0.217 5 49.6
0.261 6 36.9
0.305 7 36.6
0.347 8 35.7
0.390 9 35.3
0.435 10 35.0
0.477 11 35.0
0.520 12 34.3
0.565 13 30.4
0.605 14 30.1
0.650 15 29.7
0.695 16 29.4
0.740 17 29.3
0.782 18 28.6
0.825 19 27.0
0.870 20 26.3
0.912 21 19.6
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(mm/s) ft/sec I-B

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(m) ft I' /1 6 ; (? = h0

(m) ft I
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(m) ft I`A ?  '   4 = hw

(m) ft I' G "# = rw

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h0 = 115 – 49.0 = 66.0 ft
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 : 31-4    

hw 66.0 ft = h0 $G ! ' /1 G 4 '  

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Q = 2π(0.00042 ft/sec) (50 ft/sec)
loge (700 ft/1.0 ft)
Q = 1.3 cu ft/sec

 

D! )8 (+) g45 Psi K Q8 )G -83 -! D! )8 () 1-4
.43 Psi (+) I104 ft () %) g100 ft $G ! Q8 8  :A
  D! )8 I50 Psi H' $ +  :A   D! B7 2-4
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 =!4     % <# @   :A
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 *40 l/s
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 -!4 ,B +  !8 G + 1 6-4
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 -!4 9 + V(  !8 G + 1 7-4
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 ! =!4 - I100 = C G 8 in. $G H' $ ( 13-4
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Psi 68 6 : '1 5 3 4 ,:# :A 6P I'1 6
+ 1 .; $B5 ! 
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N   +  @ + 6 2000 in.  14.3 Psi 68 :A   H
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 B   @ + 1 "# D! )8 I6-4 /?   15-4
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 6-(
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"% '- .39-4   
4  56 2 3  17-4
" 550 kPa ! 8 9 : 9
 100 l/s 7 A  &+6 +
."#;  100 = C &  .40 l/s 7 B  &+ ' 3+
/% 6 .9-4 /8;  M-A   ' ) =7 % 18-4
 A 4 +! (A "# :A + 1‫ ا‬I9
 
# (
1 I5000 gpm $G #G  "# (Fire flow) '1 $ + 
.(G 300 +%) .+ /8 100 = C G  .B   4 20 Psi

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 + 1 8 .9-4 /8;  1A 3

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8 6  . 3%
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 -83 ; 1 6#1 >  !
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gpm 2(&1:F  CDE G) 2160 gpm 2(01 CDE  @ )
.(H 3  ?  ; *  &1:F  CDE G) 3600

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  2 
  1 
 
(ft)   gpm)   (ft)   (gpm)  (ft)   (gpm) 
100 0 350 1500 300 900
150 1700 300 1900 200 1200
200 2200 200 2300 100 1500
300 2900 150 2600

=7 + 8; 4 `A 1 6-( 6  `A -) I/!  21-4

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 I6( =7 1000 gpm $G + 
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 =!4  
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.(74 Psi +%) 100 = C .+#
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+O+ 12-4    N  JA  01 - , J6 % 
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8 (ft) !4 (gpm)"#
85 83 2000 d 105 0
88 72 2500 41 100 500
84 58 3000 63 96 1000
65 42 3500 78 91 1500

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60 @ 1  =!4   G -1 .1700 (rpm) 4  / 
13- /8;  M-A 5 8 (A /:; "!: )  )? I(bep) K %120
.(33 in. I1700 gpm :(bep) +%) .4
22-4 [   # (A! "# d -!4 1 )  24-4
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.(46 in.
1000 m 9   + ( 4 
 6
N -( =7  `A -) 25-4
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#

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 C
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 6(    C
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  @@  4F KN @: +  .C A  3 4 F @@
.(20 l/s 2170 mm (4) 286 l/s (") 3=F) .4  G 3 +8
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( "#
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(bep)  I36 l/s 36 m =7 18 l/s 44 m 6 \ 3 (A U/8 /4
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=!4 /:;   /1 >:# >' )  ./:; G 6(A  (A `A
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g8 in. $G 01 0 Q8 4 in.    + 4  29-4
.(6 +%)
g100 mm 6 6 150 mm + +  Q8 /5 30-4
)8 .100 = C ,B 8 in. + 0 100 = C B 6 in. j+ -< 31-4
g120 = C ,B Q8 + G D!
+ U/1 U/1 I1200 ft / 
 Q8 +   + 1 32-4
.42-4 /8;  >5 
/8;  B A 6  6 I4100 ft / Q8 + G  33-4
.43-4
mm $G 1000 m 9 +
N  100 = C ,B Q8 + G  34-4
150 mm $G 1000 m 9 +  / !  % I100 = C ,B  200
.(100 = C @ 183 mm +%) .140 = C ,B

32-4 -+ /0
%
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+  . 33-4 -+ ** :43-4 

?L? + U/1 U/1 I1000 / 

 Q8 +
N    + 1 35-4
+ :8 B A 6 + 8 B7 I42-4 /8;  1-A -
mm G 1000 m / :  I150 mm G 1800 m / :=!4
.250 mm G 1400 m / :/
 I200

/!1 /% ) % ,A $  )  -1 36-4
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=!4 -< 12 in. $G N % ) + * 4  8 5  37-4

gpm ()) % g0.011 = n (+) 0.013 = n () )(  0.0060 ft/ft 1
.(4.1 ft/sec I1430 gpm (+) I3.5 ft/sec I1210

=!4 -< 50 cm $G N %  )V + * 4  8 D! )8 38-4

;( (X) g0.011 = n (+) 0.013 = n () )(  0.003 m/m N 1
.30 cm K N   +   + * 8 + 1 I0.013 = n 5G

1! 24 in. $G % )L ,:# 1*    39-4

6 %20 + * 8 8 B7 3.0 ft/sec ,  +  4   =!4
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6A 5.4 cu ft/sec /  9 # ,B % + )%1 5  40-4

=#G 1* I10 ft/sec 3 \  @#  4  :  
g100 ft /3.0 ft 5 +b 9 \ 

ϯϬϳ

6A 15 cu ft/sec /  9 # ,B % + )%1 5  41-4
4  2.0 ft/sec ) + * 3 \   4  :  
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g(# CLG )!  ,B + ( 
1 8 /!  -<1 Ift/3.0 ft
200 mm $G k1# % 68 ,B )# 68 4 + 1 42-4
5 &(; /8 )# +  6  .)3( 6 I%0.40 1 =!4 -<
.(&(; 1200 %) .1500 l/d
100 ft/0.40 
N 1 =!4 (n = 0.013) 33 in. $G % + -< 43-4
4 68 B7 (+) g2 ft/sec 9 4  ,  +  4 -, =!4 () .ft
g"# D! )8 I18 in. 5 + *

1.0 m/sec ,  +  4 O ,B +! 1* 5  44-4

g450 mm $G O-% /#!# 6 %  90 mm + * 68 4

=!4 55 cu ft/sec $G 0  60 in. $G "#4 % /  45-4

cu K >0   +b ( < T   5  .40 in. $G +
N   4
.(14 cu ft/sec +%) gft/sec

-4 "L( =!4 6' ( 0  +V8 -  B \; 46-4
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- 4 + * 8 + 1 .A  /( 6   120 in.
.(2.2 cu ft/sec +%) 0.98 $G "# / )( 

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# /; >G  0.82 in. "# $ 
 -! D! 49-4
>  4 + * 8 + 1 .1.5 in. 9A4 A   + * H 
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 5 > 1 )(  .  &#1   )(  X( 6%
I1  ! :8 5 @(  .30-4 /8;  , /3 ?8
I0.40 = C I2  ! I7 min = /( 6 I1.3 acre = 1  I0.50 = C
= 1  I0.70 = C I3  ! I5 min = /( 6 I2.5 acre = 1 
2   6 s/8  % ( / I5 min = /( 6 I3.9 acre
.3.0 ft/sec $G %  + * 4   
< I500 ft D! I3
.(20 cu ft/sec +%)

50-4 -+ 1&

** :44-4 

"# )( MH1 1 X( 6% )L % )%1 G 51-4
min $G /( 6 B   /8 45-4 /8;  12 acre 31   
D! .0.15  1! 0.45 D! 68  6 ! 1  6% / .10
GL .0.0020 1 =!4 + U/8 -< I600 in. 1
 6  
5 i 21 19 + t =!4   131 = i K >-1  /3 > d ?8
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 51-4 -+ 1&
** :45-4 

>0  8 + * B5 6 0!4 I) 7  

( + * + 1 52-4
 1! 3<%) . + *  0  JB I 10 /8 >0 1
(6 T 1
(85 cu ft/sec +%)
cu ft/sec  cu ft/sec 
170 1973 120 1965
82 1974 162 1966
74 1975 142 1967
110 1976 137 1968

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 184 1977 254 1969
121 1978 367 1970
208 1979 145 1971
145 1980 153 1972
198 1981

>0  8 + * B5 6 0!4 I) 7  

( + * + 1 53-4
. + *  0   10 /8 >0 1
cu ft/sec  cu ft/sec  cu ft/sec 
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Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements :  :
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CO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O (19-7)

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = 2CaCO3 + 2H2O (20-7)

Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2O

MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2

= 2CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O (21-7)

MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 = Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4 (22-7)

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A,
1. Recommended Standards for Water Works: Policies for the Review
and Approval of Plans and Specifications for Public Water
Supplies: A Report of the Committee of the Great Lakes-Upper
Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers. Albany, NY:
Health Education Service, 2003.

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 2. HDR Engineering, Inc. Handbook of Public Water Systems. 2nd ed.
New York: Wiley, 2001.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Interim Enhanced Surface
Water Treatment Rule. Federal Register, 63: 241: 69478 (16
December 1998).
4. Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and
Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using
Surface Water Sources. Notes By David J. Hiltebrand and Linda
Averell Wancho. Denver, CO: American Water Works
Association, 1991.
5. Amendment to paragraph (8) of section 1412(b) [42 U.S.C. 300g-
1(bf18)J of the Safe Drinking Water Act, SEC. 107, Ground Water
Disinfection (1 August 1996).
6. Proposed Ground Water Rule. Office of Water, EPA 815-F-00-
003, April 2000 <http://www.epa.gov/safewater/gwr.html> and
Pact Sheet: Ground Water Rule
<http://www.epa.gov/safewater/gwr/gwrfs.html>.
7. HDR Engineering, Inc. Handbook of Public Water Systems. 2nd ed.
New York: Wiley, 2001.
8. Kelley, William A. and Roger A. Olson, “Selecting MF to Satisfy
Regulations.” Journal of the American Water Works Association
(AWWA): vol. 91, no. 6, 1999, pp. 52-63.


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2. Cryptosporidium and Water: A Public Health Handbook. Atlanta, Georgia:
Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997.
3. United States, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Guidance Manual
for Conducting Sanitary Surveys of Public Water Systems, Surface Water and
Ground Water Under Direct Influence (GWUDI). Washington, DC: EPA,
1999.
4. Drinking Water Inspectorate. Drinking Water 2000: Annual Report. London:
The Inspectorate, 2001. <http://www.dwi.gov.uk/pubs/annrepo0/42.htm>.
5. “Tampa Water Department Residential Water Conservation Study: Impacts of
High Efficiency Plumbing Fixture Retrofits in Single-Family Homes.”
Submitted to Tampa Water Department and The United States Environmental
Protection Agency; Prepared by Peter W. Mayer [et al.]. Aquacraft, Inc. Water
Engineering and Management, 8 January 2004, <http://www.tomthetoiletman.
com/tampa_report.pdf>.

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325 71026 (6) 71351 (7) 2000
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301 71351 (7) 71652 (8) 2200
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340 = 1130 x 0.30 170 = 1130 x 0.15 1130 +  * 11
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1. Isco, “A Teledyne Technologies Company, Water and Wastewater
Monitoring Products, <http://www.isco.com/products/productswm.
asp>.
2. OSHA Technical Manual, Section V1, Chapter 2: “Excavations:
Hazard Recognition .in Trenching and Shoring.” U.S. Department of
Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, <http://www.
osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm-v/otm-v-2.html#8>.
3. Concrete Design Manual, American Concrete Pipe Association,
Irving, TX. <http://www.concretepipe.org/manual/START.pdf>.
4. Engineering Manual. National Clay Pipe Institute, Lake Geneva, WI.
<http://www.ncpi.org/engineer.htm>.
5. American Society for Testing ad Materials (ASTM),
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  (lb mg/l BODa
BOD/day/ lb
BOD  (hr) (days)
lb BOD/day/
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ϵϬͲϴϬ ϰϬͲϮϬ ϳ͘ϱͲϰ͘Ϭ ϭϱͲϱ Ϭ͘ϱͲϬ͘Ϯ ϯϬϬϬͲϭϬϬϬ ϮϬ  ‫ إ‬ϰϬ ‫ي‬
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ϵϱͲϴϱ ϭϬϬͲϱϬ ϭϬϬͲϱϬ ≥ϮϬ Ϭ͘ϮͲϬ͘Ϭϱ ϴϬϬϬͲϮϬϬϬ ϭϬ  ‫ إ‬ϮϬ   
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a
1.0 lb/1000 cu ft/day = 16.0 g/m3⋅d
b
1.0 lb/day/lb MLSS = 1.0 g/d⋅g MLSS

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= 0.21

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2.14 mgd⋅15 mg/l⋅8.34 = 268 lb/day

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0.039 mgd . 8600 mg/l = 2800 lb/day

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= 2.5 days

2800 + 268 lb/day

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1. Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities: Policies for the

Design, Review, and Approval of Plans and Specifications for
Wastewater Collection and Treatment Facilities. A Report of the
Wastewater Committee of the Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi River.
Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental
Managers. Albany, NY: Health Research, Inc., Health Education
Services Division, 1997.
2. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, EPA 815-R-99-014, April 1999.
3. Linden, Karl C., [et al.]. “Effectiveness of UV Irradiation for Pathogen
Inactivation .in Surface Waters.” 2002 Progress Report: Effectiveness
of UV Irradiation for Pathogen Inactivation in Surface Waters. Duke
University: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002. EPA
Grant Number: R829012, 2002

ϵϲϳ

 4. CFR Title 40: Protection of Environment. Chapter 1. Subchapter O-Sewage
Sludge (Parts 501-503). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. <http://
www.epa.gov/epahome/cfr4o.htm>.
5. Control of Pathogens and Vectors in: Sewage Sludge. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 625/R-92/013 2003.



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 .
 
1. Pomona Virus Study. Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,
California State Water Resources Control Board: Sacramento, CA,
1977.
2. Retrofitting POTWs for Phosphorus Removal in the Chesapeake Bay
Drainage Basin. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development. EPA, 625/6-87/017.

&! 
Nitrogen Control. US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development: Washington, DC, September 1993. EPA 625/
R-93/010.
Phosphorus Removal. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development: Washington, DC, September 1987. EPA
625/1-87/001.

(


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5
1. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000, Water Resources of
the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, <http://water.usgs.
gov/watuse>.
2. “Water Facts No. 23: Water Recycling,.” California Department of Water
Resources, 2002, <http://www.wue.watcr.ca.gov/recycle/docs/WaterFact
23.pdf>.
3. “2005 Reuse Inventory Report.” Florida Department of Environmental
Protection, 2005. <http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/reuse/inventory.html>.
4. Arizona Administrative CODe, 2001, Title 18, Chapter 11, Article 3.
Reclaimed Water Quality Standards, State of Arizona, 2001.
5. California CODe of Regulations, 2001, Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 3,
Water Recycling Criteria, State of California, 2001.
6. Florida Administrative CODe, 2001, Chapter 62- 610. Reuse of Reclaimed
Water and Land Application, State of Florida, 2001.
7. “Guidelines for the Treatment and Use of Reclaimed Water.” Hawaii State
Department of Health, 22 November 1993.
8. “Denitrification, Attenuation of Organic Compounds, and Colloid
Transport Beneath a Reclaimed-Water Artificial Recharge Basin.” U.S.
Geological Survey, USGS Water Resources of California, 2000,
<http://ca.water.usgs.gov/projects00/ca498 html>.
9. Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water
Supplies with Reclaimed Water. Washington, DC: National Academy
Press, 1998.
10. EPANET 2.0, “Water Supply and Water Resources,” U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 2002, <http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/wswrd/
epanet.Html>.

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 " #,@/  5
Water Reuse Association, <http://www.watereuse.org>.

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85.47 37 Rb    162.50 66 Dy   
101.07 44 Ru   * B 99 Es   ? 
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50.942 23 V  <E# 207.19 82 Pb ;0
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420 Node  Q9   ' +> ! 6' >
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422 Norm W& :
423 Not-For-Profit * ;
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424 Nozzle
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425 Nursery  % =?  K' ( $! :%
426 O&M   %?
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436 Orifice
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440 Overfertilization  W* S9 7 F0 , )
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444 Oxygenation $,)!0 4# :,)!
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451 Pasteurization
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453 Peak Pumpage & j.
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455 Penetrometer  5- #  < <. S %  S
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456 Peristaltic Pumps , ".
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463 Pint
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472 Plate-And-Frame Filter Press
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473 Plot 6 
474 Plow T*
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475 Plug Flow ) <)
476 Plug Valve G ) (
477 Plumbing Stack <0 ! 6' =9 <
478 Plunger @*
479 Polishing Pond * 7 9 ' ! %* 9  @
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480 Poly Vinyl Chloride PVC
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481 PolyEthelyne PE / 6/' 7 C, ) "> K 1&
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482 Poplar    "  6' ()
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483 Porosity
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484 , *7 3 
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485
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486 Prechlorination >) !
487 Precipitate %* $ %! <)
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488 Predator Prey
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490 Preparation Utensils .* S
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491 Presence-Absence Technique
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492 Pressure Gauge ?. => " * :?. =
493 Pressure tight ?. %7 :?. (!
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494 Pressure Vacuum Breaker
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495 Progressing Cavity Pumps (> G! ".
496 Progressive 1 
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497 Propelling (0 # ) (0 # +'
498 Proportional meters ) "
499 Proteolysis ) "! # 6 %*
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501 Pump Bowl . ,

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502 Pumper
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503 Pumping
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504 Pumping Capacity
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505 Pumping Test 6' 4 6!) <) B     A

506 Pumps Peristaltic   , ".
507 Pumps Pneumatic Ejector 7? ' ".
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508 Punch Card
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509 Purification "5  < 7# :>
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510 Quanti-Tray
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512 Radical
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513 Rainfall Duration
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515 Raking Assembly
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516 Rammers !/)
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517 Rational method )  * >
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518 Reagents
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519 Recessed End < ! 6' 7 
520 Reciprocating Pumps  ".
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521 %> ! # ".
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522 Reclamation
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523 Recovery & "A.' $ 9  ) ) :
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524 Recycling
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525 F9 ?. 6)) 7,
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526 Reference Dose RFD / /, />
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527 Refractory " / 6/'  
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528 Refrigerant
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529 Refuse Piles "9 (!
530 Regulated Limit $> " * G> *
531 Regulation $
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532 Regulatory 6U
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534 Rejected Water @A)A   & 3
535 Release *
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536 Relief Valve 9 (

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537 Reproduction
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538 Reservoir
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539 Residence Time "/* $/ /* ()/ 6' %* 1  -*
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540 Resilient
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541 Restrained Joint !* >  
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542 Retention Time "/* $/ /* ()/ 6' %* 1  -*
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543 Revenue Bonds "/ S/' T*g .9 B "))P 
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544 Reverse Osmosis RO &/9 4  \% 7! 1& %* # F9
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545 Reynolds Number Re K/ $! 6>  <); 69'
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546 Ridge-And-Furrow method 0 $
547 Rinse %)? 
548 Rollers  "*  !* T* >5  :*

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549 Rotating Table   
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550 Rotavirus
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552 Roughness Coefficient
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553 Rubber Ring Gasket %7  S (!*  >* *
554 Run " ))
555 Runoff 
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556 Runtime ) 
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557 Rye 7  ()  ! )O  #
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558 Z < 3 +
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559 Saline
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560 Sampling
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561 =, = > 6' *  
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562 Saturation zone
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563 Scale-Forming Water /  %! # ) 1P & (7?
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564 Scavenger  "/7, %7 %9  6B C!

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565 Scouring Velocity %>  U @' )
566 Scrape @'
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567 Screen %
568 Screw Cap 67* 4
569 Screw Press 6 .
570 Screw Pump  .
571 Scroll 67*
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573 Scum
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574 Seawater Intrusion
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575 Seeded
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576 Seepage
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577 Self-Priming Pumps QA  & ".
578 Self-Propelled Transport +' 6& % 
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579 Semi permeable
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580 Sensor * 7'   =>  !  :)
581 Sept 6* 

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582 Septic Tank 1/!   K. %* , 3
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583 Septic Tank Drainage Field
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584 Septum
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585 Serological
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586 Settling
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587 Sewer Ordinance   $
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588 Sewers
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590 Sheath
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591 Shell
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592 Shock Loads /9  )   <) , M 6'
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593 Short-Circuiting
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594 Shredder
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595 Shutoff head
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596 Sight well /) /  /A $ ( 9* :QA 9*

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597 Sill cock
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598 Single-acing sequence valve 9 1* 6)) (
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599 Siphon
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602 Slag
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603 Slaker Slake
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604 Sleeves * <0 "A   <! + :(!
605 Slime S7 1 $ %*
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606 Slope
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607 Sloughed * , 
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608 Sludge Bulking
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609 Slurry (> S  %*
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610 Soil Moisture
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611 Solenoid   (
612 Solid Bowl O $. "  ,
613 Solvent / ' <& C ) !  :"&

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614 Somatic 1),
616 Spalling (,*0 9 + # 6U
617 Spargers 4  "&&
618 Specific Retention 7,*   S 6 7,*
619 Specific Substrate 6 "); 2)
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620 Spectrophotometer  %/) 4./    $ * 47,
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621 Spillage "!)
622 Spiral Wound Module 67? 9 *
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623 Split-Coupling
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624 Splitter Box
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625 Sporozoite
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626 Spreader CA5 )!    
627 Spring-Loaded Check Valve F  %* + (
628 Sprocket O 6' $E)J =  , $
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629 Stabilization Stabilizing 7
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630 Stacking  =!
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632 Staggering !P  *  % 6' )
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633 Staining 9! %) B7 ?   $
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634
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635 Stand Pipes     <
636 Standard Coliform Counts  " " *#

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State Of California Regional
638 Water Quality Control Board 9! ;   3  (!* =,
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639 State Regulatory Agency ;  !
640 Static Level 6!) 1)
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642 Stationary Phase >) 
643 Stator T9 @* $ "5 47,
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644 Stator Baffles
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645 Statute 6)) (U
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646 Stickleback /* & 3 6' D
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647 Stilling Well B !) 
648 Stock And Sod Farms  6  7
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649 Stoichiometry + "!    >' %9 6 "7,
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650 Stop Gate   
651 Storm Runoff   3 6*) $,
652 Strainer %
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653 Strands %,
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655 Stripping O @'
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656 Strom Drain   3 
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657 *) 3 , $
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658 Surfactant L) 6' 5P 

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664 Symbiotic Cycle
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665   . ! 
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666 Tank $7
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667 Tapping . + <0 %  "5 6 $) <>5
668 Tees T * %!  < "A 
669 Teratgenic 6B
670 Tetanus Toxoid Injections. )! = $>*
671 Texture ^. . ) "! < :])
672 Threading Tool O <- K  <  6' $) 2' 
673 Three Way Valve ")  ". 65A5 (
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674 Threshold
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675 Throttling Valve S (
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676 Tilling
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677 Time Delay
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681 Torque
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682 Total Coliforn Rule ! "> $
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685 Totalizer +, O
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686 Transducer
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687 Trash Rack Rake
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688 Travel Time
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689 Travelling Rake O # $! $ %> % @* < 
690 Travelling Screens O # $! $ %> % @* %
691 Treatment Technology (TT) ,  7,  > , >
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693 Trickling Filtration
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696 Trunk Sewer 6 %  ,
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697 Tuberculation
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698 Turbidity
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699 Turbine Pumps 59 ".
700 Turnover Time $ 6,#  $ % $7
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701 Ultrafiltration (UF) "* ()  (10) / %   ?.
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709 US Weather Bureau 6!0 => <!
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710 Utility
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711 Vacuum "/7, +) ; T* C9. ?. K' $!
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712 Valve Altitude F0 2) $ (  Q9
713 Valve Blow Off %? (

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714 Valve Controlled Check + (
715 Valve Diaphragm 6 17,*
716 Valve Gate  (
717 Valve Globe 1! (
718 Valve Pilot K, (
719 Valve Rotary 6 (
720 Valve Shutoff   (
721 Valve Sleeve (! & 6 (
722 Valve Sphere 6, (
723 Valve Stop   (
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725 Valve Swing 77B (
726 Valve Vertical Lift Disk 6  +'  (
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728 Vaporization
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737 Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA)
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757 Wet-Weather Design Flow < n (  <)

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760 Willow  9
761 Wire Attachment 1) S*
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763 Wire Inoculating Loop !) ( 
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768 Zero Kinetics
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