I

II

1. ocnonne npoexrnnoro mero npnnnnnmn xoncrnuecxo ncnxoornn
2. nxnne xccnuecxoro n pensonnoro ncnxonns n oocnonne npoexrnnoro mero
3. nuenne ncceonn 'ooro sr x oocnonnx npoexrnnoro mero
4. onnennnn npoexnnn oocnonnn npoexrnnoro mero
5. poexrnnt mero xonrexcre xonnennnn nunocrnoro cmtc
III
uH H ()
1. cnonte nooxennx reopnn nunocrn . eppex
2. : nponeyp +xcnepnmenr, cxem nns n nnrepnpnrnnn no . eppem
3. cnonte xreropnn nns pccxso no . nnopry
4. nexoroptx noxox x nnrenpnrnnn : cxemt . omxnnc n . pnot
IV.
uI . B
1. nncnne meronxn n cxem +xcnepnmenr
npoc
npeeenne npeeo uycrnretnocrn
2. cnonte npnemt mn]poxn orero
osnuenne oxnsnnn orer
cnonte erepmnnnrt orero

3. nrepnpnrnnx ocnontx xreropn mn]poxn
cnxoornuecxn cmtc oxnsnnonntx
noxsree
cnxoornuecxn cmtc ocnontx erepmnnnr
4. nrepnpnrnnx pesytrro recr
nrepnpnrnnx ocnontx noxsree recr n nx coornomenn
]]exrnnocrt n crenent ee xonrponpyemocrn
nenx nnreexrytntx osmoxnocre

nrnocrnx xon]nxr n mexnnsm smnrt
Ru

cxsn c ospcrmme norpenocrtm npnxntx ncnxoornuecxnx ncceonnxx

nunocrn npoexrnnte meronxn crn mnpoxo ncnotsortcx o mnornx ocrxx
ncnxoornuecxo npxrnxn. nxo ne cer nx npnmenenne onpno sumn
xonxpernoro ncceonnx, noyuemte pesytrrt nnrepnpernpymrcx xreropnxx,
exrntx npecrennxm o nunocrn, coxnmnmcx oreuecrenno ncnxoornn.
rcm ceyer, uro npxmoe snmcronne spyexntx meroo nunocrno nrnocrnxn
es xpnrnuecxoro ocosnnnx nx reopernuecxo st moxer noeut s coo ceptesnte
rpynocrn xx reopernuecxoro, rx n npxrnuecxoro xpxrep. ce +ro oyconer
neoxonmocrt nretnoro n xponornoro rpy no psporxe reopnn npoexrnnoro
mero n ocnoe nooxenn coercxo ncnxoornn. epte mrn +rom nnpennn
npenormr, o-neptx, coornecenne npnnnnno n nonxrn, opsymmnx xreropntnt
nnpr npoexrnnoro mero c coorercrymmnmn nm xonnennnxmn nunocrn; o-roptx,
tuenenne ro ncnxoornuecxo petnocrn, xoropx pmxx nno xonnennnn
tcryner oexrom npoexrnnoro mero; n, nxonen, -rpertnx, xreropnsnnm +roro
oexr nonxrnxx, pspornntx coercxo ncnxoornn.
nxo xxo crenenn mero nn ucrnte meronxn erepmnnnpont ncnxoornuecxo
reopne? cropnx psnrnx npoexrnnoro mero noxster, uro on ne cymecryer ne
reopnn nunocrn; ro xe pemx cxst mexy npoexrnntm meroom n reopne ne xxercx
onosnuno n nensmenno. me oee coxnt n onocpeont ornomennx mexy ro nn
nno reopne n oretno sxro meronxo`. esycono, poxenne mero ro nn nno
crenenn nororoeno yxe coxnmecx reopne, xorx +ror ]xr moxer n ne none
ocosnrtcx cmnmn ncceorexmn. +rom cyue osnnxer neurenne, uro n
meronx ne oee uem yunx nxox ee cosrex, ucro mo oecnoxoennoro
reopernuecxnmn nstcxnnxmn. poxctnocrt noono cnrynnn txnct c
ocoenno ouennocrtm, xor cnycrx ecxrnernx noce osnnxnoennx npoexrnntx
meronx, nx cxst c ocnontmn reopnxmn nunocrn cr npemerom merooornuecxo
pe]excnn, r. e. npeprnct ocoym ncceoretcxym suy. ooxenne ocoxnxercx
eme n rem, uro co pemenem mero npnoperer xx t ornocnretnym ronomnm or
noponme ero reopnn n nunner 'porrt nntx xonnenrytntx cncremx. x
npno, +ro euer s coo nepecrpoxy cero xreropntnoro nnpr, mecre c nnm n
nsmenenne npecrenn o nsyuemom oexre. pnc]opmnnn mero, com ouepet,
tstmr x xnsnn psnoopsnte cxemt nns n nnrepnpernnn n cmnx oretntx
meronx. npnmep, necmorpx n ror eccnopnt ]xr, uro n npoexrnnt mero, n
npoexrnnx rexnnx cosnct no nxnnem ncnxonns, on ne t nx enncrenno
reopernuecxo so: +xcnepnmenrtnte ncceonnx 'ooro srx pon nunocrntx
]xropo ocnpnxrnn, xoncrnuecxne n nepconoornuecxne nen . enn n . nopr
nenocpecrenno nn xocenno orpsnnct coorercrymmnx xonnennnxx npoexnnn,
coepxnnn nnrepnpernnonntx cxem n cmnx xoncrpynpyemtx moexx nunocrn.
eoretno, xxnmn t nereopernuecxnmn ne xsnct rexnnuecxne npnemt pensnnn
npoexrnnoro mero (r. e. npoexrnnte meronxn), ce onn nponnsnt reopne. 3ro ne
ncxmuer, xoneuno, ncnotsonnx nexoropo ucrno meronxn nesncnmo or
ncropnuecxn erepmnnnpome ee reopnn npoexrnnte meronxn mnpoxo
ncnotsymrcx s pyexom croponnnxmn noeenuecxo ncnxoornn, remrtrncnxoornn,
npecrnrexmn nn]opmnnonnoro noxo. xno nouepxnyrt, rem ne menee, uro
neonosnunocrt, nexecrxocrt cxse mexy reopne, meroom n 'rexnnxo ornmt ne
osnuer, uro nocenne moryr ncnotsortcx ne xxo t ro nn to reopnn. et
nnrepnpernnx pesytrro npoexrnntx meronx ecrt no cymecry nocrpoenne moen
nunocrn n, ceoretno, yer onpeexrtcx ro reopne, otntm nn neotntm
enrom xoropo xxercx ncnxoor-+xcnepnmenrrop.
ce s nexoroptmn ropmn, yem psnurt mero xx nyrt ncceonnx,
trexmmn ns omnx reopernuecxnx npecrenn o cymnocrn nsyuemoro oexr, n
meronxn xx rexnnuecxne npnemt pensnnn mero nexx yrounennx nn epn]nxnnn
nmnx snnn o oexre |33|.
ecn cnopntmn xxyrcx nm nexoropte snnte xonnennnn npoexrnnoro mero, ro,
esycono, scyxnmr nnmnnx n tneme psporxn srponyrte nnx npoemt.
' mo nyxe, nnmer 3nretc, nenpntnte npecrennx (ecn ne roopnrt o
norpemnocrxx nmennx) xxmrcx xonne xonno nenpntntmn npecrennxmn o
npntntx ]xrx. xrt ocrmrcx, xe ecn nmemmnecx o nnx npecrennx
oxstmrcx oxntmn |1, 20, 476|. or nouemy xn n xrytn su reopernuecxoro
oocnonnx npoexrnnoro mero pmxx oreuecrenno ncnxoornn.
poexrnnt mero opnenrnpon n nsyuenne neocosnemtx (nn ne none
ocosnnntx) ]opm mornnnn n +rom coem xuecre xxercx e n ne enncrenntm
cocrenno ncnxoornuecxnm meroom nponnxnoennx nnoee nnrnmnym ocrt
ueoeuecxo ncnxnxn. nxo petnocrt eccosnretnoro snunretno orue no coe
]enomenoornn, rxxe n no osmoxnocrn ee coepxretno nnrepnpernnn, uem +ro
npecrxoct, nnpnmep, xccnuecxom ncnxonnse. 'numne nepexnnnx,
'nunocrnte cmtct n pyrne opsonnx, xoroptx npoxxercx npncrpcrnocrt
ncnxnuecxoro orpxennx, ne yyun npesenrnpont cosnnnm, moryr ne txxrtcx n npn
nenocpecrennom opmennn x nntm cmooruero nn nmennn noeennx.
poexrnnte meronxn nosoxmr onocpeonno, moenpyx nexoropte xnsnennte
cnrynnn n ornomennx, ncceort +rn nunocrnte opsonnx, tcrynmmne npxmo nn
]opme psnuntx nunocrntx ycrnoox.) cn otmnncro ncnxoornuecxnx npnemo
nnpeno n nsyuenne roro, xx n s cuer uero ocrnrercx oexrnnt xpxrep
orpxennx ueoexom nemnero mnp, ro npoexrnnte meronxn crxr coe netm
txenne coeopsntx 'cyexrnntx orxonenn, nunocrntx 'nnrepnpernn,
npnuem nocenne exo ne cer oexrnnt, no, cer xx npno, nunocrno
snunmt.
peoxennt sect noxo, xoneuno, ne xxercx enncrenno osmoxntm. eopernxo-
merooornuecxoe oocnonne npoexrnnoro mero xnx, no ne enncrennx su.
peymr tneme psporxn n rxne onpoct, xx nrnocrnx c nomomtm
npoexrnntx meronx nnnnytnoro crnx nunocrn, cosnne cxem nns n
nnrepnpernnn pmxx exretnocrnoro noxo n mnorne pyrne. ort +rom
nnpennn eyrcx rpynno corpynnxo n cryenro ]xytrer ncnxoornn V.
nnr nosnxomnr cryenro c ocnontmn nnpennxmn ocrn npoexrnntx
ncceonn, c ncxyccnonntmn npoemmn n psnuntmn noxomn x nx pspemennm n
nomoxer tporrt oexrnnym onenxy npoexrnntx meronx n txnrt osmoxnocrn nx
npnmenennx.
I
mx xpxrepncrnx n xccn]nxnnx npoexrnntx meronx
poexrnnte meronxn npecrxmr coo cnenntnym rexnnxy xnnnxo-
+xcnepnmenrtnoro ncceonnx rex ocoennocre nunocrn, xoropte nnmenee ocrynnt
nenocpecrennomy nmennm nn onpocy. epmnn 'npoexrnnte t nepte
ncnotson . penxom 1939 r. x oennennx yxe nsecrntx x romy pemenn, no,
xsoct t, rxnx upestuno exnx pyr or pyr meronuecxnx npnemo, xx
cconnrnnt recr Rnr, recr opmx, n pyrnx |48|. ten nexoropte
]opmtnte npnsnxn, npncymne otmnncry npoexrnntx meronx, penx nontrcx
rt nm xccn]nxnnm; c nexoroptmn ononennxmn +r xccn]nxnnx npnnnmercx n
ncroxmee pemx |37; 81|. snumr ceymmne rpynnt npoexrnntx meronx.
eronxn crpyxrypnponnx: recr uepnntntx nxren opmx, recr oxo, recr
rpexmepno npoexnnn.
eronxn xoncrpynponnx: MAPS, recr mnp n ero psnoopsnte mon]nxnnn.
eronxn nnrepnpernnn: , recr ]pycrpnnn osenner, recr onn.
eronxn ononennx: neoxonuennte npeoxennx, neoxonuennte pccxst,
cconnrnnt recr Rnr.
eronxn xrpsnc: ncnxopm, npoexrnnx nrp.
eronxn nsyuennx +xcnpeccnn: nns nouepx, ocoennocre peueoro omennx,
mnoxnnernuecxx meronx np n onen.
eronxn nsyuennx npoyxro ropuecr: recr pnconnx ]nrypt ueoex (pnnrt
yeny n xoep), recr pnconnx epe . ox, recr pnconnx om, pncynox ntnem
n r. .
ce nepeuncennte meronxn, no penxy, oennxer cnoconocrt orpxrt xx n
+xpne nnoee cymecrennte cnexrt nunocrn nx snmosncnmocrn n neocrnocrn
]ynxnnonnponnx. 3rn meronxn xpxrepnsyer rxxe omnocrt ]opmtnoro nocrpoennx
n cxocro crprernn npoexrnnoro +xcnepnmenr: noeennn ncnxoor-ncceorex,
noope crnmytnoro mrepn, nocrnoxe nrnocrnuecxnx su.
pnnxro roopnrt o ceymmnx ornunretntx npnsnxx npoexrnntx meronx:
1) rx nstemx neonpeeennocrt crnmytnoro mrepn nn nncrpyxnnn x snnm,
ropx uemy ncntryemt oer ornocnretno cooo tope orer nn rxrnxn
noeennx;
2) exretnocrt ncntryemoro nporexer rmoc]epe opoxeretnocrn n npn nonom
orcyrcrnn onenounoro ornomennx co cropont +xcnepnmenrrop. 3ror momenr, rxxe ro,
uro ncntryemt otuno ne sner, uro ero orerx nrnocrnuecxn snunmo, npnoxr x
mxcnmtno npoexnnn nunocrn, ne orpnnunemo conntntmn nopmmnn onenxmn;
3) npoexrnnte meronxn nsmepxmr ne ry nn nnym ncnxnuecxym ]ynxnnm, coero po
moyc nunocrn ee snmoornomennxx c conntntm oxpyxennem |40;48;76|.
opmtnte xpxrepncrnxn npoexrnntx npnemo, ne x ocnonn x ono-
snunoro coornecennx nx c xxo-ro onpeeenno reopernuecxo cxemo, rem ne menee
oyconmr ocoym crprernm ncceonnx`. pexe cero +ro xcercx noeennx
+xcnepnmenrrop n ncntryemoro: +xcnepnmenrrop ns nerptnoro perncrprop orero
ncntryemoro oxen crrt ero nprnepom, opoxeretntm n nonnmmmnm
coecennxom; ncntryemt xe rxo cnrynnn (xe npn orcyrcrnn cnenntno
nocrenno ncnxorepnernuecxo sun) nepexner coeopsnt 'xrpsnc, mo
coo psymeercx, ycnex npoexrnnoro ncceonnx o mnorom sncnr or nunocrn
+xcnepnmenrrop, ero ymennx pcnooxnrt x cee ncntryemoro n px pyrnx ]xropo,
osnnxmmnx noonom omennn |34; 44|.
cnonte npnnnnnt npoexrnnoro ncceonnx coxnnct opte, c ono cropont, c rpnnnonno +xcnepnmenrtno
ncnxoorne, 'crepnnsome yconx +xcnepnmenr nexx ocrnxennx mxcnmtno oexrnnocrn, c pyro cropont c
recrotmn ncnxomerpnuecxnmn ncceonnxmn, nrnopnpomnmn nnnnytnte ocoennocrn nunocrn n cnocot ocrnxennx rex nn
nntx pesytrro. onpeeennom cmtce npnnnnn nocrpoennx npoexrnnoro +xcnepnmenr nsox npnnnnny ']ynxnnontno npot,
psnemomy oreuecrenno ncnxoornn, corcno xoropomy +xcnepnmenr moenpyer 'ne rotxo ymcrennte onepnnn otnoro, no n ero
nunocrnoe ornomenne |12, 33|.
rnmytnt mrepn, ncnotsyemt npoexrnntx meronxx, xx npno, ne espsnuen ncntryemomy, rx xx cecrne
nexnnn x npomomy ontry npnoperer ror nn nno nunocrnt cmtc. sopxennx pmrnuntx xnsnenntx cnrynn, nn me,
npemert, cconnnpymmnecx c ]]exrorenntmn cnrynnxmn (nnpnmep, nncroer, morntnte nnrt), +monnontno oxpmennte co nn
npeoxennx opment x rem nn nntm nnnnytno snunmtm nepexnnnxm nunocrn. eonpeeennocrt, cocrxmmx ono ns
ocnontx ycon exretnocrn ncntryemoro, cnococryer romy, uro noeenne oee uem xor-no erepmnnnpyercx ne
xonennnontntmn nopmrnmn, cocrenno cncremo morno, nennocre, ncnosnnn ueoex |34; 42; 48|. ocyxennm +roro
nooxennx, upestuno xnoro x reopernuecxoro oocnonnx cmoro npoexrnnoro mero, mt eme epnemcx.
penmymecrennoe ncnotsonne npoexrnntx meronx x nsyuennx neocosnemtx
]opm ncnxnuecxo exretnocrn oxcnxercx cnenn]nxo xnnnuecxnx n npxnnnuecxnx
su, pememtx c nx nomomtm. x nsecrno, +rn meronxn cosnct x xnnnuecxnx
nee n conx xccnuecxnx pnnrx ncnotsymrcx rntm opsom xnnnxe
neposo
2
. nxo ornune or oreuecrenno spyexno ncnxoornn repmnn
'xnnnuecxne merot ne nmeer cnenn]nuecxoro snuennx; on yxster npexe cero, uro
ncceonne opnenrnpono n txenne nnnnytntx, 'ynnxtntx cnocoo
nrnnn nunocrn x conntnomy oxpyxennm n cee cmo |74|. poexrnnte merot
xxmrcx xnnnuecxnmn nmenno +rom cmtce: cnenntno noopnnx rpex meronx
cnocon orernrt n rxne xnte onpoct, xx crnt snmoornomennx nunocrn c
pyrnmn mtmn (xon]opmnocrt, nepcro, ropnrpnocrt, emoxprnsm n r. .); ee
eymne mornt n nyrn nx pensnnn, crenent rpmonnunocrn nn xon]nxrnocrn
]]exrnno c]ept, cpecr pspemennx nyrpennnx n nemnnx xon]nxro; cmoonenx,
mep ee ocosnnnocrn, exrnocrn, rnxocrn n r. . eccnopno, uro orrcrom
noyuemoro mrepn npoexrnnte meronxn trono ornumrcx or pyrnx oee
nonyxpntx omencnxoornuecxnx ncceonnxx meroo, nnpnmep onpocnnxo. mecre
c rem rxne mnpoxo nsecrnte meronxn, xx nn recr opmx conx opnrnntntx
pnnrx upestuno coxnt n rpomosxn, npenormr tcoxn ypoent mcrepcr
+xcnepnmenrrop n onopemenno ne coont or ero cyexrnnsm npn nnrepnpernnn
pesytrro. no ns nontrox nserrt yxsnntx neocrrxo xxercx ncceoretcxx
por nnpennn crnprnsnnn npoexrnntx, meronx n cosnnx nx mon]nxnn.
x, osnnxn nsecrnte pnnrt x-en n exxysen, ynpomennte pnnrt
recr opmx, recr ]pycrpnnn osenner n nexoropte pyrne. ornune or
xccnuecxnx pnnro +rn meronxn ne nperenymr n oxr nunocrn neom,
ncceymr re nn nnte nunocrnte 'nepemennte, nnpnmep, xonxpernte mornt nn
pexnnn n 'nperpnte cnrynnn. pnnrt npoexrnntx meronx, xx npno,
cosmrcx x pemennx xxnx-ro ncceoretcxnx su, coorercrnn c uem
psprtercx n exrnt nno sue cnoco nns n nnrepnpernnn pesytrro.
x, nnpnmep, ncceonnxx nrxnn c netm txennx nnnxropo noesncnmocrn
(noenesncnmocrn) mrepnt , recr opmx, recr pnconnx ueoex noepr-
nct cnenntno oporxe, pesytrre uero tn noyuent onepnnontnte
noxsren nunocrnoro crnx |82; 83|. onxperntmn ncceoretcxnmn sumn
oycoeno n nepenne nexoroptx pnnro npoexrnntx meronx omym, conntnym
ncnxoornm, nx ncnotsonne nerornuecxo, cnoprnno ncnxoornn.
2
poexrnnte meronxn npnmenxmrcx n nexx n]]epennntno nrnocrnxn
(nnopr, B]ep, epxotnep, om), xorx onpoc o nrornomonnunocrn noxsree
npoexrnntx meronx neocrrouno xcen.
otmnncro npoexrnntx meronx nn npoexrnntx 'rexnnx, xx nx nnor
npenounrmr nstrt, ne xxmrcx, no-nnmomy, recrmn ysxom nonnmnnn +roro
repmnn. orcno onomy ns npnnxrtx onpeeenn, 'ncnxoornuecxn recr +ro
crnprnsnponnt nncrpymenr, npensnuennt x oexrnnoro nsmepennx onoro
nn oee cnexro neocrno nunocrn uepes eptnte nn neeptnte opsnt
orero nn pyrne nt noeennx |49, 46|. cxox ns +roro onpeeennx, nnoee
cymecrenntmn npnsnxmn recro xxmrcx:
1. rnprnsnponnocrt npexennx n oporxn pesytrro.
2. esncnmocrt pesytrro or nxnnx +xcnepnmenrtno cnrynnn n nunocrn
ncnxoor.
3. onocrnmocrt nnnnytntx nntx c nopmrnntmn, r. e. noyuenntmn rex
xe yconxx ocrrouno penpesenrrnno rpynne.
ncroxmee pemx exo ne ce npoexrnnte meronxn n ne pno crenenn
yoeropxmr teenntm xpnrepnxm. x, omenpnnxrtm xxercx mnenne o
neocrrouno oexrnnocrn npoexrnno rexnnxn; npn +rom cctmrcx n mnorounc-
ennte nmennx n +xcnepnmenrt, oxstmmne nxnne n recrote pesytrrt rxnx
]xropo, xx no +xcnepnmenrrop, cnryrnnte ycrnoxn n nepexnnnx ncntryemoro,
rmoc]ep ncceonnx |34; 44; 49|. x neoro px npoexrnntx meronx orcyrcrymr
nopmrnnte nnte; oee roro, nexoroptmn ncceorexmn ocnpnercx
npnnnnnntnx osmoxnocrt nx cymecronnx x noonoro po 'neorp]nuecxnx
meroo. upestuno xntm n, o cnx nop ncxyccnonntm ocrercx onpoc o
crnprnsnponnocrn npoexrnntx meronx. crnonmcx n nem noponee. ornune
or recro nnreexr nn cnoconocre npn npoexrnnom ncntrnnn npxrnuecxn
neosmoxno nonocrtm ynn]nnnport n crnprnsort ne rotxo nns n
nnrepnpernnm pesytrro, no xe n cmy nponeypy ncceonnx. et coepmenno
psnuno noeenne +xcnepnmenrrop c poxnm, censnrnntm nn cnoxontm, yepenntm
cyexrom, c rxnm, xoropt orxptr, xrnno nmer nomomn, nn c rem, xro 'smnmercx
npn memnx nontrxx nponnxnyrt ero nyrpennn mnp. orx mom xnnrtnom
pyxoocre n onnctmrcx nnoee pcnpocrpnennte crprernn noeennx
+xcnepnmenrrop, onn, xoneuno xe, ne oxrtmr cero mnoroopsnx xonxperntx
cyue. romy xe xecrxx ]opmnsnnx n crnprnsnnx, xx yxster px
ncceoree, npornopeun t cmomy yxy npoexrnno rexnnxn n t t ne
onpn. omemcx cxsn c +rnm n tcxstnne oypenc penx, onoro ns
xpynnemnx reopernxo +ro ocrn: '...netsx nexrtcx, uro crnprnsonnx
nponeyp cmoxer mnpoxo ocernrt nnnnytnym nunocrt xx ynnxtnym
nnnnytnocrt. n rxxe ne cmoxer cnococrort nponnxnoennm nnmnuecxne
nponecct nunocrn |no: 7, 48|. V rem ne menee ncceonnx no crnprnsnnn
npoexrnntx meronx neoxonmt, rx xx es nnx srpynnretn onenx nnocrn n
nexnocrn nocennx. nnsnpyx omnpnym n ectm npornopeunym nreprypy,
moxno sxmunrt, uro corcno rpnnnonntm cnocom onenxn npoexrnnte meronxn
nmemr cpenne noxsren nnocrn n nexnocrn |10; 49; 78|. oont to moxer
oxcnxrtcx onxo n rem, uro xpnrepnn nnocrn n nexnocrn, pspornnte x
rpnnnonntx recro, oome ne npnmennmt nnom cyue. Vunrtx norpenocrn
npxrnxn, rxxe renennnn psnrnx ncceoretcxoro nncrpymenrpnx copemenno
ncnxoornn, moxno, nonnmomy, npornosnport nocrenennoe cnxenne npoexrnntx
meronx c recrmn. or +rom nnpennn, ecn on yer tnonxrtcx comecrno
xn]nnnponntmn xnnnuecxnmn ncnxoormn n cnennncrmn ncnxomerpnxe, no-
sonr pcmnpnrt c]epy npmenennx npoexrnntx meronx n ceer nx ocroxnnem
mnpoxoro xpyr ncceoree.
II
cropnx psnrnx n oocnonnx npoexrnnoro mero
poexrnnte meronxn nxoxr npnmenenne ceuc o mnornx ocrxx ome n
npnxno ncnxoornn. mecre c rem onpoc o nx reopernuecxo oocnonnocrn o cnx
nop ocrercx ncxyccnonntm |8; 9; 15; 23; 27; 32|. nrepec x npoexrnno reopnn n
merooornn, xx n nocrnox npoemt oocnonnx npoexrnnoro +xcnepnmenrnponnx,
oxcnxercx ncropne psnrnx npoexrnno rexnnxn. eronxn cosnct psnoe
pemx, n nporxxennn nourn nxrnecxrn er, npnuem onn uncro +mnnpnuecxnm nyrem,
pyrne n ocnoe omencnxoornuecxnx nn ucrntx xonnennn. pome roro, nx
osnnxnoenne to cxsno c norpenocrxmn cyryo xnnnuecxo ncnxoornn, r. e.
oreuo ootno ysxomy xpyry su nrnocrnxn esnrnponno nunocrn. o
pemenem, onxo, meronxn nunnmr ncnotsortcx oee mnpoxo xx cpecr
nrnocrnxn npexe cero nnnnytntx ocoennocre nunocrn. xx
nepeopnenrnponnocrt, pcmnpenne c]ept npnmenennx npoexrnntx meronx c
neoxonmocrtm noex s coo nponecc nx reopernuecxo n merooornuecxo
pe]excnn: noncx nnoee omnx npnnnnno n nonxrn, nns xreropntno cncremt c
netm oxsretcr ee nyrpenne nenpornopeunocrn n r. . emenne +rnx su n
cocrxer coepxnne ncceonn, nnpenntx n oocnonne npoexrnnoro mero.
croxmx r nocxmen xpnrnuecxomy nnsy oocnonn, cymecrymmnx
spyexno nreprype. xnenrnponne merooornuecxoro cnexr npn nsoxennn
xonxpernoro mrepn nponxrono pxom coopxenn. o-neptx, xn]nnnponnoe
oenne ro nn nno meronxo neorenmo or xpnrnuecxoro ocosnnnx ee
reopernuecxo ocnot; o-roptx, npn snmcronnn ns pcen spyexno ncnxoornn
meronx nunocrno nrnocrnxn neosmoxen nx romrnuecxn nepenoc cncremy
nonxrn oreuecrenno ncnxoornn.
poexrnnt mero ]opmnpocx n cem nporxxennn psnrnx npoexrnno rexnnxn,
uro cro npnunno mnoxecrennocrn ero oocnonn psnuntx ncnxoornuecxnx
cncremx. oxno roopnrt o rpex ncrounnxx npoexrnnoro mero: xoncrnuecxo
ncnxoornn, ncnxonnse n +xcnepnmenrtntx ncceonnxx New Look
2
.
eopernuecxn oocnotrt nmeer cmtc nmenno mero, nocxotxy npnucrnocrt x
reopnn oretno meronxn menee ouenn.
2
ocxotxy +xcnepnmenrt New Look nnrepnpernponct yxe ncnxonns, onn yyr
nsoxent 2.
s xreropntnoro nnpr +rnx nnpenn npoexrnnx ncnxoornx snmcro
con ocnonte nonxrnx, no nx nxnnem cxtnct omne npnnnnnt npoexrnnoro
ncceonnx n ucrnte cxemt nns pesytrro. mecre c rem +ro oycono n
onpeeennt merooornuecxn +xexrnnnsm npoexrnno ncnxoornn, neocrrounym
uerxocrt, npnnsnretnocrt mnornx ee nocryro. et noceymmero nsoxennx xx ps
n cocronr rom, urot txnrt x yxsnntx ncnxoornuecxnx nnpenn
]opmnponne nonxrnno cncremt npoexrnnoro mero.
1. u

xst npoexrnno ncnxoornn c nexmn . enn, . nopr ne ps nouepxnct

spyexntmn ncceorexmn |34; 69|. ucrnocrn, on tcryner ceymmnx
nooxennxx npoexrnno ncnxoornn:
1. eocrnocrt nunocrn xx ennoro 'oprnnsm, snmocxsnnocrt oretntx ee
'ucre (]ynxnn), nx erepmnnnponnocrt 'nunocrntm xonrexcrom.
2. nncro nunocrn n conntno cpet, nx nepsptnocrt n nocroxnnoe sn-
moecrne.
3. pemer npoexrnnoro ncceonnx ne oexrnnte ornomennx nunocrt
cpe, nx cyexrnnx xonnenrynsnnx nnnnom.
4. nunocrt +ro cmoperynpymmxcx cncrem, net xoropo oprnnsnnx
cyexrnnoro ontr coorercrnn c nrnntmn sumn.
5. nunocrt +ro ynnxtnx cncrem nosnretntx nponecco, norpenocre, uepr n
cnocoo nrnnn, opsymmnx ee nnnnytnt crnt.
nosnnn xoncrnuecxo ncnxoornn npoexrnnt mero +ro cpecro nsyuennx nyre n
cnocoo oprnnsnnn nnnnom coero ]nsnuecxoro n conntnoro ontr, cyexrnntx
npecrenn o cee n coem conntnom oxpyxennn. nepte +r roux spennx t
c]opmynpon . penxom 19391948 rr. coe xonnennnn penx ncxonr ns resnc
o nepsptnocrn n nocroxnnom snmoecrnn nunocrn n cpet. x xe xx mo
oprnnsm noromer ns nemnero mnp emecr, neoxonmte x coe xnsneexret-
nocrn, n npepmer nx srem cocrennym cycrnnnm, rx n nunocrt 'noromer
nemnne crnmyt n pernpyer n nnx corcno cocrennomy 'nunomy mnpy (private
world). nunocrt xx nnmnuecxn nponecc ecrt nocroxnnx xrnnocrt cosnnn,
noepxnnn n smnre coero 'nunoro mnp. 'nunt mnp +ro nonocrtm
cyexrnnx cncrem mnenn, eponn, ne, xenn n norpenocre nnnn,
xoropte opnenrnpymr ero noeenne o nemnem mnpe n xoroptmn onpeexmrcx ero
ocnpnxrnx. 'nunt mnp npecrxer coo ycrounym xon]nrypnnm ]]exrnntx
pexnn n conntntx ycrnoox, xoropx nrercx nnnnom n ce xnsnennte
cnrynnn, npnx nenoropnmocrt, ynnxtnocrt cemy ero noeennm ( mnpoxom
cmtce co). Vnnxtnocrt nunocrn, corcno penxy, ncxmuer ee nsyuenne nyrem
txennx nexoroptx omnx sxonomepnocre n nx conocrennx co 'cpene nunocrtm.
u ncnxoor cocronr rom, urot nponnxnyrt o nyrpennn mnp xonxperno
nunocrn (neorp]nuecxn noxo no . nopry). 3ro nen n cyxr npoexrnnte
meronxn; onn, noono -yum nn xnnonpoexropy, nosoxmr onpyxnrt 'nunt mnp
ncntryemoro.
orcno npnnnnny nsomop]nsm, snmoecrne nnnn c oxpyxmmnm mnpom,
rxxe nponecc opsonnx n ]ynxnnonnponnx 'nunoro mnp moxer trt onncn
enno repmnnoornn xx crpyxrypnponne 'xnsnennoro npocrpncr. uem menee xecrxo
ono o]opmeno, uem otme ero neonpeeennocrt, rem otme crenenn ero
crpyxrypnponne erepmnnnpono nnnnytntmn ocoennocrxmn nunocrn. ennocrt
n rnoe nsnuenne npoexrnntx meronx txenne npncymnx nunocrn cnocoo
crpyxrypnponnx ee 'xnsnennoro npocrpncr, ee cyexrnnoro nyrpennero mnp.
oxo penx npnexer nnmnne npexe cero xx nepx nontrx merooornuecxo
pe]excnn npoexrnno rexnnxn. mecre c rem nem neocrrouno npecren cocrenno
coepxretnt nns mexnnsm npoexnnn n roro nponecc, nocpecrom xoroporo
ocrnrercx nsomop]nsm 'nemnero n 'nyrpennero mnp. cn npnnxrt npnnnnn
nsomop]nsm s ncxonoe, xx +ro eer penx, ro ceoo t cxxym exretnocrt
ueoex cunrrt npoexrnno. oneuno, c +rnm moxno to t corcnrtcx, ecn
pccmrpnrt exretnocrt xx +xcrepnopnsnnm 'cymnocrntx cn ueoex (pxc) nn
xx tpxenne 'npncrpcrnoro (eonrte) xpxrep orpxennx. nxo penx orpnn-
unercx ]opmtntmn onpeeennxmn, uro snunretno crenenn cnnxer nennocrt
npeoxennoro nm oocnonnx npoexrnnoro mero. x noceymmero nsoxennx xno
nouepxnyrt sect rpn momenr:
npoexrnnt mero nonnmercx nm xx cnoco nsyuennx nnnnytntx npoxenn
nunocrn; npoexrnnte meronxn cxptmr ne oexrnnte petno cymecrymmne
xuecr nunocrn n ee ornomennx c nemnnm mnpom, ro, xx onn ocnpnnnmmrcx cmo
nunocrtm; n, nxonen, npoexrnnocrt erepmnnnpon neonpeeennocrtm crnmytnoro
mrepn meronx. 3rn nooxennx npecrxmrcx ocoenno xntmn x nonnmnnx
ocnontx npnnnnno npoexrnnoro mero; x nx ocyxennm mt yem ospmrtcx n
tnemem.
o omemy npnsnnnm, xoncrnuecxx ncnxoornx oxs snunretnoe nxnne n reopnm
n merooornm npoexrnnoro ncceonnx. nxo, necomnenno, oee snunretntm
xncx x ncnxonns, rx uro nocenn moxer cunrrtcx rntm reopernuecxnm
ncrounnxom npoexrnnoro mero. cnonte xreropnn nns n nnrepnpernnn
npoexrnnoro mrepn rxne, xx 'xon]nxr, ']pycrpnnx, 'smnr n mnorne pyrne
nepte tn eent n ertno pspornt pyce ncnxonns. ero reopnxx mt
nxonm rxxe nnoee ]ynmenrtnoe psnrne npoexrnno merooornn n cmoro
npnnnnn npoexnnn. +ro cxsn ocrnonmcx n rex nooxennxx ncnxonns, xccn-
uecxoro n rx nstemo ncnxoornn '3ro, xoropte ro nn nno mepe oxnoxn
cosree npoexrnno rexnnxn n ]opmnpon ee nonxrnnt nnpr.
2, u


x nsecrno, 3. pe psnu nepnunte ncnxnuecxne nponecct oopxenne,
cnonennx, rpest n ropnunte mtmenne, ocnpnxrne n p. epnunte nponecct
mornnpont, recno cxsnt c ]]exrom; nnx nxoxr coe tpxenne rynnnte
eccosnretnte renennnn nunocrn; perynpyer n ynpxer +rnmn nponeccmn rx
nstemt 'npnnnnn yootcrnx. erepmnnnponnte nm nponecct ne snmr
conntntx n xytrypntx snpero, cosnretntx nee; nnx nponcxonr
nenocpecrennx pspxx +neprnn nnosntx euenn. nx npnpo y ropnuntx
nponecco: nnx petnt mnp orpxercx oee 'oexrnno n xx t nesncnmo or
]]exrnnoro ornomennx nnnn.
moro pe, ocoenno pnnn nepno ]opmnponnx reopnn ncnxonns,
nnrepecon nepnunte nponecct. ucrnocrn, oopxenne n mx pyrx ropuecxx
exretnocrt pccmrpnnct xx cmotpxenne nunocrn n npexe cero ee
nepensyemtx eccosnretntx norpenocre n morno. nrsnx tnonx, rxnm
opsom, ]ynxnnn oxxoro po: on xomnencnpo neyroennte xennx nx
rmnnnropntm yoeropennem n onopemenno, ropx nx 'oexrnnnn
npoyxrx ropuecr 'ounm, cos xrpsnuecxn +]]exr. o-nnmomy, +rn nen
pnnero ncnxonns oxsn cmoe nenocpecrennoe nxnne n nonnmnne npnpot n
su npoexrnnoro ncceonnx. o cxxom cyue xxercx necyuntm, uro nmenno
nepno pcner ncnxonns . opmx onpyxner cxst mexy ]nrsne n
rynnntmn npoxennxmn nunocrn. me oee neycmtcenn nosnnnx . eppex,
nemero net txennn neocosnemtx (renrntx) norpenocre n
xon]nxro. eppe, ceoretno, oroxecrx nponecc ocnpnxrnx neonpeeenntx
nsopxenn c ]nrsnponnem ero ]peocxom nonnmnnn, ns uero, ucrnocrn,
ceoo, uro coepxnne nnepnennnn nxonrcx npxmo nponopnnontno sncnmocrn
or cnt omnnnpymme norpenocrn.
netm +xcnepnmenrtno npoepxn +ro rnnorest croponnnxmn 'yrncrnuecxo
xonnennnn ocnpnxrnx t npoeen cnenntnt nnx ncceonn |62; 64; 75|.
xuecre +xcnepnmenrtno moen ncnotsoct nrnocrnx nnmeo
norpenocrn n psntx +rnx ee enpnnnn'. esytrrt nosonn c]opmynport px
nooxenn ornocnretno nnmnxn tpxennocrn ]pycrpnpyemo norpenocrn
npoexrnno npoyxnnn. o-neptx, to noxsno, uro ncntryemte o et mr
snunretno otme 'nnmetx orero, uem noce et, n, ceoretno, moxno cert
to o nenocpecrenno sncnmocrn mexy cno norpenocrn n ee npoexrnntm
tpxennem. nxo noceymmne ncceonnx yrounnn +ro nooxenne: oxsoct, uro
noce cyrounoro nepno roonnx xonuecro 'nnmetx orero yxe ne ospcro,
ymentmoct, uro cneretcroo o memretcre cnenntnoro mexnnsm xonrpox,
pormmero nporn tpxennx norpenocrn. nornunte pesytrrt noyunn n pyrne
ropt. . enn n ero corpynnxn npenooxnn, uro ospcrnne 'nnmetx orero
npecrxer ]ynxnnonnponne 'nepnunoro nponecc, nx ymentmenne noxster
ecrne 'ropnunoro nponecc, opnenrnponnoro n petnocrt, nponecc, xoropt
noxer ]nrsnn, cxsnnte c eo, xor onn crnoxrcx upesmepno nnrencnntmn n
norennntno pspymmmnmn.
rx, n pnnnx +rnx coero psnrnx npoexrnnt mero cxstcx c nee
'nepnuntx nponecco n nx cnmonuecxoro yoeropennx npoyxrx ]nrsnn |65|.
3xcnepnmenrtnx npoepx +ro rnnorest mexy rem neonosnunte pesytrrt;
neoxcnenntm ocrcx ]xr ymentmennx nnepnenrnntx orero c yenuennem
pemenn enpnnnn. nxo +rn nnte ne morn trt exrno nnrepnpernpont
pmxx xonnennnn nepnuntx nponecco. eoo npenooxnrt nnoe, nmenno, uro
ocnpnxrne neonpeeenntx nsopxenn xrnnsnpyer ne crotxo coonym ]nrsnm
ncntryemoro, cxotxo ero nosnretnte (ropnunte) nponecct, n, ceoretno, cyt
norpenocrn yer onpeexrtcx ne 'npnnnnnom yootcrnx, 'npnnnnnom petnocrn.
nue roopx, oxn nponcxonrt 'sepxx nenocpecrennom yoeropennn
norpenocrn cny oeuennocrn mexnnsmo smnrt n xonrpox.
epmnnt 'ncnxoornuecxx smnr, 'xonrpot ncnotsonct yxe 3. peom,
onxo com nonyxpnocrt npoexrnno ncnxoornn onn noyunn ropx psnrnm
notx nnpenn pensonnoro ncnxonns n +xcnepnmenrtntx ncceonn,
noyunmnx nsnne 'New Look. nnmn cxsn ceymmn +rn ]opmnponnn
xonnenrytnoro nnpr npoexrnno merooornn, rxxe n cmo npxrnxn
npoexrnnoro ncceonnx |57; 71; 72; 77 n p.|. menno no+romy neecoopsno
nnomnnrt coepxnne +rnx nonxrn, npouno omemnx copemennym ncnxoornm.
ocrnox npoemt ncnxoornuecxo smnrt npnnexnr 3. pey, n neponutnx
ee psporx cxsn c nsyuennem mermop]ost nnosntx euenn n renes
nepornuecxnx cnmnromo. ero pnne xonnenrytno cxeme (cosnretnoe
npecosnretnoe eccosnretnoe) mexnnsmt smnrt tcrynn xx cpecr
pspemennx xon]nxr mexy cosnnnem n eccosnretntm, xx cnocot
'xnnsnponnx +neprnn nno conntno npnememte ]opmt exretnocrn. nxo
nunnx c 20-x roo, cxsn co ce ospcrmmnm nnrepecom x conntntm erepmnnnrm
nunocrn, pe otmoe nnmnne yexer nsyuennm 'npnnnnn petnocrn, ero pon
xoe psnrnx nunocrn n ee npncnocoennx x conntnomy oxpyxennm |29; 30; 31|. cxox
ns pspornno nm ro pemx crpyxrypt nunocrn (', '3ro, 'cynep-3ro), ncnxoo-
rnuecxx smnr pccmrpnercx xx ocnonx ]ynxnnx '3ro, oreummx nexm
nnrerpnnn n nrnnn. epe nnom petnocrn, xor yoeropenne rpeonn '
osmoxno exo ne cer, '3ro nycxer xo cnenntnte mexnnsmt 'sepxxn
euenn trecnenne, cynmnnm n r. . Vrpos neocrnocrn nunocrn moxer ncxonrt
rxxe ns nncrnnnn 'cynep-3ro, npecrxmme coo cncremy nnrepnopnsonntx nopm
n snpero. onxrno, uro '3ro npnxonrcx trt otmnm nnomrom, no ocrpoymnomy
tpxennm onoro ns ncceoree, yoeropxx n yxpomx yx rocno onopemenno.
ouepxnem, uro, no pey, smnrnte mexnnsmt poxennt, snycxmrcx
+xcrpemtntx cnrynnxx n tnonxmr ]ynxnnm 'cnxrnx nyrpennero xon]nxr. pyrnx
xonnennnxx npnpo n ]ynxnnn ncnxoornuecxo smnrt rpxrymrcx necxotxo nnue.
orcno . pe, '3ro npecrxer coo ne crotxo poxennym, cxotxo
psnmmymcx xoe xnsnn peenx crpyxrypy. ncnocrt, rposxmx '3ro (norepx
neocrnocrn), ner xx co cropont nncrnnxrnntx euenn, rx n ns nemnero mnp.
+rnx yconxx nponecc psnrnx '3ro sxmuercx npnoperennn ce oee coepmenntx
cnocoo smnrt or nemnnx n nyrpennnx xon]nxro. em cmtm cnnxercx o rpnnn
roepnrnocrn ypoent rpeoxnocrn, ncueser cyexrnnoe uycro ncxom]opr,
npenxrcrymmne nponeccy nrnnn. oee 'ronxnm mexnnsmm smnrt coorercryer
otmx speocrt nunocrn n oee +]]exrnnx ee nrnnx. exnnsmt smnrt ]opmn-
pymrcx nepno ercr; nx nnnnytnt nop sncnr or mnornx ]xropo
nyrpncemeno cnrynnn, ornomenn peenx c ponrexmn, ucrnocrn, emoncr-
pnpyemtx nmn nrrepno smnrnoro pernponnx n, xoneuno, or rex xonxperntx
ocroxretcr xnsnn, c xoroptmn peenox crpeuercx |50|.
xnm opsom, . pe nocnr cymecrennte xoppexrnt npemecrymmym
xonnennnm: o-neptx, xnenrnpyercx pot mexnnsmo smnrt pspemennn nemnnx, r.
e. connorenntx xon]nxro; o-roptx, mexnnsmt smnrt pccmrpnmrcx xx npoyxrt
psnrnx n nyuennx; -rpertnx, yxstercx, uro nop smnrntx mexnnsmo
nnnnyen n xpxrepnsyer ypoent nrnponnocrn nunocrn.
opemennt ncnxonns ncunrter ctme nrn no smnrntx mexnnsmo,
psnummnxcx no crenenn +]]exrnnocrn, speocrn, rxxe sncnmocrn or oxnsnnn
xon]nxr: c]epe euenn', moptntx ycrnoox nn nemne petnocrn |40; 58; 66;
79|. nm xprxoe onncnne rex ns nnx, nrnocrnx xoroptx osmoxn npoexrnntmn
recrmn.
trecnenne nnoee ynnepctnoe cpecro nsexnnx nyrpennero xon]nxr. ro
net ycrpnenne ns cosnnnx conntno nenpnememtx euenn. nxo trecnennte n
noennte, euennx mr o cee snrt nepornuecxnx n ncnxocomrnuecxnx cnmnromx,
nnpnmep ]onxx n xonepcnxx, rxxe 'ncnxonroornn otenno xnsnn
omoxx, onncxx, neoxnx nxennxx n mmope. trecnenne cunrercx nnoee
npnmnrnntm n mo+]]exrnntm cpecrom smnrt, rx xx, o-neptx, trecnennoe
coepxnne ncnxnxn ce-rxn npoptercx cosnnne n, o-roptx, nepspemennt
xon]nxr onpyxner cex tcoxnm yponem rpeoxnocrn n uycrom ncxom]opr.
trecnenne xpxrepnsyer nn]nrntnocrt, nespeocrt nunocrn; ume cero crpeuercx y
ere n ncreponntx nepornxo.
rpnnnne petnocrn ucrnt cyu trecnennx: '3ro oreprer cymecronne
cnrynn, necymnx rpeory nn smenxer nx xomnencropno n oopxemte, nnpnmep
ercrom rpest.
exrnnoe opsonne smen '3ro nenpnememtx renennn n npxmo
npornonooxnte. npnmep, npeyenuennx mot peenx x onomy ns ponree
moxer trt npeopsonnem conntno neonycrnmoro uycr nenncrn x nemy.
erpeccnx rx xe, xx n trecnenne, mexnnsm ynnepctnoro ecrnx, +ro ospr
n oee pnnmm crnm psnrnx nn x oee npnmnrnntm ]opmm noeennx,
mtmennx. npnmep, ncrepnuecxne pexnnn rnn port, cocnnx ntne, ercxoro ener,
nsnmnxx cenrnmenrtnocrt, npenourenne 'pomnrnuecxo mn n nrnopnponne
cexcytntx ornomenn y spocoro ueoex n r. . 3ror mexnnsm nycxercx xo, xor
'3ro ne cocroxnnn npnnxrt petnocrt rxo, xxx on ecrt, nn nunocrt ne
cocroxnnn cnpnrtcx c rpeonnxmn 'cynep-3ro, nn rm, re pyrne smnrnte
mexnnsmt ne +]]exrnnt. erpeccnx, rx xe xx opsonne pexnnn, xpxrepnsyer
nn]nrntnym, xx npno, nepornuecxym nunocrt.
oee speoe '3ro tprter oee cnenn]nuecxne n ntmncnponnte mexnnsmt
smnrt. roopnmcx, uro ne cymecryer enno xccn]nxnnn mexnnsmo smnrt no
xpnrepnm speocrn '3ro.
soxnnx oreenne ]]exr or nnreexr; nenpnxrnte +monnn oxnpymrcx, rx uro
cxst mexy xxnm-ro cotrnem nn mtcnretntm coepxnnem n ero +monnontno
oxpcxo cosnnnn ne tcryner. o coe ]enomenoornn +ror n smnrt nnomnner
nsecrnt ncnxnrpm 'cnnpom oruyxennx, x xoroporo xpxrepno uycro yrprt
+monnontno cxsn c pyrnmn mtmn, pnee snunmtmn cotrnxmn nn cocrenntmn
nepexnnnxmn, xorx nx petnocrt n ocosnercx.
enrn]nxnnx smnr or oexr, tstmmero crpx, nyrem ynooennx emy. x,
mtunx eccosnretno crpercx noxonrt n orn n rem cmtm scyxnrt ero mot n
yxenne. ropx nenrn]nxnnn ocrnrercx rxxe cnmonuecxoe onne
xeemtm, no neocxremtm oexrom (3nno xomnexc). pcmnpnretnom roxonnn
nenrn]nxnnx neocosnemoe ceonne opsnm, nem, nosoxmmee npeooert
cocrennym cocrt n uycro nenononennocrn. unrercx, uro nenrn]nxnnx moxer
nponcxonrt c mtm oexrom pyrnm ueoexom, xnorntm, neoymeenntm
npemerom, nee n r. . stx orr nmcrpnnxmn noontx nenrn]nxnn: roopxr
'cnen xx tx, 'cronmt xx nent nn 'yronyrt uyxo yme, 'oxynyrtcx pory,
'uycrortcx, 'ymtrtcx, 'trt noromenntm uem-ro n r. .
nnonnsnnx nceopsymnoe oxcnenne ueoexom conx xenn, nocrynxo,
ecrnretnocrn tsnntx npnunnmn, npnsnnne xoroptx rposno t norepe
cmoyxennx. noee xpxne ]enoment pnnonnsnnn noyunn nsnnx 'xnct
nnorp n 'cxn nmon. ept nsecren no cne . . pto 'nc n
nnorp; smnr no rnny 'cxoro nmon nmeer coe netm ne crotxo
ncxpenrnnm neocxremoro oexr, cxotxo npeyenuenne nennocrn nmemmerocx
nnt momenr, no nsecrnomy npnnnnny 'yume cnnnn pyxe, uem xypt nee.
ynmnnx smnr nocpecrom ecexcynsnnn neponutntx nmnytco n
npeopsonnx nx conntno-npnememte ]opmt xrnnocrn. npnmep, rpeccnnocrt
moxer cynmnportcx cnoprnntx nrpx, +pornsm pyxe, +xcnnnonnsm
npntuxe nocnrt xpxym, pocxym oexy n r. .
poexnnx npnnnctnne pyrnm mxm trecnenntx nepexnnn, uepr xpxrep.
mexnunocrntx ornomennxx nnor tcryner ne ]enomen 'xos ornymennx.
penorercx, uro x npoexnnn npepcnormr rxne ueprt xpxrep, xx
neoepunocrt, noospnretnocrt, ]nrnsm. ny ocooro mecr, xoropoe snnmer +ro
nonxrne oocnonnn npoexrnnoro mero, mt epnemcx x npoeme npoexnnn 4.
exnnsmt ncnxoornuecxo smnrt, nepeuncennte tme, xxmrcx, xx npno,
cpecrom pspemennx pemenno ecrymmero xon]nxr. nunocrt npnnnnne oer
ootno mnpoxnm ccoprnmenrom smnrntx mexnnsmo; ro xe pemx moxno roopnrt
o nnnnytno-rnnoornuecxnx psnunxx smnrnom pernponnn. 3ror momenr
ocoenno nouepxnercx reopnxx neo]pensm, re xonnennnx smnrntx mexnnsmo
recno cxsn c npoemo xpxrepoopsonnx, nunocrno rnnoorne.
esmmnpyx tmensoxennoe, oprnmcx x nonxrnm 'xon]nxr, nenrptnomy ne rotxo
ncnxonnrnuecxnx xonnennnxx smnrt, no n otmnncre cxem nns n
nnrepnpernnn npoexrnntx meronx. cnxonns ncxonr ns npornonocrennx
noornuecxoro n conntnoro nunocrn, com ouepet oycoennoro nsnutntm
nrronnsmom ueoex n omecr. pnnxrne +roro nocryr npnonr x ouent xntm
cecrnxm. pexe cero, psnumrcx n npornonocrxmrcx pyr pyry rx nstemte
yrncrnuecxne n connorennte norpenocrn nnnn, tsnnte x xnsnn rpeonnxmn
petnocrn, r. e. omecrenno exretnocrtm ueoex
3
. ocxotxy yoeropennm
yrncrnuecxnx norpenocre npornocronr omecro c ero conntntmn n xytrypntmn s-
npermn, cmo cymecronne ueoex npepmercx ecxoneunym nent pemenntx n
xponnuecxnx xon]nxro. e rotxo nncrnnxrnnte noornuecxne euennx ne moryr trt
pensont, no n rxne uncro ueoeuecxne norpenocrn, xx crpemenne x +monnontntm
xonrxrm c pyrnmn mtmn, norpenocrt renore, esoncnocrn, nexnocrn n r. .
pycrpnnx nocennx ocoenno oncn: neonoyunmn coen mept ren ueoex
psyuercx cm orrt reno. epexo cecrnem +roro xxmrcx connonrnuecxne nn
nepornuecxne nsmenennx xpxrep n noeennx, ]opmnpyercx smnrnt 'crnt xnsnn:
ueoex crnonrcx xoontm, xecroxnm, nnnnuntm. mecre c rem ns ynsm
noornuecxoro n conntnoro nunocrn trexer nocroxnnx esnnrerpnponnocrt n
opt 'nnsmnx n 'tcmnx morno, nncrnnxrnntx euenn ' n moptntx
rpeonn 'cynep-3ro, uro, com ouepet, rxxe nopoxer mnoroopsnte nyrpennne
xon]nxrt. x nxnnnn nocennx nunocrt onxrt-rxn tnyxen npnerrt x
nomomn smnrntx mexnnsmo, xx npno, nmt cmxrummnx rpmrnuecxoe
osecrne xon]nxr, no ne ycrpnxmmero ero npnunny. esytrr noncrnne rnrnnuecxnx
ycnn '3ro rem ne menee nnuroxen ueoex ce pno opeuen n nepos,
ncnxocomrnuecxne soennx nn connonrnn.
3
er nyxt roopnrt sect o merooornuecxo nenpomepnocrn noono nxoromnn.
s ]xr osmoxnoro neconennx norpenocre oretno nunocrn n omecr ne
ceyer npnsnnne nrronncrnuecxoro xpxrep nx snmoornomennn.
pnnnonno ncnotsyemte npoexrnno ncnxoornn nonxrnx 'ncnxoornuecxx smnr,
'xon]nxr oxstmrcx recno cxsnntmn c ocnontmn reopernuecxnmn n
merooornuecxnmn nooxennxmn ncnxonns
4
cny omnocrn noxo x nonnmnnm
cymnocrn cmoro oexr nsyuennx nunocrn n ee snmoornomenn c conntno
cpeo. nunocrt pccmrpnercx xx pen optt yx ]xropo noornuecxnx n
conntntx, eccosnretntx euenn n conntntx n xytrypntx rpeonn omecr.
omennt noprper rxo nunocrn nepornuecxx, nenpnnexmx cee nunocrt,
nxoxmxcx o crn nnxor ne pspememtx xon]nxro, oruyxennx ne rotxo or
pyrnx me, no n or coe cocrenno npnpot xomnytcnntm ecrnem eccos-
nretntx smnrntx mexnnsmo. eenne reopnm n npxrnxy npoexrnntx nc-
ceonn nonxrn 'smnr, 'xon]nxr nx ncnxonnrnuecxom nonnmnnn osnuo
npnnxrne n coorercrymme moen nunocrn. eyer ormernrt, onxo, uro nepno
coero ]opmnponnx xonnennnn ncnxoornuecxo smnrt ne txonn s npeet
xnnnuecxnx ]pencrcxnx n neo]pencrcxnx nnpenn; npoexrnno ncnxoorne onn
tn ccnmnnpont nosnee, ropx +xcnepnmenrtntm porm ocrn
ocnpnxrnx, nsecrntm no nsnnem New Look (ot srx)
5
. t ne ps ocemn
ncceonnx New Look nmnx nynxnnxx |20; 25; 26; 27|, no+romy sect xoporxo
ocrnonmcx nmt n ocnontx tox, nmemmnx nenocpecrennoe ornomenne x
npoeme ncnxoornuecxo smnrt.
4
xsnnoe ne osnuer, uro +rn nonxrnx ne moryr nmert nnoro (ne ncnxonnrnuecxoro)
coepxnnx. opomo nsecrnt ncceonnx . enn, xoroptx npnpo xon]nxr
tonrcx ns nnmnxn 'xsnnorpenocre n 'ptepo 'ncnxoornuecxom noe; no
cymecry, nm tn onncnt n psnunte nt ncnxoornuecxnx smnr xx cnocoo
'npeooennx nperp n 'txo ns nox |61|. oreuecrenno ncnxoornn reopernuecxo
psporxe npoemt xon]nxr n smnrt nocxment port . . ccnn, xoropt
nperer nnrepnpernport +rn nonxrnx repmnnx 'snumnx nepexnnn n
'ycrnoox |3, 4|. nxo poune cxemt nns n nnrepnpernnn npoexrnntx meronx
+rn nonxrnx xoxr, xx npno, coem rpnnnonno ncnxonnrnuecxom roxonnn
xx cpecr nxnnnn xon]nxr mexy rpeonnxmn ' (rpeccne n
cexcytnocrtm) n snpermn 'cepx-.
5
cxmuenne cocrxmr mnoroernne ncceonnx nnopr, B]ep n xn yxe
ncnxoornn '3ro, o xoroptx yer cxsno nnxe.
3. u H '

mnorouncenntx +xcnepnmenrx New Look to noxsno, uro ocnpnxrne
+monnontno snunmoro, no conntno-snpernoro mrepn ('co-'ry, cmxerntx
xprnn) yconxx rexnnuecxo srpynennocrn nponecc ero onosnnnx
(rxncrocxonnuecxoe npexenne, ncnotsonne 'mymo) moxer noeprrtcx
snunretntm ]yxrynnxm. 3ro xcercx xx nopor onosnnnx, rx n ocnpnnxroro
coepxnnx. x oxcnennx +rnx ]enomeno tnrct rnnores o rpex mexnnsmx
ceexrnnocrn ocnpnxrnx |42; 43|.
I. pnnnnn pesonnc crnmyt, peenrnte norpenocrxm, nennocrxm nunocrn
ocnpnnnmmrcx npntne n tcrpee, uem ne coorercrymmne nm.
II. pnnnnn smnrt crnmyt, npornopeumne oxnnnxm cyexr nn necymne
nn]opmnnm, norennntno pxenym '3ro, ysnmrcx xyxe n noeprmrcx otmemy
ncxxennm.
III. pnnnnn cencnntnocrn crnmyt, yrpoxmmne neocrnocrn nnnn, morymne
npnecrn x ceptesntm npymennxm ncnxnuecxom , ]ynxnnonnponnn, ysnmrcx tcrpee
cex npounx.
oce roro xx ono ns conx por pynep cnenntno nouepxny nsocrt
+xcnepnmenrtno cxemt, ncnotsyemo New Look npnrme npoexrnnoro ncceonnx,
3pnxcen n spyc onynxon nnte o ecrnn nepnenrnno smnrt n
cencnnnsnnn recrx opmx n |45; 46; 47; 59|. orcno rouxe spennx +rnx
ropo, onpyxennte nepnenrnnte ]enoment npecrxmr coo ucrnt cyu
ecrnx mexnnsmo ncnxoornuecxo smnrt, pnee onncnntx xnnnuecxnm
ncnxonnsom.
3xcnepnmenrtnte nnte noxsn cymecronne nnnnytntx psnun
pernponnn n crpeccorennt mrepn. x, moxno roopnrt o 'penpeccopx, mxx
ncreponnoro cx c trecnennem xuecre npenmymecrennoro rnn smnrt. x
noeenne xnsnn, xpxrep ornomenn c oxpyxmmnmn mtmn, nosnretnte
nponecct nmemr px omnx uepr: nsernne +monnontno nctmenntx cnrynn,
'stnne cotrn, cxsnntx c cocrenntmn neyumn, mnenrnte uycr x
ponrexm, cexcytntm npoemm n conntntm xennxm; x nnx xpxrepen tcoxn
ypoent rpeoxnocrn, pnrnnocrt mtmennx n ocnpnxrnx n r. . cntryemte c noontm
nopom nunocrntx ocoennocre ume cero n emoncrpnpymr ]enomen nepnenrnno
smnrt. no rnn noeennx ornuer me, cxonntx x nsoxnnn nn pnnonnsnnn.
xon]nxrntx cnrynnxx onn ne yxonxmrcx or crpeun c yrposo, nerpnsymr ee,
nnrepnpernpyx esoesnenntm x cex opsom; onn nnnnnrnnt ornomennxx co conm
conntntm oxpyxennem; moryr nonxrt n npnnxrt cex rxnmn, xxne onn ecrt n r. .
spyc, 3pnxcen n on noxsn, uro ncntryemte noono rnnoornn pntme pyrnx
onosnmr orpnnretno ]]exrorennte crnmyt, r. e. nycxmr xo mexnnsm
cencnntnocrn |60|.
ropx ncceonnxm New Look onpoc o osmoxnocrn npxmo nrnocrnxn
norpenocre no nntm npoexrnntx recro noyun coe oxonuretnoe pspemenne.
t oxsn cxst mexy coepxnnem norpenocrn, ee nnrencnnocrtm n npoexrnntm
tpxennem. xsoct, uro norpenocrn, ne necymne yrpost ', r. e. conntno
npnememte, no cny oexrnntx ocroxretcr ne nxoxmne yoeropennx
orxptrom noeennn, moryr nenocpecrenno (yrncrnuecxn) npoxxrtcx npoexrnno
npoyxnnn. nue ocronr eo c renrntmn norpenocrxmn, pspxx xoroptx
noeenne oxnpon nensopntmn nncrnnnxmn nunocrn; npoexrnntx recrx onn, xx
npno, onocpeymrcx mexnnsmmn smnrt. nornuntm opsom norpenocrt npxmo
orpxercx npoexrnno npoyxnnn o rex nop, nox yenuenne ee nnrencnnocrn nn
npnonr x crpeccy; upestuno cntnx norpenocrt tcryner nmt ro nn nno
smnrno ]opme |59|. 3xcnepnmenrt New Look cnococron rxxe nepeopnenrnpoxe
npoexrnntx ncceonn n nrnocrnxy smnrntx mexnnsmo n nx cnenn]nuecxnx
]opm rom nn nnom, recre |40; 71; 77|.
4050-x rr. x oocnonnx npoexrnnoro mero nunnmr npnexrtcx note
ncnxoornuecxne xreropnn, cpen xoroptx, ucrnocrn, moxno tenrt rxne, xx
'xonrpot n 'xornnrnnt crnt. eenne xonrexcr npoexrnno merooornn nonxrnx
'smnr osnuo nepenoc xnenr n 'ropnunte, nosnretnte nponecct '3ro. o
pmxx smnrno xonnennnn pernponnx ocroct nexcntm, xxnm xe opsom
ocrnrercx nrnnx x petnocrn, ecn nnnn ce-rxn opnenrnpyercx otme
crenenn ne n ee oexrnnte cocr, n cocrennte ]]exrnnte cocroxnnx.
eoxonmo to npenooxnrt, o-neptx, cymecronne nponecco, cyxmnx nexm
nrnnn, n, o-roptx, mexnnsmo, nocpecrom xoroptx +r nrnnx ocrnrercx.
eopernuecxn ]ynmenr ncceonn +rom nnpennn cocrnn nooxennx
prmn n nnopr o ']ynxnnxx '3ro, coontx or xon]nxr n mexnnsmx
xonrpox |53; 72|. orcno . nnopry, psnrne '3ro xpxrepnsyercx nponeccmn
oxxoro po: nporpeccnpymmnm ocooxennem xornnrnntx ]ynxnn or nxnnx
npnmnrnnoro ]]exr c ono cropont, n n]]epennnnne cmnx ]]exrnntx
crpyxryp, nx ronomnsnne or stntx euenn c pyro. pesytrre ne rotxo
+nmnnnpyercx ncxxmmee nxnne 'po n xon]nxro n nosnretnte nponecct,
xoropte, rxnm opsom, npeopsymrcx 8 ']ynxnnn '3ro coonte or xon]nxr,
no n osnnxmr oee coepmennte mexnnsmt nx peryxnnn. nnm ns rxnx mexnnsmo
xxercx xonrpot. onrpot nponsoen or stntx euenn, on xx t npoyxr nx
ropnuno 'sepxxn, n no ornomennm x nnm moxer pccmrpnrtcx xx mornnnonnx
crpyxryp tcmero nopxx. ro xe pemx xonrpot xxercx ]ynxnne '3ro n ero net
xnnsnponne +neprnn euenn coorercrnn c rpeonnxmn oexrnno
ecrnretnocrn. eoretno, xonrpot onocpeyer ornomennx nnnn c oxpy-
xmme cpeo rx, uro onopemenno yunrtmrcx norpenocrn cmo nunocrn n
oexrnnte cocr crnmyxnnn.
nnopr nouepxner, uro osnnxnoenne xoe nrnnn ']ynxnn '3ro
coontx or xon]nxr oce ne nopsymeer nx nono nsoxnnn or ]]exr,
rotxo osnuer nsmenenne crpyxrypt mornnnn n ]opm ee npoxennx. nne
merooornn, npn rxom nonnmnnn renes neppxnn morno cnnmercx
npornonocrenne xxot mornnponntx (nepnuntx) n nemornnponntx
(ropnuntx) nponecco.
x mexnnsm peryxnnn euenn xonrpot conocrnm c smnro; onxo, ecn smnr
nycxercx xo ncxmunretno cnrynnxx yrpost ', nnpnmep, npn onosnnnn
co-'ry nn xprnn conntno-nenpnememoro coepxnnx, xonrpot ecryer mtx
cnrynnxx, npn pemennn mtx nosnretntx su. mnr +ro nnnnytnt
noxo x pspemennm xon]nxr ]]exrnno-crpeccotx yconxx; xonrpot +ro
nnnnytnt noxo x pspemennm ]]exrnno-nerptno sun. x, x
+xcnepnmenrtno nrnocrnxn mexnnsmo xonrpox ncnotsonct sun n
nsytnym onenxy psmepo oexr, nn orpesxo, opnenrnnm npocrpncre n
nexoropte pyrne. tn txent rxxe nosnrnnte xoppexnnn mexy onpeeenntmn
nmn xonrpoe n mexnnsmmn smnrt |25; 51; 56; 82; 83|.
rnocnretno crntnt nrrepn mexnnsmo xonrpox, xpxrepnsymmn
nnnnytnt rnn nrnnn n nosnretno exretnocrn, opsyer xornnrnnt
crnt. mernm, uro nonxrne 'xornnrnnt crnt nexoropte ropt xmumr xx
nosnretnte, rx n mornnnonno-nunocrnte xomnonenrt. 3ro n nnnnytnx
crprernx pemennx nosnretntx su, no rxxe n ocoennocrn snmoornomennx
nunocrn c conntntm oxpyxennem, npncymn e cnoco peryxnnn cocrenno
]]exrnno xnsnn, cocr ee ' xonnennnn |82|.
syuenne mexnnsmo xonrpox n xornnrnnoro crnx nosono no-noomy onpeenrt
cnenn]nxy nponecco, erepmnnnpymmnx npoexrnnt orer, n, ucrnocrn, socrpnrt
nnmnne n ero sncnmocrn or nnnnytno crprernn nosnnnx cyexr |40; 44; 72|.
poexrnnx npoyxnnx cr pccmrpnrtcx xx pesytrr coxno nosnretno
exretnocrn, xoropo oenno cnxnt xx cocrenno xornnrnnte, rx n ]]exrnno-
mornnnonnte xomnonenrt nunocrn.
onnennnx xonrpox n xornnrnnoro crnx xn ne rotxo x nonnmnnx copemenno
npoexrnno merooornn; +rn nonxrnx omn cocrno ucrtm o mnorne
nnrepnperrnnte cncremt nns n nnrepnpernnn n notsymrcx nonyxpnocrtm y
npxrnuecxnx ncnxooro, ocoenno mepnxncxoro nnpennx (nnopr, B]ep,
on]ep, ex).
4.

npetymnx nprp]x ocemnct reopernuecxne n merooornuecxne ncrounnxn

npoexrnnoro mero: xoncrnuecxx ncnxoornx, xccnuecxn n pensonnt
ncnxonns n +xcnepnmenrtnte ncceonnx New Look. ontremcx npocenrt
nxnne nsnntx nnpenn n ]opmnponne ocnono onncretno n oxc-
nnretno xreropnn npoexrnnoro mero npoexnnn. rmernm, uro nooropnocrt
ncnotsonnx +roro nonxrnx nexx oocnonnx npoexrnnoro mero npecrxercx
ocrrouno ncxyccnonno no npnunnm, xoroptx mt xocnemcx nnxe.
x yxe roopnoct, npoexrnnym merooornm repmnn 'npoexnnx ome ropx
. penxy; onxo ero porx npoexnnx ]xrnuecxn t nmen xonxpernoro
ncnxoornuecxoro coepxnnx.
cnonte nooxennx ero xonnennnn morn pccmrpnrtcx nmt xx cmte omne
merooornuecxne npnnnnnt; su txennx cocrenno ncnxoornuecxnx
sxonomepnocre n mexnnsmo nyxct coem pspemennn. ecrnem +roro xnoct
opmenne ucrn ncceoree, opnenrnponntx rntm opsom ncnxonnrnuecxn x
xonnennnn npoexnnn 3. pe. nxo, xx ormeuercx pxom ropo |6; 19; 27; 39; 70|,
npn nontrxe oocnonnx npoexrnnoro mero n ocnoe ]peocxo xonnennnn
osnnxer px rpynocre, rnte ns xoroptx:
1) neocrrounx pspornnocrt, mnorosnunocrt repmnn 'npoexnnx ncnxonnse,
mnoroopsne onnctemtx xenn;
2) nmt ucrnunoe cxocro ]enomeno, oosnuemtx ncnxonnse +rnm repmnnom, c
nponeccmn, nmemmnmn mecro npoexrnnom ncceonnn;
3) psnune rnno npoexnnn psntx npoexrnntx recrx. crnonmcx n nnse
xxoro ns nepeuncenntx nynxro.
nepte repmnn 'npoexnnx ero ncnxoornuecxom snuennn t ncnotson 3.
peom x oxcnennx nroornuecxnx cnmnromo npnon 1896 r., srem npn
psope 'cyux Bpeep 1911 r. +rnx porx npoexnnx nonnmct xx npnnnctnne
pyrnm mxm conntno-nenpnememtx xenn, xoroptx ueoex xx t orxster
cm cee. +rom cyue npoexnnx pccmrpnct peom xx mexnnsm smnrt nporn
neocosnemtx conntntx euenn, ucrnocrn romocexcytnocrn, xoropx exnr
ocnoe peoopsonnx npn npnoe. nocecrnn t onncn rx nstemx
]onuecxx smnrnx npoexnnx tnecenne one, +xcrepnopnsnnx crpx, rpeorn,
ecrnretnocrn nmemmnx +norennym npnpoy |31|. porx noceymmnx er,
nxonen, npxy c xonnennne smnrno npoexnnn, xoxme cocr psnuntx
nroornuecxnx cocroxnn, pe onr nonxrne npoexnnn xx nopmtnoro
ncnxoornuecxoro nponecc, yucrymmero ]opmnponnn nmero ocnpnxrnx nemnero
mnp. poexnnx nnrepnpernpyercx nm xx nepnunt nponecc 'ynooennx oxpyxmme
petnocrn cocrennomy nyrpennemy mnpy |29; 30; 31|. xo mexnnsm, nnpnmep,
ercxoro n penrnosnomn]oornuecxoro mnpoocnpnxrnx.
xnm opsom, npoexnne pe nster cymecrenno ornummnxcx pyr or pyr
xennx, ocnoe xoroptx xxot exr nponecc cmosmnrt n nponecc 'ynooennx. x
oennxer neocosnemocrt rpnc]opmnn, xoroptm noeprmrcx ncxonte euennx
cosnnnn tcryner nmt npoyxr +rnx npeopsonn. o pemenem npoexnnx cr
crot pcxoxnm repmnnom, uro n]]epennnport ee or xenn nenrn]nxnnn, nepene-
cennx n nexoroptx pyrnx ncnxonnrnuecxnx ]enomeno cro upestuno rpyno |58|.
npnmep, roopxr o npoexnnn ncnxorepnernuecxo cnrynnn, xor n pu
'epenocxrcx uycr, pensnuennte pyromy nny; nstmr npoexnne coeopsnoe
oroxecrenne xyoxnnx co conm ropennem (. oep roopn: '3mm +ro x),
rxxe 'conepexnnne npn ocnpnxrnn xyoxecrenntx nponseenn; npoexnne
oxcnxmr cymecronne pcotx n +rnnuecxnx npepccyxo.
mpcren n pep |70|, xpnrnxyx mnorosnunocrt n, ceoretno, neocrrounym
pspornnocrt nonxrnx npoexnnn, npermr psnurt necxotxo no npoexnnn.
ccnuecxx smnrnx npoexnnx pe nxonr norepxenne o mnornx nmennxx.
rpnyrnnx npoexnnx npnnnctnne cocrenntx morno, uycr n nocrynxo pyrnm
mxm (no cmtcy nsx ]peocxomy 'ynooennm). yrncrnuecxx npoexnnx
erepmnnnponnocrt ocnpnxrnx norpenocrxmn ocnpnnnmmmero; x nmcrpnnn
+roro n npoexnnn ropt cctmrcx n +xcnepnmenrt New Look. nnontnx
npoexnnx ornuercx or xccnuecxo 'pnnontno mornnpoxo: nnpnmep, no nntm
onoro ns +xcnepnmenro, xor cryenrm npeoxnn tcxsrt con smeunnx o
crpyxrype yuenoro nponecc, oxsoct, uro n orcyrcrne ncnnnnnt xonct ornerte
nporytmnxn, neocrrouno xn]nxnne npenoree tn neootnt
oeunnxn. ect, rx xe xx cyue otuno pnnonnsnnn, mecro npnsnnnx
cocrenntx neocrrxo ncntryemte cxonnt tn npnnnctrt orercrennocrt s
cocrennte neyun nemnnm ocroxretcrm nn pyrnm mxm.
omc, noox nrorn mnoroernnx ncceonn, cunrer neoxonmtm tenrt
'nsmepennx npoexnnn |54|. epoe ns nnx ornocnrcx x romy, uro npoennpyercx: cyexr
ocnpnnnmer pyrom con cocrennte ueprt nn ueprt, emy cmomy ne npncymne.
ropoe nsmepenne ocosner n cyexr onne ro uepro, xoropx npoennpyercx, nn
ner. omnnnnx +rnx nsmepenn nosoxer xccn]nnnport ce nsecrnte nt
npoexnnn ceymmnm opsom.
ccn]nxnnx no npoexnnn no omcy
cosnnne cyxrom
npoennpyemo ueprt
nune y cyexr
npoennpyemo ueprt
rcyrcrne y cyexr
npoennpyemo ueprt
yexr ne ocosner
com uepry
nmnxrnnx npoexnnx poexnnx nrocc nn
ccnpt
yexr ocosner com
uepry
rpnyrnnx npoexnnx omnemenrpnx
npoexnnx
omc yrepxer, uro necmorpx n neonoxprnte nontrxn +xcnepnmenrtnoro nsyuennx,
npoexnnx neocosnemtx uepr ne moxer cunrrtcx oxsnno. cxox ns
ncnxonnrnuecxo xonnennnn, cnmnxrnnx npoexnnx tnonxer smnrnte ]ynxnnn,
npenxrcryx ocosnnnm roro ]xr, uro cyexr ecrnretnocrn oer xxo-ro
exeretno uepro. poexnnx, mer]opnuecxn nsnnx uecrt nrocc n
ccnpt, moxer pccmrpnrtcx xx pnnr smnrnoro mexnnsm 'pexrnnoe
opsonne. uro xcercx uepr, nnune xoroptx cyexr ocosner, ro nx nnrencnnoe
nsyuenne mo pyce npoemt mexnunocrnoro ocnpnxrnx. 3xcnepnmenrtnoe
norepxenne nxonr npexe cero rpnyrnnx npoexnnx npnnnctnne nmemmecx
y cyexr n ocosnemo nm ueprt. +rre cunr +ror n npoexnnn nnntm
ymosxmuennem, ocnonnom n neocrrxe ontr mn cxonnt ocnpnnnmrt pyrnx
no nornn c coo, npnnnctrt pyrnm re xe mtcn, uycr n xennx, xoropte nxoxr
cmnx cee. omnemenrpnx npoexnnx npenorer npoexnnm uepr, ononnretntx x
rem, xoroptmn cyexr oer ecrnretnocrn. npnmep, ecn ueoex omymer
crpx, ro on cxonen pyrnx ocnpnnnmrt xx yrpoxmmnx; +rom cyue npnnnctemx
uepr cyxnr npnunnntm oxcnennem cocrennoro cocroxnnx.
x coornocxrcx +rn nt npoexnnn c nponeccmn, nmemmnmn mecro npoexrnnom
ncceonnn? o +romy onpocy ne cymecryer enncr srxo. npnmep, eppe,
ynorpexx repmnn 'nenrn]nxnnx npnmennretno x , ]xrnuecxn nme ny
smnrnym npoexnnm pe; oroxecrxx cex c 'repoem, ncntryemt noyuer
osmoxnocrt neocosnnno npnnncrt emy cocrennte 'renrnte norpenocrn, mecre c
rem, xnnnuecxne n +xcnepnmenrtnte ncceonnx noxsn, uro coepxnne npoexnnn
ne conmo x conntntm renennnxm: oexrom npoexnnn moryr crrt mte
nooxnretnte nn orpnnretnte npoxennx nunocrn. o-nnmomy, cmo npoexrnnoe
noeenne xxercx nponsontm or mnornx ]xropo. ucrnocrn, oxsoct, uro xe
mnep +xcnepnmenrrop, nnynnpyemte nm uycr nxmr n ]]exrnnt snx remrn-
uecxnx pccxso: rpeccnnx ycrnox npnonr x ospcrnnm rpeccnntx, 'rem,
pyxemnx x npeonnm pexcnnonntx |39|. xnm opsom, neom smnrnym
xonnennnm npoexnnn nenpomepno pccmrpnrt xuecre npnnnnn oocnonnx
npoexrnnoro mero, xorx cm ]enomen smnrt moxer nmert mecro, ucrnocrn, ecn
cnrynnx +xcnepnmenr ocnpnnnmercx xx yrpoxmmx |59|. uro xcercx pyrnx no
npoexnnn, ro +xcnepnmenrtnoe nsyuenne nx npnmennretno x npoexrnntm recrm ne o
onosnuntx pesytrro. nxo otmnncro ropo, onnpxct n nem 3. pe o
'ynooennn, cunrmr osmoxntm npnexrt ]enoment rpnyrnno n yrncrnuecxo
npoexnnn x oxsretcr snunmocrn npoexrnno npoyxnnn. coxennm,
oocnonnxx noonoro po nepexo onncnne rex nn nntx xenn, nmmmnxcx
+xcnepnmenre, smenxer pcxptrne nx cocrenno ncnxoornuecxnx mexnnsmo. x ony ns
nontrox npeooennx xpnsnc oocnonnn npoexrnnoro mero moxno pccmrpnrt
orxs or nonxrnx npoexnnn xx oxcnnretno xreropnn; npnmepom rxoro noxo
xxercx xonnennnx nnepnenrnnoro ncxxennx . ex.
cxox ns nns ]peocxo xonnennnn npoexnnn, ex npnxonr x toy o
neexrnocrn ncnotsonnx +roro nonxrnx nexx oocnonnx npoexrnnoro mero,
rx xx ono ne cnocono onncrt n oxcnnrt nponecct, oyconmmne npoexrnnoe
noeenne; nocenee oxno trt pccmorpeno xonrexcre npoemt 'nunocrt n
ocnpnxrne |34|. cnoy xreropntno cncremt ex cocrxer nonxrne
'nnepnennnn, nonnmemo xx nponecc, nocpecrom xoroporo not ontr
ccnmnnpyercx n rpnc]opmnpyercx no osecrnem ceo npomtx ocnpnxrnn.
epmnn 'nnepnennnx nmeer npnnnnnntno nnoe coepxnne, uem reopnn eppex: on
yunrter npnpoy crnmytntx osecrn n onncter ne 'nepnunte nponecct,
cocrenno xornnrnnte.
sncnmocrn or crenenn neonpeeennocrn crnmy n +xcnepnmenrtno snno
nncrpyxnnn, ex, ncnotsyx repmnnoornm . nopr, psnuer nrnnoe,
npoexrnnoe n +xcnpeccnnoe nepnenrnnoe noeenne. nrnnoe noeenne mxcnmtno
erepmnnnpono xuecrmn crnmyxnnn; ocnpnxrne noonoro rnn xonennnontno, r.
e. osmoxno cxocro nepnennn onnx n rex xe oexro psntmn mtmn. npnmep, n
rnne 1 TAT ce mn otuno nxr mtunx co cxpnnxo, nntmn comn, 'mtunx co
cxpnnxo ocnpnxrne mxcnmtno nrnponnoe x crnmytno cnrynnn.
uem oee neonpeeenntm xxercx crnmy, rem oee smernt nnnnytnte
psnunx ero nnrepnpernnn, rem otme enunn nnepnenrnnoro ncxxennx
6
.
6
'nnepnenrnntm ncxxennem ex nster mte nnnnytnte orxonennx or
crnprno nnrepnpernnn crnmy.
npoexrnnom noeennn crenent nnepnenrnnoro ncxxennx onpeexercx xx
neonpeeennocrtm nepnenrnnoro mrepn, rx n nnnnytntmn ocoennocrxmn
ocnpnnnmmmero, com ouepet, sncxmnmn or ero ]]exrnnoro cocroxnnx n
mornnnn. npnmep, npn nnrepnpernnn rnnt 1 TAT onn ncntryemt moxer cunrrt,
uro 'mtunx rpycren, noromy uro emy noeo nrprt ns-no nxn, pyro uro
'ycrt, no cucrnt mtunx ortxer noce yunoro tcrynennx. poexrnnt
rnn noeennx nnoee uerxo nrnocrnpyercx nnrepnperrnntmn recrmn, ucrnocrn
.
3xcnpeccnnoe noeenne ornuno no coe npnpoe or nrnnoro nn npoexrnnoro.
no xpxrepnsyer ornocnretno crntnte ocoennocrn nnnnytnoro crnx
ncntryemoro, nnpnmep excnxy, peut, cnoco port c nepnenrnntm mrepnom.
nrnocrnpyercx ro nn nno mepe cemn npoexrnntmn meronxmn, no yume cero
recrom opmx n mnoxnnernuecxo meronxo np-n-onen.
ex texer uertpe ]opmt (crenenn) nnepnenrnnoro ncxxennx :
1. 3xcrepnnsnnx nonocrtm nn ucrnuno ocosnnnoe nerenne pccxs
cotrn cocrenno xnsnn; moxer onpyxnrtcx xx 'nncr ('o, et rouno rx xe
to n co mno!).
2. ensnrnsnnx notmennx nnepnenrnnx ocnpnnmunocrt x oexrm n
cotrnxm, coorercrymmnm xrytntm norpenocrxm n xon]nxrm (xx nsecrntx
noconnx: 'n ope mnx ropnr nn 'otnx coecrt cnrt ne er).
3. pocrx npoexnnx ncxxmmee nxnne ]]exrnntx cocroxnn npomoro
(+xcnexrnn) n ncroxmym nnepnennnm, nnpnmep, 'x nennxy ero, rx xx ymm, uro
y nero ecrt ocnonnx nennert menx.
4. prnx npoexnnx xpnn cyu ncxxennx, conmmn c smnrno npoexnne
pe.
epeuncennte ]opmt nnepnenrnnoro ncxxennx psnumrcx crenentm ocosnnnocrn
cmoro nponecc; ecn nepx xpxrepnsyercx ocosnnnocrtm nn 'npeocosnnnocrtm, ro
rpn noceymmnx nonocrtm neocosnemt. menno c +rnmn nponeccmn, corcno
exy, mt nmeem eo remrnuecxnx npoexrnntx recrx. mecre c rem nm moxno nrn
norn pxe +xcnepnmenrtntx ncceonn, rxxe 'ncnxonroornn otenno
xnsnn. npnmep, ncceonnx New Look cyxr npexpcno nmcrpnne ]enomen
censnrnsnnn. ]xrom npocro npoexnnn mt crxnemcx yxtno n xxom mry
(peenox, ypnmnct o ept, ter xyxom ee; nutnnx, npnx n pory ne yxe,
cunrer, uro npnunno ero ypnoro ncrpoennx nepnocrt nounnenntx n r. .).
eopnx ex xxercx ono ns nnoee nonyxpntx ncroxmee pemx ncn-
xoornuecxnx xonnenrynsnnn npnpoy n mexnnsm npoexrnnoro noeennx. ne
oruerno smern renennnx mnornx copemenntx oocnonn npoexrnnoro mero
nnrepnpernnx npoexrnntx ]enomeno n nx mexnnsmo xonrexcre noxo 'nunocrt n
ocnpnxrne. ecrnretno, x norepxennx coe xonnennnn ex ne ps
opmercx x +xcnepnmenrm 'ooro srx. xntm xxercx n ncnotsyemoe nm
psnuenne coepxretnoro ('uro) n ]opmtnoro ('xx) cnexro npoexrnnoro
noeennx. 3mnnpnuecxnm oocnonnem petnocrn cocymecronnx oonx cnexro
noeennx cyxr x ex ncceonnx nnnnytnoro xornnrnnoro crnx. xnm
opsom, nperemx x oocnonnx npoexrnnoro mero xonnennnx nnepnenrnnoro
ncxxennx npecrxer coo nontrxy cnnres oretntx nooxenn ncnxonns c
nexmn xoncrnuecxo ncnxoornn n 'ooro srx.
oox nrorn nnsy rx nstemo npoemt npoexnnn nreprype no npoexrnno
rexnnxe, smernm, uro mnorouncennte xonnennnn n xccn]nxnnn nmemr x ropo, xx
npno, reopernxo-merooornuecxoe snuenne. npxrnxe xe npnnxro psnurt
rnn npoexnnn coorercrenno ym xccm npoexrnntx meronx. x,
nnrepnperrnntx recrx npoennpyercx snunmoe coepxnne norpenocre, xon]nxro,
ycrnoox nunocrn. recrx n crpyxrypnponne orpxercx 'cxeer nunocrn; ne
crotxo xonxpernoe coepxnne ee nyrpennero mnp, cxotxo , ero ]opmtnx crpyxryp,
ro, xx ncntryemt ocnpnnnmer cex n coe conntnoe oxpyxenne |37|.
rx, uro xe npecrxer coo npoexrnnt mero?
ymercx, uro orer n +ror onpoc rt neosmoxno, ecn nnsnport rotxo
]opmtnte xpxrepncrnxn oretntx meronx, nocxotxy mero npenorer npexe
cero cnenn]nuecxoe nonnmnne coero oexr, cpecrom nosnnnx xoroporo on
tcryner. cxox ns +roro resnc, rotxo opmenne x reopnn nunocrn nosoxer
onpeenrt cnenn]nxy npoexrnnoro mero xx onoro ns cnocoo nosnnnx nunocrn.
nee to noxsno, uro npoexrnnx neoornx ]opmnpoct no nxnnem yx
nnpenn ncnxonns n xoncrnuecxo ncnxoornn. pmxx xxoro ns +rnx
nnpenn npoexrnnt mero pspemer ocote sun n ncnotsyer ocot copt
nonxrn. x, ncnxonnrnuecxnx reopnxx, re cymnocrt nunocrn pccmrpnercx xx
npoyxr npeopsonn nncrnnxrnntx euenn no osecrnem conntntx n
xytrypntx rpeonn cpet, npoexrnnt mero opnenrnpon n txenne nmenno +rnx
neocosnemtx renennn n nx ceosmoxntx rpnc]opmnn. exr npoexrnnoro
mero ryoxo xon]nxrnx esnrnponnx nunocrt; no+romy rxne nonxrnx, xx
euenne, xon]nxr, smnr nx ncnxonnrnuecxom nonnmnnn, cocrxmr ocnoy n-
ns n nnrepnpernnn npxrnuecxn mo meronxn
7
. eoretno, npoexrnnt mero,
ncnotsyemt cncreme ncnxonns, yer ort ceymmnmn ornunretntmn
ueprmn:
7memrcx ny xccnuecxne pnnrt npoexrnntx meronx.
1) nnpennocrtm n nrnocrnxy npnunn esnrnnn eccosnretntx euenn,
xon]nxro n cnocoo nx pspemennx (mexnnsmo smnrt);
2) rpxroxo cero noeennx, n npoexrnnoro ucrnocrn, xx npoxennx nnmnxn
eccosnretntx euenn;
3) npenoctx moro - npoexrnnoro ncceonnx neonpeeennocrt recrotx
ycon yer nnrepnpernportcx xx cnxrne ennx petnocrn, orcyrcrne xoroporo
nunocrt npoxnr ne xonennnontnte, xxot nyrpenne npncymne e cnocot
noeennx.
prnmcx renept x xonnennnn npoexrnnoro mero pmxx xoncrnuecxo
ncnxoornn. po nunocrn, no penxy, cocrxer cyexrnnt mnp xenn, mnenn,
ne n r. . snmoornomenne nunocrn n ee conntnoro oxpyxennx ecrt nponecc
crpyxrypnponnx 'xnsnennoro npocrpncr nexx cosnnx n noepxnnx 'nunoro
mnp. poexrnnt +xcnepnmenr moenpyer +rn ornomennx: ncntryemt nepe nnom
neonpeeenntx cnrynn noyuer cooy tope +emenro 'xnsnennoro
npocrpncr n cnocoo nx crpyxrypnponnx. poexrnnt mero tcryner, rxnm
opsom, xx cpecro nosnnnx coepxnnx n crpyxrypt 'nunoro mnp. x mt nnm,
pmxx xoncrnuecxo ncnxoornn npoexrnnt mero nmen oprooxctnocrn
ncnxonns, uro, ucrnocrn, nosoxer snunretno pcmnpnrt xpyr su, pememtx c
ero nomomtm. nept nn tnrercx nrnocrnx nnnnytntx ocoennocre
nunocrn n cnocoo ee nopmtno nrnnn.
eyer, onxo, smernrt, uro xonnennnn penx orcyrcryer cocrenno
ncnxoornuecxn nns rxnx nonxrn, xx 'crpyxrypnponne, 'nsomop]nsm, 'nunt
mnp n r. . x nesnonennocrt ncnxoornuecxnm coepxnnem n npne x romy, uro
oocnonne npoexrnnoro mero crn cxstrt c ncnxonnsom. x, resnc o
nsomop]nsme n crpyxrypnponnn pccmrpncx xx psnrne nen pe o
'ynooennn; cm xe 'nunt mnp concx x euennxm, xon]nxrm n mexnnsmm nx
peryxnnn. xnm opsom, noxo penx, ecn n yxster epnoe, n nm srx,
nnpenne reopernuecxnx ncceonn, rem ne menee ne moxer cunrrtcx pspornno
reopne npoexrnnoro mero.
5. H u
8
8
prp] nnncn comecrno c . . ronntm.
nns cymecrymmnx npoexrnntx meronx, ncropnn nx ncnotsonnx n oocnonnx
noxster, uro ocnoe ecrennocrn npoexrnnoro mero exnr no n ryoxo
nsyuennt ncnxoornuecxn ]xr ]xr npncrpcrnocrn ncnxnuecxoro orpxennx n,
ucrnocrn, ueoeuecxoro cosnnnx. cnxnuecxn ops ecrnretnocrn ne npocro
nxonrcx ornomennn noonx c ocnpnnnmemtm oexrom, rnx ocoennocrt cocronr
ero cyexrnnocrn: 'onxrne cyexrnnocrn xmuer cex nonxrne npncrpcrnocrn
cyexr |16|. 3ry xe nem oruerno tpsn . . ynnmren: 'osnnne +ro ne
rotxo orpxenne, no n ornomenne ueoex x oxpyxmmemy. ee: 'cxxn oome xr
nosnnnx mnp ecrt mecre c rem n eenne ecrne notx erepmnnnr nmero
noeennx. nponecce orpxennx xenn nemnero mnp nponcxonr n onpeeenne nx
snuennx x nnnn n rem cmtm ero ornomennx x nnm (ncnxoornuecxn +ro tpxercx
]opme crpemenn n uycr) |21, 158|.
onnmnne xrnnoro, npncrpcrnoro xpxrep cosnnnx eer ornmt ne ynnretntm
ror ]xr, uro, onnctx neonosnuno cemnrnuecxn onpeeennte nsopxennx nn
tnonxx ne crporo ropnrmnsnponnte snnx, ueoex npn +rom tpxer cex,
'npoennpyx xxne-ro snunmte x nero nepexnnnx n rem cmtm xxne-ro con
nunocrnte ocoennocrn. etsx, onxo, orpnnunrtcx rotxo xoncrrnne +roro
nooxennx, npecronr orernrt n onpoc. o-neptx, neoxonmo nonxrt, xxne
nmenno ocoennocrn nunocrn n ee nyrpennero mnp nxoxr coe tpxenne cnrynnn
npoexrnnoro +xcnepnmenr. o-roptx, nouemy nmenno cnrynnx npoexrnnoro
+xcnepnmenr oxstercx nnoee exrno x npoxennx +rnx nunocrntx
ocoennocre? rernrt n +rn onpoct, n nm srx, moxno onnpxct n reopnm
exretnocrn, pspornnym . . eonrtetm |16|, n ucrnocrn, n nonxrne
'nunocrnoro cmtc.
nunocrnt cmtc xxercx ono ns rntx opsymmnx ueoeuecxoro cosnnnx.
pmxx reopnn exretnocrn nunocrnt cmtc onpeexercx oxxo: no cnocoy coero
nponcxoxennx (coepxretno) n no ]opme cymecronnx cosnnnn (]ynxnnontno).
o coemy coepxnnm nunocrnt cmtc +ro 'onenx xnsnennoro snuennx x
cyexr oexrnntx ocroxretcr n ero ecrn +rnx ocroxretcrx |16, 150|.
mtc nen ecrnx n ecrnx neom rom, xxomy morny ono cyxnr,
yoeropennm xxo norpenocrn, onpemeuenno +rom morne, ono cnococryer.
ocroxretcr emr cxst morn n nen neonosnuno: o-neptx, morn ne cer
xxercx ocosnnntm, o-roptx, onomy n romy xe morny moryr coorercrort psnte
no conm coepxretntm n conntno-nopmrnntm xpxrepncrnxm ecrnx. xnm
opsom, n cmtc nen moxer trt neonosnuen. mtc ne cymecryer cosnnnn
roroom ne, xxercx npoyxrom nyrpenne xrnnocrn cyexr, c nomomtm xoropo
on onpeexer, xxomy morny cyxnr nnoe ecrne n ecrnretno n ono onrnmtno
c rouxn spennx ero coorercrnx morny n nopmrnntm rpeonnxm. m nponecc +ro
xrnnocrn ume cero ne xxercx cosnretntm n nponsotno perynpyemtm (s
ncxmuennem cyue cosnretno pe]excnn, psymn n xnsntm) n moxer npoxxrtcx
cosnnnn ]opme uycr, nnrepec, +monnn, 'snumero nepexnnnx.
x ceyer ns onpeeennx, cmtcom oer ne rotxo ecrne, net, no n
ocroxretcr, yconx, xoroptx coepmercx ecrne. o ornomennm x nen ecrnx
n uepes nero x morny moxno tenrt rnn ycon. exoropte yconx cnococrymr
coepmennm ecrnx, pyrne npenxrcrymr ero coepmennm, xxxct ptepmn n nyrn
exretnocrn. xnm opsom, texmrcx n psnuntx cmtc ycon exretnocrn
(ocroxretcr coepmennx ecrnx) cmtc ronpnxrcronnx coepmennm ecrnx
n cmtc npenxrcrnx ero coepmennm. ouepxnem, uro x yconxm nn ocroxretcrm
coepmennx exretnocrn ornocxrcx n conntnte yconx, n npexe cero pyrne mn c
nx cocrenntmn mornmn, nnrepecmn, ycrpemennxmn.
xne xe rnnt npenxrcrymmnx ycon n coorercrenno cmtco moryr trt
teent? 3romy onpocy to nocxmeno cnenntnoe ncceonne |28|. xxom
npenxrcrnn moxno tenrt cnexr oexrnnym ucrt npenxrcrnx, snnym
petntmn, nesncxmnmn or cyexr npnunnmn, n cyexrnnym, onpeeennym
ocoennocrxmn nmenno nnoro ueoex. exoropte npenxrcrnx nocxr npenmymecrenno
oexrnnt, pyrne npenmymecrenno cyexrnnt xpxrep. 3ro pseenne
orucrn coner c npeoxenntm . ennom psnuennem ptepo, npenxrcrymmnx
ecrnm, n ]nsnuecxn-reecnte n conntno-ornuecxne, r. e. nyrpennne |61|.
exrnnt xomnonenr npenxrcrnx nmeer nencnxoornuecxym npnpoy n nnrepecen nmt
ro mepe, xoropo oyconer npeptnne ecrnx, , ceoretno, neocrnxenne
(nn orcpouxy ocrnxennn) morn, r. e. nepexnnne coorercrymmero cmtc. txcne-
nne rxnx cnrynn c nomomtm npoexrnno rexnnxn ne npecrxer cnenntnoro
nnrepec, nocxotxy cyexr, xx npno, ocosner +rn oexrnnte ocroxretcr.
crecrenno, uro +ro ocroxretcro ne ymxer snuennx nn]opmnnn o rxom npenxrcrnn
x sxmuennx o npnpoe ncnxnuecxo rpmt, xoropx moxer ncrynnrt cecrne
ncntcrennoro npexpmennx ro nn nno exretnocrn. ncnxoornuecxo rouxn
spennx, otmn nnrepec npecrxmr cyexrnnte, nyrpennne npenxrcrnx. roxnercx
n ro nn nnoe ecrne c nyrpennnm npenxrcrnem sncnr or crpyxrypt nunocrn
nnoro ueoex. nnrepecymmem nc xonrexcre moxno tenrt uertpe otmnx xcc
nyrpennnx npenxrcrn, onpeexmmnx coorercrenno coepxretnte psnunx
nopoxemtx nmn cmtco. ept xcc npenxrcrn cocrxmr pyrne xon]nxrymmne
cmtct rex xe ocroxretcr. eo rom, uro ocroxretcr, conyrcrymmne pensnnn
roro nn nnoro ecrnx, moryr npenxrcrort pensnnn pyrnx ecrn,
coorercrymmnx ne menee snunmtm x ueoex mornm. x, nretnx
xomnnpox, xnx x pensnnn xxnx-ro npo]eccnontntx smtco, moxer
npnecrn x psyxe c nsxnmn, no+romy xx ocroxretcro, cnococrymmee pensnnn
onnx ecrn n coorercrymmero nm morn, on npnoperer n ropo, 'roptxn
cmtc psyxn. xnm opsom, yxe psnoopsne ornomenn, xoropte cryner ueo-
ex, mnoxecrennocrt morno n coorercrymmnx nm exretnocre nopoxer nyrpennne
npenxrcrnx n coorercrymmne xon]nxrnte cmtct.
ropo xcc npenxrcrn cocrxmr nunocrnte n xpxrepoornuecxne ueprt, rxxe
cyexrnnte npecrennx cmoro ueoex o nnx. x, ecn ocroxretcr rpeymr or
pemnretnoro, +neprnunoro n nerepnenoro ueoex npoxennx repnenocrn,
cxpynyesnocrn n npeycmorpnretnocrn, ro ero nunocrnte xpxrepncrnxn yyr nm
nepexnrtcx xx npenxrcrne x coepmennm coorercrymmero ecrnx, xorx cm on
yer, epoxrnee cero, npnnnctrt 'nperpnt cmtc ocroxretcrm, npnpoe +rnx
ocroxretcr. ncnxoornuecxo rouxn spennx, +ror cmtc onpeeen ocoennocrxmn
cyexr, ne oexr, rx xx x pyroro ueoex xxyprnoro, nenrnunoro n ne
cxonnoro x tcrptm pemennxm re xe ocroxretcr noxxyrcx cxopee oerummnmn,
uem npenxrcrymmnmn.
pern xcc nyrpennnx nperp cocrxmr tcmne nennocrnte opsonnx
nunocrn, ee net, nennocrnte opnenrnnn, nnrepnopnsonnte nopmt. x,
ocroxretcr, xoropte c nprmrnuecxo rouxn spennx mxcnmtno onrnmnsnpymr
ecrne, ro xe pemx moryr oxsrtcx necoorercrymmnmn (rounee, nx ncnotsonne)
rem nennocrntm opnenrnnxm, xoroptx npnepxnercx nnx nunocrt.
, nxonen, uereprt xcc nperp cocrxmr nerrnnte oxnnnx. nnm ornocxrcx
oxnnnx nerrnntx cnxnn, rom unce npocro neronpnxrnoe mnenne oxpyxmmnx,
oxnnnx neycnex coero ecrnx n r. . nocenem cyue nmeercx ny ne onenx
oexrnno epoxrnocrn neycnex, ro, uro spyexno ncnxoornn nstercx
npeonnem mornnnn nsernnx n mornnne ocrnxennx ueoex nyrmr
otme crenenn nocecrnx osmoxno neyun, nexen npnexmr cecrnx ycnex.
3rn oxnnnx, sncnmocrn or nx xonxpernoro xpxrep, npnoxr x psnoopsntm
cmtcm ocroxretcr xx nperp. cosnnnn +ro moxer nepexnrtcx xx 'oncnocrt
cnrynnn, 'cnrynnx, crxmx neoxoe nooxenne, n r. .
ccmorpnm, xxo ]opme cymecrymr cmtct x cyexr. , o cmo coe ]ynxnnn
cmtc eer ocrynntm cosnnnm cyexrnnoe snuenne rex nn nntx ocroxretcr n
ecrn, nnx coepmemtx. nxo ocrynnocrt cosnnnm ne osnuer, uro cmtc cer
ocosnn. oneuno, pxe cyue cmtc tcryner none xno ne cosnretnoro
coecnoro npecrennx o cmtce ecrnx nn ocroxretcr, 'tpxercx snuennxx.
pyrnx cyuxx cmtc ocymecrxer com ]ynxnnm nn]opmnponnx o cyexrnnom
snuennn ]opme nepexnnn nnrepec, xenn nn crpcrn, nnpxxennx, ropeun,
ont n r. ., r. e. +monnontno-uycrenno ]opme. +rom cyue cyexr cronr nepe
sue pe]excnn, no tpxennm . . eonrte sue n 'noncx cmtc. oxno
to t onrt, uro nnor cyexr eccosnretno ]opmynpyer n npornonooxnym
suy coxptrne cmtc, n npexe cero or cmoro cex. 3ro coxptrne cmtc n exnr s
onncnntmn peom smnrntmn mexnnsmmn. x oxcnennx pon +rnx smnrntx
mexnnsmo ornmt ner nyxt npnexrt nonxrnx xon]nxr mexy nncrnnnxmn '3ro
nn poxenntmn euennxmn. etnx xnsneexretnocrt cyexr, xoropo on
pensyer mnoxecro xntx x nero ornomenn, nensexno nopoxer xon]nxrnte
cnrynnn, emmne re nn nnte ocroxretcr ommnmn nperpntm cmtcom, n
exrnoe ocosnnne xoroporo y cyexr nnt momenr moxer n ne xrrt cn n
orrn.
xnm opsom, nen ueoeuecxnx ecrn moryr ort cmtcmn xx ornomennn
coorercrymmnx +rnm ecrnxm morno, rx n ornomennn exrnocrn,
onrnmtnocrn top nmenno nnoro ecrnx. mtc ecrnx ne n npnopn cyexry,
xxercx pesytrrom ncnxnuecxo xrnnocrn cyexr, pesytrrom exretnocrn ero
cosnnnx. croxretcr coepmennx ecrnx rxxe omr cmtcom, rounee
cmtcmn. notmn nnrepec npecrxmr re cmtct, xoropte onpyxnmr
nperpnt xpxrep ocroxretcr. snunte rnnt nperp onpeexmr psnoopsne
cmtco, xoropte moryr cymecrort xx eptno, rx n neeptno, uycrenno
]opme ]opme nepexnnn. tcxstemt nmn resnc cocronr rom, uro npoxennx
nunocrn, txxemte npoexrnntx recrx (npexe cero, xoneuno, nnrepnperrnntx),
moryr trt exrno nonxrt repmnnx nunocrntx cmtco n coorercrymme
exretnocrn cyexr no noncxy nn coxptrnm, mcxnpoxe nunocrntx cmtco.
urot cert +ror resnc oee yenretntm, neoxonmo ocrnonrtcx n n ropom
onpoce, xoropt renept npnnnmer ceymmym ]opmynpoxy: nouemy nunocrnte
cmtct n ocoennocrn cmtct rex nn nntx ocroxretcr xx nperp, npoennpymrcx
nmenno cnrynnn npoexrnnoro +xcnepnmenr?
cxxoe ocroxretcro, nmemmee xpxrep npenxrcrnx, eer x npeptnnm ecrnx o
rex nop, nox npenxrcrnx ne yyr npeooent nn cyexr ne orxxercx or coepmennx
ecrnx. pn +rom ecrne oxstercx nesepmenntm no coem nemnem,
mrepntnom nne, no o nyrpennem nne, rx xx pemenne npeooert npenxrcrne
nn orxsrtcx or ecrnx eme ne npnnxro. rom cyue, xor cyexr eme ne ocosner
exrno ]opme cmoro xonxpernoro cmtc rex nn nntx ocroxretcr,
nesepmenntm oxstercx npexe cero cm xr ocosnnnx cmtc. x noxsno
+xcnepnmenrmn . . erpnnx, nmenno nesepmennte ecrnx (n no norrt
conyrcrymmne nm ocroxretcr) snomnnmrcx yume sepmenntx n uro ocoenno
xnonenponsotno. mxoe . enn rxxe noxsno, uro nesxonuennte ecrnx
]opmnpymr renennnm x nx sepmennm, npn +rom, ecn npxmoe sepmenne neosmoxno,
ueoex nunner coepmrt smemmmne ecrnx. xt ueoex oer
nunocrntmn cmtcmn n xxt crxnercx c remn nn nntmn npenxrcrnxmn. pn
+rom onpeeennt momenr ecrnx xx nemnne, rx n nyrpennne oxstmrcx
nesepmenntmn. nrynnx npoexrnnoro +xcnepnmenr nperer ueoexy yconx
smemmmero ecrnx; uem opocoecrnee ueoex ornocnrcx x nncrpyxnnn, nnpnmep,
xx cnrynnn TAT crpercx onncrt mtcn n uycr repoe, nx ncroxmee, npomoe n
yymee, rem oee, nenponsotno opmercx on x coemy ontry. nxo rm 'nxe
cero xpnnrcx npepnnoe ecrne n coorercrymmx emy cnrynnx. eocosnnno,
nnor n ocosnnno, ueoex ntrercx sepmnrt npepnnoe ecrne; onxo, xx +roro
rpeymr note yconx, rxoe sepmenne osmoxno nmt cnmonuecxom nne, nyrem
'ynpennx cytmn nepconxe, nx mtcxmn n uycrmn. pn +rom ueoex
ospmercx x npepnnomy ecrnm xe n rom cyue, ecn ono cocroxo coxptrnn
cmtc, nepennunnnn cyexrnnoro snuennx ocroxretcr yroy rem nn nntm
conm nnrepecm, conm mornm. ocxotxy no coe npnpoe nperpnt cmtc ecrt
tpxenne nexoroporo npenxrcrnx x petnomy ecrnm, cm nnmnx cmtco
osmoxn n ]opme ecrnx. pn +rom ueoex ncnotsyer pemennx, emy nnoee
npncymne, cocrxmmne ero nnnnytnt crnt. cere cxsnnoro crnoxrcx
nonxrntmn n rpeonnx x npoexrnntm crnmym. renent nx onpeeennocrn nn
neonpeeennocrn onpeexercx osmoxnocrtm nx ncnotsonnx x rex nn nntx
smemmmnx ecrn, conpxxenntx c nperpntmn cmtcmn psnuno crenenn
xonxpernocrn. x, rnnt coorercrymr cmtcm, cxsnntm c npenxrcrnxmn,
morymnmn trt rx nn nnue onpemeuenntmn. nnt opmx coorercrymr cmtcm
npenxrcrn, nmemmnx oomennt, neocrrouno npemernt xpxrep, npnpoy xoroptx
ceyer ncxrt, no-nnmomy, nnoee omnx ocoennocrxx nnnnytnoro crnx
exretnocrn ueoex, ocoennocrxx ]ynxnnonnponnx ero cosnnnx n r. n. 3rn
ocoennocrn nnmentme crenenn ocrynnt cmocosnnnm, nocxotxy ocosnnne roro, o
uem x ymm, ropso npome n ocrynnee ocosnnnx roro, xx x ymm.
ncroxmee pemx oreuecrenno ncnxoornn nmemrcx n nnte nontrxn oocnonnx
npoexrnnoro mero. pxe por npoexrnnt mero pccmrpnercx xx cnoco
+xcnepnmenrtnoro ncceonnx nunocrno-cyexrnnoro xpxrep ocnpnxrnx |6; 8; 9|.
s oee omnx ]ynmenrtntx cocr ncnxnuecxoro orpxennx n exretnocrn
cyexr ncxoxr ropt, ncnotsymmne rxne xreropnn, xx ornomennx, ycrnoxn
nunocrn |11; 13; 18; 32|. pooxmrcx ncceonnx pyce rnnorest . . cmoo o
neppxnuecxom crpoennn ycrnoxn, re npoexrnnt mero nonnmercx xx cpecro
txennx nnnnytnoro crnx nunocrn |25; 27|. nxo sect, xx n pyrnx
noxox, nnmenee psporn nepexo or reopernuecxoro oocnonnx x xonxperntm
cxemm nns n nnrepnpernnn recrotx pesytrro. npeeennt nnrepec +ro cxsn
npecrxer opmenne . 3. entre x reopnn exretnocrn . . eonrte n nontrx
cosnnx n ee ocnoe cxemt nns pccxso TAT |19|.
orcno psnemomy sect resncy, ns mrepn npoexrnntx meronx ncceoret
'tuepnter nunocrnt cmtc nee n ocroxretcr ecrn n npexe cero
ocroxretcr, nmemmnx x ueoex nperpnt, xon]nxrnt cmtc. roopnmcx cpsy,
npeoxennt noxo, xoneuno xe, ne moxer pccmrpnrtcx xx enncrenno osmoxnt.
pmxx exretnocrnoro noxo moryr cocymecrort psnunte nnrepnperrnnte
cncremt, n cm ]xr mnoxecrennocrn ncnxoornuecxnx pen, tunrtemtx ns nporo-
xoo ncntryemoro (rxnx, xx mornt, ornomennx, ycrnoxn, xon]nxrt, smnrt n r. .),
rx xe xx n ycnemnocrt nns nyrpn ro nn nno cxemt, emoncrpnpyer
nnpnnrnocrt +mnnpnuecxoro coepxnnx pccxso ornocnretno nnrepnpernnonntx
cncrem. pmxx exrno merooornn top ro nn nno xreropntno cncremt,
no-nnmomy, npomouen n onpn ro mepe, xxo psporn ne reopnx
nunocrn. cnotsonne npoexrnntx meronx pmxx reopnn exretnocrn, ucrnocrn,
npnonr nc x nonnmnnm nexoroptx npnnnnnntntx rpynocre. cn rxne nonxrnx,
xx 'morn, 'cmtc, ocrrouno xopomo onnctmr cmy ncnxoornuecxym penm,
npoennpymmymcx nnrepnperrnntx meronxx, ro ocrercx orxptrtm onpoc o rom, xx
ee ncxrt, xxo +mnnpnuecxo 'oexxe on tcrynnr npoexrnno npoyxnnn.
npnmep, ecn yrepxrt, uro pccxsx npoxxmrcx nunocrnte cmtct
nperpntx ocroxretcr, ro neoxonmo rxxe onpeenrt, xx or rex nn nntx
ocoennocre rexcr moxno nepern x nsnntm opsonnxm nunocrn. ncroxmee
pemx mt ne nmeem eme pspornntx onepnnontntx xpnrepne, xorx por +rom
nnpennn eercx. osmoxno, crenent +monnontno nctmennocrn rexcr, co-
npooxmmx pccxs +xcnpeccnx ncntryemoro, nnnnytnte ocoennocrn ero excnxn,
'crnprnocrt nn opnrnntnocrt cmxer n pyrne rx nstemte 'orxonennx
xxmrcx coeopsntmn 'merxmn, 'cemn nunocrnoro cmtc. o xxo
coepxretno nunocrnt cmtc, ero mecro neppxnuecxo crpyxrype nunocrn +rn
onpoct ocrmrcx nox orxptrtmn. eoretno, npeoxennt noxo oxxer com
npoyxrnnocrt, ecn ycrcx cosrt n ero ocnoe exrnym cncremy nns
+mnnpnuecxoro mrepn.
III
emrnuecxn nnepnenrnnt recr ()
1. u .
eopnx nunocrn . eppex cosct nponecce mnoroernnx ncceonn no
nponnn n t npnsn cyxnrt ero reopernuecxnm oocnonnem. e xmueoe
nooxenne cocrxer npnnnnn 'nnuecxoro snmoecrnx |69|, corcno xoropomy
nsyuenne nunocrn osmoxno nmt cncreme ornomenn oprnnsmcpe. ocxotxy
nunocrt ne cymecryer ne conntnoro oxpyxennx, eppe norer, uro oexrom
ncnxoornuecxoro nns oxn crrt nexoropx ennnn nx snmoecrnx cncrem
norpenocrt enne nn 'rem |67; 68|.
orpenocrt nonnmercx xx nnmnuecxoe opsonne, xoropoe oprnnsyer n n-
npxer nosnretnte nponecct, oopxenne n noeenne. ropx norpenocrn
exretnocrt npnoperer neennpennt xpxrep, pesytrre uero, no ocrnrercx
yoeropenne norpenocrn, no npeorpmercx nenpnxrnoe croxnoenne co cpeo.
enne ornuercx or norpenocrn nmt no coe exropno nnpennocrn:
norpenocrt npecrxer coo nnmnuecxym cny, ncxoxmym or oprnnsm, ro pemx
xx enne cny, ecrymmym n oprnnsm. n ro, nn pyroe ne cymecryer
nsonponno: yoeropenne norpenocrn npenorer snmoecrne c conntntmn
cnrynnxmn, nx npeopsonne nexx ocrnxennx nrnnn; ro xe pemx cmn
cnrynnn, rxxe norpenocrn pyrnx me moryr tcrynrt n xuecre noyxennx
(norpenocrn) n xuecre npenxrcrnx (enne).
epmnnom 'norpenocrt eppe oosnuer nexoropym rnnorernuecxym nepemennym,
xoropx sncnmocrn or ocroxretcr npoxxer cex ro ne morn, ro ne ueprt.
nocenem cyue norpenocrn npnopermr crntnocrt n crnoxrcx xuecrmn
xpxrep. u ncnxoor cocronr txennn cnenn]nuecxnx x nnoro ueoex
xomnexco uepr (nnrerpro), nx snmocxsn n neppxnn. otmnncro xomnexco,
onxo, ne onpyxnmr cex nmemom noeennn, cyexr ne nmeer o nnx nn me-
mero npecrennx, nnue roopx, onn cymecrymr cxptrom, renrnom cocroxnnn.
otxo cnenntntmn meromn npoexrnntmn n ncnxonnrnuecxnmn moxno
nocrnut npnpoy xpxrep nnnn, nonxrt ne rotxo xrytnt crryc nunocrn, no n
ncropnm osnnxnoennx rex nn nntx xomnexco.
onpoce renes uepr eppe npnepxnercx ocnonom ncnxonnrnuecxnx
srxo: ce norpenocrn n nx nnrerprt, onpeexmmne nnpennocrt nunocrn, epyr
coe nuo ns eccosnretntx nnosntx euenn. ueprt xpxrep xxmrcx nx
cynmnponno rpnc]opmnne no osecrnem conntntx ]xropo. cny
nenoropnmocrn coero xnsnennoro nyrn xxt ueoex oer nnnnytntm
nopom uepr, uro npner ynnxtnocrt ero noeennm n xpxrepy.
eppem npnnexnr on ns nnoee nonyxpntx n ne xccn]nxnn no-
rpenocre. ocenne exrcx npexe cero n nepnunte n ropnunte. epnunte nn
ncneporennte ornocxrcx x ecrecrenntm nyxm ueoex xx xnoro oprnnsm. 3ro
norpenocrn xncopoe, nnme, oe, nsernnn on, cexcytnom yoeropennn.
ornune or 3. pe, eppe, onxo, yexer nnotmee nnmnne ropnuntm
norpenocrxm, xpxrepnsymmnm ueoex xx conntnoe cymecro n trexmmnm ns ]xr
omennx me. xnemnmn ns nnx xxmrcx norpenocrn mn, corpynnuecre,
ronomnn, rpeccnn, ropuecre n r. . eppe psnuer rxxe norpenocrn xnte n
renrnte. nte coono npoxxmrcx one, nxox yoeropenne ]nsnuecxnx xrx
(e, nosrttnnx, cx), peun (ocxnnnnx, nocrnox onpoc, nox, ocyxenne),
coxntx ]opmx noeennx (cyxenne xxomy-ro ey, npnepxennocrt nexm) n r. . x
nrnocrnx ne rpeyer nnxxo cnenntno rexnnxn, xpome nmennx. renrnte
norpenocrn; nnporn, nnxor ne npoxxmrcx nrnntx noeenuecxnx xrx, nmt
]nrsnn, cnonennxx n nrpx. ocnpnxrnn renrnx norpenocrt onpyxner cex
'nnepnenrnno nn, uro ro xe cmoe, yrncrnuecxn ncxxennn ocnpnnnmemoro
mrepn, renennnn ocnpnnnmrt ce 'rx, xx xouercx. oepxnne renrntx
norpenocre cocrxmr eccosnretnte conntnte euennx rpeccnn n cexc.
syuenne nx osmoxno nmt xoe ncnxonnrnuecxo repnnn nn +xcnepnmenrtno,
nyrem cosnnx neonpeeenntx crnmytntx ycon. o osecrnem neonpeeenno
crnmyxnnn xrnnsnpymrcx opst ]nrsnn, cconnrnno cxsnnte c renrntmn
norpenocrxmn, n, ceoretno, cmn npoyxrt ]nrsnn moryr pccmrpnrtcx xx nx
nenocpecrennoe tpxenne. xnm opsom, nonxrne nnepnennnn oxstercx nsxnm
nee 3. pe o xomnencropntx ]ynxnnxx ]nrsnn.
eppe er noponym xpxrepncrnxy ocnontx norpenocre, nx conntntx
]ynxnn n ]opm npoxennx. x, norpenocrn moryr trt nnrp- nn +xcrpeprntmn:
nnpnmep, rpeccnx, nnpennx n pyrnx (npnunnenne rpmt, coecnoe ocxopenne)
nn n cex (uycro nnt nn cmoyncro); norpenocrt moxer npoxxrtcx n
ecrennom nn eptnom ypone; on moxer trt +ronenrpnuecxo nn
connonenrpnuecxo.
nx nn renrnx ]opm cymecronnx norpenocrn onpeexercx cnocoom ee
yoeropennx. x, rpeccnx, yoeropxemx conntno-npnememtx nx
exretnocrn, nnpnmep cnopre, xn]nnnpyercx xx xnx; rpeccnx, nxoxmx
yoeropenne cncrnuecxnx nn msoxncrnuecxnx xrx, xx renrnx; ro xe
ornocnrcx, nnpnmep, x norpenocrn nomomn, ecn ns renennnn x corpynnuecry on
npepmercx yrncrnuecxym nccnnym ycrnoxy 'ere ce s menx n es menx.
npnoxennn I npnrercx cnncox norpenocre no eppem n nx xprxoe onncnne (no
pccxsm ).
nonnmnnn npnpot ]nrsnn (nnepnennnn), rxxe crpyxrypt nunocrn eppe
npnepxnercx nooxenn xccnuecxoro ncnxonns. ce s 3. peom, on psnuer
rpn 'cox nunocrn:
nyrpennn ('), cpenn ('3ro) n nemnn ('cynep-3ro). nyrpennn co
cocrxmr eccosnretnte renrnte euennx, nnxor neoexrnnpymmnecx n
ypone petnoro noeennx. penn co npecren conntno-npnememtmn, xntmn
norpenocrxmn, xoropte npn ronpnxrntx xnsnenntx ocroxretcrx moryr trt
yoeropent noeennn. o xe ornocnrcx n x nemnemy com nunocrn. orcno
eppem, nrnocrnuecxn snunmte pccxst xxmrcx npoexnne rntm opsom
nyrpennero cox nunocrn. nue roopx, uem menee norpenocrt nxonr yoeropenne
petno xnsnn, rem otmee mecro on smer ]nrsnxx. eppe, nourn es nsmenenn
npnnnmer ocnonte nocryrt ncnxonns o omnnnpymme pon eccosnretnoro n
ero nxnnx n ncnxnuecxym xnsnt n noeenne ueoex; o xomnencropno, yrncrnuecxo
]ynxnnn ]nrsnn (nnepnennnn); o crpyxrype nunocrn n mnoroopsntx ]opmx
npoxennx nnosntx euenn; o pemmme pon nepexnnn pnnero ercr renese
morno n xpxrep n r. . npouem, nxnne ncnxonns n xonnenrytnym cncremy
eppex crot ouenno, uro, xx on cm yxster, ne nyxercx oxsretcre |69|.
mecre c rem, oretnte nooxennx ero reopnn, rxne, xx, nnpnmep, npnnnnn
nnuecxoro snmoecrnx nn npnnnctnne exropntx xpxrepncrnx norpenocrxm
snmcront ns crpyxrypno ncnxoornn . enn.
2. TAT: V 3,
. R
emrnuecxn nnepnenrnnt recr t nepte onncn . eppeem 1935 r. xuecre
meronxn +xcnepnmenrtnoro nsyuennx ]nrsnn. rorom port noceymmnx er
xnoct reopernuecxoe oocnonne xx mero ncceonnx nunocrn, psporx
nncrpyxnnn x npnmenennm meronxn, cxemt nns n nnrepnpernnn pesytrro |65; 67;
68|.
cnotsymmncx ncroxmee pemx pnnr cocronr ns crnprnoro nop
rnn c nsopxennem ornocnretno neonpeeenntx cnrynn. xx ns rnn
onycxer osmoxnocrt neonosnuno nnrepnpernnn, ro xe pemx cnenntno texmr
rnnt, npoonnpymmne enpeccnm n cynnn |3, 14, 15|, rpeccnm n cexcytnte nepepsnn
|13, 18|, omnnnponne nounnenne (12 ), cexcytnte n cemente xon]nxrt (4, 6)* n
r. . ucrt rnn npexxercx myxunnm n xenmnnm, ucrt rotxo myxunnm nn
xenmnnm; nmemrcx rxxe rnnt x nopocrxo. xomy ncntryemomy npexxercx
nop ns 20 rnn.
*oponoe onncnne rnn n nrnocrnuecxn snunmtx cmxero ercx npnoxennn II.
xem +xcnepnmenr
cceonne npoonrcx cenc c nnrepom ne oee uem onn ent. x n
mom npoexrnnom +xcnepnmenre, npn ncceonnn xno cosrt cnoxonym,
pyxemnym rmoc]epy. unnrt pory c ncntryemtm pexomenyercx c ecet nn
xxo-no npocron npoexrnno meronxn, nnpnmep pnconne n snnym remy,
coonte cconnnnn nn nrpt (c ertmn). pncrynx x ncceonnm, ncnxoor oxen
nmert o ncntryemom ocnonte ceennx: cemenoe n conntnoe nooxenne, opsonne,
npo]eccnx. oee cnenntnte ceennx, neoxonmte x conocrennx c mrepnom
, moxno noyunrt o pemx onpoc noce oxonunnx ncceonnx. nnt
otuno npexxmrcx nnnnytno: c 1 no 10 nept ent ncceonnx n c 11 no
20 o ropo. o pemx neporo cenc ercx crnprnx nncrpyxnnx, onycxmmx
nesnunretnte pnnnn sncnmocrn or xytrypnoro yponx n ospcr ncntryemoro.
ncrpyxnnx
'm yyr noxsnt xprnnt, no xxo ns nnx t oxnt npnymrt pccxs.
ccxxnre, uro nponcxonr nnt momenr, xxne cotrnx npnen x +ro cnrynnn,
xxo yer ee ncxo. nnmnre rxxe mtcn n uycr nepconxe. omnnre, uro m no
npnymrt pccxs, ne onnctrt xprnny.
nue roporo cenc ncntryemomy nnomnnercx coepxnne nncrpyxnnn co
ceymmnm oennem: ' npomt ps t npnymn ouent xopomne pccxst;
ceronx t yere ert ro xe cmoe, rotxo mn pccxst oxnt trt oee
pmrnuntmn. re om coe ]nrsnn, nycrt mn pccxst yyr noxoxn n cxsxy,
con nn mn].
ncrpyxnnx n 16-m rnny (nycro nx): 'ocmorpnre n +ror nycro nx,
npecrtre (oopsnre) cee xxym yrono xprnny n onnmnre ee erxx. oce roro,
xx ncntryemt npoe +ro, +xcnepnmenrrop oxer: ' renept npnymre no ne
pccxs.
pn ncceonnn ormeuercx pemx, xx or momenr npexennx rnnt o nu
pccxs, rx n omee pemx, srpuennoe n xxym rnny. nretnte nyst
]nxcnpymrcx onpeeenntmn snuxmn (yonee cero rouxmn). nnctmrcx ce
oroopxn, rpmmrnsmt, coeopsnte tpxennx n r. .
nponeype npexennx recr ns rexnnuecxnx rpynocre ume cero crpeumrcx
ceymmne:
1. cntryemt ster onn ns nynxro nncrpyxnnn, nnpnmep, nunner onnctrt
xprnny, ne npnymtrt pccxs. x npno, nncrpyxnnx noropxercx noce pccxs n
1-m rnny, tnemem +xcnepnmenrrop ser nmt onpoct rnn 're, 'xor,
'nouemy n r. . tnemem memretcro +xcnepnmenrrop nexeretno.
2. cntryemt roopnr cnmxom tcrpo; +rom cyue nnor nomorer, ecn
+xcnepnmenrrop noropxer s ncntryemtm ce ro, uro on roopnr, rem cmtm cepxnx
cnmxom tcrpt remn ero peun.
3. cntryemt mecro cmocroxretno npnymnno ncropnn nsrer nreprypnt nn
xnnocmxer. 3xcnepnmenrrop npepter pccxs n not psxcnxer nncrpyxnnm.
4. cntryemt npnymter ne onn, necxotxo pccxso no xxo rnne.
3xcnepnmenrrop snncter nx ce, srem npocnr tprt cmt snunretnt ns nnx.
eppe cunrer neoxonmtm npeprt ncntryemoro n nonpocnrt ero cocpeorounrtcx n
xxom-ro onom pccxse.
oce ncceonnx npoonrcx onpoc. cnonx net onpoc noyuenne ono-
nnretntx ceenn o ncntryemom. nor, ecn onpoc npoonrcx c neotmnm
nnrepom noce +xcnepnmenr, neecoopsno, nonpocnrt ncntryemoro cmomy nsoxnrt
ocnonte ]xrt norp]nn, srem ocynrt nx comecrno. o pemx onpoc rxxe
txcnxmrcx ncrounnxn rex nn nntx cmxero: sxrt n s ocnoy cotrnx cocrenno
xnsnn, ncropnn, nponcmemne c nsxnmn n pystxmn nn snmcronnte ns nreprypntx
ncrounnxo n r. . cn pccxsx nmemrcx ornuecxne neyxsxn, oroopxn, rpmmrnsmt,
omnxn ocnpnxrnx, +xcnepnmenrrop oxen epnyrtcx x mrepnm ncceonnx n
nnomnnrt ro nn nnoe mecro pccxs c rem, urot txcnnrt osmoxnte npnunnt
npymenn.
xem nns pccxso no eppem
orcno eppem, xxercx cpecrom txennx omnnnpymmnx norpenocre,
xon]nxro n xrytntx +monnontntx cocroxnn nepornuecxo nunocrn. Vxsnntmn
sumn onpeexmrcx n top xreropn nns n nnrepnpernnn +xcnepnmenrtntx
nntx. oxno tenrt ceymmne +rnt oporxn pccxso .
1. nns coepxnnx pccxs nunnercx c nxoxennx 'repox, r. e. nepconx, c
xoroptm ncntryemt nenrn]nnnpyer cex. tuno +ro ro ecrymmee nno, xoropom
rop nnoee snnrepecon, utn uycr n mtcn nsopxent nnoee nopono; ucro
+ro nepconx roro xe no, ospcr n conntnoro nooxennx, uro n cm ncntryemt.
x npno, ]opmtntmn npnsnxmn nenrn]nxnnn c repoem cunrmrcx: +mo-
nnontnx nctmennocrt noecronnx, npxmoe opmenne x cocrennomy ontry,
ynorpeenne npxmo peun, npnnecenne pccxs momenro, ne trexmmnx neno-
cpecrenno ns nno rnnt, neotunte cmxert n nexoropoe pyroe.
pn onpeeennn 'repox +xcnepnmenrrop moxer croxnyrtcx rxxe co ceymmnmn
rpynocrxmn:
) nenrn]nxnnx cmemercx c onoro nepconx n pyro, uro moxer pccmrpnrtcx
xx neycrounocrt npecrenn ncntryemoro o cee;
) ncntryemt nenrn]nnnpyer cex onopemenno c ymx nepconxmn, nnpnmep
'orpnnretntm n 'nooxnretntm, rem cmtm txxx cymecronne cmom cee
npornonooxntx renennn;
) oexrom nenrn]nxnnn xxercx nepconx npornonooxnoro no, uro moxer
yxstrt n cexcytnte nepepsnn;
r) nenrn]nxnnx moxer orcyrcrort;
+rom cyue 'repon moryr pccmrpnrtcx xx nrnnot cmoro ncntryemoro.
2. eymmn +rn nns pccxs cocronr onpeeennn xnemnx xpxrepncrnx
repox ero crpemenn, xenn, uycr, uepr xpxrep,
r. e. norpenocre repmnnoornn eppex. x oeruennx +ro sun npnrercx
cnncox norpenocre n nx onncnne ro ]opme, xxo onn moryr tcrynrt rexcre
pccxs (cm. npnoxenne 1).
3. netm nxoxennx omnnnpymmnx norpenocre n nx nrerpro Meppe onr
pnxnponne cnt norpenocrn sncnmocrn or ee nnrencnnocrn, nretnocrn, ucrort
n snuennx psnrnn cmxer. xnm opsom, no nxrntno cncreme noyumr onenxy
ce 'nepemennte xxoro pccxs, r. e. ce 'norpenocrn repox n ce 'ennx cpet.
npnmep, rpeccnx, tcrynmmx xx cxonnocrt x pspxnretnocrn, noyuer 1 ,
rne 2 , ccop 3, px 4, on 5 o.
4. oce roro, xx noontm opsom nponnsnpont ce pccxst, cocrxercx
cnncox norpenocre n coorercrymmnx nm enn. x yxe roopnoct, xomnnnnx
norpenocrtenne cocrxer, no eppem, 'remy. em yxster n ocnono
xpxrep snmoornomenn nunocrn n cpet: nxoxr n yoeropenne omnnnpymmne
norpenocrn nn cpe npenxrcryer nx yoeropennm n pesytrrom nx snmoecrnx
xxercx xon]nxr, onercx n repo ycnex nn repnnr neyuy n r. . noee
pcnpocrpnennte 'remt xcmrcx npoem ocrnxennx, conepnnuecr, mn,
omnnnponnxnounnennx n r. .
nrepnpernnx
pn nnrepnpernnn nntx ep-pe ncxonr ns npenooxennx o npxmo
nenrn]nxnnn ncntryemoro c repoem, n, ceoretno, ueprt repox (norpenocrn, +monnn)
npecrxmr re nn nnte renennnn cmoro ncntryemoro. nn moryr oyconrtcx ero
npomtm nn xxrtcx nrnnnnnne yymero; moryr trt xrytnt ncroxmn momenr
nn, nnporn, sropmoxent. orcno eppem, coepxnne 'rem cocrxer: 1) ro, uro
ncntryemt petno coepmer; 2) ro, x uemy on crpemnrcx; 3) ro, uro nm nnxor ne
ocosnercx, n npoxxercx rotxo ]nrsnxx n cnonennxx; 4) ro, uro on ncntrter
nnt momenr; 5) ro, xxnm on npecrxer cee yymee. o cex cyuxx, onxo,
pccxsx orpxmrcx ne oexrnnte xnsnennte ocroxretcr, ro, xx onn
ocnpnnnmmrcx cmnm ncntryemtm.
esytrrom nnrepnpernnn crnonrcx coeopsnt noprper repox; mt ysnem, xxot
ero omnnnpymmne xennx, norpenocrn, uycr; xxnm osecrnxm cpet on
noeprercx, xrnen nn nccnen o snmoornomennxx c npemerntm n conntntm
mnpom, osmoxno n yoeropenne ero norpenocre, nn onn crynmr npornopeune c
rpeonnxmn cpet nn pyrnmn renennnxmn repox; onercx n on ycnex nn
]pycrpnpyem; coepmer nrnconntnte nocrynxn nn ecryer coorercrnn c
omenpnnxrtmn nopmmn;
xxot ero nennocrn n uro cocrxer ero mnpoosspenne n r. .
x nmcrpnnn nm npnmep nnrepnpernnn onoro ns pccxso no cxeme
'norpenocrtenne.
nn 14. 'ooo ueoex, symmnct, cronr y orxptroro oxn n cmorpnr
nounoe neo. n onnox, n nout eme oee ycnner omymenne rocxn... my ne xrer
nsxoro ueoex, xoropt mor t nonxrt ero, c xem on mor t noenrtcx conmn
pocrxmn n neuxmn. o y nero nnxoro ner. or-ro y nero tn pystx, mnmx
eymx, no ce noxnnyn ero. uem ror xnrt? ymm, uro on pocnrcx ns oxn.
pccxse oruerno nn norpenocrt pyxecxnx cxsxx, yoeropenne xoropo
oxnpono nemnnmn ocroxretcrmn, rem (xon]nxr) onnouecro. epo
ncntrter uycr rocxn, estcxonocrn; osmoxn yrorpeccnx.
3.
. V
spornnt eppeem npnnnnn nnrepnpernnn xuecre cmo ome cxemt
ncnotsyercx npecrnrexmn psntx reopernuecxnx opnenrnnn. xoe reopernuecxnx
ncxyccn n +xcnepnmenrtntx ncceonn, psepnymnxcx noce 1943 r. (r
txo pyxoocr no ), crn ouennt n cte cropont +roro noxo.
norouncennte mon]nxnnn n ononennx meppeecxo cxemt osnnxn ns oee
yryennoro nsyuennx yx onpoco: uro ncxrt pccxsx , xxne nunocrnte
ocoennocrn nnx npoennpymrcx, n xx +ro ert, r. e. n ocnoe xxnx xpxrepncrnx
rexcr. x, nnpnmep, cm eppe pccmrpn 'norpenocrt n xuecre
xoncrnrynpymmero opsonnx nunocrn, n xuecre ocnono xreropnn nns
pccxs. 3ro trexo, o-neptx, ns onymennx npxmo nenrn]nxnnn ncntryemoro c
'repoem n, o-roptx, oroxecrennx ncnxnuecxo xrnnocrn cyexr cnrynnn
npoexrnnoro ncceonnx co coontm ]nrsnponnem nonnmnnn pe. x
oxsoct, o onymennx eppex exo ne cer nxoxr norepxenne n npxrnxe n
ornmt ne
eccnopnt uncro reopernuecxn. x, s-pyc, nponnsnpo +xcnepnmenrt New Look,
oxs, uro nenocpecrennoe tpxenne norpenocrn onpyxnercx rotxo cyue
conntno npnememocrn n ymepenno nnrencnnocrn nocene; npornnom cyue
npoexnnx norpenocre onocpeon mexnnsmmn smnrt. eoretno, orpnnunmnct
rotxo +ro xreropne nnrepnpernnn, ncceoret pncxyer no onpyxnrt ro, uro
nsecrno n es , no nponycrnrt neuro neynemoe xreropne 'norpenocrt.
romy xe cnrynnx +xcnepnmenr, rpeonne nncrpyxnnn, neonosnunte, no xxo-ro mepe
snnte cmxert pccxso emr neosmoxntm coonoe, comrno nee-
repmnnnponnoe petnocrtm ]nrsnponne. . nnopr nouepxner, uro uncroe
]nrsnponne cyu nroornuecxn, cxsnnt c ocennem xon-
rponpymmnx ]ynxnn '3ro (71). oee onpnntm, c ero rouxn spennx, xxercx
npecrenne o pccxse xx npoyxre nosnretno exretnocrn, xor neonpeeennt
crnmytnt mrepn onycxer rpnc]opmnnm co cropont mornnnonntx nn
nnnnytno-nunocrntx ]xropo, no npeex n ]opmx, xonrponpyemtx '3ro.
ccmorpnm oee nopono noxo nnopr, nocxotxy, n nm srx, nem nnoee
ouenno nxnne ncnxoornn '3ro n 'ooro srx.
x oee xcnoro nonnmnnx xonxperntx meronuecxnx npnemo, npeoxenntx
nnoprom, ymecrno yxsrt sect n nexoropte onmte nm reopernuecxne psnuennx.
pexe cero +ro xcercx pseennx rexcre pccxs coepxnnx, nmemmero
nenocpecrennoe ornomenne x crpemennxm n uycrm nunocrn (ideational content) n
cmxero-xnme, nonocrtm xxmmnmncx npoyxrom smnrntx mexnnsmo |71|. nxo n
ro ucrn rexcr, xoropx nnoee recno cxsn c nenrptntmn crpemennxmn nunocrn,
+rn nocenne tpxmrcx ne crot nenocpecrenno n npxmo, xx meurx n ]nrsnxx,
rxxe onocpeont mexnnsmmn smnrt. eoretno, pccxs cer, s ncxmuennem
rpyo nroornn, oxstercx cmectm ]nrsnonoono npoyxnnn n cmxero-xnme.
xuecre xnme moxer tcrynrt ce, uro petno ne nepexnro nnnnom n ne xxercx,
rxnm opsom, ero ]]exrnntm ontrom: nreprypnte n xnno-cmxert, nexornuecxne
ncropnn, rxxe nnoee pcnpocrpnennte cmxert, npoonnpyemte rnnmn .
ymecrymr onpeeennte rpynocrn npn orrpnnuennn xnme or nexnme. eo rom, uro
mo 'mrmn moxer trt npeopson snunmoe x nunocrn coepxnne c nomomtm
ocoo nnronnnn, ncnotsonnx neotunoro, rotxo nnomy ncntryemomy npncymero
excnxon, eennem pccxs ononnretntx nepconxe n romy noontx
nnepnenrnntx ncxxenn. romy xe, smeuer nnopr, nepexo nreprypnte
nponseennx nn xnsnennte nepnnernn pyrnx me ncrotxo srprnmr nmn
uycr, uro mt noncrnne nunnem xnrt nnx n nmn, n ror onn nepecrmr trt npocro
ycoenntmn xnme. pyro cropont, xor-ro petno nepexnroe co pemenem repxer
com snunmocrt n ]]exrnnym oxpmennocrt, npepmxct cmyrnte ocnomnnnnx, e
ornunte or xnme. ce +ro scrxer +xcnepnmenrrop trt ocoo uycrnretntm x
mtm npoxennxm nnnnytnoro crnx ncntryemoro.
nne nrnocrnxn nunocrn nnoee nn]opmrnntmn nnopr cunrer orxonennx
or xnme, xoroptx nnoee oruerno npoxxmrcx petno cymecrymmne (nn
cosnnte ]nrsne) ornomennx, uycr n nocrynxn, upestuno snunmte x
nyrpennero mnp ncntryemoro. oonoe sxmuenne tonrcx ns nonnmnnx ideational
content xx npoyxr ]]exrnno nmxrn, n ero nxnnx n xrytnte mtcnretnte
nponecct. mecre c rem nocxotxy nocenne ornocxrcx x ropnuntm nponeccm '3ro n,
ceoretno, nxoxrcx no ero xonrpoem, ro n nnx nunocrtm snunmx nn]opmnnx
moxer mcxnportcx smnrntmn mexnnsmmn. txnrt ee nomorer nns ]opmtntx
xpxrepncrnx nocrpoennx pccxs, npexe cero mtx orxonenn or ero crnprnoro
nocrpoennx; rxxe nnnnytnte ocoennocrn peun, +xcnpeccnn ncntryemoro,
neotunte remt nn xe e smernte mon]nxnnn cmxero-xnme
2
.
opmtnte xpxrepncrnxn coepxnnx pccxs npecrxmr coo nexoropym
crpxnnm or rexcr n oreumr n onpoc, uro oceymmn nmer pccxse , xxnm
opsonnxm nunocrn peenrno ero coepxnne. nnopr texer ceymmne
xreropnn:
1. uycr, nepexnnnx, osnnxmmne y ncntryemoro nponecce +xcnepnmenr
(+monnontnt ]on pccxs). npnmep, couycrne x nepconxy, conpnocrt c ero
nocrynxmn nn, nnporn, xoonocrt, ocyxenne. 3r xreropnx xxo-ro mepe
conocrnm c nenrn]nxnne, no npenorer xpome oroxecrennx n osmoxnocrt
oee coxntx ornomenn mexy ncntryemtm n repoxmn ero pccxso, nnpnmep
conpnsnnx, onnosnnnx n r. n.;
2. epconxn pccxs. mn moryr trt no npecrnren cmoro ncntryemoro (
cyue nenrn]nxnnn), no snunmte pyrne ero 'xnsnennoro npocrpncr: ponren,
prtx nn cecrpt, cynpyr(), ern, pystx;
3. rpemennx n ycrnoxn. onnmmrcx nnoprom, xx nnmnuecxne renennnn,
noxsren ocnontx morno nunocrn |71|. npeexmrcx no xpxrepncrnxe nepconxe,
c xoroptmn nenrn]nnnpyer cex ncntryemt.
4. penxrcrnx nn ptept. npyxnmrcx pccxse ne mtce n uycr
ocnonoro nepconx nn oxpyxmmnx ero nn, ne petntx ecrn pyrnx nn
conntntx nopm, npenxrcrymmnx pensnnn crpemenn ncntryemoro. ocenne e
xreropnn nornunt eppeecxnm 'norpenocrn n 'ennm.
epeuncennte xreropnn n nx snmoornomennx mr npecrenne o coepxnnn
nyrpennero mnp ncntryemoro.
enept mt osprnmcx x ocyxennm pon ]opmtntx xpxrepncrnx nocrpoennx
pccxs. x cnenntnoe tuenenne xuecre npoexrnntx noxsree cxsno c oee
omnmn npecrennxmn nnopr o mornnnn n ee npoexnnn . x crpyxrypy
mornnnn npxy c ycrnoxmn, crpemennxmn nunocrn nnopr xmuer n ee
nnnnytnt crnt, r. e. ry ocoym 'mnepy, c xoropo +rn renennnn pensymrcx.
o+romy nrnocrnuecxn xno snrt ne rotxo, uro noyxer cyexr, no n ro, xxnm
opsom on ocrnrer xeemoro. emrnuecxn nnepnenrnnt recr npeocrxer
ceennx o oonx cnexrx mornnnn. x, crnt nocrpoennx pccxs xocenno yxster
n nexoropte xnte nunocrnte ocoennocrn ncntryemoro, nnpnmep, no romy, xx
nocenn opmercx co crnmytntm mrepnom, xx crponr cmxer, xxo mepe ero
pccxs ornuercx or otuno npoynnpyemoro n nnym rnny, moxno cynrt ne rotxo
o 'sonx ero ]]exrnntx srpynenn (xon]nxrx), no cmoe rnoe o cnocox nx
pspemennx (mexnnsmx smnrt). x teennx rex nn nntx ]opmtntx xpxrepncrnx
rop nperer npnmenxrt mero conocrennx rexcr pccxs c nynxrmn nncrpyxnnn n
oexrnntm snuennem rnn. pn +rom crporo pnrnnoe ceonne oexrnntm
rpeonnxm recr, rx xe xx n rpyte orcrynennx or nnx, mr mrepn x nocrpoennx
rnnores ornocnretno snunmocrn nx x nrnocrnxn nunocrn. nxe npneent
nexoropte ]opmtnte noxsren n nx nnrepnpernnx nnoprom |71|.
opmtnoe ceonne nncrpyxnnn
+rom cyue ncntryemt comer ce nynxrt nncrpyxnnn, no cxsnt n psnrt
cmxer pccxse ]xrnuecxn orcyrcryer. npnmep:
'enmnn cronr epxx xomnrt. no ry orn. n orxpoer ept n oer. n
ymer o rom, uro 'e no orn xomnry (rnn N5). cn ncntryemt
nnreexrytno coxpnen, rxo pccxs moxer orpxrt ecrne ncnxoornuecxo
smnrt yxo or rem, cxsnntx c xon]nxrntmn nepexnnnxmn.
rporo pnrnnoe comenne nncrpyxnnn
cntryemt crponr pccxs crporom coorercrnn c nynxrmn nncrpyxnnn, xx t
pox pccxs n coorercrymmne ucrn. xx crprernx eennx pccxs cneretcryer
o notmenno pnrnnocrn, ucro xxmmecx cecrnem rpeoxnocrn, n noxster
cocrennt ncntryemomy cnoco ee npeooennx.
snmnxx ernsnnx pccxs
ccxs ncntryemoro nctmen mocymecrenntmn erxmn, nopo rpnnunr c npocrtm
onncnnem oretntx +emenro xprnnt. x xe xx npetymem npnmepe, yxster n
notmennym rpeoxnocrt; crpeuercx y ncreponntx nunocre.
nycxnne rex nn nntx nynxro nncrpyxnnn
) orcyrcrne 'npomoro nn 'yymero. pccxse moxer orcyrcrort yxsnne n
npnunnt osnnxnoennx onnctemo cnrynnn (npomoro) nn ee ncxo (yymee). 3ro
moxer cyxnrt npnsnxom cymecronnx xxnx-ro xon]nxrntx nepexnnn npomom n
srpynennocrn nnnponnx ny oxnnnx neronoyunx yymem.
) orcyrcrne ynomnnnnx o mtcxx nn' uycrx nepconxe. renent pspornnocrn
pccxs +rom nnpennn orpxer psnrne pe]excnn ncntryemoro, ero cnoconocrn x
cmonnsy n ymennx uycrortcx o nyrpennn mnp pyrnx me. pecrennocrt
xreropnn 'mtcn nepconxe npn nnunn pccxse xon]nxrno cnrynnn
cneretcryer o coxpnnom xonrpoe n ]]exrnnocrtm, nnporn, ce orcyrcrne
yxster n upestunym cny ]]exr, oncnocrt esoprnnsnnn xrnnocrn
crpeccoo cnrynnn.
rxs
rxst nue +xcnepnmenr crpeumrcx, ecn ncntryemt ne nonx nncrpyxnnm nn
orcyrcryer xonrxr c +xcnepnmenrropom. rxst n onpeeennte xprnnt
cneretcrymr o ocoo snunmocrn npoonnpyemtx nmn cmxero.
eynomnnnne oretntx ucre nn ere xprnnt.
npnmep, pccxsx n rnny 3 moxer ne ynomnnrtcx peotep. x npno,
+ro yxster n ro, uro cconnnnn, osnnxmmne ornomennn +rnx ere, tstmr
rpeory.
eenne pccxs ononnretntx ere nn nepconxe
pxrnuecxn cer rxne ononennx roopxr o ocoo snunmocrn pspornno
remt, ee nsocrn nepexnnnxm ncntryemoro.
epnenrnnte ncxxennx
cntryemt nenpntno onpeexer no nepconx (nnpnmep, n rnnx , 10,
12), ospcr nn ncxxenno ocnpnnnmer xxne-ro ern xprnnt. npnmep, n rnne 1
nexoropte nxr mtunx centm, cxpnnxy comnno n r. . xe ecn ncxmunrt
cnmonuecxoe snuenne noontx ncxxenn, onn, xx npno, xxmrcx cecrnem
ryoxnx xon]nxro.
ocnpnxrne xprnnt, xx pncynx, ]ororp]nn, xp ns xnno]ntm
nor moxer pccmrpnrtcx xx coeopsnoe 'orcrpnenne or rpmrorenno
remrnxn pccxs.
4. :
. n . I
ncroxmee pemx cymecryer oxoo 20 cxem nnrepnpernnn , psnummnxcx xx
xreropnxmn nns pccxso, rx n remn npmerpmn nunocrn, ncceort xoropte
npenorercx c nomomtm . xnnnxo-nrnocrnuecxnx, ne +xcnepnmenrtntx
nexx ncnotsymrcx nmt nexoropte ns nnx, nepexo ncnxoor-npxrnx snmcryer xxne-
ro nynxrt ns necxotxnx cncrem onopemenno. nxe mt yxxem eme e cncremt,
xoroptx noyunn psporxy nexoropte xnte meronuecxom ornomennn npnnnnnt
.
oxo, psnrt . omxnncom, ucrnocrn nexoropte xreropnn nns pccxso,
mnpoxo ncnotsyercx npn pore c meronxo cmtx psntx ncnxoornuecxnx cncremx. .
omxnnc psn cncremy nns pccxso , npeoxennym eppeem, ex px notx
xreropn, notmmmnx, no ero mnennm, ocroepnocrt meronxn |80|.
1. exrop xpxrepnsyer ncnxoornuecxym nnpennocrt noeennx, euennn n r. .
omxnnc pccmrpner 10 exropo, corcno nmemmnmcx nrncxom xstxe
npeorm, nnpnmep, exrop toward oosnuer nnpennocrt n noyuenne noo-
xnretno nennocrn or oexr; exrop against oosnuer roronocrt x orpnnretno
onenxe oexr.
2. Vpoent xpxrepnsyer 'nocxocrt, xoropo psopunercx ecrne pccxs:
onncnne oexr, cotrnx nn noeennx nepconx; oopxenne; nmxrt; uycr n r. .
npnmep, cotrnx moryr pseprtrtcx ecrennom nne, no rxxe o nnx moxno
meurrt nn cnomnnrt.
3. Vconx +ro mte ncnxnuecxne, ]nsnuecxne cocroxnnx psno enrnocrn,
xoropte cmn no cee ne tpxmr nnxxoro xennx nn noyxennx. npnmep, repo
necucren () nn repo psorre ().
4. n]nxropt ncnotsymrcx x yxsnnx n pemennte, npocrpncrennte n
cnote xpxrepncrnxn npetymnx xreropn.
o cpnennm co cxemo eppex cymecrenno notm xxmrcx xreropnn yponx n
xn]nxropt. Vponet nns nosoxer onpeenrt npenmymecrennt rnn
xrnnocrn repox. npnmep, osmoxnt xpnnx cyux:
1) o cex pccxsx npecren rotxo ypoent noeennx repox. 3ro xpxrepno x
xpne +xcrpeprnponno nunocrn, y xoropo xennx ne snmr 'sepxxn n
nenocpecrenno pspxxmrcx o nemnem noeennn;
2) repo ne crotxo ecryer, cxotxo uycryer, cnomnner nn psmtmxer. 3ro
xpxrepno x nnrpeprnponno nunocrn, x xoropo ect mnp sxmuen ee
cocrenntx nepexnnnxx.
omxnnc pccmrpner noceoretnocrt, ucrory, pnrnnocrt psnuntx ypone.
opoo nrnponno nunocrn, no ero mnennm, npncyme nnune cex ypone, npnuem
onpeeenno noceoretnocrn: xouer oymter ecryer. ymecrenntm x
onenxn xpxrepoornn nn nroornuecxnx cnmnromo moxer trt omnnnpymmx
]nxcnnx n onom ns ypone.
cncreme omxnnc yexercx otmoe nnmnne ncnxoornuecxomy cmtcy
xn]nxrop 'orennocrn. renent orennocrn o pemenn nn npocrpncre x-
pxrepnsyer crenent noennx norpenocrn. npnmep, pccxse tpxennx rpeccnx
nporn orn yxster n orcyrcrne noennx n otmym epoxrnocrt nenocpecrenno
pspxxn rpeccnnoro euennx noeennn. cn xe rpeccnx tcryner, nnpnmep,
]opme optt c nnxnsnnne, ecrne pccxs nepenocnrcx, cxxem, cpenne ex,
moxno roopnrt o snunretno crenenn noennx. uem ]nrcrnunee pccxs, uem oee
oreno or petnocrn pemx n mecro ecrnx, rem cntnee nnx norpenocrt
ncntrter noenne co cropont 'cynep-3ro. 3ror to corcyercx c omnm resncom
ncnxonns o xomnencropno pon ]nrsnn: norpenocrn, xoropte cecrne
xytrypntx snpero ne moryr trt yoeropent noeennn, ycnnmrcx ]nrsnn.
pen pyrnx, pspornntx omxnncom meronuecxnx npnemo, yxxem n rpeonne
neocrnoro xonrexcrytnoro nns nporoxoo . 3ro osnuer, ucrnocrn, uro
'rem ne tonm, xx nor eppe, ns pccxs n xxym nsonponnym rnny; ee
moxno onpeenrt rotxo xonrexcre ce cooxynnocrn pccxso, nyrem teennx
nexoroptx nnpnnrntx ]opmtntx crpyxryp. pnmennm +ror meronuecxn npnem n
pccmorpnm rnnorernuecxn pccxs, xoropom repo, pormn cm xnsnt, nesnno re-
pxer pory, crnonrcx neccnmncrom n xonuer xnsnt cmoyncrom. xo pccxs cm no
cee ne er ocnonn x xxnx t ro nn to too o ero cmtce x nunocrn
ncntryemoro. noe eo, ecn pyrnx pccxsx mt yem nmert eo c nornuno nn
nsmenxmmecx crpyxrypo ]opmtntx ]xropo. npnmep, nnt pccxs moxer
yxstrt n rpy xx n rnym nennocrt, ecn ocrtntx pccxsx yrpos pyrnm
nennocrxm mn, conntnomy nooxennm ne npneer x ceptesnomy
neronoyunm c rouxn spennx repox, yrpos rpyy mom pccxse npneer x rxomy
neronoyunm. ccxs moxer rxxe nnrepnpernportcx xx notmennx
uycrnretnocrt nunocrn x yrpose mo norepn. +rom cyue n pyrnx pccxsx
oxnt crpeurtcx norepn oexro, pyse, ponree, mn, xoropte npnoxr x
neccnmnsmy n cynnny, ro pemx xx pccxsx, ne coepxmnx norepn, repo yer
onrnmncrnuen, ncxo ronoyuen. n, nnpnmep, moxno npenooxnrt, uro +ror
pccxs tpxer omym neyepennym nosnnnm nunocrn n oxnnne neycnex o cex
nunnnnxx. or ce pccxst, coepxmne xennx nn nmepennx repox, oxnt nmert
neyunt ncxo. xonuretnx rnnores o cmtce +roro pccxs cxtercx,
ceoretno, pesytrre nns ce cooxynnocrn pccxso. oceymmee sxmuenne
o nunocrn ncntryemoro cocrxercx repmnnx ncnxonns n rx nstemo
nnmnuecxo ncnxoornn. cooe nnmnne yexercx nsyuennm mrepno ,
ornocxmnxcx x nepexnnnxm pnnero ercr, uro neom corcyercx c nooxennem
ncnxonns o pemmmem snuennn +roro nepno xnsnn x psnrnx nunocrn. .
pnot crponr com cncremy nns n orxse or nexoroptx nocryro 'rynnno
ncnxoornn. x, pnot orxstercx or oxsretntx x cncremt eppex nocryro
o nenrn]nxnnn n o nepensonntx rynnntx euennxx xx ocnonom coepxnnn
pccxso. repn pccxso orpxer ne crotxo +rn renennnn, cxotxo conntnte
ycrnoxn nunocrn (rrnrmt), r. e. npecrennx o cee n coem conntnom oxpyxennn,
coxnmnecx n ocnoe nnnnytntx nn rpynnotx cncrem nennocre. 3rn ycrnoxn
erepmnnnpymr cmxer n ncxo pccxs, nn ero snuenne. nuenne npecrxer coo xx
t 'mopt pccxs, xoropo onpyxnmrcx npntunte nennocrn, mornt n cnocot
ocrnxennx nee. opt moxer trt 'xopome, ecn nocrynxn repox corcymrcx c
omenpnnxrtmn nopmmn, n 'noxo, ecn repo ecryer nnepexop nm.
pesytrre nns snuenn tonrcx rx nstemt mornnnonnt nnexc (.
.); on moxer trt nooxnretntm nn orpnnretntm. mn c exrntmn xnsnenntmn
ycrnoxmn, xoncrpyxrnntm noxoom x pemennm cocrenntx npoem, onnpmmnecx n
corpynnuecro c pyrnmn mtmn, noyumr nooxnretnt . .; nnporn, mn,
cxonnte x nmnytcnntm, ecrpyxrnntm nn nenpoyxrnntm ecrnxm,
orpnnretnt . . sncnmocrn or snx . . npornosnpyercx osmoxnocrt ycnex
rom nn nnom ne exretnocrn. x, onpyxnercx nosnrnnx xoppexnnx mexy noo-
xnretntm . . n ycnexom omecre.
oxo . pnot, necmorpx n necxotxo nnnoe n nprmrnuecxoe nonnmnne
ycon npeycnennx ueoex omecre, coepxnr px momenro, snunretno
crenenn nrnopnpomnxcx pyrnmn ropmn. 3ro nepym ouepet ornocnrcx x
rpeonnm xonrexcrytnoro nns pccxso . ornune or eppex, on
pccmrpner pccxs ne xx rperr rem, xx neocrnt npoyxr peoprnnsnnn
neurenn npomoro ontr, nmemmn co cmtc, ne pcxptmmncx npn nnse
oretntx rem. nrepnpernnm oxen onpeexrt xonrexcr, no+romy nnsnport
neoxonmo ce pccxst xx ennoe neoe |38|. x xe upestuno nnrepecntm
npecrxercx yxsnne . pnot n pot conntntx ycrnoox erepmnnnnn cmxer
pccxso. x t nn nouepxnn croponnnxn ncnxonns nnpennocrt n
txenne nexonennnontntx, xxot npncymnx cmo nunocrn cnocoo nnepnennnn
nemnero mnp, rpyno npenooxnrt, uro +r nnepnennnx coon or nxnnx ycoenntx
nunocrtm cncrem nennocre n nopmrno. oxo . pnot, npn cex ero necoep-
mencrx, yxster nyrt x oee exrno psporxn noxo x nnsy n nn-
repnpernnn .
x pemennx xxnx xe npxrnuecxnx su ncnotsyercx ? x n pyrne npoexrnnte
meronxn, nnotmee npnmenenne nxonr xnnnxe neposo n norpnnuntx
cocroxnn. x nsecrno, nepos psnercx pesytrre croxnoennx nunocrn c
ocroxretcrmn, npenxrcrymmnmn nn yrpoxmmnmn yoeropennm nnoee xntx,
snunmtx x nee norpenocre. xnnnuecxo xprnne nepos cymecrennoe mecro
snnmer ]]exrnnt xon]nxr n cnonrnno cxtmmnecx y otnoro cnocot ero
pspemennx, ne cer ocosnemte cmo nunocrtm. +rnx cyuxx moxer rt
nn]opmnnm o pxe momenro, cymecrenntx xx x nrnocrnxn nepos, rx n x noce-
ymme ncnxorepnnn. 3rnmn xonxperntmn sumn onpeenrcx n nnpenne nns
npoexrnnoro mrepn. ucrnocrn, x xnnnnncr yyr npecrxrt ocot nnrepec
ceymmne ocoennocrn ]]exrnno c]ept nunocrn n mornnnn, nrnocrnpyemte :
1. eymne mornt, ornomennx, nennocrn.
2. ]]exrnnte xon]nxrt; nx c]ept.
3. nocot pspemennx xon]nxro: nosnnnx xon]nxrno cnrynnn, ncnotsonne
cnenn]nuecxnx mexnnsmo smnrt n r. .
4. nnnytnte ocoennocrn ]]exrnno xnsnn nunocrn: nmnytcnnocrt
noxonrpotnocrt, +monnontnx ycrounocrt ntnocrt; +monnontnx speocrt
nn]nrntnocrt.
5. moonenx; coornomenne npecrenn o petnom n netnom; crenent
npnnxrnx cex.
onxrnx 'xon]nxr, 'smnr ne nmemr x nc cnenn]nuecxn ncnxonnrnuecxoro
snuennx. ce s . . ccnntm, mt pccmrpnem ncnxoornuecxym smnry xx xenne
npeopsonnx 'snuenn, nnpennoe n npeorpmenne xon]nxr 'snumnx
nepexnnn. m xe xon]nxr moxer trt nopoxen croxnoennem mtx ]]exrnno
oxpmenntx nepexnnn, ne rotxo opto 'cosnretnoro n 'eccosnretnoro.
cnxoornuecxx smnr tcryner ne nepecrpoxn ncnxnuecxo exretnocrn, cment
ncnxoornuecxnx ycrnoox |3, 4|.
oopx o nrnocrnuecxo nennocrn , neoxonmo nouepxnyrt, uro ce txxemte
+ro meronxo sxonomepnocrn n xennx ne oee uem norennntnte osmoxnocrn,
renennnn, ycrnoxn nunocrn. o+romy nenpomepen npxmo nepenoc nntx n
xpxrepncrnxy nunocrn n cmoro noeennx es yuer xnnnuecxoro mrepn n
oexrnntx ycon xnsnn ncntryemoro. reropnsonnt nporoxo ne
sepxtnoe orpxenne nunocrn nnnenr, mrepn x rnnores ncceorex.
ncroxmee pemx xccnuecxn pnnr mnpoxo ncnotsyercx xnnnxe neposo.
pxy c nnm, conntno ercxo, npo]eccnontno n pyrnx ocrxx npnxno
ncnxoornn nonyxpt psnoopsnte mon]nxnnn (pnnr x-en n
rxnncon x ncceonnx morn ocrnxennx, ercxn ex n pyrne).
xccnuecxnm pnnrom nx oennxer px ]opmtnt npnsnxo:
1) ]]exrnnx nctmennocrt nsopxenn;
2) nx peenrnocrt nsyuemtm nepemenntm nunocrn;
3) neonpeeennocrt recrotx ycon;
4) nncrpyxnnx, rpeymmx npnymrt pccxs.
IV
eronx uepnntntx nxren . opmx
ecr uepnntntx nxren on ns nnoee nonyxpntx npoexrnntx meronx cosn
menpcxnm ncnxnrpom epmnom opmxom 1921 r. crt ceennx, uro uepnntnte
nxrn ncnotsonct eme eonpo nnun n ornuen x 'osyxennx ]nrsnn;
ncnxoornm nx e . nne, ncceyx c nx nomomtm nexoropte ocoennocrn nnreexr.
opmx onnm ns neptx ormern cxst mexy ]nrsno-noono npoyxnne n rnnom
nunocrn. xoe xnnnuecxoro n +xcnepnmenrtnoro ncceonnx rpynn sopotx n
ncnxnuecxn otntx ncntryemtx, nyrem conocrennx xnnnuecxnx xpxrepncrnx n
ocoennocre orero opmx ten rnn ocnpnxrnx: 'B-rnn n 'Fb-rnn, r. e.
'nrretnt n 'neroo rnn |73|. xsoct, uro onn ncntryemte cxonnt oc-
npnnnmrt nxrn nxennn, npoynnpyemtx nmn opsx me, xnorntx nn
npemero xnenrnpyercx npexe cero nnmnuecxn cnexr; pyrne ncntryemte,
nnporn, ]nxcnpymr conx orerx neroo cnexr. nn ocnpnxrnx nn 'rnn ne-
pexnnnx, no opmxy, xpxrepnsyer npenmymecrenno nnrpepcnnte nn
+xcrprencnnte renennnn nunocrn. poox nornm c rnnoorne Rnr, opmx
nouepxner rem ne menee n ornune coorercrymmnx repmnno. orcno ero osspennxm,
+xcrp- n nnrpepcnx ne npornonooxnte n snmoncxmummne cocr nunocrn,
renennnn, otme nn mentme crenenn npncymne momy ueoexy. nn yxstmr ne
crotxo n crenent +]]exrnnocrn nrnnn, cxotxo n pensymmne ee nnnnytnte
mexnnsmt. enpomepno rxxe npornonocrenne nnrp- n +xcrpepr xx 'mtcnret-
noro n 'uycrymmero rnn nunocrn, nocxotxy exrnx nrnnx npenorer
yucrne xx ]]exrnntx, rx n nosnretntx nponecco. cn nopmtno
nnrpepcnnt rnn xpxrepnsyercx nmt npeonnem xnnecrnuecxnx orero n
nerotmn, ro nroornuecxn nnrpepcnnt rnn nontm orcyrcrnem nerotx. ouno
rx xe psnumr nopmtno n nroornuecxn +xcrprencnnt rnn. pome nepeuncenntx
yx rnno nunocrn opmx texer eme 'cyxennt, x xoroporo xpxrepno moe
xonuecro orero, cxsnntx c nxennem n nerom nn nonoe nx orcyrcrne, n
'mn+xtnt, cxsnnt c otmnm, no pntm xonuecrom n nerotx n
xnnecrernuecxnx orero. Vxsnnte rnnt nepexnnn xoppenpymr c onpeeenntmn
xomnonenrmn nnreexr, ]]exrnno nnmnxo, ueprmn xpxrep n nom
ncnxnuecxo nroornn.
opmx pspor ocnonte npnnnnnt nns n nnrepnpernnn orero, no-
ceymmne rot por ect rntm opsom nnpennn yrounennx snuennx rex nn
nntx noxsree, psporxn ce oee ronxnx cnocoo mn]poxn, noncx
nrornomonnuntx noxsree, rxxe nontrox reopernuecxoro oocnonnx meronxn.
ncroxmee pemx nnoee nonyxpntm xxercx noxo, c]opmnpomncx no nxnnem
ncceonn '3ro-ncnxoornn n +xcnepnmenro New Look. epnenrnnt orer
pccmrpnercx xx npoyxr snmoecrnx yx ]xropo: oexrnntx cocr nxrn n
cyexrnntx norpenocre, xon]nxro n mexnnsmo nx peryxnnn. cere +roro noxo
recr opmx nnpen n nrnocrnxy, rntm opsom, +xcnpeccnnoro cnexr
noeennx nn npncymero nunocrn nnnnytnoro crnx 42; 44; 57; 77|.
1. 3`
ect n ee ncnotsonct pyxoocr no recry on]ep, om, ysn-Vcrepn,
nnopr (57; 7; 63; 71).
repn recr cocronr ns 10 crnprntx rnn, tnonenntx uepno-etx, uepno-
xpcntx n ncretntx ronx. xx rnn npecrxer coo xonnm c opnrnn,
noyuennoro npn cxtnnn nonom ncr ymrn c nnecenntm n nee uepnntntm
nxrnom. orx pncynox nxrn nponsoen n ne noercx onosnuno nnrepnpernnn, ontr
port c meronxo noxster, uro oretnte rnnt nepnosnunt ornomennn
+monnontnoro osecrnx n ueoex. npnmep, rnnt 1, 4, 6 ume cero
cconnnpymrcx co crpxom n rpeoro, rnnt 9, 10, nnporn, tstmr omymennx
pocrn, npsnnx. pcnte nocxocrn rnn, nnomnnx xpot nn oront, tstmr
ecnoxocro; +ro ornocnrcx n x ocnpnxrnm mexnx ere, pcnooxenntx oxpyr eprn-
xtno ocn, ucro cconnnpymmnxcx c opsmn cexcytnoro coepxnnx.
nxxnx npepnretntx ceenn o nen +xcnepnmenr coomrt ne pexomenyercx,
mecre c rem xno, urot ncntryemt uycro cex xx moxno oee nenpnnyxenno.
nor +ro ocrnrercx pccxsom o rom, xx noyueno nsopxenne rnn; moxno cxsrt
+ro oxcnenne c nsecrno ercxo nrpo ' xxxct n rem cmtm necxotxo pspxnrt
ocrnoxy. eecoopsno rxxe nouepxnyrt, uro npn tnonennn snnx ncntryemt
moxer rt mte orert, nn onn ns xoroptx ne yer onennrtcx xx npntnt nn
omnount. nnt npexxmrcx noceoretno c 1 no 10 crnprnom nooxennn,
yxsnnom n oopore rnnt. pexenne nepo rnnt conpooxercx
nncrpyxnne: 'uro +ro rxoe, n uro +ro moxer trt noxoxe? tnemem nncrpyxnnx ne
noropxercx, n ncntryemomy npeocrxercx nonx cmocroxretnocrt. oce oxonunnx
cnonrnntx tcxstnn ncntryemomy moxno srt crnmynpymmne onpoct rnn
'uro t moxere onrt?, '3ro ce? n r. . V poxnx ncntryemtx n nepornxo
osmoxnt snunretnte pcxoxennx mexy oemom cnonrnno n ononnretno
npoyxnnn. rert, noyuennte o pemx onpoc, ne xmumrcx pcuernte ]opmyt nn
nocunrtmrcx c yuerom xo+]]nnnenro.
x npno, ncceonne xmuer cocrenno tnonenne recr n onpoc;
on]ep cunrer neoxonmtm pxe cyue ononxrt nponeypy +xcnepnmenr ]so
'onpeeennx rpnnn uycrnretnocrn.
npoc
+ro ]se ncceonnx txcnxercx, xx cyexr npnme x ]opmynpoxe roro nn
nnoro orer, r. e. onpoc cer opnenrnpon n yrounenne oxnsnnn ops n ero
erepmnnnr. 3xcnepnmenrrop oxsn nserrt npxmtx nn noxmnx onpoco n mecre c
rem ero su noyunrt noponte ceennx, oerummne noceymmym mn]poxy
orero. x txennx oxnsnnn orer n rnne moxno srt onpoct rnn: 'e
nxonrcx...? nn 'oxxnre mne.... o mnornx pyxoocrx no recry opmx x
oeruennx +ro ucrn onpoc ncnotsymr cnenntnte xprt, c nnecenntmn n nnx n
oosnuenntmn nnoee ucro nnrepnpernpyemtmn yucrxmn nxrn. oretntx cyuxx
ncntryemomy npermr cert spncoxy ]nrypt n oretnom ncre ymrn. x
yrounennx erepmnnnr orer nnor ter ocrrouno npocrtx onpoco: 'uro c
scrxer ymrt o...?, 'nnmnre noponee ro, xx t nnre... n r. . oesno
ncnotsort ceymmn meronuecxn npnem: cyexry nperercx trepnrnnt
ops, ornummncx or ]xrnuecxn tpnnoro no ono nn necxotxnm netxcnenntm
erepmnnnrm. npnmep, ecn ncntryemt nnr ouxy, no yxster nmt n
xpxrepncrnxn, cxsnnte c ]opmo (yct, xpttx), ro moxno cnpocnrt, moxer n on +ro
mecro nxrn nnrepnpernport xx mortex. cn ncntryemt ecrnretno ne
opnenrnpocx n ner, ro on ne ynnr nnxxo psnnnt mexy +rnmn orermn.
npeeenne npeeo uycrnretnocrn
ornune or npetymnx ]s sect +xcnepnmenrrop cosnretno oxster enne n
ncntryemoro, urot tsrt re pexnnn, xoroptx ror nserer. +ro netm otuno
ncnotsymr psnunte npnemt: npocxr tprt cmym npnxrnym rnny, srem cmym
nenpnxrnym; npnexmr nnmnne ncntryemoro x rem ocoennocrxm nxrn, xoropte
nrnopnponct nm npn cnonrnntx tcxstnnxx; nxonen, npermr opsnt
osmoxntx nnrepnpernn, ornuntx or rex, xoropte er cm ncntryemt, n r. .
2. B
Bn]poxo nstmr oosnuenne n xccn]nxnnm orero c yuerom nxrn ocnontx
xreropn: oxnsnnn, erepmnnnrt, coepxnnx, nonyxpnocrn/opnrnntnocrn,
xuecr ]opmt.
cnonx net mn]poxn ycrnoenne cxsn mexy orerom n +emenrom nxrn,
rxxe ]opmnsnnx orer x noceymmnx onepnn nns n nnrepnpernnn.
rerom cunrmr tcxstnne, coorercrymmee neo xxxce nn ee ucrxm.
snumr ocnonte orert (cnonrnnte) n ononnretnte (noyuennte o pemx onpoc);
nocenne nocunrtmrcx oretno n pcuerntx ]opmyx yunrtmrcx co
cnenntntmn xo+]]nnnenrmn.
osnuenne oxnsnnn orer
oxnsnnx orer xpxrepnsyer rnn ocnpnxrnx nn 'menrtnt noxo no
on]epy. oxnsnnx orer onpeexercx nyrem coornecennx ops c ro nn nno
ucrtm nxrn.
1. eocrnt orer W (Wole) oosnuercx rom cyue, xor ncntryemt
]nxcnpyer nnmnne n nxrne neom n npoynnpyemt nm ops oxrter cm xxxcy.
nn V
2
. eryux mtmt W.
2
pnmept sxrt ns copnnx ynpxnenn no recry opmx |41|.
nn VI. creennx mxyp W. . nnopr nperer pccmrpnrt neocrnt
orer c rouxn spennx crenenn n]]epennnponnocrn n nnrerpnponnocrn cocrxmmnx
ero ucre:
1) xcno tpxennoe, xopomo prnxynponnoe enncro W,
2) yoeropnretnoe enncro Wo,
3) noxo prnxynponnoe enncro, cnnxpernuecxoe neurenne or cero nxrn Wv.
3rn ononnretnte noxsren nosoxmr pxe cyue orn]]epennnport
neocrnte orert, crpoxmnecx n ocnoe uerxoro nns +emenro nxrn c nx no-
ceymme nnrerpnne (xopomx prnxyxnnx) or neocrntx orero, osnnxmnx
pesytrre rotnoro, cnnxpernuecxoro ocnpnxrnx nxrn (noxx prnxyxnnx).
2. ourn neocrnt orer (W) xor ncntryemt nnrepnpernpyer npnmepno 2/3
xxxct.
nn III. oe myxunn c opomn xocrmmx W.
nn II. ueoex n xoprouxx, rnnymmne xxo-ro rnen, W.
3. on]yxropnt neocrnt orer (W) oosnuercx rom cyue, xor neocrnt
orer crponrcx n ocnonnn nnrepnpernnn xxoro-ro nsonponnoro ]prmenr, es
yuer ocrtno ucrn nxrn.
nn V. or, nepnoe, nymee xnornoe W.
4. rert n xpynnte otunte ern
(). +ro xreropnn ornocxrcx nnrepnpernnn ornocnretno xpynno ucrn nxrn,
xoropx erxo orrpnnunercx npomexyrountm npocrpncrom, orrenxom nn nerom or
ocrtno ucrn nxrn.
nn VII. eenox noxster xstx .
nn IV. or rpomnom cnore.
5. rert n mexne otunte ern (). pnrepnn teennx +ro rpynnt orero re
xe, uro n x (4). rmernm, uro rxo npnsnx, xx 'otunocrt, onpeexercx +mnnpnuecxn,
xx npno, ncnotsymrcx rnnt 3. om c oosnuenno n nnx oxnsnne orero.
nn III. oo nrnnt (d). nn VI. oo c ycmn, nnomnnmmx xomutm (d).
6. rert n neotunte mexne ern. eotunte ern (oomenno oosnumrcx
d) ornumrcx npexe cero pexocrtm nx xrynsnnn. texmr ern, ornocxmnecx x
nyrpenne ucrn nxrn, opmpy n nexoropte pyrne nt d.
7. rert n npomexyrounoe eoe npocrpncro (S) perncrpnpymrcx, ecn cmo eoe
npocrpncro crnonrcx ']nrypo n remnom ']one. or ncntryemt ncnotsyer eoe
npocrpncro xomnnnnn c remno ucrtm rnnt, orer oosnuercx xx WS nn S.
nn II. en nn mn 5. necn, psnnyrte cropony, cepenne cnen
WS.
cnonte erepmnnnrt orero
erepmnnnrmn nstmr rxne xpxrepncrnxn orer, xx ]opm, nxenne, ner,
orrenxn. nn ns nnx oycoent cocrmn nxrn, pyrne (nxenne) xxmrcx cyryo
cyexrnntm ononennem, npoexnne ncntryemoro. erepmnnnrt, rx xe xx n
oxnsnnx, pcxptmr cnoco 'nennx ueoex, ero nsnpretnocrt ornomennn rex
nn nntx cnexro oxpyxmme cpet n cocrennoro nyrpennero mnp.
opm (F)
erepmnnnr F noxster, uro rouxom x osnnxnoennm roro nn nnoro ops
cyxn ]opm nxrn, ero xonrypt.
nn V. eryux mtmt, pcnpocreprte xpttx, ymn WF.
nn III. oo nrnnt dF.
rert xreropnn F moryr psnurtcx no xuecry ]opmt ('xopomx nn 'noxx).
pn 'xopome ]opme ops coorercryer xon]nrypnnn nxrn, nnmoro uerxo o
snmoornomennn oretntx conx ucre (nsxo x W. exoropte ropt npermr
crrncrnuecxn xpnrepn 'xopomnmn ]opmmn cunrmrcx re, xoropte nnrepnpernpymrcx
nnoee ucro. nxo crrncrnuecxn xpnrepn n npxrnxe npnmenxercx pexo; x
onpeeennx xuecr ]opmt pxe cyue moxno norrtcx n cnncox 'xopomnx ]opm
(ex, ysn-Vcrepn). on]ep cunrer, uro orert rnn 'reorp]nuecxx xpr, 'tm,
'oxo, 'ce cer mn]pymrcx xx F, rx xx ne npenormr uerxo onpeeenno
]opmt. reropnx ]opmt ucro tcryner xomnnnnxx c pyrnmn erepmnnnrmn
orer; nexoropte ns nnoee snunmtx 'nrrepno yyr pccmorpent nnxe.
nxenne (, FM, )
3ro on ns nnoee xntx erepmnnnr ops, nenocpecrenno ne trexmmx ns
cocr cmoro nxrn. mecre c rem ycrnoeno, uro xon]nrypnnx nxrn, pcnooxenne
certx n remntx npomexyrxo n nexoroptx rnnx xx t npoonnpyer nnmnuecxne
opst. x, nnpnmep, no opmxy orert 'e ueoeuecxne root (rnnt I n II), '
ueoex (rnn III) cer xmumr +emenrt xnnecresnn, xe ecn ncntryemt ne
er xcnoro eptnoro yxsnnx. ocnpnnnmer n cyexr nxrn crrnxe nn nnmnxe,
ucro txxercx o pemx onpoc, npn +rom cunrercx, uro nrnocrnport moxno
rotxo npn nnunn nepexnnnx nxennx, r. e. coeopsno nenrn]nxnnn c
nxymnmcx oexrom. opmx nor, uro spex nrnponnx nunocrt moxer
nenrn]nnnport cex rotxo c nxymnmncx ueoeuecxnmn ]nrypmn, no+romy on
pccmrpn rotxo ony xreropnm orero nxennx . ncroxmee pemx
otmnncro ropo cunrmr neoxonmtm yunrtrt ce nt nxennx, oxrtmmne
nt exretnocrn, nost, +xcnpeccnm nesncnmo or roro, npnnnctmrcx n onn netm
ueoeuecxnm ]nrypm, ee ucrxm, xnorntm nn crryxm. +ry xe xreropnm xoxr
orert c npoexnne crpxrntx cn, npnpontx nn mexnnuecxnx osecrn, rxxe
nxenne neoymeenntx npemero.
Bn]p oosnuer orert, xoroptx nnuecryer ueoeuecxx exretnocrt, xe
ecn on npnnnctercx xnorntm, crryxm nn xpnxrypm.
nn VII. 3ro nnomnner yx cnopxmnx me WM.
nn I. enmnn c orpesnno rooo n xenrtmen no oxm, noxoxne n
npnnennx, WM.
nn V. e]ncro]et c pormn n xontrmn, yxptrt nncnmmnm nmom, WM.
nn . cepux, ccopxmnecx pyr c pyrom, M.
eyer smernrt, uro snx xmuer cex oosnuenne ]opmt, r. e. ]opm
nmnnnnrno npncyrcryer erepmnnnre , xe ecn ]opm neonpeeennx nn
neexrnx; nocenn cyu oosnuercx xx .
Bn]p FM oosnuer orert, xoroptx ]nrypnpymr xnornte (nn xpnxrypt,
pncynxn) cocrenno nm exretnocrn. 3rnm xe snxom oosnumr noeenne
peccnponntx xnorntx.
nn V. cexomoe c ycnxmn ernr x nm, nnnte norn WFM.
nn II. nnymmne meen FM.
Bn]p r oosnuer nxennx npemero, ecrne mexnnuecxnx, crpxrntx,
cnmonuecxnx cn. nx F noxster, uro nxymncx oexr oer uerxo ]opmo,
F xpxrepnsyer oexrt c menee onpeeenno ]opmo n, nxonen, r yxster n
ecrne xxnx-ro cn. xnm opsom, psnune mexy orermn, mn]pymmnmncx F, F n
r, onpeexercx crenentm tpxennocrn n uerxocrn ]opmt.
nn I. 3rn mryxn cepenne noxoxn n nxmne nymxn dF.
nn . ncrtx, nmmne n semm (neoe), WF.
nn . psnnunx cymrox n ecnopxox W.
rrenxn (c, , x)
rrenounte erepmnnnrt xpxrepnsymr orert, xoroptx ncnotsymrcx xpom-
rnuecxne nn xpomrnuecxne cerorenn. cnotsonne +]]exro cerorenn npner
opsm note ronxonmncnponnte xuecr: nepeer xuecr noepxnocrn nn
crpyxrypt, rynny nn nepcnexrny, rxxe oyconer ocnpnxrne rpexmepntx
oexro n nocxocrn.
1. oepxnocrt nn xuecr crpyxrypt sncnmocrn or crenenn tpxennocrn ]opmt
mn]pymrcx xx Fc, cF, c.
nn I. enmnn npospuno mxe Fc.
nn VI. uemyurx noepxnocrt cF.
nn IV. omtx rpxsn We.
2. ynn, nepcnexrn, ncrnnnx, sncnmocrn or crenenn tpxennocrn ]opmt,
mn]pymrcx xx F, F, .
nn VII. xxom, ne]rxnte tmxn, onn tme, pyrne nxe F.
nn VII. 3ro ox, noxoxne n me, F.
nn V. nomnx remnor W.
rert rnn 'nsmopost, 'rymn, 'tmx, 'tm mn]pymrcx xx .F nn .
3. poexnnx oexro n nocxocrt mn]pyercx xx Fk, kF, k. o +ry xreropnm
nonmr e rpynnt orero penrrenocxne cnnmxn n ronorp]nuecxne xprt.
nn I. osonounnx Fk.
nn . oxoxe n xpry pete]o kF.
nn IV. ect renn, uem-ro nnomnnmmne penrrenocxn cnnmox, Wk.
er ( n ')
erepmnnnro 'ner oxrtmrcx orert, xoroptx opmercx nnmnne n ner
nxrn. snumr erepmnnnrt yx no xpomrnuecxne (xpcnt, opnunet,
seent, xert) n xpomrnuecxne (uepnt, et, cept). 1. pomrnuecxn ner
moxer tcrynrt xomnnnnn c ]opmo (F, F) nn uncrom ne (). ecro
erepmnnnrt yxster n ornocnretnoe npeonne orere ner nn ]opmt.
reropne F oosnumrcx orert, xoroptx eymym pot nrper ]opm nn ]opm
n ner ypnoement.
nn II. pcnte nocxn F.
nn I. pcnoe tnoe seenoe nrte F.
reropne F oosnumrcx orert, re eymym pot nrper ner, no nnuecrymr
+emenrt ]opmt.
nn I. uent mnoro ner, moxer rep nn ]nm F.
nn VIII. oopocn nn noonoe nerymee pcrenne F.
reropne oosnumrcx orert uertpex , n, des, g.
uncrt ner; orerx +roro rnn ecrecrennt ner oexro (xpcnt x xpon,
royo x ne) ncnotsyercx ne onocpeyxct ]opmo, nnpnmep, 'xpot.
nnstnne ner, npn orcyrcrnn ero coepxretntx roxonn, nnpnmep:
'xoe mnoxecro nero posooe, xeroe, royoe, seenoe (rnn ).
des onncnne ner, otuno couerercx c ocnpnxrnem rnnt xx xyoxecrennoro
nponseennx, nnpnmep: 'epnoe, +ro xpetnt +rm (rnn I).
s cnmonuecxx nnrepnpernnx ner: 'xx pocrnx xprnn, ner ecnt n
ospoxennx (rnn ).
2. xpomrnuecxn ner, rx xe xx xpomrnuecxn, moxer tcrynrt xomnnnnxx c
]opmo (F`, `F) n nmert no-;
pnnrt ne nstnnx, onncnnx n cnmonuecxo nnrepnpernnn (n, es, s).
Bn]pox coepxnnx orero
3ror +rn port c +xcnepnmenrtntm mrepnom ne npecrxer ocotx rpynocre
n sxmuercx ornecennn orer x ono ns xreropn xccn]nxnnn. er nyxt
nepeuncxrt nx ce, nnxe npnoxrcx yconte oosnuennx x nnoee pcnpocrpnenntx
xreropn.
ueoeuecxne nete nn nourn nete ]nrypt;
() ueoeuecxne ]nrypt, xoropte ncroxotmrcx pncynxx, xpnxrypx nn
]nrcrnuecxne ]nrypt yxo, etm n npou.;
d ern ueoeuecxo ]nrypt;
() ern ueoeuecxo ]nrypt, nsopxenno n pncynxe, cxytnrype, nn ern
]nrcrnuecxnx ]nryp;
nete nn nourn nete ]nrypt xnorntx;
():mn]oornuecxne sepn, uyonm, xpnxrypt, npnconnte sepn;
() nrponomop]nte xnornte;
Adern re xnorntx.
(n?)ern re nrponomop]noro nn ]nrcrnuecxoro xnornoro.
Atnromnuecxne oprnt ueoex.
AAtnromnuecxne oprnt xnor-sro.
Se noote oprnt.
b npemert.
Nnesx, nm]r, pexn, n c tcort noer n r. .
Bn]pox nonyxpnocrn opnrnntnocrn orero
3r ucrt nns +xcnepnmenrtnoro mrepn npecrxer nexoropte rpynocrn
ny orcyrcrnx crrncrnuecxn snunmtx nntx x psntx nonyxnn. yxoocr no
recry opmx, xx npno, coepxr cnncxn nonyxpntx orero, noyuenntx nnoee
xomnerenrntmn ncceorexmn ocrn opmx-rexnnxn. eyer oprnrt nnmnne,
uro ne ce orert moryr trt smn]pont corcno +ro xreropnn. npnoxennn III
npnonm cnncox nonyxpntx orero () no . on]epy.
pnrnntntmn () cunrmrcx orert, crpeummnecx onn ps n cornm orero. cn
ops neexren nxrny, nponsonr neurenne tuypnocrn, ero mn]pymr xx 0.
nosnnne opnrnntntx orero rpeyer otmoro ontr cmocroxretno port c
rexcrom, no+romy n npxrnxe moxno notsortcx npocrtm yxsnnem n renennnm x
opnrnntnocrn (--0).
3. H B
nrepnpernnx recrooro mrepn npecrxer snunretnte rpynocrn, n nmenno
+r ]s port c meronxo nnoee yxsnm x xpnrnxn. o cnx nop, necmorpx n
orpomnym nonyxpnocrt recr opmx, mnorouncennte nynxnnn xpynnemnx
cnennncro opmx-rexnn- xe, ocnonte npnnnnnt nnrepnpernnn ne nmemr
yoeropnretnoro reopernuecxoro oocnonnx. 3ro ornocnrcx npexe cero x onenxe
ncnxoornuecxoro snuennx rex nn nntx xreropn nns. ecrom opmx
nrnocrnpymr crpyxrypnte xpxrepncrnxn nunocrn: nnnnytnte ocoennocrn
]]exrnno-norpenocrno c]ept n nosnretno exretnocrn (xornnrnnt crnt),
nyrpnnunocrnte n mexnunocrnte xon]nxrt n mept optt c nnmn (smnrnte
mexnnsmt), omym nnpennocrt nunocrn (rnn nepexnnnx) n r. . mecre c rem cxst
oretntx noxsree (nn nx nrrepno) c yxsnntmn npmerpmn nunocrn oxsn
nmt +mnnpnuecxn. ecrnretno, c rouxn spennx nyuno ncnxoornn, nox eme rpyno
oxcnnrt, nouemy, nnpnmep, orert rnn ']opm orpxmr pnnontnte nnreexry-
tnte renennnn, orert rnn 'ner xonrponpyemym nn nmnytcnnym +monno-
ntnocrt. +ro cxsn ymecrno cocrtcx n tcxstnne . . 3rxnn (1980), onoro ns
coercxnx ncceoree ocrn opmx-rexnnxn: '...es reopnn, cxstmme cpecro
nsmepennx, nnom cyue noxsren recr opmx c oexrom nsmepennx
cocrmn nunocrn recr coxpnxer com nsocrt c ropocxonom, ... pno crenenn
nenonxrno, xx pormr o. unrercx, uro nsonponnt noxsret npnoperer
ncnxoornuecxn cmtc 'xonrexcre, r. e. onpeexercx couernnem mnornx noxsree,
opsymm neocrnym xon]nrypnnm nn nrrepn. nxo +ro epnoe meronuecxom
ornomennn smeunne ne pemer npoemt reopernuecxoro oocnonnx cxsn noxsree
recr c remn nn nntmn cnexrmn nunocrn.
ncxyccnonen n onpoc o rom, uro txxer recr crpyxrypy nunocrn, nn ucrnte
nnnnytnte ocoennocrn. exoropte ncceoren normr, uro oocnonne recr
neoxonmo ecrn ononnretnym oxcnnretnym xreropnm, xoncrnrynpymmym
oretnte noxsren recr coorercrnn c neocrntm moycom nunocrn. x,
+xcnepnmenrx . . opxnse tn noyuent xoppexnnn mexy nnnnytno-
rnnoornuecxnmn cocrmn ]nxcnponno ycrnoxn n ncmem noxsree recr
opmx. nnmnuno, xoncrnrno-crntno ycrnoxe coorercrymr ceymmne nnte
recr: orcyrcrne uncro nerotx orero, xopomx ]opm, onrnmtnoe (45) xonuecro
nonyxpntx orero, nourn nonoe orcyrcrne orero c orrenountmn erepmnnnrmn.
nporn, rpyocrrnuno, osynmo ycrnoxe coorercryer npeonne uncro
nerotx orero nn orero rnn ner-]opm, onne orero, cxsnntx c nn-
repnpernne xpomrnuecxnx orrenxo, opnrnntnte orert neuerxo ]opmt n r. .
cn nopmtno nrnponno nunocrn cocren nept ns onncnntx ncme
noxsreen, ro xon]nxrnym nepornuecxym nunocrt c tcoxnm yponem rpeorn
xpxrepnsyer ropo ncmt noxsree |18|.
3rn nnte, n nm srx, corcymrcx n c pxom reopernuecxnx coopxenn o enno
ycrnoouno npnpoe xornnrnnoro n nunocrnoro crnx n osmoxnocrn ero nrnocrnxn
recrom opmx.
cnxoornuecxn cmtc oxnsnnonntx noxsree
oxnsnnx orer (neoe nxrno nn ert) yxster n cnoco noxo x nosnnnm
oexro n xenn oxpyxmme ecrnretnocrn, crpemenne oxrnrt cnrynnm o ce
coxnocrn, snmosncnmocrn ee xomnonenro nn nnrepec x ucrnomy, cnenn]nuecxomy,
xonxpernomy.
opomo prnxynponnte, nnrerpnponnte neocrnte orert couernnn c uerxo
]opmo (WF) noxsren tcoxoro nnreexr c reopernuecxo nnpennocrtm.
nporn, cnnxpernunte nn xon]yxropnte orert (W), ne coorercrymmne ]opme
nxrn (WF-), yxstmr n nnreexrytnte npymennx, nnpnmep, npn mnso]pennn nn
nexpnrnunocrt, 'cyexrnnsm n upesmepnoe uecromne. nopme neocrnte orert
cocrxmr 2030 or omero unc orero n ce rnnt. cnotsonne otmnx n
otuntx mentxnx ere xpxrepnsyer xonxpernym nnnrnuecxym opnenrnnm mtmennx
(nopm 4555, d 5 15). nunretnoe npeonne mtx ere (d 15)
moxer yxstrt n nsnmnn nenrnsm nn cnmnrom nxsunocrn. exne ern (d),
xx npno, cneretcrymr o neyepennocrn, rpeoxnocrn n nontrxx cnpnrtcx c nnmn
( ucrnocrn, n rnnx IVVI). orcyrcrne pyrnx noxsree ]]exrnnoro ne-
ronoyunx (d) yxstmr n mosnretnocrt, opnrnntnocrt mtmennx (npn F).
oxonne eoro ]on (5, WS, S) nnrepnpernpyercx y +xcrpepro xx cneretcro
nerrnnsm, crpemennx npornocroxrt nxnnm oxpyxennx nn y nnrpepro
npornonocrenne cmomy cee, neyepennocrt, uycro nenononennocrn.
nopme ncntryemt, xx npno, nunner c roxonnx neoro nxrn, srem ero
+emenro n, nxonen, ]on. xx noceoretnocrt (WddS yxster n
cncremrnuecxn ornuecxn ynopxouennt noxo x petnocrn. mecre c rem, ecn on
coxpnxercx nensmenno npn nnrepnpernnn cex rnn, moxno roopnrt o pnrnnocrn,
crepeornnnocrn mtmennx n nrnnn neom. oceoretnocrt cunrercx
ynopxouenno, ecn on, coxpnxx yxsnnt nopxox otmnncre rnn, ptnpyer
sncnmocrn or crpyxrypt cmoro nxrn. ornuecxx ecnopxounx noceoretnocrt,
ouenno, cxsn c npymennxmn nrnnn nn (pexo) crpeuercx y ocoo openntx nn
'xyoxecrennoro rnn.
cnxoornuecxn cmtc ocnontx erepmnnnr. opm
opm (F) xxercx ono ns cmtx nonyxpntx erepmnnnr orer n oee uem ce
ocrtnte xpxrepnsyer cocrenno nponecc crpyxrypnponnx, oprnnsnnn
neonpeeennoro mrepn. ysn-Vcrepn nnrepnpernpyer F xx npoxenne cosnretntx
xoncrpyxrnntx renennn nunocrn, cnoconocrn psymno xonrponport con
]]exrnnte noyxennx. on]ep rxxe cunrer F noxsreem nnreexrytnoro
xonrpox n 'cnt 3ro, r. e. crenenn n xuecr nrnnn x petnocrn. uem otme F
(nopm 2050), rem oee 'ecnpncrpcrno ueoex cnocoen pspemrt xnsnennte
npoemt n npnepxnrtcx oexrnnocrn, ne nonx no nxnne cnrynnonntx +monn.
ro xe pemx npn neotmom xonuecre , F`, Fc yenuenne F cepx nopmt yxster
n pnrnnocrt, 'cepxxonrpot, neocrrox cnonrnnocrn, nexoroptx cyuxx tcrynx
xx mexnnsm smnrt or upesmepno ]]exrnnocrn n npepcnooxennocrn x xon]nxrm.
nsxn nponenr F (20) n ]one , Fc, F` roopnr o neocrrouno +]]exrnnom
nnreexrytnom xonrpoe n osmoxntx 'npoptx cyexrnnocrn.
uerxx 'xopomx ]opm cneretcryer o nmretnocrn rounocrn, pencrnunocrn
mtmennx; nopme noonte orert cocrxmr 8090, oee nnsxn nponenr uerxnx
]opm ormeuercx npn mnso]pennn n ncrepnuecxnx neposx; nocenem cyue
nnrepnpernpyercx xx nepornuecxoe ropmoxenne mtmennx.
nnecrernuecxne noxsren (, FM, r)
cnxoornuecxx nnrepnpernnx xnnecrernuecxnx noxsree cmx coxnx n
npornopeunx ucrt port c recrom opmx. unrercx, uro +ror noxsret nnoee
nnrnmno cxsn c nyrpennnm mnpom nunocrn, xorx cymecrymr psnte rouxn spennx n ro,
xxne nmenno renennnn npecrxer . otmnncro ncceoree pcnennmr xx
npoexnnm eccosnretntx rynnntx coe xnsnn nunocrn, nocxotxy ornune or ner
n ]opmt, oycoenntx oexrnntmn xuecrmn nxrn, nxenne xx t npnnocnrcx
cmnm cyexrom. cxox ns +roro, xnnecresnn ucro cxstmr c ropuecxnmn
cnoconocrxmn, tcoxnm nnreexrom, psnrtm oopxennem. opmx pccmrpn
cxsn c nnrpepcnno nnpennocrtm nunocrn, r. e. ymennem ueoex 'yrn cex,
ropuecxn nepeporrt (cynmnport) ]]exrnnte xon]nxrt n rem cmtm onrtcx
nyrpenne crntnocrn.. oonoe roxonne cmtc xx yro t norepxoct
ncceonnem onpeeennoro xonrnnrenr ncntryemtx xrepo, xyoxnnxo, me
ymcrennoro rpy. mecre c rem noceymmne +xcnepnmenrtnte npoepxn npoe-
moncrpnpon sncnmocrt +roro noxsrex or px pyrnx ]xropo, nnpnmep,
nrnponnocrn, crenenn n]]epennnnnn ', osmoxnocrn orxptroro orpernponnx
]]exrnntx noyxenn o nemnem noeennn n r. . memrcx rxxe nnte o cxsn
c ocoennocrxmn mexnunocrntx ornomenn, ucrnocrn npecrennem ueoex o cmom
cee n coem conntnom oxpyxennn, cnoconocrn x conepexnnnm n nonnmnnm pyrnx
me |55, 57|. orcno +rnm nntm, xxercx mnoromepno nepemenno, xonxpernoe
snuenne xoropo onpeexer xonrexcr, r. e. ynnxtnoe x nnoro ueoex couernne
cex ocrtntx noxsree. eonosnunocrt orucrn trexer ns roro ]xr, uro +r
erepmnnnr nmnnnnrno coepxnr e pyrne erepmnnnrt F n . nnmo, no+romy
on]ep cunrer ueoeuecxne xnnecresnn npnsnxom ocosnnno, xopomo
xonrponpyemo, npnnnmemo cyexrom nyrpenne xnsnn cocrenntx
norpenocre, ]nrsn n cmoonenxn. opmx n]]epennnpo rxxe n xrnnte
(reo +xcnncnnom nxennn) n nccnnte xnnecresnn (cornyrte, nxonennte nost).
epte roopxr o xrnno opoxeretno-xooneprnno xnsnenno ycrnoxe,
ropte yxstmr n nccnnocrt, renennnm x nsernnm rpynocre, nort o nosnnnn
'npout or mnp.
xnm opsom, ueoeuecxne xnnecresnn yxstmr n:
1) nnrpepcnnocrt;
2) speocrt ', tpxmmymcx cosnretnom npnnxrnn cocrennoro nyrpennero
mnp n xopomem xonrpoe n +monnxmn;
3) ropuecxn nnreexr (npn .F);
4) ]]exrnnym crntnocrt n n-rnponnocrt;
5) cnoconocrt x +mnrnn.
nporoxox sopotx, xopomo npncnocoenntx, spetx ncntryemtx oxno
coepxrtcx no xpne mepe . x yxstoct tme, nrnocrnport ceyer rotxo
cyue nepexnnnx nxennx, r. e. nenrn]nxnnn c nxymnmcx oexrom. opmx n
nexoropte copemennte ropt pccmrpnmr xuecre nxennx, nost, mnmnxy
rotxo ueoeuecxnx cymecr nn nrponomop]ntx xnorntx. on]ep ]opmynpyer +ry
mtct rounee: cnmoom oosnumrcx nxennx, nepemmne ueoeuecxym
exretnocrt, nnpnmep psropnmmne xnornte, ccopxmnecx rycennnt n r. .
nxenne xnorntx (FM)
nmoom FM mepnxncxne ncnxoorn oosnumr nxennx xnorntx, ucre re
xnorntx nn nx xpnxryp npncyme xnorntm exretnocrn. enrn]nxnnx c
xnnecresnxmn FM, xx npno, cneretcryer o nespeocrn nunocrn. npo-
rnonooxnocrt xnnecresnn xnorntx orpxmr menee ocosnnnte, menee xonrpo-
npyemte euennx, ne nono mepe npnnnmemte nunocrtm. onoe orcyrcrne FM
roopnr o noennn npnmnrnntx euenn, osmoxno, cny nx nenpnememoro
coepxnnx.
nxenne neoymeenntx oexro (F, F, )
3rnmn cnmomn oosnumrcx nxennx oexro, mexnnuecxnx nn crpxrntx cn,
nnpnmep, erymn pyue, psnmmnecx ]t n r. . uenno, uro nenrn]nxnnx c
neoymeenntmn oexrmn yxster n rynnnte neocosnemte, nexonrponpyemte
nmnytct, nepensonnte xennx. x neocrynnocrt cosnnnm ucro nepexnercx
cyexrom xx omymenne rpeorn, crpx, cneretcryer o tcoxo nyrpenne
xon]nxrnocrn. mecre c rem nexoropoe xonuecro FM n onpeeennom coornomennn c
xxercx onycrnmtm n xpxrepnsyer orrcro n xnocrt nyrpennero mnp nunocrn,
cnonrnnocrt ee ]]exrnntx npoxenn, psnroe oopxenne n ]one xopomero
xonrpox n nrnponnocrn.
rrenxn
. excryp, noepxnocrt (Fc, cF, c). cnotsonne orrenxo orerx roopnr o
uycrnretnocrn ueoex x ronxnm ntmncm mexnunocrntx ornomenn. couernnn. c
]opmo orrenxn yxstmr n cnoco ynpennx norpenocrtm npnxsnnocrn,
sncnmocrn, onexe co cropont pyrnx me.
Fc osnuer ne rotxo norpenocrt noontx cxsxx, no n cnoconocrt x yuery
norpenocre pyrnx. orpenocrt xonrxrx xonrponpyercx n npnnnmer
connnsnponnte ]opmt. nrnmtnoe xonuecro Fc roopnr o censnrnnocrn, uyrxocrn;
cnmxom otmoe unco Fc cneretcryer o necmocroxretnocrn, nccnnocrn,
sncnmocrn; neocrrox Fc yxster n orcyrcrne +rnx uycr.
cF xpxrepnsyer menee speym, rpyo npoxxmmymcx norpenocrt xonrxrx, nort
o ]nsnuecxnx, nnor cexcytnoro xpxrep.
c xxercx cnmnromom nexonrponpyemo, nen]]epennnponno norpenocrn onexe n
]nsnuecxnx xonrxrx.
. ynn, nepcnexrn (F, F, ,). x npno, +r erepmnnnr pccmrpnercx xx
orpxenne cnocoo optt c rpeoxnocrtm. ocrrouno mnorouncennte F crpeumrcx
npn ocosnnnn n +]]exrnnom npeooennn crpx; mecre c rem orcyrcrne F, npxrnuecxn
ne snunmo.
F n . ornocxrcx x noxsrexm rpeorn xx cecrnn ]pycrpnnn norpenocrn
npnxsnnocrn. oee uem . yxstmr n tcoxym crenent ]pycrpnnn n orcyrcrne
mexnnsmo ee npeooennx.
. poexnnx rpexmepntx oexro n nocxocrt (Fk, kF, k). o on]epy, +r
erepmnnnr yxster n rpeoxnocrt, noncx xonrxro, xoropt moxer mcxnportcx
nnreexrynsnne. rert Fk osnumr oee ycnemnym pnnonnsnnm, uem kF n k.
er ( n ')
ernte orert, nunnx c opmx, pccmrpnnct xx npnsnx ]]exrnno
orxnxemocrn ornomennn oxpyxmme cpet, xx +xcrpeprnponnx nnpennocrt
nunocrn. 3ry erepmnnnry npnnxro yunrtrt couernnn c ]opmo; nocenxx yxster
n crenent xonrponpyemocrn, conntnocrn, speocrn ]]exr.
F npnsnx +monnontnocrn xopomo xonrponpyemo, oyconmme ex-
rnocrt mexnunocrntx ornomenn.
F menee xonrponpyemx +monnontnocrt, ]]exrnnx cnonrnnocrt c +emenrom
+ronenrpnsm, nymemocrn, nn]nrntnocrn.
+xcnosnnocrt, nmnytcnnocrt, xx npno, nroornuecxn cnmnrom.
n nontrxn osecrort n +monnontnym cnrynnm cxopee mrnuecxnm, uem
pencrnuecxnm opsom.
des nnreexrytnt noxo, cosnretnoe ornomenne x +monnontntm
cnrynnxm.
s ropuecxn noxo, +crernuecxne cxonnocrn.
xpomrnuecxn ner F`, `F, ' nnrepnpernpyercx nornuno xpomrnuecxomy,
pccmrpnercx xx npnsnx 'cmxruenno nmncnponno ]]exrnnocrn. nste n ysn-
Vcrepn, onxo, cxstmr pexnnm n certe n remnte nxrn c rynnntmn
npnmnrnntmn mexnnsmmn psnuennx cer n rtmt, cny uero ' yxster n ryoxym
nc]opnm, rpycrt, orcyrcrne oepnx x cee, neccnmnsm n rpeory |37, 63|. opmx rxxe
ne orerx ' npnsnx neocrrouno nrnponnocrn.
oepxnne
uecrennt nns orero cpnnretno neno npnex nnmnne ncceoree,
rx xx cunroct, uro on er xpxrepncrnxy cxopee xreropntnoro nnpr mtmennx,
uem ocoennocre nunocrn (nnopr). o mnennm onnx ropo, nns coepxnnx
npenorer cnmonuecxym nnrepnpernnm orero (B]ep, ysn-Vcrepn); on]ep
cunrer coepxnne orero npexe cero nnnxropom mnport nnrepeco nunocrn,
nnpennocrn ee morno.
reropnx 'xnornte () nnoee pcnpocrpnen orerx xx sopotx, rx n
ncnxnuecxn otntx me. ymepenntx xonuecrx cneretcryer o osmoxnocrn
snmononnmnnx, xoonepnnn ocrn mtmennx; ctme 50 yxster n
crepeornnnm, enocrt nnrepeco. unrercx, uro opst xnmntx xnorntx orpxmr
rpeccnnte renennnn, ommnnx nccnnocrt n sncnmocrt.
reropnx 'mn () cxsn c ocnpnxrnem cex, coero re n conx ornomenn c
pyrnmn mtmn. ocnpnxrne ncxmunretno oretntx ucre re ucro yxster n
osmoxnte xon]nxrt, nnpnmep, c]epe cexcytntx ornomenn. otmoe snuenne
nmemr nos, mnmnx, ]]exrnnx oxpmennocrt ops: nnpnmep, epymnecx mn moryr
orpxrt pxenocrt uycr n ycrnoox ncntryemoro, ro pemx xx cmemmnecx,
rnnymmne ]nrypt, nnporn, yoeropennocrt n onrnmnsm. xocro co cxsountmn,
]nrcrnuecxnmn nepconxmn ucro crpeuercx npn necnoconocrn nenrn]nnnport
cex c petntmn mtmn, rpynocrxx c]epe mexnunocrntx ornomenn. nopme npo-
roxo coepxnr oxoo 15 orero . memrcx nnte o npoexnnn coepxnnn orero
nunocrno-snunmtx nepexnnn n xon]nxro. npnmep, xenmnn, crpmmx or
onnouecr, nnr ]nrypt myxunn n xenmnn, yenntx pyr or pyr.
s orero pyrnx xreropn ormeumr 'nromnm, 'reorp]nm, xoropte, ecn ne
xxmrcx orpxennem npo]eccnontntx nnrepeco, yxstmr n 'xomnexc nnre-
nrenrnocrn, xenne ecnyrt. otmoe xonuecro orero cexcytnoro coepxnnx, xx
npno, nmercx y nn c rpynocrxmn cexcytno nrnnn; nonoe orcyrcrne
orero cexcytnoro coepxnnx n rnnx IV, VI, VII yxster n ryoxoe noenne
xon]nxr +ro c]epe, xoropoe moxer trt cex cnmonuecxnx opsx.
crpxrnte nnrepnpernnn pccmrpnmrcx xx npoxenne onpeeenno
nnreexrytno cxonnocrn, no nnor (n rnnx I, ) xx smnr or upesmepno
]]exrnnocrn, ee nepeporx nyrem pnnonnsnnn.
secrnt nontrxn txennx cnmonuecxoro xpxrep coepxnnx: rx, 'rs
nnrepnpernpymrcx xx noospnretnocrt, cexx, 'mnnnt nmenne cnt, 'orxptrx
ncrt noxnpmmx mrt, 'mcx xenne cxptrt coe 'ncrnnnoe nno cnpxrrtcx n
r. . |7|. ysn-Vcrepn cunrer neoxonmtm cnmonuecxn nnrepnpernport rxxe
oxnsnnm orer ornocnretno ropnsonrtno n eprnxtno oce |63|. orcno
ncnxonnrnuecxnm npecrennxm, eprnxt cnmonsnpyer myxcxoe nuo,
ropnsonrt xencxoe; ror orert, pcnooxennte ot eprnxtno ocn, yyr
yxstrt n noncx noepxxn y orn, crpemenne x crn; orert ot ropnsonrtno
ocn cnmonsnpymr noncx yexnm y mrepn, norpenocrt esoncnocrn, essornocrn.
xonnocrt nnrepnpernport xpx nxrn yxster n ercro or rpeorn; npenourenne
epxne ucrn nxrn orpxer crpemenne x yxono crn, nnxne ucrn renennnm x
enpeccnn, nccnnocrn, nounnennm.
onyxpnteopnrnntnte orert
onyxpnocrt (ntnocrt) orer rpxryercx xx tpxenne nopmtnoro
nnreexrytnoro xon]opmnsm ueoex nnr mnp, xx ce. rcyrcrne nonyxpntx
orero moxer yxstrt n nroornuecxn nerrnnsm, yrnsm, npymenne nrnnn. e
cymecryer crrncrnuecxn tepennoro cnncx nonyxpntx orero, xoropte, ecrecrenno,
necxotxo ptnpymr psntx nonyxnnxx. x npno, ncnotsymrcx nnte, noyuennte
nnoee nsecrntmn ncceorexmn ocrn opmx-rexnnxn (ex, on]ep).
pnrnntnte orert cneretcrymr o ropuecxnx cnoconocrxx, onxo - nroorn-
uecxn npnsnx esoprnnsnnn mtmennx, norepn xonrxr c petnocrtm.
4. VI
oyuennte recrom opmx nnte nnrepnpernpymrcx sncnmocrn or reopernuecxnx
ycrnoox ncceorex. oxno roopnrt o cymecronnn no xpne mepe yx
nnpenn psnrnn opmx-rexnnxn: nepoe, npecrennoe menpcxo n
]pnnyscxo xnnnuecxnmn mxomn (ysn-Vcrepn, pp, om) onnpercx n nocryrt
oprooxctnoro ncnxonns n nnr recre cpecro txennx psnuntx
nncrnnxrnntx euenn n nx cnmonuecxoro tpxennx; ropoe nnpenne (on]ep,
nnopr) conmn reopernuecxnmn ncroxmn yxonr ncnxoornm '3ro,
+xcnepnmenrtnte ncceonnx New Look, n xuecre ocnono xreropnn
nnrepnpernnn pccmrpner xornnrnnt crnt nunocrn. nocenem cyue recr
tcryner xuecre coeopsno 'sun, 'nrnnx x xoropo onpeexercx xx
cocrenno nnreexrytntmn osmoxnocrxmn ncntryemoro, rx n nmemmnmncx y nero
cpecrmn xonrpox n peryxnnn ]]exrnno xnsnn. cxsn c ncceonnxmn New Look
nponecc crpyxrypnponnx nxrn cr rpxrortcx ncxox ns snmoecrnx 'nemnnx n
'nyrpennnx ]xropo. orcno rxomy noxoy, nnrepnpernnx nxrn npecrxer coo
xr 'xreropnsnnn; ror nn nno orer pccmrpnercx xx 'rnnores, erepmn-
nnponnx cocrmn crnmy nxrn n cyexrnntmn ]xropmn norpenocrxmn,
]]exrnntmn xon]nxrmn, nnnnytntm xornnrnntm crnem |42; 44|. xnm
opsom, sxmumr ropt, nponecc crpyxrypnponnx neonpeeennoro crnmytnoro
mrepn orpxer ]opmtnym crpyxrypy nyrpennero mnp nunocrn, npncymn e
cnoco nennx cex n coero conntnoro oxpyxennx.
nrepnpernpyx pesytrrt recr, on]ep |57|, ucrnocrn, texer rpn sn-
mocxsnntx nocncremt nunocrn, ro nn nno crenenn pcxptmmnecx nnn-
nytnom cnocoe crpyxrypnponnx nxrn: nnreexr, ]]exr, ]ynxnnn '3ro |57|.
xx ns +rnx nocncrem com ouepet oer cocrenno crpyxrypo. x, x-
pxrepncrnx nosnretno exretnocrn xmuer ceymmne npmerpt: nnreex-
rytnt crryc, cnoco noxo (rnn ocnpnxrnx), ycrounocrt x +monnontntm
osecrnxm, npoyxrnnocrt, opnrnntnocrt n r. . pn nnse ]]exrnno c]ept
nunocrn ormeumrcx +monnontnt ron ocnpnxrnx, cnocot pernponnx n
+monnorennte cnrynnn, xonrpot n ]]exrnnocrtm, cnenn]nx cmoonenxn (npnnxrne
nn oreprnne cex n cocrenntx neocosnemtx noyxenn, osmoxnocrt
conepexnnnx n nonnmnnx pyrnx me n r. .). oopx o ]ynxnnxx '3ro, on]ep
nmeer ny npexe cero npncymne nnnny ocoennocrn xonrxr c petnocrtm:
oexrnnocrt orpxennx, sont xon]nxro, ncnxoornuecxne mexnnsmt xonrpox n
smnrt. oont noxo x nnsy nntx recr, necmorpx n px neocrrxo n npexe
cero cxst c ncnxonnrnuecxo moetm nunocrn, nosoxer txnrt
nnnnytnte xpxrepncrnxn nosnretno exretnocrn nx cxsn c ]]exrnno
c]epo n nnpennocrtm nunocrn.
pn tnemem nsoxennn mrepn mt yem npnepxnrtcx cxemt, pspornno
pyno on]epom |57|, opmx nnmnne ne crotxo n coepxretnt, cxotxo n
]opmtnt cnexr oporxn +xcnepnmenrtntx nntx.
nrepnpernnx recr moxer xmurt necxotxo +rno; ee 'rynn sncnr xx or
su, croxmnx nepe +xcnepnmenrropom, rx n or ero reopernuecxnx ycrnoox omem
cyue nept, 'nnrnuecxn +rn cocronr teennn px npmerpo (rnn
nepexnnnx, xpxrepncrnx nnreexr n r. .), snuennx xoroptx tuncxmrcx no rx
nstemtm ]opmym. opmyt nmemr conm ncrounnxom npexe cero xnnnuecxn
+mnnpnuecxn ontr, rxxe ocnont n pxe npnnxrtx ropom reopernuecxnx nooxenn.
ropo +rn sxmuercx coornecennn mexy coo oretntx noxsree recr n
cosnnn coero po nx 'ncme, nrrepno. unrercx, uro nsonponnt noxsret
ne moxer cyxnrt nexntm nnnxropom, ro pemx xx 'ncmt oecneuner
ocrrounym oocnonnocrt to. ocennm mrom xxercx nepexo or onncnnx rex
nn nntx c]ep nunocrn x xpxrepncrnxe ee neocrno crpyxrypt. x cunrer om, uem
tme xn]nxnnx ncnxoor, uem otme crenenn on cnocoen x nnrynrnnomy
cnnrernuecxomy mtmennm, rem oee 'ryoxo yer n nnrepnpernnx |7|. Vunrtx
meronuecxn xpxrep ncroxmero noconx, mt orpnnunmcx onncnnem nutntx +rno
port c mrepnom recr; nperemte sect npmerpt n cnocot oporxn mrcx c
neotmnmn coxpmennxmn.
nrepnpernnx ocnontx noxsree recr n nx coornomenn
nn nepexnnnx. nomnnm, uro nonxrne 'rnn nepexnnnx xx coornomenne
nnrpepcnntx n +xcrprencnntx renennn nunocrn eeno opmxom n ocnoe
+mnnpnuecxoro conocrennx yx rnno ocnpnxrnx: rx nstemoro nerooro rnn
(Fb-rnn) n nrretnoro (B-rnn). orcno opmxy, psnumr 5 rpynn rnno
nepexnnnx. nn nepexnnnx xxercx xoprnponntm, xor noxsren oenx cropon
oxstmrcx 0 nn 1 (rnnt: 0:0, 1:0, 0:1, 1:1). pn noxsrexx ne tme rpex n xxo
cropone rnn nepexnnnx nstmr xoprrnntm. nn nepexnnnx npn
npnnsnretnom pnoecnn cropon c noxsrexmn tme rpex nstmr mn+xtntm
(nnpnmep, 5:6, 8:8, 9: 11). cn snunretno npeoer, opmx nster rnn
nepexnnnx nnrpepcnntm; npn npenmymecre n cropone +xcrprencnntm. x
oonx nocennx rnno ceyer eme psnurt, nmeer n cotpxennx cropon rotxo
mentmne noxsren nn onn oce orcyrcrymr; ecn nonocrtm orcyrcryer on ns
cropon, roopxr o nnrpepcnnocrn es +xcrprencnnocrn nn o +ronenrpnuno
+xcrprencnnocrn. nn nepexnnnx tuncxercx no ]opmye : S , re
xonuecro orero c ueoeuecxnmn xnnecresnxmn, S xonuecro orero c
ncnotsonnem xpomrnuecxoro ner. Vunrtx, uro nerox erepmnnnr moxer
tcrynrt xomnnnnn c ]opmo, S tonrcx co ceymmnmn xo+]]nnnenrmn:
S 32F1F
2

opmyy : S nstmr nnor nepnuno, ornune or nee ropnunx ]opmy,
pspornnx on]epom, yunrter ce nt xnnecresn, rxxe erepmnnnrt
xpomrnuecxoro ner () n cerorenn (c)FM: Fcc1 xy ce erepmnnnrt xoxr
comrntx enunnx, corcno ncnxorpmme. s coornomennx nepnuno n ropnuno
]opmy tonrcx rnn nepexnnnx nunocrn xx ornocnretnoro npeonnx
nnrpepcnntx nn +xcrprencnntx renennn. pornonooxnx nnpennocrt
]opmy (nnpnmep, nnrpepcnnocrt nepnuno, +xcrprencnnocrt o ropnuno nn
noopor), xx npno, cneretcryer o xrytntx xon]nxrntx nepexnnnxx
nunocrn.
orcno opmxy, r nn nnx nnpennocrt nunocrn oxn pccmrpnrtcx ne xx
scrtmee cocro, xx nnmnuecxn nc psntx renennn. nrpepcnnt rnn
xpxrepnsyer me, noynrexmn noeennx xoroptx tcrynmr npenmymecrenno
nyrpennne crnmyt nx cocrennte mornt, ne rpeonnx cpet. pn ornocnretno
peynnponno orxnxemocrn n osecrnx nsne nnrpepcnnocrt ne pnosnun
yrncrnuecxo norpyxennocrn o nyrpennn mnp n yxoy or ecrnretnocrn. ro xe
pemx nnrpepcnnocrt npenorer psnrym cnoconocrt x ropuecxomy oopxennm,
cyue ]pycrpnnn tnonxmmero xomnencropno-smnrnte ]ynxnnn. pn
+xcrprencnnom rnne nepexnnnx nnotme noynretno cno omr crnmyt
nemne cpet; nnnn xpxrepnsyercx ntno ]]exrnnocrtm, orxptro
+xcnpeccne, mnpoxnmn, no necxotxo noepxnocrntmn conntntmn xonrxrmn. V me
c mn+xtntm rnnom nepexnnnx nnrp- n +xcrprencnnte renennnn uepeymrcx:
ueoex moxer n pemx smtxrtcx cee, xx t uepnx note cnt cocrennom
nyrpennem mnpe, srem not opmercx x xrnnocrn o nemnem mnpe.
oprnponnt n xoprrnnt rnnt nepexnnnx ucro xpxrepnsymr cyxnx
uonopntx me, cxonntx x noyuennxm, ne ommnx nn opnrnntnocrtm mtm-
ennx, nn xnocrtm uycr, sro croxnx n nexntx. pxy c nopmo +rn rnnt
crpeumrcx y enpeccnntx nepornxo nn cxomnencnponntx otntx mnso]penne.
ononnretnte xpxrepncrnxn roro nn nnoro rnn nepexnnnx, nnpnmep,
crntnocrt, ntnocrt ]]exr, crenent ocosnnnocrn, noxonrpotnocrn norpenocre
n euenn, toxrcx ns conocrennx nepnuno n ropnuno ]opmy c pyrnmn
uncotmn coornomennxmn.
]]exrnnocrt n crenent ee xonrponpyemocrn
mx +monnontnx pexrnnocrt onpeexercx ncxox ns px noxsree:
) S orxptrx +monnontnx pexrnnocrt n nemnne crnmyt; nopme S
3;
) nponenr orero n rpn nocenne (VIII) nernte rnnt oxen trt pen nn
npetmrt 40; npn 7-1030/o ncntryemt sropmoxen, neocrrouno cnonrnno
pernpyer n +monnorennte xpxrepncrnxn oxpyxennx;
) ecn renrnoe pemx n xpomrnuecxne rnnt npetmer renrnoe pemx n
xpomrnuecxne oee uem n 10 cexyn, +ro osnuer, uro ncntryemt noxo xonrponpyer
con +monnn, xoropte nocxr esoprnnsnnm ero exretnocrt.
onrpot n ]]exrom mnpoxom cmtce co xmuer peryxnnm nponecc
yoeropennx norpenocre coorercrnn c 'ptepmn petnocrn. recre opmx
psnumr 'nemnn xonrpot xmuenne ]]exrnntx nponecco nnreexrytnte
(coero po nnreexrytnx onocpecronnocrt ]]exr), n 'nyrpennn xonrpot,
ocymecrxmmncx nyrem peoprnnsnnn norpenocre neppxnuecxym cncremy, re
tcmne norpenocrn xonrponpymr nnsmne.
nemnn xonrpot nrnocnnpyercx ceymmnm ncmem noxsree:
) nponenr orero F; nopme ne oxen npetmrt 2050, uro yxster n
+]]exrnnocrt xonrpox. tme 80 orero F npn mom xonuecre , F n ' osnuer
ycnennt xonrpot, 'cepxxonrpot co cropont nnreexrytntx, nponsotno
xonrponpyemtx nponecco, neocrrox cnonrnnocrn;
) nponenr orero F- noxster cocrt xonrpox ns-s neocrrouno cxsn c
petnocrtm;
) nponenr orero c ncnotsonnem n41]epennnponntx (xmummnx ]opmy)
erepmnnnr cerorenn: (FFFc) , xpxrepnsyer crenent noxonrpotnocrn norpeocrn
xonrxre n +monnontno npnxsnnocrn x pyrnm mxm. Venuenne FFFc ctme
75 yxster n e]nnnr +monnontno cnonrnnocrn;
r) crenent speocrn ]]exr, ero nrnponnocrn coorercrnn c rpeonnxmn
petnocrn tonrcx ns coornomennx F: (F), re F oosnuer xonrponpyemym,
conntno npnememym ]]exrnnocrt; F +ronenrpnsm, nymemocrt, ct
conntnt xonrpot, nmnytcnnocrt, orcyrcrne xonrpox. opmtnt xonrpot
onpeexercx npn FF, ecn F0.
nyrpennn xonrpot moxer trt onpeeen xx osmoxnocrt 'sepxxn yo-
eropennn nnsmnx norpenocre (euenn), yxster n crenent crpyxrypnponnx
mornnnonno cncremt n peryxnnn euenn co cropont tcmnx norpenocre;
nrnocnnpyercx coornomennem noxsree xnnecresnn.
) pn M2FM (FM0) nenocpecrennx pspxx euenn ycryner mecro nx
xonrpom co cropont ocosnemtx morno; rxoe coornomenne xpxrepnsyer speym
nunocrt c ornocnretno crntno n rpmonnuno ]]exrnno xnsntm.
) FMM yxster n npeonne neocosnemtx, xx npno, noxemtx
nmnytcnntx renennn, cosmmnx tcoxn ypoent rpeoxnocrn; xpxrepnsyer
nn]nrntnym nespeym nunocrt c noxo xonrponpyemo ]]exrnnocrto n ryoxnmn
xon]nxrmn.
nenx nnreexrytntx osmoxnocre
ecr opmx ne xxercx, xx nsecrno, cpecrom nsmepennx nnreexr, onxo on
nosoxer onennrt nosnretnte osmoxnocrn cyexr cnrynnn ]]exrnntx
srpynenn.
o nntm recr noyumr rxne xpxrepncrnxn nnreexr, xx tcoxn nnsxn,
uerxn pcnturt, rnxn pnrnnt, reopernuecxn npxrnuecxn n r. .
Vxxem npnsnxn nexoroptx ns +rnx xuecr. pnsnxmn tcoxoro ropuecxoro nnreexr
opmx cunr n F. orx nocecrnn crn npnnnctrt peenrnocrt pyrnm
ocrxm ncnxnuecxoro ]ynxnnonnponnx, otmnncro ropo cunrmr nonoe
orcyrcrne noxsreem nnsxoro nnreexr nn nnreexrytno erpnnn; nnune
xe 35 yxster n nnreexr tme cpenero. x tcoxoro nnreexr xpxrepno
nnune ne menee 80 orero rnn ']opm, npnuem uerxocrt nn pcnturocrt
nnreexr orpxercx noxsree xuecr ]opmt (F nn F). tcoxn nnreexr
ornuercx rxxe otmo npoyxrnnocrtm (ne menee 2045 orero n 10 rnn), orcyr-
crnem crepeornnnn (ne oee 50 orero 'xnornte), nnunem opnrnntntx orero
(ecn onn couermrcx c xopome ]opmo) .
3
eonpeeennx ]opm nxrn, npnuynte couernnx cerorenn, xpxnx n ncretntx
xpcox cosmr, xx npno, cocroxnne +monnontno nnpxxennocrn, nnor oxoxmee
o omymennx ncxom]opr. nponecce crpyxrypnponnx nxrn +ro orpnnretnoe
+monnontnoe cocroxnne npeooeercx +rom cmtce roopxr, uro cnoco port
ncntryemoro c recrom npecrxer coo moet ero noeennx '+xcrpemtno
cnrynnn.
nxocrt nnreexrytno rxrnxn moxno npocenrt, nnsnpyx noceoretnocrt
oxnsnnonntx noxsree n xxym ns 10 rnn (cyxneccnx). tuno ncntryemte
nunnmr c nnrepnpernnn neoro nxrn, srem nocrenenno nepexoxr x tuenennm ere
otmnx, mtx, pexnx n, nxonen, nnrepnpernpymr ete npomexyrxn.
oceoretnocrt WddS nstercx ynopxouenno n cneretcryer o
cncremrnuecxom n ncnnnnnnponnom nnreexre. nxo yxsnnx noceoretnocrt
ne oxn trt pnrnno, nocxotxy psnoopsne xon]nrypnnn nxren n rnnx I
rpeyer ocrrouno coot tope rxrnxn nnrepnpernnn. nreexrytnx
pnrnnocrt npoxnr cex nensmenno noceoretnocrn oxnsnnonntx noxsree,
nexoppnrnpyemo oexrnntmn xuecrmn cmoro nxrn.
o nponenry neocrntx (W) n ertntx ( n d) orero cyxr coorercrenno o
reopernuecxo nn npxrnuecxo nnpennocrn nnreexr. meer snuenne coornomenne
neocrntx orero n xnnecresn, mmee npecrenne o crenenn pensnnn
nnreexrytntx osmoxnocre:
W2M osnuer, uro nnreexrytnte nnte ncnotsymrcx ne nono mepe, uro
moxer crrt npnunno snnxennoro yponx npnrxsnn n noeut s coo xon]nxrnte
nepexnnnx.
pecrennocrt psntx no coepxnnm orero xpxrepnsyer nnreexrytnym
nnpennocrt nnrepeco.
xxo crenenn nnreexr ycroun x +monnorenntm osecrnxm, yercx npocenrt,
nnsnpyx ceymmne noxsren:
1) xuecro ]opmt orerx n nernte rnnt noxenne F yxster n
esoprnnsnnm nosnretntx nponecco;
2) nxnne 'moxo
4
n xuecro n xonuecro noceymmnx orero;
3) 'xopomne (

) nn 'noxne (-) opnrnntnte orert n nernte rnnt nn

noce 'moxo.
4) nnnxnnx ]]exrnntx xon]nxro n smnrntx mexnnsmo.
cote ]enoment
ornune or nnrepnperrnntx meronx rnn recr opmx, xx npno, ne
cxpter coepxnnx xon]nxrntx nepexnnn nunocrn. nxo ne yyun
nenocpecrenno npecrenntmn orerx ncntryemoro, onn rem ne menee moryr
nrnocrnportcx onocpeonno nyrem nsyuennx nnmnxn nnrepnpernnn nponecce
ncceonnx. exrom nns crnoxrcx mte 'orxonennx noeennn ncntryemoro,
ero xommenrpnn, ocoennocrn port c xxo rnne, nsmenenne renrnoro pemenn n
xonuecr orero n ocoo snunmte rnnt n mnoroe pyroe. nnunn xon]nxr
roopxr n npymennx xonrpox, onncnnte tme, rxxe ocote ]enoment moxn n
orxst. ce nepeuncennte ]enoment nosoxmr nrnocnnport, o-neptx, sony
xon]nxr, o-roptx, nnnnytnte cnocot optt c nnm, r. e. smnrnte mexnnsmt
|7|. rxst n moxn xxmrcx nnoee rpytmn mexnnsmmn smnrt, nornuntmn
noennm.
rxsom nstmr rxym noeenuecxym pexnnm, xor ncntryemt ne er nnxxnx
nnrepnpernn n ry nn nnym rnny. e ceyer nyrrt orxs xx nepornuecxym pexnnm
c orxsom, cneretcrymmnm o rpyom nnreexrytnom cnnxennn. cnxorennx npnpo
orxs ucro txxercx npn cpnennn enoro monpoyxrnnoro nporoxo ocnono
ucrn +xcnepnmenr n otmoro xonuecr oenn o pemx onpoc nn onpeeennx
rpnnn uycrnretnocrn. noee ucro orxst crpeumrcx npn nnrepnpernnn II, IV, VI
n I rnn.
Boxn npecrxmr coo nepornuecxym pexnnm smnrt or ]]exr, xx npno,
trecnenne ]]exr nn ero xonepcnm ]onm |7|.
Box nrnocnnpyercx npn nnunn ceymmnx 'orxonenn:
1) cnnxenne npoyxrnnocrn nn yxymenne xuecr orero (noxenne orero noxo
]opmt (F) xon]yxropntx (W) nn noxnx opnrnntntx orero -);
2) orcyrcrne erepmnnnr ner npn nnrepnpernnn nerntx rnn;
3) orcyrcrne otuntx nonyxpntx orero;
4) nesnnoe nsmenenne cnoco ocnpnxrnx, nnpnmep, nrnopnponne netx nn
nerntx ucre nxrn n 'ercro et ]on;
5) yenuenne renrnoro pemenn orer;
6) nerrnnte ]]exrnnte onenxn (ncxpenrnnx recr nn cocrenntx
cnoconocre), mnmnuecxne, nnronnnonnte nsmenennx, mounne, ocxnnnne n romy
noonoe.
noee cntntm npnsnxom mox xxercx cnnxenne xonuecrenno n xuecrenno
npoyxrnnocrn orer. snumr nerote, xnnecresnuecxne roxn, mox n xpcnoe, n
nycrory n nexoropte pyrne nt. x npno, coepxretnx nnrepnpernnx mox
npoonrcx yxe ncnxonns: mox n xpcnoe cnmo trecnenno rpeccnn, mox n
nycrory orpnnnne xencrennocrn n r. . |7; 63|.
nrnocrnx xon]nxr n mexnnsmo smnrt
on]nxr, nrnocnnpyemt no nntm recr opmx, moxer nmert psnunym
npnpoy. cmom omem ne nemnn xon]nxr nopoxercx npornopeunem mexy
nenocpecrenno ]]exrnnocrto norpenocrxmn, rpeymmnmn nemeennoro,
nenocpecrennoro yoeropennx n conntno-omecrenno neoxonmocrtm nx
'sepxxe n onocpeonnn. mecre c rem xon]nxr moxer tstrtcx croxnoennem
npornonooxntx renennn nyrpn cmo cncremt norpenocre. rom, n pyrom
cyue cpecrmn pspemennx xon]nxr yyr tcrynrt mexnnsmt smnrt n xonrpox.
e cer psnune mexy +rnmn nmn peryxropntx mexnnsmo tcryner xnom ne.
reopernuecxom nne yxstercx, uro smnrnte mexnnsmt nycxmrcx xo rotxo
cnrynnn ]]exrnnoro xon]nxr, ro pemx xx xonrpot ecryer n ]]exrnno-ne-
rptno cnrynnn. cn mexnnsmt smnrt npnsnt xocenntm nyrem cyxnrt
yoeropennm 'nnsmnx nncrnnxrnntx norpenocre, ro mexnnsmt xonrpox
oecneunmr yoeropenne 'tcmnx morno nnrepnopnsonntx cosnretntx
nee n ornocxrcx x peryxnnn oee psnrtx connnsnponntx ]opm nosnretno
mornnnn [56, 72].
recre opmx xuecre 'cnmnromo xon]nxr pccmrpnmrcx psnoopsnte
orxonennx or nopmtnoro coornomennx onpeeenntx noxsree, noxenne 'ocotx
]enomeno, tcoxn ypoent rpeoxnocrn, cnnxenne +]]exrnnocrn xonrponpymmnx
mexnnsmo, rxxe xmuenne rex nn nntx mexnnsmo smnrt. nxe mt npnonm
cnncox noxsree xon]nxr; nnomnnm, uro nnune nporoxoe onoro ns nnx ne er
ocnonn x ocroepntx sxmuenn, nnporn, uem otme noxsree xon]nxr
onpyxnercx nporoxoe, rem nexnee to.
exoropte noxsren xon]nxr
1. F>F
2. FMM
3. F 80
4
5
. FFFc75
5
m. o ncnxoornuecxom cmtce noxsree 14 r. IV, 4.
5. nor nonoe orcyrcrne xnnecresn;
6. snx nnpennocrt nepnuno n ropnuno ]opmy rnn nepexnnnx.
7. oornomenne n]]epennnponntx n nen]]epennnponntx noxsree cerorenn:
FkkFccFFFkFc. peonne nen]]epennnpontx noxsree
yxster n +ronenrpnuecxym, moocosnnnym, neocrrouno xonrponpyemym
norpenocrt npnxsnnocrn, ]nsnuecxnx xonrxrx. eyoeropenne +ro norpenocrn
npnonr x pesxomy ospcrnnm yponx rpeoxnocrnrnoro cnmnrom xon]nxr.
8. oornomenne xpomrnuecxnx n xpomrnuecxnx noxsree: Fcc`FF
npeonne xpomrnuecxnx noxsree yxster n yrncrnuecxne renennnn, nnor
enpeccnm.
9. oxsrexmn xon]nxr (comecrno c pyrnmn noxsrexmn) moryr xxrtcx rxxe
orxst, moxn, orxptro tpxemte ]onn, nesnnte nsmenennx otuno nepnenrnno
crprernn.
exoropte ropt npooxr cnenntnym nrnocrnxy smnrntx mexnnsmo. 3r su
pemercx nyrem conocrennx xnnnuecxnx npoxenn roro nn nnoro smnrnoro
mexnnsm c ero normn recre opmx. ouepxnem, onxo, uro +r ucrt
nnrepnpernnn recr nox eme neocrrouno psporn, no+romy npneennte sect
nnte npecrxmr nnrepec ne crotxo nne npxrnuecxo nrnocrnxn, cxotxo
ncceoretcxom ornomennn.
xuecre npnmep npnonm npnsnxn trecnennx n nsoxnnn.
pnsnxmn trecnennx cunrmrcx:
1) upestuno 'ent nporoxo ocnono nponeype n snunretnoe xonuecro
oenn o pemx onpoc nn onpeeennx rpnnn uycrnretnocrn;
2) otmoe xonuecro orxso;
3) nnune moxo;
4) nemnorouncennte orert n nernte rnnt;
5) enrnsnnx cxytnryp, mcr, crryx ueoex.
pnsnxn nsoxnnn onpyxnmrcx :
1) npeonnn nerptntx no coepxnnm orero;
2) mnnnmyme nn nonom orcyrcrnn , , ';
3) F8590; F80;
4) 45;
5) npeomme nnrepnpernnn ere, npexe cero pexnx;
6) mmopncrnuecxnx ncroxonnxx nenpnxrnoro nn nc]opnuecxoro coepxnnx,
rxxe mnnmo esscrenuntx cexcytntx nnrepnpernnxx;
7) coepxnnn orero oexrt, mmnnt, e n cner, crryn.
x oee ronxoro nonnmnnx npnunn esnrnnn ncntryemoro ter noesno
npoecrn noceoretnt nns orero n xxym rnny. eyer oprnrt nnmnne
n nnune nn orcyrcrne nporoxoe otuno npoynnpyemtx nonyxpntx orero (cm.
cnncox nonyxpntx orero npnoxennn III), orcyrcrne nx ucro xxercx cnmnromom
yrnsm, neocrrounoro xonrxr c petnocrtm nn nepornuecxoro ropmoxennx.
nns noceoretnocrn erepmnnnr, renrnoro pemenn n pemenn orer n
rnny I nosonr ynert cnonrnnym rxrnxy noeennx n pernponnx ncntryemoro
notx cnrynnxx. pome roro, nexoropte orert moryr nmert ocooe snuenne x
nonnmnnx 'npoem nunocrn. mernm, onxo, uro coepxretnx nnrepnpernnx
orero nnoee cnopnt n mooocnonnt momenr nns, nocxotxy nocenn,
xx npno, onnpercx n ncnxonnrnuecxoe roxonne rex nn nntx 'cnmoo. x,
cunrercx, uro orer 'roo xomxn (W) n rnne I moxer cneretcrort o oxsnn
nemnero mnp, 'ueoex npospuntx oexx ( nenrptnoe) o nnrepece x cxptrtm
mornm me.
o rnne II nepte nrnocnnpyercx pexnnx n ner n xpcnt ner, ucrnocrn:
nmeer cmtc cpnnrt renrnoe pemx pexnnn n rnnt I n II, ormernrt, ner n
npnsnxo mox. pn nnse orero n rnny III opmmr nnmnne n coepxnne
nnrepnpernn: ocnpnxrne xpnnx ]nryp xx xyxo, ne xntx me (enrnsnnx)
moxer yxstrt n ]]exrnnym enocrt nn nroornuecxn cnnpom ncnxnuecxoro
romrnsm; ocnpnxrne nenrptno nnxne ucrn nxrn xx 'mnnno nnor yxster
n npnonnocrt n ]onm.
nnt IV, V, VI nepexo npoonnpymr 'remnoo mox, ]onn, enpeccnm n
cynnntnte renennnn, orert cexcytnoro coepxnnx (IV n VI ocoenno) nn,
nnporn, crynop n cexcytnoe coepxnne opso.
nn VII cunrercx 'xencxo n moxer cxptrt xon]nxrt c]epe xencxo
cexcytno nrnnn. rnne VIII nnsnpymrcx pexnnn ncntryemoro n not
noxxmmncx ner. ctmennte ncretntmn ronmn, cocrennte ns pccexnntx nxren
rnnt I- npecrxmr rpynocrn x neocrno nnrepnpernnn no+romy neocrnte
orert (W) cneretcrymr o npoyxrnnom ropuecxom nnreexre n +]]exrnnom
xonrpoe +monn. nn tster nnotmee xonuecro nonyxpntx orero,
orcyrcrne xoroptx moxer trt nrnocrnuecxn snunmo
oepxnne orero ucro pcxpter nnpenne nnrepeco, ocoennocrn xyco n
onenox ncntryemoro, nnor yxster n osmoxnym sony xon]nxr
ect n ee ncnotsonct pyxoocr no recry on]ep, om, ysn-Vcrepn,
nnopr (57; 7; 63; 71).

onpoc o npnmenennn npoexrnntx meronx oreuecrenno ncnxoornn ocrercx ocrpo

ncxyccnonntm. exy rem, npecrxmrcx neepntmn mte xpnocrn npn pemennn +roro
upestuno xnoro onpoc. euc, xor ncnxoorn nyxmrcx +xcnepnmenrtntx npnemx
ncceonnx nunocrn, rem oee xno cert oexrom cnenntnoro ncceonnx
npoexrnnte meronxn, coe mnoroerne ncropne oxsmne npnronocrt x pspemennm
mnornx su npnxno ncnxoornn.
opmtnte npnnnnnt nocrpoennx npoexrnnoro +xcnepnmenr, ero rx nstemx
npoexrnnocrt 'ryxx nncrpyxnnx, orcyrcrne onenxn co cropont +xcnepnmenrrop,
xnenr n mornnnonnom cnexre exretnocrn mnpoxo ncnotsymrcx mom
nunocrno opnenrnponnom ncceonnn. rmernm, xcrrn, uro n +rnx npnnnnnx no
yxe crpoxrcx +xcnepnmenrt nme nroncnxoornuecxo npxrnxe. 3ro ne ncxmuer, ,
nnporn, eer oee neoxonmo ncceoretcxym pory no oocnonnm
npoexrnnoro mero c nosnnn coercxo ncnxoornn, no cosnnm nooro 'copx
oxcnnretntx nonxrn. yxnt note cxemt nns n nnrepnpernnn +xcnepnmenrt-
ntx nntx, oreummne reopernuecxnm noxom x ncceonnm nunocrn, psp-
rtemtm mpxcncrcxo ncnxoornn.
cceonnx +rom nnpennn npecrxmrcx nepcnexrnntmn n no ceymmnm
coopxennxm. eo rom, uro cxst ucrntx meronx c ro nn nno reopne ne xxercx
comrno xecrxo n nensmenno, n npoexrnnte meronxn, nopoxennte ncnxonnsom,
nocecrnn nunnmr 'orxstrtcx or nero, npnoperrt ornocnretnym ronomnm n
xmumrcx nnte xonnenrytnte cncremt. 3ro er nm npo crnrt onpoc o
osmoxnocrn coornecennx npoexrnnoro mero n c onpeeenntmn xonnennnxmn
oreuecrenno ncnxoornn. poyxrnnocrt ncnotsonnx npoexrnntx meronx
npnxntx ncnxoornuecxnx ncceonnxx ne tster comnennx, no +rny mnpoxoro
nepennx nx npxrnxy oxen oxsretno npemecrort +rn reopernuecxo
nponnn.
ucrnocrn, npoexrnnt mero moxer trt oocnon ncxox ns omereopernuecxoro
nooxennx o npncrpcrnom xpxrepe ncnxnuecxoro orpxennx n ornomennx ueoex x
mnpy conntntx xenn. orcno psnemomy resncy cnenn]nx npoexrnnoro mero
cocronr ero nnpennocrn n txenne npexe cero cyexrnno-xon]nxrntx
ornomenn n nx npecrennocrn nnnnytnom cosnnnn ne 'nunocrntx
cmtco nn 'snunmtx nepexnnn. nxo, ornune or rpnnnonno
ncnxonnrnuecxo rouxn spennx, mt pccmrpnem xon]nxr ne xx cecrne optt
mexy psntmn nncrnnnxmn, nn yponxmn, 'nyrpn nunocrn, xx nopoxenne
crpyxrypt n nnmnxn ycon cmo xnsneexretnocrn cyexr.
npeoxenno npnrme moxno oxcnnrt n mnorne xennx, rpnnnonno oosnuemte
spyexno ncnxoornn repmnnom 'npoexnnx. npnmep, nsecrnt conntno-ncnxoornuecxn
]enomen 'xos ornymennx osnnxer ns-s npornopeunx mexy ncntrtemo cyexrom no-
rpenocrn rpeccnn n orcyrcrnem noxoxmero c rouxn spennx omecrenntx nopm oexr ee
yoeropennx. ect, xx n pyrnx cyuxx, mt nmeem eo c nperpntm xpxrepom
ocroxretcr xonxperno exretnocrn ueoex n nx orpxennem ne nunocrnoro cmtc +rnx
ocroxretcr.
npoexrnnom ncceonnn moenpymrcx (xoneuno, oomenno-cxemrnuecxo ]opme)
nnoee pcnpocrpnennte xnsnennte cnrynnn. o nmenno noromy, uro onn ne petnocrt x
ncntryemoro, on oer xx t otme cooo noeennx nnx, uem xnsnn. +ro snunr,
uro noontx 'moetntx cnrynnxx npoxxmrcx ne rotxo sxpenennte npntuxo
crepeornnt +monnontnoro n noeenuecxoro pernponnx, ne rotxo norpenocrn n mornt,
orxptro emoncrpnpyemte xxoneno, no n ocrmnecx 'nenponrpnntmn, nepensonntmn
cyexrom. xuecre ptepo, nperp, srpynxmmnx nx pensnnm, tcrynmr oexrnnte
nn cyexrnnte ocroxretcr exretnocrn xecrxne n nopo ne nommnecx nsmenennm
rpeonnx ecrnretnocrn, npcrennte nn npote nopmt, xuecr cocrenno nunocrn.
oxno ymrt, uro nmenno nperp exretnocrn noyxer cyexr x cmtcoopsonnm
onenxe xnsnennoro snuennx x nero nperpntx ocroxretcr n ero ecrn +rnx
ocroxretcrx. 3ror nponecc n occosercx npoexrnnom ncceonnn, onxo
oopxemtx cnrynnxx on moxer trt ne none roxecren nponeccy cmtcoopsonnx
petno xnsneexretnocrn. x, exo ne cer on tcryner ]opme cosnretno pe]excnn
nunocrnoro cmtc rex nn nntx nperpntx ocroxretcr, no moxer npoxxrtcx n oee
nenocpecrenno ]opme nepexnnnx norpenocrn, crpemennx, uycr pocrn nn ont.
epexo, np, exretnocrt no noncxy cmtc smenxercx exretnocrtm no ero mcxnpoxe, n
+rom cyue mt yem nmert eo c nponeccom cmtcoopsonnx, no ocymecrxmmnmcx
ncxxenno ]opme.
peoxennoe nmn oocnonne npoexrnnoro mero esycono ne enncrenno osmoxnoe;
pmxx exretnocrnoro noxo moryr n oxnt psnrtcx n nnte reopernuecxne npnrmt. e
tster comnennx nmt neoxonmocrt ncceonn +rom nnpennn, es xoroptx nepenne
npoexrnntx meronx nrnocrnuecxym npxrnxy nensexno yer nopoxrt merooornuecxn
+xexrnsm.
I
H R
1. omnnnrnocrt pccxse repo crpemnrcx xonrponport, oxstrt nxnne, nnpxrt
noeenne coom, npnxsom, yexrt, npenxrcrort, orpnnunrt pyrnx.
2. rpeccnx crpemenne coom nn ecrnem onosopnrt, ocynrt, npoxxcrt, nonsertcx,
ynnsnrt, ynnuroxnrt npornnnx.
3. oncx pyxecxnx cxse crpemenne x pyxe, mn; opx ox, cnmnrnx x pyrnm mxm,
crpnne npn orcyrcrnn pyxecxnx ornomenn, xenne cnsnrt me mexy coo, yprt
npenxrcrnx.
4. repxenne pyrnx crpemenne oreprnyrt nontrxn cnxennx; repo xpnrnuen n rpy, pyrnx
'nn o uro ne crnr, upesmepno yennen, nenpncrynen, esscrenun.
5. ronomnx npenponne ercr or cxxoro orpnnuennx, xenne ocoonrtcx or onexn,
pexnm, nopxx, permenrnnn rxxeo port. epo o snmoornomennxx c pyrnmn xnpnsen,
neosepxn, +ronenrpnuen, mnr nepemeny mecr, nyremecrnx.
6. ccnnoe nonnoenne nccnnoe nounnenne cne, npnnxrne cytt, nnrp-nynnrnnocrt,
npnsnnne cocrenno nenononennocrn.
7. orpenocrt yxennn, noepxxe npoxxercx pccxse, re nepconx ncntrter yxenne
no ornomennm x pyrnm (ponrexm, pyxoonrem, yunrem, tmmemycx ueoexy), txster
xenne porrt no pyxoocrom oee cntnoro, ymnoro, rnrnoro, crpemnrcx crrt utnm-
ro noceoreem.
8. orpenocrt ocrnxennx xenne npeooert, nooport, onepenrt pyrnx;
cert uro-ro tcrpo n xopomo, ocrnut tcmero yponx xxom-no ee, trt
noceoretntm n neeycrpemenntm.
9. orpenocrt trt nenrpe nnmnnx npoxxercx xennn repox soert pyrnx, npnexrt
nnmnne x cee, ynxrt conmn ocrnxennxmn n xuecrmn nunocrn.
10. orpenocrt nrpt npenourenne nrpt cxxo pyro ceptesno exretnocrn, xenne
pseuenn, xyrexe, mot x ocrporm. nor couerercx c essornocrtm,
esorercrennocrtm.
11. 3ronsm (npnnccnsm) crpemenne crnrt npetme cero con nnrepect, trt ootntm
coo, ro+pornsm, oesnennx uycrnretnocrt x ynnxennm, screnunocrt; renennnx x
cyexrnnsmy npn ocnpnxrnn nemnero mnp; ucro cnercx c norpenocrtm rpeccnn nn
orepxennn.
12. onntnocrt (conno]nnx) senne cocrenntx nnrepeco o nmx nnrepeco rpynnt,
trpyncrnuecxx, nnpennocrt, ropocro, ycrynunocrt, sor o pyrnx.
13. orpenocrt noncx noxponrex oxnnne coer, nomomn, ecnomomnocrt, noncx
yremennx, coer, mxrxoro opmennx.
14. orpenocrt oxsnnx nomomn repo ceomn yremnret n 'pyr cxopxmnx, noon
xennx sornrtcx o pyrnx, oxsrt mrepntnym nomomt, npeocrnrt yexnme.
15. orpenocrt nsernnx nxsnnx cepxnnne cocrenntx nmnytco c netm nsernnx
nxsnnx, ocyxennx, norpenocrt cunrrtcx c omecrenntm mnennem; repo ocnnrn, cepxn,
mesen, npnepxnercx omenpnnxrtx npn.
16. orpenocrt cmosmnrt repo cer o ceopyxnn ornomennn osmoxnoro npornnnx,
emy rpyno npnsnrt con omnxn, euno onptercx cctxo n ocroxretcr, crpemnrcx
orcrnrt con np, orxstercx nponnsnport con omnxn.
17. orpenocrt npeooennx nopxennx, neyun ornuercx or norpenocrn ocrnxennx xnenrom
n cmocroxretnocrn ecrnxx. cnonte ueprt repox cn on, ynopcro, eccrpmne.
18. orpenocrt nsernnx oncnocrn - repon ncntrter crpx, rpeory, yxc, nnnxy, emy
npncymn esmxrexnx ocropoxnocrt, orcyrcrne nnnnnrnt, yxonenne or optt.
pccxsx moxer tcrynrt opse rposntx cn npnpot, nxnx n xnmntx xnorntx;
remx necucrntx cyue, rpytx nrp, conntntx norpxcenn.
19. orpenocrt nopxx renennnx repox x ynopxounnnm, xxyprnocrn, rounocrn,
xpcore.
20. orpenocrt cyxennx crpemenne crnrt omne onpoct nn oreurt n nnx, crpcrt x
crpxrntm ]opmynpoxm, oomennxm, yeuennocrt euntmn onpocmn o cmtce xnsnn,
ope n se n r. n.
II
u u R
(no . nnopry n . exy)
nn 1. tunx co cxpnnxo.
txxer ornomenne x ponretcxnm rpeonnxm, oome, ory (ycrynunocrt, crponrnocrt);
er npecrenne o norpenocrn ocrnxennx n ee osmoxno ]pycrpnnn, cnocox npeooennx
rpynocre n ocrnxennx ycnex. eysnnne cxpnnxn oretntx cyuxx moxer yxstrt n
xon]nxrt cexcytno c]epe.
nn 2. epeencxx cnen: n nepenem nne moox xenmnn c xnnro pyxx, n
myxunn porer noe, xenmnn nocrpme cmorpnr n nero.
txxer npecrenne ncntryemoro o cementx ornomennxx; ]nryp xenmnnt cnp ucro
npoonnpyer remt, cxsnnte c yymnm mrepnncrom; rerepo- n romocexcytnte ycrnoxn (n
]nrypy myxunnt); ootno ucrt remt ynr nporn cemeno rnpnnn (n ]nrypy eymxn c
xnnro).
nn . noy pxom c xymerxo cxpmuennx ]nryp mtunx, pxom c nnm n noy
peotep.
txxer cocroxnne enpeccnn, cynnntnte nmepennx, renennnm x nsernnm nxsnnx nn
npnnxrnm nnt
1
.
nn 3F. oox xenmnn cronr c onymenno rooo, sxpt npo pyxo nno, ex pyx
nporxnyr x epn. prnn nornun npetyme; ononnretno txxer npnunnt enpeccnn
n uycr nnonocrn.
nn 4. enmnn onnmer myxunny s neun, myxunn xx t crpemnrcx yxonnrtcx or nee.
txxer xon]nxr mexy npnrxsnnxmn xenmnnt n crpemennem x cooe myxunnt; nepexn
remt cynpyxecxo neepnocrn; oome nosoxer npoxnrtcx ycrnoxm ncntryemoro c]epe
cexcytntx ornomenn.
nn 5. enmnn cpennx er cronr y noyorxptro epn n srxter xomnry.
txxer ornomennx n oxnnnx, cxsnnte c mreptm; noxsreen ops mrepn sorno,
onexmme, ocyxmme n r. .
nn 6. etcoxx noxnx xenmnn cronr y oxn cnnno x tcoxomy mooomy myxunne c
nnortm nn cmymenntm tpxennem nn.
1nnt c nnexcom npexxmrcx mnomm n spoctm myxunnm, F eymxm n
spoctm xenmnnm; rnnt c npocron uncoo nymepnne spoctm ncntryemtm ooero
no.
txxer ctnone-mrepnncxne uycr:
npnxsnnocrt, sncnmocrt, onex-nounnenne.
nn 6F. oox xenmnn, cnxmx n xpm xymerxn, nooopor noepnyr x myxunne
cpennx er, xoropt, osmoxno, opmercx x ne.
rucrn nornun npetyme n txxer ornomennx outoren, no rxxe n ycrnoxn no
ornomennm x myxunne, crpmemy no ospcry nn nooxennm.
nn 7. eoct myxunn cmorpnr n moooro myxunny, xoropt rxnr
npocrpncro.
txxer ornomenne spocoro myxunnt x orny nn ropnrernomy nny (corcne, sncnmocrt,
norpenocrt yxennn, nounnennn nn orepxennn, ronomnn).
nn 7F. enmnn cnnr n xymerxe pxom c eouxo, psropnx nn unrx e. eoux
epxnr pyxx xyxy n cmorpnr cropony.
txxer ornomenne mexy mreptm n oueptm. yx moxer ocnpnnnmrtcx xx menen, n
rxx nnrepnpernnx nnor noxster ornomenne x yymemy mrepnncry.
nn 8. opocrox mtunx n nepenem nne, cnp nen cro pyxtx, n snem nne
rymnnx cnen xnpyprnuecxo onepnnn.
txxer uecromnte meurt n crpemennx x ocrnxennxm; nepexo - rpeccnnte renennnn n
cnocot nx xonrpox: rpeccnx moxer tpxrtcx nenocpecrenno, nnpnmep, reme
xnpyprnuecxo onepnnn nn xocenno yxstrt n oexr pxenocrn.
nn 8F. oox xenmnn cnnr, onepmnct n pyxy, n symuno cmorpnr.
tuno txxer meurt o yymem nn xrytnt +monnontnt ]on.
nn 9. uerepo myxunn noxy exr n rpe.
txxer ycrnoxn x pore, myxcxo pyxe, nnor romocexcytnte renennnn nn oxsnt
reecnoro xonrxr.
nn 9F. oox xenmnn c xypnom n cymouxo pyxx cmorpnr ns-s epe n pyrym
xenmnny, erymym no nxxy.
txxer ornomenne mexy xenmnnmn, ucro conepnnuecro cecrep nn ns-s myxunnt. oxer
txnrt enpeccnnte n cynnntnte nmepennx, npnonnte renennnn noospnretnocrn n
npeceonnx.
nn 10. oo xenmnnt n neue myxunnt.
tuno txxer ornomenne x norepe oexr mn. cn rnn nnrepnpernpyercx xx oxrne
yx myxunn +ro cntnt oo x nrnocrnxe romocexcytntx renennn.
nn 11. opor, nponmmxcx ot cx. opore n crpnnte ]nrypt, c ono
cropont nn mex n roo pxon.
txxer ornomenne x oncnocrn nsne, cnocot optt c rpeoxnocrtm. nor uyonme
cnmonsnpyer +norennte crpxn, cxsnnte c eccosnretntmn euennxmn.
nn 12. ooo ueoex exnr n xporn c sxptrtmn rsmn, n nnm cxonnmxcx
]nryp noxnoro myxunnt, ero pyxn npocrepr x nny exmero.
txxer ornomennx x ropnrery, norpenocrt sncnmocrn nn crpx osecrnx. nor
xocenno ]opme nosoxer txnrt ycrnoxn x euennm, sncnmocrn or roro, nnrcx n
cxonennt myxunn xx yrpoxmmn nn nomormmn.
nn 12F, oprper mooo xenmnnt, cxpmuennx crpx xenmnn nrxe rpnmcnnuer
nosn.
txxer ornomenne x mrepn, nnor smyxecry nn crpocrn,
nn 13. ooo ueoex cronr, sxpt nno pyxmn, nosn ]nryp xenmnnt, exme
nocren.
txxer cexcytnte ycrnoxn, xon]nxrt, crpx rpeccnn co cropont myxunnt (y xenmnn),
uycro nnt (y myxunn).
nn 14. ny+r myxunnt (nn xenmnnt) n ]one xpxo ocemennoro oxn, cx ocrtnx
noepxnocrt xprnnt uepnx.
txxer omn ]on ncrpoennx, nnor enpeccnnte n cynnntnte renennnn, uecromnte
meurt.
nn 15. smoxennt ueoex c onymenntmn pyxmn cronr cpen morn.
txxer ornomenne x cmeprn, nnor cnmonuecxo ]opme orpxer rpeccnnte uycr x
xxo-no ]nrype conntnoro oxpyxennx (xenne ero cmeprn);
npornocrnun ornomennn cynnn.
nn 16. ycro nx. txxer ncymnte xnsnennte npoemt, onrnmncrnuecxne nn
neccnmncrnuecxne ycrnoxn.
nn 17. nxennt myxunn snpercx (nn onycxercx) no xnry.
txxer crpxn, renennnm ercr or uero-ro, nnor morn ocrnxennx, copenonnx.
nn 17F. ocr n oo, xencxx ]nryp y nepn, nosn tcoxne snnx n mentxne
]nrypxn me.
txxer oxnnnx n ornomennn xxo-ro coxno cnrynnn, nnor cynnntnte renennnn.
nn 18. yxunn cxuen csn rpemx pyxmn, ]nrypt ero npornnnxo ne nnt.
txxer rpeccnnte renennnn, nnor crpx romocexcytno rpeccnn; moryr rxxe npoxnrtcx
ycrnoxn n snmonomomt, norpenocrt pyxecxom yucrnn.
nn 18F. enmnn epxnr s mem pyrym xenmnny, xoropym on, xxercx, crxner c
ecrnnnt.
txxer rpeccnnte renennnn y xenmnn n cnocot ynpennx nmn.
nn 19. ymn, ooxnmmn noxptrym cnerom xnnrxy.
txxer crpxn, rpeoxnocrt.
nn 20. remnore onnoxx ]nryp y ]onpx.
txxer crpxn, uycro onnouecr
2
eyer nouepxnyrt, uro nnrepnpernnx pccxs ornmt ne conrcx x txennm
onncnntx tme renennn; eppe yxster n 20 norpenocre, nrnocrnpyemtx
crnprntm nopom . nenntnt xnenr n rpeccnm n cexcytnocrt eercx
ny osmoxnoro nx cymecronnx xx renrntx, neocosnemtx nunocrtm e-
uenn, rxxe nx ocoo snunmocrn nponcxoxennn nepornuecxnx xon]nxro.
B
V (no . on]epy)
nn I (neoe nn yceuennoe). moe cymecro c reom nenrpe n xpttxmn no oxm. nryp
moxer nertcx crrnxe nn nxennn.
nn II (uepnx ocrt, ucrt nn neoe).
moe xnornoe nn ucrt re coxn, meex nn tx; ucro yxstercx n cocr
noepxnocrn (mex, mxyp).
nn III (cx uepnx ocrt). ueoeuecxnx cymecr nn xnornte ueoeuecxom onute
c normn, nnmtmn coxy nnsy; ]nryp moxer ocnpnnnmrtcx nxennn.
nn IV (xpcnoe nenrpe ). cryx-nr, xoxnx enr nn oux. er moxer
ncnotsortcx, moxer n ne npnnnmrtcx pcuer. nn V
3
(nenxom).
3
on]ep cunrer, uro rnnt IV, VII n I ne nmemr ynnepctno nonyxpntx
orero, xorx onpeeenntx nonyxnnxx n, +rn rnnt moryr rtcx orert rnn .
moe cymecro c pttxmn, c reom nenrpe n xpttxmn no oxm, crnprnom nooxennn
nn 'nns rooo, crrnxe nn nxennn.
nn VI (nenxom nn es epx nn nns nxrn).
Bxyp moro xnornoro, re orrenxn cosmr neurenne mex nn xoxn c pncynxom. cn
orrenxn orpnnmrcx, ro orer oosnuercx xx - ().
nn VIII (oxooe posooe ). moe uereponoroe xnornoe nxennn. t nn nrnn
mn]pymrcx xx ().
nn (oxooe royoe ). moe xnornoe c otmnm xonuecrom nor xp, octmnnor,
nyx.
nn (nenrptnoe seenoe co cero-seentm nn es nero). moe ynnennoe seenoe
xnornoe, rxoe, xx smex nn rycennn. er oxen ncnotsortcx.
nn (cero-seenoe ). oo moro xnornoro c nnntmn ymmn nn pormn.
V
1. pxc . n 3nretc . ou., r. 20
2. cmoo . . exretnocrt n ycrnox. ., 1979
3. ccn n . ., pnrnmnn . ., Beposnx . . ot neocosnemo ncnxnuecxo
exretnocrn psnrnn n reuennn comrnuecxnx n xnnnuecxnx cnnpomo. xn.:
eccosnretnoe. pnpo. ynxnnn. erot ncceonnx. nncn, 1978,
4. ccnn . ., oxno . ., oxno . . copemennomy nonnmnnm ncnxnuecxo rpmt n
omnx npnnnnno ee ncnxorepnnn. xn.: yxoocro no ncnxorepnnn. ., 1974.
5. ecntxo . . rrncrnuecxne n xnnnxo-nrnocrnuecxne cnexrt xreropnn oxnsnnn
meroe opmx. xn.: cnxoornuecxne merot ncceonnx nunocrn xnnnxe. ., 1978.
6. exep . ., ypuyx . . cnxoornuecxx nrnocrnx nnreexr n nunocrn. ne, 1978.
7. om 3. Vuennx no ncnxonrnocrnxe. ., 1978.
8. ypuyx . . npoexnnn xx npnnnnne nocrpoennx meroo ncceonnx nunocrn. xn.:
onpoct nrnocrnxn ncnxnuecxoro psnrnx. esnct cnmnosnym. nn, 1974.
9. ypuyx . . poem ncceonnx eccosnretnoro ncnxnuecxoro npoexrnntmn meromn.
xn.: eccosnretnoe. pnpo. ynxnnn. erot ncceonnx. nncn, 1978.
10. ntyx R. 3. xrytnte npoemt nnnn ncnxoornuecxnx recro. 'onpoct
ncnxoornn, 1978, N 5.
11.ntxme . . osmoxnocrn ncnotsonnx mero npn nsyuennn nunocrn otnoro
ncnxonepoornuecxo xnnnxe. xn.:
cnxoornuecxne merot ncceonnx xnnnxe. ., 1967.
12. 3erpnnx . . roncnxoornx. ., 1976.
13. cceonne nunocrn xnnnxe n +xcrpemtntx yconxx. ., 1969.
14. nxmenxo . . nponnx pnnr meronxn TAT. xn.: onpoct
+xcnepnmenrtno nroncnxoornx. ., 1965.
15.orn . ., oronn . . poxexrnnte merot copemenno spyexno
ncnxoornn nunocrn n nroncnxoornn. 'eponroornx n ncnxnrpnx nm. . .
opcxo, 1964, r. 64, tn. 4.
16. eonrte . . exretnocrt. osnnne. nunocrt. . 1975.
17. ynn . . osmoxnocrxx npornos ncnxocomrnuecxnx soenn no nntm
npoexrnno meronxn. xn.: eccosnretnoe. pnpo. ynxnnn. erot
ncceonnx. nncn, 1978.
18. opxnse . . erot ncceonnx xpxrep nunocrn. 'ennnepe, 1975.
19.entre . 3. eronx remrnuecxoro recr. xn.: pnse . . entre . 3. cnxo-
ornx omennx. nr, 1979.
20. orenepr-sepmn . . nexoroptx nnpennxx ncceonnn ocnpnxrnx.
'onpoct ncnxoornn, 1971, N 2.
21. ynnmren . . pnnnnnt n nyrn psnrnx ncnxoornn. ., 1959.
22.enxo R. . oocnonnm nexoroptx meronx no nsyuennm nunocrn. xn.:
poemt nunocrn. ., 1969.
23. enxo R. . poexrnnte merot ncceonnn eccosnretnoro. xn.:
eccosnretnoe. pnpo. ynxnnn. erot ncceonnx. nncn, 1978.
24. oxoo . . nexoroptx cnexrx npnmenennx x ncceonnx nunocrn.
xn.: onpoct nrnocrnxn ncnxnuecxoro psnrne. nn, 1974.
25. oxoo . . ornnnx n ocnpnxrne nopme n nroornn. ., 1976.
26. oxoo . . ncnxoornuecxom coepxnnn nonxrnx 'xornnrnnt crnt n ero
ncnotsonnn ncceonnn nunocrn. xn. nunocrt n exretnocrt (res. oxo
x V cecomsnomy cesy ncnxooro). ., 1977.
27. oxoo . . reopernuecxomy oocnonnm, npoexrnnoro mero ncceonnx
nunocrn. - xn.: eccosnretnoe. pnpo. ynxnnn. erot ncceonnx. nncn,
1978.
28. ronn . . nyrpennne nperpt n xon]nxrnte nunocrnte cmtct. esnct
pencxo pernontno xon]epennnn mecr ncnxooro. pen, 1980.
29. pe 3. cnonte ncnxoornuecxne reopnn ncnxonnse. ., 1925.
30. pe 3. o ry cropony npnnnnn yootcrnx. ., 1925.
31. pe 3. n no. ., 1924.
32. yse . . mecre n snuennn npoexnnonntx meroo nsyuennn nunocrn.
xn.: poemt nunocrn. ., 1969.
33. o . . ot merooornn onpeeennn meroo n rexnnxn xonxpernoro
connoornuecxoro ncceonnx. 'onpoct ]noco]nn, 1966, N 10.
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