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1.
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17
22
27
30
35
38
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44
55
58
60
63
2. (18001848)
1688 .
South Sea Company
1790-
:
67
69
70
74
76
82
97
98
106
109
128
130
139
143
145
1825 .
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1837 .
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1840-
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147
149
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167
170
172
174
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180
186
189
190
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197
199
199
201
203
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210
213
214
215
218
220
221
224
1847 .
1847
1840- 1847 .
1847 .
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225
227
235
239
240
243
244
248
250
251
252
3. (18481873 .)
1850-
1857 .
1860-
18501860-
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1851 1854 .
1857 .
1860-
1866 .
1860-
1850-
1850- Credit
Mobilier
256
257
258
260
261
262
264
265
268
271
273
275
278
280
282
283
285
287
288
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1873
293
294
296
300
302
304
306
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314
316
317
319
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323
326
326
331
332
333
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381
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1900 .
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440
443
446
450
452
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462
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587
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Kuznets S. Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure, and Spread / S. Kuznets. Yale:
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29
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, 13 23 ), (Crafts N. F.
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Was England First / N. F. R. Crafts // The Economics of Industrial Revolution / Ed. by J.
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35
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Mokyr J. The Industrial Revolution an the New Economic History / J. Mokyr // The
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1990-, Bobos in
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48
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71
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, 4.1 (. 4.1.4).
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0,824 1850 .
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74
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. 3 . . 2. .: - -. , 1959 / . .
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77
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1897 . / . [
.] . . . .-. . 2. [-]: , 1903.
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132133.
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. 171.
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1905. . 181.
99
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107
Casson M. A. Entrepreneurship in Britain, 18301900 / M. Casson, A. Godley // The
invention of enterprise: entrepreneurship from ancient Mesopotamia to modern times / Ed.
by David S. Landes, Joel Mokyr, and William J. Baumol. Princeton (New Jersey):
Princeton University Press, 2010. P. 214.
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(Berend I. An Economic History of Nineteenth Century Europe. Diversity and
Industrialization / I. Berend. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. . 194).
110
-, : (Lamb C. The Africa House: The True Story of an English Gentleman
and His African Dream / C. Lamb. New York: Harper Perennial, 2005. 432 p.).
60
, .
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, ,
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Economic History of Britain 17001850 / J. Mokyr. New Haven: Yale University Press,
2009. P. 228229, 231).
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Asher G. M. Henry Hudson, the Navigator: The Original Documents in Which His
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129
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140
Balen M. The King, the Crook and the Gambler. The True Story of the South Sea
Bubble and the Greatest Financial Scandal in History / M. Balen. New York: Harper
Collins, 2002. . 112.
90
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640 .
1000 .
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142
Harris R. The Bubble Act: Its Passage and its effect on Business Organizations // R.
Harris// Journal of Economic History. 1994. September. Vol. 54. 3. P. 622.
93
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(1695 . 1371 , 1698 . 2477).
East India Company 1698 . 1158, Royal African Company
737, Hudsn`s Bay Company 14 (Parkinson J. War, Peace and he Rise of the
London Stock Market / J. Parkinson // The Political Economy of Empire in the Early
Modern World / Ed. S. A. Reinert, P. Roge. L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. P. 131
132).
145
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151
Hancock D. Citizens of the world. London merchants and the integration of the British
Atlantic Community, 17351788 / D. Hancock. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1997. P. 258259.
152
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Murphy A. John Law: Economic Theorist and Policy-Maker / A. Murphy. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1997. . 201.
117
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025 . 1720 . 12 500
(Neal L. The rise of financial capitalism. International capital markets in the Age of Reason /
L. Neal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. P. 74).
118
(rentes). ,
300 . 500
172.
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173
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240 ., 29 2729 . 360
., 6 1720 . 200 . , , . 1719 . 30 . ,
(Carswell J. The South Sea Bubble / J. Carswell. London: Cresset Press, 1960.
P. 101).
119
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174
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- . 25 1720 . 100 .
180 . , . . 180 100 ( 1719 . 194 ),
(Hamilton E. John Law of Lauriston: Banker,
Gamester, Merchant, Chief / E. Hamilton // American Economic Review. 1967. Vol.
57. 2. P. 273276.)
175
. . // . . / . . . .: -, 2002. . 495.
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.
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, . ,
.
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-
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, ,
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// . 1874. 8. . 126.
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185
18491870 ., , 18711913 ., .
186
2 1805 ., 3 1810 ., 2 1815 ., 9
1820 ., 17 1825 ., 21 1830 ., 20 1835 ., 41 1840 ., 60 1845 . (Arbulu P. La
Bourse de Paris au XIXe sicle: efficience et performance d'un march financier mergent
/ P. Arbulu. Paris: ditions Connaissances et Savoirs, 2007. . 31, 37).
184
129
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. , ,
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, V .
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. ,
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. , ,
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. . . , 1912. . 86.
188
Cassis Y. Capitals of Capital. A History of International Financial Centres, 17802005
/ Y. Cassis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. . 2425, 2930.
130
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189
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. .: , 1998. . 362.
190
. / . // . 2 . . 1. .: , 1990. .
688689.
191
, .
192
- (17561841), 17991814 . (Gaudin,
Martin-Michel-Charles (17561841) ministre des Finances, duc de Gate.
http://www.napoleon.org/fr/salle_lecture/biographies/files/gaudin_ministrefinances.asp).
132
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. (Laffitte). , ,
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133
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.). , . .
, .
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(Branda P. Le prix de la gloire: Napolon et l'argent / P. Branda. Paris: Fayard, 2007.
. 383, 394395).
194
/
.
.
http://lib.ru/INPROZ/FLOBER/lexicon.txt_with-big-pictures.html.
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. 3,79 15,05, 19,23
27,26198.
197
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198
Branda P. Le prix de la gloire: Napolon et l'argent / P. Branda. Paris: Fayard, 2007.
. 462, 464, 468.
136
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http://lib.ru/TARLE/napoleon/part11.html.
201
. . / . . //
. .: , 1998. . 362.
137
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138
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( 1832 .)
,
203.
VIII . .
.,
, , ,
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The Wealth of Nations205,
.
, . , .
203
. . / . . //
. .: , 1998. . 332.
204
1820 . . , .
205
. / . . .:
, 2007. 960 .
139
. . , ,
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. ,
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, ,
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1844 1845 .,
, 919
). . , , Mendelssohn & Co.
140
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Credit Mobilier, , . Credit Financier and Mobilier of England, The
International Land Company, International Financial Society, General
Credit & Finance Company, European Bank
, , , , ,
206.
1825 . , 207.
1825 .
, 1830-
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. ,
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,
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140208. ,
N. M. Rotschild & Sons, Baring Brothers, J. S.
Morgan & Co,
, , .
. , .
,
206
1866 .,
Overend, Gurney & Company.
207
, ,
. (.
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/econ_dict/10850).
208
Anderson B. L. Another Victorian Capital Market: A Study of Banking and Bank
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141
,
.
, . ,
.
( 18501860- ).
- ( ,
1800 .; - , 1816 ., , 1860 .), .
, (
) . haute banque
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1800 . , (
) ,
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. 1862 . (Pereire) Credit Mobilier
.
, .
,
1807 ,
, .
142
, , 1688 ., . (Bubble
Act) 1720 ., ,
. ,
, . 1844 .
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. , 1862 .
.
V . ,
- . V ., ,
. : 1)
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comandite), ( ) ,
,
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143
,
).
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, . . 209.
.
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, . 1834 . (Trading Companies Act), 1837 . (Chartered Companies Act), 1844
. (Joint Stock Companies),
. ,
-
.
1867 .,
,
210, .
,
,
, .
209
144
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,
. 1817 . 300 .
.
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.
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.
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, . ( 38 206 ) 1817 . 5 8,41% .
.
211
VII .
145
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.
. , , 18201830-
. - , ,
, , 212. ,
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, , ,
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213. ,
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. ,
.
212
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. , , ( , )
.
213
Palmade G. P. French Capitalism in the Nineteenth Century / G. Palmade, G. Holmes.
London: David & Charles PLC, 1972. P. 59, 72, 88, 91; Cameron R. E. France and the
Economic Development of Europe. 18001914 / R. Cameron. Princeton: Princeton
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146
,
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. 29 1809 . Morning
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, Alliance Insurance Company.
(
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, 1816 . ,
.
1815 .
, .
,
Committee Report / Ed. E. Cannan. 1919/ (reprint General Books LLC, 2010). P.
XLIV.
220
(Ricardo D. The high price of bullion, a
proof of the depreciation of bank notes / D. Ricardo. L.: Harding & Wright, 1810.
56 p.).
221
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225
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).
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226
. Neal L. The
Financial Crisis of 1825 and the Restructuring of theBritish Financial System / L. Neal //
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louise. Review. 1998. MayJune. P. 55, 56 (Figure 1).
http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/98/05/9805ln.pdf. 1784 . 215% , 1815 222%, 1821 268% (Ferguson N. Cash Nexus. Money and
Power in the Modern World, 18002000 / N. Ferguson. New York: Basic Books, 2001.
. 124).
227
. / . . http://bookz.ru/authors/golsuorsidjon/saga8.html.
162
,
18201823 . , , , (17831830), ,
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The Times. 1825. 27 August (. : . . . 3 . . 1. / . . . .: - -. -, 1959. . 329).
163
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164
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167
The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time [Ed. T, Hansard].
L.: T. Hansard & Pater Noster Press, 1826. Vol. XII (28. 02. 1825, 16. 03. 1825). P.
718, 1049; Vol. XVI. (5. 12. 1826). P. 244, 277.
168
, , 233.
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234.
, VIII , ,
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233
- . . / . . . .: , , 1997. . 93.
234
. /
. . http://lib.meta.ua/book/8126/.
235
,
1820- ( .
/ . . http://www.foxdesign.ru/aphorism/book/b_zap393.html).
236
Lewis W. A. Growth and Fluctuations, 18701913 / W. A. Lewis London: Allen &
Unwin, 1978. . 177.
169
18241825 .,
1825 .237
, 1825 . (17701830) Bubble
Act, ,
1825 .
1820-
, , .
. Alliance Fire and
Insurance Company, ,
,
,
(Metropolitan Bath
Company) . . , .
,
, 1840- .238.
, . . American Colonial Steam Navigation Company, Colombian Pearl Fishery Association.
18241825 . 264
. 1825 .,
, 70 .
237
170
624
372 . 239 (
10
15%), ,
,
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.
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, 25,3 . .
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.
,
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.
. --, -
.
,
. (
), , ,
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Brothers ( ), Morryson, Cryder &
Co, 240.
239
171
,
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, , ,
.
, .
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.
, ,
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, ,
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. , , ,
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Co Fore Street Warehouse Company. 10 . 1 30 . 20 ,
600 . . , 1870- Mercantile Bank of River Plate ( 1872
.), , .
1880 . , 1881 .
, River Plate Trust, Loan & Agency Co, Mercantile Bank of River Plate. 1895 .
20 0,5 (Dakers C. A
Genius for Money. Business, Art and the Morrisons / C. Dakers. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2011. . 212, 214215).
172
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. 15%,
. 23 1822 ., 241
Sinclair D. Sir Gregor Macgreror and the Land that Never Was: The Extraordinary
Story of the Most Audacious Fraud in History / D. Sinclair. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo
Press, 2004. . 6, 16, 1920, 6669.
173
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.
.
1823
, 1824 .
174
78%,
30% . , -, . - 1824 . (Fodor G. The Boom that Never Was? Latin American
Loans in London 18221825 / G. Fodor // University of Trento, Italia. Department of
Economics Working Papers. 205. econpapers.repec.org/paper/trnutwpde/0205.htm.).
243
Dawson F. G. The First Latin American Debt Crisis: The City of London and the
182225 Loan Bubble. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. . 2628.
175
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41 .
245
Flandreau M. Bonds and Brands: Foundations of Sovereign Debt Markets, 18201830 /
M. Flandreau, J. Flores // Journal of Economic History. 2009. Vol. 69. 3. P.
646684.
177
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The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time [Ed. T. Hansard].
L.: T. Hansard, 1826. Vol. XIV (21. 02. 1826). P. 644.
181
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The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time [Ed. T. Hansard].
L.: T. Hansard, 1829. Vol. XI (1. 05. 1829). P. 972.
252
Times. 1926. 26 January.
253
. / . .
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254
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1223 1825 . (Vialles P. La Consommation et les crises economiques /
Vialles P. Paris: V. Giard & E. Brire,1903. P. 260). 1815 1828 . 271 , 170
18221827 . ( . . . 3 . . 1. / . . . .: - -. -, 1959. .
345).
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272
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. -. .: , , 1997.
. 110.
273
Mackay C. Extraordinary Popular Delusions And The Madness Of Crowds (1852) / C.
Mackay. N. Y.: Page & C, 1960. 656 .
274
Joint Stock Companies. First Report from the Committee. 1844. P. 342345.
275
, 1830- , 1830 1838
. 733 . . 2,5 18301831 .
6,1 18321833 ., 7,1 18341835 . 36,4 18361837 . 1837
. 8,5 (Porter G. R. The Progress of the Nation in Its
Various Social and Economic Relations from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century /
G. R. Porter. London: John Murray 1851 P. 327).
192
1835 . 1833
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.
276
1836 .
1837 . 3040% (Bauniatian M. Geschichte der handelskrisen in
England im zusammenhang mit der entwicklung des englischen wirtschaftslebens / M.
Bauniatian. Munchen: E. Reinhardt, 1908. S. 294).
193
277
194
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50 .
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286
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287
. - / . , . // . . 10. http://coollib.com/b/4710/read#t92.
198
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288
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289
Gordon J. An Empire of Wealth. The Epic History of Amertican Economic Power / J.
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, , ., Bank of the Manhattan Company, J. P. Morgan Chase. (Aaron Burr)
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.
- 1792 .
24 ,
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( 0,25%)
.
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. , , , . , 1799 . .
.
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The New York Stock Exchange Board.
( 1815 . 23
, 1830 31), . - 1830 ., (, ) ,
. 1848 . -
New York Stock Exchange
(NYSE).
1819
1819 .
,
18151818 .
203
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, 1833 . 3,9 , 1934 . 4,7
, 1835 . 12,6 , 1836 . 20,1 .
5,6 1837 . 1,2 1841 . (Guetter F. Statistical Tables Relating to
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298
18361837 . 235
, 10 (Forman S. The Rise of American
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206
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10 , 3 300.
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, , . 1837 .
, . , , .
300
Roberts A. America`s First Great Depression. Economic Crisis and Political Disorder
After the Panic of 1837 / A. Roberts. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012. . 38.
208
, , . ,
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304
, 1841 . -
( 1933 . Dun and
Bradstreet, ).
305
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306
, 18361846 . 30,4 40,7 , (
47%), 1,1 4,8 ( 336%); 1219
2032 ( 67%), 247 813 ( 229%)
211
.
1840- (
)
, 307.
, 1847 . ,
( , 1837 .). 1848 .
,
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, - 1846
1848 . ,
(, ,
). 1848 .
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.
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212
. 39
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1789 ., 17 ,
.
,
213
,
( , ).
, V V ( Gesellschaft
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1726 .
Uglaer Woll und Tuchsocieta.
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, , .
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V , . , . , . (
) ,
214
, ,
, 1825 . 58 . ,
1871 .,
.
.
, , 1802 .
1830- (
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, , ,
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1825 19361837 .
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1825 .,
1826 .
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20,
1826 .
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. 1834 . ,
.
, 310. 1837 .
( , ,
, V ) ( . . // . . 3 . . 2. / . . .: , 2005. . 225226, 236).
310
1830 1837 . 50%, 21%, 19%. , . ,
215
, - .
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311. ,
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, (1837, 1840, 1842 .)
.
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216
, ,
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, 1840- . C 1837 1848 .
5000 (
1628 ).
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4080%315.
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, 34
.
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. - 1940- ,
. 18411842 .
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, ,
, .
, ,
, ,
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.
V
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, , , , , ,
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,
.
319
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320
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219
, 1825 . . ,
. , . ,
. . 321.
, , . ,
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V .
- , .
V .
,
.
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. , , -, .
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. ,
,
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280 1762 .
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1 1762 . 12 ().
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1800 1806 .324.
26,7 1793 . 91,8
1798 . 1807 . 500
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, ( 1799 100 -
, . - .
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92 , 1810 15 )326.
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, 332,
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( ,
1 ).
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, 1771 , 330
224
1724 . ,
,
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. , , .
, , ,
.
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,
, ,
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, ,
. 1818 .,
. . , .
1847 .
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18411842 .) 1844 . , 1847 . ,
.
,
,
1837 . ,
,
. 1830- ,
.
225
, .
( . free trade )
1840- , , 1850- 1860- . . , , :
. -
333.
, ,
(18391842),
.
, , ,
334.
333
. / . // .
. . . 21. https://www.marxists.org/russkij/marx/cw/t21.pdf.
334
18431845 . , 1820- ,
1830- , 1840- . 1845 1846 .
, ,
, , ,
(200350% ). 1844 , ,
16
, ,
1,75%, .
, 2% , . 1846 ., 16
, 9 . 56 . , , 21 ,
. ,
,
1845 .
1847 . 2,4%.
226
.
1840-
, , .
, , .
, 335.
1840- , . 1830- , 1837
. . 18251840 . 1300 ,
18411848 . 6900 .
. ,
.
1820 .,
, , Great Western, ,
. ,
,
. ,
335
,
, .
,
, , , , . , .
227
228
, 338.
,
1815 1860 . 75% ,
, . , ,
,
.
339.
.
, , 1844 .
(Joint Stock Companies) 340.
. 1831 .
Liverpool & Manchester 10% ,
. , , .
, 50% , . 10%
338
.: Anderson B. L.
Another Victorian Capital Market: A Study of Banking and Bank Investors on Merseyside
/ B. L. Anderson, P. L. Cottrell // The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 28,
4. (Nov., 1975). . 598615. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2599614.
339
V ., 1830- ,
. 1825 .
0,2 ; 1835 . 7,5 ; 1840 . 48,1 ;
1845 88,5 . (Michie R. The Global Securities Market. A History / R. Michie.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. . 74).
340
1849 66%
.
( .),
, , .
229
.
, .
, .
. , . 1836 . 57
,
28 . ,
,
, ,
. ,
, , .
, , , .
,
, ,
,
341.
, Liverpool &
Manchester Railway , , 1837 . , 1825 .,
. , , . , , 1837 .
.
.
341
230
2000 , .
1842 . , . ,
.
1840- , ,
. .
,
, 342.
,
, , ,
. 1840 .
, ,
Railway Times. 1845 ., ,
18 , ,
Railway Express, Railway Globe, Railway standard .
Economist 1845 . , . , ,
, .
, .
1843 . 343. . , 1844 1847 .
342
. ? (1856) / . // 30 . 28.
. .: . - , 1960.
http://lib.misto.kiev.ua/INPROZ/DIKKENS/d28.txt.
343
1837 ., 1847 .
47%, 67%, 23%,
13% 59% .
231
100 , , ,
10 344.
,
, , 1845 ., , 560 . ,
550 .
345. .
, , . 1825 1875 .
630 , , 346.
,
, 89%, ( 1844 .
,
3,25%).
, , 2234
1843 2690 1845 .
, 1836 1847 . 67%,
226%347.
344
Porter G. R. The Progress of the Nation in Its Various Social and Economic Relations
from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century / G. R. Porter. London: John Murray 1851.
P. 359360.
345
Smith M. A History of the global stock market. From Ancient Rome to Silicon Valley /
. Smith. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. . 77.
346
Hall D. Fred Dibnahs Victorian Heroes / D. Hall. L.: Corgi Books, 2012. P. 163.
347
1836 1848 . 251 8203 , 2302
10917 , 6 4989 , 141 2207 , 255 1674 , 44 680 , 0 381 . (Sturmer
G. Geschichte der Eisenbahnen: Entwickelung und jetzige Gestaltung smmtlicher
232
1840- - ,
. ,
, , .
18451846 ,
, , . 1840-
,
, .
, ,
, , .
, ,
, .
10% . , .
( ,
, , ), . ,
, , 348. 1844 .
Eisenbahnnetze der Erde / G. Sturmer. Bromberg: H. Heyfelder, 1872. S. 5859, 90,
137138, 211). ,
. ( ) 18391847 . 42%
(Dieterici K. Handbuch der Statistik des preussischen Staates/ K. Dieterici. Berlin:
Mittner und Gohn. 1861. S. 450).
348
1827 1835 .
, 1836 . 29, 1845 120, 1846 272;
1847 170 ; ,
, 40 . 1844 .,
66, -
233
.
,
. ,
.
10% .
1844 . 220 , ( 66
).
. (10% ) ,
. ,
.
, . , , , , ,
. ,
( 80%
).
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. ,
, ,
.
, .
. , ,
, 5% 10%,
. , 1844 . , 21 . .
234
( ) - , .
1845 ., ,
(
) 500%.
( ) 349. ,
,
,
.
.
,
, .
, . , ,
.
1845 . .
.
- ,
.
. 349
10%
( ), York & Newcastle : 1845 . 20% (10%+10), 1846 . 20% (10+10%), 1847 . 20% (10+10%),
1848 . 14% (8+6%); London & North Western: 1845 . 0, 1946 . 20%
(10+10%), 1847 . 17% (9+8%), 1848 . 14% (7+7%); London & South Western
17% (8%+9%), 18% (9+9%), 18% (9+9%), 8% (8+0%); Great Western
16% (8%+8%), 16% (8+8%), 15% (8+7%), 13% (7+6%); Midland 13% (6%+7%),
14,38% (7,38+7%), 14% (7+7%), 13% (7+6%); Southern Eastern 10,25% (5%+5,25%),
11,5% (5,25+6,25%), 12,5% (6,25+6,25%), 11% (6,25+4,75%) (Lewin H. Railway Mania
and its Aftermath: 18451852 (being a sequel to Early British railways) / H. Lewin.
New York: A. M. Kelley, 1968. P. 365).
235
. 18431845
, 1846 . -
.
1846 .
350. , ,
.
,
.
1845 .
- , ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
1845 . ,
,
,
.
(
1112 1428),
350 700 ,
48 351.
, 350
Times. 1846. 16 Dec. ,
. .
, (Times. 1947. 5 Jan).
351
Smith A. The Bubble of the Age: Or, The Fallacies of Railway Investment, Railway
Accounts, and Railway Dividends / A. Smith. L.: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, 1848
. 20; Lewin H. Railway Mania and its Aftermath: 18451852 (being a sequel to Early
British railways) / H. Lewin. New York: A. M. Kelley, 1968. P. 116.
236
352
237
,
. ,
,
354.
1846 .
,
.
1847 . 60% , 1846 .
, .
1846 .
1846 . (
30 ).
,
. 13,6
1846 . 9,2 1847 .
( 2,4% 1845 . 3%, 4%)
1847 . 5%.
. 2 ,
10 24 1847 ., 15%
( 4,5 ).
8%, 1213% .
1847 . ,
1825 .,
355. .
354
238
1847
1847 .
, .
1847 .
, .
.
, 13 , , . , 356.
.
, 25 1847 .
8%. 15%.357 ,
.
150 , , . , , 10%,
88%.
358.
356
239
,
. ,
. ,
, , 359.
,
360.
(George Hudson, 18001871).
, ,
York & North Midland Railway
, . 1827
30 000 , .
. , , ,
- , 1842 .
York & North Midland Railway. ,
.
195 58, South Western 150 61, Midland 150 45, York and North
Midland 210 34 .
359
Times. 1847. 30 Oct.
360
, . 606 1846 .
803 1847 ., 1182 1848 . 905
1849 . 626 1850 . , , 270 1846 . 34 1849 .; ,
, 132 4 . , , , 188 . 36
. .
240
, ,
, . 1844 . , 30% ( 1000 ) .
,
.
, , . ,
, , .
,
. ,
,
, . 1844 1847 .
10% , ,
. , 1848 . 205 .
515 . , .. .
, .
,
, .
,
1844 ., 20% . 1844 ., (
),
2,5 ,
, .
1845 .
, 1848 ,
.
,
. , , , ,
-
241
, . 1849 . .
, , (
), ( 1 ) . , 600 . .
, .
1865 .,
. 1871 .,
200 .
361. Joint Stock Companies Act
(1844) Companies Clauses Consolidation Act (1845)
,
,
. . 1840-
, Deloitte & Co.,
Cooper Brothers & Co., Price, Waterhouse & Co., W. D. Peat & Co.
,
,
361
, XI
(Domesday Book, 1086 ), .
, ( audio ). 1720 . South Sea Company.
, (Jacob Sawbridge) Turner & Co.
, , (George Caswell)
. (Charles
Snell) , Turner &Co,
.
242
, .
18431847
., ,
18471848 . 1849 . (Railway Abandonment Act),
. , 70%
, ,
, .
,
,
, , ,
, 1849 .
.
362.
1852 . , ,
363 ,
. ,
, 362
1844 . , 25%
( 910 , 1844
1856 ., 219 ). ,
.
363
Times. 1847. 2 Dec.
243
.
25%, 6 ,
.
.
9,2 ,
30
364.
18441850 .
9792 , 1856 .
5597 (57%). 1850 . 85% ,
70%. 2% 810% ;
.
,
.
1840- 1847 .
1830-
,
(
), . 1838 . 1039
1 , 1,5
365.
, , . , , , , 18431846 . , 1847 .
, 1840- , 1842 . 364
244
,
,
.
, , , , , . , 366.
,
, 1846 . 5000 ,
1848 . 1628 .
. , 1848 .
2,5 ,
.
,
.
,
, 80 .
.
.
.
, . , .
, , ,
366
. 1848 1850 . // . , . .
. 2- . . 7. www.informaxinc.ru/lib/marx/07.html.
245
, 1844 1847 .
1,8 749 1329 .
, , . ,
.
,
.
,
.
25 30 300 . , . 1847 . (
Du Nord 400 000 )
.
, . . , 90% ,
367.
1847 . 30% 18331845 . ,
200 , , 300 ,
. 4%, 78%,
. .
. , -
.
, , .
,
, 367
, , , ( , ),
. ,
.
246
368.
, . ,
,
, 1847 . , .
1847 . - . ,
, .
- .
, Banque de
France 1846 . 1847 . 252 78
. ,
25 , ,
50
.
1847 . .
Caisse du
Commerce et de lIndustrie ,
. 5000.
, 24 1848
. . - . , 1847 . , ( ), , ,
, 1848 .
, .
. ,
368
. / . .
.: - ,1908. . 44.
247
,
, ,
369.
, , .
, . , ,
. ,
, .
,
. 50%.
. 1838 ., , , ,
1851 .
,
, .
1846 .
. ,
. 370.
369
370
248
1847 . 1520%,
25% .
, 1846 . , ,
.
, ,
, 371.
18451846 . 1847 . . 1848
. , 1848 .
, , . , , , 1848 . , .
1848 . .
, , , , .
. , ,
, .
, 372.
,
, .
, , . , , . 1847 .
371
249
, .
, 1847 .,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , . , , , , -, ,
.
.
1840- , ,
373. 1822 ., Sciete Generale de Belgique 1835 1838 31
100 . . Banque de
Belgique ( 1835 .) 24 54 . 374.
,
1840- , . 1847 ., .
,
1840-
. 1840- ,
.
373
1830 . ( 1814 . , 1814 1830 . ). , ( , , )
.
374
Cameron R. A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the
Present / R. Cameron, L. Neal. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. P. 229231.
250
, (
fancies) , . 1847 . , .
Erie Railroad ,
, 375. , - ,
, 1847 .
1848 , , , , , 1847 ,
, .
1847 .
1847 . (
1825 . 1837 .) ,
. 1825 . ,
.
, . .
1837 ., , .
1847 .
, ,
, . , ( , 375
, . 1860- , , , (
) , ,
.
251
) , . 1847 .
,
. . ,
. ,
, . , ,
. :
, 376.
, . , .
, , . , , ,
.
, . , , ,
,
.
.
. .
, 377.
376
. // .,
. . . 7. . 250251. http://www.informaxinc.ru/lib/marx/07.html.
377
38 1830 . 260 1841 ., .
252
,
. , , ,
.
, , , . ,
. , , -, .
, , , 378. , ,
. ,
,
.
.
,
, .
,
, ,
379.
1830- , , -
378
253
.
,
.,
. ,
(, , -, .),
, - , .
1820- ( , ),
.
, ,
1840- .
. , ,
. , ,
, , 1865 . 2000 . , , , .
.
380. ,
.
380
1861 .
, 100 1000 10% (2 .
20,1 .). 1000
0,25% (50 . ).
45 ( .
/ . . .: - , 2011. . 150151).
254
, 381.
.
.,
.
( 1840- , 1880- )
. . .
10 (1825, 1837, 1847 .)
(18251826; 18371838; 18461847 .)
. , , , .
381
, 1841 ., ,
44 . , 1861 67 ., 1871 119 . (
, . 151).
255
(18481873 .)
1873 . ,
. , ,
, citoyen du monde
, .
, ,
, .
- , 1860
382. ,
( ),
, , .
1880 .
, , 6,8
.
, ,
382
, 1848 . III
. , ,
.
30% 15%, .
256
,
. ,
. , .
1850-
1850-
,
,
.
, .
6% , , .
; 1860- . 1950- , 1857 , 383. , 1850- , ,
. 384. ,
383
1850 1860 .
38,6 . 108 . , 15,1 .
53,9 . ; 23,5 . 51,9 . .
66,6% , 92,1% , 97,5% , 117,3%
; 62,7; 39,9; 144,3 152,4%
( . . /
. . . .: . - , 1954. . 103, 106).
384
1847 1857 . 52%, 156%, 123%, 52%; 83% ,
10% , 130% , 68% , 21% .
257
,
1840- 13% 1850-
.
, .
1851 . ( 14 ), 1855 . (24
. ), 1862 . (29 . ), 1867 .
(50 . )385.
1857 .
1857 ., ,
, , , . ,
,
. 386. ,
, 36 387.
1857 . 700 103% , 85% , 98% , 113%
, 15% .
12,6 1847 . 38,2 1853 . (Porter G.
R. The Progress of the Nation in Its Various Social and Economic Relations from the
Beginning of the Nineteenth Century / G. R. Porter. London: John Murray 1851. 360,
363. Statistical abstract for the United Kingdom in each of the last fifteen years, from
1853 to 1867. L.: Great Britain Parliament. House of Commons, 1868. P. 54).
385
Carandini G. Racconti della civita capitalista. Dalla Venezia del 1200 al mondo del
1939 / Carandini G. Roma: Laterza, 2012. . 348349.
386
Evans D. M. Commercial Crisis, 184748 / D. Morier Evans. London: Letts, Son &
Steer, 1848. . 38.
387
; , , , . ., , , , ... , (
. 1858. 19. 3 .).
258
. , , ,
, . 1857 . ,
... ...
388.
18571858 . , , . 1857 . . , . ...
.
; ,
,
... ;
, ;
, 389.
1857 .,
, .
1825 . ,
, , 1857 .
. 1857 . ,
, .
, ... , ,
, ...
-
388
259
,
, 390.
, . ( 1850- )
. 1850- ,
Credit Mobilier, . , ,
( , )
.
1860-
1860 .
. ,
, .
,
.
1860- ,
, ,
1850- 391. ,
. (
, )
, ( 200 1847 .
390
, . 1858, . . 221222.
75 .
, 22,4 . ; 7,6; 8,2;
6,7; 3,9.
391
260
Commerce and Industry: Tables of statistics for the British Empire from 1815. Edited
by William Page. L.: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1919. P. 170.
393
ubner O. Jahrbuch fur Volkswirtschaft und Statistik / O. ubner. Leipzig: H.
Hubner Verlag, 1857. S. 84.
394
( 3,0 . 1938 . 10,2
. 1848 . 43,0 . 1858 . (
, 1840-
(Sturmer G. Geschichte der Eisenbahnen: Entwickelung und jetzige
Gestaltung smmtlicher Eisenbahnnetze der Erde / G. Sturmer. Bromberg: H. Heyfelder,
1872. S. 59, 90, 125, 149, 211).
395
The Economist. 1866. 1 Sept. P. 1027.
261
Credit Mobilier Bank fur Handel und Industrie , . Credit Mobilier,
-, , , .
.
1850- ,
, ,
. , , , , - .
, - , . , , ;
. 300 ,
1850- , .
.
,
,
. 1850-
, .
1850- 1860-
,
,
.
262
, , , Credit Mobilier.
, , , , .
,
, .
18 43 .
18511857 . 824
1416, 445 684 ;
, 9 29; 8 . -
Banque de France , 1,8 5,6
396.
,
. ., ,
,
.
... -
... 397.
,
,
. ,
. . ,
.
396
263
,
, .
, . 1854 . 23 . , 1857 .
100 . . 10 . 900 . 398.
, , 100 , 400 . 399.
, ,
400.
.
,
. ...
... ,
,
, , , , , 401.
. ( ,
).
, . I ; .
398
Evans D. M. The History of the Commercial Crisis 1857 1858 and the Stock
Exchange Panic of 1859 / D. M. Evans. L.: Groombridge, 1859. P. 7374.
399
Revue Contemporaine. 1858. 2 serie, T II. P. 555.
400
The Times. 1858. 15 Jan.
401
The Times. 1866. 14 May.
264
.
.
.
.
402, . .
. , , .
, .
, , ! , , , , , , 403.
18501860-
(, 1870 )
,
. . 1850- 1860-
,
.
( ) , , .
402
I . ( 3% 2,75% 1899 .
2,5% 1903 .; , ,
4,5% 3,7% 1903 .) (Homer S. A. A History of Interest Rates / S.
Homer, A. Sylla. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1996. P. 192).
403
. .
http://www.aai.ee/~vladislav/poesia/index1.html?http://www.aai.ee/~vladislav/poesia/rus/
copies/poets/Blok_Kov.html.
265
Standage T. The Victorian Internet: The Remarcable Story of the Telegraph and the
Nineteenth Century`s On-Line Pioneers / T. Standage. N.Y.: Walker and Co, 1998.
P.VIII.
405
(51,2%), (15,15%) (Wenzlhuemer R.
Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World: The Telegraph and Globalization / R.
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266
,
. 1873 . -
L`Economiste Francais.
, . 1856 .
Manuel des Fonds publics et des societes par
actions, , .
( 1883 .
). 1863 . The Economist
Investors Monthly
Manual.
, ,
.
, ( , .)
.
, , (, , ), , , , , . ,
, ,
,
.
267
(18371901)
. , 406.
,
, . , ,
,
407.
, ,
.
- .
18501870-
,
I .
,
. 1846 . ,
1853 . ; 10% 408. 1850-
406
. . . 1 (19111914). www.onisland.net/History/Churchill/WorldCrisis/WWC_book_1.htm.
407
, : ! :
; . ?
-, , . ( . / . . . 3. http://ilibrary.ru/text/475/p.1/index.html).
408
1846 .
, 1852 . . 1852 .
268
18571860 . 20% ,
18471857 . 40%409.
,
410, , .
, 1848 1873 . . 2,5% (
I . 1,52%).
1,2% ,
3,5%411.
,
( 1848 .) ,
, ,
.
. ,
, .
412.
(20% 1850 ., 25% 1825 .).
( , , , ).
, 1860 .
, .
409
Mulhall M. The Dictionary of Statistics / M. Mulhall. L.: Routledge, 1909. P. 369.
410
I
, , 1869 .
. , ( 113 29 ), ( . / . . .: , 2010. . 198, 201).
411
Bairoch P. Europes Gross National Product: 18001975 / P. Bairoch // Journal of
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412
. . . 4. . 4 / . . : , 2012. . 8384.
269
, , -, ,
, .
, .
.
, (
,
, ),
,
.
413. ,
1840- , 18501857 .
( ). ,
1840- 1850-
40% . , .
, , 18511856
., 414.
, .
, ,
413
270
. ( )
.
( ),
I .
,
,
, , .
.
, -.
415.
,
, . ,
1851 .416, . . ,
, , , .
, , .
. 415
. . . 1 (19111914). www.onisland.net/History/Churchill/WorldCrisis/WWC_book_1.htm.
416
Ferguson N. The House of Rotschild. Vol. 2 / N. Ferguson. N. Y.: Penguin Books,
2000. P. 65.
271
,
1820- , .
, , ,
. ,
. , , . .
,
, . ,
, ,
( ) ,
, 417.
, . 18481849 .
, , , ,
.
18711872 . -
- 18701871 . 1871
., .
120 (
13 ).
,
; ,
, 418. -
417
King W. History of the London Discount Market / W. King. L.: George Routledge &
sons, 1936. P. 264.
418
. . 1859 // . .
: 15 . .: ,
1949. . 6: . 155187.
272
419
420.
1855 . 409 1186 ,
421.
, . ,
. (Joint Stock Banks)422.
(Merchant Banks)423.
Baring Brothers. (Colonial
Banks)424. (Private Banks)425
Glyn, Mills, Currie & Co.
(Discont House)426.
, .
419
273
. (Clearing Banks) . () . (merchant banks) ,
.
1870 ,
,
, ,
427,
. ,
( ) ,
. ,
428.
( ),
, .
, 1826 1833 .,
.
,
429.
427
274
, , . , ,
(accepting houses).
, 430.
1850-
1847 . . .
,
. , , . ; 431.
18481849 .
, . ,
?
,
.
. 19011904 ., Lloyds Bank
26,3% , Union of London and Smiths Bank 25,4%, London Joint Stock
Bank 16,9%, Midland Bank 15,8%, National Provincial Bank 10% (Cassis Y.
City Bankers, 18901914 / Y. Cassis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
. 20, 47, 70).
430
1914 .
Kleinwort, Sons & Co ( 4,431 , 13,6
), J. Henry Schroder & Co (3,0 11,6 ), Baring Brothers
& Co (1,125 6,6 ) .
431
. 1848 1850 . / . .
https://www.marxists.org/russkij/marx/1850/class_struggles_france/04.htm.
275
1848 . 1851 .
.
, , ,
, . ,
, ,
.
.
1848 .
,
, .
;
, 432. 1849 . , 433.
1848 .
,
. 1850 . . , .
434.
, ,
.
432
. // . , . . . . .
7. . 454. http://www.informaxinc.ru/lib/marx/07.html.
433
, 1840
1850 . 45% ( 10 14,5 ), 1850 1860 . 85%
( 14,5 26,8 ) (Scherzer K. Das Wirtschaftliche Leben der Volker / K.
Scherzer. Leipzig: A. Drr, 1885. S. 638).
434
815% 1847 . 2,53% 1848 . 1,752,5%
1849 . ( . . (18211938 .) / . . .
.: - , 1939. . 509).
276
435 1855 .
,
National Debt Office , , 30 . , . ,
, .
1855 .
, , 436.
.
1846 . 200 1848 . 20 ,
437. , .
,
. ,
. , , .
435
277
1850- , , ,
.
18471857 . 300
350 ( 125 )438.
,
, . ,
, 1830-
1840- .
1851 1854 .
1850- ,
. , . 1853 994 , 1850- 4409, 3084 ,
18561857 .
1850- ,
, 1857 ., 1851 . 18541855 .
, 27%,
59%. 1854 . , ,
. 438
,
, , , ( 18471857 . 1,7 ,
800900 . . 1847 1857 .
1,3 3,9 (Commerce and
Industry: Tables of statistics for the British Empire from 1815. Edited by William Page.
L.: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1919. P. 137, 170).
278
, , .
,
,
1853 .,
, , 1854 . .
, .
, 1856 .
20 . . 1855 .
,
1856 . ,
.
1847 . 79% , 6% 7% . ,
1856 .
. ,
. , .
, , . . 1856 . , . ,
( ).
,
. , , , .
,
. , .
279
1857 .
, 1857
, , , .
-,
1857 . 18571858 . . . , ,
. ,
. , .
-
439.
,
. . , , , , . (Liverpool Borough Bank , Western Bank
of Scotland , City of Glasgow Bank, Northumberland and
Durham District Bank .).
, ,
.
8 9 5,5 10%. 10% ,
. 11,2
18 6,7 11 , ( 1847 .) , .
.
, Borough
439
., . / . , . . [2 .]. .
29. library.rksmb.org/text/kmfe-pss-t29.pdf.
280
Bank . 9 Western
Bank of Scotland, . , ,
; , , . , , .
, . 12
8 .
,
, ,
13 :
, 1949
, 440,
441.
, (
Royal British Bank, ). , , 250300 , 80 . ,
1857 .
, 1847 .
1857 .
, . ,
...
, 442.
440
., . / . , . . [2 .]. .
29. library.rksmb.org/text/kmfe-pss-t29.pdf.
441
, 1858 , ,
. 1859 . . , 18571858
. ,
, ,
, .
442
, ... , , . ,
, , -
281
1860-
1857 ., 1858 .
. . ;
. , , , 443.
, 1860
.
1857 . .
1850-
(Company Act 1862 .)
. ( 1856 1868 .) 6994 ,
5321 . ,
,
.
20% .
18651867 .
1859 . 1866 .
534 .
,
( 1860 . 145 , 1876 . 252
). 30% ,
, , ,
. ,
,
(New York Daily Tribune. 1857. 15 Dec.).
443
. // ., . . 2- . . XI.
. II. . 114.
282
, .
, 75 18151830 . 120165
18301854 . 260 18601867 .
1866 . 444, .
, (, ) 646
1851 . 814 1864 . 961
1867 .445
. , 1830- 1850-
, 1860 .
, .
, . 18601869 . ,
,
(60,0 ), (47,2 ),
(27,2 ), , ( 34,7
), (17,5 ), (21,4 )446.
1866 .
, 1866 . ,
. ,
1864 .,
. 1864 .
3%
9%. , 444
, .
, ... , , - (The Economist.
1867. 14 Sept. P. 10371038).
445
Stamp J. British Incomes and Property / J. Stamp. London: King, 1927. P. 427.
446
Jenks L. The Migration of British Capital to 1875 / L. Jenks. N. Y.: A. A. Knopf,
1927. P. 421423.
283
, ,
. .
, .
3% 1865 . 4,5%
, 7% , 8% 1866 .
, ,
10%, , , 12, 15 20%... ...
447.
, . 11 1866 . Overend and C, .
, 10 .
. , , . .
,
, , Overend and C448.
Overend and C
.
.
.
11 , ... ... ... , -, ...
. ...
447
448
284
,
. Overend and C
449.
, ,
,
. 130
, , , 1
, , 450.
, , ,
. 10%,
(
31,7 44,3 ).
, ,
1868 .
1866 .
. 1857 . , 1866 .
... Overend and
C, 1866 ., , . 1866 . , 451. 1866 .
, 1857 . . 1857 . ,
1866 .
.
449
285
1860-
, , 1,2
1853 . 1,7 1863, 2,3 1872 .
7 1903 . ( 7,5 )452. ,
,
, 245,8
1850 . 1176 1900 .
,
. 1853 . 194 (70% ),
16% , (70% ).
1873 .,
70% , 630
(60% 1850 .),
374 .
, Glyn Mills,
.
.
, , ( 1900 .)
44%
.
1870- , 1873 , . 18601866 . 33 , 18671876 . 60 452
286
; .
1866 1876 .
0,5 . ,
, 3 ,
5060 ,
.
, 18661875 . 110 ,
120 .
( )
, .
,
.
, ,
, . ,
, ,
,
, .
(
)
,
.
III ( 18481852 . ,
18521870 . )
,
I.
287
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
. , , . ... . ,
. ( ,
) ,
,
453.
1850-
1840- , 1850- . ,
1850- 40% .
1840-
1,860 ( 5,900 ), 1850-
3000 ( 10 000), 1870- 20 000 (
25 000)454.
(,
, ),
453
.
, . .
454
Hau M. Entrepreneurship in France / Hau M. // The invention of enterprise:
entrepreneurship from ancient Mesopotamia to modern times [d. by D. S. Landes].
Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press, 2010. P. 305.
288
, .
. .
.
, 51 1846 . 1848
1851 . 70%
( 1840- 30%). , 1850 ., 10%.
22 . 1 1847 . 25 .
1853 . 30 1855 ., . , ,
1852 . 1869 . 1
7 .
1,53 .
( ) 18501857 . 4,5 ;
2,7 (
, 1855 1856 . 1025 ). ( )
1,6 200300 455. 1850- ,
, .
,
, , , 456. 455
Lvy-Leboyer M. Histoire economique et sociale de la France depuis 1848 / M. LvyLeboyer. Paris: Cours de Droit, Institut d'etudes politiques, 19511952. P. 177; Vialles
P. La Consommation et les crises conomiques, thse pour le doctorat, par Pierre Vialles /
P. Vialles. Paris: V. Giard et E. Brire, 1903. P. 307308.
456
(, ), 500 (Wirth M.
Geschichte der Handelkrisen / M. Wirth. Berlin: Ayer Publishing, 1890. . 319320).
289
,
,
, , 1850-
.
1850- Credit
Mobilier
1850- . , - , 1848 , ,
. , ,
1848 . .
, 18491851 . 70% ,
( )
. .
.
1850- 1852 . (Credit Agricole)
(Credit Foncier)457,
III Credit Mobilier,
. ;
.
Credit Mobilier,
, 18 1852 . 457
.: Szajkowski Z. Jews and the French
Revolutions of 1789, 1830 and 1848 / Z. Szajkowski. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Publishing
House, Inc., 1970. . 925.
290
,
- ( .
. / . .
., 1912. . 263).
459
. . .
/ . . . .:
. (. ), 1898. . 82.
460
. . / . . . .: , 1878 (. .: , 2000). . 101.
291
461
292
1857 .
1857 , , ,
. (
, ) 1856 .
, ,
1857 Credit Mobilier, ,
60% . .
1857 . ,
,
1856 ., 1857 . 18561858 .
12 , ,
. 1857 . 1856 .
( Credit Moblier 2,8 ,
2 Darmstadter Kreditbank),
1,5 .
1857 .
10%464.
1857 .
, , .
,
. 30
40%, 16%465.
, .
464
293
1860- 1867 .
, , 1860-
466. 108 1861 . 269 1865 .
225 1866 . , , .
. 1858 ,
(Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez).
, . , 1869 ., .
, ,
, , ,
. . ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
,
, , , , ,
, . ,
,
. , .
,
...
466
The Awakening of Europe // The Economist. 1860. 866. March 31. . 335
336.
294
,
, , - .
,
467.
1860-
, , . Credit Mobilier , , , , ,
. , , , 468.
1860- ,
1857 . , -
1860-
.
1867 . , 1866 .
,
1857 .; . , - .
,
, , ,
, . , Credit Mobilier,
. , Credit Mobilier, 1867 . 591
. 877 1966
. 134 1867 ., .
.
467
. / . . http://lib.ru/INPROZ/ZOLYA/money.txt.
. / . .
.: . - , 1908. . 102.
468
295
18501870- .
469.
, , ,
,
470.
, , , ,
, , . , ,
, ,
471.
agents de
change, . ( I . 70),
.
472,
469
. 1837.
. 3. . 159.
470
. 1869. . 4. . 7. . 161, 164
471
, :
, : , ,
, , , ,
, ( . / . .
http://lib.ru/INPROZ/ZOLYA/money.txt).
472
, I
(, 1861 . 28 ).
296
( 40%).
. .
. , 1872 .
3% 140
, - (
) 73% 53%.
, , ,
73% 6% 473.
, , 1847 . 60 (
1845 .) 54 1850 . (55)
1855 ., , 72 1860 ., 76
1865 . 1870- 140 1870 . 1850 . 24
( 8 , 3
, 2 ), 1870 . 36 (11 , 6 , 1 ). ( ) 18511870 . 25 474.
. ,
, ,
[] , . . ,
, . ,
473
297
.
, , , . , ,
: , , , .
, . ,
,
.
(, , ),
,
. : , , , , . , , , , ;
, , . , . , .
,
, . , ,
,
.
, , .
,
298
,
.
,
. ,
. , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
. , (
), , , .
,
.
, , .
.
! ,
. . , . , ,
475. ,
( . .).
, , . 1850 . , , 9,1 ( 1899 .
9,5 86,9 ). 1850-
, 2,5
(27%) 27 (31%). 1851 1900 . 475
. / . . http://lib.ru/INPROZ/ZOLYA/money.txt.
299
( ) 75% 48%;
12% 33%.
1869 . 1
( 1,7 1863 . 2,3
1872 .),
. ( ) , (
). .
:
I .
, I .
, ,
. I .
, , . ,
,
,
, . , ; . ,
, .
I . . , , . ,
300
, , , .
1840-
I ,
. , I . ,
, , .
(
4 1790 . 40 1870 .) , , . ,
,
(. frontier) , ,
, - ,
.
, , .
.
, ,
.
( )
,
. ,
? ,
?
-
: ,
! , ! -
301
! ,
476.
, .
,
.
(National Banking Act) 1864 .,
.
, . .
,
, .
I . , , .
, . , .
1850-
1850-
, ( 18501860 .
23,3 31,5 ). , 1850- .
1848 . ,
. , 476
. ( ) / . , . .
lib.ru/INPROZ/MARKTWAIN/gildage.txt.
302
,
.
1850 500800 .
80% , ,
150 . , ,
, , 477.
1850 1860 . 1019 1886 478.
1850- , ,
,
.
. ,
,
( ). ,
,
. .
479.
, , 480.
477
303
1857 .
1857 . ,
,
, (
)481.
-
.
,
. , , ,
, ,
,
.
, , , . 1857 .
- . , 482
.
.
, , 24 1857 . - Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. ,
,
.
, ,
, 8 . (Tooke T. A History of Prices and of the State of the Circulation
from 1792 to 1856 // T. Tooke, T. Gregory, W. Newmarch. 6 vols. Vol. V. L.: P.S.
King and Son, 1928. P. 356, 380).
481
.: Commercial and Money Affairs. Sales at the Stock Exchange Stock
Exchange Lloyds // The New York Times. 1857. July 23.
482
Times. 1858. 1 Jan.
304
. , .
, , . , 26 1857 ., , , 175. 150
. , 100% .
.
. , - ,
. , ... ,
. ,
483.
- 13 .
, , -, 12
.
-,
. 18 - ,
32. -. ,
( 1857 . 5 ).
2050%,
1856 . 78 484.
,
,
. , 5060% (
- 84%).
. 1856 ., , 483
305
306
, 80%
.
20 1
7%,
,
.
, .
. 1863 . 1864 .
486.
,
,
.
4 , 6,25 27,25 .
( 1860 . 1862 . 40
),
,
.
, . .
,
,
. ,
. ,
,
3 .
1862 . ,
,
. ,
-
, .
. ,
,
, , ,
486
307
.
.
1860-
18611865 . ( ) . ;
,
. 487.
, I ., 1860-
,
. -, . -
, , , - .
-, -
. ,
, U. S. Steel,
1000 ,
, .
XIX . ,
; 1860-
488.
487
1880- .
488
The Increasing Activity of Government Securities // The New York Times. 1866.
August 11.
308
1860- ,
1865 . ,
.
.
, ,
,
. , ,
,
, , . -
, .
, ,
,
. 1860- , 489.
,
,
25% , 20% , , , . , ,
, .
,
10% . ,
, .
,
489
American Topics: American Securities // The New York Times. 1865. October 10.
309
, . ,
,
.
. , . ,
, , , ;
.
, , .
, , . . ,
, -
490.
, ,
,
. , 1870- .
1860 . 30 000 491, 1,2 490
,
, .
: , ,
, ( . ( ) / . , . . lib.ru/INPROZ/MARKTWAIN/gildage.txt).
491
, ,
, , (Fogel R. Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in
310
.
Winslow, Lanier and Company, Kuhn,
Loeb and Company, George Peabody and Company ( J. . Morgan and Company) .
. 318 1850 .
11,5 1900 .; 50% - 492.
, ; . 18631873 . ( )
1,3 . 2 , 18651873 .
, .
. ,
.
,
,
493. , 1873 .
Econometric History / R. Fogel. Baltimore: John Hopkins Univ. Press, 1964. . 100;
Fogel R. W. The reinterpretation of American economic history / R. W. Fogel, S. L.
Engerman. New York: Harper & Row, 1971. 494 p.).
492
Lerner W. Historical Statistics of the United States. Colonial Times to 1970 / W.
Lerner. Washington: United States Dept. of Commerce, 2003. P. 968.
493
Rise of United States Securities at Frankfurt Success of the New Treasury
Arrangement // The New York Times. 1871. August 15. Great Activity in Government
Securities // The New York Times. 1866. April 25. Our Securities Abroad // The New
York Times. 1866. August 28.
311
,
, -. -,
, , , , .
.
1860- ,
, Erie Railroad. 18661868 .,
. ,
( 1877 .
100 ). ,
,
. ,
-,
6 .
,
. 1868 . , ,
Erie Railroad, 10
,
Erie Railroad. ,
, . , , Erie
.
. 1860-
, ,
, .
, .
312
.
(
15 ), , .
24 1869 . , . ,
4 , 1,5 .
, , , .
( 1872
. Union
Pacific), 1880-
. Union Pacific, 20
. , , , , . .
Union Pacific ,
, 1872 . - Sun , .
1866 . 1867
1866 .
(
), 1865 . .
, ,
, , , 494.
494
313
1866 .
.
, 1866 . 38 .
- 1866 . 68%,
1867 . 10%. ( 530 1865 . 1505 1866 . 2780 1867 .)
1867 . . 1857
. ... .
, 495.
, .
...
... 496.
,
1860-
( ,
)
( ).
, .
.
1860-
, , ,
, , . , 1866 . Delware, Lackawanna and Western Rail Road Company
495
496
314
- ,
497. New York
Central and Hudson River Railroad
18701880- .
Fraudulent Transaction Act (1857 .),
;
Punishment of Frauds Act (1857 .) Larceny Act (1861 .),
.
, 1860 . Sunshine Laws, .
(Wall
Street Journal, Barron's .)
American Railroad Journal, Railroad Gazette Railway World.
, , .
1867 . - ,
. .
- , , (4,6 . 1870- 40% ),
.
,
- . . (R. G. Dun),
1841 .
. 1859
R. G. Dun and Company,
. 1849
497
315
(John Bradstreet).
,
. Barrow, Wade,
Gutrie & Company ,
, New York, Ontario and Western
Railway Company
498. 1886 .
-,
.
1860- 1870- , , . , 1871 .
.
. , . 1870 , , ,
, , , ,
,
, ,
, 499.
498
316
, .
, .
1840- 1848 ., , 1871 .
, . ,
, -.
, .
500.
. ,
,
, ,
.
1840- , . 501.
, ( . . / . . .: , 1991. http://www.belousenko.com
/wr_Zweig.htm).
500
1830 1840 . 16%
, 1851 1870 . 38%.
,
( 1838 ,
).
501
1873 , 1879 .
.
317
502
318
504.
1857 .
18561857 .
, , . 1857 .
,
. ,
.
, ,
, , .
- , . , , ,
.
-. , 1583 ., ,
. . ,
. 505.
504
319
506
320
1860-
.
,
. 1864 .
, ,
, ?
, : , 511.
1860 , , 426 512. 1851 1870 . (
1860 .) 1,7 ( 1 ),
1835 1873 . 5,6 . : -
373 18561860 . 580
1865 .
1860- 1850- ,
. 1860- ( ),
, , , 513.
511
// . 1874. 38. . 214.
: Germany is a nation of misery,
who believe in the hoarding of money rather than the profitable investment of it ( , , (Mayhew H. German Life and
Manners as Seen in Saxony at the Present Day / H. Mayhew. London: W.H. Allen &
Co., 1864. Vol. 2. . 593).
512
140 , 54 , 44 , 39 , 30 119 .
513
, .
,
, . -
321
,
(
),
, 514. ,
.
,
- .
, ,
, , idee fixe
515. ,
, ,
, .
,
516.
, , .
, (
// . 1874. 38. . 214).
514
18501860- 6 19,5
. , 20 . 88 1950- 500
1870- (Cassis Y. Capitals of Capital. A History of International Financial Centres, 1780
2005 / Y. Cassis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. . 55).
515
//
. 1876. 4. . 53.
516
, , ,
,
.
322
, 1856 . - 1868 .,
, .
323
. . (
), ( 1871 ., )
.
1833 . , 1820- Berlin Kassenverein Pommersche
Privatbank . 1833 .
,
. 1835 .
, 1838 .
.
1850- ,
, , .
. ,
,
.
,
,
518.
518
. . /
. . ., .: . .-. -, 1931. . 127.
1873 . , 1873 .
.
, .
, ,
. ,
(
). , . , ,
, , ,
324
. ,
, (
I ).
, Disconto-Gezellshaft, 1851 . , 1853 .
Darmstadter Bank,
.
, 1857 . .
( 1850 .), ( 1857 .), ( 1874
.), .
. 1848 . , 1849 . .
.
( 1855 .), ( 1868 .),
( 1872 .).
1854 ., 1856 . . ,
,
, . 1892 . (Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit
beschrankter Hauftung, GmbHG), , . , 1986 .519
.
.
519
A Global History of Accounting. Financial Reporting and Public Policy: Europe / Ed.
by G. J. Previts, P. Walton, P. Wolnizer. London: Emerald; University of Sydney, 2010.
. 61.
325
I . ,
1848 1866 . 82
, ,
1857 . 100 . -
Seligmann & Co Seligman &
Stettheimer, 6%
500 . ,
.
, ,
. , . 1870 . 325 (95 , 115 , 55 .).
1871 .
520.
- 19 1870 .,
, 28 1871 . . .
5,57 . 520
326
( , ),
. , .
-
, ,
.
,
.
, 521.
, . , ,
.
,
, . 27 1870 . .
, , ,
.
, 521
, , . ,
, , . , , , , ,
,
, , , ( // . 1874. 38. . 215).
327
522.
18711873 .
( . Grnder ). 1870- (
, 1820- , 1850- )523. . , .
, .
. 5% (
3,87,6%, 5,4%). 524.
522
. , .
,
( )
,
- ( // . 1874. 38. .
215).
523
1790 1867 . 225 (
2 ), 1867 1870 . 54 (
18 ), 1870 .
1870 34 , 1871 . 259 , 1872 . 504
. 1870 1874 . 857
( . / . .
.: - , 1877. . 356).
524
( 1870 1874 .): 12,31% ;
8,36% ; 5,87% ; 6,44%
. , ,
.
, -
328
. 1870 . 31
400 ,
107 706
( Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, ommerzbank .).
10
1870 . Deutsche Bank, , ,
.
, . 5 , 2
, . , ,
1872 ., 1873
. .525
1867 .
9,5% ( ) 4,7% ( ).
. ( )
,
. , 1878 . 52% (
65% ) ; 1883 . 66%
(88% ); 1887 . 59% (80% ). ,
. , Credit Mobilier 13% 1854 ., 47% 1855 ., 24%
1856 ., 1857 ., , .
Credit Mobilier ( 500 ) 1856 . 1995,7
., 1870 . 87,5% . 2,4% 1854 .,
10,67% 1855 ., 15% 1856 ., 5% 1857 ., 5,25% 1858 ., 4% 1858 .
1856 . 170%, 1859 . 42% .
Creditanstalt 205% 1856 . 42% 1859 . ( .
. .
/ . . . .: .
, 1898. . 7980).
525
Klubmann U. Das Kaiserreich. Deutschkand unter preubischer Herrschaft Von
Bismarck bis Wilhelm II / U. Klubmann, J. Mohr. Munchen: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt,
2014. S. 135137.
329
526. , , , 1870-
9% 1850- 17%
1870- 527.
528,
, . ,
18711872 . 780
.
,
.
, .
, ,
,
.
.
, , ,
, . ,
.
, ,
, ,
526
// 29 ,
. 1870. 29. . 323.
527
Silke P. Die Grnderkrise von 1873 und ihre Auswirkungen / P. Silke. Munchen:
GRIN Verlag, 2008. S. 78.
528
1871 . 296 2,4 , 72% , 11% . 1871 1873 . 928
2,78 , 107 740 (Gmmel R. Entstehung und
Entwicklung der Effektenbrse im 19 Jahrhundert bis 1914 / R. Gmmel // Deutsche
Brsengeschichte / Rainer Gmmel, Friedrich-Wilhelm Henning, Karl Heinrich Kaufhold,
Bernd Rudolph, Rolf Walter. Frankfurt am Main: Fritz Knapp Verlag, 1992. S. 153
154).
330
. .
, ,
,
. , . , ,
,
. , , -,
, ,
, (
).
1873 ., ,
. , , , .
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,
1888 Assurance financiere 2,85 .
531
Journal des Economistes. 1856. 15. X. . 59, 6667.
332
815 ,
532.
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.
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100), (
, 9 , ).
.
.
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, , , ,
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7 1873 . 533. 532
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533
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) , .
, . .: Borchart J. Der europische
Eisenbahnknig Bethel Henry Strousberg / Borchart J. Munich: C.H. Beck, 1991. 352
s.; Hunt R. The Amazing Dr. Strousberg / R. Hunt. London, Richard Hunt Publishing,
2009. 196 p.
333
( , )
. , .
, , , ,
- .
. 7,5% 254 ,
, 1872 . . 534.
, , (2,5 ) . 1870 ., , ,
4 .
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, ,
535.
1871 . C ,
534
,
, , . , 1870 . . .
535
. . / . . .: , 1985. . 9192.
334
, , 15 ,
. 1875 . - 2
, (
7 ),
. , 1882 .
.
,
536. ,
, Deutsche Bank. ,
,
.
.
1875 . 5,5 537.
536
1872 . , 1873 .
9,6 , 1874 .
( 1874 . 26 65,36 , 1875 . 28 54,0
, 1876 . 37 48,42 , 1877 . 43 66,65
, 1878 . 37 84,08 , 1879 . 47 69
. , . 203 , 1871 ., 1873 .
30 (14,7%). 478 , 1872 ., 138 (28,9%); 162,
1873 ., 67 (41,4%); 30, 1874 ., 14 (46,7%) ( . . .
/ . . . .: . (. ), 1898. . 141
142, 184).
537
1883 ., ,
, Deutsche Bank
Northern Pacific Railroad.
,
(Klubmann U. Das Kaiserreich. Deutschkand unter preubischer Herrschaft Von Bismarck
bis Wilhelm II / U. Klubmann, J. Mohr. Munchen: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2014. S.
138).
335
1875 . , [1875] , , .
, ,
,
538.
, 1873 ., , 900 , 2,8 .
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1848 , , . , ,
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Zeitung, , . ,
- 540.
538
539
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541 Pest Magyar
Kereskedelmi Bank (1841), Niedersterreichische EscompteGesellschaft (1853) Banca Commerciale Triestine (1853).
Credit-Anstalt
( sterreichische Credit-Anstalt fur Handel
und Gewerbe), 1855 . . , , , .
, ,
redit-nstalt.
541
Erste Osterreichische Sparkasse 1819 ., (, Bohmische Sparkasse ). , , (Albrecht C. The Decision to Establish Savings Banks in
Bohemia, 18251870 / C. Albrecht // Economic Development in the Habsburg Monarchy
and in the Successor States. Essays. Edited by John Komlos. New York: Columbia
University Press, 1990. P. 7677).
338
, ,
,
. , , 1863 . AngloAustrian bank . ,
, .
1857 .
5 1859
Arnstein und Eskeles ,
Credit Mobilier 30
. Arnstein und Eskeles ,
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. 80- , , , ,
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, ,
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, 1820- , 1830-
. 542
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. . 2 . . 13. . 353.
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340
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, - ( ,
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, ,
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,
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. 1863 1864 .,
, , ,
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, . . , .
546
. . .
/ . . . .: .
(. ), 1898. . 121122.
547
,
, ( 1854 . 2617 1852 ), -
18531856 . , . 1873 .,
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341
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, ,
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342
, 548
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250 100
. ,
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1869 141
( 1868 . 5) 517 .
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982 ,
470 549. 550. ,
, 4,5%
5%; .
1859 . .
1860- -
. 1860-
, - , 548
, ,
Galizische Landstndische Credit-Anstalt, 1841 . 1863
. Magyar Fldhitelintzet, Allgemeine sterreichische Boden-Credit-Anstalt ( 1863 .).
549
, 1868 . 21 , 30 , 1869 .
99 , 135 ,
100 .
1868 . 1869 . 84 326,8 .
550
1869 28 (23 387,6 ; 15
1869 . - 1869 . 59 132,2 40 1869
( 1868 . 6 ). 1869 28 (23 387,6 ; 15 1869 ). -
1869 . 59 132,2
40 1869 ( 1868 . 6 ).
343
,
. , . ( , , ,
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, .
, , 1870 . 20 (
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, redit-nstalt, 40 .
, (Maklerbanken),
, (Baubanken).
,
,
, , .
1860- ,
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,
, 551.
, , 1850-
,
42 1854 . 96 1867 . 154 1873 . 1869 .
43,7 .
, - .
68 38
98,8 .
551
344
// ,
. 1899. 45. . 486.
553
. / . . .: , 1877. . 355.
554
. . - / . . //
. / . . . . . .: , 1998. . 349.
345
11 20 .
1870 . ( 1870 .)
, ,
555.
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346
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. . , . / . . . .: . . . , 1879. . 125.
558
( 1851 1862 .) (1855
1867 .).
347
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. , , ,
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. ,
? . ,
,
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, 276 75,
145 65, 313 142, 273 95, 258 52 . . 300
. 1873 105,1 , 135,8 .
112 262
; 1250. .
.
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, 6 (52 ), 18 (64,6 )560. 1873 . ( 160 )
6,2%, 10,5 .
, 190 , , 162 , -
559
. , -
, , ,
( . / . .
http://lib.aldebaran.ru/author/gashek_yaroslav/gashek_yaroslav_finansovyi_krizis/).
560
131
1872 102 1873 ., 75 1884 . 53 1879 . 69 1873 . 28 1874 . 14 1879 . 1880
( ) (A
History of Banking in all the Leading Nations. Vols 14. Vol. 4. Germany, AustriaHungary, Netherlands, Scandinavian Nations, Japan, China. New York: The Journal of
Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, 1896. . 131132.
348
42%561. , - . ,
1880- , .
, -
. -,
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). , 1875 . 2,1 .
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561
//
, . 1901. 47. . 359.
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1873 .
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.
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, 2,5 ,
. , 7 1857 90 . 2 452 , 8%
, 567.
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,
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, , , .
,
, , , , .
, ,
, .
1872
, , .
, 566
. 10 // . 1876.
2. . 16.
567
Neuwirth J. Bankacte Und Bankstreit In Oesterreich-Ungarn, 18621873 (1873) / J.
Neuwirth. Wien: Kessinger Publishing's (Photocopy Edition), 2010. S. 1819, 6667.
352
. ,
,
,
, . ,
568.
, , ,
.
9 , .
1873 ,
.
, 569. 24
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, 573.
568
. 10 // . 1876.
3. . 33.
569
. . , . / . . . .: . . . , 1879. . V.
570
Schaffle E. F. Gesammelte Aufsatze / E. F. Schaffle. Tbingen: Laupp, 1885.
S.109.
571
. / . . .: , 1877. . 403.
572
Silke P. Die Grnderkrise von 1873 und ihre Auswirkungen / P. Silke. Munchen:
GRIN Verlag, 2008. S. 9.
573
Vienna`s Fair // The New York Times. 1873. May 25. Vienna // The New York
Times. 1873. May 28.
353
354
, , , 576.
1876 . 28,9 ,
4%
577.
.
1873 . , . 1873 .
Wiener Kreditanstalt,
.
,
, ,
.
.
, 18
400 . , , , 578.
, , , ,
. , ,
.
, . !
. , , , 576
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32 45% 580.
,
95
, 18711873 ., 1875 40 581.
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, ,
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582.
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,
14 1875 . 579
. / . . www.erlib.com/_//15/.
. : / . . .: ,
1994. http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Sociolog/Durkgeim/index.php.
581
Oechelhaeuser W. Die wirtschaftliche Krisis / W. Oechelhaeuser. Berlin: J. Springer,
1876, S. 40.
582
. . , . / . . . .: . . . , 1879. . V.
583
Oechelhaeuser W. Die wirtschaftliche Krisis / W. Oechelhaeuser. Berlin: J. Springer,
1876. S. 51.
584
Labor Crisis in Germany // The New York Times. 1874. August 25.
580
356
585. 1875
586. , ,
, 587.
1872 . 1860 1870-
,
.
1873 . 18701872 .
,
10 000 .
1871 ., 1872 .
; 39%
.
- (
4,7% 9,8% 1871 ) . 6%
1872 ., 910%.
,
1873 . , .
585
, (
),
.
586
The Aspirations of Germany // The New York Times. 1875. December 8.
587
4% 1877 . 251 ,
4% 18771878 . 1159 , 4% 1875
1878 . 30 92 , 4% 1875 1879 . 15 38
, 3% 1876 342 ,
4% 1881 . 166 . , ,
,
(Flandreau M. Old sins: Exchange Clauses and European Foreign Lending in 19th Century
/ M. Flandreau, N. Sussmann. 2002. . 15. http://www.iadb.org/res/publications/
pubfiles/pubS-154.pdf).
357
.
1873 . ,
.
( 100 .), ,
. ,
. .
, , .
1873 18 20 ,
588.
1873 Jay Cooke and Company, ,
.
, , (Northern Pacific Railroad).
1873 . Jay Cooke and Company, ,
300 . ,
100 , .
Jay Cooke and Company
588
358
The Financial Crisis // The New York Times. 1873. September 24. Financial
Systems // The New York Times. 1873. November 22. Lee J. New York and the Panic
of 1873 / J. Lee // The New York Times. 2008. October 14.
http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/learning-lessons-from-the-panic-of-1873/.
590
Wicker E. Banking Panics of the Gilded Age / E. Wicker. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2000. . 18, 2627.
591
60 1872 .
36 1877 .; 117 1872 . 51 1877 .;
359
50% ,
.
14%, - 18731874 . . 30% 1870 . . 225 ,
592.
, . 1873 , , .
,
10% 1866 .
1,7% 1868 ., . . , , , .
1873 . , ,
3,5% 7%, 4%, 4,1 . 1872 . 8,9 . 1877 . 1877 .
40%, 2,5 . 1878 .
, . 18731878
. 47 . , 1,2 .
( 1866 1872 . 19,7 .
0,53 .) ( . .
. 3 . . 2 / . . . .: - -. -, 1960.
. 66).
592
1879 . . , 1880 1882 ., 28 240
, 1884
, , 1873 .
360
9%,
( 10%, :
1857 1866 .).
1873 . 12%.
, ,
1873 , 593.
, , 1872 ., , , .
1878 , 18711873 .;
.
123 1873 . 89 1878 .
1873 .,
1885 . , , , (1313) 1879 .,
, 1873 , .
1873 ,
1870-
, ,
. , .
,
. 1870- ,
, 593
Money Market // The Times. 1873. 11 November; Money Market and City
Intelligence // The Times. 1873. 21 November.
361
, ,
.
1873
7%
,
.
594. ,
1874 . , 595.
, ,
1879 . .
, , ,
.
600 .
,
596.
1873 70 , 30 , 21 , 20 , 594
362
12 , - 10 , 10
, 7 .
, ,
, .
1873 . , -: ,
.
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. - , ,
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, , . ,
.
, . 25 , . ( -)
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1873 .
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, 1873 . -
363
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,
, . ,
, .
1930- . , 1873
, , , 1930- . .
, 1879 .
, 1870-
. 18691879 . ( )
6,8% , 4,5% . 2,7% ,
364
, , 597.
( )
. 1873 ,
,
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: 598
, 1812 , 1825 . ,
- . I
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, ,
. . ,
, 21 ( 1823 1844 .) ,
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. 1836 . , 600.
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I , , 603. (
),
604.
- ,
.
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. , .
603
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.
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; .
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, . 1821 . ,
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, ( . . , / . . . .: . . . ,
366
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II
( 18551881 .),
,
. . , . . , . .
.,
,
, 1860-
.
;
605.
, 1860-
. ,
, .
.
60- XIX . 1861 .
,
.
. ,
1907. . 282). 1880-
, , (Flandreau
M., Sussmann N. Old sins: Exchange Clauses and European Foreign Lending in 19th
Century / M. Flandreau, N. Sussmann. 2002. . 910, 22, 27. http://www.iadb.org/
res/publications/pubfiles/pubS-154.pdf).
605
. . / . . . .: ,
2010. . 154.
367
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1860- - , .
I . , , ( 1857 1873 .) , -. , I 607
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. 1853
(18531856 .)
,
, . . 50 .
5% 608,
. 1855 . 606
. . / . . . 2 . . 1.18501865.
.: . . . , 1897. . 432.
607
1850 . 2,7 ., 1860 . 9,7; 1870 . 26,5.
, ,
( . . / . . . : , 1925. . 1112).
608
.: . . .
/ . . . 4 . . 2. .-: . . . , 1882. . 17
28.
368
.
, / . . 2 . . 2. ., 1863.
. 34.
610
18021902. 2 . 1. .:
, 1902. . 434435.
611
. . / . . . .: . . , 1880. . 23.
612
. . - / . . .: . . . , 1884. . 105106.
613
. . / . .
// . 1863. 5. . 379380.
369
,
. 18571858 ., 50- 614.
, .
1850-
,
.
15 . 1856 .
300 1857 ., 1858 .
51 .615
1850-
, .
, , , , .
, ,
,
.
, 1857 ., 1858 . ,
, 614
. 1900 / . // . 1902. . 7. .-. . 117.
615
- . . : / . . -. 2 . . 1.
I . ., 1900. . 327. 1822 1855 .
23 , 1856 6 , 1857
. 14, 1858 . 39, 1859 . 20. 35 1855 . 94 1859 . ( 1859 . 131
, 415). 1857 1860 . 101
281,6 ( . . / . . // : .
.: .- -, 2000. . 96).
30 , 10 , 8 ; 8 , 7 , 31
( . . /
. . // . 1859. 29 . . 1073).
370
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,
,
. 1858 .,
, ,
616.
1857 ,
,
, , ,
617. 1860 .
-
18581859 .
618. 1857
( , .) , . - ,
, ,
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., 619.
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- 616
. . - / . . .: . . . , 1884. . 106.
617
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I . ., 1900. . 325.
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619
1874 // .
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371
, 1860- - , , , , , ,
.
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. . , ,
, 621.
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. , , , .
, , .
620
// .
1912. 19. . 2.
621
. 3 . . 2. 7. [ . . . ]. ., 1913. . 9.
372
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, 1860-
( , )622.
, , , .
.
.
-
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26 ).
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623.
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, (
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.
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, 3900 , , 100
. , , , , , , ( . . / . . .
.: . . , 1871. . 285).
373
)624.
625, Credit Mobilier , .
, , , .
. ,
. 12% ,
, .
,
626.
18631864 . 18601870- . ,
1857 .
979 , 1878 . 7225 . 1861 1874 . 386
876,7 .; -
624
. 3 . . 2. 7. [ . . . ]. ., 1913. . 11.
625
, . , , . ., ( . . :
1837 / . . . .: . . . , 1887. .
24).
626
. 2 . . 1. 18361917 . .,
1994. . 81.
374
(106 )
1873 .627
1867 . ( 1855 1865 .
808,8 .). ,
,
628.
629,
,
.
18681869 .
, , 1860- , 18681869 .
, 1860- , .
, 630. 1868
1869 . , , ,
627
. . / . . // : . .: .- -, 2000.
. 96, 105 ( 1, 7).
628
.: . . .
/ . . . 4 . . 2. .: . .. , 1882. . 154157, 163,
174175.
629
, 1867 . .-
( .), ( , .)
(1- 2- , .)
( .- // .- . 1867.
183. 5 . . 2).
630
. . / . . . .: . . , 1880. . 24.
375
631. , , . 1860 .
, , ,
, : ,
, 632.
1860-
( , 633).
, , ,
634. 1869 .
, ,
, 635.
,
.
1870- , .
18701873 .,
,
1858 1869 .
,
, ,
. , 1870 1873 ., 53 631
[ . .] (18401890)
/ . . // . 1915. . II. . 404; . . . 58.
632
// .
1874. 45. . 377378.
633
: . 18391889. ., 1889.
. 4546.
634
. . / . . . , 1917. . 186.
635
, ( . . / . . . , 1917. . 231).
376
107,9 .
, ,
, .
1873
1873
., , , ,
,
, 636.
1873 ,
1860- , 1870- ,
. ,
,
1873 .
1870- , . 1872
. , , , .
, 1873 ,
,
.
, .
.
, , , 636
18691873 . , ( )
3,8 ; (4241 ,
3,3 ), (928 , 2,1 ), -
(642 , 1,2 ), (301 , 0,8 ),
(1170 , 0,4 ) ( . . (18211938 .) / . . . .: - , 1939.
. 832833).
377
637.
, ,
.
1873 ,
638.
1873 ., , ,
,
1870- .
1874 . ,
639. , .
,
640,
. ,
.
, 1873 . 1874
,
1869 . . , ,
637
, 3 (15) ( ) // . 1874. 14. . 267.
638
1872
1873 ., , (2,417 .), 1873 .
10,603 ., 4,297 .
( 1873 // . 1874.
12. . 214).
639
, ( . 6 // . 1874. 14. . 264).
640
. 31 // . 1874. 35. . 158.
378
, ,
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, , 642. 1874
, , , , .
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.
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233 . . , .
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, 1,5
. 644, 8 .,
641
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. 1875. 14. . 293).
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1875. 1. . 56.
643
. 12 . // . 1875. 1. . 56, 28.
644
. . / . . // . 1875. 47. . 747750.
379
1 645. , ,
,
160 . . ,
,
, .
11 1875 .
, ,
,
646.
18751876 . 24% .
, , 1870- .
, 647. , .
, , . 1860
.
, - .
645
. . . XIX . 1914 . / . . . .: , 1998. . 26.
646
.: . . , / . .
. ., 1917. 153 .; . . // . , / . . . .: . , 1902. . 110, 114, 125, 137.
647
10 , 1860 1870 ., 156 ( 60 , 1799 1860 . 166 ). , 1870 .
3 . ( 1,55
) ( . . / . . . .: . . , 1871. . 4851).
380
I . .
, . ,
. 1890 1912 . 578% (
55%:, 47% 32%,
238%, - 410%)648.
,
,
. ,
,
.
85% (30
33 ) , 67% ( 2 )
( ),
. V
.
649,
, (
40% ).
( . .)
,
. 650. VIII 75%
648
// . 1913. 42. . 6.
, .
.
649
381
. / . // ., .
. 2 . . 13. . 7.
651
Matsukata M. Report on the Adoption of the Gold Standard in Japan / M. Matsukata.
Tokyo: Government Press, 1899. P. 12; Shinjo H. History of the Yen: 100 years of
Japanese money-economy / H. Shinjo. Tokyo: Kinokuniya, 1962. P. 1112.
382
, .
, , ( ), V 652. , .
,
.
XVIXVII , , 653.
Junin
ryogae ,
, (
2,5% )
. (ryo ).
, , ,
. ,
. ,
, , ,
.
, , , ,
.
. ,
652
(kabunakama), , .
653
// , . 1898.
21. . 492.
383
,
,
, 654.
1853 ,
. , ,
, ( , 15). .
1867 .
(Mitsuhito).
(meiji ), 1912 .,
. ,
, 655. 1889
,
, . 1869 . ,
(1 1,5 ), .
wakon
yosai , , ,
.
,
,
654
384
, , .
.
,
, , , .
, , . .
, . , ,
, ,
.
(
16 ) . 2400 23
2% 656.
. 1878 . , . . Keizai Zasshi, 1882 .
Kezai Zaku ,
,
.
656
385
, ,
,
. (, )
, ,
,
657.
18721873 . , . , . ,
, , .
.
45% ;
70% 658.
, , .
,
,
, . , ,
, . ,
657
. . XXI . .: , 2004. . 2223.
http://www.selishchev.com/china-book.files/china-books.html.
.: . /
. . .: , 2007. . 171172.
658
. . (. 3. ) / .
, . . .: , 2000. . 115.
386
, (
)
.
. ,
.
, 1870 .
, ,
( , , ).
,
.
,
, , , , . 1885 .
1012% , 1890- 30%.
.
, shokusan kogyo, , .
,
. 1871 .
,
, .
,
. 1870
, 51 , 52 ,
, , 75 . 1900 . 3,6 . (2,8 .
, 0,8 . )659.
659
// , . 1901. 9. .
504505.
387
, , , , , , . .
660,
,
,
. . 1214% . ,
, ,
.
- (zaibatsu )661.
Mitsui, Konoike, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi, 660
,
, .
, . 1892 . 1320 ,
. 2,5 , 175,1 . ,
. , .
661
, , , ; 70%
.
,
. , , , ,
, ,
, .
388
.
(
Mitsui), 662.
1881 .
, ,
663.
(), , , () .,
( 1930-
).
1880- . 1868 1911 . 15,5 . 485,5 .; 10,7
572,0 . .
, .
1869 .
(Tsusoshi), , ,
(kawase kaisha)
, , , , , 662
, ( , ) , , .
,
. .
663
,
2,4 , 1887 . 12,6 . .
, ,
, , . , ,
,
245 1880 . 5 1890 .
389
, . , kaisha, .
(,
). , . ,
.
.
, 1870 . , ,
( 1860 . , ). 1872 . .
( 1876 .).
National Banking Acts of 1863 .,
664.
(kokuritso ginko), , . . 665.
60% 6%
kinsatsu, 40% 666.
( Daiichi Ginko,
. ) (3,45 ) 2,07 664
.
,
correspondent banking.
665
Roberts J. Mitsui: Three Centuries of Japanese Business / J. Roberts. N. Y.:
Weatherhill, 1973. P. 9899.
666
Shibusawa E. The Development of Banking / E. Shibusawa/ Fifty Years of New Japan
[Ed. S. Okuma]. 2 vols. Vol. 2. N. Y.: Kraus, 1970. . 493.
390
.
60% .
,
1876
.
1876 , , . , , 30 190 667 ( 1880 . 76% ).
,
.
1870- 153 , -. , 1881 .668
18781881 .
( 1877 .) , . (Nippon Ginko), 10 1882 . , . ,
, .
, , ,
667
Hoshi T. Corporate Financing and Governance in Japan: The Road to the Future / T.
Hoshi, A. Kashyap. Cambridge (Massachusetts): MIT Press, 2004. . 20.
668
1880 . ,
, 1896 . , ; 1899 . , ; 1900 . ,
.
391
. ,
,
.
1897 . 1523 305 ( 1098 211 ; 215 19,2 , 63 13,3
.)669. 1914
2144, 644. 775 , 2 .
9,19,9%
48 , 166
12%.
20 670.
1893 . Savings Bank Act ( ) ,
1900- .
, ,
, ,
.
,
, , .
1900 , ,
(Hypotec Bank of Japan), (Industrial Bank of Japan),
(Hokkaido Colonial Bank) (Bank of
669
// , . 1898.
21. . 423.
670
// . 1913. 3 (.). .
135.
392
Taiwan). .
,
.
, .
, 671.
, ,
, ,
, 4,8
1871 . 40,7 1873 ., 371,7 1895 ., 994,1 1904
. 2217,7 1906 .672
(
) 23 1870 1 9% 13
( 1873
7%.). .
. 1870
(0,063) ,
(0,026)673. Schroeder & Co.
(Horatio Nelson Lay).
120 . (12% ),
90 . (9% ), 30 . . 671
. . ( ).
. .: - . . , 1910. . 19.
672
Bchel H. Die Finanzen Japans / H. Bchel. Essen: Bdeker, 1908. S. 856.
673
Mauro P. Emerging markets and Financial Globalisaton / P. Mauro, N. Sussman, Y.
Yafeh. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006. . 5052.
393
, , 674.
1870 1902 . (5 9 5%), 1904 1905 . - (
6 4,5%), 1905 1910 . , -, (4
4,54%). .
.
, , . 5%
40 . , ,
, ,
,
97%, 100%.
1870 . 1914 . 17
.
1870 . (9%) 1873 . (7%).
54%. , 60 (12- 13- 1910 .) (14- 1914 .).
30 (9- 1905 .) 1,5 (14- 15-
1913 .) 1 ( 1870 .). , , . ( Yokogama Specie Bank, Parr`s Bank,
Hongkong and Shanghai Bank)675.
674
394
1899 . ,
, , . . 6% 26 . , 1899 .
(6%, 92 .
), (6%,
315 . )676. , - .
. 1899 1912 .
13 , , (3 ).
1926 . ( ), 1927 . (), . , , London Group677. , 1906 1913 .
12
, - (South Manchuria Railway)678.
35 25 ), 21- 1930 . (5,5% 35 14,6
) 22- 1930 . (5,5% 35 12,5 ).
(Bytheway S. J. Investing Japan. Foreign Capital, Monetary Standards, and Economic
Development, 18592011 / S. J. Bytheway. Cambridge (Mass.): Harward University
Press, 2014. . 9195).
676
Suzuki T. Japanese Government Loan Issues on the London Capital Market, 1870
1913 / T. Suzuki. London: Athlone, 1994. P. 146162.
677
(1902, 1907, 1909, 1912),
(1906, 1912), (1909, 1912), (1903, 1909), (1909),
(1899). 6%, 1909 .
5%, , 78 (, 1903) 8 (,
1909). 9,1 (, 1912) 26 .
(, 1899) (Bytheway S. J. Investing Japan. Foreign Capital, Monetary
Standards, and Economic Development, 18592011 / S. J. Bytheway. Cambridge
(Mass.): Harward University Press, 2014. . 114115).
678
Kansai Railway, Kanegafuchi Cotton Spinning Co.,
Industrial Bank of Japan, Matsui Muslin Spinning Co., Hokkaido Colonial Bank .
7,54,5%, 20 , 25 . (
) 6 ( - , 1911 .). ,
(Bytheway S. J. Investing Japan. Foreign Capital, Monetary Standards, and
Economic Development, 18592011 / S. J. Bytheway. Cambridge (Mass.): Harward
University Press, 2014. . 126127).
395
1870- . ,
, , , , . 1873
, 1870 ., , .
1876 ., 400 000
(5% )
190 . (chitsuroku)
. 1876 ,
, (public)
(kinroku).
. , 174 679,
40% 1876
.680
(39,9%), (44,1%),
(16%)681.
,
. .
( -
679
396
), , .
1872 . , ( , Amagasaki,
Kurashiki, Kanebo , .).
,
. .
1884 .
1298 ( 1000
), 1893 . 4133, 1898 . 7044, 1900 . 8589.
. ,
1878 . 1887 . (
1893 .), , ,
30 000 . 1886 . 46 1897 .
. , (, 1890-,
)
( ) .
1867 . , . , ,
, .
,
300 (
Misuho Financial Group, ).
397
682.
Kyushu Tetsudo,
1888 . 11 , 7,5
. 50
5 , 1888 .
38% . , 683.
(
200 ) ( 150 ). 1914 .
, 1920 . 1930-
( 12 1965 .)
( 5 1965 .).
, , 684. , , . 1890 . 15% , 1900 . 16%, 1910 . 17%.
, , 1920 .
(20%) , , 1940 . (25%).
82,5%
682
. / . .:
, 2002. 248 .
683
Hamao Y. Listing Policy and Development of the Tokyo Stock Exchange in the PreWar Period / Y. Hamao, T. Hoshi, T. Okazaki. 2006. . 22. www2.e.utokyo.ac.jp/~seido/DP/p68_Okazaki.pdf.
684
2,7% 1902 . 14,0% 1907 . 19,3% 1908 .; 2,6% 1912 .;
24,0% 1915 .; 9,8% 1924 .; 20,3% 1935 .
12,75% 1907 .; 16,46% 1917 .; 35,68% 1964 . (
5,68%; 11,78%; 21,98%) (Ohkawa K. Japanese Economic
Growth: trend acceleration in the twentieth century / K. Ohkawa, H. Rosovsky.
Stanford: Stanford University press, 1973. P. 33, 47).
398
, 7,8% , ( 9%) . , , .
, .
,
, .
685 ,
,
.
,
,
. .
- . , , , , ,
, .
,
,
685