Prelims

Recap365

Polity
(Jan 2023 - Jan 2024)

Unacademy IAS Centres

Karol Bagh Mukherjee Nagar Prayagraj

3-B, 3rd Floor, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi

 CONTENTS
THEME 1: CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5
Free Speech of Ministers����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5
Uniform Civil Code��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5
Right to Silence�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6
Disqualification of Lawmakers��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6

THEME 2: LEGISLATURE��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7
National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2023 ����������������������������������������� 7
Model Prisons Act 2023������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Whip������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Law on Sedition������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Parliamentary Privileges������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 9
Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023������������������������������������������������������������������ 10
New Parliament Building��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Criminal Justice System Reforms�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
Bharatiya Sakshya Act 2023���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
No-confidence Motion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
Registration of Birth and Death (Amendment) Act, 2023�������������������������������������������� 14
Nari Shakti Vandan [Constitution (106th Amend-ment)] Act, 2023 (Women
reservation Bill)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 14
Criminalization of Politics��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition
of Forest Rights) Act, 2006������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 15
Telecommunications Act 2023������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 16
Expulsion of Lawmakers���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
Post Office Act, 2023��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17

THEME 3: EXECUTIVE���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
Role of Governor���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
Impeachment in US and India������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19

THEME 4: JUDICIARY���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20
Appointment of Judges to the Supreme Court ����������������������������������������������������������� 20
District Judiciary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21
Electronic Supreme Court Reports (e-SCR) Project���������������������������������������������������� 21
Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) Scheme��������������������������������������������������������������� 22

THEME 5: ELECTIONS���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22
ECI Decides on Party Name and Symbol�������������������������������������������������������������������� 22
 Electoral Funding���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
National Party Status ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Common Electoral Rolls����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24

THEME 6: FEDERALISM������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24
Cooperative Federalism����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24
Inter-State Water Dispute��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25

THEME 7: LOCAL GOVERNMENT���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26

Democratic Decentralisation in India��������������������������������������������������������������������������26
Capacity Building of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)�������������������������������������������������������26
Panchayat Development Index (PDI)��������������������������������������������������������������������������27

THEME 8: BODIES����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27
Controller and Auditor General (CAG)������������������������������������������������������������������������27
GST Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
Office of Lokpal and Lokayukta�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
Bar Council of India�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29
Central Administrative Tribunal ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������29
APPOINTMENT OF DGP ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29
Advertising Standards Council of India�����������������������������������������������������������������������30
Directorate of Enforcement������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30
GENERAL CONSENT TO CBI ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31
CEC and Other EC (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act,
2023�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31
Secretariat of the Parliament���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31
Lokayukta��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32

THEME 9: MISCELLANEOUS�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32
Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP)������������������������������������������������������������������������32
Rule of Law Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32
Regulation of Online Gaming �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33
India Justice Report�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33
World Press Freedom Index 2023�������������������������������������������������������������������������������33
Justice Clocks�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������34
Nyaya Vikas Portal:������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������34
Multi-State Co-operative Societies (Amendment) Bill, 2023����������������������������������������34
Dark Patterns���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������34
Personality Rights��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35
108 Migrants from Pakistan Awarded Citizenship in Gujarat��������������������������������������35
 5

Consumer Protection in India�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36

Sarna Code���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36
Special Category Status (SCS)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36
Enabling Communications on Real-time Environment (ENCORE)���������������������������������37
Crime in India 2022 Report���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37

THEME 10: GOVERNANCE����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38

Charge Sheets����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38
Internet Shutdowns:��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38
E-Governed state������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38
Centre claims Aadhaar as the most trusted digital ID in the world��������������������������������38
Right To Information (RTI)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38
AAINA Dashboard for Cities�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39
NCC��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39
Grievance Redressal Assessment & Index (GRAI) �������������������������������������������������������39
OTT Regulation in India��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40

THEME 1: CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
Free Speech of Ministers
Why in news?
Recently, SC held that Right of free speech and
expression, guaranteed under Article 19 (1) (a)
can’t be curbed on additional grounds other than
those already laid down in Article 19 (2).
More about the news
• A statement made by a minister, even in official
capacity, cannot be attributed vicariously to the
government by invoking principle of collective
responsibility.
• Under Article 75 (3) and 164 (2), the Council
of Ministers (CoM) is collectively responsible
to the House of People and the Legislative
Assembly of the State respectively.
o SC stated that collective responsibility
flows from CoM to individual ministers,
not on reverse, namely, from individual
Ministers to CoM.
o A fundamental right under Article 19, 21
can be enforced even against persons
other than state or its instrumentalities.
o A mere statement made by a minister,
inconsistent with rights of a citizen, may not
become actionable as constitutional tort.
• But if it leads to an act of omission or
commission by a public official then it is a
constitutional tort.
o A ‘constitutional tort’ is a violation of
one’s constitutional rights, particularly
fundamental rights, by an agent of the
government, acting in his/her official
capacity. A court of law can award monetary
compensation to the victim in such a case.
About Freedom of speech and expression
The salient features of the right to freedom of
speech and expression are as follows:
• The right is solely for Indian citizens and not for
any foreign nationals.
• The freedom of speech in Article 19(1) (a)
also includes the right to express views and
opinions at any point through any medium,
e.g., by saying or narrating, writing, etc.
• This right is not absolute and allows the
government to frame laws to impose
reasonable restrictions in the interest of the
integrity of India, security, friendly relations
7
with states, public etiquette, morality, contempt
of court, defamation, etc.
• The restriction on the freedom of speech and
expression of any citizen may be imposed as
much by an action of the State as by its inaction.
• If the State fails to guarantee the freedom of
rights and expression to all its citizens, it is
constituted as a violation of Article 19(1)(a) of
the Indian Constitution.
Uniform Civil Code
Why in news?
In recent developments, the 22nd Law Commission
of India (LCI) has initiated a process to gather
recommendations from diverse stakeholders
concerning the Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
Definition of UCC:
UCC is a single legal framework applicable
nationwide, encompassing all religious
communities’ personal affairs such as marriage,
divorce, inheritance, adoption, and succession.
More About Uniform Civil Code:
• Article 44 within the Directive Principles of State
Policy defines that the state shall implement a
Uniform Civil Code for all the citizens throughout
the territory of India.
• It calls for enacting one law for India, which will
be applicable to all religious communities.
• Presently, various laws regulate matters such
as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption
for followers of different religions and a UCC
is planned to get away with these inconsistent
personal laws.
o These laws include the Hindu Marriage Act,
Hindu Succession Act, Indian Christian
Marriages Act, Indian Divorce Act, and Parsi
Marriage and Divorce Act.
• It will ease the laws around marriages,
inheritance, succession, and adoptions making
them equal for all.
• The uniform civil law will then be applicable to
all citizens irrespective of their faith.
• The Constitution’s framers prefer the terminology
“uniform” in Article 44 and not “common”,
because “common” means “one and the same
in all circumstances”, while “uniform” means
“the same in similar conditions”.
Genesis of the Uniform Civil Code:
• The genesis of the UCC dates back to colonial
India when the British government submitted
 8
its report in 1835 stressing the requirement for
uniformity in the codification of Indian law.
• An increase in legislation dealing with personal
issues in the fag end of British rule forced the
government to constitute the B N Rau Committee
in 1941 to codify Hindu law.
o The mandate of the Hindu Law Committee
was to examine the question of the necessity
of common Hindu laws.
• The committee, keeping in mind scriptures,
recommended a codified Hindu law, which
would grant equal rights to women.
• The 1937 Act was examined and the committee
suggested a civil code of marriage and
succession for Hindus.
• Unique Case of Goa: Goa stands as the sole
jurisdiction within India where a semblance of
a common civil code is presently operational,
primarily through the adoption of the Portuguese
Civil Code of 1867. It is not under Article 44 of
the constitution.
• Uttarakhand Case: Recently, the State Assembly
of Uttarakhand passed an act implementing the
UCC in the state.
Right to Silence
Why in news?
Recently, the Supreme Court affirmed that all
individuals accused of a crime possess the right to
remain silent, and investigators are prohibited from
coercing them to speak or confess guilt.
More about the Right to Silence
• The right to silence is rooted in Article 20(3),
which stipulates that no individual can be
compelled to testify against themselves.
• This safeguard is applicable exclusively within
the realm of criminal proceedings.
• However, this entitlement does not extend to
individuals undergoing interrogation under the
Customs Act, 1962, or the Foreign Exchange
Management Act, 1999, as they are not
designated as “accused of an offense” and are
therefore not entitled to legal representation.
About Article 20
Article 20 grants protection against arbitrary and
excessive punishment to an accused person, be it
citizen or foreigner or legal person like a company
or a corporation. It contains three provisions in that
direction:
• It contains provisions related to No ex-post-facto
law, No double jeopardy, No self-incrimination.
• No self-incrimination (Article 20(3)): No person
accused of any offence shall be compelled to
be a witness against himself. The protection
against self-incrimination extends to both oral
evidence and documentary evidence.
Exceptions
• compulsory production of material objects,
• compulsory exhibition of the body.
• compulsion to give thumb impression, specimen
signature, blood specimens, and
• Extends only to criminal proceedings and not to
civil proceedings.
Disqualification of Lawmakers
Why in news?
The Karnataka High Court recently nullified the
election of a Lok Sabha member from the Hassan
constituency.
Basis of Disqualification:
• The court’s decision stemmed from the
individual’s involvement in corrupt practices,
such as inaccurate property value disclosures
and tax evasion.
• This disqualification is authorized by the
Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951,
which empowers the High Court to annul
elections under specific circumstances.
• Upon declaration of the election as void, the
member in question must vacate their office.
• Any aggrieved party retains the right to appeal
the High Court’s decision to the Supreme Court.
Prescribed Scenarios for Disqualification
• Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951:
o According to Section 8(4), a legislator faces
disqualification for the duration of their
imprisonment, plus an additional six years
if convicted and sentenced to two or more
years of imprisonment.
• Tenth Schedule of the Constitution:
o This provision outlines grounds for
disqualification due to defection. Under the
Anti-defection law, the following make for
grounds for disqualification of MLAs and
MPs:
• If any elected member voluntarily gives up the
membership of the party.
• If the elected legislator abstains or votes in the
House contrary to the party’s stand.

• If any nominated legislator joins another political
party after finishing six months.
• If any legislator who gets independently elected
joins any party.
• Articles 102(1) and 191(1) of the Constitution:
o These articles specify disqualification criteria
for Members of Parliament and Members of
Legislative Assemblies respectively.
o Grounds for disqualification encompass
holding an office of profit, unsoundness of
mind, insolvency, or lack of valid citizenship.
About Representation of the People Act 1951
• This Act makes it imperative that specific
guidelines be adhered to to ensure that elections
in India are carried out fairly.
• In addition, it covers electoral fraud and other
unlawful behaviours linked to elections.
• The Act contains provisions for arbitration of
disputes in areas connected to elections, and
such conditions are included in the Act.
• In addition, it details the qualifications necessary
for Parliament and the legislative assembly
members and the factors that constitute
ineligibility.
The Representation of the People Act of 1966 was
updated to include amendments.
• Election tribunals have been eliminated due to
this law and no more extended function. At this
time, the authority to hear election petitions has
been delegated to the High Courts.
• On the other hand, issues concerning India’s
presidential and vice-presidential elections are
handled directly by the country’s highest court,
the Supreme Court of India.
• The Representation of the People Act of 1988
introduced several amendments.
• This amendment made it possible to postpone or
even cancel elections in response to concerns
over the integrity of voting machines and polling
places (EVMs).
THEME 2: LEGISLATURE
National Capital Territory of Delhi
(Amendment) Act, 2023
Why in the news?
The Government of National Capital Territory of
Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2023 has been successfully
passed by both houses of Parliament.
9
Background:
• Article 239 AA was incorporated into the
Constitution via the 69th Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1991, following the
recommendations of the S Balakrishnan
Committee in 1987, granting special status to
Delhi.
• This article bestows the National Capital Territory
(NCT) of Delhi with an Administrator and a
Legislative Assembly, granting the assembly
the authority to enact laws pertaining to matters
within the State List or Concurrent List, subject
to certain exceptions like Police, Public Order,
and Land.
Key Features of the Bill:
National Capital Civil Services Authority (NCCSA):
• Establishes the NCCSA to make
recommendations to the LG regarding certain
service-related matters.
• Matters include transfers, postings, vigilance,
disciplinary proceedings, and prosecution
sanctions of certain administrative services.
• Comprises the Chief Minister of Delhi as
Chairperson, Principal Home Secretary of the
Delhi government as Member Secretary, and
Chief Secretary of the Delhi government as
member.
• Appointments of Principal Home Secretary
and Chief Secretary are made by the central
government.
Powers of the LG:
• Expands the discretionary powers of the LG,
allowing him to act solely at his discretion on
certain matters.
• Empowers the LG to approve or return
recommendations of the NCCSA for
reconsideration.
• In case of disagreement between the LG and
the Authority, the LG’s decision will be final.
Disposal of Matters by Ministers:
• Ministers of the Delhi government may issue
standing orders for addressing matters brought
to their attention, subject to consultation with the
concerned Department Secretary.
• Certain matters must be submitted to the LG,
through the Chief Minister and Chief Secretary,
for opinion before issuing any order.
10
Duties of Secretaries:
• Department Secretaries must bring specific
matters to the notice of the LG, Chief Minister,
and Chief Secretary, especially those that may
lead to controversies with the central or state
governments, or the courts.
Model Prisons Act 2023
Why in news?
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has prepared
the ‘Model Prisons Act 2023’ that will replace the
Prisons Act of 1894.
Background:
• The Prisons Act of 1894 was the primary
legislation governing prisons in India,
originating from the recommendations of the
Prison Discipline Committee in 1836.
• Recognizing the need for reform, the Ministry of
Home Affairs (MHA) commissioned the Bureau
of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
to draft a new law, resulting in the Model Prisons
Act 2023.
Key Proposals of the Model Prisons Act 2023:
Encouraging Good Conduct:
• Provisions for parole, furlough, and remission to
incentivize good behavior among prisoners.
• Parole allows conditional release with the
suspension of the sentence, while furlough
provides relief for long-term imprisonment.
Reformation and Rehabilitation:
• Focus on attitudinal change towards prisoners.
• Implementation of vocational training and
skill development programs to facilitate their
reintegration into society upon release.
Enhanced Safety and Security:
• Provision for separate accommodation for
women and transgender inmates to ensure their
safety.
• Utilization of technology for efficient prison
administration and establishment of high-
security jails.
Other Measures:
• Introduction of open and semi-open jails to
promote humane confinement.
• Facilitation of prisoners’ video conferencing
with courts for legal proceedings.
Integration of Previous Legislation:
• The Model Act consolidates provisions from the
Prisons Act, 1894, the Prisoners Act, 1900, and
the Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950, streamlining
the legal framework for prison administration.
Prison Reforms Initiatives:
• Model Prison Manual 2016: Introduced to
standardize prison regulations, it has been
adopted by only 11 states and Union territories.
• Open Prisons: States like Rajasthan have
implemented the open prison model, which
promotes a more reformative approach to
incarceration, leading to positive transformations
in inmates’ lives while reducing operational
costs.
Whip
Why in news?
The Constitution Bench in Shiv Sena case ruled that
power to appoint a whip and a leader rest with the
“political party” and not the “legislature party,” as
stated in the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution.
Key Observations by the Supreme Court:
Appointment of Whip:
• The Speaker must recognize the whip and the
leader authorized by the political party after
conducting an inquiry based on the party’s
constitution.
• Allowing legislative members to act
independently from the party contradicts the
constitutional governance system.
Disqualification Decision by Speaker:
• Disqualification of legislators should be decided
according to established legal procedures, and
the Speaker is the appropriate authority under
the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution.
• The Speaker should resolve pending
disqualification petitions in a reasonable
timeframe, and legislators have the right to
participate in House proceedings regardless of
pending disqualification petitions.
Floor Test:
• The Governor should conduct a floor test only
upon obtaining objective evidence indicating
that the incumbent government has lost the
confidence of the House.

Whip System in India:
• A whip may denote a written order to party
members in the House to adhere to a specific
direction or the designated official authorized to
issue such orders.
• All political parties can issue whips to their
members, typically appointing a senior member
known as the chief whip to issue them. Additional
whips assist the chief whip in carrying out their
duties.
Law on Sedition
Why in news?
Recently, 22nd Law commission in its 279th Report
on “Usage of the Law of Sedition” recommended
the retention of law on sedition.
Definition of Sedition
• Sedition, as defined under Section 124A of the
Indian Penal Code (IPC), has been a contentious
issue in India’s legal landscape. Over the years,
the judiciary has interpreted this law, balancing
freedom of expression and the state’s security
concerns.
• Additionally, various commissions have
scrutinized the necessity and scope of Section
124A, recommending reforms to align it with
modern democratic principles.
Evolution of Judicial Interpretation:
• Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras (1950):
o The Supreme Court emphasized that criticism
of the government, unless it undermines
state security, should not warrant restrictions
on freedom of expression and the press.
• Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar (1962):
o While upholding the validity of Section 124A,
the Supreme Court clarified that sedition
charges apply only to speech inciting
“public disorder,” recognizing the state’s
need for protection from forces threatening
its stability.
• Vinod Dua v. Union of India (2021):
o The Supreme Court reiterated citizens’ right
to criticize the government as long as it
does not incite violence against the state,
emphasizing the importance of dissent in a
democracy.
11
• S.G. Vombatkere v. Union of India (2023):
o The Supreme Court directed all governments
to suspend trials and proceedings related
to sedition charges under Section 124A,
stating that the law’s strict provisions are out
of sync with the current social context.
• Law Commission Reports on Sedition:
o 1968 Report: The Law Commission rejected
the idea of repealing Section 124A but
suggested narrowing its scope and reducing
the maximum punishment to seven years of
imprisonment.
o 1971 Committee Report: It proposed
expanding the law’s ambit to cover criticism
against constitutional institutions beyond the
government.
o 2018 Consultation Paper: The Law
Commission recommended reconsidering
or repealing Section 124A, suggesting its
application only for acts aimed at disrupting
public order or overthrowing the government
through violent and unlawful means.
Parliamentary Privileges
Why in news?
Recently parts of the leader of the opposition speech
on the motion of thanks on the President’s Address
were expunged. Some experts point out that this
is against the Parliamentary Privileges of the MP
enjoyed under Article 105 of the Constitution.
About Parliamentary Privileges
Parliamentary privileges refer to the entitlements
and protections granted to Members of Parliament
(MPs) in India, allowing them to fulfill their
responsibilities and functions without hindrance or
intimidation.
Sources of Privileges
These privileges are sourced from various
foundations including
• the Constitution of India,
• parliamentary customs,
• legislation enacted by Parliament,
• rules governing the Lok Sabha and Rajya
Sabha, and
• interpretations by the judiciary.
12
Constitutional Framework collected online or offline and then digitized. It
• Article 105 of the Indian Constitution delineates will also extend to processing outside India if it
the concept of parliamentary privileges. MPs are involves offering goods or services in India.
granted immunity from civil or criminal liability • Personal data may only be processed for lawful
for statements made or actions taken during the purposes with the consent of the individual.
discharge of their duties. Certain legitimate uses, such as voluntary data
• Furthermore, Articles 105 and 122 of the sharing by the individual or processing by
Constitution delineate the privileges of the State for permits, licenses, benefits, and
Parliament, while Articles 194 and 212 pertain services, may not require consent.
to the privileges of state governments. • Data fiduciaries are mandated to ensure data
accuracy, security, and deletion once its
Individual Privileges Collective Privileges purpose is fulfilled.
• Members cannot • Right to publish its • Individuals are granted rights including access
be arrested during reports, debates, to information, correction and erasure requests,
the session of and proceedings. and grievance redressal mechanisms.
Parliament 40 • Right to exclude • The central government reserves the authority
days before the strangers from its to exempt government agencies from specific
beginning and 40 proceedings provisions of the Bill in the interest of grounds
days after the end • Right to make rules such as state security, public order, and offense
of a session. to regulate its own prevention.
• Members have procedure • A Data Protection Board of India will be
freedom of speech • Right to punish established by the central government to
in Parliament, and members as well as adjudicate on non-compliance issues with the
no member is liable outsiders for breach Bill’s provisions.
to any proceedings of its privileges
New Parliament Building
in any court • The courts
• They are exempted prohibited inquiring Why in news?
from jury service into the proceedings
The inauguration of the new Parliament House
when Parliament is of a House.
marks a significant milestone in India’s architectural
in session. • No person can be
and governance landscape.
arrested without the
This monumental project, a key component of the
permission of the
Central Vista development plan, underscores the
presiding officer.
nation’s commitment to modernizing its governance
Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 infrastructure.

Why in news?
Recently, the President of India granted assent to
the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill (DPDP),
2023.

Background
• In 2017, the Supreme Court recognized privacy
as a fundamental right in the K.S. Puttaswamy
vs. Union of India case.
• Subsequently, the Justice Srikrishna Committee,
established by the Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology (MeitY), proposed
the initial draft of the Personal Data Protection
(PDP) Bill in 2018.

Key Points of the Bill About Central Vista Development Project:

• The Bill will govern the processing of digital • The Central Vista development/redevelopment
personal data within India, including data initiative, initiated in 1931, aims to fortify

governance infrastructure by creating state-of-
the-art facilities for Parliament and an efficient
Central Secretariat.
• The recent inauguration of the new Parliament
House represents a pivotal phase in this
ambitious project, reflecting India’s forward-
looking vision.
Historical Context:
• India’s existing Parliament House, an
architectural marvel designed by Sir Edwin
Lutyens and Herbert Baker, served as the seat
of the Imperial Legislative Council during the
colonial era.
• Built over six years from 1921 to 1927, the
circular design of the building drew inspiration
from the Chausath Yogini temple in Morena,
Madhya Pradesh.
• Witnessing significant expansions over the
years, including the addition of two floors in
1956, the Parliament House has been witness
to the evolution of India’s democratic journey
since the first elected Parliament convened in
April 1952.
About Symbolism and Features:
• The new Parliament House embodies the spirit
of “Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat,” with thematic
elements representing India’s diverse cultural
heritage:
• The Lok Sabha Hall, inspired by the Peacock,
India’s national bird.
• The Rajya Sabha Hall, themed around the
Lotus, the national flower.
• Symbolic inclusion of the Sengol (sceptre),
denoting the transfer of power, alongside the
Speaker’s chair.
• Installation of the iconic Ashoka Pillar on the
building’s roof, signifying unity and strength.
• Utilization of hand-woven carpets from Bhadohi,
reflecting the rich craftsmanship of Uttar
Pradesh.
• Incorporation of materials from various regions,
such as wood from Nagpur, marble from Gujarat,
and stone work from Rajasthan, showcasing
India’s diverse heritage.
• Dedication of six gates representing water,
land, and sky, honoring India’s harmonious
coexistence with nature.
About Sengol
The Sengol, originating from the Tamil word
“Semmai,” meaning “Righteousness,” is a sceptre
which holds profound historical significance in
13
South India, particularly during the reign of the
Chola Empire. Its ceremonial use and symbolism
have transcended time, becoming an emblem of
authority and legitimacy.
The Legacy of Sengol in the Chola Empire:
• Symbol of Authority: Crafted from gold or silver
and adorned with precious stones, the Sengol
sceptre was a symbol of authority carried by
Chola emperors during ceremonial occasions.
• Chola Dynasty: The Cholas, renowned for their
military prowess, maritime trade, and cultural
patronage, ruled over significant parts of South
India from the 9th to 13th century CE.
• Succession Ceremony: The tradition of passing
down the Sengol sceptre from one king to
another marked the legitimacy of succession,
often performed by a high priest or guru.
• Rajaji’s Proposal: C. Rajagopalachari, or Rajaji,
suggested adopting the Chola tradition of
handing over the Sengol sceptre as a ceremonial
gesture for India’s independence.
• Presentation to Nehru: On August 14, 1947, the
Sengol sceptre crafted by Vummidi Bangaru
Chetty was presented to Prime Minister
Nehru by the Thiruvavaduthurai Adheenam,
symbolizing the transfer of power from British to
Indian hands.
• Artistic Representation: The sceptre,
embellished with intricate designs and topped
with a hand-carved Nandi symbolizing justice
(“Nyaya”), encapsulates India’s ethos and
values.
Criminal Justice System Reforms
Why in news?
The President of India has given assent to three
significant bills aimed at reforming the country’s
criminal justice system.
A. Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023
About
• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita is the criminal
code of India. When it enters force (1st July,
2024), it will replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC),
which was enacted in 1860.
• The BNS covers all aspects of criminal law,
including offences, punishments, defences,
and procedures.
Key Amendments in the BNS
• Offences against the body: The Indian Penal
Code (IPC) already criminalizes acts such
14
as murder, abetment of suicide, assault, and
causing grievous hurt, which the BNS upholds.
It introduces new offences like organized
crime, terrorism, and group-induced murder or
grievous hurt on specific grounds.
• Sexual offences against women: Retaining
existing IPC provisions on rape, voyeurism,
stalking, and insulting the modesty of a woman,
the BNS raises the age threshold for classifying
gangrape victims as adults from 16 to 18
years. It also criminalizes sexual intercourse
with a woman through deceitful means or false
promises.
• Sedition: The BNS eliminates the offence of
sedition and instead penalizes actions such
as inciting secession, armed rebellion, or
subversive activities, encouraging separatist
sentiments, or jeopardizing India’s sovereignty,
unity, and integrity. These actions could involve
verbal exchanges, electronic communication,
or financial transactions.
• Terrorism: Terrorism under the BNS is defined
as acts intending to threaten national unity,
integrity, and security, intimidate the public,
or disturb public order. Penalties for terrorism
include death or life imprisonment and fines,
with variations based on the consequences of
the act.
• Organised crime: This category encompasses
offenses like kidnapping, extortion, contract
killing, land grabbing, financial frauds, and
cybercrimes perpetrated by criminal syndicates.
Attempting or committing organized crime
carries severe penalties, including death or life
imprisonment and hefty fines.
• Mob lynching: The BNS introduces the offense
of murder or grievous hurt inflicted by five or
more individuals on specified grounds such as
race, caste, sex, language, or personal beliefs.
Punishments range from a minimum of seven
years imprisonment to life imprisonment or the
death penalty.
• Supreme Court rulings: The BNS aligns with
certain Supreme Court decisions, including
omitting adultery as an offence and incorporating
life imprisonment alongside the death penalty
for murder or attempted murder committed by
a life convict.
B. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023
About
• The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita
(BNSSB),2023 was introduced with the primary
objective of repealing the existing Criminal
Code of Procedure, 1973 (CrPC).
• It contains 533 sections, with 9 new additions
and has modified 160 sections and repealed 9
sections.
• While preserving numerous essential aspects of
the CrPC, the legislation also introduces several
new provisions aimed at improving the efficiency
of investigation and trial, and expediting the
delivery of justice.
About CrPC
The Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) governs the
procedural aspects of criminal justice in India. The
Act encompasses several significant features:
• Separation of Offences: Categorization into
cognizable and non-cognizable offences.
Cognizable offences permit police arrest and
investigation without a warrant, while non-
cognizable offences necessitate a warrant or a
complaint by the victim or a third party.
• Nature of Offences: Encompasses a spectrum
of criminal offences, distinguishing between
bailable and non-bailable offences, granting the
accused the right to bail from police custody for
specified offences.
Proposed Changes by BNSS
Retaining most CrPC provisions, the BNSS proposes
several key amendments:
• Detention of Undertrials: Modifies the provision
regarding release on personal bond for
undertrials. Exceptions now include offences
punishable by life imprisonment or against
individuals facing proceedings in multiple
offences.
• Medical Examination: Expands the authority
to request medical examinations to all police
officers, not limited to a sub-inspector level
officer.
• Forensic Investigation: Mandates forensic
investigation for offences carrying a minimum
sentence of seven years, facilitating evidence
collection at crime scenes, even utilizing
facilities from other states if necessary.
• Signatures and Finger Impressions: Empowers
magistrates to order specimen signatures,
handwriting, finger impressions, and voice
samples from individuals, even those not
arrested.
• Timelines for Procedures: Introduces timelines
for various legal procedures, such as requiring

rape victim examination reports within seven
days and framing charges by a sessions court
within 60 days.
• Hierarchy of Courts: Retains the hierarchy
of courts outlined in the CrPC but eliminates
the provision allowing state governments to
designate metropolitan areas with Metropolitan
Magistrates.
Bharatiya Sakshya Act 2023
About
• The Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023 (BSB)
replaces the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA).
It retains most provisions of the IEA including
those on confessions, relevancy of facts, and
burden of proof.
• The Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023 (BSB) largely
maintains the provisions of the Indian Evidence
Act (IEA), encompassing various aspects of
admissible evidence and procedural guidelines.
Retained Provisions
• Admissible Evidence: Parties in a legal
proceeding can present only admissible
evidence, classified as “facts in issue” or
“relevant facts.” “Facts in issue” determine the
existence, nature, or extent of rights or liabilities,
while “relevant facts” pertain to the case. The
IEA recognizes documentary and oral evidence.
• Proven Facts: A fact is considered proven if the
court believes its existence to be likely based
on presented evidence.
• Police Confessions: Confessions made to police
officers are inadmissible unless recorded
by a Magistrate. Information obtained from
a confession may be admitted if it distinctly
relates to the discovered fact.
Proposed Changes
• Documentary Evidence: The BSB expands the
definition of documents to include electronic
records and categorizes evidence as primary
(original documents) or secondary (oral
accounts and copies).
• Oral Evidence: While the IEA defines oral
evidence as statements made before courts,
the BSB permits electronic testimony, enabling
witnesses, accused persons, and victims to
testify remotely.
• Admissibility of Electronic Records: Electronic
or digital records, including those stored on
devices like smartphones and laptops, are
given the same legal weight as paper records.
15
• Secondary Evidence: Secondary evidence now
encompasses oral and written admissions, and
testimony from individuals skilled in document
examination, particularly when the genuineness
of the document is in question.
• Joint Trials: The BSB clarifies provisions
regarding joint trials, stating that trials involving
multiple accused, especially in cases of
absconding or failure to respond to arrest
warrants, will be considered joint trials.
No-confidence Motion
Why in news?
The Union Government had to face a no-confidence
motion in the Monsoon session of the parliament in
2023.
About No-confidence motion
Procedure Overview
• The process for initiating a no-confidence
motion is delineated in Rule 198 of the Rules of
Procedure and Conduct of Lok Sabha.
• Submission of Notice: A member must submit a
written notice of the motion before 10 AM, which
will then be read aloud by the Speaker of the
House.
• Minimum Support Requirement: The motion
must garner support from a minimum of 50
members to be accepted by the Speaker.
• Discussion Date Announcement: Upon
acceptance, the Speaker announces the date
for the discussion of the motion, which must
occur within 10 days of its acceptance. Failure
to schedule within this timeframe results in the
motion’s failure, with notification to the proposing
member.
• Resignation Requirement: If the government
fails to demonstrate its majority during the
discussion, it must resign from power.
16
Key facts about No-Confidence Motion
• Opposition parties utilize no-confidence motions
to pressure the government into debating
crucial national issues, fostering unity among
diverse political factions.
• The first-ever no-confidence motion in August
1963 targeted Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s
government, initiated by Acharya JB Kripalani. It
garnered only 62 votes in favor, with 347 votes
against it.
• Indira Gandhi holds the record for facing the
highest number of no-confidence motions,
totaling 15 instances throughout her tenure.
Registration of Birth and Death (Amendment)
Act, 2023
Why in news?
The Registration of Birth and Death Act of 1969
underwent amendments with the recent passage of
the Registration of Birth and Death (Amendment)
Act, 2023.
• The registration of births and deaths falls within
the Concurrent List of legislative powers.
• National registration statistics as of 2019
indicate a high level of compliance, with birth
registration at 93% and death registration at
92%.
Key Features of the Act
• Database Establishment: The Amendment Act
mandates the Registrar General of India to
maintain a national database of registered births
and deaths. Chief Registrars and Registrars
are required to share data with this national
database, while each state’s Chief Registrar
maintains a parallel state-level database.
• Electronic Certificates: Digital registration and
electronic delivery of birth and death certificates
are introduced.
• Aadhaar Integration: Aadhaar numbers of
parents and informants are to be collected
during birth registration.
• Interconnected Databases: The national
database may be shared with other authorities
maintaining databases like population registers,
electoral rolls, and ration cards.
• Utilization of Birth Certificate: Birth registration
information finds application in various domains
such as educational institution admissions,
voter list preparation, and government job
appointments.
• Appeal Mechanism: An appeal process is
established, allowing aggrieved individuals to
appeal to the District Registrar or Chief Registrar
within 30 days of any action or order issued by
the Registrar or District Registrar, respectively.
Nari Shakti Vandan [Constitution (106th Amend-
ment)] Act, 2023 (Women reservation Bill)
Why in news?
Parliament recently passed the Constitution (106th
Amendment) Act, 2023, introducing provisions for
one-third reservation for women in the Lok Sabha,
State Assemblies, and the assembly of the National
Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.
Provisions of the Act
Amended Articles:
• Article 239AA: Enacts reservation of one-third
seats for women in the Legislative Assembly of
the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.
Newly Inserted Articles:
• Article 330A: Introduces reservation of one-third
seats for women in the House of People (Lok
Sabha), including within the total seats reserved
for SCs/STs under Article 330.
• Article 332A: Implements reservation of one-third
seats for women in the Legislative Assembly of
every State, also within the total reserved seats
for SCs/STs under Article 332.
• Article 334A: Specifies that the provisions of this
Act will take effect post-delimitation following the
first census conducted after its commencement.
Delimitation
• Delimitation is the act of redrawing boundaries
of Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats under
Article 82 of the Constitution to represent
changes in population. It is conducted
periodically to reflect both increase in population
and changes in its distribution. It is done to
provide equal representation to equal segments
of a population.
• The Article 82 provides for the readjustment
of the constituencies of Lok Sabha and State
Assemblies after every Census.
Additional Provisions:
• Sunset Clause: Reservation for women ceases
after 15 years, although Parliament can extend
it by law.
• Rotation of Seats: Seats reserved for women
rotate after each subsequent delimitation as
determined by Parliament.

• Non-Interference: The Act does not affect
existing representation in legislative assemblies
and the Lok Sabha until their dissolution.
• As of now, In Lok Sabha, there are 82 female
MPs (15.2%), and in Rajya Sabha, there are 31
female MPs (13%).
Criminalization of Politics
Why in news?
A recent report titled ‘Analysis of Sitting MPs from
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha of India 2023’ was
released by the Association for Democratic Reforms
(ADR) and National Election Watch, shedding light
on the issue of criminalization in Indian politics.
Preliminary Facts
• Legislative Measures: Section 8(3) of the
Representation of People Act, 1951 stipulates
that any lawmaker sentenced to at least two
years in jail remains disqualified for six years
upon release. This disqualification is enabled
by Article 102(1) of the Constitution of India for
Parliamentarians and Article 191(1) for state
lawmakers.
Judicial Pronouncements
• Union of India vs. Association for Democratic
Reforms (2002): The Supreme Court affirmed
the fundamental right of electors to know
the antecedents of candidates, citing it as
a derivative of the freedom of speech and
expression.
• People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v Union
of India (2004): The Supreme Court declared
Section 33B of the Representation of Peoples
Act 1951 as unconstitutional and void.
• Lily Thomas v Union of India (2013): The Supreme
Court ruled Section 8(4) of the Representation
of People Act (1951) as unconstitutional. This
section previously allowed convicted MPs,
MLAs, and MLCs to continue in their posts
pending appeal against their conviction/
sentence.
• Public Interest Foundation v. Union of India
(2018): The Supreme Court directed political
parties to publish the criminal records of their
candidates on their websites, social media
handles, and newspapers.
Article 102 in Constitution of India
Article 102 talks about the Disqualifications for
membership from Parliament
17
Article 102(1): A person shall be disqualified for
being chosen as, and for being, a member of either
House of Parliament--
• if he holds any office of profit under the
Government of India or the Government of
any State, other than an office declared by
Parliament by law not to disqualify its holder;
• if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared
by a competent court;
• if he is an undischarged insolvent;
• if he is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily
acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or
is under any acknowledgement of allegiance or
adherence to a foreign State;
• if he is so disqualified by or under any law made
by Parliament (ADL and RPA, 1951).
• Explanation: For the purposes of this clause a
person shall not be deemed to hold an office
of profit under the Government of India or the
Government of any State by reason only that
he is a Minister either for the Union or for such
State.
Article 102(2): A person shall be disqualified for
being a member of either House of Parliament if he
is so disqualified under the Tenth Schedule (Anti
Defection Law).
Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
Why is news?
It has been reported that the states have rejected
nearly 40% of the land claims of the tribals under
the Forest Right Act.
About the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006
• Previous legislations failed to acknowledge
the interdependent relationship between
Scheduled Tribes (STs) and forests, along with
their reliance on forest resources.
• Section 3(1)(a) of the FRA acknowledges the
rights of forest-dwelling tribal communities
(FDSTs) and other traditional forest dwellers
(OTFDs) to inhabit and cultivate forest land for
sustenance.
Types of Rights under Section 3 of FRA Act
• Individual Forest Rights (IFR): Grants individuals
or communities the right to reside in and cultivate
forest land for livelihood purposes.
• Community Forest Rights (CFR): Aims to restore
customary and traditional forest usage rights
to forest-dwelling communities. These rights
18
extend to areas within the traditional village
boundaries, regardless of forest ownership or
classification.
• Community Forest Resource Management
Rights: Allows ownership and access to collect,
utilize, and dispose of minor forest produce,
traditionally gathered within or outside village
boundaries.
Implementation and Governance
• Nodal Agency: The responsibility for
implementing the Act rests with State
Governments and UT Administrations.
• Role of Gram Sabha: The Gram Sabha is the main
authority in initiating the process to determine
individual or community forest rights.
• Cutoff date: Forest rights can also be claimed
by any member or community who has for at
least three generations (75 years) prior to the
13th day of December, 2005 primarily resided
in forest land for bona fide livelihood needs.
Land Titles and Development Rights
• Land Ownership: The Act recognizes individual,
family, or community rights over land, limited to
a maximum of four hectares per claimant.
• Legal Status: Land titles granted under the FRA
are legally binding, conferring heritable rights
(Section 4(4) of FRA), albeit non-transferable or
alienable.
• Development Rights: The Act permits the
diversion of forest land for local development
initiatives, such as establishing schools,
dispensaries, hospitals, and Anganwadi
centers.
Applicability of FRA
• FRA extends to National Parks, Wildlife
Sanctuaries, and Tiger Reserves, ensuring
the protection and recognition of forest rights
across diverse ecological settings.
Telecommunications Act 2023
Why in news?
The Telecommunication Act 2023 received the
assent of the President in December, 2023.
About the Act
The Telecommunication Act, 2023 aims to replace
the outdated Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, and the
Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933, to address
contemporary telecom-related concerns.
Key Provisions
• Authorization for Telecom Activities: The central
government mandates prior authorization
for telecommunication services, network
operations, and possession of radio equipment.
• Spectrum Assignment: Spectrum allocation
will primarily occur through auction, except for
specific purposes like national security, disaster
management, and public broadcasting, where
administrative allocation is permitted. The
government holds the authority to repurpose or
reassign frequency ranges and allow spectrum
sharing, trading, leasing, and surrender.
• Interception and Search Powers: The Bill grants
powers to intercept, monitor, or block messages
between individuals or groups in the interest
of public safety, emergency, or specified
grounds. Suspension of telecom services and
temporary possession of telecom infrastructure
are allowed under certain circumstances.
Authorized officers may conduct searches for
unauthorized telecom equipment.
• User Protection: Measures to safeguard
users include prior consent for receiving
specified messages, establishment of Do
Not Disturb registers, and a mechanism for
reporting malware. Telecom service providers
must establish online grievance redressal
mechanisms.
• Right of Way: Entities laying telecommunication
infrastructure can seek right of way over public
or private property on a non-discriminatory
basis.
• TRAI Appointments: Amendments to the TRAI
Act allow individuals with significant professional
experience to serve as Chairperson or members
of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
(TRAI).
• Digital Bharat Nidhi: Renaming the Universal
Service Obligation Fund as Digital Bharat Nidhi,
the Bill expands its scope to include funding for
research and development in telecom.
• Offences and Penalties: Various civil and
criminal offences, such as providing telecom
services without authorization, are punishable
with fines or imprisonment.
• Adjudication Process: The central government
appoints adjudicating officers to handle
civil offences, with avenues for appeal to
the Designated Appeals Committee and the
Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate
Tribunal (TDSAT).

About Right of Way
• This is a right under which a telecom
infrastructure provider will be facilitated the use
of public property upon application.
• For installing telecom infrastructure on private
property, Telecom licensees may enter into
agreement with private property owners and
they will not require any permission from any
government authority.
• In such cases, Telecom licensees shall be
required to give only prior intimation along with
structural suitability certificate.
• These measures are expected to facilitate
rapid expansion and upgradation of telecom
networks and therefore improvement in the
quality of services.
About Digital Bharat Nidhi
• The Digital Bharat Nidhi (Universal Service
Obligation Fund) aims to provide for quality and
affordable mobile and digital services across the
rural and remote areas of the country; allowing
non-discriminatory access to mobile and
network services along with equitable access
to knowledge and information dissemination,
leading to rapid socio-economic development
with improved standard of living.
• The Universal Service Obligation (USO) Fund
is headed by the Administrator, USO Fund who
is appointed by the Central Government, for
the administration of the fund. It is an attached
office of the Department of Telecommunications
(DoT), Ministry of Communications.
Expulsion of Lawmakers
Why in news?
The Lok Sabha in India recently expelled one of its
members over allegations of accepting gifts and
illegal gratification.
Expulsion of MP in Lok Sabha
• A dedicated ethics committee was formed by
the Lok Sabha to investigate accusations of
corruption and breaches of privilege/contempt
of the house.
• Based on the findings of the Ethics Committee,
which deemed the member guilty of “unethical
conduct” and contempt of the House, the Lok
Sabha endorsed her expulsion as a Member of
Parliament.
Ethics Committee of Lok Sabha
• Comprising 15 Members appointed by the
Speaker for a one-year term, the Ethics
19
Committee oversees matters of ethical conduct
among parliamentarians.
• The inaugural Ethics Committees were
established in the Lok Sabha in 2000 and the
Rajya Sabha in 1997.
Rules in Lok Sabha
• Rule 373 grants the presiding officer the
authority to instruct an MP to withdraw from the
day’s proceedings.
• Rule 374 allows the presiding officers to name
legislators, followed by a motion to suspend the
MP for the remainder of the session.
Ways of Disqualification of Members of Parliament
• Constitutional Provisions: Article 102 of the
Constitution outlines various conditions for
disqualification, including holding an office of
profit, unsoundness of mind, insolvency, non-
citizenship, or disqualification under any law
enacted by Parliament.
• Criteria under Representation of the People Act,
1951: Disqualification occurs upon conviction
and sentencing to imprisonment for two years
or more, election offenses, corrupt practices,
or failure to submit election expense accounts
within the stipulated time.
• Tenth Schedule: Introduced by the 52nd
Amendment Act of 1985, it mandates
disqualification from Parliament due to defection
as per its provisions.
Post Office Act, 2023
Why in news?
Recently, the President of India gave assent to the
Post Office Bill, 2023 to replace the colonial-era
Indian Post Office Act, 1898.
Key Highlights of the Post Office Act, 2023
Director General of Postal Services:
• The recently passed Act grants the Director
General of Postal Services the authority to make
regulations pertaining to activities essential for
offering various additional services as may be
prescribed by the central government, as well
as for fixing charges for these services.
• This is significant because it eliminates
the need for parliamentary approval while
revising the set charges for any services
provided by post offices, including traditional
mail services.
20
Interception of Shipments:
• The Act professes that the Central Government,
“may, by notification, empower any officer to
cause any item in course of transmission by
the Post Office to be intercepted, opened or
detained in the interest of:
o The security of the State,
o Friendly relations with foreign states,
o Public order, Emergency, or Public Safety or
o The occurrence of any contravention of any
of the provisions of this Act.
• The new Act includes a broader provision
that aims to prevent smuggling and the illegal
transmission of drugs and prohibited items
via postal packages. The Central Government
through a notification will empower an officer
who may carry out an interception.
Identifiers and Post Codes:
• Section 5 Sub-section 1 of the Act states that
“The Central Government may prescribe
standards for addressing on the items, address
identifiers and usage of postcodes”.
• This provision will replace physical addresses
with digital codes based on geographical
coordinates for precise identification of a
premise.
• While digital addressing is a forward-looking
concept, it could simplify the sorting process
and enhance the accuracy of mail and parcel
deliveries.
Removal of Offences and Penalties:
The Act does not contain the punishment for theft,
misappropriation or destruction of postal articles by
an officer of the Post Office which was part of the
original Act of 1898.
Penalty under Section 7:
• Every person who avails a service provided by
the Post Office shall be liable to pay the charges
in respect of such service.
• If any person refuses or neglects to pay the
charges referred to in Sub-section (1), such
amount shall be recoverable as if it were arrears
of land revenue due from him.
Removes Centre’s Exclusivity:
• The present Act has removed Section 4 of the
1898 Act, which allowed the Centre the exclusive
privilege of conveying all letters by post.
• However, courier services have been bypassing
the Act of 1898 by simply calling their couriers
“documents” and “parcels”, rather than “letters”.
THEME 3: EXECUTIVE
Role of Governor
Why in news?
The Supreme Court expressed serious concern
over inaction by the Governor on Bills presented for
his assent.
Constitutional Provisions related to Governor
• The Governor of a State is appointed by the
President and holds office during his pleasure.
• To become a Governor of the state, he must be
a citizen of India, at least 35 years of age, Not
be a member of either house of the parliament
or house of the state legislature and Not hold
any office of profit.
• The role of the Governor is quite similar to
that of the President of India. The Governor
performs the same duties as the President,
but for the State.
More about the news
• The Supreme Court ruled that the Governor
does not exercise their discretionary powers
while withholding assent or returning a Bill to the
State Legislature. The Governor is required to
act as per the advice of the Council of Ministers.
• The return of any Bill to the State Legislature
for reconsideration is also to be done based on
ministerial advice.
• As per Article 200, when the bill is presented
to the Governor for his assent, he has four
alternatives, that is:
o He may give assent to the Bill
o He may withhold assent to the Bill, that is,
reject the Bill in which case the Bill fails to
become law
o He may return the Bill (if it is not a Money Bill)
for reconsideration of the State Legislature;
o He may reserve the Bill for the consideration
of the President.
The Powers of Governors
Discretionary Powers
• The Constitution stipulates that if any matter
falls within the Governor’s discretionary powers,
the Governor’s judgement is final and cannot be
questioned.

• It is under the discretionary power of the
governor to reserve the bill for the consideration
of the president, when the governor feels
that provisions of the bill will contravene the
provisions of the Constitution, reduce the
powers of the high court, or the bill repugnant
to a Union law.
• It must however be noted that the Constitution
does not lay down any time limit within which
the Governor is required to make a decision.
Executive Powers
• The State Governor wields legislative, financial,
judicial, and executive powers but lacks
diplomatic, military, or emergency powers
vested in the President of India.
• Acting as a ceremonial head, the Governor
exercises executive powers through the council
of ministers.
• Appointments made by the Governor include
the Advocate General, Chief Minister, and other
state ministers based on the Chief Minister’s
advice.
• The Governor holds authority to recommend to
the President the declaration of a constitutional
emergency in the state, serving as the
President’s agent with significant executive
powers.
Legislative Powers
• The Governor’s legislative powers encompass
assenting to bills and dealing with the legislature.
• With non-money bills, the Governor may
consent, withhold assent, or return them to the
Houses for reconsideration. If passed again
with or without amendments, the Governor
must either assent or reserve the bill for the
President’s consideration.
• Money bills cannot be sent back for
reconsideration and are typically introduced
with the Governor’s prior approval. If requiring
the President’s consent, the President’s decision
on assent is final.
Judicial Powers
In appointing justices to the State High Court, the
President consults with the Governor. The Governor
possesses pardoning powers for offenses within
the state’s jurisdiction, including:
• Pardon: Full absolution of the offender.
• Stay on execution of sentence: Temporary
suspension of the sentence.
21
• Respite: Granting a lower punishment in
exceptional cases.
• Remission: Reducing the length of the sentence
without altering the offender’s character.
• Commutation: Replacing one form of
punishment with another.
Impeachment in US and India
Why in news?
In June 2023, the US House of Representatives
voted to begin an investigation intoJoe Biden’s
removal.
Grounds for Impeachment:
• According to the US Constitution, the President
can be impeached for “treason, bribery, or other
high crimes and misdemeanours.”
• The interpretation of these terms has evolved
over time, with some suggesting that an
impeachable offense is whatever the majority of
the House of Representatives considers it to be
at a particular moment.
• Historically, impeachment has covered a range
of offenses, including corruption and obstruction
of justice.
Impeachment Process:
• The House of Representatives, with its 435
members, approves formal charges against the
President.
• The House acts as the accuser, voting on
whether to bring specific charges known
as “articles of impeachment,” similar to an
indictment in a criminal case.
• A simple majority vote in the House is needed to
impeach the President.
• The Senate then conducts a trial, with House
members acting as prosecutors and Senators
as jurors.
• The Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court
presides over the trial.
• A two-thirds majority vote in the 100-member
Senate is required to convict and remove the
President from office.
Impeachment Process of the President in India
Initiation of Charges:
• Charges of impeachment can be brought by
either House of Parliament.
• The charges must be signed by one-fourth of
the members of the House framing the charges,
22
and the President must be given 14 days’
notice.
Investigation and Resolution:
• After the impeachment resolution is passed by
a two-thirds majority of the total membership
of one House, it is sent to the other House for
investigation.
• During the investigation, the President has the
right to appear and be represented.
• If the other House upholds the charges with
a two-thirds majority vote, the President is
removed from office as of the date the resolution
is passed.
Key Notes:
• Impeachment in India is a quasi-judicial
procedure in Parliament.
• Nominated members of either House can
participate in the impeachment process, while
elected members of legislative assemblies of
states and Union Territories cannot participate.
THEME 4: JUDICIARY
Appointment of Judges to the Supreme Court
Why in news?
The Chief Justice of India has prepared a “broad
platform” to assess every one of the “top 50
judges” in the country who would be considered for
appointment as judges of the Supreme Court.
About The Appointment Procedure
• The appointments are made on the basis of
seniority, regional representation and merit
while following a Memorandum of Procedure
moulded through the Three Judges Cases.
Constitutional Provisions for Appointment of Judg-
es
• Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts
are appointed by the President under Articles
124(2) and 217 of the Constitution.
• Article 124 says: “Every Judge of the Supreme
Court shall be appointed by the President
by warrant under his hand and seal after
consultation with such Judges of the Supreme
Court and of the High Courts in the States as he
may deem necessary.
• Article 217: “Every Judge of a High Court shall
be appointed by the President by warrant under
his hand and seal after consultation with the
Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State,
and, in the case of appointment of a Judge
other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of
the High Court.”
What is the Collegium System?
• It is a mechanism invented by the judiciary for
the appointment and transfer of judges, through
Second and Third Judges Case judgments.
• There is no such law or constitutional provision
that mentions or defines the collegium system.
• It is headed by the CJI and comprises 4
other senior-most judges of the court. An HC
collegium is led by its Chief Justice and four
other senior-most judges of that court.
Evolution of the Collegium System
• The collegium system has its genesis in a series
of Supreme Court judgments called the ‘Judges
Cases’.
• First Judges Case: In S P Gupta Vs Union of
India, 1981, the Supreme Court judgment held
that consultation does not mean concurrence
and it only implies an exchange of views.
• Second Judges Case:
o In The Supreme Court Advocates-on-
Record Association Vs Union of India, 1993,
a nine-judge Constitution Bench overruled
the decision and devised a specific
procedure called ‘Collegium System’ for the
appointment and transfer of judges in the
higher judiciary.
o The majority verdict in the Second Judges
Case accorded primacy to the CJI in
matters of appointment and transfers while
also ruling that the term “consultation” would
not diminish the primary role of the CJI in
judicial appointments.
o The role of the CJI is primal in nature
because this being a topic within the judicial
family, the executive cannot have an equal
say in the matter.
• Third Judges Case (1998):
o The Court opined that the consultation
process to be adopted by the Chief Justice
of India requires ‘consultation of plurality
judges’
o The sole opinion of the CJI does not
constitute the consultation process.
o He should consult a collegium of four senior-
most judges of the Supreme Court and even
if two judges give an adverse opinion, he
should not send the recommendation to the
government.

Role of Government in Judicial Appointment
• The government’s role is limited. It can only get
an inquiry conducted by the Home Ministry if
a lawyer is to be elevated as a judge in a High
Court or the Supreme Court.
• It can also raise objections and seek clarifications
regarding the collegium’s choices.
• But if the collegium reiterates the same names,
the government is bound to appoint them as
judges.
District Judiciary
Why in news?
The Supreme Court of India has emphasized the
crucial role of the district judiciary in upholding
justice and declared its independence as an
integral part of the Constitution’s basic structure.
More about the news
• In a recent judgment, the court underscored
the need for judicial independence from the
executive and legislature, including matters of
finances.
• The judgment, based on a petition filed by
the All-India Judges Association, has led to
significant directions and recommendations for
the district judiciary’s functioning and welfare.
About District Judiciary
• The district judiciary refers to the judicial system
at the district level in India. It is the first level of
the judiciary and is responsible for hearing and
deciding on cases at the local level.
• The district judiciary is composed of district
courts and other lower courts, which are
presided over by district judges and other
judicial officers.
Constitutional Provisions
• Articles 233-237 of the Indian Constitution
deal with the provisions related to subordinate
courts.
• Article 233: it deals with the appointment of
district judges. Appointments of persons to be,
and the posting and promotion of, district judges
in any State shall be made by the Governor of
the State in consultation with the High Court
exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.
• Article 234: it deals with the recruitment of
persons other than district judges to the judicial
service.
• Article 235: it deals with the control over district
courts and courts subordinate thereto including
23
the posting and promotion of, and the grant
of leave to, persons belonging to the judicial
service of a State and holding any post inferior
to the post of district judge shall be vested in
the High Court.
• Article 236: it defines the term “judicial service”.
• Article 237: it empowers the Governor to apply
the provisions of this Chapter to any class or
classes of magistrates in a State.
Electronic Supreme Court Reports (e-SCR) Project
Why in news?
A Hindi version of the e-SCR portal was launched
recently as part of Constitution Day celebrations.
About the e-SCR portal:
• It was an initiative by the Supreme Court (SC) of
India to provide the digital version of the apex
court’s judgements in the same manner they
are reported in the official law report.
• It provides free access to about 34,000
judgements of the SC to lawyers, law students,
and the common public.
• These verdicts will be available on the apex
court website, its mobile app, and on the
judgement portal of the National Judicial Data
Grid (NJDG).
• It is a free service available for lawyers across
the country.
• The Supreme Court has developed a search
engine with the help of the National Informatics
Centre comprising elastic search techniques in
the database of e-SCR.
• The search facility in e-SCR provides for free
text search, search within search, case type
and case year search, judge search, year and
volume search, and bench strength search
options.
National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) portal:
• The NJDG portal is a national repository of
data relating to cases instituted, pending, and
disposed of by the courts across the length and
breadth of the country.
• In this portal, one may access case-related
information and statistics such as institution,
pendency, disposal of cases, case types, and
the year-wise break-up of the Supreme Court of
India.
• It is a database of orders, judgements, and case
details of 18,735 District & Subordinate Courts
and High Courts created as an online platform
under the e-Courts Project.
24
• It has been developed by the National
Informatics Centre (NIC) in close coordination
with the in-house software development team of
the Computer Cell, Registry with an interactive
interface and analytics dashboard.
• The entire database will be periodically
updatedon the NJDG portal.
• NJDG works as a monitoring tool to identify,
manage, & reduce the pendency of cases.
• It helps to provide timely inputs for making
policy decisions to reduce delays in disposing
of cases and reduce case pendency.
Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) Scheme
Why in news?
The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation
of the Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) Scheme
until March 31, 2026.
Overview:
• Launched in 2019, the FTSCs Scheme is a
Centrally Sponsored Scheme implemented by
the Department of Justice, Ministry of Law &
Justice.
• The Central Share of funding comes from the
Nirbhaya Fund, aimed at enhancing the safety
and security for women in the country.
Objectives:
• The FTSCs were established as dedicated
courts to hear cases related to rape and
offenses under the Protection of Children from
Sexual Offences Act (POCSO Act).
• The enactment of the Criminal Law (Amendment)
Act 2018, which included stringent punishment,
including the death penalty for rape offenders,
led to the creation of FTSCs.
Implementation and Operationalization:
• The FTSCs are designed to be dedicated courts
linked to the National Judicial Data Grid.
• Currently, there are 761 FTSCs operationalized
across 30 States and Union Territories, including
414 exclusive POCSO Courts.
• These courts have successfully resolved over
1.95 lakh cases related to rape and POCSO
offenses.
Significance:
• The continuation of the FTSCs Scheme
underscores the government’s commitment to
expeditiously address cases of sexual offenses
against women and children.
• By providing dedicated courts and swift justice,
the scheme aims to enhance the safety and
security of vulnerable groups in society.
THEME 5: ELECTIONS
ECI Decides on Party Name and Symbol
Why in news?
The Election Commission allotted the election
symbol to Eknath Shinde-led faction of the Shiv
Sena for the upcoming byelection.
More about the news
• An electoral or election symbol is a standardized
symbol allocated to a political party.
• The Election Symbols (Reservation and
Allotment) Order, 1968 empowers the Election
Commission to recognise political parties and
allot symbols.
• In the 1960s, it was proposed that the regulation,
reservation, and allotment of electoral symbols
should be done through a law of Parliament,
i.e., Symbol Order.
• In a response to this proposal, the ECI stated
that the recognition of political parties is
supervised by the provisions of Election
Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order,
1968 and so will the allotment of symbols.
• The Election Commission registers political
parties for the purpose of elections and grants
them recognition as national or state parties on
the basis of their poll performance. The other
parties are simply declared as registered-
unrecognized parties.
• The recognition determines their right to certain
privileges like allocation of the party symbols,
provision of time for political broadcasts on
television and radio stations and access to
electoral rolls.
• Every national party and every state party is
allotted a symbol exclusively reserved for its
use throughout the country and the states
respectively.
• Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment)
Order, 1968:
• Under Paragraph 15 of the Order, EC can
decide disputes among rival groups or sections
of a recognised political party staking claim to
its name and symbol.
• The EC is the only authority to decide issues
on a dispute or a merger under the order. The
Supreme Court (SC) upheld its validity in Sadiq
Ali and another vs. ECI in 1971.

• It applies to disputes in recognised national and
state parties.
• For splits in registered but unrecognised
parties, the EC usually advises the warring
factions to resolve their differences internally or
to approach the court.
• In almost all disputes decided by the EC so
far, a clear majority of party delegates/office
bearers, MPs and MLAs have supported one of
the factions.
• Before 1968, the EC issued notifications and
executive orders under the Conduct of Election
Rules, 1961.
• The splinter group of the party - other than the
group that got the party symbol - had to register
itself as a separate party.
• They could lay claim to national or state party
status only on the basis of its performance in
state or central elections after registration.
Electoral Funding
Why in news?
Recently, the Supreme Court directed the Election
Commission of India (ECI) to submit data on the
electoral bonds received by political parties until
September 30, 2023.
Electoral Bonds (EBs):
• Electoral Bonds are interest-free bearer bonds
or money instruments introduced in the Union
Budget 2017-2018.
• These bonds can be purchased by companies
and individuals in India from authorized
branches of the State Bank of India (SBI).
• They are available in denominations of Rs
1,000, Rs 10,000, Rs 1 lakh, Rs 10 lakh, and Rs
1 crore.
• Purchasers must use a KYC-compliant account
to make donations to a political party.
• There is no cap on the number of electoral
bonds that a person or company can purchase.
• Electoral Bonds are available for purchase for a
period of 10 days each in January, April, July,
and October.
Significance:
• The introduction of electoral bonds aimed to
bring transparency and accountability to political
funding by promoting digital transactions and
reducing the use of cash in political donations.
• However, concerns have been raised about
the anonymity of donors and the potential for
25
misuse of electoral bonds to influence political
decisions.
• The Supreme Court’s directive to the Election
Commission to submit data on electoral
bonds reflects ongoing scrutiny and debate
surrounding political funding mechanisms in
India.
National Party Status
Why in news?
The Election Commission (ECI) recognised the Aam
Aadmi Party (AAP) as a national party.
What is a National/State Political Party?
• The ECI has laid down the technical criterion
for a party to be recognised as a national/state
party in the Election Symbols (Reservation and
Allotment) Order 1968, as amended from time
to time.
• A party may gain or lose national/state party
status from time to time, depending on the
fulfillment of these laid-down conditions.
• Criteria for a Party to be Recognised as a National
Party: A political party would be considered (if it
satisfies any of the below conditions) a national
party if:
o it is ‘recognised’ in four or more states as a
state party; or
o if its candidates polled at least 6% of total
valid votes in any four or more states in the
last Lok Sabha or Assembly elections and
has at least four MPs in the last Lok Sabha
polls; or
o if it has won at least 2% of the total seats
in the Lok Sabha from not less than three
states.
o The BJP, Congress, CPI(M), Bahujan Samaj
Party (BSP), National People’s Party (NPP)
and the AAP are the national parties now.
o The AAP satisfies the first criteria as it is
recognised as a state party in Delhi, Punjab,
Goa and Gujarat.
• Criteria for a Party to be Recognised as a State
Party: A political party would be considered a
State party if:
o A partyIf it secures 6% of the valid votes
polled in the state at a general election to
the respective state legislative assembly
and also, it wins 2 seats in the same state
legislative assembly.
o If it secures 6% of the total valid votes in the
state at a general election to the Lok Sabha
26
and also, it wins 1 seat in the Lok Sabha
from the same state.
o If it wins 3% of seats in the legislative
assembly at a general election to the
legislative assembly of the state concerned
or 3 seats in the assembly (whichever is
more).
o If it wins 1 seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25
seats or any fraction thereof allotted to the
state at a general election to the Lok Sabha
from the state concerned.
o If it secures 8% of the total valid votes
polled in the state at a General Election to
the Lok Sabha from the state or to the State
Legislative Assembly.
Common Electoral Rolls
Why in news?
The Law and Justice Minister tells Rajya Sabha that
Centre is not planning to amend RPA to enable a
common electoral roll to all electoral bodies in the
country.
About
• India currently maintains two types of electoral
rolls: General electoral rolls, overseen by
the Election Commission of India (ECI), and
Separate electoral rolls, prepared by State
Election Commissions (SEC) for local body
elections.
• The Election Commission of India (ECI)
administers Union and State elections,
including Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State
Legislative Assemblies, under Article 324 of the
Constitution.
• State Election Commissions (SEC) in each
state are constituted under Article 243K(1) to
conduct fair elections to local bodies such as
Panchayats and Municipalities.
• Establishing Parity Between Minimum Age of
Voting and Contesting Elections:
• Currently, the minimum age for contesting
elections to the Lok Sabha (Article 84) and
Legislative Assemblies (Article 173) is 25 years.
Significance:
• Consolidating the Electoral Rolls into a single,
comprehensive database can help eliminate
duplication and streamline the electoral
process.
• Consolidating electoral rolls into a single
database can enhance the efficiency and
accuracy of the electoral process by reducing
duplication and ensuring uniformity.
• Establishing parity between the minimum age
of voting and contesting elections ensures
consistency in the electoral framework and
aligns with the principles of democratic
representation.
THEME 6: FEDERALISM
Cooperative Federalism
Why in news?
The Prime Minister recently highlighted the
significance of cooperative federalism in India.
About news
• Cooperative federalism is a concept of
federalism in which national, state, and local
governments increasingly interact cooperatively
and collectively to solve common problems.
• The Indian model of federalism is predominantly
‘cooperative’ as laid down by the Supreme Court
in State of Rajasthan v. Union of India,1977.
• The most essential precondition for the effective
functioning of cooperative federalism is robust
institutions and mechanisms for promoting
intergovernmental relations.
• The Constitution of India does not explicitly
contain the phrase ‘cooperative federalism,’
but the functioning of the Constitution implicitly
resulted in ‘cooperative federalism.’
• While India does not entirely mimic a pure
federal system, it follows a quasi-federal system
of governance. And for a smooth functioning
federation, there needs to be cooperation and
collaboration between the federal units.
• Sarkaria Commission Report (1988) on Centre-
state relations stated that by the middle of
the twentieth century, federalism had come
to be understood as a dynamic process of
cooperation and shared action between two or
more levels of government.
What are the constitutional provisions which up-
hold the spirit of cooperative federalism?
Article 54 Representation of states in the
President’s election where the
members of legislative assemblies
are part of the Electoral college.
Article 80 Provides for the Council of States,
representing states in the union
legislative process.

Article 246, It demarcates the subject matters
read with upon which the Centre and states
Schedule may enact laws.
VII For the matters listed in the
Concurrent List, the Centre and the
state may legislate.
Article 262 It allows the Parliament to adjudicate
inter-state water disputes. Further,
In T.N. Cauvery Sangam v. Union
of India(1990), the Supreme
Court clarified that the Parliament
could appoint a Tribunal for such
adjudication.
Article 263 It provides for the establishment
of Inter-State Councils, which are
empowered to investigate those
matters that interest both the Centre
and states.
Inter-State Water Dispute
Why in news?
The Odisha government has lodged a complaint
with the Central government regarding the lack of
water inflow from the Mahanadi river during the
non-monsoon period.
The Inter-State River Disputes in India
• India has 25 major river basins, with most
rivers flowing across states. The increasing
water scarcity, a rapid rise in urban and rural
demands for freshwater, and contentious
political dynamics have exacerbated the Inter
State River Water Disputes.
• These disputes are rooted in constitutional,
historico-geographical, and institutional
ambiguities, they tend to become prolonged
conflicts between the states that share river
basins, therefore pose a continuing challenge
to federal water governance in India.
27
• 7th Schedule: The Seventh Schedule of the
Constitution delineates the distribution of powers
between the Union and the States, specifically
addressing water-related issues.
o State List (Entry 17): Covers matters related
to water, including water supplies, irrigation,
canals, drainage, embankments, water
storage, and water power, subject to the
provisions of Entry 56 of List I (Union List).
o Union List (Entry 56): Pertains to the
regulation and development of inter-state
rivers and river valleys. It grants Parliament
the authority to legislate on matters
concerning inter-state water disputes in the
public interest.
Provisions for Adjudication
• The River Boards Act (1956): This legislation
enables the establishment of river boards by
the Central government, upon the request of
concerned state governments, for the regulation
and development of inter-state rivers and river
valleys. River boards advise the involved state
governments.
• The Inter-State Water Disputes Act (1956):
This Act empowers the Central government
to constitute ad hoc tribunals for adjudicating
disputes between two or more states concerning
the waters of inter-state rivers or river valleys.
The decisions of these tribunals are final and
binding, and no other court, including the
Supreme Court, has jurisdiction over such
disputes referred to these tribunals.

Constitutional Provisions
• Article 262: Article 262 of the Constitution
provides for the adjudication of inter-state water
disputes in India.
• Parliament, through legislation, can provide for
the adjudication of disputes regarding the use,
distribution, and control of waters from inter-
state rivers and river valleys.
o It can also stipulate that neither the Supreme
Court nor any other court can exercise
jurisdiction over such disputes.
28
THEME 7: LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Democratic Decentralisation in India
Why in News?
It has been almost 30 years since the 73rd and
74th constitutional amendment Acts were passed
to facilitate democratic decentralisation in India,
but very little and actual progress has been made
in this direction.
About
• Local government, including panchayats,
is a state subject in the Constitution, and
consequently, the devolution of power and
authority to panchayats has been left to the
discretion of states.
• The Constitution mandates that panchayats and
municipalities shall be elected every five years
and enjoins States to devolve functions and
responsibilities to them through law.
• However , the state of Local self government
before the enactment of the 73 and 74th
amendment was not what it was envisioned by
the constituent assembly.
About the 73rd & 74th Amendment
• The 73rd and 74th Amendments, by
constitutionally establishing Panchayati Raj
Institutions (PRIs) in India, mandated the
establishment of panchayats and municipalities
as elected local governments.
• This amendment incorporates Article 40 of
the DPSP, which implies that the ‘State shall
take steps to organise village panchayats and
endow them with such powers and authority as
may be necessary to enable them to function as
units of self-government.
• These amendments added two new parts to
the Constitution, namely, Part IX titled “The
Panchayats” (added by 73rd Amendment) and
Part IXA titled “The Municipalities” (added by
74th Amendment).
• The 11th Schedule, having 29 subjects, contains
the powers, authority and responsibilities of
Panchayats.
• The 12th Schedule, having 18 subjects, contains
the powers, authority and responsibilities of
Municipalities.
• The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act
aspires to create a three-tier Panchayati Raj
system(243B) that includes:
o village-level Panchayats
o block-level Panchayats
o Panchayats at the district level.
• The 74rd Constitutional Amendment Act deals
with the Constitution of Municipalities(243Q) :
o Nagar Panchayat
o Municipal Council
o Municipal Corporation.
• The Constitution 73rd and 74th Amendment
Acts mandated the reservation of one-third of
seats for women in Panchayati Raj institutions
and reservation of SC and ST according to their
population.
• The Constitution 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts
provided for the creation of the State Election
Commission and State Finance commission.
• The performance of the PRI’s is harmed by
insufficient funding, political interventions,
little devolution of authority and services and
bureaucratic interventions etc.
Capacity Building of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
Why in news?
The government of India organsided National
Workshop on Capacity Building of Urban Local
Bodies.
About
• It was established by the Government of
India on April 1, 2021, the Capacity Building
Commission (CBC) plays a pivotal role in driving
standardization and harmonization across the
landscape of Indian civil services.
• It serves as the custodian of capacity building
reforms for civil services, contributing
significantly to the overarching institutional
framework of Mission Karmayogi.
Key Features:
• Independence and Autonomy: CBC operates as
an independent body with complete executive
and financial autonomy, enabling it to function
effectively without undue influence.
• Composition: The Commission comprises
three Members, each selected from diverse
backgrounds to ensure comprehensive
representation of various perspectives,
including those from state governments, the
public sector, the private sector, academia, and
other relevant stakeholders.
• Support Structure: CBC is bolstered by an
internal Secretariat, led by an officer holding
the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government
of India, designated as the Secretary to the

Commission. This Secretariat facilitates the
smooth functioning of CBC’s initiatives and
operations.
• Core Purpose: The primary objective of the
Commission is to establish credibility and foster
a uniform approach to capacity building across
different sectors. It emphasizes collaboration
and knowledge-sharing to enhance the
effectiveness and efficiency of capacity building
initiatives.
Panchayat Development Index (PDI)
Why in news?
The Union Minister of State for Panchayati releases
Report on Panchayat Development Index.
About
• PDI is a comprehensive, multi-domain, and
multi-sectoral index designed to assess the
holistic development, performance, and
progress of panchayats.
• It incorporates various socio-economic
indicators to measure the well-being and
development status of local communities under
a panchayat’s jurisdiction. PDI is crucial for
evaluating performance and tracking progress
in the localization of Sustainable Development
Goals in rural areas.
• The Index is based on a framework of local
indicators encompassing nine themes related
to sustainable development in villages.
• It has Nine Themes of PDI namely:
o Poverty-Free and Enhanced Livelihood in
Village
o Healthy Village
o Child-Friendly Village
o Water-Sufficient Village
o Clean and Green Village
o Village with Self-Sufficient Infrastructure
Socially
o Just and Secured Villages
o Village with Good Governance
o Women-Friendly Village
THEME 8: BODIES
Controller and Auditor General (CAG)
Why in news?
16th November is celebrated every year as ‘Audit
Diwas’.
29
About CAG
• Under Article 148, The Constitution of India
provides for an independent office of the
Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).
• CAG is the head of the Indian Audit and
Accounts Department.
• He is the guardian of the public purse and
controls the entire financial system of the country
at both the levels–the Centre and the state.
• His/Her duty is to uphold the Constitution of
India and the laws of Parliament in the field of
financial administration.
• He is one of the bulwarks of the democratic
system of government in India.
Constitutional Provisions
• Article 148: Article 148 broadly deals with
the CAG appointment, oath and conditions of
service.
• Article 149: Comptroller and Auditor General of
India is responsible for auditing all expenditures
for Centre and states related to the consolidated
fund of India, contingency fund, public account,
consolidated fund of union territories with
Legislative Assembly.
• Article 150: Advises the president for the form
in which accounts of centre and state needs to
be kept.
• Article 151: Responsible for the submission
of an audit report to the president related to
the centre. The report related to the state is
submitted to the Governor.
• Article 279: He is responsible to ascertain and
certify the net proceeds of any tax or duty.
Powers of the CAG
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)
is an important constitutional authority in India. Here
are some key points about the powers of the CAG:
• The CAG has the power to audit the accounts
of the government. This includes the central
government, state governments, and public
sector organizations. This helps ensure
transparency and accountability in the use of
public funds.
• The CAG has the authority to control the financial
aspects of the government. It examines the
financial statements, transactions, and reports
of various government departments.
• The CAG submits reports to the Parliament on the
audit findings and observations. These reports
are an important tool for Parliament to scrutinize
the government’s financial performance.
30
• In addition to financial audits, the CAG also
conducts performance audits. This involves
assessing the effectiveness of government
programs to ensure that they are achieving their
intended objectives.
• The CAG is an independent body and is not
subject to control by the executive branch of the
government. This independence allows the CAG
to perform its duties without any interference.
• The CAG can make recommendations to the
government based on its audit findings.
• The CAG follows up on its audit observations
and recommendations to ensure their
implementation. It monitors whether the
government has taken appropriate action to
address the issues identified.
GST Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT)
Why in news?
The GST Appellate Tribunal is a specialized
authority established to adjudicate GST-related
disputes at the appellate level.
About GSTAT
• The appeals against the orders passed by the
Appellate Authority under the Central and State
GST Acts lie before the GSTAT.
• Appeals pertaining to disputes of less than Rs.
50 lakh that don’t deal with a question of law
could be decided by a single-member bench.
• Hence, a GSTAS is a forum of second appeal in
GST laws and the first common forum of dispute
resolution between Centre and States.
• Being a common forum, GSTAT will ensure that
there is uniformity in redressal of disputes arising
under GST, and therefore, in implementation of
GST across the country.
Significance of GSTATs
• The constitution of GSTATs will expedite
the process of adjudication and provide tax
certainty especially in recurring litigative issues.
• Ensuring speedier and economic resolution of
cases by dedicated and specialised GSTATs
will help in bolstering business sentiments and
ease of doing business in the country.
• Where the taxpayers feel that there has
been a burden of a high rate of pre-deposit,
the decisions by the tribunal will give some
relief.
Office of Lokpal and Lokayukta
Why in news?
A Parliamentary panel report states that the Lokpal
disposed of 68% of corruption complaints against
public servants without taking any action.
About Lokpal and Lokayukta are public institutions
established in India to investigate and prosecute
corruption among public officials.
• Recommendation of ARC: In the 1960s, the
Administrative Reforms Commission of India
suggested the creation of two specialized
authorities, the Lokpal and Lokayukta, to
address citizens’ complaints and grievances
pertaining to corruption.
• Role of Ombudsman: Lokpal and Lokayukta
perform the function and role of an
“Ombudsman”. They inquire into allegations
of corruption against certain public bodies/
organizations and for other related matters.
• National and state level: The Lokpal is a
national-level institution, while the Lokayukta
is a state-level institution. Both have the power
to investigate and prosecute corruption cases,
and both are headed by a panel of judges or
retired judges.
• Jurisdiction: The Lokpal and Lokayukta
handle complaints against ministers and top
government officials.
The amendment changes the Lokpal and Lokayuk-
tas Act 2013 with regard to the reporting of assets
and liabilities by public officials.
• Allows the leader of the largest opposition party
in the Lok Sabha, in the absence of a recognized
Leader of Opposition, to be a member of
the selection committee that chooses the
ombudsman.
• The bill modifies section 44 of the Act, which
originally dealt with the requirement for public
officials to report their assets and liabilities within
30 days of starting their government service.
• The amendment eliminates the 30-day time
frame in section 44, and public officials will
report their assets and liabilities as outlined by
the government.
Changes with respect to the functions of the CVC:
The enactment of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act
will help the Central Vigilance Commission work in
an independent and assertive manner:
• Sections 8A and 8B were added in CVC Act, 2003
empowering the commission to enquire into
references made by the Lokpal in respect of

members of Group ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’ services of the
central government and such level of officials or
staff of the corporations, companies, societies
and local authorities owned by the central
government.
• The CVC also has been bestowed with the
powers of superintendence over the CBI in so
far as it relates to the investigation of offenses
alleged to have been committed under the
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, to ensure
greater objectivity and accountability in its
functioning.
Bar Council of India
Why in news?
The Bar Council of India has proposed conducting
the Common Law Admission Test 2024 in regional
languages.
About Bar Council of India (BCI)
• It is a statutory body established under the
Advocates Act 1961 to regulate and represent
the Indian bar.
Functions:
• It performs the regulatory function by prescribing
standards of professional conduct and etiquette
and by exercising disciplinary jurisdiction over
the bar.
• It also sets standards for legal education
and grants recognition to Universities whose
degrees in law will serve as qualification for
enrolment as an advocate.
• It conducts the All India Bar Examination (AIBE)
to grant a ‘Certificate of Practice’ to advocates
practising law in India.
• BCI also funds welfare schemes for economically
weaker and physically handicapped advocates.
Central Administrative Tribunal
Why in news?
The Delhi High Court granted six Public Works
Department (PWD) officials the liberty to approach
the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) to
challenge the issuance of show cause notices
against them.
About CAT
• The Central Administrative Tribunal had
been established under Article 323 - A of the
Constitution.
31
• Legal Framework: In pursuance of Article 323-A,
Parliament passed the Administrative Tribunals
Act in 1985.
o The act authorizes the Central government
to establish one CAT and the state
administrative tribunals.
• Objective and Composition: The CAT is a
specialist body consisting of Administrative
Members and Judicial Members who by virtue
of their specialized knowledge are better
equipped to dispense speedy and effective
justice.
• A Chairman who has been a sitting or retired
Judge of a High Court heads the CAT.
• Operating Principles: The Tribunal is guided
by the principles of natural justice in deciding
cases and is not bound by the procedure
prescribed by the Civil Procedure Code.
• Under Section 17 of the Administrative Tribunal
Act, 1985, the Tribunal has been conferred with
the power to exercise the same jurisdiction and
authority in respect of contempt of itself as a
High Court.
• Independence: The conditions of service of
the Chairman and Members are the same as
applicable to a Judge of High Court as per
the Administrative Tribunals (Amendment) Act,
2006.
• Appeals against Orders: The orders of the
CAT are challenged by way of a Writ Petition
under Article 226/227 of the Constitution before
the respective High Court in whose territorial
jurisdiction the Bench of the Tribunal is situated.
APPOINTMENT OF DGP
Why in news?
The recent passage of the Punjab Police
Amendment Bill, 2023, by the Punjab assembly has
stirred discussions on the procedure for selecting
the Director General of Police (DGP) and its
implications on state autonomy and police reforms.
About bill
• The Punjab Police Amendment Bill, 2023,
amends the Punjab Police Act, 2007, to alter
the procedure for selecting the DGP in the
state.
• The bill seeks to bypass the requirement of
empanelment by the Union Public Service
Commission (UPSC) and empowers the state
government to appoint the DGP directly.
32
Key Provisions of the Bill
• Bypassing UPSC Empanelment: The bill enables
the state government to form a seven-member
Empanelment Committee to select a panel of
three senior-most officers for consideration
for the post of DGP, bypassing the UPSC
empanelment requirement.
• Procedure for DGP Appointment: The
appointment of DGPs is guided by the Supreme
Court’s judgment in the Prakash Singh vs Union
of India (2006) case, which mandates selection
from among the three senior-most officers
empaneled for promotion to that rank.
• Conflict with SC Order: The bill’s provisions
seemingly conflict with a 2018 Supreme Court
order, which emphasized the adherence to
police reforms and directed states to follow
specific procedures for DGP appointments.
Advertising Standards Council of India
Why in news?
The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI)
has unveiled the ASCI Academy to promote
responsible advertising practices.
About
• Establishment and Structure:
o Established in 1985 under Section 25 of the
Companies Act, 1956, ASCI operates as a
voluntary, self-regulatory council registered
as a non-profit company.
o The ASCI comprises a Board of Governors,
members of the Consumer Complaints
Council, and a Secretariat.
o The Board of ASCI consists of a governor
and 16 members representing reputable
firms, including media agencies, advertisers,
and individuals involved in the advertising
industry.
• Consumer Complaints Council:
o Responsible for examining and investigating
complaints from consumers and the public
regarding any contravention of the Code
of Conduct of the News Broadcasting
Associations and advertisement ethics.
o Independent body tasked with addressing
complaints related to unfair, untruthful, and
false claims made in advertisements.
• Significance:
o Provides a mechanism for consumers
to voice concerns about misleading
advertisements, thereby safeguarding their
interests and promoting transparency in the
advertising industry.
o Serves as a proactive regulatory body that
monitors advertisements across diverse
sectors, ensuring compliance with ethical
standards and legal regulations.
o Contributes to building consumer trust
by holding advertisers accountable for
the content of their advertisements and
promoting responsible advertising practices
in the industry.
Directorate of Enforcement
Why in news?
Recently, the Supreme Court invalidated the third
extension of tenure granted by the government to
the Director of the Enforcement Directorate.
About ED
• The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is a
multi-disciplinary organization tasked with
investigating economic crimes and violations of
foreign exchange laws.
• It operates under the Department of Revenue,
Ministry of Finance, with its headquarters
located in New Delhi.
• The Director of the Enforcement Directorate is
appointed in accordance with the provisions of
the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) Act,
2003.
• The tenure of the ED Director should be “not
less than two years,” and any transfer must be
approved by the appointing committee chaired
by the CVC.
• As per the Central Vigilance Commission Act
of 2021, the mandatory two-year appointment
period can be followed by a maximum of three
annual extensions.
• The prime objective of the Enforcement
Directorate is to enforce the provisions of two
special fiscal laws:
o Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999
(FEMA)
o Prevention of Money Laundering Act of 2002
(PMLA)
o Through its enforcement activities, the
ED aims to combat economic offenses,
money laundering, and violations of foreign
exchange regulations.

GENERAL CONSENT TO CBI
Why in news?
Tamil Nadu’s recent decision to withdraw the
general consent accorded to the Central Bureau
of Investigation (CBI) for probing cases within the
state has sparked discussions on the implications
of such actions.
About News
• Withdrawal of General Consent
o Tamil Nadu’s withdrawal of general consent
means that the CBI will now require case-
specific consent for each investigation
within the state.
o Other states like West Bengal, Mizoram, and
Punjab have also recently revoked general
consent, signaling a trend of reevaluation of
CBI’s jurisdiction.
• Implications General Consent
o Impact on Investigations: Without general
consent, the CBI’s ability to swiftly investigate
cases within Tamil Nadu is hampered, as
it now needs to seek permission for each
probe.
o Legal Complexities: While the Supreme
Court and high courts can still order CBI
investigations without state consent, this
process adds legal complexities and delays
to the investigative process.
o Administrative Challenges: Case-
specific consent requirements introduce
administrative burdens for both the CBI and
state governments, potentially leading to
bottlenecks in addressing urgent cases.
o Jurisdictional Tensions: The withdrawal
of general consent reflects jurisdictional
tensions between central and state
agencies, highlighting broader issues of
federalism and governance.
CEC and Other EC (Appointment, Conditions of
Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023
Why in news?
The President has given her assent to the Chief
Election Commissioner and other Election
Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of
Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023.
About Election Commission
• The Election Commission is a permanent
and independent body established by the
33
Constitution of India to ensure free and fair
elections in the country.
• Articles 324-329 in Part XV of the Constitution
deal with elections.
• The Election Commission consists of the Chief
Election Commissioner (CEC) and other Election
Commissioners appointed by the President.
Key Features of the Bill
• Repeal: The Bill repeals the Election
Commission (Conditions of Service of Election
Commissioners and Transaction of Business)
Act, 1991.
• Appointment: The CEC and other ECs will
be appointed by the President based on the
recommendation of a Selection Committee.
• Selection Committee: It comprises the Prime
Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of the
Opposition in Lok Sabha, and a Union Cabinet
Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
• Search Committee: A panel of 5 persons for
consideration will be prepared by a Search
Committee headed by the Cabinet Secretary.
• Eligibility: Candidates must have held posts
equivalent to the rank of Secretary to the Central
Government or have expertise in managing and
conducting elections.
• Salary and Allowances: CEC and other ECs will
receive the same salary, allowance, and service
conditions as the Cabinet Secretary.
• Term of Office: The tenure remains the same
as in the 1991 Act, with no provision for re-
appointment.
• Conduct of Business: All Election Commission
business must be conducted unanimously, with
differences of opinion decided by majority vote.
• Removal: Retains the earlier removal procedure,
requiring a motion passed by both Houses of
Parliament.
• Resignation: The CEC and other ECs may
submit their resignation to the President.
Secretariat of the Parliament
Why in news?
As Parliament celebrates its 75th anniversary,
its secretariat, the backbone of the institution,
continues to ensure its smooth functioning.
Constitutional Provisions
• Article 98 of the Constitution stipulates that each
House of Parliament shall have its own separate
secretarial staff.
34
• Parliament is empowered to regulate the
recruitment and conditions of service for
personnel appointed to the secretarial staff of
either House.
• Additionally, Article 187 provides similar
provisions for the Secretariat of State
Legislatures.
Establishment
• The Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and
the House of the People (Lok Sabha) were
established in 1952.
• Initially, the Secretariat of the House of the
People was termed the ‘Parliament Secretariat,’
while a new Secretariat named the ‘Council of
States Secretariat’ was established for the Rajya
Sabha.
• In 1954, the names were changed to the Rajya
Sabha Secretariat and Lok Sabha Secretariat,
respectively.
Structure of the Secretariats
Lok Sabha Secretariat
• Speaker (Lok Sabha): Holds ultimate guidance
and control over the secretariat.
• Administrative Head: Secretary-General.
• Recruitment and Conditions of Service:
Governed by the Lok Sabha Secretariat
(Recruitment and Conditions of Service)
Rules, 1955, promulgated by the President in
consultation with the Speaker.
• These rules define the strength and composition
of the secretariat.
• All appointments to posts are made by the
Speaker, who may delegate this authority to the
Secretary-General or another officer.
Rajya Sabha Secretariat
• Chairman (Rajya Sabha): Holds administrative
control over the secretariat.
• Administrative Head: Secretary-General.
• Recruitment and Conditions of Service:
Governed by the Rajya Sabha Secretariat
(Recruitment and Conditions of Service)
Rules, 1957, promulgated by the President in
consultation with the Chairman (similar to Lok
Sabha).
Lokayukta
Why in news?
The Maharashtra Legislative Council recently
passed the Maharashtra Lokayukta Bill, 2022,
replacing the Maharashtra Lokayukta and Upa-
Lokayuktas Act, 1971.
About News
• Maharashtra was the first state to establish
Lokayukta in 1971, followed by Odisha.
• Lokayukta is an anti-corruption authority
established at the state level to investigate
cases of corruption against certain categories
of public servants.
• Key Features of the Maharashtra Lokayukta Bill,
2022:
o The bill replaces the Maharashtra Lokayukta
and Upa-Lokayuktas Act, 1971.
o It aims to strengthen the anti-corruption
framework in Maharashtra and streamline
the functioning of the Lokayukta institution.
o Details regarding the structure, powers, and
jurisdiction of the Lokayukta under the new
bill are yet to be disclosed.
o The passage of the bill reflects the state
government’s commitment to combating
corruption and promoting transparency and
accountability in governance.
THEME 9: MISCELLANEOUS
Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP)
Why in news?
Recently, the Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP)
was launched on January 7, 2023.
About Aspirational Blocks Programme
• It is a development initiative aimed at improving
the performance of areas that are lagging on
various development parameters.
• It was announced in the Union Budget 2022-23.
• It will initially cover 500 districts across 31 states
and Union Territories, with over half of these
blocks located in six states – Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha
and West Bengal.
• The ABP is based on the Aspirational District
Programme (ADP).
Rule of Law Index
Why in news?
After the World Bank’s ‘Ease of Doing Business’
rankings, the government has turned its attention to
scoring better in the Rule of Law Index (ROLI).
India has been ranked 77th out of 140 countries in
2022 by the World Justice Project (WJP)

About ranking
• The Rule of Law Index (ROLI) is released by the
World Justice Project (WJP), a US-based civil
society group.
• It rates countries based on accountability of
executives and respect for fundamental rights
of people.
• The index is prepared by examining these four
principles through eight factors: constraints on
government powers, absence of corruption,
open government, fundamental rights, order
and security, regulatory enforcement, civil
justice, and criminal justice.
Regulation of Online Gaming
Why in news?
Recently, the Finance Ministry of India announced
a 28% Goods and Services Tax (GST) on online
money gaming, casinos, and horse racing.
What is the Legality of Online Gaming and Gam-
bling in India?
• Legal Jurisdiction: The state legislators are,
vide Entry No. 34 of List II (State List) of the
Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India,
given exclusive power to make laws relating to
Gaming, Betting and Gambling.
• Most Indian states regulate gaming on the basis
of a distinction in law between ‘games of skill’
and ‘games of chance’.
• Public Gambling Act, 1867: At present, India
has just one central law that governs gambling
in all its forms. It’s called the Public Gambling
Act, 1867, which is an old law, ill-equipped to
handle the challenges of digital casinos, online
gambling and gaming.
• The Lotteries Regulation Act, 1998: The lottery
is considered legal in India. The lottery should
be organised by the state government and the
place of Draw should be in that particular state.
• Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA),
1999: Remittance of the income generated from
lottery winning, and racing/riding is prohibited
under FEMA Act,1999.
India Justice Report
Why in news?
According to the India Justice Report (IJR) 2022,
the State of Karnataka emerged at the top among
the 18 large and mid-sized States with populations
of over one crore.
35
Key highlight
• The India Justice Report (IJR) was initiated by
Tata Trusts in 2019, and this is the third edition.
The foundation’s partners include the Centre for
Social Justice, Common Cause, Commonwealth
Human Rights Initiative, DAKSH, TISS-Prayas,
Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy and How India
Lives, IJR’s data partner.
• This report is based on overall data of 4 pillars
of justice delivery namely Police, Judiciary,
Prisons, and Legal Aid.
• This third IJR also separately assesses
the capacity of the 25 State Human Rights
Commissions in the country.
• The 3rd edition also assesses the capacity of
the 25 State Human Rights Commissions in the
country separately.
World Press Freedom Index 2023
Why in news?
On the World Press Freedom Day (WPFD) (3rd
May), the World Press Freedom Index 2023 was
published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF).
India ranked 161st among the 180 countries with a
score of 36.62. In 2022, India’s rank was 150.
About World Press Freedom Day
• The day was proclaimed by the UN General
Assembly in 1993, following the recommendation
of UNESCO’s General Conference in 1991.
• The day also marks the 1991 Windhoek
Declaration (adopted by UNESCO).
• To raise public awareness of the value of
press freedom, the importance of protecting
journalists’ rights, and the importance of
encouraging independent, free media.
• Theme for 2023: Shaping a Future of Rights:
Freedom of Expression as a Driver for All Other
Human Rights’
Key Highlights of the World Press Freedom Index
2023
Top and Worst Performers:
• Norway, Ireland and Denmark occupied the top
three positions.
• Vietnam, China and North Korea were at the
bottom of the list.
India’s Neighbours:
• Sri Lanka also made significant improvement
on the index, ranking 135th this year as against
146th in 2022.
36
• Pakistan is ranked at 150th position.
• The situation has gone from ‘problematic’ to
‘very bad’ in three other countries: Tajikistan
(down 1 at 153rd), India (down 11 at 161st) and
Turkey (down 16 at 165th).
The World Press Freedom Index has been published
every year since 2002 by Reporters Without Borders
or Reporters Sans Frontieres (RSF).
Justice Clocks
Why in news?
Electronic signage systems known as Justice Clocks
have been installed across the court complexes of
High Courts.
About Justice Clock
• It provides information based on the NJDG
database.
• Informs about Disposal rate & services offered
by court.
• Displays various schemes of the Department of
Justice.
• Benefits: Provides real-time updates on court
proceedings, case disposition rates, and
other vital data, promoting transparency,
accountability, and public trust in the judicial
system.
Nyaya Vikas Portal:
Why in news?
The Nyaya Vikas Portal provides stakeholders
with convenient access to information regarding
funding, documentation, project monitoring, and
approval.
About
• Purpose: Developed by the Ministry of Law
and Justice, it monitors the implementation of
Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) aimed at
enhancing judicial infrastructure.
• Key Features:
o Monitors CSS for the development of
infrastructure facilities in district and
subordinate judiciary since 1993-94.
o Provides central assistance to states/UTs for
constructing court halls and residential units
for judicial officers.
o Funding ratios vary based on geographical
factors, with higher assistance for
Northeastern and Himalayan states and
Union Territories.
Multi-State Co-operative Societies (Amendment)
Bill, 2023
Why in news?
The Multi-State Cooperative Societies (MSCS) Act
aims to consolidate and amend the law relating to
cooperative societies that operate across multiple
states, serving the interests of members in more
than one state.
Key Provisions:
• Application: The Act applies to all cooperative
societies with objects not confined to one
state. This means that any cooperative society
operating in multiple states falls under the
purview of this Act.
• Registration: All MSCS must be registered
under the Act through a Central Registrar
appointed by the Central Government. This
ensures uniformity and central oversight in the
registration process.
• Internal Governance: MSCS are allowed
to create their bye-laws, which must be
consistent with the provisions of the Act for
internal governance. This gives them autonomy
in managing their affairs while ensuring
compliance with regulatory standards.
• Reorganization: The Central Registrar is
empowered to prepare schemes for the
amalgamation or reorganization of cooperative
banks operating across multiple states. This
is done under the direction of the Central
Government, with prior approval from the
Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and in accordance
with the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. Such
measures aim to streamline operations and
ensure financial stability.
Important Judgment:
• The case of Union of India vs. Rajendra N
Shah resulted in a landmark judgment. With
a 2:1 majority, the court quashed certain
provisions of the 97th Amendment Act related
to cooperative societies. This judgment likely
addressed constitutional or legal issues related
to cooperative societies, setting significant
precedents for their functioning and regulation.
Dark Patterns
Why in news?
The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI)
has recently issued guidelines addressing the use
of “dark patterns” in advertisements.

About Dark patterns
• Definition of Dark Patterns: Dark patterns refer
to user interface designs crafted to deceive or
manipulate users, leading them to make choices
that may not align with their best interests.
Examples include misleading pricing, hidden
charges, or deceptive opt-ins.
• Consumer Protection Act of 2019: The guidelines
are aligned with the provisions of the Consumer
Protection Act of 2019, which defines and
prohibits misleading advertisements. These
regulations aim to safeguard consumers from
unfair trade practices and deceptive marketing
tactics.
About ASCI
• Establishment: ASCI was established in 1985
by professionals from the advertising and
media industry with the objective of promoting
decency, fairness, and honesty in Indian
advertising.
• Self-regulatory Organization: ASCI functions
as a voluntary self-regulatory organization
comprising members from various sectors,
including marketing, creative, media, and
allied industries. Its primary goal is to uphold
ethical standards in advertising and protect the
interests of Indian consumers.
• Commitment to Consumer Protection: ASCI
has consistently demonstrated its commitment
to consumer protection through proactive
measures such as issuing guidelines, monitoring
advertisements for compliance, and addressing
consumer complaints related to misleading or
deceptive advertising practices.
Personality Rights
Why in news?
The Delhi High Court recently issued a ruling
granting protection to the personality rights of a
prominent Bollywood actor, safeguarding them
from misuse by third parties.
Personality Rights in India
• Legal Basis: While there is no specific statute in
India expressly addressing personality rights,
they are inferred to be encompassed within the
right to privacy and the right to property.
Components of Personality Rights
• Right to Publicity: This aspect entails the right
to prevent the commercial exploitation of one’s
image and likeness without authorization or
37
contractual compensation. It finds legal backing
in statutes such as the Trade Marks Act, 1999,
and the Copyright Act, 1957.
• Right to Privacy: Individuals possess the right to
prevent the unauthorized public representation
of their personality without consent. This right
is primarily governed by Article 21 of the
Constitution of India and the landmark Supreme
Court judgment in the Justice K.S. Puttaswamy
(Retd.) Case (2018).
108 Migrants from Pakistan Awarded
Citizenship in Gujarat
Why in news?
A recent Ministry of Home Affairs Order, 2021 has
conferred authority upon Collectors from select
districts in Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan,
Haryana, and Punjab for facilitating the registration
of Indian citizens and the issuance of naturalization
certificates under Sections 5 and 6 of the Citizenship
Act, 1955.
Key Provisions:
• Empowerment of Collectors: The order grants
authority to Collectors from specified districts to
oversee the registration of Indian citizens and
the issuance of naturalization certificates under
Sections 5 and 6 of the Citizenship Act, 1955.
• Applicability: This authority is applicable to
individuals belonging to the minority community
in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan who
seek citizenship by naturalization in India.
Citizenship by Naturalization:
• Eligibility Criteria: Citizenship by naturalization
can be acquired by foreigners who are not
illegal immigrants and meet certain criteria:
o They must have been ordinarily resident
in India for a continuous period of 12
years immediately preceding the date of
application.
o Within this period of 12 years, they must
have been resident in India for at least 11
years in aggregate during the 14 years
preceding the 12-month period before the
application date.
o Additionally, other qualifications as specified
in the Third Schedule to the Citizenship Act,
1955, must be fulfilled.
o This Ministry of Home Affairs Order aims
to streamline the process of citizenship
registration and naturalization for eligible
38
individuals belonging to the minority
communities in Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
and Pakistan residing in select districts of
the aforementioned states.
Consumer Protection in India
Why in news?
The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)
has issued 20 notices to IAS coaching institutes for
allegedly misleading advertisements.
Measures Taken for Consumer Protection:
• Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 2019: This
legislation establishes the Central Consumer
Protection Authority (CCPA), tasked with
regulating matters related to consumer rights
violations and unfair trade practices.
• Consumer Protection (Jurisdiction of District
Commission, State Commission, and National
Commission) Rules, 2021: These rules aim to
provide a three-tier quasi-judicial mechanism
at the National, State, and District levels for the
simple, speedy, and inexpensive resolution of
consumer disputes.
• ConfoNet Project: Launched in alignment with
the CPA 1986, the ConfoNet Project focuses
on the computerization and networking of
consumer fora across the country. Its objectives
include enhancing operational efficiency,
coordination, accessibility, and speed in judicial
administration.
• Integrated Grievance Address Mechanism
(INGRAM) Portal: Developed by the Department
of Consumer Affairs, the INGRAM portal
serves as a centralized platform for creating
awareness, providing advice, and redressing
consumer grievances.
• E-Daakhil Portal: This portal offers consumers
nationwide a hassle-free and speedy facility to
approach relevant consumer forums, eliminating
the need for physical travel and presence.
• Certification Markers: Implemented to safeguard
consumers and raise awareness about quality
standards, certification markers play a crucial
role in ensuring product and service reliability
and safety.
• These measures collectively contribute to
strengthening consumer protection in India,
enhancing accountability, and promoting fair
trade practices in the marketplace.
Sarna Code
Why in news?
The Jharkhand Government is advocating for the
recognition of the Sarna religious code for tribal
communities.
Key Aspects of Sarna Faith:
• Nature Worship: Sarna adherents revere nature
and do not engage in idol worship. Their spiritual
practices emphasize a deep connection to the
natural world.
• Distinct Beliefs: Unlike mainstream Hinduism,
Sarna followers do not subscribe to concepts
such as the Varna system or the notions of
heaven and hell.
• Holy Tenets: The fundamental tenets of the
Sarna faith revolve around the sanctity of “Jal”
(water), “Jungle” (forest), and “Zameen” (land).
Followers often offer prayers to trees and hills,
considering them sacred.
Implications of Recognition:
• Official recognition of the Sarna religious code
by the Jharkhand Government would provide
legal acknowledgment and protection for the
religious rights of tribal communities.
• It would afford Sarna followers the autonomy
to practice their faith freely without being
subsumed under a broader religious category.
Special Category Status (SCS)
Why in news?
Special Category Status (SCS) is a designation
granted to certain states in India, entailing additional
financial support and benefits from the central
government.
Key Facts About Special Category Status:
• Constitutional Provision: Article 275 of the Indian
Constitution empowers the central government
to provide additional financial assistance to
states beyond the recommendations of the
Finance Commission.
• Current Designation: Presently, 11 out of India’s
29 states hold Special Category Status, with
five more states seeking this designation due
to their economic and geographical conditions.
• Criteria for Designation: States eligible
for SCS typically exhibit characteristics
such as resource scarcity, low per capita
income, unsustainable finances, inadequate

infrastructure development, significant tribal
population, hilly terrain, and strategic border
location.
Benefits for States with Special Category Status:
• Tax Exemptions: Special Category States are
exempted from excise duty, customs duty,
corporate tax, income tax, and other taxes to
attract investment and spur economic growth.
• Financial Assistance: The central government
provides 90% of funding for centrally-sponsored
schemes and foreign aid as grants to SCS states,
with the remaining 10% as a zero-interest loan.
In contrast, states outside the special category
receive only 70% as grants.
• Allocation of Federal Budget: SCS states
receive a significant allocation of 30% from the
federal budget, enabling them to undertake
development projects and address socio-
economic challenges effectively.
• Debt Relief Initiatives: SCS states benefit from
debt-swapping and debt-relief programs,
helping them manage their financial liabilities
more effectively.
• Priority Treatment: These states receive
preferential treatment in receiving central funds,
facilitating the implementation of development
initiatives and infrastructure projects.
Current States with Special Category Status:
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh,
Tripura, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh,
Assam, Jammu & Kashmir and Nagaland
Enabling Communications on Real-time
Environment (ENCORE)
Why in news:
Recently, the Election Commission of India has
designed in-house software, ENCORE, for complete
Candidate and election management.
About
• The Election Commission of India (ECI) has
developed a sophisticated software solution
called ENCORE (Enabling Communications
on Real-time Environment) to streamline the
entire process of candidate and election
management.
• ENCORE serves as a comprehensive tool
for returning officers, enabling them to
digitize votes, tabulate round-wise data, and
generate essential reports during the counting
process.
39
Crime in India 2022 Report
Why in news?
The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
recently unveiled its annual report, “Crime in India
for 2022.”
Key Responsibilities:
• The primary role of the NCRB is to collect,
analyze, and disseminate crime data from
across the country.
• It serves as an essential resource for law
enforcement agencies, policymakers, and
researchers in understanding crime patterns
and trends.
Significant Projects and Initiatives:
• Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and
System (CCTNS): Launched in 2009, CCTNS
aims to modernize and digitize the functioning
of police stations and higher offices across
India.
• It connects approximately 15,000 police stations
and 6,000 higher offices nationwide, facilitating
efficient policing through e-Governance.
• National Digital Police Portal (2017): The
National Digital Police Portal enables police
officers to access the CCTNS database for
criminal information and provides citizen
services such as online complaint filing.
• National Database of Sexual Offenders (NDSO):
NCRB maintains and updates the NDSO, which
contains information on sexual offenders, and
shares it with States/Union Territories (UTs) to
aid law enforcement efforts.
• Online Cyber-Crime Reporting Portal: As the
Central Nodal Agency for cybercrime reporting,
NCRB oversees an online portal for citizens to
report cybercrimes, particularly those related to
child pornography and sexual violence.
• Central Finger Print Bureau: The Central
Finger Print Bureau serves as the national
repository of fingerprints in India, assisting law
enforcement agencies in criminal identification
and investigation.
• Crime Statistics: NCRB compiles and publishes
national crime statistics through reports such as
‘Crime in India’, ‘Accidental Deaths & Suicides’,
and ‘Prison Statistics’, providing valuable
insights into various aspects of crime and
criminal justice in the country.
40
THEME 10: GOVERNANCE
Charge Sheets
Why in news?
Recently, the Supreme Court ruled that charge
sheets filed by probing agencies are not considered
public documents.
About
• The court emphasized that making charge
sheets public would infringe upon the rights of
victims, accused individuals, and investigating
agencies.
• A charge sheet is a formal police record detailing
the names of individuals in custody, the nature
of accusations, and the identities of accusers.
Internet Shutdowns:
Why in news?
India has faced a significant number of internet
shutdowns, according to an internet advocacy
watchdog’s report for the year 2022.
About
• The Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services
(Public Emergency & Public Safety) Rules, 2017,
under the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, governs
the suspension of telecom services, including
internet shutdowns.
• These rules allow for temporary shutdowns
of telecom services in regions during public
emergencies for up to 15 days at a time, with
directions issued by government officials.
E-Governed state
Why in news?
Kerala has achieved the distinction of becoming
India’s first fully “e-governed state,” showcasing a
comprehensive digitization of government services.
About
• E-governance, utilizing Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) like
Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile
computing, aims to enhance governance
efficiency.
• Kerala’s initiatives include the Kerala Fibre
Optic Network (KFON) project, ensuring internet
access as a citizen’s right, and e-Sevanam, a
unified portal offering 900 public services up to
taluk-level offices.
Centre claims Aadhaar as the most trusted
digital ID in the world
Why in news?
Aadhaar, issued by the Unique Identification
Authority of India (UIDAI), stands as a cornerstone
of India’s digital identity ecosystem. With its unique
features and robust security measures, Aadhaar
has gained recognition as one of the most trusted
digital identification systems globally.
Key Features of Aadhaar:
• Uniqueness: Aadhaar ensures uniqueness
through biometric de-duplication, preventing
the issuance of multiple cards for the same
individual.
• Random Number: The 12-digit Aadhaar number
is generated randomly and does not contain
any details such as caste, religion, or income,
ensuring privacy and neutrality.
• Scalable Architecture: Aadhaar’s architecture is
open and scalable, capable of handling up to
100 million authentications per day, reflecting
its adaptability to the needs of a vast population.
• UIDAI has implemented a two-layered security
mechanism for Aadhaar-based fingerprint
authentication, enhancing the security of
Aadhaar transactions.
• Privacy Protections in Legislation: The Aadhaar
Act 2016 includes robust privacy protections,
such as Section 32(3), which prohibits UIDAI
from collecting or maintaining information about
the purpose of authentication, ensuring data
privacy.
Right To Information (RTI)
Why in news?
Several provisions of the RTI Act, along with recent
amendments, play a crucial role in facilitating
access to information. Here, we delve into the key
provisions of the RTI Act and recent exemptions
introduced through amendments.
Key Provisions of the RTI Act 2005:
• Section 2(h): Defines ‘Public Authorities,’
encompassing organizations under the
jurisdiction of union, state, or local bodies, and
civil organizations funded by citizens’ funds.
• Section 4(1)(b): Mandates government bodies
to maintain updated information accessible to
the public.
• Section 6: Outlines a simple procedure for
citizens to request information under the RTI
Act.

• Section 7: Specifies a timeframe for the
government to provide information in response
to RTI requests.
• Section 8: Specifies minimum information to
be disclosed and exemptions for providing
information.
• Section 19: Defines a two-tier procedure for
appealing an RTI decision.
• Section 20: Prescribes penalties for non-
compliance with RTI provisions, including failure
to provide information within the stipulated time.
Exemptions under the RTI Act 2005:
• Recent Amendment: The Central government,
through the Department of Personnel and
Training (DoPT), exempted the Indian Computer
Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) from the
RTI Act under section 24(2), adding it to the
Second Schedule.
• Section 8(1): Lists exemptions, including
information prejudicial to national security,
contempt of court, breach of parliamentary
privilege, and disclosure harmful to competitive
positions or personal privacy.
• Section 8(2): Allows disclosure of information
exempted under Section 8(1) and the Official
Secrets Act, 1923, if the public interest
outweighs the harm to protected interests.
AAINA Dashboard for Cities
Why in news?
The Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs has launched
a new dashboard named ‘AAINA Dashboard for
Cities’.
Key objectives of portal:
• Promote Competition: ULBs can watch other
ULBs and learn from them.
• Promote Inspiration: To identify the possibilities
available for improvement.
• Promote Learning: To learn and implement best
practices from peers.
The Dashboard will present the data submitted by
the ULBs on the basis of indicators across five broad
pillars namely,
• Political & Administrative Structure
• Finance
• Planning
• Citizen Centric Governance.
• Delivery of Basic Services.
41
NCC
Why in news?
Celebrating its 75th Anniversary in 2023, NCC
remains dedicated to fostering leadership,
discipline, and a spirit of service among India’s
youth.
Objectives of NCC:
• Leadership Development: To create organized,
trained, and motivated youth capable of
providing leadership across various domains
for the nation’s service.
• Promotion of Armed Forces Careers: To inspire
young individuals to pursue careers in the Armed
Forces and contribute to national defense.
• Character Building: To instill values such as
discipline, character, leadership, secularism,
and selfless service among the youth.
Structure and Administration:
• Tri-Services Organization: NCC comprises Army,
Navy, and Air Wings, offering a comprehensive
exposure to the defense services.
• Headquarters: Located in New Delhi, NCC
operates under the Ministry of Defence,
overseeing its nationwide operations.
• Directorates: NCC is divided into 17
Directorates at the state level, each responsible
for coordinating NCC activities within its
jurisdiction.
Nature of NCC Programme:
• Voluntary Participation: NCC participation is
voluntary, with students not obligated to serve
in the military.
• Certificate Courses: NCC offers certificate
courses of varying durations, providing
participants with opportunities for skill
development and leadership training.
Grievance Redressal Assessment & Index (GRAI)
Why in news?
The recent launch of the Grievance Redressal
Assessment & Index (GRAI) for the year 2022 by the
Department of Administrative Reforms and Public
Grievances (DARPG) marks a significant step
towards improving the efficiency and effectiveness
of public grievance redressal mechanisms in India.
Objectives of GRAI 2022:
• The primary objective of GRAI 2022 is to provide
an organization-wise comparative analysis of
42
grievance redressal mechanisms, highlighting
strengths and areas for improvement.
• It aims to assess the efficiency, feedback
mechanisms, domain coverage, and organiza-
tional commitment of Central Ministries and
Departments towards grievance redressal.
Key Highlights of GRAI 2022:
• GRAI 2022 evaluates 89 Central Ministries and
Departments based on 12 indicators spread
across four key dimensions.
• These dimensions include Efficiency, Feedback,
Domain Coverage, and Organizational
Commitment, providing a holistic view of the
grievance redressal landscape.
• Notably, the average disposal time for grievances
by Central Ministries and Departments has
shown improvement, reducing from 32 days in
2021 to 27 days in 2022, reflecting enhanced
responsiveness and efficiency.
OTT Regulation in India
Why in news?
The Digital Publisher Content Grievances Council
(DPCGC) has recently made headlines for
recommending punitive action against an Over-
the-Top (OTT) platform, invoking the Information
Technology Rules (2021).
About DPCGC:
• The core mandate of DPCGC is to oversee
and regulate online curated content, ensuring
adherence to a Code of Ethics set forth by the
OCC providers.
• It consists of an Online Curated Content
Publishers (OCCP) Council comprising OCC
providers and an independent Grievance
Redressal Board (GRB) chaired by a retired
Supreme Court/High Court judge, with members
from diverse backgrounds.
Functions of GRB:
• Overseeing Adherence to Code of Ethics: The
GRB ensures that OCC providers align with
and adhere to the prescribed Code of Ethics,
promoting responsible content creation and
dissemination.
• Guidance Provision: It provides guidance
to entities on ethical content creation and
distribution practices, fostering a culture of
responsible digital content consumption.
• Grievance Redressal: The GRB addresses
grievances lodged by viewers against OCC
providers, stepping in when complaints remain
unresolved by the publisher within the stipulated
time frame.
• Hearing Appeals: It hears appeals filed by
complainants dissatisfied with the resolution of
their grievances, ensuring a fair and impartial
review process.