.. , ..

2008

-2-

.. , ..

2008

-3-

 534
-
-

1 2 2008

- ,
- . . .

.., .. . . :
, 2008. 126 .

III
.
,
,
.
; ,
,
. ,

-
.
,
, ;

. .
,
.

. 2008
-4-


1. ....................................................................................... - 6 2. ........................ - 10 3. ..................................... - 21 4. .................... - 29 5. - 42 6. ... - 53 7. . ...................... - 64 8. . -............. - 73 9. .......................................................... - 86 10. ............................................... - 97 11. ............ - 104 ............................................................................................ - 116 ................................................................................ - 123 ................................................................................................. - 126 -

-5-

 1.

( ).
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
()
,
(,
).
,
, .
,
.
.

c,

.
.

:

dm
, 3.
dV 0 dV

= lim

.
(. . 1.1).
u y .
-6-

 ( ) e = du / dy , 1 ,

, =H/2 .
y
u

. 1.1.

,

= e =

du
,
dy
,

, . ,
, .
T ; T .

c, /( K)

(,

1 .
, /( K)

q, / 2

dT / dx = lim (T2 T1 ) /( x2 x1 )
x2 x1

-7-

dT
.
dx
,
q =

: x , dT / dx > 0 ,
q < 0 , ..

x, y , z

: v = ( v x , v y , v z ) = ( v1 , v2 , v3 ) = (u, v, w) ,
T , p .

. ,
, ,
.
, ,
( ,
, , , .)

. , ,

( ) .
, (
) , , ,
.
(.. ),

.

-8-

1.1.
h = 10 .
, , a = 10
Q = 200/c .
= 1.5 103 .
(. 1).

. 1.2. 1.1
1.2.
2 0.022 T ( K )

( ) e
3
5 C

50 C . ,

1.1 T = 20 C .
1.3.
, T0 T1 .

-9-

 2.

, .

f ( x ) x

y = f ( x ) .
( , ).
,
y = f ( x1 , x1 ,... xn ) .

x1 , x1 ,... xn
y = f ( x1 , x1 ,... xn ) . ,
: p = F ( , T ) .
( )
. ,

T ( x, y ) ,

x, y
T ( x, y ) = const , . . 2.1.

.

( , ).

- 10 -

y
-8
-8

-6

-4

-2
0

-6

. 2.1.
v - ,
v ().
, -
,
,
. x, y , z

i , j , k ( v1 , v2 , v3 ) = v x , v y , v z -
,
v = vx i + v y j + vz k ,
() v

v = v x2 + v 2y + v z2 .

. v
.
( v x , v y ),
- ( v x , v y , v z ) .
- 11 -

u , v , w .
1. : w = a v , a
. w v ,
a : wi = avi , i = 1, 2,3 .
2. . u = v + w ui = vi + wi .
3.
3

u v = ( u , v ) = ui vi = u v cos ( u, v ) ,
i =1

,
, ()
.
4. :
v2 = v v
5. u v = w ,

w = u1 u2
v1 v2

u3 = w1i + w2 j + w3k ,
v3

w1 = u2 v3 v2 u3 ; w2 = u3v1 v1u3 ; w3 = u1v2 v2 u1 .

w ,
u , v ,

w = u v sin ( u, v ) . ,

.
: 1) ; 2)
; 3) .
,

- 12 -

d
, f ( x )
dx

g ( x ) = f ( x ) .
1. f ( x ) = sin x .
2.

d
sin x = cos x .
dx

2
2
2
L= 2 + 2 + 2.
x
y
z

f ( x, y , z ) = 1 + 2 x 3 + e y 2.5z 2 .

2 f 2 f 2 f
Lf = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 x + e y 5 .
x
y
z
,
.
, ( )
,
,

= , , .
x y z
f(x,y,z) - , ,

f f f
f = , , .
x y z
f

f = grad f =
-

f
f
f
i +
j+ k
x
y
z

.
,

- v = v x , v y , v z :

v = v =

v x v y v z
+
+
= div v
x
y
z
- 13 -

. ,
, ;
.
.

y = F( f )

(). ,
.
1. y = f

= max f ( x ) ; ,

a < x<b

S = f ( x )dx .
a

2. 1813
2006 . T (t ), t [t1 , t2 ] , t1 = 1913, t2 = 2006 .
.
t

1 2
T =
T (t ) dt .
t2 t1 t

Tmax = max T (t )
t1 <t <t2

Tmin = min T (t )
t1 <t <t2

.
T (t ) ,
, 14 ,
( ) ..

( ).

,
,
- 14 -

. , ,
. ,
;

ij , , ,
. i, j
1 3, T 9 .

11 12 13 xx

T = 21 22 23 = yx

31 32 33 zx

xy xz

yy yz
zy zz

, . ,
,

v = Tu ;

vi = Tij u j ,
j =1

,
3

C = AB, Cij = Aik Bkj ,

k =1

. ,
:
.

,
.

. x, y , z
() dV = dx dy dx
- 15 -

 (),
.
, -, p ,
, -
( ) .
, , .

, (. . 2.2).
p

. 2.2.

n . p , ,
:
.

yz , x .
,
- 16 -

 .
,
.
1.

x ; x + dx

p + xx

dydz

xy , xz

y; y + dy

p + yy

x , z

z; z + dz

p + xx

dxdy

zx , z

dxdz

,
. ij = ji , ; ij = ji ,
. ,
.
-

1, i = j,
0, i j.

i j =

, : pij = p i j + ij .

. ( )

.

- 17 -

,
T ( x, y , z, t ) .

x, y , z

t . ,
,
.
,
, T ( x, y , z, t ) .

t=0

,
1 , 2 , 3 .
, t > 0 ,
, 1 , 2 , 3 ,
, (
). ,

,
.
, .
1 , 2 , 3 ,
,
T (1 , 2 , 3 , t ) .
,
()
.
.
VL
VE , t > 0
VL ,
- 18 -

 . f
VL .
.

f
f dL =
df + f vn dS ,

t
t V

V
S
L

(2.1)

vn - S VE .
(2.1) f
,
VE .
(2.1)
.
,
,
- :

vn dS = div v dV
S

(2.2)

2.1.
:
) , v ( 2;3; 6 ) ;
) , P (1;0;3) Q ( 0;2;1) .
2.2. a = ( 3;0;4 ) , b = ( 0;2; 6 )
3 0 2

D = 0 4 0 a D , D b a D b .

0 5 0

2.3.
v x = x 2 , v y = 3 y , v z = 0

- 19 -


V = Lx Ly Lz = [1, 2] [ 2, 4] [ 3, 15] .
2.4. = x 2 + 2 x y z 2
, n = ( 2 7; 3 7; 6 7 ) .
2.5.

f ( x, y , z ) = ( x 1)2 + sin xz exp( 4 y ) .

grad f

( 0,0,0 ) .
2.6.

v = ( x 1)2 , sin xz, exp( 4 y ) . div v ( 0,0,0 ) .

2.7. f ( x ) = ( x 1)2
1 < x < 2 .

- 20 -

 3.

( )

V.
, , , .

. , .

m=

dV ,

(3.1)

VL

m
= 0.
t

(3.2)

(3.1) (3.2) (2.1),

.

dV =
dV + vn dS = 0 .

t V

t
V
S
L

(3.3)

(3.3) - (2.2)

dV =
dV + div ( v ) dV = 0

t V

t
V
V
L

(3.4)

.. VE ,
, , ,
. (3.4)

+ div ( v ) = 0 .
t

(3.5)

- 21 -

 (3.5) : ,
, =const, , / t = 0
- .
div v = 0,

ui
=0
xi

(3.6)

.
u1
x1

u2
x2

u3
x3

= 0

u x
x

u y
y

uz
z

= 0.

).
f ( x, y , z, t ) ,

df f
f
f
=
+ ui
=
+ v f
xi t
dt t

(3.7)

, ..
(1, 2, 3) = const. .
, ..
f x, y , z -
. ,

- ,
v . ,
v=0 ( ), f .
, .. ,
(3 ), , .
, 6 .
,
- 22 -

.
.
()

,
( a = F / m )
V=dxdydz,
v .
,

. V

( v ) dV ,

V ,
.

, .

( v ) dV = ( v ) dV + ( v ) vn dV = g dV + p dS .

t V
t
V
S
V
S

(3.7)

. (3.7) g -
(, ), p -
, 2.
(3.7) x .
v x
t dV + ( vx ) vn dV =
V
S
=
V

v x
dV + div ( v x v ) dV = g x dV + p x dS
t
V
V
S

(3.8)

- 23 -

 div ( vx v ) dV = v grad ( vx ) dV + vx div( v ) dV ,

:
v x
vx

dV
v

=
+
dV .
t
x t
t

V
V

, (3.8)
vx

v
+
+ v grad ( v x ) + v x div( v ) dV =
x t
t

V

v

= vx
+ div( v ) + x + v grad v x dV
t

V
(3.5),
. (8)
vx

+ v grad v x dV .
t

(3.9)

, , S
V (. . 2.2).
6

p x dS .
px dS =

i =1
S

(3.10)

Si

P
n Pn . i

( )i

Pi = Pn = pij n j pij n j .
j =1

pij - , n j = cos( n, j ) j . ,
p x
Px = p xx n x + p xy n y + p xz nz .

(3.10) x - ,
( 6 ) .
- 24 -


x (. . 2.1).
3.1. x

( p xx )dydz

x+dx

( p + xx )dydz

x dxdz

y+dy

x dxdz

xz dydx

z+dz

xz dydx

,
V . (
S ) .

px dS = {( p + xx ) x + dx ( p + xx ) x } dydz +
S

+ ( xz )

y + dy

( xz )

}dxdz + {(

xy

) z + dz ( xy ) z }dxdy

(3.11)

(9)
V = dxdydz 0 V

(.. ).

g x dV dxdydz g x ,

vx

+ v grad v x dV dxdydz x + v grad v x

t

(3.10) V = dxdydz 0 :

- 25 -

( p + xx ) x + dx ( p + xx ) x
vx

+ v grad v x = g x +
+
dx
t

( xz ) y + dy ( xz ) y
dy

( xy ) z + dz ( xy ) z
dz

, dx, dy , dz 0
.
x
vx
1 p 1 xx xy xz
+ v grad v x =
+
+
+
+ gx
t
y
z
x x

(3.12)

y z :
1 p 1 yx yy yz
+
+
+
+ gy,
t
y
z
y x
vz
1 p 1 zx zy zz
+ v grad v z =
+
+
+
+ gz
t
y
z
z x
vy

+ v grad v y =

(3.13)

(3.11) (3.13)

dvi vi
v
1 p 1 ij
=
+ vj i =
+
+ gi , i = 1, 2,3
xi x j
dt
t
v j

(3.14)

j - , .
i - .

, (3.14)
(3.5)? 4 11 : 3
, p , 6 ij .
ij
. ij
v , , ,
.

- 26 -


,

:
ui u j
+
x j xi

ij = eij , eij =

(3.15)

eij , c 1 - ; ,
. ,
.

= / , 2 / .
(3.15) 6 ,
(=const) (3.5), (3.14), (3.15)
( 10 ).
.
,
p = RT .

(3.16)

T .
3

3.1.

vx = 2 x, v y = 2 v y , vz = x + y .
3.2.

3 x y 5 y2

= 5 y2
0
0
2z

2 z .
0

- 27 -

P 2;1; 3

y 2 + z 2 = 4 .
3.3.
x = 1 ,
y = et ( 2 + 3 ) 2 + e t ( 2 3 ) 2,
z = et ( 2 + 3 ) 2 e t ( 2 3 ) 2.
.
3.4.
vx = x (1 + t ) , v y = 2 y (1 + t ) , vz = 3 z (1 + t ) .
a = v / t .

- 28 -

 4.

-

,
.

div v = 0,

vi
= 0.
xi

(4.1)

, (3.14),
(3.15)

vi
v
1 p 1 eij
+ vj i =
+
+ gi , i = 1, 2,3
xi x j
t
v j

(4.2)

, ,
:
1 eij

=
x j
x j

vi v j
vi
v j
v j
+
+
= vi +

=
x j x j
x j xi
xi x j
x j xi

- (4.1),
(4.2) -

vi
v
1 p
+ vj i =
+ vi + gi , i = 1, 2,3
t
v j
xi

(4.3)

u 2u 2u 2u
u =
=
+
+
xi xi x 2 y 2 z 2
- .
(4.1), (4.3) , .. 4
.
- 29 -

 v = (u, v, w)

x, y , z

u v w
+ +
= 0;
x y z

(4.4)

u
u
u
u
1 p
+u +v +w =
+ u + g x ,
t
x
y
z
x
v
v
v
v
1 p
+u +v +w =
+ v + g y ,
t
x
y
z
y
w
w
w
w
1 p
+u
+v
+w
=
+ w + g z .
t
x
y
z
z

(4.5)

(4.5) dvi / dt ,
p / xi , vi ,
gi .
( )

,
, ,

. ,
-
.
Q ,
:
[Q ] = / = .

q = Q / S - ,
.
[ q] = /2 .
:
- 30 -

1. .

, .
,
.
.

T2> T1

T1

2. . .

.
,

.
3. . .
, .

,
a) ( - ) .
b) .
c) () h, /
cT , c, /( ) .

- 31 -

, , V

H = hdV = cTdV ,
V

q, / 2 , f , /3
,

H
=
t

(h)
t

dV

hvn dS

qn dS

f dV

, , ..
,
S , .. S
n . -,
,

hv dS = ( hv ) dV ; q dS = q dV
n

, V ,

(h)
t

+ ( hv ) = q + f , h = cT .

(4.6)

q = grad T = T ,

(4.7)

, /( ) .

11 12
= 21 22

31 32

- 32 -

13
23 , ij = ji .
33

(..
) .

,
,

ij

i
j . .

.
,
(4.6)
h . ,
(h)

; ( hv ) = h div ( v ) + v grad h
+h
t
t
t
(h)
h

+ ( hv ) =
+ v grad h + h
+ div ( v ) .
t
t
t

, . h = cT
( cT )

+ ( v ) cT = div ( grad T ) + f
t

(4.8)

( , c, = const ),
(4.8)
dT T
T
=
+ vi
= a T +
dt
t
xi

(4.9)

a = /(c ), 2 / , = f / c .
(4.9) - (4.5)
(4.4)

- 33 -

 .
:
.
,
.
v =0
,
, , .

, ,
.
,
.
t = 0 , ..
.

.

.
1. .

.

- 34 -

. 4.1.

-
, ,
(4.4), (4.5), w = 0, gi = 0 .
u
u
u
1 p
+u +v
=
+ u ,
t
x
y
x
v
v
v
1 p
+u +v =
+ v,
t
x
y
y
u v
+
= 0.
x y

(4.10)

: 3 3- u, v, p .
,
.
t = 0 : u = 0, v = 0 ,

(4.11)

, .
.
y = H ,
:
- 35 -

y = H : u = 0, v = 0.

(4.12)

u = 0 ,
v = 0 , .
, .. .
x = L1 : u = u0 ( y ); v = 0.

(4.13)

..
x = L2 : u / x = 0, v = 0,

(4.14)

,
( v = 0) ,

-
u / x = 0 .

( x, y ) : vn = u cos(n, x ) + v cos(n, y ) = 0, v = 0 .

(4.15)

,
. , ,

x = L1 : P = p0 .

(4.16)

2.
.

( , c, = const ),

(4.9)
T
T
T
+u
+v
= a T + f ,
t
x
y

(4.17)

a , u, v ,
, , - (4.10)
(4.16), f .

(4.17),

, . . 4.1.

- 36 -

 t = 0

t = 0 : T = T0 ( x, y ) .

(4.18)

,
, T1 ,
, :
x = L1 : T = T0 .
y = H :

T
= 0.
n

(4.19)

( x, y ) : T = T1 .
x = L2 :

T T
=
= 0.
n x

.. .

( ),
t ,
.

.

- 37 -

. 4.2. () : .

. 4.3.
.
(4.10) g y = g (T T0 ) ,

.

1. .
, ,
, v = 0 . (4.10)
- 38 -

u
1 p
=
+ u ,
x
x
1 p

= 0,
y
u
= 0.
x

(4.20)

, x ,
,

2u / y 2 .

2u
y 2

1 p
.
x

(4.21)

(4.21) x ,
x . , (4.20) ,
y , .. p / x - .
C =

1 p 1 dp
=
x dx

(4.22)

(37)
d 2u
dy 2

= C .

u( y ) = 0.5Cy 2 + ay + b .

(4.23)

a, b
(4.12)
y = H : u = 0;

u( H ) = 0.5CH 2 + aH + b = 0

2
u( H ) = 0.5CH aH + b = 0
,

a = 0 ,

b = 0.5CH 2 .
- 39 -

 (4.23)

u( y ) = 0.5C H 2 y 2 , y [ H , H ] .

(4.24)

, C , (4.22),
( ) 1 , -, ..
x . u 0 . C :
x
x + L .
dp p( x + L) p( L)
=
,
dx
L
C (4.22).
(4.24)
.
, ,

umax = u(0) = 0.5CH 2

1
H

3
3 H3 2
3
Q = 2 u ( y ) dy =C H
/ .
= CH
3
3

v=

Q
1

= CH 2
.
2H 3

( )

w =

du
p( x + L) p( L)
( H ) = CH =
H .
dy
L

L = H ,
: w = p( x + H ) p ( H ) .

- 40 -

2.
,
T0 ,

T1 . (4.17)
d 2T
dy 2

= 0, T ( H ) = T0 , T ( H ) = T1 .

T ( y ) = T0 +

T1 T0
( y + H ).
2H

4.1. p ( x, y )

u = 2 x, v = 2 y .
4.2. T0 = 1
V = 1 .
Ts = 0 , = 1.
x = 1 .
.

T ( x)

dT d 2T
=
( T Ts ) , x > 0, T ( 0 ) = T0 , T ( ) = Ts
V
dx dx 2

- 41 -

 5.

V = (u , v, w) ;

p; T; .

, ..
. : u, v, w, p .
-
.
,
, .
,
, . , , .
x , y , z ,

V = ( u, v , w ) :

= V .

(5.1)

, a b = c
:
cx = a y bz by a z , c y = a z bx bz a x , cz = a x by bx a y .

(5.2)

c ,
a b .

- 42 -

 (5.2)

= ( / x, / y , / z ) v = (u, v, w) , :

x =

w v
u w
v u
, y =

.
, z =
y z
z x
x y

(5.3)

i
j
k

w
u
v
v
w
u
= / x / y / z = i
+j
+k
i
j
k
=
y
z
x
z
x
y

u
v
w

w v
=i
+
y z

v u
u w
j
+ k .
z x
x y
(5.4)

i , j , k - ( ),
x, y , z .
y
u(y)

= du / dy < 0

x
. 5.1. .
: u , v 0 ; w = 0 .

- 43 -

 = z =

v u
.
x y

v = 0 ,
. . 5.1. z =

u
u
.
> 0 (. ),
y
y

< 0.
,
, .

- x - .
u
u
u
u
1 p
+u
+v
+w
=
+ u + g x .
x
t
x
y
z

.
- ,

V 2 / 2 .
V 2 = v v = u 2 + v 2 + w2 ,
1 V 2
u
v
w
=u +v +w
,
x
x
x
2 x

du u V 2
u
u
v
w
=
+
=
+v +w v w
dt t x 2
y
z
x
x
u V 2
u v
u w
v
w
=
+
+

y x
t x 2
z x

vz + w y u y z uz y = V
- 44 -

) x = ( V ) x ,

u V 2
+
+ V
t x 2

) x = 1 px + u + g x .

(5.5)

v w

v V 2
+
+ V
t y 2

) y = 1 py + v + g y ,

w V
+
+ V
t z 2

) z = 1 pz + v + g z .

(5.6)

ui
V 2
+

+ V
t xi 2

)i = 1 xp + ui + gi ,

i = 1,2,3

(5.7)

. ,
2 ( v w ) x . ,
, .

, ui . ,
.

(w=0, =const).
,
( -
) 2

v u
.

x y
- 45 -

u=

, v=
y
x

(5.8)

,
. ,

u=

( + C )
y

, v=

( + C )
x

, (
),
, .
.
=const , .. ,
.
, .

. 5.2. .
, (5.7)

. ,

u v 2
2
+
=

0.
x y xy yx
- 46 -

 .
u = / y y , v = / x x .
,
2
y 2

2
x 2

u
y

v
x

(5.9)

.
-

du
1 p
=
+ u + g x
x
dt

(5.10)

dv
1 p
=
+ v + g y
y
dt

(5.11)

(5.10) y , (5.11) x
.

v u g y g x
1 2 p 1 2 p
d v u

+
+

x y + x y =
yx xy
dt x y

g y g x
d
.
=
= + f , f

dt
x
y
(5.12)
, - (2 u, v

p )

(5.12)
(5.9):

u
v
+
+
= + f ,

x
y
t
=

(5.13)

u, v, p , :
- 47 -

 t (5.13), , ,
(5.8) u, v . , ,

. p (5.10),
(5.11). x , y .

u v u v
p = 2

y
x
x
y

4.3
-
.
.
.

.
, ,

t = 0 : = 0.
.
, y = H , .
, .
. , (5.7),
:

vn =

= 0, v =
= 0.

(5.14)

, , n - .
(5.14) , ,
..
. ,
- 48 -

x, y i : = i , i = 1,2,3

(5.15)

i :

y = H / 2 : = 0;

(5.16)

y = + H / 2 : = Q;

(5.17)

x, y : = = Q / 2;

(5.18)

Q - .
(5.18) ,

.
. ,

,
.

p .

,
- (5.10), (5.11),
s
n x y . -
,

1 p
1 p
= us ,
= un .
s
n

(5.19)

.
s, n
:

us =

2 us
n

, un =

2 un
n

,
- 49 -

un us us
,

=
s
n
n

un
u
= s .
n
s

us =

un
, un =
n
n n

us

us
= n s = s n = s .

(5.19), ..

,
=
s
n

.
=
n
s

(5.20)

- A
(5.20) ,

[ p( A)] p( A + 0) p( A 0) .

[ p( A)] 0

. (5.20) (..
, )

n d = 0 ,

(5.21)

.
(5.16) (5.18), ,
1- ,
, .
,
.
,
(5.14),

x, y i :

- 50 -

= 0, i = 1,2,3.
n

(5.19)

 .
x = L1 u0 ( y ) ,
, Q . ,
H

u0 ( y ) dy = Q .

u0 =

u
, = 0,
y
y

:
y

x = L1 : ( y ) =

u0 ( ) d ,

( y ) =

u0 ( y )
y

(5.20)

, , u0 = Q /(2 H ) , (5.20)

x = L1 : ( y ) =

Q
( y + H ),
2H

= 0.

(5.21)

x = L2 :

= 0,
n

= 0.
n

(5.22)

, , ,
.
5

5.1. :
u = A ( x 2 y 2 ) r 4 , v = A ( 2 x y ) r 4 , w = 0 , r 2 = x 2 + y 2 .

.
5.2. -

- 51 -

ui
V 2
+

+ V
t xi 2

)i = 1 xp + ui + gi ,

i = 1,2,3

u , v 0 , w = 0
,
5.3. ,
ui t = 0 .
5.4.
u = K x ,
v = K y .
5.5. ,
u = A y / r 2 , r 2 = x 2 + y 2 . v ,
v ( x = 0, y ) = 0 , y . ,
, .

- 52 -

 6.

.
1. (3
u, v, w).
2. ( p ).
3.

T ).
4. , p, , T (
p = RT ).
6 6 (u, v, w, , T, p).

.
,
, ,
.
()

,
(x,y,z)

(u, v, w, , T, p)

.
.

- 53 -

 ,
.
,
:

v T p
=
=
=
= 0.
t
t
t t

u
u
u
1 p
+v +w =
+ u + g x ,
x
x
y
z
v
v
v
1 p
u +v +w =
+ v + g y ,
x
x
y
z
u v w
+
+
= 0;
x y z
T
T
T
u
+v
+w
= a T + f .
x
y
z
u

(6.1)

,
.
.
, , .. v 0 .

,
.
(6.1), v 0 .
(6.1) 4

grad p =

a T = f ,

- 54 -

p = g ,

1 p
1 p
1 p
= gx ,
= gy;
= gz ;
x
y
z
2T 2T 2 T
a 2 + 2 + 2 = f .
y
z
x

(6.2)

gx, gy, gz .

, , .. g=0,
,

grad p = 0

(6.3)

, p = const.
, , ()
.

g = (0,0, g ), g = 9.81 /2 .
z , , . (6.2)

p
p
p
= 0,
= 0;
= g .
x
y
z

(6.4)

,
x, y , z .
(6.4) 0 h ,
,

p0

,
h

p ( h ) = p0 g ( z ) dz

(6.5)

- 55 -

 g>0 >0, . ,
(6.5)
h 1 2. (6.5) ,
,
. .
1)

p1 = p2 = p + ( z2 z1 ) .

z2

p1

z1

p2

2) ,
, gh .
.

- 56 -

p = RT ,

p
.
RT

(6.6)

(6.6) (6.4)

p
pg
=
,
z
RT

p (0) = p0 .

(6.7)

p( z ) . :
h
p
dp
dz
g dz
=
.
g , ln =
p
RT
p
R
T
z
(
)
0
0

g h dz
p ( z ) = p0 exp
R T
0

(6.8)

,
. ,
, =const, (6.8)

gh
p ( z ) = p0 exp

RT

(6.9)
- 57 -

 ,
.

, ( f = 0 ),
( a =const),
(6.2) :

2T
z

= 0.

T ( z ) = T0 k z ,

(6.10)

T0 - , k ,
. k = 0.650/100 .
11 (),
T=const=-560C ().
,
. ,
,
, .

,
.

, =const.
(6.4)

p
= g , p(0) = p0 ,
z
z :
- 58 -

p = p0 g h

(6.11)

(6.11) ,
:

h = p0 / g .

(6.12)

p0 = 1 = 105 = 105

=1 3 ,

5
5
10
10
.
=
=
2
2 2
2

3 2

4
g 10 2 h = 10 2
= 104 = 10

, .
V, S , S

n . , , A ,
, :

A = pn dz = p dz = g dV
S

(6.13)

-.

p = g = ( 0,0, g ) .

A = ( 0,0, Az ) , Az = g dV = m g

(6.14)

- 59 -

 , ,
. ,
, . ,
(,
),
. ,
.
. ,
(6.14) , S
.
1. .

. ,
. , ,
, . ,
. , (),
, .
,
,
.

mg

mg

- 60 -

 2. .

, ;
, .
,
,

()

, ..
.
,

.
6

6.1.

,
( 1), ,
h = 30 .

H = 100 ,

= 13600 / 3 .
: 46844 .

- 61 -

 6.2. ,
(. 2),
h = 50 .
, H = 30 . .
: 58800 .
6.3. h
( = 800 / 3 ) , 3 .
: 2.785 (
).
6.4.
P = p d , ( )

xC =

1
x p d ,
P

yC =

1
y p d
P

h b ,
.
: x=0, y=2h/3.
6.5. , .

t =

1 V
1
,

=
T p
V T p

1 = 0 e t T 1 = 0 (1 t T )
.

t = 30C , t = 6 104 K 1 .

- 62 -

 6.6. , .

1 V 1
=
p =
,
V p t p t
1 = 0 e

p p

1 = 0 (1 + p p )

1100 . .

0 = 1030 / 3 ,

p = 0.45 109 1 .
: ( / 0 = 1.046 , 1 = 105 ).
6.7.
t1 = 152C p1 = 5 ?
: = 909 916 / 3 .

- 63 -

 7.
.

.
, , /t=0,
(, ..).
, ,

.

v2
1
v
+ grad + ( v ) = grad p + v + F .

t
2

(7.1)

v / t = 0 .

v = 0 , .. .

.
v
v

. 7.1. v ,

- 64 -

 (7.1)

. :

grad =

.
l
1 p
v2
+ Fl
+ ( v )l =
l 2
l

(7.2)

,
. , v ,
,

.
- .

(7.2)

.
1) , .. G ,

F = grad G ,
G
.
l
2) , ,

Fl =

grad P =

grad p,

P 1 p
=
l l

(7.3)

(7.4)

(7.3) (7.4) (7.2),

v 2
+
P

= 0.
l 2

, ,

v2
+ P G = i(
2

).

(7.5)

- 65 -

 i .
. (7.5)

.
.
1. , = const. , P = p / ,

v2 p
+ G = i
2
2. () , p = RT , = p / RT .

1 p P
,
=
l l

RT p

P
.
= RT ( ln p ) =
p l
l
l
, T=const ( ),

P = RT ln p .
G .
F , g - ( z
).

G = gz, F = g =

dG
.
dz

,
.

.
-
, (7.5)
.
.
- 66 -

 1. .

z
h

, =const, ,

P=

G = g z .

1 ,
: p1 = p , v1 = 0 .
(7.5) ,
( 2 ).

v12 p1
p1
v22 p2
i=
+
+ gh =
+ gh =
+
+0
2
2

v22
= g h,
2 ,
2

v2 = 2 gh .

(7.6)

- 67 -

v2 = 2 gh 2 10 2 = 40 = 7 / = 25 / .
2. .
z

1
z1
h
2

z2
g

2.

=const

. i
1 2.

i=

v12
p v22
+
+ gz1 =
+
+ gz2
2

1 ,

v1

v2 , , v1 = 0 .

v22
= g ( z1 z2 ) = gh, v2 = 2 gh .
2

- 68 -

 3. .

v = 100 /

. ,
.

h
2

.
v , ,
v .
1 2 ,
1 . ,
v1 > v , v 2 < v . , v1 =105 /, v 2 = 95 /.
,
. , :

p1 +

v12
2

+ g z1 = p2 +

v22
2

+ g z2

, ,

p = p2 p1 = gh +

(v
2

2
1

v22 .

, p > 0 , .. p 2 > p1 .
:

p = gh ; p =

(v
2

2
1

v22 .
- 69 -

g = 10 / 2 ,

=1 /3,

h = 1 .

p =1101=10 . v1 =105 /, v 2 = 95
/

p =

(v1 + v2 )(v1 v2 ) = 200 10 =1000 .

2

, .
F , p
S . S = 10 2

F = p S = 104 2 = 104 = 104

= 1000
2

7.1. ,
.
1
p 0 = p + V 2 g Z
2

7.2.

(Z )

(1)

u1=1 /, (2)
u2=3 /.
1.
dx, dx=10 ;
2. ,
(1), (2)
5 .
7.3. 8 .
(

- 70 -

10 , () 50 .
.
:

0.98 103 3 / ,

p = pa + 0.802 105 / 2
7.4.

950 / 3

H = p g

10 /c .

1-2-3,

d1 = d 2 = 100 , d 3 = 25 , p1 = 0.3 . .
: h1 = h3 = 32.2 , h2 = 11.12 .

. 7.4.
7.5*. ,

( ).
7.6.

.
h
. R .

- 71 -

)
P
= 2 x,

x

P
= 2 y,
y

P
= g .
z

) z0
.
) ,
?
) .

- 72 -

 8.
.
-

v2
1
+ grad + ( v ) = grad ( p ) + F

t
2

(8.1)

.
1. , ..
, v = ( u, v, w )

v = grad = ,
u=

, v=
, w=
.
x
y
z

(8.2)

, . ,
:

u v 2
2
z =

=
=

= 0.

y x y x x y xy yx
, x = 0 y = 0 , .. = 0 .
2. ,

p = P .

(8.3)

,
.

P = p/ .
..
, ,
p=p().
(8.1)
- 73 -

( )
2
t

= P + F .

(8.4)

, .. F = G ,
(8.4)

+
t
2

+ P G = 0.

,
, .

+
2
t

+ P G = f (t ) .

(8.5)

f . (8.5)
.
, , /t=0, f
,
. -
, , : ,
. f
. f
,
. ,
- . ,

div v = 0

(8.6)

(8.2):

v = grad .

(8.7)

(8.7) (8.6),

div grad = = 0 .
- 74 -

(9.8)

2 2 2
+ 2 + 2 =0
2
x
y
z
, .. .
.
:

;
; .

. - ,
.
, ,

.
.

, a
V x, y , z ,
x .

- 75 -

y
r
M
a

vn

V
v

x
n

z
. 8.1.
M . V
: vr = V cos

v = V sin . - -
M ( x ). ,

x x
= = cos .
r a

(8.9)

, .

v = grad , div v = 0

= 0.

(8.10)

2-
,
. ,
, .
r = : | v |= 0 .
,
:
- 76 -

r = :

=0
n

(8.11)

, (
M ), v = (V ,0,0)

( vr , v , v z ) .

vr = V cos , v z = 0, v = V sin . (
)

r = a : vr =

x
=
= V cos = V
a
r
n

(8.12)

.. .
, ,

1)

(8.10).

.
,

1 , 2 =

. ,

2 =
,

1 = ( 1 ) = 0 .
x
x

.
2) 2 = C1 + B ,

1 (8.10),

, , ..
.
3)

1
2
2
2
, r = x + y + z ,
r

(8.10). ,

- 77 -

1
1 r
=

= 2

2
x r

x
r
r
,

x2 + y2 + z2

)= 1

2x

r2 2 x2 + y2 + z2

x
r3

y 1
z
1
= 3; = 3.
y r
r z r
r

x r
x2 1 x2
2 1 x
1
3
3
3
1
=

3
,

4
5
3
2
x

r
r
r
r
r
r
x 2 r x r 3

y2 1 y2
2 1
3
3
1
=

,

3
5
3
2
r
r
r
r
y 2 r

z 1 z
1
3
3
1
=

2
3
5
3
2
r
r r r
z
r

,
2
2
2
3 r2

1 1 x + y + z
= 3 3

3
=

= 0.
3
2
r2
r
r
r r

, ,

1
r

(8.13)

1
x
=

x r
r3

(8.14)

.
.

Cx / r 3 .
(8.10), (8.11), (9.12),
C . ,
- 78 -

C x C cos
=
r3
r2

(8.15)

(9.11)
C ,

2C cos
=
0, r .
r
r3

(8.16)

(8.12) ?
(8.16) r = a
(8.12).

=
r =a

=
r =a

2C cos
a3

= V cos ,

Va 3
.
C=
2
(8.15),

Va 3 x
Va 3 cos
=
=
.
2 r3
2r 2

(8.17)

(8.17)

Va 3 x
Va 3 1 3 x r

u=
=
=

=
x
2 x r 3
2 r 3 r 4 x
Va 3 1 3x x
Va 3 3 x 2
=

= 3 1 2 ,
2 r3 r4 r
r
2r

Va 3 x
Va 3 x 1 3Va 3 x y 3Va 3 xy
v=
=
=
,
=
=
y
2 y r 3
2 y r 3
2r 4 r
2r 5
3Va 3 xz
w=
=
.
z
2r 5
(8.18)
z = 0 (8.18)
- 79 -

. 8.2. .

,
() ,
. ()
, (
), ()
:
1) (8.17), (8.18) ,
2) ( V ,0,0)

Vx .
, ,
,

a3
L = Vx = Vx 1 + 3 , uL = u V , vL = v, wL = w
2r

- 80 -

(8.19)

. 8.3. .

(8.5) ,

v 2 p
+
+ = f (t ) .
2
t

(8.20)

( v = 0, p = p ) f = p / .
= 1 .
(8.20) ,

x, y , z

. ,
.

- 81 -

x x Vt ,

+
=
V
t
t x t t
x

- (8.20)

v 2 p p
Vu +
+ =
.
2

v2
p ( x, y , z ) = p + uV ,
2

(8.21)

8.4.

. 8.4.

(8.21) . 9.4 , p
,
. , ,
.

.

- 82 -

 ,
.

,
.
: ,
, ,
.

u = V , v = 0, w = 0 .

, r =

Vx . (
)

v n = v r = 0 ,

/ r = 0 .
, (
)
:

= 0,

r =

= V ,
r =

=0

(8.22)

r =a

,
.
, .
. ,

Va 3 x
Va 3 cos
=
=
2 r3
2r 2
- 83 -

 () 1 = Vx
u = V .
:

a3

cos

Vr
cos

Vr
cos

(8.23)
3
2r 2
2r 2
2
r

a 3V

cos Vx =

a 3V

. r = a (8.23)

2a 3

vr =
= V cos 3 + 1 = 0 .
r
2r

, ,
.
8

8.1. :
u = 4 a x, v = 0, w = 4 a z .
. ,
.
: p = p0 8 a 2 ( x 2 + z 2 ) z .
8.2. :

u = y + z , v = z + x, w = x + y .
? ,
. ?
8.3.

u=

2x
2y
, v=
, r = x2 + y 2 .
r
r

: 1) , 2) , 3) divV .

- 84 -

3
4 2
3
2 4
= ( x + y ) , x 2 + y 2 = c, divV =
,
3
r

- 85 -

 9.

,
.
.
1. .
2. ( ).
3.

).
4. .
() ,

(,

).

, ,
, .

v
+ ( v ) v =
t
( )

+ v

(9.1)

,
. ,
. (9.1)
,

p = v + g .

(9.2)

(
)

v = 0 .
- 86 -

(9.3)

 .
.
,
(9.2).

div(grad p ) = (div v ) + div g .

(9.3) div v =0, (div v ) = 0 .

div g = 0 ( ),

p = 0 .

(9.4)

, div g = 0 ,
. E g =(0,0,-g). ,

div g =

0 0 g
+

0.
x y z

:
, .
1. (1815 ).
9.1.
z

r
a

p , U

. 9.1.
- 87 -

 u .
. a , cos = x / a , r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
.

1 a
u
3 ax 2 a 2
a2
=1+
1
3+ 2 ,
u
4 r3 r2
4
r
r

v
3 axy a 2
=

,
u 4 r 3 r 2

(9.5)

w 3 axz a 2
=

.
u 4 r 3 r 2

r = a . , u=0,
v=0, w=0, .
z = 0 . 9.2 .

.

. 9.2. .

p( x, y , z ) = p

- 88 -

3 u ax
.
2 r3

(9.6)

. 9.3. .
,
.. , ,
. ,

p . , ,

(9.6)
.

R = 6 u a = C x S a

u2

, ; S = a 2 ;

2
u d
12
24 24
R
=
=
=
;
Re
=
.
Cx =
d

S u2 / 2 a u du Re d

(9.7)

d = 2a , Re d = u d /
, x (
). (9.7) ,
S = 2

u2 / 2 .

- 89 -

 C x = 24 / Re d

.
Re d
,
Red .

C x = 24 / Red

Red 5 , , ,
. Red < 5

.
2.
z
r

,

.

- 90 -

. ,
,

.

v = ur , u z , u

f ( r, z, )
div v =

u 1 u
1
f f 1 f
( r ur ) + z + ; grad f = , ,
.
r r
z r
r z r

f ( r, z, )

dV =

d dz f
0

H
0

rdr .

1 f 2 f
1 2 f
.
f = div grad f =
+
r +
r r r z 2 r 2 2
r, z,
.
2
ur
ur
ur u ur u
ar =
+ ur
+ uz
+
,
r
r
t
r
z

az =
a =

u uz
u z
u
u
+ ur z + u z z +
,
r
t
r
z
u
t

+ ur

u
r

+ uz

u
z

u u
r

ur u
r

(
)
ar a z . , u2 / r -
- 91 -

; , ur u / r - .
, ,
.
,
:
2
2
ur
ur
ur u ur u u 1 p
+ ur
+ uz
+

+ ur ,
t
r
z
r
r
r r

u uz
uz
u
u
1 p
+ ur z + u z z +
=
+ uz ,
r
t
r
z
z
u
t

+ ur

u
r

+ uz

u
z

u u
r

ur u
r

ur u
r

1 p
+ u ,

u 1 u
1
( r ur ) + z + = 0 .
r r
z r

.
,

= 0,
= 0.

t

u = 0,

u
u
1 p ur
ur r + u z r =
+
r
r
z
r r r r

2
ur
+ 2 ,
z

u
u
1 p uz
ur z + u z z =
+
r
z r r r
r
z

2
uz
+ 2 .
z

, ,
( ),

ur = 0 ,

- 92 -

uz
1 p uz 2 uz
uz
=
+
r
+
,
z
z r r r z 2
uz
= 0.
z
,
(z=const) , uz r .

uz
r r

1 p
,
z

uz

p
, 0 < r < R.
(9.8)
z
r r r

r

:
uz
= 0;
(9.9)
r = R : uz = 0.
r
(9.8), (9.9)
r = 0 : r

.
1- .

p
z

(9.8), (9.9) , :
-
U=

R2

d uZ ( r )rdr .
0

(9.10)

-
uz
(9.11)
(R).
r
2- . Q = U R 2 .

w =

p
z

.
.

- 93 -

y = r / R , x = z / R , u = u z / U , P = p / U 2 , w =

wR
.
U

(9.12)

(9.9) (9.12)

U 2 P
y
=
, 0 < y < 1.
y
2

y
R
x
yR

U
,

2
R
U u

P
1 u
UR
y = Re , Re =
, 0 < y < 1;

y y y
(9.13)
u
= 0;
y = 0: y
r = 1: u = 0.
y
Re - -
.
(, , R, U),
Re . (9.13)
;
P
2 R p
= Re
.
(9.14)
x
U 2 z
, z , dp / dz < 0 ,
C = Re

C .
(9.13) .

y y .
(9.13)
y

du
y2
(9.13) dy = y dy 0 = 2 C.
0
y y 1 y .
1

1 y2 C
= C
1 y2 .
=
4 4 4
y
,
y2
u (1) u ( y ) = C
4

- 94 -

C
1 y2 .
(9.15)
4

u( y) =

Cf

(9.11) ,
Cf =

w
2 U 2
= w2 = w ,
2
Re
U R
0.5U

u
w =
y

C
= .
2
y =1

(9.16)

(9.16) (9.15)
(9.12),
. ,

P
2 R p
=
> 0.
Re
x
U 2 z
.
Cf =

,
Q = US , , , U = Q / S .

,
, (9.10),

U=

R2

R U u ( y ) y dy 1 = 2 u ( y ) y dy .
2

(9.15), C

1

C
C 1 1
C
1 y 3 y dy = = = 1,
20
2 2 4
8

Cf =

8
,
Re

- 95 -

P
8 p
U 2 8
=
,
=
.
x
Re z
2 R Re

.

- 96 -

 10.

,


. ,
:
.

.
1)
.
2)
,
,
, .

(),
, ,
,
,
. ,
, .

- 97 -

 (. 10.1)
ue ( e external ).

. 10.1.


-

u
u
u
1 p u u

+u +v
=
+
+
;
x x x y y
t
x
y
1 p v v
v
v
v
;

+u +v =
+
+
y x x y y
t
x
y
u v
+
= 0.
x y

(10.1)

l ,
; u0 ;
v0 ; p0 ; t0 . u0
u0 = ue , l
x , , v0 , p0 , t0 .
(10.1)
X=

x
y
u
v
p
t
, Y = ,U = ,V = , P = , = .

l
u0
v0
p0
t0

u0 U v0 V
+
= 0,
l X Y
- 98 -

(10.2)

v0 = u0 , = / l .

(10.3)

x .
u0 U u02 U u02 u
+ U
+
=
v
X
y
t0
l
p0 P u0 2U u0 2U
.
=
+
+
l x l 2 X 2 2 Y 2
u02 / l Re
u0l / .
2
l / ue U
p0 P
1 2U
U
U
2 U
+U
+v
= 2
+
+
.
t0
ue x Re 2 Y 2
X
Y
X 2

(10.4)

t0 = l / u0 p0 = u02 ,

,
p + ue2 / 2 = const ,

du
1 p
= ue e .
dx
x

(10.5)

,
x
,
y . , (10.4)
2U / Y 2 .
1
1
=

=
1,

, (l ) =
Re 2
Re

l
l
=
ue
Re

(10.6)

(10.6) ,
,

1,

( l
x ), ,
.

- 99 -

, O ( 2 ) x-
(10.4)

U
U
U
P 2U
+U
+v
=
+
.

X
y
x Y 2

(10.7)

ue V ue2 V 2ue2 V
U
v
+
+
=
l / ue
l

X
Y
=

ue2 p ue 2V ue 2V
.
+ 2
+ 2
y
Y 2
l X 2

ue2 / .

V
V
V
p 2 2V
1 2V
2
2

+ U
+ V
= +
+
=

X
Y
y Re X 2 Re Y 2
2

2
2
2
p
1 2 2V
p
4 V
2 V
2 V
= +
+

= + 2 +
.
y Re 2 Y 2
X 2
y
X 2
Y

, ,
O ( 2 )
p / y = 0 .

(10.8)

,
, p
(10.5).

U e 2U
U
U
U
+U
+V
= Ue
+
,

X
Y
X Y 2
U V
+
=0
X Y

(10.9)

: U
V , U e ( x ) 1 .

- 100 -

 2T 2 T
T
T
T
+u
+v
= a 2 + 2
t
x
y
y
x

(10.11)

, .

T .
, , Te ,

Tw < Te .

, (10.2),
:

T Tw
.
Te Tw

(10.11)
1 2 2 2

+U
+V
=
+
T
,

X
Y T2 Pe X 2 Y 2

(10.12)

(10.6)
1
1
l
al
= 1, T =
=
, T (l ) =
2
Pe T
u0
Pe
Pe

(10.13)

2
+U
+V
=
.

X
Y Y 2

(10.14)

T = T / l , Pe = u0l / a . (10.13)
(10.6),

=
= Pr , Pr = .
T
a
a
Pr ;
Pr . , Pr = 1

, .

- 101 -

 ,
, .
.
1) . y = 0, T = Tw .
Y = 0, = 0 .
2) . y = 0, T / y = q .

y = 0,

( Te Tw )

q T
= q,
=
= St Pe ,
T
Y
Y ( Te Tw )

St =

q
.
u0 c ( Te Tw )

3) .
y = 0, T / y = (T Tw ) . , / 2 ,
,
.
y = 0,

( Te Tw )

= (T Tw ) ,
= Nu ,
T
Y
Y

Nu =

T
.

Nu )

;
(
T (0) Tw ).

- 102 -

 10

10.1.
,
.
10.2. ,
10.1,
,
. ,
OX , OY
,
( ).

- 103 -

 11.

: 1) ,
, ,
; 2)

(.
. 11.1 11.2).

Re* :

Re < Re*

, Re > Re* - .
Re* 2300.

. 11.1.
Re=8.15.

- 104 -

. 11.2. Re=15 000.

,
, .
.

,
.

, . 11.3, .
u

u .

- 105 -

. 11.3.
u = u + u ,
.
, , u

u .

f t
t +T / 2

1
f (t ) =
f ( ) d
(11.1)
T t T/ 2

,
, ,
. ,
:

f = 0;

f = f;

f g = f g + f g = f g;

fg = ( f + f )( g + g ) = fg + f g + g f + f g = f g + f g ;

(11.2)

f f
= ; f ds = f ds, s {x, t}
s s
-

ui
u
ui
1 p
+ uj i =
+ ui ;
= 0.
t
x j
xi
xi
ui = ui + ui, p = p + p .
- 106 -

 u u
ui ui
1 p 1 p
+
+ ( u j + uj ) i + i =

+ ui + ui + g
x x
t
t

x
x
j
i
i
j
ui ui
+
= 0.
xi xi

(11.3)
(11.3) . -
(11.2)
.

ui
u
u
1 p
+ u j i + uj i =
+ ui + g ;
t
x j
x j
xi

(11.4)

ui
ui
= 0;
= 0.
xi
xi
(11.4),

ui uiuj uiu j
=
=
.
x j
x j
x j
,
uj

ij = uiu j

. (11.4),

ui
u
1 p 1 ij
+ uj i =
+
+ ui + g ;
xi x j
t
x j

(11.5)
ui
= 0.
ij = uiu j ;
xi
( ).
(11.5) -, ,

. , (11.5) ,
6
.
, ij
,
- 107 -

 ui u j
(11.6)
+
.
x

x
i
j
,

ij = T eij = T
T

.. .
, (11.6) (3.5).

u

x j

T = T / , u = div ( grad u ) =

x j

ui
u
ui

1 p
+ uj i =
+

(
)

+ g;
T
t
x j
xi x j
x j

(11.7)

ui
= 0;
xi
(11.7)
,
:
ui u j
(11.8)
+
, l =y,
x j xi
l , e - , 0.4

T = l2 e ,

e = eij eij , eij =

, y .

:
T = T + T .
,
T T

+
+ ( ui + ui )
( T + T ) = a T + a T + .
t
t
xi
.

- 108 -

(11.9)

T
T
T
T
+ u
+ ui
+ ui
xi
xi
xi
xi
(11.2) (11.9)
ui

, ,
.
T
T
T
+ ui
= a T ui
+ .
(11.10)
t
xi
xi
,

( uiT ) / xi .
qi = T / xi

T ui .
(11.10) c
q ,

T

T T
+ ui
c uiT + f .
(11.11)
c
=

t
x
x
x
i
i
i

,
,
T qiT = c uiT
:
T
(11.12)
xi
(11.12) (11.10),
c uiT = T

c ,

aT

T
T

T
(11.13)
+ ui
=
( a + aT ) + .

t
xi xi
xi
.

, aT

T :
- 109 -

PrT =

.
(11.14)
aT
PrT (
0.5 0.9).
.

(1825 .) ,
, ,
(.. )
.

( ),
(..
). ,
.. .

, (
, , ). u x ,
y , .

T l 2 u / y

(11.15)

l .
l -.
,

l = Cd , C 0.1 . l = Cy 1 y / d
( d ,
).

- 110 -

 ()
l = y , 0.41 .

- l = y [1 exp( y / A)] .

. ,
: 0 < y < l
.
d d du
=
= 0.
T
(11.16)
dy dy dy
y l y w = ( l )
,
du w
=
dy
(11.15) l = y ,

(11.17)

du
1
du
y = w,
= w
.
(11.18)

dy
dy
y

u = w / .
2

y0

u + = u / u , y + = y / y0 (11.18) .
du + / dy + = 1/ ( y + ) , ..

u + ( y + ) = u0 +

ln y + .

(11.19)

u0 , ,
5.0 5.2 . y +
, y0 . ,
,
w ,
- 111 -

 u . du / dy u / y0 = w / ,
,
y0 =

=
=
w
w / u

(11.20)

, y0
l . ,
,
. ,

50 < y + < 0.2 , .

(.. ) 0.2 < y + <

.

ue ,
( ).

T = ue , = 0.0168 .
. 11.4 ,
.

- 112 -

60

u+

40

30

u+ = y+

20

u+ =

10

ln y + + C

y+
. 11.4. : ,
( )
10

103

102

104

( + )
( ),
w = u2 .

2

du
du
2 du
( + T ) = + ( y ) = u2 ,
dy
dy
dy

y > 0; u(0) = 0.

y + = u y / , u + = u / u
z = du + / dy + ,
z + ( y + ) z 2 = 1 .
2

z = 1 + 1 + 4( y + ) 2 / ( 2( y + ) 2 ) .
1 + 1 + 4( y + ) 2 ,

- 113 -

du +
2
, u(0) = 0 .
=
(11.21)
dy + 1 + 1 + 4( y + ) 2
. 11.5
. :
(11.21),

l = y ,

l = y (1 exp( y / A)) .

. 11.5.

() - ()
,

.

- 114 -

 11

11.1.
,
100 .
Re =

VL

Fr =

V2
.
gL

11.2. 250
.
,

Q = 100 3 / .

1 2 / .

,
Re > 104 , ,
.
: d 14 .

- 115 -

1.1.
=

du
.
dy

u ( y ) u = u0 y h ,
. u0
h .
u0 ,


u ( y )
h

Q = a u ( y ) dy = a u0
, u0 =

y
u
dy = a h 0 .
2
h

2Q
.
ah

, :

3
u0 2 Q 2 1.5 103
1
3
=
=
Q
=

= 6 105 .
3
10
0.2
10
2
2
3
h
ah
0.1 0.01

1.3.
x1

x1

x0

x0

Q = q dx =

dT
T
dx = T T1 = (T1 T0 ) .
0
dx

2.2.
.

a D = v .
3 0 2
( vx ; vy ; vz ) = ( 3;0;4 ) 0 4 0 = ( 9; 20;6 ) .
0 5 0

- 116 -

D b = w .
wx 3 0 2 0 12
w = 0 4 0 2 = 8 .
y

w 0 5 0 6 10
z

a D b = v b = .
0
= ( 9; 20;6 ) 2 = 76 .
6

2.3.
V

-:

dM = vn dS = div v dV .
S

:
z2 y2 x2

z 2 y2

z1 y1 x1

z1 y1

z 2 y2

dM = ( 2 x 3 + 0 ) dx dy dz = ( x 3x ) dy dz = ( 2 + 2 ) dy dz = 0 .
2

x2
x1

z1 y1

, ,
x = 1 x = 2 ,
.
3.2. P

5
0
6

= 5
0
2 3.
0 2 3
0

P
grad = ( y 2 + z 2 4 ) = 2 y j + 2 z k .

, P
- 117 -

 = 2 j + 2 3 k .
P n = j 2 + 3 k 2 .
, n P ,
5
0 0 5/ 2
6

0
2 3 1/ 2 = 3 .
5

0 3 2 3
0 2 3
4.1.
-

u
u
u
1 p
+u +v
=
+ u,
t
x
y
x
v
v
v
1 p
+u +v =
+ v,
t
x
y
y
u v
+
= 0.
x y
,

.
p
= 4 x,
x
p
= 4 y,
y

dp = 2 ( 2 x dx + 2 y dy ) .

p ( x, y ) = 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + const .

5.1.
div u = 0 ui xi = 0 .

- 118 -

 4 x ( x 2 y 2 ) 2 x
u
= A
+ 4 ,
x
r6
r

, :

2 x 8 x y2
v
= A 4 6 .
y
r
r

u v
+
= 0 . ,
x y

.
rot u = 0 .
:

rot u =

A( x2 y 2 ) r 4

2A x y r4

=
z
0

= A 2 y r 4 8 x 2 y r 6 + 2 y r 4 + 2 y ( x 2 y 2 ) r 6 k = 0
5.4.
, t
:
dx dy dz
=
= .
u
v
w

:
dx dy
= ,
u
v

:
dx
dy
=
.
K x K y

x y = C
. C
(. 2).
. K ,
, y v = K y
- 119 -

 , u = K x x
.
(. ).

. 5.4.
6.3.
1
Fg K = gVK = rK2 hK g .
3
,

1
Fg B = r 2 h B g . ,
3

rK hK
= .
r
h
rK2 = r 2

hK2
.
h2

rK2 Fg K ,
Fg K = Fg B ,

- 120 -

 g hK3 = B g h3 , h = hK 3

= 2.785 .
B

7.4. (1) (3)

h1 = h3 =

p1
0.3 106
=
= 32.2 .
g 950 9.81

(2)
:
V12
p1
V22
p
+
+ z1 =
+ 2 + z2 .
2g g
2g g

z1 = z2 , .
V1 =

4Q
4Q
, V2 =
.
2
d1
d 22

:
p2 V12
p1 V22
8Q2
8Q2
p
=
+

+ 1 =
H2 =
2
4
2
4
g 2 g g 2 g g d1 g d 2 g

8Q2 1
1 p
=
4 + 1 = 11.12
2
4
g d1 d 2 g
7.6. : F = m R 2 .
: P x i = Fi .

dp =

2
2

d ( x 2 + y 2 ) g dz ,

p ( 0,0, z0 = 0 ) , z0 -
z0 = h ( 2 R 2 / ( 4 g ) ) . : P = g h R 2 - .

10.1.

U
U
dU e 2U
,
+V
= Ue
+
U
X
Y
dX Y 2
U V
+
=0
X Y

- 121 -

, U
V :
U=

.
, V =
Y
X

(
)
:
2
2
dU e 3

= Ue
+
.
Y X Y X Y 2
d X Y 3

10.2. ,
,

Ue .

U e = const , dU e dx = 0 :

2
2 3

=
.
Y X Y X Y 2 Y 3
:

= 0, y = 0 y = 0, x > 0,
y U e y ,
y = U e x = 0, y > 0.
.

.
.

.

- 122 -

1. xi = xi ( x j ) ,
,

{ x }
i

{x }
i

xi x j .
2. xi = xi ( x j ) ,

{x }
i

, { xi } .
xi x j .
3. , u = A x r 3 , v = A y r 3 , w = A z r 3 ,
r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2

A ,

.
4.
u = K y , v = K x .
5. , ui = xi (1 + t )
.
6. , u = x 2 y + y 3 , v = x3 x y 2 , w = 0
.
7. ,
u = 2 x y z r 4 , v = ( x 2 y 2 ) z r 4 , w = y r 4 , r 2 = x 2 + y 2 ,

?
8. h ( 3),
H = 40 ,

p A pB = 1470 ,

750 / 3 .

: 100

- 123 -

9.

3 .

0.8 .
( = 1030 / 3 ) ,
. : 15.2 .
10. ,
5 , ,
0.815*10^5 . .
11.
d = 10 Q = 10 / .
= 1.5 2 / . : 84666.
12.
100 10 3 / .
= 35 106 2 / . : Re=1011.
13.
a ,
.
: P = g a 3 / 3 , xC =

3a
3 a
.
, yC =
8
16

14.
t1 = 10C p1 = 105 .

p = 1.4 109 1 ,

t2 = 40C ,

t = 0.001 K 1 . :

p = 214 105

= const ).
15.
D = 0.5

l = 4 .

, ,
p = 2.5 .
: 0.0883 .
- 124 -

16.
( ) h = 300 ?
: 0.13 %.
17.
.
18.
.

- 125 -

1. .. . .1,2. .: . 1978.
2. . . .: -
. 1956. 528 .
3. ., . . .: . 1987.
592 .
4. .., . . ,
. .: . 1966. 725 .
5. - . . .: . 1986. 182 .
6. .. : . -:
. 2003. 292 .
7. ..
.

. 2007. 109 .
8. .. . .: , 1987,
840 .
9. . . .: ,
1974. 320 .
10. ..,

..,

..

. .: , 2003 151 .

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