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refipaacra. B 1969 rony A. r. Hypom Ha'IaJI 'IIITaTb na MexaHlIKOMQ'TeMaTH'IeCIWM ¢aKYJIbTeTe MOCKoBcKoro YHHBepClI'l'eTa cneIIIIa.'lbHhliI I{YPC «06m;aH anrefipa». QeJIb aroro xypca COCTOJ-l.TIaB TOM, 'IT06bI 060CHOBaHHO npep;JIo}KHTb OP;IIH II3 B03MO}I\HbIX nyrea ,D;aJIbHeHIIIero pa3BHTHH 06m;en aJIre6pM - aanoaaenae IIMelOm;erOCH paspsrna Menqy KJIUCCII'IeCI\1Il\III paaneaaan (TeopIIH rpynn, reopna KOJIell II np.) II HOBhlMH (TeopIIH YIuIBepCaJIbHbIX anrefip, reopna xareropna). THlKeJIaH 60JIealIb npepnaaa 'ITeHHe xypca aa.ro.rro P;O oro OKOH'laHIIH. Op;HaRO aBTOp HanIICaJI 60JIhrue, 'le'l nponea, II nanacaamaa srarepnan 6bIJI nanau B 1970 rony pOTimpIUITHblM cnOC060JlI B MrY * *). R HacToHIIIen lumre no CYIIIeCTBY nOBTopReTCH ;)TO H3p;aHue C He3Ha'lIlTeJIbHOiI pep;aKIIIIoIIHOH npanxoji. ,n:ofias.rena JIIIrub 6H6JIHOrpa¢IIR, nOCBRm;eHIraH TaKRM aJIreopau'IecRIIM ofipaaonanaan, xcropsre ynoMIIHaJOTCR B KHl1re, no xoropue noxa ne npUHRTO HaahIBWTb RJIaCCH'lcn;mm (nanpnaep, noxyrpyma, IWJIbU;Onp;hl, no-n IIKOJIhl~U, nOJIYKOJIbllU, MYJIbTUOnepaTopHhle rpyrrmr II hO.-[hI~a II np.). CmIcoR pafior, OTHOCRm;IIXCR K 19531970 I r., 6bIJI COCTaBJIeH aBTopOM II p;OnOJIlIeH ~lHOIO pa60Ta~1II 1971-1972 rr , Bn6JIHOrpa<pIIR nouemeaa B EOlIno hUUTII, no pacnpeneaena no naparpadian.

*) A. R p o III Teopns rpynn, 1-e H3.r\., M.- JI., 1944; 2-e ~3i~.: M., 1953; 3-e lISA., M., 1967. A. r. K y P 0 ill, JIeRll,l'1If no ooinen anrefipe, 1-e 113)1;., M., 1962; 2-e H3A., M., 1973. *",) A. r. R y p 0 Ill, 06nWfl anrefipa (JleR~Hll 1969-70 Y'ff'OrrOrO rona), M., MrY, 1970.

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B RYPC ,UOJDl\H{,{ MHOro06nonpoc 06 113

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r. Hypo-

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nasnen C nOIIHTHH aJII'CUpaHqeCKOH onepanaa. n-apnasi onepauusi 0 B MHOJReCTBeG, n ;» 1, conOCTaBJIHeT B C HK 0 if ynopanoseaaoa CUCTeMe II3 n anexearos aI' •• 2" . • • , an EGo p;H 0 3 H a 'I II 0 0 n pep; e JI e H H hI ii anexrear u1aZ .•. anU) E G. MHhUlnI CJIOBmm, 3TO m060e OTO6paIKeHHe n-ii p;eKapToBoii CTeneHU G" D G. B cnysac n = 1 :)TO 6y):~eT m060e npeofipaaonanne MHOII{eCTBa G

(oT06paJReHHe puii

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B MHomeCTBe G HeHOTOonpenenennuii 3JIeMCHT. XOTH y Hac 6YP;YT BCTpC'IaThCH rarose onepaunn nacrnsmre, HJIU MHOr03Ha'lHhle, HJIll 6eCIWHeqHOMeCTHhIe *), onuaxo OHH 6YP;YT at-parr, JInHIh cJIY,He6HYIO POJIh. IlpenMeTOM lf3yqeHHH 6yp;eT nOHHTHe onepanaa B YKa3aHHOM BhIIIIe CMhlCJIe. Tosaee, npemrerou H3yqeHHH 6YAYT uuueepcassnue axeetipu. (HJIH aJtae6pb~), T. e. MHOiKeCTBa, B KOTOPhIX 3UP;UHUHeKOTopaH CHCTeMa onepanaa Q, I\oHeqHaH 1Vm 6e~KOHeqHaH. MHOlKeCTBO CllMBOJIOB orrepanna t I, !(JIH KOTOPhlX yxaaaau HX apHOCTH, 6yp;eM Ha3hIBUTh cueramupoti paCCMUTpHBaeMhlX anretip. )J,JIH 3anHCH roro, 'ItO OIIepaIIHH U) E Q n-apHa, 6yp;eT acnom.aonarr.ca omrson (j) E Qn. Ilpauepu anrefip XOPOHIO H3BeCTHhl - I' P Y n n hI, K 0 JI h II a, MOP; Y JI H. Onnaxo nOHHTlIe YHHBepCaJIhHOii anretipsr HeH36eiKHO KaffieTCH noxa CJIllHIKOM HIHpOKHU. MhI HaqHeM n03TOMY C paCCUOTpeHHH MHOrOqHCJleHHblX npauepon, npHTOM secsua eC'feCTBeHHhIX, ,HeJIaH nOK3aarr., 'ITO HHKUKHe p;OnOJIHIITeJIhHhle OrpUHHqeHHH npa onpenenenan nOHHTIlH yrraaepcansaok anrefipu csepx rex, xo ropue Cp;eJI3HhI npa onpeneneaaa nOHHTHlI onepaIIIIH, He 6hlJIII 6hl onpannaamraa. Op;HOBpeMeHHO I\IJ,I X(}THl\1 nouaaaru, 'ITO 'Ie THnhI anrefip, xoropue IIcTOpHqeCHH CTaJIlI nepnsnra 06'heKTaMH H3yqeHHH II HBJIHIOTCHnO::JTOMY HOCIITeJIlIMH HalI60JIee paapafio-raamrx reopan, JIOrHqeCKH, B panxax Bceii coapexennoa 06lD;eii anrefipsr, YlHe YTepHJIH CBOH xapaxrep HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHOCTH, nepaoosepep;HOCTH.
*) T. e. COOTneTCTBeHHO orotipaaeenaa
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12

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YHIIBEPCAJIbHbIE

AJIrEBPhl

Mhl He 6yp;elll P;01W3hlBaTb 06 YUIIBepCaJIbHbIX anretipax IWRIIX-JIII60 06m;IIX reopeu no rex rrop, noxa ecreCTBeUHOCTb aroro rrOHHTIIH He CTaHeT y6ep;IITeJIbHo:ii:. Bnenea, onaaxo, yJI\e reneps HeCROJIbKO nonaraa P;JIH COKparn;eHIIH penn. Ecmr naaa anrefipa G carnarypu Q, TO rrop;MHomecTBo A C G IIa3bIBaeTCH noiiaseetipoii, eCJIII OlIO 3allrRHYTO OTHOCIITeJIbHO ncex onepanaii U3 Q. I1UbIlIIII CJIOBallUI, P;JIH JlI060ro CDE Qn, ri ;» 1, II .lII06hlX au a2, • • ., an E A P;OJIfI{HO 6hlTb

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>

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§ 1.

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fa

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o.,

§ 1. YHHuEl'CA.'lbIIbIE

AJIrEEPbI

anposeu,

anrefipsr

cnrnarypu

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I1MeIOm.l1e CRO.TIl, 3TO, rrOCTpOHB anncex

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pau,HH.

§ 1.

YHHBEPCAJlhllLm

pJlrEEl'bl

15

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16

§ 1. YHHBEPCAJIbHbIE

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l\JIaCC scex rpynn

OHa3a.iICH MHoro06pa311eM OTHOCll-

TeJIbHOrpex 611HapHbIx onopanaa O)J,HaIW,'ITO nOHJITHe rpynma npa nepexona

ab, b", a, b/ a.

MOlliHO onpencnarr,

nOMOIII,H611HapHoro YMHOllieHllH, YHapHOH onepanan H npaBOMY 06paTHOMY aJIeMeHTY a-I II HyJIbaP-

HOH onepanan, .pllHCllpYIOID;eH rrpanyro e)J,IlHllU;y 1, npn'IeM CHOBa nOJIY'IaeM MHoro06pa311e, TaI{ HaH YKa3aHHbJe o nepanaa nO)J,'IllHJIIOTCH TOlli)J,eCTBaM

(IIa)
(lIB)

(xy)z
Xx-I

x (yz),

(Ilc)

= 1, x·1 = x.
rpymrsr
00nepexone OT nep-

PaBHOCllJIbHOCTb 3TllX )J,ByX onpeneaeaaa ~eR3BeCTHa. HanoMHRM JInmb, 'ITO npa noro II npIIHIlMaeTCJI, 'ITO

onpe)J,eJIeHIIH IW BTOPOMY YMIIO}I,eHUe coxpaaaercn

1 = a '" a, a-I = 1 '" a.

Ilpa
<>TOM npIIXO)J,IITCH)J,OHa3bIBaTb,'ITO )J,JIJI II06bIX a H J

b '" b = a '" a,

18

2. TPYI;IlbJ

- JIlIllJb B 3TOM cnyxae 1 6yp,eT HYJIbapHOH onepaunoii. B caMOM neae, nCnOJIb3Yfl, nOMIIMO aCCOll,HaTHEHOC111 ~'~IHO/heHIW, nOCJIep;OBaTeJIbHO aRCHOMbl (Ib'), (Ib), (lh') H (J c), nOJIY'lae:,I b -, b

= [(b'/

a)aJ -, b = [(b /
npfJAO)IWf

a)a(a -, a)J -, b =

=[b (a '" a)J '" b J:CITJIH.

(0C0.

= a '" a.
2:1 rp:)f<-

] r posepxa
Ilpa
paHH8TCfl

aI{Cl101\I (II)

reneps

6e3

nepexone

OT nroporo onpenenenna R nepnony YMBO;I,enne II npIIHlL\IaeTCH, 'ITO

Ilpoaepxa
roro,

axcuoxr

(I) npoxomrr 6e3 aarpynaeanii

'{TO ;'VIH ncex
a

nocae

RaK 6yp;eT noxaaano,

i·a = a, a+a = 1.
Jl,e:iicTBlITeJIbHO, HCnOJIh3YH. nOMIHIO aCCOIl,HaTIIBIIO(,TH YMHMReHHH, B ne pnon CJIY'lae nOCJIep;OBaTeJIbHO 3RCIImll>l (IIc), (IIb), (lIb), (IIc), (lIb), (lIb), (IIc), a BO BTOPOM - (Ilc), (IIc), (lIb), (IIc), (lIb), rroaysaeu

i·a = i·a·1

= 1·a·a-I.(a-Itl

«+>« = a-l·a.i

= 1·1·(a-Itl Itl = a·a-l·(a-Itl =1·(a= a-l·a·a-l·(fl-Itl =

= =a·1

= a,
--0

= a-I.1.(a-1rl

a-I·(a-Ir1

1.

l\Ihl BlIP;IHI, 'lTO onnn II TOT me RJIaCC aJIreOpaJPlCChHX 061,eRTOB MomeT aananarsca RaJ{ snror-oofipaaae YHlIBC]lCaJIbHhlX anrefip MHOrlnlH pa3HhlMH cnocofiaxn. aTO npnBOP;IIT R nOHHTIHO aRRHBaJIeHTHOCTH l.IHOrO 06pa3HH. nOHHTHe rpynma MomeT 6hlTb onpenen eHO H MHorH)'!ll APyrHl\IH onocofiaua. I1HTepecHO TO, 'ITO ero lIfO;]{lIO onpeneaarr., B 'laCTHOCTlI, npn nOl>IOJJJ;lIncero OP;HOH 6uHapHOll onepanaa, anpo-ren, HeaCCOIl,lIaTHBHOH, npnsesr orca3hlBaeTCH, 'ITO RJIaCC rpynn HBJIHeTCH nsnoropsnr MHoro06pa311eM rpynnoanon. B aTOM onpeneneuaa lICnOJIb3YeTCH yme BCTpe'laBmaHCH BaH oneparrna b/ a. 06031Ia'1l1M ee 'Jepe3 oi , T. e.

§ 2 rp~'IlIIbl:

h)

Onep amnt,
(1)

acnonr.ayexnre

BO BTOPOMaa YKaaaHHbIX

Onpe)l;CJIemlll nacs,

rpymru,

aanacsraaiorca rpynnu):
=

nunre
npen-

nepea

oneparrmo

CJI9AYlOIIJ;lIM 06paaOM (HCnOJIb3yeTCll 6eCCK060lJHaSI aaT. C. CIIMBOJI W scerna npI1MeHHeTCSI I{ !l,Bpf

I1IecTByWIIJ;HIII ::JJIeMeIiTaM

1
caa

aalll, a-I

aaotu», ab
rpyIIIIy, 'fo;.I~AeCTBa

abbwbww.
IIOJIyqUM, nepena-

TO,E!l,CCTBU, onpenenaromae A0,rI;KHhlM

noxaaaau X H r M ::JH II B. II e ii M a (H~52),215-221), paCCM:aTl)HBae~lOe 1I1Horo06pa3He

HO aanarr.
XXX(lIywzw:r.'t(')Z(t)WW
:=.-

ofipaaou

(II).

Bnpoxex, RaK H (Publ. Math. 2

MO}l\-

OJJ;HUM e!l,HHCTBeUHhll\I TOa;!l,eCTBO;lf, a UMeHIIO

y.

JI1060nbITHO, 'ITO KJIaCC rpYIIIT paaaexr nonyrpyrm -

(1',

He SIBJISIeTCH smor-ootirpynn

e.

aCCOU;HaTIIBHhlX rpymIOHJl;OB). naGopy TOll\JJ;eCTB (I)

OnWTIIM, MHorooopuaHeM (II.HI

'ITO KJIaCC aoe.lCBbIX )l;OCTaTOqnO K

rarotce

6Y!l,eT

(II»

!l,06UBIITb TOII,P;CCTBO EomIYTUTHBHOCTII

yuno-

mt'HlUI

.ey -

!IX.

::11'01' h:.'IaCC6YACT »norooepaanen If OTHOCIITCJlbHO yxaaanHOil: BhlIIIe one pamm btu» =.~ ba+, npnaeu ;)1'0 lIIHoroo,paane

rarone

lIlOiJ;CT OUTb 3a,!J;alIO O!l,IIUM e;~lIHCIBemr",H

TOiI~!l,ecrBOllf, a II;IleHHO

§ 3.

noavrrwrmu

B ~ByX nepBhlX onpe~eHeHHHX rpynnhl H3 npe~hl~ym;ero naparpadia y'IaCTByeT 6IIHapHoe aCCOn;HaTHBHoe YlvIHomeHHe. MHOiReCTBO C onnoa 6HHapHoii aCCOn;HaTHBnoii oneparraeii Ha3bIBaeTCH no.ujepunnoii. 8TO He npOCTO TepMIIH, BBe~eHHhlii ~HH COKparn;eHHH pe'IIl,KHacc noayrpynn, HBHHIOID;lIiiCH, O'ieBII~HO, MHoroo6pa3l1eM, YiRe CTaH HOCIITeHeM 60raToii reopaa, a npH:-'1eHeHHH noayrpynn B lIfaTellIaTHKe If CMeiRllhlX nayxax nee yMHOJImIOTCH. Hyaoro CKa3aTb, 'ITO H HOrll'IeCI<He onpannanaa ~HH rrOHHTHH noayrpynnsr KaK npeznrera caMOCTOHTeHbHoro H3Y'IeHlIH sror-yr 6hlTb npanenensr CTOHb me y6e~HTeHbnsre, KaK H ~HH nOHHTIIH rpynnsr. Iloxaaceu 3TO. IIpaBna, 9TO 6y~eT cxopee OTHOCHTbCH K nO.ltyepynnaM C eitunuueii, xoropsre COCTaBHHIOT IIfHoroo6pa3l1e anrefip C carnarypoa, cocroamea 113 finaapaoro YMHomeHHH H HYHbapHoii onepamra, OTMe'IaIOID;eii 3HeMeHT 1, npanea YMHOiReHHe aCCOn;lIaTIIBHO II, KpOMe roro, BhlnOHHHIOTCH
roautecrna

x·1=1·x=x.
BnpO'IeM,

(1)

./t106ylO nO.ltyepynny G 006aB.ltCnUCM oiinoeo eiiun1MO:1lCnO enoocum» B nO.ltyepynny c eiiuuuueii. IIpH 3TOM YMHOIHeHHe, aanaanoe B G, coxpanaerca, a npoaanenenae, XOTH 6hl O~HH H3 COMHomHTeHeii KOTOporo ecrn 1, onpeneaaerca B COOTBeTCTBHHC (1). AccoJVIaTHBHOCTb TaR onpeneaenaoro YllfHOiKeHHH npOBcpHCTCH 6e3 3aTpY~HeHIIii. KaK H3BeCTHO, npeotipasoeanuesc lIIHomeCTBa Jl naasrnaerca HI060e orotipazseuae aroro IIfHOmeCTBU B ce6H ('1'. e. aa HCKOTopoe nO~MIIo/J{eCTBO). 13 qaCTHOCTU, 1100cmanooxoii MIImKeCTBa M Ha3hlBaeTCH mo6oe h3IUIMHO O~H03Ha'IHOe orofipaaceane ororo lIIHo/HeCTHa na

cmeennoeo eneueuma

C ~pyroii CTOPOHbI, ecan naasr 1l1IIOII;eCTBa lVI, N, P H oTo6paJI,eHHH rp: M -+ N II 'IjJ: N -)- P, TO nocaenonaTeJIbHOe BhlnOJIHeHHe 3THX orotipaa.emra naer orofipaznenne tp'IjJ: M -+ P, Ha3hlBaeMOC nx npoueoeiienueu, Tar<HM o6pa30M, ~JIH ncex a E M
a (q;'IjJ)

cefia.

= (afp)'IjJ.

§ 3.

nonvrrvnma

21

:3rno
;a:aHbI

y.~tHO:HCe]ll1e om06pa:HCeHl1U

aCCOlfl1aml101W: ecna

oT06pameHUJI

rp: M
TO

-+

N, 1jJ: N

-+

P, X: P -+ Q,

Tn!,

Kim

p;JUI

nrofioro a

111 = alrp(~x)].

Y?llHOmeHUe re6paIPIecRoii: HaRO, CTBS.

oT06pameHUH

He

HBJUIeTCH,

rrOHHTHO, 6yp;eT,

aJI-

onepanaea
B

ClI1hlCJIe

§ 1.

OHa

0,11;-

scex npeotipaaonanaa naanoro nonyrpynnoa: 91'0 cuscuempuvecsas no.uiepimna IIa lIIHOmeCTBe M. CmlIMeTprrqeCRaH rrOJIyrpYIIIIa na M ORa3hlBaeTCH nonyrpynnoa C ep;uHuu;eil. Pons enaaanu arpaar mO:HC8ecmeenuaz nodcmauoena 8M,
9TOM 1>rnOmeCTBO MnomeCTBa

Ilpa

raxonoa

cay-rae

npeofipaaonarraa

onaoro

MHome-

M oxaasmaercn

a8M BOJIbme 1'01'0,

a P;JIH

ncex

11,£.
(jl:

P;JISI m06Llx

oT06paawHuil

1jJ: L -+ M

6yp;eT,

o-renazmo,
8Mrp

M -+ N

= rp,
R

1jJ8M = 1jJ, 8M arpaer

JII06hlX POJIb

T. e. HUU;hl HRil, UMeeT

Tomp;ecTBeHHaH rro OTHomeHUIO rrOHHTHO, eCJIU, CMhlCJI.

noncraaonxa

ena-

YMHOiI{eHUIO

orofipaare-

COOTBeTCTnYIOIIJ;ee

rrpOU3Bep;eHH9 B CUMMeT-

I1op;cTaHOBRU pUqeCROH P;JIH I{OTOPhlX

lI1HOmeCTBa

nonyrpyrmo

na III

M
RaR

Bhlp;eJIHIOTCH

raxae

ee

9JIeMeHTbI

CYIIJ;eCTBYIOT YCJIOBIIHM

ofiparnue

anesrearra
8M.

rp-l,

rp,

y)J;OB-

nernopmonme

rp(p-l = <p-lrp

Otipamuoe npeotipaeoeauue rp-l car.w 6Y)J;eT noncrauonnoa, uepeaonamea P;JIH BCHRoro a E III 9JIeMeHT arp n 9JIellIeHT a. TaR RaR upoaaseneuno uoncranoaox cauo 6y;a:eT nOAcranonxoii II 91'0 ysmoacenne accounaranno, TO l\lf,l

22

§ 3. IIOJIyrpYllTIbI

nonyaaeu,
MHOJI,eCTna

epunna

na

lITO MHOJl.{cCTBO BCeX 111 6yp;eT rpyrmoa; MHomeCTBe

M.

nOp;CTaHOBOK nannoro 3TO cuscuempio.ecnaa Bhl,J,eCO):.,l p

Mhl BIIP;lIM, lITO CIIMMeTpR'IeCHalI JlHeTClI B cIIMMeTpIIlIecHon marn,alIClI B Hen 0p;H03HalIHO

rpynna aa !vI noayrpynne aa M HaH

onpeztenenaaa

MaHCHlItaJIh-

nan rpynna C TeM me y1tIHO/KeHueM II Ton me e,rmHlmen. Cymecrnonanae CIIMMeTpIIlIeCHIIX rpynn H CHM\IelPHlIenaIX nonyrpynn B paBHOH Mepe onpanmraaer BbI60p rpynn II nonyrpyrm B HalIeCTBe 06'beHTOB II3YlIeHHlI. Ilpasna , P;JIlI rpynn II3BeCTHa CJIep;YIOrn,alI reopexa lb,n: Teo p e MaL BCRIW.fl epunna G U30MOp(/jltO 81W'£a{Jb~eaerucsi 0 cuxucetnpuuectopo ?pynny tea Mlt03ICeCmOe G. Ilapaaneasnaa reopesia cnpanennana, omraxo, II fI,;JlI nonyrpynn: Teo p e M a 1'. Hennas; no'!/'yepynna C eOUltUlWU G
Zl30Moprjmo ensaoueaemcsi tea M1WJlCeCmOe G.
lI3 CI.a3UHIIOro
0

CUMJJtempUIteC1.YIO

no'!/'yzpynny

nocnenaea reopesru HeMep;JIeHHO cnenyer, BBlIP;y nsnne, 'ITO BClIKalI uonyrpynna G aaonopdmo m;;JaAl>IBaeTClI B HeHOTOpyIO CIIMMeTpIIlIeCHYIO nonyrpyrrny, XOTJI n 06rn,eM CJIYlIae nOCJIep;HlIlI fieperca na HeHO'! 0P(JM 60JIbIIIeM, nOI:afl.:eM, l'eHHhllllII 'ITO

G, MHml{eCTBe. reopexu 1 II l' lIBJIlIIOTClI nerrocpencrCJIep;CTBIIlIMII p;ByX npyrax reopen, npencranlIeM lITO

JIHIOrn,I1X II caMOCTOlITeJIbHbIH

anrepec.
nansr

OTMeTIIM

cnepsa,

npoueeeiieuue

eOMOMopifjU3M06
eCJIn

(B CMbICJIe YMHomelIIIlI

yltUOepca.!/,bltlilX a.ul:6p oT06pan,eHIIH) casco 6yoem ZO.MOMUPonnornmnre aJIre6phI

G, G', G" C CIICTeMOH onepanaa Q II rOMOMopCP1I3'1ILI <p: G -+- G', "IjJ: G' -+- G", TO P;JIlI JII060ro ro E Q,u n :> 1, II JII06hIX 3JIeMeHTOB aI' a2, .•. , an E G 6Yii€T
(a1a2· .. anffi)(<p"IjJ)

ifjU3.iIWJJt. ,lJ,encTBIITeJIbHO,

[(a1a2

...

anw)<pl"IjJ
(an<p)wN

= =

[(a1<P)(a2<P) •••

[( a1 <p)"IjJ][ (a2<P)"IjJ •.. 1

[( an<p)"IjJlw = [a1((~"IjJ)][a2(q:"IjJ)1 ••. [an((I,~))lffi.

ro

npyroii

CTOPOHhl, eC.1JII OJIepau.IIlI

E Qo

OTMelIae'f

§ 3. nOJUTPYTIIIbI

anrefipax

G, G', G"

COOTB€TCTBeHHO 3.'IeItIeHTbI

00),

O~"

O~,

TO

OTClOp;a cnenye.r, nannon

'lTO MHOfJ\eCTBO scex

;mp;0l>Wp<p1I3MOB B CHM-

anrefipu

COCl'aBJHIeT IIa aTOlr

IIOp;IIO.l:yrpYlIIIY

l>IeTPU"WCIWH IIOJIyrpyIIIIo Aep,Earn;yro

MIIO)I,OCTBe -

G,

IIPIITOM CO-

enaamry

IIO.l1Y rpyIIIIhI,

Tomp;eCTBeHH all aBTO!lIOP<PH3MOM.

IIO.IJ;CTanOBKa JIBJIJIeTCJI, O'leBITp;UO, p;ame

Ilonysennaa IIOJIyrpyIIIIa C C,LI,HHYln.elllIa3blBaOTCH nOJtyepuunoi; (acex) an80JrtoprpU3.Ato6 a.nrefipu G. AH3JIOrIPIH0 BCJIKHll aBTOM:Op<PH3M aarefipu G HBJflleTCH IIop;CTaHOBKOH B MHomeCTBO an1'OMOP<PH3M:OB aroii anrefipsr

G. Ilponanenemre

p;nyx H

6yneT

H IIOnCTaHOBKoii,

3IIAOMOP¢U3M:OM, a II03TOMY Cal\IO 6YACT anTOlllOP<PH3MOM. 06pa1'HaH noncraaonxa cp-l P;JIJI aBTO!llOp<pH3Ma rp casta

. . . , an E G, TO cyrn;ecTByIOT TaKHe bI, b2, ••• 1:[1'0 a, = biCP, i = 1, 2, ... , n, a IIOiHOMY

(U1(l2 •••

6Yl~eT

GBTOMOP<PH3MOM: eCJHr

U)

E Qn, n:>

1,

I'l

ai' az, ... , bn E G,

anU) )(~-I = [(b1cp) (b2cp) •• , (bncp)w hr)-l = = (u1b2 ••• b,,(t) )«(p(p-I) = u1b2 ••• u"w = = (aICP-l)(a2CP-l) ... (ancp-l)w. O",cP
=cc=

Ecxn

= 0",

a;o U) E Qo OTMe'laeT n G 3JIeMeHT 0"" TO 113 CJI81weT O",cp-I = 0". TaKHM 06pa30M, nce aJIre6phl na

aBTOB

MOpQ)I!3MbI p;aHHOll ClI])I!I'ICTplf'IeCIWIr

COCTaBJIHIOT nonrpynny

rpYIIIIO

~IlIOfI{€CTBe scex n Heu

(6cex)
r-pynna

(wrrW.l'tWpifj1l3JW8

a:rre6pJ,I B no.ryrpvnne rpyrrna ncex

G; 3TO epunna G. Osenanno, 'lTO 31'a

3HP;OMopqJH31lHlB op;H03Ha'IHO rarose, OIlPCy~IHOjI\eHHCM 'ITO rpynna ;).TJ:ellIeHTon

BbJp;e:UIeTCf!

.a:rreOpGI n Toii ihe

KaK conepmamanca

p;e.T[e;lI~aH ~laF.CInIaJIbHaH ep;HIIlIll,eu. aBTo~JOp(I)J-I3MOB ecrr, IIOJIyr PYUllb1

C Tel\! iHO ofiparmrsrx

MOiI\HO CKa3aTb rpyIIIIiJ.

3H,LI,Q;\Wp<r1l3!110B. cnenyronme TOOPOMbl, H3 KOTOPbTX TOOHeMop;neUHO cnenyror:

Teo p e 1\1 a 2. Bcnsasi epunna G U3o.ltoprpna eptmne ecex aomouopdnieuoe uesomopoii yltu6epca.1bltoii a,1ee6pbl, onpeoenennoii tea .?tnOJICeCm8eG.

pcsn.r 1 If l'

Cnpanenaansr

24

§ 3. IIOJIyrpYIITIhl

Teo p e M a 2'. BCJU'laJl nosuepimna c eiiunuueit G ueouopdnu: no.n,yapynne ecex 81l8oMopifjU3Moe uenomopoii Y1lUeepCMb1l0U aseetipu; onpetiesetocoii tea M1l0:JICeCmee G.

OKa3LIBaeTCJI, 'ITO reopeua 2 casta cnenyer H3 TeopeMLI 2'. Ilposenea cnepna nenoropue BcrrOMOraTeJII.HI.le paCOMOTpeHHJI. TIyCTh aanaao 3rrHMopqmoe (B 'IaCTHOCTH, naoxropdraoe) orofipaareaae q:> rroayrpyrmsr G C e}l;HHHn;eii e rra nonyrpyrrrry G'. 'I'orna 06pa3 eq:>e}l;HHH~I.I 6Y}l;eT e}l;IIHHIl,eii B G' • ECJIII 3JIeMeHT a 06paTHM B G, TO 06pa3 a-Iq:> ero 06paTnoro 3JIeMeHTa a-I 6Y}l;eT B G' 06paTHhlM }l;JIJI 3JIeMeHTa aq:>, T. e. (aq:>tI = a-Iq:>. OTCIO}l;a CJIe}l;yeT, 'ITO nauiepun-

na, U30Mopifj1laJl epunne, caua 6y8em epunnoii. B caMOM }l;eJIe, eCJIH b' - rrpOH3BOJII.Hhlii
TO cymecrnycr raxoii 3JIeMeHT bEG, = (be)q:>

G',

Torna

3JIeMeHT H3 'ITO bq:> = b'.

b' (eq:» = (bq:»(eq:»

II aHaJIOrH'IHO (eq:»b' = b'.

= bq:> = b'
CTOPOHl,I, = eq:>

}l;pyroii

(aq:»(a-Iq:»

= (aa-I)q:>

II aHaJIOrH'IHO (a-Iq:»(aq:» = erp, TIYCTI. reneps reopeua 2' y,He noxaaaaa II rrYCTI. }l;alla npOII3BOJII.HaJI rpyrrrra G. HBJIJIJICI., n 'IaCTIIOCTII, noxyrpyrrrroii C e}l;HHIIIl,eii, G 6Y}l;eT rraosro prpna noxyr pynne scex :m}l;01l1OpqlH31110B nexoropoa anrefipra, onpeneneunoa ua UIIoaWCTBe G. 8Ta rrOCJIe)l,HJIJI nonyrpyrma 6Y)l,eT, CJIe)WBaTeJII.HO, rpyrmoti. OTCIO}l;a nurenaer, 'ITO nee 3IIJl.OMOpqHI311II.l paccaarpnaaenoa anrefipsr 06paTIIMbI, T. e. HnJIJIIOTCJI aa canoxr neno ee anTo~wp4>II311Ia~m, 'ITO }l;011a-

arrnaer

OCTaeTcH AOKa3aTI. TeopellIY 2'. ECJIn nana nonyrpynrra G C e}l;HIIlIIl,eii e, TO }l;JIJI BCJ1IWrO a E G B03bllIe)I n smo»cecrne G y nap II y 10 onepamno UJa, JIBJIJIIOllI,YIOCfl n nonyrpyrme G JIeBblM YllIHomeIIHellI na 3JIeilfeHT a,
X(i)a

reo pexry 2.

= ax

AJIJI see x x E G.

MnomeCTBO G CO scesrn oneparmmm co a, a E G, 6Y}l;eT anrefipoit, ROTOPYIO 0603Ua'IHlII xepea C. Jlpanoe yMUOncenne q:>bn nonyrpyrme G ua 3JIell1eIJT b, Xq:>b = xb )l,JIJI

scex x E G, 6Y}l;eT 3H}l;0~Wp4>I13MO;l[aarefipn

G,

ra«

rcax

§ 3. ITOJIyrpYITITbl

25

l1:JIH JII06l>IX

x, a E G
=

(XU)a)'Pb

(ax)b
TO

=
'Pb

a(xb)

Ilpn

aTOM eCJIH

b =1= c,

= (X'Pb)ro a' =1= 'Pc> ran xax

e'Pb = eb
3HJJ;0!<lOP<PH3M8MH b, 'P IPH3MI>I

b, e'Pc = ec

c.

anreripsr

G,

bEG,

HctJepm>lBaloTcn: nee ;mp;oMop-

rax

IWI{ eCJIII TO P;JIH

aIIP;OMOplPn3111 H

e'P = C,

ncex x E G
=

'P -

rrpOH3BOJIbHhlH ee

zrp
T. e.

(xe)'P
MbI

= (eU)",)'P = (e'P)@x

xc

x'Pe,

'P = 'Pc.
nene xCflbe

nOJIytJHJIH B38HMIIO 0p;H03HatJHoe COOT:mp;oMop<pH3MaMH UJIreOpbI

BeTCTBHe MeiRJJ;Y BceMH BceMH caMOM <lJIeMeHTaMH

noayrpynnu
C

G,

1<0TOpOe oyp;eT

ua

II30MOPIPH3MOM cooTBeTcTBYlOID;HX

TaH HaH P;JIH

ncex x, b, x(bc)

EG

nonyrpynn,

= (xb)c
IIPII

(X'Pb)'Pe

x ('Pb'Pc),

T. e. 'Pbe = 'Pu'Pe' IlHD;e IIOJIyrpynmJI

3TOM, RaN II P;OJIiRHO ObITh, ep;nG COOTBeTC'l'ByeT TOiHp;eCTBeBHbIH anTOMOPIPII311I nrefipu G, TaK KaK P;JIH BCeX x E G a

X'Pe

= ,xe = x.

Teopena 2'

)l,ORa3ana.

§ 4. UHBEPCHhlE

HOJIyrpYIIIIM

Paccsrorpasr renaps OAHU R,iacc anretip, rrposreaeyro-rHblii MefI{AY KJIaCCaMU rpynn n nonyrpvrm, a I1MeHHO I',lacc IIHBepCHbIX nonyrpyrrn. Bsenesr cnepna BcrrOMOraTeJIbHhle rrOHHTIUl. Ihl8H1!O, Ha30Be~1 nonyrpynny pe2YA!lplWii, ("CJlH AJIH BCHKoro ee 3J1eMeHTa a cymecrnyer x 0 T H 6 hl 0 A II H TaKoH anejreur x, 'ITO
axa

a.

(1)

pamuusui

Ha30BeM, nanee, 3J1eMeHThl a II b nonyrpvrmst APyr npyr y, eCJlIT

aba

06-

a, bab

b.

OI,a3hlBaeTCH, 'ITO pe2YA!lpHylO nOAY2pynny MOJICHOonpe8eAIWLb nan nOAY2pynny, 6 nomopoti ecsuzui; JAeMeHm oGsaoaem. 06pamHb~M ,J/£eMeHmOJ,t, He 06!l3ameAbHO eiiuucm6eHHMM. ,I(eiiCTBIITeJlbHO, ecmt axa = a, TO rroaoamsr b

= xax, Torna

aba

(axa).m

axa

a,

bab = x (axa)xax

= x (axa)x

= xax

b,

b JlBJlHeTCH 06paTHbIM lPH a. B cay-rae rpyrrrr 3n:eMeHTbI, 06paTHhlC ,'IPjT APyry n yEaJaHHO~1 nonyr'pyrmonou CMhlCJI8, 6YAYT B TOqnOC1 II 06paTHhlMH B 06bPIHOllI (rpvnnoaou) CMbIc:re, rrpn'-IPM nCJII~IIii anenear 06J1aAaeT e,n;llJlCTBeUIILnI 06PUTUhHl. Iloayrpynna Ha3bIBaeTC 1I uneepcnoii, ec JIll ncmmii ee '),'Ie~IeHT a ofin anaer ofiparuraxr 3Jlei\IeHTOM, nprn o-r e;\HIICTB6HHbIM; 0603Ua'-I!Hl ero qepe3 a-1, TaK 'ITO T.
€'.

aa+a = a, «<aa:! = a-1•

3allHnHM, 'ITO Tpe60BaHHe e,!\lIIICTneIIHOCTH ofiparnoro 3JlClIleHTa B 3TOM cay-rae, n O'l'JIH'-IIIe OT CJIY'-IaH rpvnn, noOOXOAHlIIO cnenaaasno naroiansraarr.. H'.lIacc IIHBepCHbIX uonyrpyrm COllepFInIT B cefie R:!aCC ncex rpyrrrr II, KaK Mhl CROPO Y3Haei\I, nrape noc.remrero. 1l0HHTIIe aanepcnoit nonyrpyrmu nonycnaer II mn.re onpeneaeaaa. HarrOllIHIIM, 'ITO 3J1eMeHT a aenoropoii nonyrpymrsr (IIJlII rpyrmoana) Ha3hlBaeTCH uiiesuunnenmosi, ecmI a2 = a. OTMeTIIM, 'ITO peryxapaaa) nozryrpynna HeII-

§ ~. lIHBEl'CHhIE

IlO:Iyn"y'l11Ihl

:n
nb1nO,il~},erc H
Tid,

peJlIeHHO

06JIa!l,aWf

IIiJ,e:IlrI01CH'ra),ll!:

eCJIH

panencrno
JWK

(1),

TO anexrenr

ax

6ygeT

IIJ],OllITIOTeUTOllI,

(a.T)2 = (axa)x =- ax.

TITO

OIW3LIBaeTCH,

pe2y.1RpH,blC

uueepcnue no.ujepunnu - omo Ina/we (] xomopu« .1106ble iiea uilesmomeuma nepecmanoeounu, B caMOr.! AeJIe, nYCTb naua lIHBopCHaH nonyrpynna G.
11OAy2pynnbL,
'ITO OHa peryJISIpHa. ,1l,oKaiKelll CHaTIaJIa,

JICHO,

'ITO B anaepcnoa nonyr-pynne nponaneneaae H)J,ellmOTeHTOB TalOHe 6Y)J,eT H)J,eMllOTeHTOM. Ilycrs a II b - )J,Ba U)J,eT1lnOTeHTa, a'2 = a, b2 = b. TIO:IO-

Torna

= (ab)-l,

= sa.

(ab)t(ab) = absa2b = (ab)s(ab) = ab, t(ab)t = sa2bsa = s(ab)sa = sa = t.

IIonm.IY,

= (ab)-l,

BBIIAY T. e.

IIOJIy~IHlIl

bs

sa = s.

e,n;HHCTBeUHOCTIl

ofiparnoro nonaran

3.1l€:\WIIra,

AWL1:0rUlJHO,

t'

bs,

s.
S2

OrcJOAa

= (sa)(bs) = s(ab)s = s,
H)J,eMIIOTeIITeH. AJISI canoro 3JIeMeH'ra O)J,HaKo H)J,ellIlloTcHTIWH ce6H 06paTHhlM,

T. e. HhlM

3JIellleHT

~JIeMeHT

CJIymHT

enuacracns

I1BII)J,y HHIIepCHOCTII II anesrear

nOJIyrpyIIIIbI,

a II03TOMY 31'0,

H,u;ellmOTeH1'HOCTb cnenoaarensno,

ab AOI\a3aHa. ba. HCIIOJIb3YJl

22

= ab ,

I1,u;elllIIOTeHT8H, IIO,'IY'IaCM:

= ab a b = (ab)2 = ab, (ba)(ab)(ba) = ba2b2a = (ba)2 = ba.

(ab)(ba)(ab)
3THM ornyna AOI~a3aIlO, TITO

ba

(ab)-l.

Omraxo
noaaaars. IIOJlyrpyIIIIa

3lleMeHT

ab,

6YJl,YlJU

IIJl,elllnOTeHTOM,

ab Ilycrs
HC-

= ba,

coananaer

CO CBOHM

05paTHblM, c

TITO H Tpe60Ba,1:0Cb G-pery,TIJIpHaH

reneps

nepeU3

CTUHOBOTIHhlMH

lIAeMIIOTeHTaMH, 3JIeMeHTbl 6y,u;YT

a;LI,JIH

.m060H

3JIell[eHT

G, b

ab, ac, ba, ca

ofiparmae

a. Torna
II,

3JIeMeIIThl

Hp;eMlloreHTaMH

CJIep;OBaTeJILHO,

28

§ 4. HHBEPCHbIE

rronvrvvnmr
OTCIOp;a

Mell'.n;y C060IO uepccraaonoamr.

b = bab = b(ac)(ab) = (bab)(ac) = bac, c = cac = (ca)(ba)c = (ba)(cac) = bac, e. b = c. Teopesra nonaaana. 1l.1aCC 111l6epCflb1XnOAy6pynn J/,6//JwmcJ/,ua Ca.lW.lt oeAe .lUlO6006pa3ue:Al omnocume.u.uo onepauuii ab u a-I, uomopoe eaoaemes moscitecmeauu (xy)z = :r(yz), Xx-IX = X, X-lXX-l = [1.
T.

II OltaJICe."\L enepu, m
eopuem

umo uneepcuasi monciiecmea:«

=
X.

nOAY6p!Jnna yo06Jrem-

1. ([1)-1 2. (xy)-l 3. xx-lyy-l

= y-lX-l.

= yy-lx:;_,-l.

HCHO, 'ITO nnnepcnaa noayr-pyrma peryxapna II yP;OBJIeTBOpHCT aKCIIOllIaM 1 II 3 (nocaonnee rrOTOMY, 'ITO 3.neMenThI aa=! II bb:! anesnrorearnu II, CJIep;OBaTeJIMlO, rrepecranonoaasr). BUTIOJIHHeTCH II TOJI{.n;eCTBO KaK noxa2, 3hlBaIOT cnenyronrae panencrna, B KOTOPhlX CHOBa IICrrOJlbayerca TIepeCTaHOBO'IHOCTb IIp;eMTIOTeHTOB:

(ab)(b-la-l)(ab) (b-la-l)(ab)(b-la-l) Haofiopor,

a(bb-l)(a-la)b = (aa-la)(bb-lb) = b-l(a-la)(bb-l)a-l = = (b-lbb-l)(a-laa-l)

= ab,
=

v-la-I.

KaI{ rrOKa3aJI B. M. III a H II (c6. «Teopaa II ee npIIJIOIIWIIHH», Caparon, nun. 1 (19(j3), 286-324), peeYAJ/,p'wJ/, nOAyepynna G, e nomopoii V.I/S106pamuux 3j/,e;Meflm06 eunonnetomcsc paeencmca 1, 2, 3, 111leepcna. ,IJ;JIH JII06oro a E G 6yp;wr, BBl1P;Y axcnon peryJIHPHOH nonyrpymrsr, 2 IIi, rro.nyrpyrm

a-l= (aa-latl

= a-l(a-l)-la-l
P;CII('1nurcm-no

= «+a«:",
OOPa'lI1f.!

T. e. 3JIClIIeHTbI a H a-I p;pyry. ,IJ;am:'e, nBllp;y 3,

lW) r

a-l(a-l)-laa-l

= aa-la-l(a-l)-\

§ 4. HHBEPCHhlE

nOJIYrpYIIIIhl

T. e.,

BBH)\y

1,
a+aao:" = aa-1a-1a. aH)\eMnOTeHT, H

ECJIH renepr, YHa3aHHbIe

panencrna

2,

a2 = a,

TO, HCnOJIbSYJl

nOJIy'IH~[

a-l

a-1aa-1

a-1aaa-1

aa-1a-1a

a (aa)-la
=

=
=

aa+a

a.

OTCIOiW

aa-1 = aa
JlIo60ii )\pyroii cnenyer

= a.
TO 6y)\eT

ECJIlI a TOB

bH

H)\eMnOTeHT,

nOilTOMY H3

bb-1

b,

nepecTaHOBO'IHOCTb HHBepCHOCTb

H)\eMnOTeB-

rpymrsr. Iloxaatea
nhl aa TeJlbHOrO MHomeCTBa BIiiW H3 qJ:

b,

'ITO H )\OKa3bIBaeT reneps,

namea

nOJIy-

'ITO nOHHTHe HMeeT npano Ha30BeM n3aHMHO

HHBepCHOll: nonyrpyncaMOCTOJlorotipamenae nO)\MHOiKeCTBa OTHOCJ1TCJI, Bee nonnYCT3J1 nycroro

caMOM )\eJIe

6hlTb npeznrerox

H3Y'IeHHH.

M. 1\

M
-+-

uacmuunoii
0)\H03Ha'IHOe

noiicmanoexoii

JlI050e

B,

rile

B - aercoropue
a

'IHCJIY nce JlI050ro

qaCTH'IHbIX nOilCTaHOBHIi ero

nOilCTaHOBOK MHOiI,eCTBa

B qaCTHOCTH, CTaHOBKH nOilCTaHOBK3

M,

nomraozsecrna,

TaInI~e

(roamecrnennaa qJ:

nO)J,CTaIIOBKe

~,: C -+- D - IIBe 'IaeTlPIHhlX M, TO HX npoaaaeneaae cp1.(l OIIpenenaerca TaK. ECJIII nepecexeane B n C nycro, TO noaaraeu qJ\{l = O. ECJIH lI{e B n C - nenycroe, TO 0503Ha'IIIM xepea A' ero npoofipaa IIpH qJ, xepea D' cro 06P83 IIpH "P. Torna (F"P:A' -+- D', npH'IClII )\JIH JII050ro a' E A'
ECJIH -+nOilCTaHOBHH MHO}HeCTBa

IIO)\MHO~HecTB3),

HOTOPYIO 0503Ha'IHM

B,

xepea O.

a' (<p\{l) = (a'qJ)\{l.

fiCHO, 'ITO :HO 5YileT nr-paer 'laCTIPIH3H )J,JIH ororo nOiICTaHOBR3. Yi\1HOmeHHH IIOilCTaHOBRII IIyCTaH PO,'lb Hynoncranonna

JIH, T. e. iIJIH JII050i1: 'IaCTII'IHOll:

qJ

<:p·O
,n;JIH BCJIIWll mecrnyer , O'IeBIli1HO,

O'qJ = O.
nO)\CT3nODlUI 'IaCTWlHUn

'IaCTI1'IHOM

q>! A -+ B

cy-

05paTH3H

nOilCT3nOBRa

au
(p-l: B
-+

§ I, lUlBEPCUblG

I10.l3rrpY1HlbI

A,

nplPICM

cpCp-l =
rne
eA,

eA,

cr-1cp =

fOB,

rranpanep,

ecrs

}IHMKecTnaA.

I1~IeHHO, eCJIlI
I

Ilcnoasay H 06paTHYIO 'IaCTU'IUYIO rrop;CTaHOBKY, Mbl MOI'.'111 6hl, nanpaaep. BflIeCTO A HaUlICaTh BhIme (B C)cp-l. Ilonaateu, 'ITO YMHOf[,eIIIIe 'IaCTlI'IHhIX rrop;CTHUOBOK aCCOl\lIaTlIBHO. Ilycrr. nama cp: A -+ A I, 1P: B -+ B', x: C -+ C' II nycrr, (cptp)X: D -+ D', CP(1PZ): E -+ E'.

rozsnecrnerrnaa rroncranonxa nonacp = b, a c A, TO bq:-l-= a.

Jleruo

nponeparr.,

'ITO

D = [(A E=
IIoHa;J,eM, TaR I{ar,
I

'n B)1P n Cl((P1P)-\ [A In (B' n C)1P- lcp-l.

1

orxyrta

acp r= A
nenae

'ITO D = E. ECJIH a ED, TO a(cp1P) E C, a aasenoao a(cp1P) E B', TO a(cp1P) E B' C, acp E (B' C)1P-1• Baecre C O'IeBlIp;HbIM <lT0 nonaasmaer, 'ITO D E. Ofiparnoe BRCIIO-

s
X.

nponepaerca

anaJIOrlI'IHO.

Ha II

rrOJIY'IeHHOM p;eiircTBY1{)T

nOp;!lIHO;'KeCTBe orofipaacenaa

(cp1P)x (P, 1P
II

rp (1PX)

O;(mWKOBO, Tal, KaR 06a CBOP;HTCH aa rrocnenonareasnoe

npuxtenerrae

oT06paiReHlIH

1l0:IY'IeHHaH nonyrpynna peryxapna, .-[IOOOn 'IaCTlI'IHoil: nop;CTHHOBKlI cp: A -+

TaR I\HE 6yp;eT

~l,JUI

CfCP-l rp = E'.1CP = cpo nnesmorearaaa

~ha
nonyrpyrma naa.e lIHBepCHa. ,D.eiicTBIITen:hHo, oe CJIymaT TDrRp;eCTBeIIHhlerrop;CTaHOBI(H e.,

iJ;JlHncex rrommoatecrn A C M II, RaK JIerKO nponepnrs. TOJlhIW OHH. ,D.eil:cTBHTeJIhHO, eCJlH rp: A -+ B H (j)2 = cp, TO, no onpenenenaio y~IHOJI,eHnH,

1l0JTOMY,

BBlIP;y B3alIMHOH 0)l,H03Ha'IIIOCTU

rp,

A=B:iA=B,
T. e.

cp

HBJIJIeTCHnoncraaoasoa TaK IWK npyrax

na

A,

npnron

TOiI'.n;eCT-

aemroa,

l1p;eMtIOTCUTOB CHMMe'l IIQeCI(aH p

f 4 IIHBEP(']JUB

no.nvrr-vnma

~t

rpynna

He concp.xwr.

Onnaso )J,:lH mo6blx A, B c

.11"

CAcn = CAnB
OTa HHBepCHaJI

cnc 1.
CI!M~IeTpIl'IeClwii:

no.nyrpyrrna

JW3hIBaeTCJI

nnnepcnoii

noayrpyrmoa

ner rpynnoa,
JlfOih:eT lIMeTb
o6JIap;aeT

ran
UYJIJI,

na
paBIIO

~IHOnWCTBe KaJ{
II

KaK

~IyJIbTHIIJIlIRaTlIBHaH
H)J,e1fIIO

rpynna ne norouy, 'ITO r pyrma

M.

OHa

He

6y-

e,lJ;HHCl'BeHHhIM

Cnpanemraaa
II epa
.1IeJIbHaH BOUWR

1122, J. Bueaemcsi

11 p

cnenyromaa
e CT0 Ha Math.
H

reopenaa 1
6

Lond.

uueepcnaa CUJt.MempU'ieCKYJO uueepctuno

'ITO lI,.:'IH

Teo p e Ma B. B. B a r(,lJ,AH CCCP 84 (1952), 1119Soc. 29 (1954),411-419), napan1 H3 § 3: nonsjepimna G U30.MOprjJuo 8KJWI

rearoxr,

noJtyepynny
6yp;eT

na

sutoxcecmee G. OnIeTJIl\I cnepna,

acanoro a E G
ncex

(2) rne

Ga oaaanaer

MHOatecTBO JICHO, 'ITO

a:reMeHTOB

BHp;a

xa,

E G. IhleHHo,

Ga+a = (Ga-1)a c: Ga,

no, C p;pyroH CTOPOHbI,

Ga
nO~TOllIY P;JIH

Gaa+a Ga-1
=

ncex a E G

Gaa+.

(3)

ConOCT8BHM,

orofipaaceaae
P;JIa: BCJIKOrO X

y'lHThIBaH (2), I\aa,p;OMY 3JIellieHTY a E G CPa: Ga-1 -- Ga, onpenenaexoe TeM, 'ITO E Ga-1 Gyp;eT
XCj)a

xa EGa.

(4)

I103T0IIIY

cP a-': Ga -+ Ga-1, npnneu

YCPa-1
P;JIJI TO

ya-1 x
E Ga-1, T. e.

scex Y EGa.

O,D;HaIW, eCJniI

= x' a-I,

32
H aHa,'lOrH'IHO

I,.

HHBEPCHhIE

IIOJIyrpYllHbI

,n;JIH

y E Ga
Y (CJla-'

6YAeT

CPa)

= y.
nO,n;CTaHOBIWMll, npU'I0'I

OTo6parKeHIIH CJla II CJla-' ORa3aJIHCb 06paTHbIlIIH l\P~T npyr y n, CJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO, B3aHlIIHO O,n;H03IIR<[IfhlMH OT00pa}heHITHIIIH, T. e. 'IaCTH'IHhlIllIl

CPa-'
ITYCTb

CPa-I.
B 'IaC'lIIOCfU,

(5)

CPa

= CJlb'

OTCIO,n;a,
l

Ga- = Gb:",
T. e.

(6)

a-laa-l = a-I E Gb-I,

orofipaaceana CPa

a nO;)TOMY, CIlOBa BBHJ\Y H

>-

BCHCTBa

CJlb, (i)
B BH;(!'

a-la = a-lb.
BBHl\Y

(3)

paBeHCTBO

(6)

MomHO nepenncarr,

Gaa= = Gbb:>,
npaseu

(Kl
!lfbI anaext,
1I;1,(,\[HO-

renramr.

aa=?

BBH,n;y

bbr? (8)

HBJIHIOTCH, RaR

aHa,llOHPIHO

TaR

l{aR,

onnaxo ,

IIl\811IIIOTeUTb[ B CJIC)J,yeT

G nopecrauoaonuu,

TO

lIS 3THX paBeHCTB

aa+ = bb-l•
MCnOJIb3YH

(n)

(7)

II

(9),

nOJIyqae\I
cz-

a
Tal{HIII B3alIMHO nunepcnyio aroro aaaeu, na

= aa+a = aa+b = bb-1b

orofipaa.ouae

b.
HB:weH ,I

o6pa30M, nonyrpynny MHOJ-KeCTBe

a -+ CJla

o,n;H03Ha'IHbI"M: BJIOmeHIf8l1I na

B CUlI[lI[eTplI'IeCI,YIO I1S0MOpqlHOC J h o, IWh

lITbI

G.

,I(oKaa,ellI

B.T[QJ-ReHIIH. OI06paJK(,HH8

CJlab

G (obtl,

onpene.ten

npouanenctnre

CPt fCu'

BBll-

§ 4. HHBEPCHhlE

IIO:IyrpYIIIIhl

33

:\y (5), -

(2), rrpaueaaeaoro Ga

ua MHOjHeCTBe (Ga Gb-l)a-l. .n;Ba>H.n;hI,H (3),

Onnaxo,

DDHilY

Gb-l = Ga-1a

Gbb:" Gar?«

Ga+abb"!

= Gabb+,

'I ax :1'

IWI{,

Gbb+a+a
JIenmr
.'C

BBHAY

Ga-1abb-1

nepeCTaHOBO'IHOCTH
C

HiIeMnOTeHTOB,

rl Gbir+, eCJIH i:He ;)JIeMeHT

B ::.nOMnepecexeaaa, =

TO

xa+a

= xbbr?

= xa+abb:!

E Ga-1abb-l.

I103TOMY,

tG«

BDHiIY (3),

Gb-1)a-1 = Gabir+a:"

= G(ab)(abtl

G(abtl.

TaHllJlI 06paaoJII, oT06paiReHHR <Pab H <Pa<Pb onpenezrenu na OP;HOJlI H TOM iRe no.n;MHOiReCTBe, a TaR IWR x. (ab) = = (xa)b, TO iIOKaaaHO, 'ITO <Pab = <Pa<Pb' 3TO axrecre C (5) noxaasraaer TeopeMY. MOlmIO 6hJJIO 6bl onpenenars 'IaCTlI'IHblii aDTOMop<pJI.lM ynrrnepoa.tr.rroit anrefipsr HaK H30JIIOP<PIIoe orofipa.r.ouuo O.:\HOll ee nonanretipsr na iIPyryro. Jlerxo BU)l,eTh, 'IH) nponanenerrue sacrasmrx aBTOJlIOP<PII3J1IOB IWK qaCTIl'lIIblX nO,lJ,CTaHOBOH cajro 6y.n;eT 'IaCTH'IHUM aBTO:llOp(IJlf3J11Ol\f II 'ITO lJaCTII'IIIhle aBTOIlfOp<pH3J1Ihl.n;aIlHOii anrefipu COCTc\Baaror l'IIIBepCHYro uonyrpymry C ep;HHIIIIeii II IIyJIeJll. JIo ananorna C TeOpeJlIaJlIH 2 H 2' H3 § 3 JllO)I;nO 6bIJIO 61,( nOCTaBHTb CJIe.n;YIOID;Hii norrpoc: nCHRaH JIll IIHBcpcnan nonyrpynna G C e.n;HHHn;eii H HYJIeM H30JllOp<pHa nnnepcHoii nozryrpymre scex 1JaCTH'IHhlX aBTOJlIOp<PH3J1JOBlJeROTOpOR YHIIBepCaJIbHOH anrefipu, OrrpeiIeJIeHHOH na MHOJ{,eCTBO G? O. 11. ,It; 0 III a HOB nOKa3aJI, onnaxo, 'ITO oro no TaR (Han. BhlCIIIHX Y1Je6n. 3aB., Marenarana 8

(1971), 52-58).

§ 5. IIOJIyrpYAbI Ilonyrpynna G BaShlBaeTCJI nMyspynnou c U1U10.JtI01{ueii, ecna B Beii sanaaa, nOMIIMO YMBOmeHIIJl, e~e YHapB8J1 onepanaa a-l, npJI1IeM BbInOJIHJlIOTCJI cnenyromae roaeneCTBa (noMIIMo aCCOn;naTIIBHOCTIl YMBOmeBIIJl)I (X-l)-l

X,

(xytl

y-lx-1,

Iloxyrpynnu C IIHBOJIIOD;lleii COCTaBJIRIOT, CJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHO, MHoro06pa311e, conepacamee B ce6e MHoro06paslle ncex IIHBepCHhTX nonyrpynn. B nonyrpynne C IIHBOJIIOD;lleii G CJIe,ll;yIOIII,llM 06pa30M onpeneaaa repaapuyro onepanmo
[abch [abel = ab-lc.
ACCOD;llaTIIBHOCTb yr.momeUIIJl D;1I11,lI;aIOT II onpeneneaae IIHnOJIIO-

ab-lcd-le

(ab-lc)ct-le

a (dc-lb)-le

ab-l(cd-le),

T. e. )l.JIJI onepanna

[abel BbInOJIHlIIOTCJI Tom,ll;eCTBa

[[xyzluvl

[x[uzylvl

[xy[zuvJl;

(1)

ofipamaeu BHIIMaHlle aa TO, 'no B cponaea 'laCTll Rpaiinne MHOmllTeJIll BBYTpeIIHeii cR06Rll ORaSaJIIICb nepecraaneansnra. Anretipa C o,ll;Hoii repaapaoii onepanuea, ynoaxersoparomea TOiR,lI;eCTBa~[ (1), Ha3hlBaeTCJI no.JtyCJIOBa «nonyrpyna, onpedesneuasi ,lI;8HHOii noayrpynC IIBBOJIIOD;lleii» IIMelOT nOHJITHblii CMhlCJI, ECJIJ<IG 6Y,ll;eT aaaepcaoa nonyrpyrmoa, TO onepanaa [abc], onpenexennaa nsnne, 6Y,ll;eT y,ll;OBJIeTBOpJITb, nor.nmo TOm,ll;eCTB (1), rarose roamecrnaa noii

epyoou.

(xxxI = z, [[xyylzzl

(2) = [(yyxlxzl; (3)

= [[xzzlyyl,

[[xxylyzl

nocnenaae BhlTeRaIOT 113 aacaonu 3 npenmecrnytomero naparpadia, ,lI;JIJI nepaoro 113 TOiR,lI;eCTB (3) nepenacaanoii lJ,JIfl ofiparnsrx 8JIeMeBTOB. Anrefipa C OMoii repaapaoa onepanaea, ynoanernopmomea TOiH,lI;eCTBal.[ (1), (2) u (3),

§.

a. nO,,!Yl'PY,rt:bI

aaasmaerca o606Ufe1t1toU 3pyfjOU. BbITb noacer, TepMHU <mHBepCHa1I nonyr'pynar 6bIJI 6bl 60JIee onpannanasnr. HaIWHen;, ecJIII G 6y,n;e"l' rpynnoa ('ITO TaKme HllJIHeTCH nonyrpvrmoa C IIHBOJIIOU;Heii OTHOCHTeJIbHO YJlIHO,I;eHUH II B31ITII1I ofiparnoro ::)JIeMeHTa), TO onepauaa labcl 6y,n;eT y,n;OBJIeTBOpHTb, nOMHMO roacnecre (1), TaKJI\e Tom,n;eCTBalII [xyyl = x, [yyxl = x, 1I3 IWTOPbIX roa.necrna (2) H (3) neuennenao cnenyto r, Anr'efipa C o,n;Hoii repnapaoa onepanaea, y,n;OB.JIeTBOpmoIIJ;eii TO}l,,n;eCTBaM (1) II (4), HaabIBaeTC1I 3pyfJoii. ,n;.JIf{ onpenexenasrx naua anrefip ,n;OHameM cnenyrontyro Teo P e M y B 3 P a- Bar H epa (Bapox OHa noxaaana AJI1I rpyn, B. B. Barnepoa ,n;JIH 0606m;eHHbIX rpy,n; H nonyr pyn; CM. Y'I. aan. CapaTOBCK. YH-Ta 70 (1961), 2539). Haaosesr 3JIeMeHT e nonyrpynu G 6uYlwmapnbUt, ecJIll AITH JIl06bIX a E G [aee]

==

[eea] == a.

Toa.necrea (4) nOHaabIBaIOT, 'ITO B rpyne BCHKlIii 3JIeMeHT 6IIYHHTapeH. OTMeTIIM TaIOKe, 'ITO eCJIII nonyrpynna C HHBOJIIOn;lIei 06JIap;aeT enaaanea, ro B cooTBeTCTBYIOIU;eH nonyrpyne 3Ta e,n;IIHIIn;a 6y,n;eT O)l;HIIM 1I3 6lIYHlITapHfoIX 3JIeMeHTOB. Ec.ui G - n0.1Y3pyfJa (UJlll o606Ufe1t1taR, 3pyfJa), otinaaaioiuae 6uy1tUmap1tblMU 3.1eMe1tmaMU, U.1U 3ICe zpyfJa, U eC.111e - .1106ou 6uy1tUmap1tblU tuexeum U3 G, mo ouepauuu, onpeiiensiesuee paeencmeasui ab == [aebJ, a-I
== {eae!,

npeepaiuatom. uuoscecmeo G e no.q,y3pynny c U1te0.1101?UeU tcoomecmcmeeuuo, e uueepciuno n0.1Y3pYll1lY U.1U 6 epunny), U.U/' nomop oii e c.1YJICumeduuuueii, npusew onpedenneMaR, CIO n0.1Y3pyfJa tcoomeemcmeeuuo, o606Ufeuua.'! rpyiJa u.ui 2pyfJa) coenaiiaem c ucxoiinoii. )1,eiicTBIITeJIbHO, 3JIeMeHT e CJIymlIT e,n;lIHHn;eii JWJI YlllUoa;elIH1I ab, TaR KaR, BBIIAY ero OIIYHHTapHOCTU, ae == [aeel = a, ea = leeal '= a.

36 J];aJIee,

§ J.

nOJ[Yl'FY)J,bI

acCOn:JIaTUBnOCTb y~mOllwnHR ,(ab)c = [[aeblecl = [ae[bec]]

ab cnenyer
= a(bc).

us (1)1

1b (1)

6nYHIlTapHOCTll (a-l

anexieura

e CJIeAyeT TaRme

= (e(eaele]

= [[eeaJeeJ = a, = [[ebelae]

b-1a-1 = [[ebele[eaell

= [([ebeleelael

= (ab)-1,

= [e [aeblel
T.

e. nann nonyvena 'He G - 0606rn:eHHaR

no,'lyrPlnna C HnBOJIIOn:Ileii:. ECJIfr rpyna, TO, TaR RaR

= [[aeelbe]

ab=! = Iaelebell DOJIY'laeM

= [abe],

(5)

aa=a

= [[aaeleal

= [aa[eea]]

[aaal = a

JlBllAY (2), a TaKme a-1aa-1 = a-I. Hana noaysena, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, uuaepcnas nonyr-pyrma. HaRoHeI~, eCJIlI Grpyna, TO, no (5) II (4),

ao:?

= [aael

e,

T. e. navrn nOJIY'leHa rpynna, TaJ{ RaR Yll,e AOlla3aHO, 1JTO e RBJIReTCR eAIUIllIWII. [JoCJIeAIIee YTBepfKAeHIle TeopeJ\IU nponepnercs C,lIeAYlOrn:HM06pa30M JIa OCJIOn8HHH (5)1 ab-1c

llabelecl

[ab[eec]]

= [abel.

Teopexra nouaaana.
aTa reopesra rronaasrnaer, 'ITO BBeAeHJle nOHRTllR rpyALl RaR Cal\WCTORTeJIbIIOrO 06'beIlTa II3Y'leHlIR 6hIJlO OIIIll6HOH, TaR RaI{ 8TO scero JIHIIIb erne OAUH cnocof orrpenenelIIlR nOHRTHR r-pynmr, na 8TOT paa npn nOMOIll,H OAHOH TepHapHOH II OAHOH HyJIbapnOM onepauaa (nOCJIeAHHR q,URcHpyeT npOU3BOJIbHhIII anexrenr), cnocofi, 8KBllBaJIeHTJIhlH paccxorpeamnr B § 2. 3al\IeTllM, '1TO r-pynrm, IW'l'Opue nOJIY'IaIOTCR 8TUM nYTeM aa AaHHoM rpynr«, 6YAYT, RaR MOJI{HO noxaaarr., H30MopqlHhum. lfueHHo, nycrr, B rpyne G B3RThI 8JIeMeHThl e II e' I1. onpenenemr Y1>1HOIJ\enHR a-b = laeb}, a=b = Iae'b}.

s. no.rvrr-s-ma

37

'I'orna,

BBII.n;y (4) H (1),

a-b

= [a[eee'jbj

= [[ae'eleb] = [ae'el·b.
0' MIIOa;eCTBa

1I0!,aa;elll, 'ITO npe06pa30B3HHe J~e,Tlm"\lOe paBeHCTBOM

G, onpo-

aO'
6Yl\l'r noncraaonxori.

:=~

[ae'eJ, [aee'],

a E G,
T,

Jl.di:CTBIITO,TII,lIO. rrpeofipaaonauae

aT
6~,")\('1 iVIH Hero

a E G,

06paTHblM,

TaK KaR

a(OT)
0('(0)

(aO')'( = (aT)O

= llae'e]ee'] = [ae'[eee'll = [ae'e'] - a, = [[aee'Je' eJ = {ae[e' e' ell --= f oeel a.

8T1ll\l .n;01{a3aHO, 'ITO rpynrrsr C onepaunasur (6) 6YJU'T 11::10TOITIlblllUI (CM. § 6) H, no BTOPOii: TeopeMC Anfieprn (CIII. xonerr § 6), H30MOp<pHhU.U1. q TO ,He I{aCaeTCH nOHHTIIH 0606~eIlHoii: rpynu II no;rryrpYJ\bI, TO nonomeano nnoe -:::- ceiraac 6yp,eT IlOl\a3aHO, 'ITO cymecrnyzor 0606~eHHbIe rpynsr, JIe conepa.anme 6nYIlIITapHbIX ::lJle:\IeHTOB. MOfl\HO 6bIJIO 6hI J\OHa3aTI" nnpo-resr, 'ITO BCHKYIO nonyrpyny (BCHHYIO ofiofimemryro rpy.n;y) MomllO H30llIOP<PHO BJIOfKHTb B rrOJIyrpYJ\Y (C001nOTCTDenITO, B 0606m;enHY1O rpyny), 06,lIa.n;aIOm;yIO 6IIYIUf'lapUhIIIIH 3JIellIeHTal.\1II H onpenenaenyro, C.lIeJ\onaTeJIhUO, HeKOTopOR rronyrpynnoa C HIIBOJIIOI\lleii: (neIWTopOH au-

sepcnoa

II M e p 0 6 0 6 m e II H 0 ii: r p y .n;hI 6 e 3 6 BY II Ii Tap H hI X 3 JI e III e H T 0 B MO}KHO nocrpoarr, C,TlejJ:yIOm;HIII 6pa301lI. Boar.nesr IIIHOiI\eCTBO 111, 1I0CTPOllM 0 na I1e;\I CHlIIIIIeTpH'IeCKYIO HIIBepCHYIO nonyrpyrmv II nepeiine» 1\ onpenexaeaoa e10 0606m.eUHoii: rpyzte; 0603Ila'IlfM nocaenmoro sepea G. B03bMellI, nanee, B M nO)J,IIIilOIIWCTUa A H B H 0603Ha'IHlII 'Iepe3 G' IIIHMI{eCTBO acex rex 'IaCTn'IHIJX no.n;CTaHODOK B M (T. e. rex 3JIeMeUTOB H3 G), KOTOplJe o rofipantaror (B3aHlIIHo 0)J,H03Ha'IHo) HeKOTOpOO no.n;lIIHomeCTBO H3 A na nenoropoe nomraoarecrao H3 B. 8TO MHomeCTBO 3allIKHYTO, O'IeBH.n;HO, OTHOCHTeJlbHO repnapaoa onepanaa [qJ'i'xl = qJ~J-IX, T. e. nBJlneTCR

np

nonyr-pyrrrrofi).

33

§ 5. llOJ1yrpy.uhI

no~ame6poii o606m.eHHOii rpyp;bI G H, CJIetJ;OBaTeJIbHO, cano 6yp;eT o606m.eHHOii rpytJ;oii. Ilycrr, e: A 0 -+ B 0 - ee 611YHHTapIIblH 3JIeMeHT. Torna )l;JIH JII060H qaCTHqHOii nonCTaHOBKH Ip E G', T. e. Ip: A' -+ B', A' cA, B' L_ B, p;O.1JiImO6bITb ee-llp = Ip. OTcIOtJ;a cnenyer, BBHAY onpe,lI,eJIeIIHH YMHomeHHH qaCTHqHhlX nO,ll,CTaHOBOR, qTO A C c: A 0, OTRY,ll,a, TaR KaR, B qaCTHOCTH, nozmaozsecreo A nor-no 6hlTb .1lI06hlM OTp;eJIbIIhlM 3JIe!'.leHTOM H3 A, nsrrexaer A o = A. TaRHAI o6pa30M, eCJIH nomraoacecrna A II B 6YAYT Bhl6paULI TaR, 'ITO MO~()CTb A crporo 60.TIbJIIe J\I0IlI.HOCTlI B, TO COOTBeTCTBYIOm.aH o606m.eHHaH rpy na G' He 6Yl~eT coztepzaars 6HYHHTapHbIX 3JIeMeHToB.
I I

§ 6. KBA3HfPynnbI

H JIynbI

MI,1 npnmna H nOHHTUlO nonyrpynnu, 3aMeTHB, qTO n Hell.OTOphlX H3 onpe.n;eJICUIIH rpytmsr Y'laCTByeT 6HHapHaH aCC01l,HaTHBHaH onepanaa. Ilepsoe onpeneneane rpYIlIII,£ H3 § 2 nOCJIe y.n;aJIf'HHH H3 Hero Tpe60BaHHH aCC01l,HaTHBHOCTII YMHotl,eHIIH npanozrar It .n;pyroMy BaamOMY nOIUITUJD, TaHme CTaBmeMY B nocaenaee BpeMR npenuerou CO.n;ep}EaTeJIbHOH TeopHII. llJlteHHo, rpyrmoan, B KOTOPOM .n;JIHJII06bIX :meJlfeUTOB a, b 0l!;H03HaqnO paapemaasr ypaanf'UIIH

ax
naasrsaerca

b,

ya

b,

neasueppnnoii. KaK H B § 2, MomHO yrnepncnars, qTO xnaaar-pynmr COCTaBJIfIlOTMHorooopa3He OTIIOC3TeJIblIO rpex 6l1UapHbIX onepanna ab, b '" a, b / a, onpenenaenoe Tom.n;eCTBaMH
x(y '" x)

= y,
=

(y /

xy",

y,

= y, yx / x = y.
z) z

H3 onpeneaenaa xnaaarpynrnr HeJIb3H BhlBeCTII cymecrnonaaae B HeH e.n;HHH1I,bI. Hnaam-pyrma, OOJIa.n;alOman e.n;HHH1I,eH,Ha3bIBaeTCH ,l/,ynoi1. JIyIlbI raroxe COCTaBJIHIDT !I1Horo06pa3He, carnarypa xcroporo COCTOHT H3 rpex 6HHapH:hIX H o.n;Hoii HYJI:hapHOii onepanna. HeJI:h3R paccnarraaarr. na TO, qTO .n;JIH onpannaaaa BhI60pa xnaaar'pyrrn B xaxecrae 06'heKTa caMOCTOHTeJI:haor'o 1I3yqeHHH MOJl\HO 6y.n;eT HCnOJIb30BaTh KaKHM-JIH6o cnocofiox npeofipasonaaaa IUH orotipaaceaaa. ,IJ;JIH aToM: 1I,f'.lJII xopomo CJIyiI\aT, O.n;HaIW, TaR Ha3:hIBaeMl>Ie ceTII. no 'otipaany reOMeTpHqeCKOii cern, COCTOHIIJ,eii II3 acex TOqeK nJIOCKOCTH II rpex ceMeHCTB npRMbIX - see npa!lIbIO, napannensasre OCM aficuacc, OCH opnanar H eme onHOH npHMoii,BBe.n;eMCJIe.n;yIOIIJ,ee IIOHHTHe. PaCCMOTpHM CHCTO~JyII3 sersrpex HenYCTLIX nonapao HenepeceKaIOIIJ,HXC.fI l'f[lo;'KeCTB P, LI, L2, L3; 3JIeMeHTbI nepnoro xraozseCTBa naaonesr mo'tlw.l!,U, OCTaJIbHbIX MnomeCTB - npscuu: uu, npu-rex HyMepa1l,IIIO Jl1HO,HeCTB(HJIH, KaK !lIbI 6y.n;eM r-onopnri., ceMeiicTB) IIpHMbIX CqHTaeM <pIIKCHpOBalllloii. llplIMelI, 'ITO TO'IHH H npaaue MoryT aaxonarr.ca B 0'1'HOruOlIHH uuuuiienmnocmu, BLIpamaeMoM CJIOBaMlI (<TOqI,U JIe/Ii'llT na npasroji», «npauaa npoxomrr Qepe3 TOQKy~ H T. .n;.

1,0

§ e. HBA3UrpyrrrrbI

II JIYrIbI

HU30BeM STY CllCTeMY ceniuo, ecnn BbIllOJIHflIOTCll CJIenyromae rpetionarrns: a) xepea Ramp;yro TOlJRY npoxonar onaa II TOJIbRO onna npaaaa RaiHp;oro na rpex Ce1tIenCTB; 6) nne npmnre, npnaanaextamae R pa3JIlllJHhJM cellfeiJ:cTEaM, nepeceaarorca B op;lIon II TOJIbRO op;Hoii TOlJI,e. 3aMeTllM, "ITO BBllP;y a) npmrue onaoro ceMenCTBa He MorYT nepeceaarsca. 3aMeTllllf rarose, "ITO ceMenCTBU L1, L2, L3 paBHOMOm;Hhl - Mhl noaysmr BBalIMHO OtJ,H03namroe COOTBeTCTBlle Memp;y Ll II L2, ecna I}>llRclIpyeu nenoropyro nprnryro l3 na L3 II conocranax npyr p;pyry re npmrae ll3 Ll II L2, xoropue nepecexarorca B TOlJRe, Jlem:am;eii: na l3. ECJIll G - lIiHOiHeCTBO, paBHOMOm;Hoe C Ramp;hIM lIB D, t = 1,2,3, TO npaasre Ramp;oro na arnx rpex coMeiicTB MomHO cHa6p;llTL annescasm, npoferarommra 1>momeCTBO G. ct>IIRClIpOBaB 9TH HH)1;eRcan,llll, nplITOM coaepmenHO npOll3BOJILHbJe, Mhl CJIep;yrom;llM 06pa30M onpenenaesr na G onepanmo YltffiOmeHllHl ab = c, eCJIII xepea TOlJRY rrepeceseaaa npaxsrx l~ E Ll II 19 E L2 npoxonnr npaMafl l~ E L3. OTHOCIITeJIbHO aTon oneparma G 6yp;eT RBa3llrpynnoih ep;llHCTBeHHhIM penreaaeu ypanaeana ax = b, aanpanep, 6yp;eT UHp;eRC Ton ennacrneanoa npaMoil ceMenCTBa L2, xcropaa npoxorrar xepea TOlJRY nepeceneana npaasrx l~ II l~. 3Ta rcaaaarpymra aaasrsaerca xoopirunamnoii neasuepunnoii acxonnoa cera. Bcsnas. xeasuepunna G RMRemcR noopbuuamuoii xeaeuepunnoii nenomopoii cemu. llOCTPOllM aTY cers. Ee TOlJRaMII ClJllTaeM ynopanoxennsre napsr (a, b) 9JIeMeHTOB D3 G, npflMhlMll z-ro ceMencTBlI, i = 1, 2, 3, - CIIMBOJIhl l~ JlJIJI scex a E G. TOlJRa (a, b) cxaraerca aarmnenraoa npflMoii l~ nepsoro ceMeiicTBa, npflMoii l~ sroporo II npaMoil l~b rper-sero. CJIep;OBIlTe!lbnO, rpetiosaaae a) BbIllOW naerca. Banoxnaerca II rpefionanae 6): npmnre l~ II l~ uepecenaiorca R TOlJKe (a, b), npflMhle l~ II l~ - R TO"IRe (a, c " a), npanue l~ II l~ - B TOlJRe (0/ b, b). OseIlHp;HO, "ITO npn YRa3aHHon annexcarraa npansrx nocrpoeHHOH cera ROOpl\UHaTHOH nnaaarpyrrnok CJIymnT HaR paa xnaaar-pynna G.

e.

HBA3IHP~l1TIhI

JlYTIhl

41
B 'laCTHOCTH, 06hJ'lno B CCTH. K IIHorp;a, c Ra'lCCTBC

3aMCTIIM:, B TCOpllH YRa3aHHbIM KOOpiJ,HHaTlIOll BnpO'lCM,

'ITO

rrpmrenenaa

KBa3l!Irpynn,

aJIrC6paH'lCClmX npCp;CTaBJIClIlICM HBa3l!IrpyIIIlbI nOIIHTIIC, TO'lKaMII, 6CPCTCH

KPHBbIX,

CBH3aHbI

xnaaar-pynmr
HCKOTOPOll P;BOllCTBCIIHOC a TO'lKlI -

CCTH (&PHO'leBnp;HO, CCMCllCTBD. lIlHOiHeCTBa nonan HC H30Jl30TorrHbIMD onpep;eJlCHWIDp,

1IfhIC IIa3b1BaJOTCH 01'

rrpHMhIJ\m).

Hoopnanarnaa KBa3l!Irpyrrrra CCTII 3aBHCHT, nsrfiparrmax HHp;eKcarVIll npamrx Kaa,p;oro

3TII HHp;CKCaU,IIH
r{

ECJlH

6YP;YT H3MCHCIIbI

('ITO

paBIIOCHJIhHO

ttpnuenenmo

HHl\{

nCI{OTOPbIX

rrop;CTaHOBOI\ C nepnona'ranr.aon

G),

TO na

TOM !J;C MHO/I,CCTBe B 06ru;CM cnyxae 3TH xnaam-pyrrnu eo

6YP;CT onpCp;CJICHa

Ima3l1rpynna, l\lOp!fJlIaH. n eooTBCTcTnHlI

6yP;YT,

onnareo,
a' b
H

CJICP;yrom.nM

06ru;lIM

onpenenoansu.

,1I.na rpyrrnonna, HbIC na OP;HOM II

C OnepaIl,HHMH TOM iI,e

a=b :

~lHomeCTBC

monnuscu,
MIIO~HCC'fBa

G, aaasmarorca

CCJlH Cyru;CCTByIOT

TaRHC nop;CTaHOBKH

G,

'ITO

P;JIH JII06bIX

a, bEG
usomonuu.

0T

as b = (ap·ba)T. Jlerxo
nponepacrca, onepanafi nnyx 'ITO aa OTHOIIJCHUC lIlHOH,CCTBC 6UHapHbIX 6YP;CT p;.TIH [)KBH6HHaplIJ,lX

OTHonWHHeM

naJICHTHOCTlI. M30Mop!fJH3M onepanaii,

aanasnux
c.TIY'laCM CTOPO-

na OP;HOl\! II TOM mc MHO/I;CCTBC, HB.TIHCTCH'laCTlIbIM I130TOnIIII, a IIMCHHO npH p a T-1• p;pyroll

nsr, pHT

H30TonllH 0 iJ.!taBllOM

IIa3hIBaCTCH

ueomonet,
T. C.

esaeuoti

(COOTBCTCTBCHHO rOROTom)l,CCTBeJIHOH

eeJIH T HllJIHCTCH

nOp;CTaJIOBKOii,

a=b

ao-bo .

Bcsuaui
CeO iJ"qaB1l0.MY nBC

U30nwn
usomonu.

epunnouoa

u3o}.wpffien

HeK07nOpo.'ttY
lIfIIO;J\C1I

,1I.CllCTBUTCJIhHO,

CC.TIlI na

G sananu npH'W~f a b
0

= (ap· bo'n;
aXb

rpyrmomm

C oncpan;HHMH

a- b

a» b,

TO onepanaa

aTp· bus
H30Ton KaK rrepnoro rpynnoana,

orrpCp,CJIHCT Il30MOp!fJHbJll

IIa

rJIaBHbIll TaK

BTOPOMY,

(aT-1 X bT-1)T=

[(aT-1)Tp.(bT-1)TO'h

= (ap.ba)T

=a

b,

§ ti. RBA3UfPYlUJbI

H JIYIIbI

Iiee nooptiunamnue neasuepsmru« otmot; U moii oce cemu, onpedesenuue ua Oano.M u mou »ce .MnOJfCeCm8e G, ua CaMO.M 8e.tte ueomonuu, ,D;eHCTBHTeJIbHO, 0603Ha'lHM onepanaro B nepsoa RBaSHrpYIIIIe sepea a=b, T. e. aob = c oaaaaaer, 'ITO npansre l~, l~ H l~ nepeceaarorca B onnoa TO'lKe. Menrrexr reneps nHp;eKcan;HH npHlIIbIX Kam,n;oro Cel\I8HCTBa, nonsepraa HX nop;CTaHOBKaM p, 0' H 't. Tenepi, 3TH FJ,e TPH npaxsre 6YP;YT 0603Ha'leHhl '1epe3 l~r" l~~, npaseu Kamp;bIH 1I3 3JIeMeHTOB ap, ba, c. npo6eraeT nee MHOiKeCTBO G, a n03TOMY BO BTOPOH asaaarpynne (C onepauaea a.b) 6YJI.er

a;

ap· bO'

= =

CT,

,..e.

ap • bO'

(a 0 b)'t •

noopinuuurucue neasuepunnu daunot: cemu cocmaessuom; c mowuocnuao ao U30J.tOp(jiu3.Ma, nonnuii KAacc usomonuux neaeuepunn, onpeiieaenuu» na unoscecmee G. OTCIOp;a cpaay CJIeAyeT, 'ITO OCJt1;UU epunnoun, ueomonusui neaeuepunne, cau 6yfJem neaeuepunnoii. HenOJIb3YH cern, aerno noxaaars TaIOI,e CJIe,n;YIOrn;YIO e 0T p e M Y A JI 6 e p r a (Trans. Amer, Math. Soc. 54 (1943), 507-519): BCJtKaJt xeasuepunna ueomonua uenomopoii .ltyne. B Ca1\WM nene, aananaaa xnaaarpynna G CJlymHT ROOp,!l;HHaTHoH xnaaarpynnoa ,n;JIHcera (P, L\ L2, L3). OT~1C'THMreneps B G aexoropati 3J1eMeHT e H CJleAYIOrn;RM 06pa301l1 H3)IeHHM HH,n;eKcan;HIO npmrsrx: HHp;eKcan;HIO
ceMeHCTBa npaayio rrpHMYIO

10 HCHO, <lTO ece

TaR J;aJ\ nOJl,cTuHOBRH p, 0', 't 6bIJIH npOH3BOJIbIIhTMH,

L3

OCTaBRM 6e3

H3?>IeHeHHH, a 'lepes

ceMeHCTBa ceMeHCTBa

L1 L2 L1

0603Ha'lHM xepea 0603Ha'lHM npasraa

l!,

nexoropym nocne xero eCJlH OHa Har{OHeI~, eCJlH OHa

l~,

rrpOXO)J.HT'lepe3 onpeneaaerca, npJUIYIO npoxonnr xepea

TO'lKY nepecenenaa B 'laCTHOCTH, TO'lKY 0603Ha'lHM

npHMbIX l~ H It (3TUM

l;),

CeMeHCTBa

xepes

l;,

H,

nepeceserraa

npmnrx

I;

II

aTOM, RaK JIerRO rrponepnrs, HHp;eRC rrpHllwll ne 1I3M:eHlITCH. l\00p,n;HH8TuaH naaaarpynna, cooTBeTcTBYIO-

Ilpn

l;

l~.

, 6. ltBA31H'PYD1ThI H JlYIJId

mas

3TOn HOBOn HHAeRCa~BH, lDIeeT,

OlJeBHroIO, aJIBMeHT

e CBOen eAHHHqen, T. e. 6YAeT JIynon.

6 e p r u: Ec.ui .ujna (6 uacmuocmu, apynna) uaomonna I-telWmopoi: eptmne, mo otui U30.MOpginli/,. aTa reopeua asirexaer, anposeu. Jl3 CJIeAyrorn;en T e 0p e M hl B p a K a - X b IO 3 a (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 60 (1946), 245-354; J. London Math. Soc. 32 (1957), 510-511): ECJlu epunnoua c eduuuueii ueomonetc nMyzpynne, mo ouu U30.MOpginli/" e. o6a sessuomcsi nMyzpynna.M,u c eiium.
,l1;encTBHTeJIbRO, nYCTh ua MIIOrKeCTBe G aanamr rpyrrnOHA C YMHmKeRHeM a- b H eAIIHHIwn e H noayrpynna C YMUOiI\eHHeM a=b, npmeu OIIH H30TonHhI, T. e.

1I30TOnHI.le CnpaBeAJIHBa,

JIynhl ],wryT He 6J,ITI. H30MopqJHhlMH. OAHaKO, B TOp a H Teo p e M a A .'1-

uuueti.

a=b
rAe p,

(ap- ba)T,
B

b, c E G

a,

T-

uoncraaouna
(aob)oc

G. Tal, ao(bcc),

}WK

)l;JIH JII06bIX

a,

TO

[(ap·ba)Tp·cah (ap·ba)Tp·ca

= [ap·(bp.ca)Tah,

= = e, =
=
co

ap·(bp.ca)Ta.
nOJIYlJaeM AJIH ncex

(1)

Ilonar aa Ilo.rar aa,

3Aecb ap =

co

t:=

bou: = bota,
nanee, B

(2)

(1) ap a
H

e H HCnOJIh3YH (2), nonvsaeu

(bp· ca)'ta na b, (c- b)Ta

bous- co
UJIIl, 3aMeHHH bp na

aTa· b

(3)
B (1)

AJIH ncex a, bEG. AHaJIOrHlJHO, B BCnOJIb3YH (2), nOJIYlJaeM

rronaraa

co = e

(ap· ba)Tp

ap' bcu:

44
"JIB,

§ 6. HBA3lfI'l'YIIIlbI

n b,

JIYlILI

aanesna ap

na

a " bo

na

(c- b)-rp
)\JUI aYH

a- bu:

(4)

ncex a, bEG. Hasoaen, nOCJIeJJ;OBaTeJILnO acnons(3), (4) H (2), DOJIY'IaeM, qTO )\JIH JIIOObIX a, bEG
= (ap-ro. bo)-rp

(ao b)cr-rp = (ap· bo)'to"rp

= ap-ro· bOTP = = ao-r(J' beu»,

T. e.

Do,n;CTanOBI<a

AY saJJ;anHLIMH p;OI{aSana.

o'tp onanunaerca H30MOPlPH3M0ll1 1\I('tI(rpyrnronnou H nonyrpytmoa. Teopcna

§ 7. MY«I>AHrOBhI Maoroofipaaae
r pynn, JIyn

JIYllhI
MHoro06pa3IIR JIYIlbl CMOTpeTb na

HaCTO.1.[bIW nnrpe

'ITO 6hlJIO 6bI HenpaBIIJIbHhlM

xax,

TaK

cxaaarn,

MOM lWJIe, XOTR

naaanrpyrmoil,
MeHTbI

rpynnst». B canyna 06JIa;o;aeT e;O;IIHIII\eii 1 II, 6YJW'I1I J1,JIR BCRKoro :meMeHTa a conepzsar 3J1e1Ia (meaCCOI\lIaTIIBHbIe

a-I
O]lHaKO 3TH POJIb

= 1 '"

a II -la

= 1/

a,

«ofiparnue

::lJIeMeHTbD) OBce He Hi'paIOT B

n nyne

06paTHhlX

3JIeMeHTOB

rpynmr.

Bneneu

noaTOMY

CJIe;O;ylOm;lIii 60JIee y.3KlIii JIyna JlI06hlX

a, bEG

KJIaCC ayn.

Ha3bIBaeTCR .!Lynou C

otipamuscocmmo,

ec.rn ;o;JIH (1)

(ba)a-l

b,

-la(ab)

b.
BMeCTO b

IIo;o;cTaBJIRR BO nropoe 1I3 MeHT a-I, nonyaaen -la = a-l,

C

paneacrs

(1)

aae-

T. e. 6CRKUU

3.!LeMe1-l1n lIynbl

otipamuscocniuo

otiuumem.

oouoenauuo

onpeaeseniuc»

iJeycmOp01i1iUM 06pamltblM aa:>

3MMeJtmO.lt a-I: a-Ia

= 1.
BIf;o;

Panencrsa

(1)

npHHIIMaIOT Tenepb

(ba)a-l
.HCHO, 'ITO (a-ltl

= a-l(ab) = a,

= b•

(2)
ba-l.

orxyna
b/ a

b '"

a-lb,

(3)

,1J;eiiCTBIITeJIbHO,BBJI;o;y (2) 6y;o;eT,

nanpnxep,

a(a-1b)

=
(abtl

(a-Itl

(a-lb)
'ITO

b.

Ha

OCHOBaHlIH

(3) noxaa.exr,

b-Ia-l.
OTRYJl:aa>

(4)

B canon

bc-l

If,

)J,eJIe, eCJIII ab aaxoaen, c-1

= c, TO b = a+c, = b-l a-I.

cnoacrna nyn

=
ra-

YKaiKellI CTbIO, nan ayna

erne nexo ropue

C 06paTIfMO-

neotixonmrsre

)J,JIR nansneamero.

Ilycrs

G-

II nYCTb 3a)J,aH ee rJIaBHbIH 1130Ton C onepanaea

a=b

ap· ba,

(5)

7. MY<1>AHTOBblJIYUhl ennaana nocnen8JIel\H:'HT 10, no-

T3101,e JIB;:UJIoIlInilcJI nynoa; nyc'rs 10 neRo Torrta, nOJ1,CTaBJIJIJI (5) BMeCTO B

OTI'YAa. BBHP;y (2), AnaIIOrHTfIlO, 1l0JIOiJ;HM

3aMennI,

'ITO B JIIo60il Rua3IIrpynne G YMHoa:eHHe C n P aD a ncex ee 8JIeMeUTOB na neuoropua 8JIeMeHT u onpenenaer nOp;CTaHOB1\Y MHO,I,eCTBa G, KOTOPYIO Mbl 060311<1'UIM -repea r U' AHaJIOrH'IHO nepea Iv 0603Ha'IHM noacraaonxy, nOJIY'IaIOIIIYIOCJI OT Y!\IIIOa,eHHJI C JI e B a ncex aJIeMeHTOB xnaaar-pyrrrnr na 8JIeMeHT v. B03Bpam;aJICb 1{ nyne C otiparnxocrsio G, MhI nonyaaen, 'ITO onepauaa (5) J[I{)60ro ee rJIaDnOrO II30Tona, JID.1IJIIOII\erOCJInynoa, 110}(,eT 6hl1 b sanacana B Duge

a 0 b = ar u • b I"
(CIIMBO:T nop;CTaHOBKH, RaK 06 LI'IHO, ],I!,I

(fJ)
3anHChTDaCM

cnpaaa).

OTMeTIIIII, C p;pyroH CTOPOHbl, 'ITO P;JIJI nynu C ofipaTDMOCTbIO G ee rJIaBHhlH D30Ton C onepauaea (6) npn JIlOObIX u, V E G 6ygeT nynoji. B call1OM nene , ep;HHHIIeil 6YJl,CT CJlYIRIITb 8JIeMeHT V-IU-t, TaK KaK AJIJI scex a-E G
0

V-1U-1

a = (v-Iu-l)ru

-ab ;

= [(v-Iu-l)uj.(va)
=

=
V-I

(va) = a,

H aHaJIOrIl'IHO C p;pyroH CTOpOHhl. BepHeMCJI na MIlHyTy J{ paccuorpeumo Jl30TOTInri rpynnOIlAoD (CM. § 6). B TOM 'laCTHOM cnyxae, xorna 06e H30TOnHhIe onepauan cODnaJ~aIOT, aob = ab, T. e.

ab = (ar· bov»,

(7)

rOBopHT 06 aomomonuu pacouarpnnaenoro r-pyrmoana. 0603HaTfHM 'Iepe3 f... nOp;CTaIIODRY, ofiparnyro T, T. e.

§ 7. MYoIIAHroBbI

HYllhI

47
B
Jj.~

A. =

'r-I.

Torna

aBTOTOIIlUO

(7)

MO,I<HO rrepenacars

ao-bo

= (ab}'A..

3arrHIHelll ee CHMBOJIOlll (p, fJ, A). B qaCTHOCTH, eCJIlI q> aBToMopqlH3M rpynnoana, TO (sp, <p, <p) 6yp;eT aarororraen , H 06paTHO. ECJIlI (p, 0, A) H (p', 0', ~:) - ,Il,lle aBTOTorrHH rpyrrnonna G, TO HX npouaneztenae

(p,

0,

A) (p', a', A') = (pp', oo", A'A')

TaR l\aK p;JIR JIl06hIX

TU1\iHe 6yp;eT aaroronaea,

a, bEG

app'· baa'

(ap· ba)A'

= (ab)AA'.

::ho YMHO)I.;eHHe anroromni aCC0II.UaTHBHO, rax xax CBOAHTeR K Y:l.l.ROliWRHlO noncranonou, eMRHIJ,en CJIyamT TOil<p;eCTBeHHaJl aBTOTorrHR (e, e, e), rne e - TOiHp;eCTBellHan noncranonxa, a ofiparnoa )J,JIH aBTOTorrHH (p, (J, A.) 6yp;eT aBTOTOrrHJI (p-l, a-I, A-I). ,I(eiicTBHTeJIbHO, aro 6yp;eT aBTOTOIIlm, rax xax

(ab)A-I

= [(ap-I)p. (ba-l)a)A-I = (ap-I. ba-I)AA-I

ap-I. ba-I.

TIOJIyqeHHalI rpyrrrra aaroronaa rpynnonna conepacar B xanecrae nonrpynma ero rpynrry aBT01lfOpifJH311fOll. BHOBh B03npaIIf.aRCb J{ .nynau C 06paTHMOCThJO, OTMeTHM, 'ITO B HHX orofiparsenae a -+ a-I 6yp;eT noncraIIOBI<OU; 0603IIalJHM ee lJepe3 t: at

a-I.

JI e 111 1I a. Ecui (p, a, 'A) - aemomonun .fI,Ynb~e 06pamusiocniuo G, mo ('A, un., p) U (tpt, A, a) ma1tJICe6yiJyrn ee aemomonusisui. Otipamuo, cuiuecmeoeonue ./t/060u ua omux uoeua aemomonuu eseuem euiuecmeoeanue ucxoonoti

oemomonuu,

,I(eiicTBHTeJIbHO, P;JIR JlI06hlX a, bEG BhlllOJIHReTCJI paaeacrao ao- be = (ab)A. IIop;cTaBJIRJI crena ab BMeCTO a If b-I BMeCTO b, rroJIYlJaellf

(ab)p· bt(J

= aA,

48
OTKYJ1;a

§ 7. MY<l>AHrOBbI JIYl1W

(ab)p = aA·(blat1
T. e.

= al,·blat,
aBTOTOIllUI. AHaJIO-

(A,

lOL,

p),

J1;eii:cTBHTeJIbHO, -

rH'IHO, nOJ1;CTaBJISUl TO me paBenCTBO B BMeCTO a, nOJIY'laeM

ab

BMCCTOb H a-I

atp· (ab)a = bA,

OTI(YJ1;a

T. e. H

J1;eHHe JIeMMhl

(tpt, Af 0') 6YJ1;eT asroronaeii. IIocJIeJ1;Hee YTBep}I{czrenyer H3 roro, 'ITO npmrenenae yme J1;0xaaaaaoro R aBTOTonHH (A, tal, p), aanpanep, CHOBa naer aBTOTonHIO (p, 0', A), TaK KaI{ l2 = e.
Ha caMOM ,n.eJIe OCHOBHblM 06'beKTOM llaY'leRHH HBJlH-

nymr C 06paTHMOCTl.IO, a 60JIee Y3Imii: KJIUCCMy<jlaHroBhlx nyn. I1MeHHo, nyna naauaaerca ;uyrjJaneo6oir, eCJIH Bee nyrnr, eii: aaoronnsre, RBJIHIOTCHJIynaMH C 06paraaocrsro. My<jlaHroBhl JIynhI TaImw COCTaBJIHlOl' MHOroofipaaae BBH,n.y CJIe,n.YIOID;eii: eo p e M bI M y <I) a n r T (Math. Ann., 110 (1935), 416-430): JIyna G moeiia u mO/l,MO moeila .ttyrjJaneoaa, 1l0eoa 6 net; eunonscsemc R, moociiecmeo
IOTCR He

(xy) (zx) = [.e (yz)lx.

(8)
cnepaa, 3HaeM, 'ITO 'ITO

Grru

. .u

0 R a 3 a r e JI l. C T B O.

Ilonoarasr

nyna

CO CBOii:CTBOM06paTHMOCTl1. Mhl

llCHKHii: ee H30Ton naouopoea rJIaBHOMY H30Tony II 'ITO no scex nynax, HBJIHlOID;HXCHrJIaBHhIMH H30TonaMH JIy-

G, oneparran
U

3a,n.aIOTCHno xoryr IIYCTl.

npaaany 6hlTl.

psrx

II

v,

(6)

npa

Hel{OTOMao-

xoropsre

npOH3BOJIl.HbIMIT oae-

MeHTamr ll3

G.

Go -

O,n.UHH3 ;)TIfX rJIanRbIX ecrs

TonOR, a onepanaa

B ReM

aeb = ar u' bl.,

BbIIIOJIIIHMOCTl. B na
6f,IX

Go

nepnoro

H3 Tom,n.eCTB(1) paDHOCIVll.-

cymecraoaamno

a, bEG

TaKOH: nop;CTanOBRII Lo, 'ITO J1;JIHJIIQ-

(aob)oblO

= a,

§ 7. MY<llAHfOBbI

JIYIIbI

49

qTO paBHOCHJIbHO paBeHCTBY

(aob)ru·bLolv = a,
paBHOCHJIbHOMY, B CBOIO osepens, paBeHCTBY

(aob)r u
3aMeTHM, qTO B aamea xa

c- bLolvL•

(9)
,n;JIJIno,n;CTaHOBTaR xa«

ayne

G ofiparnoii

(au)u-l = a; aHaJIOfHqHO r;/ = lv-" TaR RaR anexenr ar~l npofieraer BMeCTe C :meMeHTOM ttl nee JlIHOmeCTBO G H ;)TO iRe; nepao ,n;JIJI8JI~MeHTOB bl;l H b, TO paBeHCTBO (I)
paBHOCHJIbHO paBeHCTBY

ru

CJIymHT no,n;CTaHOBRa r u-', T. e.

r;;t = r"r"

(ar;?
T. e., nonaraa

bl~l)r u

= ar~l. bl;\olvL,
paBeHCTBY

l;\olvL = 1', -

(ab)ru = art~l. bt;

llHMIIH1 nyne CJIOBaMll, OlIO paBHOCHJIblIO cymecrnoaaaaro
1

G aBTOTOIlHH (r~l, 1', ru)' Ilocaennee,

no JIeMMe, past,

nOCII.'IbHO cymecrnonanmo aBTOTonHH (lr~ HOn: (lu, ru, 1'), TaR xar: BBIIP;y aasienaana
p;.TfJl

ncex a E G

r u, 1'), pannrzme n (4),

atr;'\
Ha caxron neae,

(a-1u-l)-l
l'

ua

=
u.

al..,

onaaxo,

= t.r«. Tal, l,aR A;rIJI mofioro

aEG

aT = (a.1)'t

alu.1ru = (al,,)

= aluru'

Hanonen,
onpenenemno
T.

cymecreonaaae aBTOTonHH (lu. r U' lur u) no oaaaxaer, qTO ,n;JIJIJII06bIX a. bEG

e.

alu·bru (ua)(bu)

= (ab)luru.

[u(ab)lu.

~hooaaasaer, TaR RaR 8JIeMeHT u stor 6bITb npOHSBOJIbHhlM ,8JIeJlIeIiTOM HS G, qTO BhlnOJIHeHHe BO ncex nynax, HSOronmax nyne G, nepaoro us TOiR,n;eC'fB(f ), COCTaBJIJlIOm;nX onpeneneane JIyn!>I C o6paTHMocTbIO, BJIeqeT sstnonaeane

IiO
II

§7. MY~AHFOBHllYnW

IIhInOJIHeHHe

nroporo H3 Tomp;eCTB (1) BO ncex aynax, H30ronaax nyne G, BJIe'leT BhInOJIHeHHe B G roro n<e TO,}{AeCTBa (8); npn npoaenenaa p;OHa3aTeJIbCTBa HY}HHO nann, B p;OJIlImOM xrecre 3aMeHHTb aJIeMeHThl a a b COOTBeTCTBeHHO na aCl 1I br-;'_t, a npn npaueaenaa JleMMbI HCnOJIb30narr, ee npyroe yrsepacneaae. OCTaeTcH noxaaari., 'ITO BCHI<aH nyna G C Tomp;eCTB0ll1 (8) 6yp;eT JIynoii C 06paTHMOCTbIO. 113 (8) npn y = 1 P;JIH scex x, z E G cnenyer x (zx) = (xz)x. TI03TOMY, nonCT8BJIHH B (8) BMeCTO x, y, Z 3JIeMeHThI a-l, b, a (rne a, b - npOH3BOJIbHhle 3JIeMeHTLI H3 G II aa-1 = 1), nOJIy'IaeM

TOiI'):J;eCTBa

(8).

TaKHM

me

ny-reM

,n;OKa3LIBaeTCH,

'ITO H

a-lb
oTRyp;a CTO

= [a-1(ba)la-l
e. B

= a-l[(ba)a-l),
G
BbIIIOJIHHeTCH nO,IlCTaBJIHH

'fOmp;eCTB

= (ba)a-l, T. (1). C p;pyroii x, y, Z 3JIeMeHThl -la,

b b(-la)

nepsoe
B

H3 BMe-

CTOPOHbI,

a, b (rne <a-a [-lao (ab) I(-la) ,

= 1),

(8)

nOJIy'Iae~I

(ab), T. e. B G BhlnOJIHHeTCH 1I sropce (1). Teopeua p;ORa3aHa. 3a~eTHM, 'ITO roamecrno (8) :\wmHO 6hlJIO 6hl 3a1>IeHUTI> B :noii reopene HeROTophlMH npyraua TOfHp;eCTDaMH, paBHOCIIJIbHbUUI eMY B RJIaCCe nyn, nanpauep, TOm,!l,eCT= -la
U3 TOIRp;eCTB 110M

ornyna b

I(xy)zly
OTMeTH:\I, cfJ8HroBY 110 BCHRoii nyny ayne, 'ITO B CHJIY

xly(zy)l.
reopesrsr RaJ{ My$aHr ayny, My'ITO JIIO-

p;pyroii

MO,I{HO

onpeneaars

TaHYIO T. e.

eii H30TonHOH,

nonnyna,

nopomnenaaa

tJMMH
rpynnoii.

j1,ByMH

:'meMeHTa"UJ,

aCCOlluaTHBHa,

HBJIIIeTCR

§ 8.

n-rpYIIllbl

IToHHTlIe cern, nsenennoe B § 6, 6blJIO noncaaaauo npllllIepOllI cern, COCTaBJIeJ'lHOH1I3 scex TO'leK U rpex ceMellCTB npaxnax na nJIOCKOCTH- npaxue, na paJI:IeJ(bIIMe OClI x, OClI Y 1I eme o,n;Hoii npmlOii. Cronr, ,Re eCTeCTl3ClIno, onnaao, paccnorpenae B TpeXlIl('pHOM npocrpaacrae 1I1II0;£eCTBa scex ronex II 'leTbIpex ce~wiiCTB n:IOCIWCTeii napaJI.'IeJIbHhIX rpesr I{Oop,n;ImaTHI.IM rrJIOCIWCTHM II eme O,n;ROH rrJlOCIWCTlI. Ilepexon K n-uepuQ;\ly eBI{JIHIl,CIBY npOCTpaHCTBY oaeanneu. Gnn! noncs asuuaerca CJIe)'IYro-

mee onponeaenae.
CUCTe)Ia HerrYCTI,IX norra pHO ncnepeceuaionnrxca lIIHO,fWCTB P, L\ L2, ... , £II": (:.J.lIellIeHThl rrepnoro 1IIHOrrWCTllU Ha3hIBalOTCH m0111W.ltll, a OCTa.'IbHLIX - 2unepn.tWCI>OCmRMU) ua3bIBaeTCH n-uepuoi; cemblO, eC:IU lIIefI\JW TO'lKaMlI H rurre prrJIOCKOCTHlIUI aanano orirorneaue nrunrnerrrnocra, Y.Il,OBJIeTBopHIOIIl,ee C.'Ie,n;YIOIIl,IU{ rpetionaanmr: a) 'lepeJ l'aFI'.Il,YJO T01JI{Y rrpO\'OIl,IIT onna 1I TO.lbKO onna rIlrreprr:IOCI,OCTI, Kaa;J\Oro lIJ n ,- 1 Ce'Wll:CTB; 6) n rnnepnaocxocrea, nprman.te.uamnv K pa3.l1IPIHhH{ ceneiicrnau, rrCpeCeKaIOTCH B oJl,Hoii II TO.llbIW O,n;HOM TO'lKe. TaRlIM 06pa301ll, ceTII, paccxrorpennue B § 6, B cnny nora onpenenenua 6y,n;YT ,n;BYlIIepHhlMlI ceTHMlI. 3aMeTIIlII, tITO ceMeiicTBa rnrrCpU.i10CKOCTeH LI, L2, ... . . . ,£1'H paBHOMOIIl,HbI - MI.I rrOJIY'lllllI B3aI~-lIIHOOIl,H03lIa'lHoe COOTBeTCTBlIe~refR,n;y L1 1I L'2, eCJIlI tPlIKcuPyelll rurreprrJ10CKOCTll l' E L", i = 3, ... , n 1, II rnrreprrJIOCKOCTH II E Ll corrOCTaBI1lI1 rurrepnrrocxocrn l2 L2, npOXOAHm,yro 'lepe3 TO'lKY rrepeceneuna ranepnnocxocrea lL,

'='

la, .. " t-», I1YCTb G - lIIHOmeCTBO, paanoxromaoe C i = 1, 2, ... , n 1. Hcnorn.ayeu ero ,n;JIHlUI,n;eKCan;TIU r-anep-

L"

II.'IOCKOCTell: arnx ce:'l8ii:cTB, rrOCJIC ner-o onpeneamr BG cnenyromau 06pa30M zz-apnyro onepanaro: a1a2 ••• anCl) = = b, eCJIU 'lepe3 TO'lKY nepecexeuaa r-nnepnnocaocrea ["+! E " E L i, ,~=" 1 2 ... .n, rrpoxo,n;IIT ranepnnocnocrr, b E £11+1. ,I(.llH STOHonepanan aa IW}I\,n;OMlI3 MeCT 1, 2, ... ,n

t:

cymecrnyer 0,n;H03HatIHO onpenenennaa 06paTHaH orrepaD;HH: TaK, perneHHeM ypanneaaa xa2 ••• a"U) = b 6YAeT lIH,Il,eKC TOll: e,n;HHCTDeHHOH rlIrreprr.lIOCI{OCTrr ceMeiicTBa Ll,

52
ROTopaH ROCTen
o

§ 8. l!-rpYllllbI

Z2

112'

npoxonnr Z3 a,,···,
C KaK n B CJIymnT

'1epe3

Zn an

TO'lI,y
b •

nepeCe'l8II1IH

rnnepITJIOC-

Zn+1

Anrefipa
06paTllJlIOll

OP;ROll

HU Ra;H.n;OJlIMeCTe, na3hIBaeTCH

Tan KaK, anrpynna

TOPOR CTOJIh

n-MepROR

me

onepauaeii, op;n03Ha'IRO n-neasuepunnoii, § 6, MOJRRO nonaaars, 'ITO BCHKaH n-Imanoopnaaarnoa n-Ima3nrpynnoH lIeKOcern, TO n-Ima3nrpynnhl OKa3hIBaIOTCH
n-apRoll 06'heKTOM n3Y'leHnH, IT KaK n I{Bayme 2-KBa3urpynnlJI), 'ITO n-I{Ba3nrpynnhl

eCTeCTBeHIIhlM (T. e. HCRO,

aarpyrrrrsr
Ra'laJIOCh. HOM

nx

IT3Y'leHIIe

n COCTaBJIHIOT MHoroo6pa3ne. Mnoro pausnre Ha'laJIOCb 113Y'leRne '1aC'rHoro cnysaa n-RBaaurpynn, ofiofimarorner-o na n-apRhlll CJIY'laR noRHTne rpyrnnr. l'IMeHHo, n-KBa3ITrpynna RaabIBaeTCH nepunnou, ecnn BRei BbIITOJIHHIOTCH CJIep;YIOm;ne T 0 iK)J, e C T B a a C COD; IT a 'r n B ROC T a:
(X1X2 ••• ••• XnU))Xn+1 Xi ••• X2n-1 W

rrpn

cPnKcnponaH-

=
.,

X1X2

(XiflXi+2

•••

X/+nW)Xi+n+1

X2n-1lO,

(1)

i
HaI{ 06bJlIHO,

= 1, 2, . . ., n - 1.
'ITO B n-rpynne 0 MOFRHO

ITa (1) cnenyer, ofipaaoxt ronopnrs nenron aI' a2, ... , ali' B3HTlJIX B OAH03IIa'lHbIlI[ 3a6oTHCb :YfO 0 TOM, KaK paCCTaBJIeHhl

rrponanenenan

k k

3JIe-

YKa3aHROM nopnnxe, He cRo6Kn, eCJIH, KOHe'lRO, T. e. eCJIlI npn

nponaneneaae soofime nMeeT CMhICJI, N',TIeHnH na n 1 naer OCTaTOK 1,

k

=1

(mod

n-

1).
npOCTO B nnne TaKJIW B cny-rae,

'Y CJIOBnMCH

aanacunarr,
(6e3

3TO

a1a2 ••.

xoma

ak

B TaROM

to). npoasnenenan
cnJlIBOJIa npn e.

nponaneneaae
'Yc.noBnlllcH rne-ro

CTOHT PHP;OllI

MeRTOB, paBRhIX Op;HOMy IT TOMY m:e 3.TIeMelITY BMeCTO arnx 3JIel\feHTOB CIIMBOJI am.

a, nacarr, n

3JIe-

'I'eopna n-rpynn reopna rpynn (T.

ananora

n> 3 cyrnecrneaao
TaK C'InTaTh KaK

OTj]H'IaeTCH OT

2-rpynn), Byp;eM YCJIOBHe

npn

>

ReT

ep;UHIID;bI. YRa3aHHoe

nanoxteno

> 3.

n03TOMY,

'ITO

nit

8. ll-rpYIIIIhl G. ECJHr
a E G, TO

53

fIYCTb naaa n-rpYIIIIa ypHBITPITIUI

pemeaae

0003HaQaeTCH sepes ii II Ha3hIBaeTCH lmeMeHTOM, 1<>OCbUI .rFur ;),'H'MeHTa a. Osaauaaerca, 'lTO lVIH ncex t, f i n,

-< -<

(2) (C'lI1TaeM, 'lTO aO oanaxaer )l;eiicTBHTeJIhHO, 113 an-Iii

an

OTCYTCTBHe sroro a cnenyer

alt-i (a{-lfian-i)ai-\

MHOJl{llTeJIH).

(an-1ii)an-l

a nOJTOMY paBeHCTBO (2) asrrexaer 113 eAIIHCTBeHHOCTH 05paTIIOii onepanaa na (n-i+1)-M srecre. BOJIhme Toro, 1J,JIR JIIo6b1X a, bEG RMeIDT r.mCTO panerrcrna (i = 0, 1, .. ,n - 2)
bair7a'll-i-2 ai{{an-i-2b

= b,
= b.
'1 anae

(3)

(4)
aaenO;YrO~lY,

J-(OHHlEeilI nepsoe II3 IIIIX. Moacao nonofiparr, flWHTbl Clf C2, •• "cll_1, 'lTO b = C1C2•• 'Cn-la. BBH'!IY (2),
baiijan-:-2

C1C2' ••

Cn_l (ai+liia"-i-2

)=

C1C2 •••

c 1a
l1_

b.

ny npn n). 3 MOiImo orrpenezmra I\al\ IIIHOmeCTBO C onnoB: n-apnoa oneparraea, yP;OBJIeTBOpmoII\eii 'tom,n;eCTBaM aCCO~I1aTIIBHOCTn (1), II erne op;Hoii ynapaoii onepamren ii, ,ll;JIH I;OTOPOll BIJnOJIHHIOTCH cnenyromae Toa;p;eC'tBa, HDJIfflOuraeca qaC'fHhllllH .cJIyqa~nm TOil'.r\eCTB (3) II (4):

Bropoe paBeHCTBO nonaasmaerca aHaJIOrII'IHO. Moamo 6hIJIO 6bI noxnaart. (CM. r JI e ii x r o s II X T H r .11a 3 e 1\,' Coll. Math. 17 (1967),209-219), 'ITO n-rpyrr-

yxn-2jj Ilycrs
ECRH

y,

yxn-3~x
X:tX"-3y

xxn-2y = y,

= y, = y.
aob.
na

n;> 3,

nana rpynna r C Y!lIHO)f:eUHeM TO CJIep;yroID;HM 06pa30M onpe.r\eJIHM

8. lI-rpYllllhl

HClIO, ny

n-rpynnsi,

moeiia onpeoessemcn epunnoii, eeui oua o6.1taoaem xomsi a) 1 = t, 6) O.ltR.lt106bl,x al,a2,. .. , an-l E G U .lt106oeo i, 1 i n. - 1, talaZ' .. an-1 = a1 ... aitai+l •. an-I' B canon AeJIe, eCJIH n-rpynna G onpeAeJIHeTCH r-pynnoa r, TO POJll, aneueara t nrpaer eAHHlII~a rpyrrnsr r, XOTH srcryr cymeCTBOBaTI. H npyrae 3JIeMeHThl, o6JIaA3romae CBoHcTBaMH a) H 6). 06paTHo, nYCTI. n-rpynna G 06.1IaAaeT ;meJlIeHTOM t C HymHhlMH CBoHcTBaMH. CJIeAYIOJlVUI 06pa30M onpenenmr na G 6IlHapHYIO onepanmo: AJIH ncex a, bEG aeb = atn-zb.
6u o8nUM
3.tteJ.tenmOM

qTO BCe Tpe60BaHHH, BXOAHmHe B onpenenenae BbInOJIHHIOTCH. Ha30BeM nOJIyqeHHYIO n-rpynonpeOe.lUleJ.tou rpynnoa ,IJ;oKameM, qTO n-epunna G, n:> 3, moeba U mo.uou:

r.

t,

y80B.!lemeOpRIOUfuJ.t

YC./toeURM

<

<<

::ho YJlIHOn,eHHe aCCO~HaTHBHO BBHAY aCCOn;HaTIIBHOCTH onepanaa B n-rpynne:

(a'b)

= (at'Hb)t'Hc
arpaer

= atn-z (bt"-ZC)
t:

= ao(boc). (3) 6YAeT (3)

POJlh eAmm~hl

3JIe~IeHT

BBHAY a) H

Haxoueu,

06paTHLIlIf AJIH oaeueara a 6YAeT pemenne ypaBHeHHH atn-zx = t, cymecrnyromee B n-rpyune G. Haua nocrpoena na MHomeCTBe G rpynna C YMHo}KeHlIeM a 0 b. Onpenenaenoa eIO n-rpyunoii CJIY}I\HT HCXO,!UIaH n-rpynna G. B caMOM AeJIe, nCnOJIbaYH 6) H nplIMeHHH neCKOJILI{O paa paBeHCTBO ant'H = an (CM. (5)), uonyxaeu:

a10nZo ...

oan = a1tn-2aztl1-2a3' .. an_lin-zan = = a1az ... a)(n-2)(11-1) = alaZ' .. an•

Teopeua noxaaana.

§ 8.

ll-rp~'IIIIbl

55

BHp,I1M, 'ITO JWaCC BCeX n-rpyrrrr, Orrpep,e.:'Iflel\u,IX upa tPIIRCIIpOBaHHOIII n, n 3, ORa3hIBaeTCH IIlHoro06pa3neJII, B curHaTYPY xoroporo BXOp,flT orrepartmr n-rpymIhI n erne onua nYJIhapHaJI onepanaa. ;:_ho lIfHoro06pa3IIo ORa3hIBaeTCH ;mBIIIlaJIeHTHhI!II 1I1H0r006pa3HHlIf, YHa3aIIlIbIlII B § 2, T. e. !lIbI rrOJIY'UIJIII erne onny tPOPllfY

MLI

rpynnaxa,

>

orrpenenenaa
Ilonarne

rpynnsr.

n-rpyrrrrbI p,OIIYCI{aeT cnenyromee pa3YllIIIOe onpannanns. I1l1IeHHO, 1II01I\H0 6MJIO 6hI IIOKa3aTb, 'ITO DCJIIWH z-r-pyrma II301lIOpqmo BJWap,hIBaeTCH B n-rpyrrrry, onpenennexryro rpyrrrroii. 8TO BM'IeKUeT II3 Teo p e 111 III no C T a (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 48 (1940), 208-330), YTBepa;p,aIOlIl,eii:, 'ITO nce n-rpyrrrrhI 1I1OiI>.H0 nOJIy'IHTh H3 rpyurr npa rrOllIOIIl,I1 CJIeP,YIOlIl,eii ROHCTPYKIl,I1H. BepeTCH rpyrrrra G, 06JIa,ll,aIOIIl,aH HOpIlIaJIhHI>];II AeJIIITeJIellI A, HHp,OJ{Crcoroporo IWHe'IeH II nenrrr 'IIICJIO n - 1, a tPaHToprpynna GI A - I~HI{JlIl'IeCKaH. Torna ClIIe)IiHhIH KJIaCC A g, HBJIflIOIIl,I1MCH 06pa3YJOID;I111I anencnron aTOH 4laKTOprpynrur, ofinanaer, BBIIp,y 15"-1 E A, Te1ll CBoiicTBOM, 'ITO rrpOU3DO,ll,eHJIe JIJ06LIX nero ;)JIeIlIeHTOB CO,ll,epiI\lITCH n caxtoxr aTOM I'JIaCce. H'JIacc A g OKa3hIBaeTCH, CJIep,OnaTeJIbHO, n-rpyrrrroii, a UMeHHO, n-rro,ll,rpyrrrroH n-rpyrrIIIu, orrpep,eJIHelllOii rpyrrrroii G. ,npyrafl <popllIa aroro OIIlIcaHIIH n-rpynrr - B patioTax X 0 C C Y (Publ. Math. 10 (1963), 87-92) II Jr. M. JI y C K II II a (MaTeM. c6. 68 (1965), 444-472). Ilpnneneu rr p II M e p 3-1' P Y rr rr sr, H e 0 rr pep, eJ! HeM 0 ii K a K 0 H-J! II 6 0 I' P Y rr rr 0 H. IbwHHo, aerRO nposepaerca, 'ITO CJIep,YIOlIl,aH anrefipa C op,Hoii repnapnoii OIIepaIl,I1eH 6yp,eT 3-rpyrrrroii (na caMOM nene anecs npUlI1eIIHCTCfI KOHCTPYKIl,I1f1, YKa3aHHaH n reopeue Ilocra , Ii CJIY'IaJO, xorna G Il,HKJIII'IeCRaH rpynna 'IeTnepToro nopnnaa, a A - ee nozn-pvnna nroporo nopanxa): anrefipa COCTOI1T"3 p,nyx aJIeMeHTon a II b, a repnapnan onepaD;I1J1 IWl\fMYTaTIInHa (T. e. npoaaneztenae X1X2X3 He aaBI1CIIT OT nopanxa COIl1HO}l\I1TCJIeii) If aanaerca panencraaua

a3 = b, a2b 8Ta

= a, ab2

b, b3

a.
CU,'[y

3-rpyrrrra He 6yp,eT oupenena'rsca rpynnok n noxaaannoa BUlle xapanrepuaanan TaKIIX 3-rpyrrrr, RaK ii = b, [j = a.

Tall:

§ 9. ACCOI1;IIATHBHbIE ROJIhQA
HaCTaJIo refipsr Ha'IHeM napany 38JIIIMaIOT

Bpmm
nOHHTIIH

BCIIO:\IHIITb,

'ITO

xypce ROJIbn;a 'ITO

BhlCmen If

aJI-

C IIOHHTIIeM 113 HHX. IIO

rpynnu

3Ha'IIITeJIbHOe

MeCTO MO;a,YJIH.

aCCOn;IIaTIIBHOrO

C nepnoro

HaIIOMHHM,

aCCOL/UamUeno IWJIba M II

noe no.usuo

MOiHHO onpenenars rpYlIlIOH (OHH 3TIl Ha3bIBaIOTCH OlIepaIIIUI

RaR MHOmeCTBO, .lIBJIHIOlD;eeCOOTBeTCTBeHHO aJf,[lH'lIlBnOJIyrpYIIIlOM 3 a ROIl CBH3aIIbI

CH a6eJIeBOn YMHOiReHHIO HOll IIa), r-pyrmoii IIpH'IeM

CJIOIHeHHIO H nonyr-pynrroii

H MYJIbTHIIJIHRaTHBIIOll

,[IHCTPH6YTHBHOCTH

X (y (x
ACCOn;naTHBHbIe MHoro06pa311e.

+ z) + y)z

xy

= xz

+ xz, + yz.
CJIO,[lOnaTeJlbHO,

KOJIbn;a

COCTaBJIHIOT,

noii

Jliotiasi atieneea epunna G MO:JICemCJtY:JICUmbaiiinunueepunnoii uenomopoeo accouuamueuoeo 1wJtblfa - ,[IOC-

T;)TO'IHO B3HTb

ab
rp

=0
y

na

HYJIeBOe CTOPOHbI,

YMHOiReHHe, r,[le He

T. e.

IIOJIOihHTb II 0 JI y-

,[IJIH scex

rpyIIIII>I.

a, bEG,

0-

HyJIb

a,[l,[lIITIIBHOH

.a;pyron CJIymHT

BCH K a H

nna

MYJIbTHIIJIIIRaTHBHOH HeROToporo aCCOIIH~ 1I3neCTlIO, "ITO ero ::>JIeMeHTa a BbllIOJI~eHCTmITeJIbHO,

IIOJIyrpYlIllOH T H B II 0 r 0
I{

0 JI hI1; a.

BO BCHROM ROJIbn;e HHIOTCH panencrna

,[I.UH JII060ro

a·O = O·a = 0,
T. e. ,rY2IbTHIIJIIIIWTIIBHaH HBJIHeTCH OlIpe,[leJIHeTCH nozryr-pyrma ROJIbn;a ncerna ayrpynm«

(1)
acCOn;naTIIBIIOrO C

nOAyepynnou
paBeHCTBaMH

ny.tteM

(HYJIb

no-

(1».

BCRKaR noJtyepynna G U30Mop¢no exJtaobUJaemcR e .MYJtbmunJtUKamuany1O noJtyepynny uenomopoeo accouua-

mueuoeo xosvua. Torna

I1pe,[lIIOJIO/I{HM JIyrpYlIlIOH IIO,[lROJIbU;O,

cnepna,

'ITO

yme

HBJIHeTCH

nozmo-

MYJIbTHIIJIHRaTIIBHOH IIOpOtR,[IeIIHOe 3JIellIeHTOB

nonyrpyrrnu

ROJIbJ~a

R.

MHO/ReCTBOM

COCTOHTb H3 rex O,[lHHM CIIoc060M

xonsna

R,

G,

6Y,[leT

1I0TOpbIe CyMMhl

XOTH 6b1

3alIIIChlBaIOTCH

B BlI,[Ie

(2)

§ 9, ACCOUIIATlIBHbIE

IW<lbUA

57

r,n;e a npotieraer n e 'I H 0 r 0 T 0 BOT 9JIeMeHT C

see :meMeHTbI HS 'I H C JI 11 0 THY

JIHIOTCfI D;e.lIbIMH 'IHCJIaMlI, JI H 'I H 0

npa-rexr
aTHX

G,

a IW3{{l{{llIIl;neuThI aaHe 6 0 JI e e R o1\ 0 a {{l {{l IT n II e H-

JI H; aTO YCJIOBHe na Roa{{laanacs nana

4>lID;lIeIlTbI OTMe'IeHO IIITplIXOM Y 3HaI{a CYMMhl. HCHO, 'ITO

kb

bEG 1 H k;

nonycxaer

,n;JIH scex B

=F b. B

(2),

ImeHHO, snna

COOTBeTCTRlIR co aroro

csoficrnaaa

onepanna

I\OJIbue

aneuearsr

COCTaBJIHIOTno,n;ROJIbD;O,TaR RaR

(3)

0= ~. O.a,
aEG

(4) (5)
(6)

( ~. kaa ) =
aEG

aEG

21'(-

ka) a,

2j' kaa.
aEG

~'lbb
bEG

= 2j'mec,
cEG

rne

me

HBJIJleTCH CYMMOH scex

OTJIH'IHbIX OT HYJIH npo-

H3Be,n;eHHii

HhlM 'IHCJIOM HeHYJIeBhlX Roacp{{lHD;HeHToB. B 'IaCTHOCTlI, paBeHCTBO

npasne

kalb
(6)

,n;JIHTaRHX

b,

'ITO

ab

c.

HCHO, 'ITO

'IaCTlI paBeHCTB 03Ha'IaeT,

(3) -

(6)

lIMeIOT BlI,n; (2) C ROHe'I-

'ITO ROHe'IHble CyMMhl, CTOHID;He paseacraa, nepesmonana

.MIIOmlITeJIHMH B JIeBoii 'IaCTH aroro

a{aIOTCf[ nO'IJIeHHO, 3aTeM npHMeHHIOTcH panencrsa

kaa·lbb
npoaaseneaaa c nonyrpymna

(ka1b)(ab),
11M :meMeHTaMH

ab G

3aMeHHIOTCH pasmnra H,

HaKOHeD;, BbInOJIHHeTCHnpaneneaae no,n;ROJIbD;O nopox.naerca,

no,n;06HLIX 'IJIeHOB. IIoJIY'IeHHoe O'IeBlI,n;HO, MHomeCTBOM G. IIyCTb sana reneps H

G-

npOH3BOJIbHaH nonyrpyrma. {{l0pMaJIbHbIX B aTOM MHOiKeCTBeonepatran

PacCYMM B CO-

CMOTPHM MJIOmeCTBO Bcen03MomHbIX

(2)

onpeneamr
ROJIbD;O.

OTBeTCTBHHC paBeHCTBaMH IwaTHBHoe 6Yll.eT cnenyer H3

(3) -

(6).

Mhl

nOJIy'IHM accoCJIOmeHIIIO aTO

caMOM ,n;eJIe, no KaK 6e3

atienesa

rpynna,

BCHKlIX

(3) - (5). Ilposepna

aarpyzmemra

aCCOD;naTHBHOCTH YM-

5B
nOiI\(,!II1JI rpO:>103ARa, IlLlX ».enae .1lHIlIh B H

§ 9. ACCOllHATKBHhlE

KO;;IbIlA

3aRonOB HO He

.u;HCTPH6YTlIBHOCTH HHRaRHX

ylIw

HeCROJlbIW 'ITO YMHOHMeIOID;nx paBHJ.IH

rrpencraannor C

npHHD;HnHa.'Ib-

TPYP;HOCTen:, H MLl ee orrycnaejr. COOTBeTCTBHH

OTMeTHM,

(6)

CJIOB BH.u;a

(2),

OP;HH HeHYJIeBOH

Koa<p<PHD;HeHT,

npHTOM

e,!J,HHHl(G, CBOP;HTCJI R YMHomeHHIO

::meMeHTOB

ncnyr-pyrmst

G. 3TlIM onpeneaaerca H30MOP<PHoe BJIOmeUHe aanannoa nonyrpymru G B MYJIbTIIllJIHRaTUBHYIO nonyrpymry nocrpoemroro MO<l,HhIX 'ITO MeHThI BCJIRHn: HaJIIH ROJIbn;a. HailleH nane 3TO canoe caofionaoe B TOM H3 'lepe3 B033.1JeBJIOmeHHH aJIeMeHT non yrpymru CMLlCJIe,

ROJIbD;a ROJIbn;O

3anHChIBaeTCH

nonyrpymru B Ilocrpoeanoe Hal\1H

nOAyzpynnoeblM

(2)

op;H03Ha'lHO. Ha3hIBaeTCJI

nblM

KOAblfOM

rronyrpymru

G - rpynna, rpynnu.
Ecmr noro C BaeTCJI J{OJIbn;a e.u;UHHn;en:

uenouucnenG, a eCJIH
KOAblfO.lt
aTon:

TO lfeAolLUCAelU-/'bLM

zpynno6bLM
nonyrpymra (CM.

My.'IbTUllJIUHaTHBHaJI

aCCOn;uaTHB-

06JIap;aeT

ep;HHHn;eH

KMb1loM

eiiuuuueii.
IWAblfo nOAblfo
'ITO ROJIbn;e B

§ 3),

TO

aaau-

ACCOn;HaTHBHhle

ROJIhn;a

COCTaBJIJIIOT,

O'leBH.u;HO,

BCRKoe eaemcsi
6

accouuamueuoe accouuamueuoe
cnepaa,

MHoroo6pa3He.

U30Mopifmo

6IlAaObLconep-

ebunuueii,

I1pep;nOJIOmHM nO~ROJIbn;Ot 6yp;eT OJ~HHM

ROJlbn;O

JI,HTCJI B aCCOn;uaTHBHOM nopoacneaaoe H3 rex COCTOHTb

yam

c e.u;uHUn;en: MHOiKeCTBOM xoropue BH.u;e

e. Torna

RUe,

::meMeHTOB, B

XOTJI

6hI

orrocotiox

3anHChIBaIOTCH

a
r.u;e

+ ke,
'lHCJIO; 0603Ha'lHM onepan;HH nupamenae B CBOn:CTB

(7)
ROJIbl\9

a E R,
CHl\IB0J10M CJIeAyeT:

k-

nenoe I13

(7)

(a, k). (a, k) -(a,

+ (b,
o
(ab

l)

= (a

+ b,

+ l),

(8) (9) (10)

=-= (0, 0),

/.) = (-a, I) -=

(a,

k) (b,
rerreps

+-

-k),
la

+ kb,

kl).
nap

(11)
Bup;a

nyc

rb

R-

npOII3Bo.Ttb1IOe

aCCOn;naTl1BHOe

KOJIT>I(O. PaCCl\IOTpliM

MHQ}W'CTBO BceB03MOfl,HhIX

§ D. ACCOUUATUnHhlE

HOJlbUA

51]
B HeM

onepanaa
Mhl 9TO 6Y,ll,eT

(a, k),

rne

a E R, k B

nenoe C

'IITCJlO,

onpeaeamr
(8) a O'IeBUAHO,

COOTBeTCTBUU

paneHCTBaMU KOJlbU;O CJlO,J{eHHIO, U

nOJlY'IUM

accorraaraanoe
rpynna no YMIIOJ.KeHHSI U rpOM03}J;Ka,

(11).
'ITO

accou;uaTUBHOCTU HOCTU XOTH

aa KOHOB ,ll,uCTpu6YTunnpencraaaaet HUKaKlIX npUHU;UnUaJlbHbIX TPY,ll,HOCTeii. E,ll,HIIHu;eii aroro KOJlbD,a CJlymuT napa (0, 1), I{uK HeMe,ll,JleHIIO CJle,ll,yeT H3 (11).
HO He

afieaena

nponepxa

Haxoaen,

U3

(8) (a,

(11)

cnenyer

(a, 0)

+ (b,
0) (b,

0) 0)

= =

(a (ab,

+ b,
0),

0),

T. Mhl

e.

napsr

nana

(a, 0)
caaoe

COCTaBJlHlQT caofionnoe BDU,ll,Y

B nOCTpOeHII01\1 BJIO;-W.lHUe

IIaMIl

KOJlbD,e

nO,ll,KOJlbD,O,

u30Mopqmoe

UCXO,ll,HOMY

KOJlbD,Y KOJIbu;a

R.
R

nOJlY'IUJlU

B KOJlbU;0 C e,ll,luIHu;eii KOJlblW

B TOM CMhlC.JIe, 'ITO aanncs

;3JleMeIITOB

Jj

D BlI,ll,e

(7) -

(8) -

(11) 1)

6Y,ll,eT

(a, k) = (a, 0)
He OKR3bIBaeTCH TOJlbKO If

+ ,.(0,
II

omroaaaxaoft,
KOJIbu;a lJUceJl, (YMIIOiI,enue fiblJlIi , HO KOMMYTaTUBHO) IIoKalKeM,

Accou;uaTUBHO-KOMMYTaTUBHbIe acconnarrmao nOHHTHO, KOJIbu;aMU nO,ll,CKa3aHJlI, rO'IJIeHOB manaerca TUBHbIM aanacannoa 3anucaHHYIO Mop!JlH3Ma, neHCTnOJlI KOJIbu;aMll tPYHKlwii. K

KOJlbD,a1\1H 1II1IO'Ie1\1 onpanacconna-

60Jlbmoii KOJIbu;aM.

anrepeo

nponanoasasrx
neaoropoa B afieaeay

PaCCMOTpUM

rOM01tWp!JlH3Mhl

rpymrsr
rpynny

MYJlbTUnJlUKaTUBHO, 3)J;):l;UTUBHO. ECJlU TO orofipaaeeaae

cP
q:>

+ 'i',
B

'i' -

G',
pa-

G,

)1;Ba TaKUx

rOMO-

onpeneaaexroe a E G,

a (q:>
TaHlKe BBU,ll,y JlI06hlX 6Y,ll,eT

+ \~) =

aq:>

+ aljl,
G
B

(12)
,ll,JJfl

rOM01\lOptPU3MOM

G'.

,IJ,eiicTBUTeJIbHO, nOJIYlJaeM

KOMMYTaTUBHO('TU

C,TIOiHeHHH

(ab)(q:> = aq:>

+ '1') = (ab)q:> + (ab)'i' + bq:> + a'i' + b'iJ =

a, bEG

G'

(aq:> a",) = a (q:>

+ (bq:> + b'IJ) + 'i') + b (q:> + 'Ij)·

60
HCHo,

§ 9. ACCOUl1ATllBHbIE

l\OJIbUA

qTO 3TO CJIOfKeHlle BCIO rpynny

rOMO?tlOpqJH3MOB KOMMYTaTIIBHO nYM60U 80MOMOprftU3~f,

II aCCOUHaTllBHO. orofipamaromaii roii CTOPOHhl,

Po Jib HYJIJI arpaer

B HYJIb rpynnu paBeHCTnO~1

):(JIJI mofioro

rouoxopdiaaaa

orofipaxceaae

-q:>,
a (-q:»

onpeneaaesroe
= -aq:>,
Tal, 1-WI,

G'. C npyq:>: G ~ G'

a E G,
)l;.1J:Hm06hTX

6y):(eT

rOMOMop!J!H3MOU,

a. bEG

(ab)( -(I-') = -(ab)q:> = -(a(p bq:» == = (-aq:» (-bq:» = a (-q:»

+-

+-

+ li (-ql).
):(.'Ifl

8TOT TaK

rOMoMop!J!U3M KaR ):(JIJI

0Y1WT

aE G

npomueonosoocuuu (-(p)

q.,

a [q:>
T.

e. TaHHM

+ (-q:»J q:> + (-q:»

nponepurr., He
6

a(p

+a

= a(p - a(p -= 0,
G

otipaaosr,

paBHO lIYJIeBOMY rOMoMop!J!U3MY. 8O."W~WprjJU3Mbl .uotiot; epunnu qTO B a

(JIerKO 6bI
C

xanecrne
JIIOOYro

sneer,

MOH\IIO Ohl:'W O)l;HOTIUIIIYIO

rpynnon) G

B3JITh

rpynny, B

anrefipy,

a6e.tteey apynny

G' cocmaensem

no cnoscenuto
pa-

a6eMoy
rpynnu

epunni],

qaCTHOCTII, rpynny.

3H):(OMOp!J!U3MhI afieJlcBoii BlVIeCTC C TeM, B COOT-

COCTaBJIJIIOT no aOeJH'BY ona

CJIOJIWHllIO, onpe)l;eJlJIeMoMy

(12), BeTCTBHn C § 3 no vxmomenaro

BeHCTBOM llORafJ\eM, TPllOYTHBlIOCTIf.

COCTaBJlJIIOT uonyrpynny

C e):(IIHIU~eii ,!~UC-

B CMhlC.'Ie YlllHomelIlIJI MMeHHO, )l;.rrJI .TlIoOoro

npeofipaaonannii.

qTO 3TH onepamra

CBH3aHJiI 3aROnaMJI

31IJl:OMOp!J!U3MOB

q:>, 'IjJ

II

X
= (aq:»

aE G

.'I

roo I,!'.::

a [q a

'Jl + (aq:>)x = + a(q:>X) = a(q:>'~ + (PX), [('I + X) q:>1 = [a('!J + x)J q:> = (a'!J + aX)Q1 = -= (a'l')q:> + (ax)q:> = a(ljJq:» + a(Xq:» = a (¢q:> + Y,q:». ('Jl
= (aq:»('IjJ = a(q:>'IjJ)
j

+ "1,)1

+ X)

AJIJI noro

nam.nerimero aaxoaa

OTMeTllM,

qTO

B AOKa3aTeJIbCTBe He llCnOJIb30BaJIOCb a6eJIeBOii rpynnu

nepTO,

)l;llCTPllOYTllBHOCTll

IJ:'f0 npeofipaaonamra TaI{InI ofipaaou,

q:>, 'IjJ, X

JIBJIJIIOTCJI 3HAOMOp!J!ll3?tIa?tflI,

3HAOMOp!J!ll3MhI

COCTaBJlJIIOT OTHOCllTeJIbHO onepatma CJIOil\eHllJI H,eHIiR 31I,~O:\IOp!J!H3MOB accoD;HBTHBHoe I\OJIbn;O

II YMIIOc eJ(HHlI-

§ 9. ACCOIUIATUBHblE }{O.'bl(A

61
a6e.'IeBOH

l(eH. rpynllhl

OlIO

lIa3bIBaeTCH

nMblfO,~t 9ll(}OJ.wprfiu3Moe

G. Bcsxoe accouuamueuoe
Tal, Ral{ BCHRoe B

xossuo

usouopdnu:

essaaueaemcn
epimnu,
H301lIOpqIHo TO

e no.u.uo

;J/-I,(}OMOprjiu3Moenexomopoii
aCCOl(IfaTHBHoe aCCOl(HaTHBHoe

a/ieseeoi;
l{OJIbl(O

BRJIap;blBaeTCH Mbl 6yp;eM

ROJIbl(O

C ep;HHHl(e:ii,

norcaasrnarr, CJIep;YIOID;YIO reopexry: Bcnnoe accouuamueuoe xo.u/uo R C eounuueii 1 U30JrWP rjill 0 en.lta(}bl6aemC!l e noneuo ;)H,(}OMOprjiu3Moe ceoeii adiiumuenoti epunnu,

B caMOllf
:=ho RaR

nene,

conOCTaBHM BCHImH

BCHKOlllY 3JIell1eHT

aOBaHHe,

nepeaonnmee :JHP;OllfOpqIH3M

x ER

ER

npeofipaB :JJImfellT

xa.
TaR

ap;p;HTHBHo:ii

r-pynmr

IWJIbl~a

Rt

(x
CYMlIW cyMMa MOB, H n I\8R

+ y)

xa

+ ya.
aa

npoaaaenennro
npoaaneneaae nORa3bIBaIOT

3JIellIeHTOB paBeUCTBa

COOTBeTCTBYIOT 3HP;0.\IOpqIllH-

COOTBeTCTBYIOID;HX

x (a
HaIWHel(, pa3JIHlIHbJe

+ b) = xa + xb,
aneuenrau ::JHP;0ll10P¢H311IbI, ran aCCOl(HaTHBHhlX 60JIbmyIO p;eJIHTeJIeii

x (ab)
H3 RaJ{

=
R
H3

(xa) b.
COOTBeTCTBYIOT

paamrsnsnr

1·a=!=1·b.
B reopnn paapatioraaaoa, ChI ROJIel(, ROJIbu;a 6e3 JIa3hlBaeTCJI He ROJIel(, mrae pOJIb HrpaIOT nnpo sen, H TeJIa.

+b

cnenyer llIUPOHO

necr.na

CJIep;yIOID;ue l{zlacMHorooopa3HHlIIH: l{OJIbIW

HBJIHIOn:t;neCH, HyJIH

IhwHHO,

xronrsr,
BallIII,

KO.ltblfOM ne3

oesumesea
;rn06bIx

lly.Jtft,
ROJIbl(a,

eCJIU ero HlIbTMH ECJIU TO

::JJIeCJIO-

OTJIHlIHble eCJIn

OT HyJIH,

COCTaBJIHIOT nonno.nyrpynrry p;ByX :JJIOMeHTOB H3

lIIYJIbTlfITJIHRaTHBHoii OTJIII'lHbIX YRa3aUHaH JIBJIHeTCJI naauaaercx c,TIYlIae JJCHO, HyJIH, TeJIeii JIH OT UyJIH, no

nonyrpyrrnu Cal\IO OTJIH'lHO

npoaaneztenae rronnonyrpynna YMHomemno

OT UYJIH. OT nyJIH

R, ,Re

OTJIH'lHbIX p;ame B

:JJIeMeHTOB l{OJIbl(O

rpynnoii,

menou,
nOJteJrt.
'ITO BCHHoe

aCCOIwaTliBHO-IWlIDlYTaTlIBHOM ROJIbl(a 6e3 nonpoc, nyJIfl p;eJIHTeJIeii 6e3 p;eJIHBCHIwe lIIOmHO

nOp;IWJIbIJ;O

B 'laCTHOCTH, HYJIH.

TeJIa,

casro
6e3

6yp;eT

ROJIbl(OM

B03HnRaeT

eCTeCTBeHHhlH

aCCOIJ;naTHBHoe

ROJIbl(O

,o:eJIIITeJIeii

62

§ 9. ACCOUl1ATIlBHhIE

}(OlILI(A

RJIO)IaiTh B TeJIO? ;:hoT BOUpOCORa3aJICH TeCnO CBH3annbIM C BorrpOCOM06 YCJIOBHHX,npa ROTOPhIXnonyr-pyrma 6LITh BJIOmeHa B rpyrrrry. liOn r-pyrmsr, TO !.IOmeT

JIa

csoncrn

rpyrmsr

HeMe,lJ;Jlenno

CJIefJ,yeT,'ITO eCJIH nonyrpynna

G HBJIHeTCHnonnonyr-pynG 6y)],eT naujepimnoi; e caxptuuenuscnu, T. e. ,D;JIH JlI06hIX a, b, e E G H3 ae = be, a rarone H3 ea ~= eb caenyor a = b. Ilonyrpynna HeHYJIeBhlX ~meMeHTOB
ncaxoro aCCOn;HaTlIBHOrO ROJIbn;a 6e3 )],eJIHTe;rren Hy.1IH TO 6y)],eT nonyrpynnoji 6e3 fJ,eJIIITeJIeii HyJIH C CORpaIIJ;eHIIHMH: eCJIH B ROJIbI(e

orxyna a ]\[OII;HO THBnaH II 30M

JI e B y

T. e. a )],ORa3aTb, 'ITO

= 0,

ae

be

= b.

e =f=- 0,

(a -- b) e
ROM H B 6e3

= 0,

B CH R a H

M Y T aa 6 eII a T H 11,D; · e H

0p

tP

n ox yr p ynna HOB aBC H B Hoe (T. 0p

C CORpaIIJ;eHHHMH a C Con; b

I, JI a )], bI B a eTC H I, 0 e e. HOB 06

r p y n n y, M Y TaT H 30M

H 0 - ROM Il 0 C T H) II T e .11 . O (Math_ noro nyJIH, rpyrrrra

K 0 JI b n; 0 JI aCT

JI H T e JI en

H y JI H

C )],pyroii Ann. 113 (1937»

tP

U e JI 0 C T-

K JI a ,D; B a eTC bI

CTOPOHbl,

A.

II.

M a JI b n;e 8
aCCOIJ;HaTHR,D;eJIHTeJIeii nony-

lIOCTPOHJI npnaep KOJIbn;a 6e3

(HO He

ROMMYTaTIiBHoro)

rcoropoe
MbI

He BIwap;bIBaeTCH B TeJIO, lIpH'leM 3HaeM, B nonyrpyrmoa

aeHYJIeBbIX 3JIeMeHTOB aroro

KOJIbn;a (HBJIHIOIIJ;aC CORpaIIJ;eHHHMH) nOCJIe)],HeeBpeMH 0 KY Th

HCH, l{aK

no BRJIa,n;bIBaeTCHB rpyrrrry. neCKOJIbKO aBTopOB,

B caxos

'laCTHOCTB,

()J;AH CCCP 165 (1965), 555-558),

aCCOn;uaTIiBHbIX xorren

JI. A. B
IIX

nOCrpOHJIH

npaaepu

6e3 )],eJIIITeJIeii HYJIH, ROTOPbICHe

BR.1Ia,'1;bIBaIOTCH TeJIO, XOTH nonyrpynrra B ;}JI(lMeHTOB BRJIa)],bIBaIOTCHB rpyrrrry.

aeayaeaux

§
XOTH

to. HEACCOqHATHBHLIE KOJIbI~A

TpOOOBaHHe aCCOI\UaTHBHOCTH YMHOmleHHa

B KOJIh~e OKaShIBaeTCH BeCMIa eCTecTBeHHhIM, KaK TOJIhKO 'ITO 6hIJIO nOKaa8HO, O~HaKO O'IeHh 'IaCTO OHO He BLIHOJlHHeTCH. no KOJIh~O. 3TO no aTH ::}TOB HeaCCOn;HaTHBHOe (T. e. CJIOmeHHIO H

npaxaae

IWJtblf0.M

HaahIBaIOT

ceiAac

He 06HaaTeJIhHO aCCOn;HaTHBHoe)

CJIOBa

«a88umuBnaR eppnna noswua: H «MYJtbmunJtU1wmu6'tblU epynnouo JWJtblfa» HMeIOT nOHHTHhIH CMl>ICJI.

OTMeTHM, 'ITO ~JIH (HeaCCO~HaTHBHhlX) KOJIen; HX ~OKaaaTeJIhCTBaMH) pa3HOCTH,

onepanaa

anretipa, JIBJIJIIO~aHCSI a6eJIeBOH rpynnoii r-pynnoanoxr no YMHOiReHHIO, nplAeM

CBHaaHhI aaKOHaMH ~HeTpH6YTHBHOCTJf.

HHIOTCH (C

smorae

coxpa-

rrpocTeimne

CBo:iicTBa aCCOD;HaTBBHhIX KOJIen;, B 'IaCTHOCTH, aaKOHbl ~BCTPH6YTHBHOCTH ~JIJI

a (b -

c)

ab -

ac,

(b -

c) a

ba -

ca,

MYJIhTHD.'lJlRaTHBHoe

cnoacrno

HYJIJI,

a·O = O·a = 0,
DpaBnJIO

anauon
b

rrpn

YMHoa,emm,

(-a)

= a (-b)

-ab,

(-a)(-b)

= abo

,I(OCJIOBHOTaK me, KaT{ B Dpe~~YIIJ;eM naparpaipe, ~OI<a3b1BaeTCJI,'ITO BCJl1iUU epynnouo G U80Mop¢no BlUta8blBaemCR

JrtYJtbmUnJtUKamu6nbn'1 epunnoua

(a nMeHHO, CTponTCH

rpynnoana na na

G), a exsaineeaemen B KMblfo

ueeouucsenuoe epgnnouiinoe IW"'blfO raxaee 'ITO 6CR1we lioJtblfO U8oMoprjjno

c eiiuuuueii.
~eJIBTeJIeH HYJIa nepeHOCHTCJI

nesomopoeo

KMblfa

Ilorrarae

KOJII,n;a 6ea

HeaCCOIl,naTnBHhlH CJIY'IaB 6ea BCJIKHX aaTpYMeBHii.

qTO

me xacaerca

nOHHTnH TeJIa, TO

npa

ero

nepeaeceaaa
»03TepJIUmO-

HeaCCOIl,HaTHBHhlHCJIyqaB BoaHHKaIOT paSJIn'IHhIe

MomHOCTn,

aoraa. Mhl
AJIH JII06hIX

npaseu noxa
6y~eM

HeT YCTaHOBHBmeicH

b,

ronopars 0 sosuue C OeJtenue.7t£,ecJIH r~e a =1= 0, ypaBHeHHJI

ax
06JIa~al0T aHa'IHO 06JIa~aTh,

b,

ya

b
He 06JIaaTeJIbHO OABOC ~eJIeHHeM MomeT

B KOJIblJ;e pemeHHHMH,

orrpenenemrsraa.

l\OJIhlJ;O

CJIe~OBaTeJIhHO, ,u;e.lllRTeJIHMlIHYJIH.

§ 10. HEACCOUIIA'l'UBHbIE

lWIlLUA

ROJIbn;O, B IWTOPOIlI YRa3aIIHhle TeJIen HYJI1I RBa3HTeJIO conepxrarr, ero meRIno rpynIIOH)J"

0)J,H03Ha'lHhlMH pemeHHHlIIH, na30BeM

ypaanemra 06,1Ja)J,UIOT j neasumenou, ,Il;eJIHYIIIHOHaIWHel~,

HO MOJI\oT H nO:3T0ll1Y

OTJIH'lHIJe OT HYJI1I ;Well1eHTbI COCTaBJIlHOT no nazse xnaaarpynny. neHYJIeBhlX

meso
JIynoi.

repxran

n;eJIeC006pa3HO npHlIIeH1ITb I, KOJIbn;y, MYJIbTIInJIHrpynnoan 3JIellleHTOB xoroporo MY1>aHrOBOH IIW}KeT, p;a/he

KaTHBHhlH

RBJI1IeTC1IJIYIIOH HJIH, 6hlTb

Moacao
T H B Hoe) M a H, R pam; B

noxaaar»,

'ITO 11 B

B C 11K 0 e 6 ea

(II e a C COn; II a -

I{ 0 JI b n; 0 London.

p; e JI II T e JI e Soc.

B K JI a P; hl B a eTC Proc.

R B a 3 H T e JI 0

Math. (cp.

1 (1951), 241-256).
IT. R 0 H,

(E.

ii

II Y JI 11 He

ii: -

OTMeTHM TaKJI{e, 'ITO B C 11R II e H H 11III H K B a 3 H r p y II II

ii: § 9)

r p Y II II 0 H P;

C C0 11

B K JI a P; LI B a eTC

nepcansaan
IToRameM

anrefipa,

VII, 4).
R-

(CM.,

nanpmrep,

Ymt-

nexoropsre

CJIY'laH n01lBJIemIH

HeaCCOI~Haa one-

THBHhlX ROJIen;. nYCTb

npOH3no.TIbHOe acconnarnnaMHTHnHYIO rpynny,

Roe KOJIbn;O. CoxpaIIHlI1 ero

panaro poeauusi
8TO

YMIIOmeHll1l

ab a=b

3alllenHlIi

onepauueii

KOM:..tymll-

= ab - ba.
JlHcTpn6YTl1BHO

(1)
OTHOCHTe.'ILIIO

nonoe

yxnroaceane

CJIOiI,ORIIH; TaR, nanpauep,

ao(b

+ c)
R

= a (b

+- c) =

(b

(ab -

ba)

+ c) a = ab + ac +(ac ca)
=
ROJIbn;O 'lepe3

ba - ca = asb a c.

+-

0603IIa'lUM IWJILn;O

nOJIY'lelIHOe

6hlJIO II

IW,lIbn;OM C HYJIeBLIlII Y!l1HOJReHlIellf. B 06m;eM me cnysae lOTC1I, O,lJ,lIaRO, JIep;ylOID;He C roxmecrna, Ha3bmaeTC1I mO:JIC8eCmaOM

1{0MMYTaTHBHbIM,TO RH 6yp;eT

RH.

ECJIH

npocro

0110I\IOJl\eTORaaaTbC1I HeacCOn;HaTIIBHbIM.B HeM BhlnO:IH1IIr3 IWTOPbIX nropoe

HK06u: x2 (zx) y
=

(xy) z
IIpoBepHM

+- (yz) x +=
aa -

0,

(2)
(3)

= O.

aTH TOmp;eCTBa:

aca

aa = 0;

§ 10. IIEACCOUIIATHBHbIE

RO;rlbUA

65

(aob)ce

+ (boe)oa + (eoa)ob = (ab - ba) e - e (ab - ba) + (be - eb) a - a (be - eb) + + (ea - ae) b - b (ea - ae) = O.

Y).l,OBJIeTBOpHIOIIl,ee TO/I\).l,eCTBaM (2) H (3), Jl,UeeblM. TaRHM 06pa30M, eeRiiOMY accouuamU(THO.l!Y IWJl,blfY R coomeemcmeuem. nueeo JWJl,b1fO R'-) e moil »ce aoinunuetcoi: epunnoi: u e YMHOJICeHUeM, onpeiJe.fl.fte.1lblM p aoencmooxc (1). HaR nonaaan JI a 3 a p l\o.uu,o, Ha3hlBaeTCH

(C. r.

Paris

MOllmo ,IJ,JIH

YKa3aTb

234 (1952)), ).l,JIH BCHKoro raxoe aCCOIl;HaTlIBHoe

B .lIHeBO OTMeTHM, 'ITO B YKa3aHHOM CMhlCJIe

;rIHeBa ROJIbIl;O

KOJIbIJ,a

H30MOpqJHO

BKJIa).l,hIBaeTCH

KOJIbUO JIHeBO

nansneamero

RH.

R,

'ITO

L L

ROJIbUO,

CO-

OTBeTCTBYIOIIl,ee

KOJIbUY

3HIJ;OMOp-

<pH3l\IOD a6eJIeBOM rpynnu G, MhI 6Y).l,eM naasraarr, Jl,Ueebl.lt JWJl,b1fOJI'lmiJoMopifju3Moe aTOM a6eJIeBOM rpynrra. ' i "YRallieM erne O).l,HH CJIY'IaM nOHBJIeHHH JIHeBbIX ROJIeu, EC.lIH Hoe) BaeTCH lOIIl,eeCH

R-

npOH3BOJIbHOe TO

(He

06H3aTeJIbHO

aCCOIl;HaTHB-

ROJIbIl;O, BCHRoe

npeofipaaonanae

ouifjifjepeHlfupoeaHueM

ROJIbua

MHOJIWCTBa

3H).l,OMOP<p1I3MOM a).l,AHTHBHOH

rpynnu

R iraanR, HBJIHROJIbn;a R,

T.

e. (a

+ b)6

= a6

+ l;6,

«.s «: u,
a,bE
JII060ro

y).l,OBJIeTBOpHIOm;ee

YCJIOBHIO

(ab)6
IIpHMepoM mHT HYJIeBOM

= (a6)b

+ a(M),

R.
ROJIbJ~a

).l,H<p<pepeHuHpoBaHHH

3H).l,OMOP<pH3M ero

J(uifjifjepeHlfUpOeaHu!t nsuom sueeo IWJl,blfO, a UMeHHO noiino.u.u» nueea nosoua [miJoMopifju3Moe aaoumuenoii epunnu noneua R.

R CJIyrpynnu. npOU3eOJl,bH020JWJl,blfa R cocmaea).l,).l,HTHBHOM

caMOM

).l,eJIe, TO

ROJIhua

-;- 62
JIl06blX

R,
Tal(}[;e

eCJIH IJ;H<p<pepeHn;UpOBaHHH 1H 23HlJ;OMOP<PU3M a).l,).l,lITlIBHOH rpynnu 61 ).l,H.p.pepeHn;HpOBaHlIeM, TaR PWK ).l,.TJH

6Y).l,eT

(ab)(61 = (a61)b = (a61

+ 6 = (ab)6 + (ab)6 = + a(M + (a6 )b + a(M2) + a6 )b + a(M1 --+- b6 = [a (6 + 6

2)

a, b

ER

1)

=
b

2)

c-

2)]

+ a [b

(61 -I 62)1.

66 HYJIeBOH

§ 10. HEACCOllHATHBHblE

ROJIbllA

;mp;OMopcpH3M,

liaR

yam

OTlIIeqeHO

nsnne,

lIBnpoP;HCP-

JJHeTCH p;HcpcpepeHn;HpOBaHHe~1. 8HP;OllIOPCPH3M THBOnOJIOmHhlH p;HcpcpepeHn;HpoBaHHIO TaR }WlI P;JIH cpepeHn;HpOBaHHeM,

6, can a, b E R

-0,

6YJIeT

(ab)(-6)
HaROHen;,

-[(ab)61

-[(a6)

= [a(-6)lb

+ a (bl3)1 = +a
6261

[b(-6)1.

JIHeBO npoaaneneaae

61°62
p;HcpcpepeHn;HpOBaHlIH pOBaHHeM, TaR RaR

6162

61 H 62 caMO 6yp;eT P;JIH a, b E R

p;Hcpcpepenn;H-

(ab)( 61°62)
= I(ab)

61] 62

= I(a61)b = [(a61)bI62 = [(a61)621b - [(a62)61]b

3a~IeTn:1II, na

+ +

(ab)( 6162 - 6261) = [(ab)62161 = a(bl31)162 - [(a62)b a(bl32)161 = la(bl3])lo2 - f(a62)bI61 la (bl32)161= (a61)(bl32) (a62)(bl31) a f(bl3])621 - (a62)(bl31) - (a61)(bl32) - al(bl32)611-= = la(61062)1 b alb (01°62)1.

qTO COBOI{ynHOCTb p;HcpcpepeHn;HpOBaImii ap;p;HTHBHOH rpymru B 06m;eM cnysae nYTeM.

I~O.Tlb-

nOp;ROJIbn;OM(acconaaranaoro) RJIaCC neaCCOn;HaTlIBHhlX

ROJIbn;a 3HP;OllfOPCPH3He 6yp;eT. ROJIen; Mhl no.rryqmr

MOB ero

,n:pyroH

CJIep;YIOm;HM aHaJIOrHqHbIM COn;HaTHBHOM ROJIbn;e a onepanaro

npOH3BOJIbJJO~I 3C-

coxpanmr

ap;p;HTHBnyIO

YllfHOiHeHHH

aasrenmr

onepauueii cuscuempuba. (4)

OTHOCllTe.:'IbHO

rpynrry,

poeanusi
8TO HOBoe

a-b = ab
YMHOmeHHe HanpliMep,

)J;JICTPII6YTHBHO

CJIOmeHHH;

a-ib

+ e)

= a(b

+ ea

+ e) + (b + e)a = ab + ac + ba-l-(ab + ba) + (ae + ea) = a- b + a-c.

KOJIbn;O qepe3 R(+).

0603HaqlIM

nOJIyqeHHOe

Ilonaareu,
(5) (6)

qTO B HeM BhlnOJIHHIOTCH CJIep;YIOm;ne TMHp;eCTBal

x·y = y·x,
I(x·x)· yl·x
= (x·x)·(y·x).

§ 10

Hl3ACCOUHATHBHbIE

}{OllbUA

67

CH\!oM

APJIe,

AJIH

JIro6bIX

a, bE R

[(a·a)·bl·a

+ aa») a + + a [(aa + aa)b + b(aa + aa)] = aaba + aaba + baaa + baa a -+ aaab + aaab + + abaa + abaa = (aa -+ aa)(ba + ab) + + (ba + ab) (aa + aa) = (a·a)·(b·a).
=
[(aa

a-b

ab

+ ba
+

= ba

aa) b

+ ab

= b :o .

b(aa

J~OJIbua, aaauaarorca COUHaTHBHbI, 'ITO

YAOBJIeTBopHroru;He

TomAeCTBaM 06m;eu CJIY'Iae MbI npananaezsar, xonsna.

(5)
ona

(6),
aeac-

iiop(}anoeliMtu.
XOTH

R HX 'IHCJIY

O'IeBHAHO, nOJIY'IHJIH,

see acc0u.HaTHBHO-ROMMYTaTHBHhle

eCRf>OMYaccouuamuenosuj nOAblfY R coomeemcmeyem IWAblfO R(+) C moil J/Ceaf}f}umuenou zpynnoii u C y~tlloJ/CenueJrt, onpef}e.rtReMMM paeencmeosc (4). OTMeTHM,

iiopoauoeo

auponev,
THBHoro ya;e pHll.

'ITO

He

BCHRoe

lloPAaHOBO A.iH

ROJIbU.O H30Mopqmo acconnaCTaJlIf ROJIeu. Teo-

BRJIaAI,IBaeTCJI MHoro06pa3HH napany

B RO.lIbUO R(+)

RaROrO-JIH60

ROJIbua c

R.
JIHeBbIX H H lloPAaHOBhlX ROJIeU MlIOro06pa3HeM aRTJIBHO II B ~1HOrIle

accouaarnamax
paapafiarraaaesnax RJIaCChl H

HOClITPJIHMJI THBHI,IX

60raTblX

H3Y'IaIOTCH

APyrHe

HeaCCOI1;I1a-

noneu,

qaCTHOCTH, TomAeCTBY

nOMMymamU6nbLe

nOAhlla,

YJ:OBJIeTBopHrom;He

(5),
reu,

uue
ano

IW//,blfa,

YAOBJIeTBOpHIOIUTIe 06'bHCHHeTCJI

anmuxosoojmamueTOfKAeCTBY (2). Ha3B~'ITO B JII0601lI liOJIbI\l'

nOCJIeAHHX I13 'fOmAeCTBa

(2)

BbITeRaeT

TO}J(AeCTBO

.r:y = -y.r.
,lJ,ellCTllII'fe.'IbHO, eCJIH

(7)
TO, BEHAY

a, b E R. b
2

(2),

a2

(a

+ b)2

0,

° ==
06paTHO, amT TaR liaR

(a

+ b)2

a2

+ ab + ba + b2 = ab -+
rpynna 6YAeT xoasna TO U3

ba.
conep-

eCJIJI aAAHTHBHaH nroporo AJIH nrofioro

He

3JIeMeHTOB

nopHARa,

a ER

(7) CJIeAyeT (2), BBHAY (7) a2 = =o",

68
T. e.

§ 10. HEACCOUIIATIIBHhIE

l<OJIhUA

= O.

2a2 = 0,

OTKYAa, BBHAY CAeJIaHHorO HHTepeC npeACTaBJlJlIOT

npennonoseenua, K.iIaCCbI

BOJIhIIIOH TaK JIhI KaK see

HeIWTOphIe

J;OJIeU;, flBJIlIIOruHXCH HeH3BeCTHhlX,

0606rueHHHMH

aCCOU;HaTHBHLIX

xonen,
TpH

B TOlHAeCTBe nOAKOJIhu;a,

aCCOU;HaTHBHOCTH yqaCTBYJOT TpeMH

TO BCHKOe KOJIhU;O, B KOTOPOM aCCOll;HaTlIBnopoameamre ::lJIe:'IeHTa~lH, B03T. e. Teo HOJIhI\3, p 0 !\I a aCCOU;HaTHBHhIl\I. aCCOU;HaTHBHhl aJIe~mHTa:lHH. xorna B HeM no TIoaTOMY eCTeCTBeIIIIO

caao
IIIIKaeT B APT

6YAeT

nOHHTHe ABYMH

asumepnamueuoeo

IW.ltb/fa,

KOTOPOM H H a,

nOAIWJIhu;a,

TIOpOIHil,eIIlIble H TOJIhHO rorna TOm1\eCTlIa

JlI06hlMH

Cymecrsyer

KOTOPOH KOJIhU;O rorna

3JIhTepHaTHBHo,

BhIIIOJIHflIOTCH

(xx)y
A.'IhTepHaTHBHhle MIIoro06pa3He; It H3 HCXOAHoro 60JIee T. e.

= x(xy),
KOJIhu;a

(yx)x

= y(xx).
CJIeAOBaTeJIhIIO, nnposen,

COCTaBJIHIOT,

3TO MOlHHO 6hIJIO 6hI YCMOTpeTh, orrpenenenan. IIIHpOK KJIaCC

Erne

Iw.lte/f

C accouuamueuusui
aCCOu;naTJIBHhI nee 3JIeMelITOlli.

em eneusucu,
nOAKOJIhu;a, ll1HpOK IOIUHX

KOJIeU;, B

KOTOPhIX OAHHM

nOpOiI<AeHHhIe KJIaCC

Becsna

TaKme

3.1taCmWl1lWX

ROJIeU;, YAOBJIeTBOpfl-

TOiHAeCTBY

(xy)x

= x(yx).
OqeBllAHO, Bee aCCOU;HaTHBHhIO) HOJIhu.a. (B qaCTHOCTII, B aTOM cnynae

3TOl\lY

xnaccy (B

HOJIeU; npHHaAJIeHiaT, 'JaCTHOCTll, TaK RaK

(I;JJ)TepHaTHBHhle

H HeMY

npnuanaen.ar xoarsrta,

H see KOMMYTaTHBHhIe

:M0PAaHOBhI)

(ab)a
II raione see KOJJhJJ;a, TaK

a(ab)

a(ba),
(B qaCTHOCTH, .'IHeBbl) BBHAY

aHTHKOMlIlYTaTHBHhIe RaR B aTOM CJIY'Iae,

(7),

(ab)a = -a(ab)
TIoHHTHe orrpeneneno LlIOBaMH, anrefip, B ROJIhIl,a, MHorHMII cymecrnyer 3RBIIllaJIeHTHLIX I,aK

= -a( -ba)
H nOHHTHe

= a(ba).
l\IOmCT 6hITh IlnbIlIlJI cnocofiarm; scex

rpynnu,

:mBHBaJIeHTHhlMH

xtnor'o
Ho.'1hu;e

pa3JJH'IHhIX

xraor-ooripaamo
paCClIIOTpHl\I

npOH3BO.'IhHOM

KOJIen;. Tan, npucoeouueuuoe

xmorootipaaaa

§ 10. HEACCOUIIATUBHblE

l\OJIbL(A

69

Y,M,H03ICenUe, onpenenaeaoe aeb = a

Tal, KaK OTCIop;a

paBeHCTBO!ll

b-

abo

(8)

(9)
TO nouarne KOJIbIl,a MomeT 6hITb onpeneneao npn nOMOIll;U 06bPIHoro CJIOiIWHUH U npacoenaneanoro YMHomemIH. 3aKOHLI )J;uCTpu6YTUBHOCTU npUHUllIaIOT reneps nenpaBbJ1IHbIH BUP;, a llMeHHO

(a b)*e ~'" a*e ceia b) = e*a

+ bee - e, + ceb - e.

(10)

Ilpouepux

XOTH 61>1 nepBhlH U3 BI1X:

(a -t b)*e = a e - ae - be

+ b + e - (a + b) e = a + b '-t= (a + e - ae) + (b + e - be) = a*e + bee

e= - e.

06paTHo, U3 3aKOUOB p;ucTpu6YTUBHOCTH (10) l~JIH npaCO('ll,UHeHHOroYMHOiI,eHUH CeH'laC me CJIep;YIOT,BBUP;Y (9), aaxomr )J;HCTpu6YTUBHOCTUP;JIfI 06hI'IHOro y~fHomeHUll. HyJIb KOJIbIl,a arpaer P;JIH npacoenaneaaoro yr.IHOiI\eHUH pOJIb enaanusr, TaR RaK, no (8),

a*O
U anaJIOrU'lHO

=a

+0-

a·O

=a
npu-

Accouuamueuue KOJlblfa U.MeKJm aeeOlfuamU6uoe coeouueuuoe Y.MH03ICeHue.

l(encTnuTeJIbHo, ecnn IW.llbUO

O*a = a.

aCCOIl,uaTIIBHO, ro

(a*v)*e

= a + b + e - ab - ae - be + abc = = a + (b + e - be) - a (b + e - be) = a*(b*e).

(a

+b-

ab) -I- e -

(a

+b-

ab) e =

ff3ytH)HUe ROJIeIl, C IIcnO,'lb30BaHueM npacoenanennoro y:vrnOIl;CHIIfI OTI\pbTBaeT HOBbIe B03MonmOCTU P;JIH paannTUR '{ eopmr. TaR, accOIVlaTJlBHLIe xoasua, HB.TIRIOll~IIPCH r pvnnoii no npncoemmennonv YMHOrIWHUIO,- pJ(JIlTHl(e.ii :11011 r-p vrmu 6YJ\eT, hal, ThILl suaesr, Hyrrh 1,O:lblW,-

70
3lIa::IOrIPIHbI 8TO

§ 10. HEACCOIJ,llATllBHblE

l\OJIbUA

TeJI alii ,

lIO

yme 6

COCTaBJIHlOT MHoro06pa311e.

nOJ1,blJa, paaUnaJ1,bnb~e
B TeopIIH 6e3 HOJIbIJ,aM .n;eJIIITeJIeii e.

eM~eJ1,e l{ »cenoticoua;
KOJIeIJ, O'IeHb aHaJIOrII'IHbI HYJIH

OHII

ar-paror ponr..

aCCOIwaTIIBHbIX

60J1blllYIO

aU7iaJ1,bn~e nOJ1,blJa, T.
COe)l;HHeHHOMY C cOKpam;eHHHMH noro npoc IJ,a B (CM.

naujponpa-

aCCOIJ,HaTIIBHbIe KOJIbIJ,a, no HBJIHlOIIJ,HeCH BCHKoe n03TOMY (CM. cep. B.

YlIlHOFKeHIIIO

nonyrpynnoa B03HIIKaeT BOIW.JIb-

§ 9).

nO)l;KOJIbIJ,O panaxaas-

KOJIbIJ,a nOJIypa)l;IIKaJIbHO, 0 B03MomHOCTU panauansnoe. II3B. 0 'ITO HYJIH BJIOIHeHIIH OI{a3bIBaeTcH

nOJIypa)l;IIKaJIbHOrO

A. A

H )l;

Yme,

H a K H e B H 'I,

AH

CCCP, anecs

lIIaTelll.

12 (1947)
IWJI()I~

12!)-178),
l<3I{ H B )l;eJIHTeJIeii H na

nOJIOmeIIlIe BJIOmeIUlII B TeJIa

B TO'IHOCTH raxoe IIOHHTIIH HO, KaR

nonpoce

aCCOIJ,IIaTIIBHbIX 1I1OryT 6bITb

(csr. § 9).
IWJIbIJ,a cJIYlJaii,

6e3 11.

pa)l;III{aJIbHOrO nepeaecemr O. OTl\Ienoxaaaa

nOJIypa)l;HKaJIbHOrO HeaCCOIJ,HaTuBHbIii B 3TOM He nsnrre YiKe

,nO~IaHOB, 'leHHOii M3Ha, IIMeHHo repnapaoa IJ,e

CJIy'Iae

reopena, naparparpe

aHaJ10rH'IHaH reopeue

B HaCTOHm;ellI I1MeeT MeCTa. erne O)l;IIH II. Cop

B. HeiiROJIbIJ,a. nayx o)l;Hoii I~OJIb-

OTllIeTII~I (CM.

cnocof K II H,

onpenenenaa YcnexH npn

12 : 4 (1957»,

10.
3TO

MaTeM. nOMOm;II

MOinHO

C)l;eJIaTb

OnepaIJ,IIH.

PacclIIoTpIIM

B npOII3BOJIbHOM

OnepaIJ,IIlO

abew Jlerxo
CIlTb nponeparr-, nee oneparran,

ae -

be

+ a-b.
onepanmo B 06bIlIHYlO MomHO

(11)
3anII-

'ITO 'Iepe3

3Ty

BXO)l;H~IIe

CHrHaTYPY

KOJIbIJ,a:

aabes

= 0, OaOw = -a,
=

abOw

= a - b,
C onepanneii BXO)l;H~I1X lITO 3TOM noaaaa-n.,

aObOwOw
TOlH)l;()CTBa,

+ b,

aObwaOw = abo
anrefipy TOm)l;eCTB,

3a)l;alOIIJ,He KOJIbIJ,O KaK nepenncsraaaaen rarcne aanano onpeneneaae 6hlTb O)l;HHM

(11),

nOJIY'IaIOTCH

Jl 06bIlJnoe OnepaIJ,IIII

KOJIbIJ,a, HO MomHO

}(OJlbIJ,O 1II0IKeT

OTHOCHTeJIbHO

e)l;IIHCTBeHHhIM

TOiI~)l;eCTBOM.

§ 11. rpYIIIIbI

C OIIEPATOPAMll. MO~YJIIf

Cymecrayer , nOlllHlIIO nepenacaenuux maure, lIIHOrO p,pyrnx THnOB YHHBepCaJIhHhlX anrefip, p,JIH IWTOPhlX MOlimO 6hlJIO 6hl npHBeCTl:I CTOJIb H,e y6ep,HTe.'lhHhIe apry111 enrsr , onpaamaaaromne HX BBep,eHHe H II3Y'leHHe. l\1JJ BLlHymp,E'Hhl orpaHH'IHThCH KpaTKHM nepesnexr neKOTOpbIX na lIHX - p,aJIeKO He ncex, He conponozsnaa 3TOT nepeseas I~O nexoroporo BpeMeHH CKOJIhKO-HU6yp,h rJIy60KHMlI TeopeMaMH, XOTH cpenn 3THX THnOB anreop 6YP,YT H TaKHe, nor opsre YiKe CeH'IaC npaaanaeacar K BalKHeHlIIHlII o6'bel{TaM H3Y'leHHH B 06m;eH anrefipe (nanpaaep, MOP,YJIH, naaeirnae anrefipu I{ CTPYKTyphl), a TaKffie TaKHe, KOTOpue p,OJIffiHhl 6YP,YT 3aHHTh nearpam.aoe nOlIOiKeHHe n anrefipe B 0603PHMOM 6yp,ym;eM. Em;e aa aape pa3BHTHH 06m;eH reopna rpyrm CTSJIlI H3Y'laTh epunnu C onepamopauu, T. e. rpynnu, B KOTOPI.JX aanana HeKOTopaH CHCTeMa ~ yaapaux onepanna, p,HC1pH6YTUBHhIX OTHOCHTeJIhHO rpynnoaoro YMHOiI;eHHH. IiHbIMII CJIOBaMH, rpynna G Ha3hlBaeTCH ~-onepamopnoii, S :meMeHThl H3 ~ - onepamopasui p,JIH G, eCJIlI p,JIH JIlO6bIX

a,b E G

a E~

(ab)a = aa- bo:

(1)

BCHKHH anesrear ex E 1; p,eHcTByeT, CJIep,OBaTeJIhHO, ImJ{ 3Hp,OlllOpqlH3M rpynnu G. npU'IeM pa3JIH'IHhle 3JIellfeHTL[ H3 ~ stor-yr p,e~IcTBoBaTh B G KaK OP;lIH H TOT me 3Hp,OMOPIPH311I. Bce rpynnu C p,aHRoH cHcTelllOH oneparopon ~ coCT3BJIHIOT, O'IeBHp,HO, MHoroo6pa3He YHHBepCaJIhHhl'C anrefip: cnrnarypa COCTOHT 113 r-pynnonux onepanair If 1;, a CHCTeMa TOif{p;eCTB - H3 COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HXrpynnoBblX roamecrn H rosmecra nnna (1) p,JIH ncex ex E ~. 3allIeTlIM, 'ITO nonanreripsr ~ -oneparopnofr r-pynnu n a3J.lBalOTCH ~ -aonycmuMb£Mu noazpynnaMu, a rOJlIOMOpIPH3J1fhl ~-onepaTopHhIX rpynn (C IPHKCHpOBaHHOH, noRRTHO, cacreuoa oneparopon ~) - ~-onepamOpl{bLJrtu aoMOMoprjiu3MaMU. IOID:HMH rrpmrepana. BCHKaH rpynna G 6yp,eT ~ -onepa'fOPHOH OTHOCHTeJIbHOJIlO6oH CHCTeMhl ~ CBOHX aanoxopI}lH311IOB.OT aroro 'laCTHOro CJIy'IaH nOHJITHe npOH3BOJIhHOH oneparopnoii rpyrmu OTJIll'IaWl'CH JIHlIIh '['eM, 'ITO

Ilorrarae

rpynmr

orteparopasra

noncxaaaao

cneny-

72

11. rpYTIIIbI

C OTIEPATOPAMU. MOAYJIU

n 06m;eM CJIY'Iae, xan yme OTMe'IeHO strnre, pa3JIU'IHhle MoryT p;ellCTBOBaTb RaR OP;UH U TOT me 3HP;01II0p.pU3M rpynma. ECJIU B Ra'IeCTBe ~ MbI B03M.IeM 1\IHO,1,eCTBO ncex 3HP;OMOp.pU3MOB rpyrmsr G, TO ~-p;onYCTJIMLIe nonrpynma Ha3hlBaIOTCH B reopna rpynn enosue «apaxmepucmuuecsuuu, ECJIU ~ 6yp;eT MHOII{eCTBOM scex aBTOMop.pU3MOB rpyrmsr G, TO ~ - p;onYCTUMbIe nonrpynrm Ha3hlBaIOTCH xapasmepucmuuecnusui. ECJIH me B Ra'IeCTBe ~ paccuorpers MHomeCTBO ncex BHyTpeHHRX aBTOMOp.pU3MOB rpynnsr G, T. e. rpaactpopuaposaaaa r-pynmr G npOU3BOJIbHbIMU ee 3JIeMeHTaMU (eCJIU .pllI{CHpOBaHO a E G, TO npeofipaaoaanae x -r a+xa. x F G, RBJIHeTCH, O'IeBlIp;HO, aBTOllIop.pH311I01lI rpynnsr G), TO ~-p;onYCTUMhl HOpMaJIbHbIe p;eJIUTeJIU rpyrmsr G U TO.;IbRO OHU. p;pyroll CTOPOHbI, eCJIU B npOU3BOJIbHOM xonr.ne R .pURcupOBaH 3JIeMeHT a, TO npanoe YMHomeHue na a, T. e. npeotipaaonaaae x -r xa, x E R, 6yp;eT 3HP;OMOP.pU3MOM ap;p;UTUBHOll rpynrnr nonsna R, RaR BhlTel{aeT U3 aaxona p;uCTpu6YTUBHOCTU. ECJIU B3HTb B R BceB03J1fOmHhle npamre YMHomeHUH, TO MOIRHO C'IUTaTb anrnrTHBHyro rpyrmy no.nsna R oneparopnoa r-pyrmoii C ca.MUM MHomeCTBOll1 R B Ra'IeCTBe cacrexnr oneparopon. ,I(onyCTUMbIMU 6YP;YT IIpU aron npamre Up;eaJIbI ROJII'I~a R, T. e. nonrpyrmu ap;p;UTlIBIIOll r pynmr, BbIp;eplImBaIOm;ue YMHomeHue cnpana na JII060ll 3JIellIeHT xom.na. MbI noJIY'IUJIU npmrep oneparopnon r-pyrmsr, B I{OTOPOll paaJIH'IHbIe oneparopsr MorYT p;ellcTBoBaTb RaR OP;UU II TOT me 3HP;OMOp.pU311I r-pyrmsr. B3HB B xom.ne R JIeBbIe Yl\IJlOmeHHH, MbI n :lHXOP;UIII R em;e op;Hon B03111OnmOCTH paccxarpanarr, ap;p;uTuBHYIO rpynny xoasna I{aR R-onepaTOPHYIO; norrycrasrsnra nonrpynrraua 6YP;YT npn 3TOllI JIeBbIe Up;eaJIbI noasna. Haxorren 06'bep;UHHH 3TU nne CUCTeMbI oneparopon, MbI npaneu I{ TaROll CUCTeMe onepaTOPOB P;JIH ap;p;UTUBITOll rpynnu xonsna R, 'ITO norrycraMbIlIIU nonrpvnnaaa 6Y)],YT p;nYCTopOIIHue np;ea.lIhI ;)TOrO ROJIbll,a H TOJIbRO OHU. OT~IeTUIII, 'ITO reopna rpynn 6e3 orreparopos HBJIHeTCH 'JaCTbIO TeOpRH oneparopmrx rpyrrn - ~OCHlTO'JHO B3HTb en:CTeIlIY oneparopon nYCTOll lIJIU iRe COCTOHm;eii: I3 onnoro 1 Toa,p,eCTBeIUIOro aBTOMop.pU3Ma.

oneparopsr

§ ll. rpYI1UbI

C OllBPATOPAMH.

MO,l(YJlH

73
orrepaTo-

M3y~eHHe POB

rpyrru

C rrpOH3DOJlbHOH H3y~eHHIO

cHcTeMoH

paBHOCHJlbHO CHCTeMa

epunn

c nO.llyapynnou
rrOJlyrpyrrrroH

onepaTI

a~, rrpIf<IeM ,n;JlH JlI060ro 3JJeMeHTa a paCCMaTpHBaeMOH rpynnu H Jl106hlX oneparopon a, ~ E Il ,n;mDRHO BhIllOJlH!ITbCH panencrno
OTHOCHTeJlhHO YMHOmemlH

mopoe:

oneparopos

HBJlHeTCH

a(a~)
B
caMOM CHCTe110H ;}Jle1IeHTaMH

= (aa)~.
rpyrrrra

(2)

neae, nycrr, naaa

2:.

C rrpOH3BOJll.HOH

oneparopon

TIOCTPOHM

ala2·
iI,eHHe

.. an,
CJlOB

xoropoa CJlymaT nceaoaxosonre me aI' a2, ... , an E 2:, n> orrpenenaorca paBeHCTBOM

no.nyr-pynny
CJlOBa

TI,

1,

snna
YMHO-

aCCOD;HaTHBHOCTh 'ITO

nonyrpynna C MHomeCTBOM 1: CB060,n;HbIX ofipaayronrax (cp. § 1). CorrOCTaBJlHH Ram,n;OMy CJlOBY a1a2 ••• an E II 3H,n;OMOpif>H3M rpynnu G, HBJlHIOID;HncH npoaaaeneaaea 3H,n;OMOPif!H3MOB, COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HX oneparopaa aI' a2, ••• , an E 1:, MM npespamaeu G B Il-oneparopnyro rpyrrrry. TI CJlYfl{HT ,n;JIH G ,n;atT{e nonyr pynnoa orreparopon, TaR xax cnpasennanocre rpecB060,n;HaH 60BaHHH IIHH

II ecrt,

aroro

Y11H0meHHH

o~eBH.n;ua.

OTMeTHM,

(2)

BhITeRaeT

H3

3H,n;OMOpif!U3MOB. OCTalOTCH H 6y,n;YT

Hcno rarose,
Il-nonycraasnm,
H

(3)

H aCCOD;HaTHBHOCTH 'ITO

YMHOJHe-

1:-,n;orrYCTHMhIe

rOMoMopif>H3MbI

Il-oneparopauan. Y CJlOBHe (2) nonaasmaer, ~TO, corrOCTaBJlHH RaJR,n;OMY ;}JleMeHTY nonyrpynnsr oneparopoa TI cooTBeTcTByroID;HH
MM nOJlyqaeM B rOMoMopif!Hoe 3H,n;mwp«pH3MOiI\IIO npacoHe 6y}J,e'r TaR, TO 'ITO 6y-

rronr-pyrrrnr

a 2:-orrepaTOpHbJe

eMY

3IIlI;oMOpif!H3M rpynnu G, orofipaarerrae no.nyr-pyrrma II MOB rpynnu G. K nonyr-pyrme oneparopon C,n;IIIIHTb rrpn enanauy e, aBToMopif>H3M aTOM ofinanaromaa eARIlIIIW ,n;eM ronopirn., OCHOBHOll napynreno. e,n;HIlHD;eH, HBJIHeTCH 'ITO OHa rpynma ECJlU

nonyr

pynrry

II scerna
RaJ{

,n;eucTByrorqylO

TOrt~,n;eCTBeHIlhlH

Gj

YCJlOBHe na rpynne

(2)

nonyr-pynna

oneparopon,

,n;eHcTByeT .n;eHcTDyeT

Tom,n;eCTBeHHbIM

oneparopou,

unumapno.

74

11. rpynTIbI

C OTIEPATOPMilU.

MO,n:YJUI

aroro JIBJIJIeTCJI nOHJITIIe epunnu EC.T.H1 naaa rpynna G C YHHTapIIo ,n;eiicTBylO~eH rpyrmoa oneparopos I', TO BCJIImH :J.TIOMOHT H3 I' ,n;eHcTByeT RaR aBTollloplfJH3111rpynma G, T. e. rpynna I' rOMoMopqmo orofipaaceaa B rpynny aBTOMOp<pH311!OB rpyrrma G, HJIH, RaR rOBOpJIT, npebcmaesena aBToMoplfJII3MallIH rpynnsr G. JI3Y<IemIlO npe,n;CTaBJIeHHH rpynn aB1'OMOP<PH3MaMHnOCBJI~eHa RHUra B. lL IIJIoTRHHa «Fpynnu aBTOlllOP<PH3MOB aJIre6paI1<IeCRHX CHCTeM», M., «Hayxa»,

c epunnoi: onepamopoe.

llacTHblM

cnynaeu

1966.
TeopHIO rpynn c r-pynnoa oneparopon lHomHO pacCMaTpHBaTb snpo-reu, RaR <IaCTb reopan rpynn 6e3 oneparopos. JIlIJeHHO, rpynna If Ha3bIBaeTCJI nMynpRMbI,M, npousaeiieuuesc CBOHX nonr-pyrm A H B, npnxesr B ,n;OJImHO 6bITb HOpMaJIbHbIM ,n;eJllITeJIeM B If, eCJIlI BCJIRHH 3JIellIeHT h E If 0,n;H03Ha<IHO3anHChlBaeTCJI B BH,n;eh = ab, a E A, bE B. Tpaacdiopuaponaaaa 3JIeMeHTaMH H3 A HH,n;yD;HpyIOT B B aBToMoP<PH3MbI, npoH3Be,n;eHHIO 3JIeIlIeIITOB H3 A coornercrayer nponanenenae cooTDeTcTBYIOID;IIX aBToMoP<PH311f0B,a nO:JTOllfY B 6y,n;eT rpynnoa C rpyrmon 06paTHo, eCJIH nana rpynna G C rpyrmoa oneparo pon II eC.TIH qJ 6y,n;eT COOTneTcTnylO~HIIf rOllIollfOp<pII311f01lf rpymnr I' B rpynny aBTollIOp<pU3MOD rpymna G, TO IIIIIOmOCTDO If nap nana aa, a E I', a E G, npenpamaerca B rpynrry, eCJIH YIlIHOiReUUe nap onpenenarr, no npaan.ty

oneparopoa

A.

rne af3 = a(~qJ) (T. e. 06pa3 ;)JIe!lIenTa a npn oneparopo ~ IIJIH, <ITO TO me canoe, npn aDTOMOP<PH3I11e ~qJ, COOTno1'cTBylO~eM oneparopy ~). Jlerno npOBepJIeTCJI aCCOD;naTHBHOCTb 3TOrO YMHomeHHH; pOJIb e,n;HHHIJ;hlnrpaer napa ee, rne e H e - COOTBeTC1'BeHHO enaaarru rpynn I' II G; 06paTHhlM ,n;JIJI3JIeMeHTa txa CJIYJRHT 3.TIeMeHT a-I (a-IV-I. TaR me npOCTO npOBepJIeTCJI, <ITO 3JIeMeHTbI nnna ae, IX E I', COCTaBJIJIIOT B If nonrpynny I", H30MOp<prryIO I', a 3JIeMeHThI nana lOa, aE G,- HOpllfaJIbHbIH ,n;eJIH1'eJIb G', H30MOP<PHblH G, II <ITO rpynna If 6y,n;eT IIX nOJIynpJIHblJlI npOH3Be,n;eHHeM, a aBTOJlIOP<PH3M,HH.IXYD;HpOBaHHhlH B G' rpaacpopxaponaaaesr 3JIellIeHTOM ae E I", COOTBeT-

§ H.

rpynUhl

C OIlEPATOPAMl1.

MO;D;YJIll

'75

crnyer
(UP

npn

1130MopqlH3Me Mem)l;y

II

G'

aBToMoptP1l3MY

G. Bnponex, nepexon OT nonynpaasrx npoaaaenerraa rpynn K rpynnaa C rpynnoii oneparopon (a raxace K ripenrpynnsr
CTaBJIeHHHM rpynn aBToMoP<P1l3MaMll npyrax rpynn) OTRPhlJI )l;JIH pasaaraa reopaa TaKHe aoaaoaraoora, xoropue 6e3 aroro He MOrJIll 6bI B03HllRHYTb. OTMeTllM XOTH 6b1, qTO KJIaCC ncex oneparopaux rpynn C tPllKCllpOBaHHoii rpynnoa oneparopon HBJIHeTCH MHoro06pa3HeM: K rose)l;eCTBaM, onpe)l;eJIHIOIII;llM MHoro06paSHe rpynn C CllcTeMo:i oneparopon I', HymHo )l;06aBHTb seeaoasroamae roxmecraa Bll)l;a

(xa)~

= XI',

ecnn B rpynne )l;JIH aJIe~IeHTOB a, ~, 'V BbIIIOJIHHeTCH paBeHCTBO a~ = 'V. ;:ho me yraepamenae cnpaaennnno, nOHHTHO, H )l;JIH RJIaCCa rpynn C tPllRcllpoBaHHoii nOJIYrpynnoii oneparopon. Bepneaca R np01l3BOJIbHOii cacreue oneparopon, )10 orpanaamrca reneps paccnorpenaea a6eJIeBblX rpynrr. 1I3yqeHJie afienenoii rpyrmu C np01l3BOJIbHOH cacreaoa oneparopon paBHOCllJIbHO nayneamo 3TOii rpymna xax oneparopnoa C aCCOIIllaTllBHhlM ROJIbIIOM oneparopon. Ilpa 3TOM, ecnn G - afienena rpynna, aanacannaa annaraano, a R - accorraarnanoe ROJIbIIO, TO G Ha3blBaeTCH

C XO./l,b/f0.M onepamopoe R an a (npaebl.M) .Mo8YJw.M ua8 XO./l,b/f0.M R, aaa iKe, xopose, R-Mo8Y./l,e.M, ecna G HBJIHeTCH R-onepaTopHoii rpynnoii, T. e. )l..TJH JII06hlX a, bEG II a E R axreer MeCTO paBeHCTBO (1), aanaosrnaeuoe reneps B Blf)l.e

aoeseeoi; epunnoti

(a

+ b)a

= aa

+ ba,
G
II

(4)
a, ~ E R
BhI-

H ecna, RpO}'Ie roro, )l.JIH JII06blX a E nOJIHHIOTCH paBeHCTBa

a(a

+ ~)= ao: + a~,

a(a~)

(5) (6)

(aa)~,

U3

ROTOPhlX nOCJIeAHee cOBnUAaeT C (2). 1\aR nonaasmaer onpenenenae ROJIbIIa 3H)l;OMOptP1l3MOB aOeJIeBOH rpynnsr, 6CR1WR a/ieseea epimna 6y8em Mo8yJteM

76 llaf)

11.

rvvnma

C OllEPATOPAlIIlI.

MO,IJ;¥JIH

.U06bZlIt

nof)KO/lblfOM

ceoeeo no.ltblfa

anaO.~.wprfiua.r,to6.

C npyroa
(5)
H

CTOPOHhI, eCJlH aanan

R-MOAYJlh

(6),

3THM 3aAaH rOMoIlIOP<P1f3M KOJlhlt;a rpYlIIIhI

SHAoIlIOP<pH3MOB aMHTHBHoii: '-ITO, paCCMaTpHBaH

Mhl

na CalliOM neae B cnynae aCCOIl,HaTIIBHOrO KOJlI>u;a R npesparunn ;)TY rpyrrrry B R-MOAYJlI>, TaK KaK cnpanenJIIIBOCTh ycaonaa (5) II (6) nurexaer 3AeCI> 1I3 CDOii:CTB
UCCOU;lIaTIIBHoro KOJlI>u;a.

nsnne

G.

G, R

TO, DBHAY B KOJlI>U;O KOJlhlW

OTlIfeTHM TaKiIW, rpYIIIIY yMHoa~eHHH,

aAAIITllBHYIO

RaK R-OrrepaTOpHYIO,

UCrrOlIh3YH

npaasre

ECJlII KOJlI>U;O R 06J1aAaeT cAIIHuu;eii: e, TO R-IIIOAYJlh lIa3bIBaeTCH ynumapnblM B TOM cary-rae, eCJlII e AellCTD

nyer

KaR TO}KAeCTBeHHbI:M: oneparop,

ae
T. e. eCJlII

= a, a E G,
IIMeeT MYJlbTlIrrJlIIKaTIIBHYIO

(7)
rrOJIYOIIepaTopOB. CIICTeMOH IIIOAYC CIICTl'IIIO}lWO Qepea

rpyrmy
Jleil.
MOB

KOJlI>u;a R YHIITapHoii: a6eJIeBhlX rpynrr

rpyrrna

nonyrpyrmoa
C

oneparopon

Hayaenae

nponaaonr.aoii
name

oneparopos § 9)
II AJiH

paBHOCIIJlI>HO 1I3yqeHlIIO

YHIITapHhlX

callIOM ,n;eJle, eCJlII

~,

TO

onacarraux a EG

nana afienena rpynna

nepefirn

K nonyr-pynne

oneparopon II

n.

cnocofion

0603HaQlIlII

~elIOQIICJleHHoe nonyrpynnonoe

KOlIl>U;Ononyrpynrra JlI060ro 3J1eMeHTa

If

(CM.

nrofioro

p = ~. lea.a., pER, a.Ell

(cp,

§ 9)

IIOJIOmHlI1

ap = ~. i; (aa.).
"Ell

Be3

3UTpYAHeHIIii: nponepnerca,

qTO rpyrma

npenpaD § 9, k) E R

~aeTCH 9TlIM B R-MOAYJlI>. BJIOmlI1tf, aaxonen, B KOlIl>U;0 C e,n;IIHIIu;eii:

ft

A"II!

JlI06oro

(cp.

§ 9)

aE G

R cnocotiox,
II JlI06oro

I\OJII>U;O R

YKa3aHHhlM

nnexrerrra

(p,

rrOJIomUIIi

a (p, k)
I'pynna

ap

+ ka,
R-IIIOf\Y,I}"

npeapamaercs

;)TlIM D YHIITapuhIii:

11. rpYITITbI C OITEPATOPAMH.MOp:YJIH

71

npanex

ee

1:-p;onycTHMhle T. e.

nonrpynrnr

OCTaIOTCR B 6YP;YT B

RG,

p;onycTHMhlMH,

6YP;YT nop;Mop;YJIRMH R-MO/1,YJIR

a ~-onepaTopHhle TOpHhlMH. Ha nOJIb30BaJIHCb nsnne oneparopon,

rOMoMop4>H3MhI IRe

R-onepa-

OCHOBaHHH TaKHX B

coofipazsenaa, nonyrpynma

cnyxae

xaxae

HC-

HJIH rpynmr

YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCJI, 'ITO ece R-Mof}y.ltU nai) rjiUI'>cupOeannb/;M I'>O.ItblfOM R (a maxsce ece ynumapnb/;e R-Mof}y.ltU nai) I'>OAblf0.M R c ef}unulfeu) COCma6.llHIOm sucoeootipasue. OTMeTHM, 'ITO eCHI'>aH aneseea epunna G H6.ltHemCH YllumapnblM Mo{)Y.lteM uai) I'>O.ltblf0.M lfe.ltb/;X 'iuce.lt,eCJIH k - JII060e nenoe 'IHCJIO, TO ero p;eiiCTBHe RaK oneparopa COCTOHTB TOM, 'ITO BCRKHii 3JIeMeHT a E G nepexornrr B cnoe k-KpaTHoe ka. YHBTapHhle MOP;YJIH Hap; aCCOn;HaTHBHhIM (He 06JI3aTeJIbHO KOMMYTaTHBHhlIlI) TeJIOM K Ha3hIBaIOTCJI (npaeblMu)

eenmopnusui npocmpancmeauu Hap; K; eCJIH K - nOJIe, TO p;06aBJIRTb «npaasnrm nOHJITHO, BeT neotixonmrocrn. Maoroofipaaae BeRTopHhIX npOCTpaHCTB Hap; TeJIOIII K
RBJIJIeTCJI OP;HBllf B3 nee anrefipsr HeMHorHX npnxepon MHoroo6paaHii, KOTOPhlX MoryT 6hlTb nOJIHOCTbIO onacanu. Jl!IfeHHO, BCRKoe searopaoe npOCTpaHCTBO Hap; K ofinanaer tiaeascu, T. e. MaKCHMaJIbHhlMH JIHBeiiHO HeaaBHCHMhlMH nO)J;!lfHomeCTBaMH, rrpanea onny npOCTpaHCTBa. sexropnoe nexropaax !I1epHOCTb. see ero Ga3hl HMeIOT B Ty me MO~HOCTb; OHa Ha3hlBaeTCR

paexepuocmiao
HaROHen;, )J,fla

p;pyroii

CTOPOHhl, P;JIR BCRKOii lIIOlll,HOCTH Hap; TeJIOI\f K cymecrsyer

m, Kone1JHoii BJIB 6eCKOHe'lHoii,

npOCTpaHCTBO pa3MepnOCTB m. xorna

npOCTpaHCTBa Hap; TeJIOM K B30MOp4>Hhl rorna OHH HMeIOT Op;Hy H Ty a{e pas-

H TOJIbKO rorna,

§ 12. IIPE~CTABJIEHIUI

AJIrEBP

YHI1BEPCAJIbHbIX B nOJIyrpYIIIIAX

pC,fJ,LT,fJ,YIIJ;Hll napar parp JJ;aJI naM npaxepu ame6p C 6CCIWHe'lHI.IM MHOiReCTBOMonepanaii. EIIJ;e pansme MhI BCTpetIaJIHCI. C onepanamta rrpOH3BOJII.nOll apnOCHL Mo.rcno C'IHTaTI., TalUlM 06pa30M, 'ITO rrOHHTHe yaanepCaJILHOll aJHe6pI.I Yihe ,fJ,OCTaTO'lHO XOPOlliO onpaanano BO Bcell TOll 06IIJ;HOCTH,B KaIwii OHO 6bIJIO BBe,fJ,eHO § 1. n Cymecrnyer, O,fJ,HaKO,B03MOiKHOCTI. C,fJ,eJIaTI.3'1'0 onpannaane eIIJ;e 60JIee y6e,fJ,HTCJII.HI.IM,noxaaan, 'ITO na caMOM ,fJ,e,lIe see YHHBepCaJII.Hhle anrefipsr nor-yr 6I.ITI. lIeKOTopI.TM eCTeCTBeHHhlM cnocofioxr rrO.'IY'leHbI npa rrOMOIIJ;H non yI1YCTb naaa noayr-pyrma II. 3aqJHhCHpyeM B Hell a.tesreur a, n03I.MeM HaTypaJII.HOe 'IHC,1I0n H paCCMOTpHMCJIOnO
Xl •••

rpymr.

x"a.

(1)

JIro60M CHCTeMe 3na'leHHll bl, ... , b., E II HeH3BeCTHbiX ,r l' ... , Xll CJIOBO(1) conocraan aer 0,fJ,H03Ha'inO onpeneJIeIlIIblM 3JIeMeHT bl ... bna nonyrpynnu 11, '1', e. onpell,eJIHOTn II zz-apnyro oneparmro. HOHe'lHO, n-apllI.Ie npoH3nO;J,Hble onepanaa MOflmo 3a,fJ,aTI, B nonyrpynno Il I! xmorrma npyrnsta cnocofiasm," HO MI.I orpanamorcn eC~itIaC onepauaann, orrpe,fJ,e.:rHeMI.IMH C:IOBa~m nnna (1), To e. 3a,fJ,aHHeM'1l1c.:ra n II ;)JIe~leIITa a, ECIu naaa rrpOU3BOJIbllaH cnrnarypa Q, TO conocraauxt Eaa,,fJ,OMY (0 E QIl' n 1, HenOTOpI.III :JJIel\IOIlT a.; nonyr-pyrmu II (3TH 3JIellleHTbI He 06HJaHhl 6bITI. pa3:IIT'I11 hlMII ,fJ,JIHpa3JIH'IHI.IX (I)) II 3a,fJ,Rll,HMna onepantuo 'f) npn noxoura cnona Xl ••• xllaW' ECJIH. cnepx '1'01'0, ;,.,e~leHTbI ao> 6Y,fJ,YT 3aqJIlI;CnpOBalIbI B II il,JIH llCCK Qo, TO na ~IHOa,eCTBe II 6YJl,eT aanaua aJIreopJ cm-aarypu Q, ROTOPYro IIa30neM cneuuanuuoii npouseoouoii aaeetipoii cuenamupii Q na nMy8pynne II, ::ha anretipa onperteaaercn, KOHe'lHO, Bhl60pOM anevton'roa (1,.), til E Q, MI.I CI,aiReM, 'ITO anrefipa G cnrnarypu f~ 06,"Ta;laeT cneuuaxuuisc mOl{HbLM npeiicmaesenuesc R nonyr-pyrme II, eczia OHa H30MOP<PHO BIWa,fJ,I.IBaeTCH HeIWTOpyIO cneB Il,Ua.:ILHylO rrp01I3BO,fJ,HyIOanrefipy carnarypu Q na aroii nocryrpymre. )l;oKaa,eM CJIe,fJ,YIOIIJ;YIO 'I' e 0 p e M Y 1\ 0 II a - P e 6 a H e (II. K 0 II, YlllfBepCUJIbHaH a.i-

>

(,)(=

§ 12. TIPE,!l,CTABJlEHlUI

"YHHBEPCAJ1hHhIX

AJIrEBP

79
MaTeM.

re6pa,

M., ((MHp»), 1968; 10. R. P m. 7 (1966), 878-885).

e6

H e,

CH6.

BC.Hlw.H aneetipa G npoueeonucou cueuamupu 0 o~JI,aBaem cneuuasuucs. moiuuc» npedcmaenenuesc 6 uenomopoit

nO/tyzpynne
)1,
6yp;eT

0Ka

n.

a r e JI h C T B O.

lIcKoMaH

cHMMeTpH'IeCKoii:

ncex
ero

rrpeofipaaonaaaa)
;meMeHTaMH CJIymaT

rronyr-pynnoa (T. na CJIep;yrolIl,eM

BceBOSMOII\Hhle

e.

noayrpynna Il noayrpynrron

MHomeCTBe TaKHe

M:

ynopanoaenaue KOHe'IHhle CTPOKH (uI, ••• , Us), ~TO ncaxoe Ui, i = 1, ... , S, HBJIHeTCH HJIH aexoropsnr aneMeHTOM HS G, HJlH me HeKOTOphIM CHMBOJIOM ro E 0 noJIOmHTeJlbHOii apHOCTH, npH'IeM eCJIH u) = ro EOn, 12 :> 1, H eCJlH n 1j S, TO 9JIeMeHThI Uj-n , •••

aerrycrrae

+ <<
He B

•, Uj-l T. e.

,!l,OJImHhI

ConOCTaBHM HYJIhapHO H

Kamp;OMY

nee 6hlTh 8JIeMeHTaMH U3 G. (i)E 0 aJIeMeHT <T", nonyrpyrmu

MHOJEeCTBa

npeofipaaonaaae
OTMe'laeT aJIeMeHTa

M.

Il,
ro

lIMeHHo,

eCJIH

arofioro

(!tl,

anrefipe G .•. ,u,,) E M

aJIeMeHT

0""

TO ,lIJlH

nOJIOJI{HM

(2)
CTpOHa, ECJIH me CTOHlIl,aH
(U

ERn,

cnpana,

n;> 1,

CHOBa 6YlleT TO

:meMeHTOM

JJ3

noaar

M.
(3)

aeu

eCJIH T. B e.

cnpana
eCJIH S a TO

;> n

CTOHT 8JIeMeHT H B

HS

ace anezrearsr u._n+l'

G
CYlIl,eCTByeT

M;

eCJIH iI,e ••• aJIeMeHT

8TO He TaK, , Us US-ll-: ;:remaT 1 •••

G,

noaTOMY

'Us(i),

rronaraea

(4)
lIcnoJIh3YH MeHTOB rpynne TYPhl

anexearu a"" ro E Q, B aasecree anea.; MhI, KaH YKasaHO nsnne, rrocrpoaa aa I10JIYIT crrerraansayro npOH3BOllHYro anrefipy CHrHaQ. Iloxaaresr, 'ITO B nee H30MOPtPHO BKJIa,!l,hlBaeTCH
anrefipa

HCXO,!l,HaH

npeofipaaonanae

aE G

G.

ConOCTaBHM

BCHKOMY

3JIeMeHTY

CJIellyroID;HlI

8JIeMeHT

MH01f{eCTBa

CPa rronyr-pyrrmr )1,1):

Il

(T.

e.

(5)

80

§ 12. IIPE,ll;CTABJIEHIIH

YHHBEPCAJIbHbIX

AJlfEBP

CTpOKa, cToHrqaH CnpaBa, oy;a;eT, OqeBH,ll;HO, 3JIeMeHTOM MHO~KeCTBa M. ECJIH a,b E G H a =1= b, TO IPa =1= <Pb, TaR KaR, uanpmrep, BBH,ll;Y (5)

(a)q:ra

= (a,a),

(a)<pb= (a,b).

TIOJIyqeHHOe B3aHMHO onnoana-raoe OTOOpaJReHrre G B TI HBJIHeTCH 1I30Mop!fJHhlM. B caMOM nene, eCJIH W E Qo, TO, no (5) H (2),

<Po", Ecnn xre

(j)

(J",.

E QIl'

n;>

1, TO, BBH,ll;Y (5) H (4),

Teopeaa ROHa - Pefiane noxasana. 8Ta reopena He naer B03MOJ:I\HOCTH, OHHTHO, CBO;a;HTb n ace npOOJIeMhl 06m;eii anrefipsr K reopaa noxyrpyrm, OHa nonaauaaer, O,ll;HaKO, qTO nee TO, qTO Mhl aaynaex B 06rqeii anrefipe, B KOHeqHOM cnere CO;a;epJRHTCH B noayrpynnax. B n;HKJIe pa60T 10. K. P e 6 a H e (CHO. MaTeM. ~K. 7 (1966), 878-885; 10 (1969), 945-949) ynaaansr xapaxrepaaanaa rex
anrefip, xoropsre OOJIa,ll;aIOT TOqHhlM npe;a;CTaBJIeHHeM B KOMMYTaTHBHhlX nonyrpynnax, B nonyrpynnax C coKpam;eHHHMH, a TaKffie B noayrpymrax C HeKOTophlMH ;a;pyrHMII CBoHcTBaMli. .

§ 13. YHHBEPCAJIbHbIE AJIrEBPM C OIIEPATOPAMII. JI.I1<{)tDEPEHI];tIAJIblIhlE KOJIbIJ;A. JIIIHEl1HbIE AJIrEBPhI. MYJIbTIIOTIEPATOPHbIE rrvtmsr, ROJIbQA II JIIIHEHHLIE AJIrEBPbI
CIIOll,HaJIbHble aa nonyrpyrmax, IIPOH3BOAHble KOTOPbIMH 6bIJIH CBH3aHbI

anrefipa
HHhlMH

camarypu
CJIOBaMH, KOTOPOH

]\fbI IIOJIb30naJIHCb

B IIpeAMB IIOMI,I CHCTe-

nymesr naparparpe,
JIyrpyIIIIe MOH H paCClIIaTpHnaJIH HYJIbapHbIX MOW:HOCTII HPyrllo C lIyJIbaplIhlx KOJIeI~

C <pHKCnpOnaHHeM AOilOJIHHTeJIbHOH

9JIe~IeHTOB

a'M

W E Q.
C

IIOJIyrpyIIIIy

paccxarpanarorca THIIhl anrefip C AOilOJIHHTem:'HOH cacrexoa onepauaa. 'I'axono, nanpmrep, MlIorooopaaHe

MHO;-ImCTBa

orrepanmi,

MOm.HOCTb

Q.

Hnorna

panna

eAIIHluWH, OAHOH

conepacameeca
AOnOJIHHTeJIbHOH

IIIHor006pa3HH HYJIbapHOH one-

panaen,
Hoi C

ncex

KOJIell, C

CTOJIb iRe qaCTO BCTpeqaIOTCH cHcTeMoH

aJIreOpbI TaK,

C ,Il;OnOJIHIITeJIbnOHHTHe

yaapnux onepanaa.

rpynma
nOHHTHH

oneparop a E 1: AOJImeH AeicTBOBaTb B anrefipe G sroro xaorootipaaan KaK nexoropsra asnoMOP<PH3M OTHOCHTeJIbHO onepanaa Q. RaK H B § 11, OT npOH3BOJIbHOH CHCTeMhl oneparopon 1: B 9TOM ofim.elll cnysae raxace MOiRHO nepejira K nonyrpyrme onepapOD KaiRAhlH TOpOB.

oneparopaxu He~IeAJIeHHO anrefipsr MHoroo6pa3HH (Q,

1::

ofiofimaerca AO 1\) C cHcTeMoH

oneparo-

B qaCTHOCTH, eCJIH paCCMaTpHBaeTCH IW.ltblfO R c cucmeuoii onepamopoe 1:, TO ,Il;JIH JII06l>1X a, b 6 R H a E E l: 6YAeT (1) (a b)Ct. = aa ba, (ab)a = acx. • ba. (2)

qacTo onepauaa rpynmr C

paccxarpnaaror,
cHcTeMoi KaK AeHCTBYIOT KOJIhll,a, B

OAHaKO,

xon sna onepanaa, YCJIOBlIe

C TaKoH qTO

,Il;O3TH

nOJIHHTeJIhHOH

ynapaux

3HAOMOP<PH3Mbl BblpamaeMaH YCJIOnHeM. (CM.

aAAHTHBHoii

T. e. BhlnOJIHHeTCH xonsne, APyrHM KOJIbIJ,a

(1),
TaK,

HO cnHah

YlllHomeHHeM

YCJIOBHeM

(2).

aaMeHHeTCH CJ1eAYIOm.ee

uenoropsra onpeneneaae:

nOHHTHC

,Il;HrP<pepeHll,HpOBaHllH

§ 10)

rrozrcnaatrnaer

82

13. YHHBEPCAJIbHbIE

AJI1'EBPbI C orrEPATOPAIIHI

KO.1JbIl,O

uuasuuu»
lJOM),
H THBHOH

R
~

Ha3hl,BaeTCH

onepamopoe
xonsna

1W.llblfO.M c CUCme.MOl'i fJurjJrjJepen~ (aaa iJurjJrjJepe1tlfUa.Ilb1tbL.M nO/lboneparopon p;JIH

eCJIH

CJIYFKHT CHCTeMOH

rpyrmsr

6 E~

II

eCJIH P;JIH JII06hlX

a, b E R
(3)
ero 060-

ap;p;H-

BbIIIOJIHHeTCH

YCJIOBIIe

(ab) 6
RamlJ,oe na

= (a6)b
n

+ a(M).
CJIep;OBaTe.1JbHO, RaR JIHeBO ROJIbll,O -

l)

E~

p;eHcTByeT TaR RaR Mhl

R,
OT

)J;H4>4>epeHIl,HpoBaHHe.

RaR )J;H4>4>epeHIl,HpOBaHHH KO.1Jb3HaeM, TO rrpOH3BOJIbHOH cnCTellfbI R .1JHeBY 9TOM ORaCHCTeMOH 1'OBopHTb)

COCTaBJIHIOT, ero xepea

3UR'lHM ROJIbll,Y

~R'-

)J;lI4>4>epeHIl,HaJIbHbIX 3bIBaeTCH, 'ITO reopaa

orrepa TOPOB :MOiRHO nepeiira oneparopon. (HJIH RaR xom.na

p;H4>4>epeHlJ,HaJIbHbIX

Ilpa

ROJIell, oneparopon

C np01I3BOJIbHOH rrpHHHTO ~

)J;lI4>4>epeHIl,HaJIbHbIX u II a JI b H a H paBHOCIIJIbHa Jf3BOJIbH01'O

P; H 4> 4> e p e II -

a JI r e 6 p a,

H3YlJeHHIO xont.na ex na

06'heRTOB, JIHeBa CJIOBaMH,

COCTOHIIJ,HX 113 npoH 1'OMoMop4>U31.fa TOJI<p;eCTB nOMHMO

R,
H

tp:
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3aMeHoH

I1HhlIllH

(1)

6)

(3)

6YP;YT BhlnOJIHHTbCH

CJIe)),YlOlIJ,ll.e

TOJI>p;eCTBa: P;JIH JII06hlX

aE

61,

l)2

E~

a(l)l

+6

2)

= a61

+ a~2'
B JIHeBOM ~R. lJaCTO ncrpasaYHa PUbIX B RO.1JbMa'rpUll,bI rrponacacrexoa )),eHcTByeT nepecrauo3TOH rpyrmu RO.'IbIl;a xon srte ~,

a (61°62)
rne a npn xepea xepea a 0603HalJeHO

= (a61)62 - (a62)6v
YIIUlomeHHe 06pa3 9JIeMeHTa

a6,

l)

E~,

0603HalJCH

p;H4>4>epeHIl,HpOBaHHH YRameM, aaxoaen erne

6cp

aE R

O)::t;I1HBeCbMa CBH3blO HueHHo,

101IJ,1Iii:CHTHn onepanaii, uax HJIlI MaTpHIl,

ROJIell, C p;OnOJIHHTeJIbHoii: H xonsnax na

rroncnaasmaexsra
lJHCJIO. ROJIbll,O onepanaa B xonsne npansnm CJIOBalllH,

cacrexoa
YMHomeHHH

4>YHRIl,HH C YMHomeHHeM

4>YHRll,lIH

BOJIbHOe ynapnux B

paccsrorpau
ex

C TaKoH ~, ncex nonmto 'ITO

1J,0nOJIIIHTeJIbHOH BCHRoe

E~

KaR

3HP;0IlIOp4>H3M

ap;)),IITHBHOH

1'pynnhl,

B01JHbIH CO

3HP;01lIOp4>H3MOB YMHomeHHHMH YC.1JOBlIH

ncesm

H JIeBhlMH

R;

HHhlllIlI

(1)

BhlnO,JIHHeTCH

~ 13. YHMBEPCA:1bHblE k-rrEBPbI

C onEPATOPAMn:

83

TalO!>£'

CJIeAYIOru;ee

yC.1l0BHe:

AJIH

JII06hIX

a,b E R

(ab)r:x

= (ar:x)b = a(br:x).
aooumueHou

(4)
lwAblfa

Te
nomopue
h:O/lZ,I:O

9HooMoprjjU3Jftbl

epunns:

R,
noii-

emou

eptmnu,

KR

yoOeJlem60pHlOm
e

YCJwaulO (4),

COCmaMH10m

iuccouuamuetcoso
ecna

KOAMJe ecex ;mooMoprj'Ju3Moe

,lJ,£'HcTBHTeJIbIlO, CBOHCTBOM

~m)l,o~IOp!fJII3!IIbI AJIH

(4),

cp

TO,

nanpmrep,

JII06bIX

'IjJ 06JIaAaIOT a, bE R
b= [a(cp

(ab)(cp (ab)(cfll')

+ 'IjJ) = =

(ab)cp

+ (ab)ljJ
=

= (acp)b+(a'IjJ)
(acp

+ a'IjJ)b =

+ 'IjJ)lb,

[(ab)cpJ1Jl

[(acp)bhp
OT

= [(acp)'ljJlb =

(a(cp'IjJ) lb.

BBIlAY MOiI,HO poro na K

AOKa3aHHoro OCHOBaHHII rex

rrpOH3BOJIbHOH C006pail\eHHH, lW';IbIJ,Y

CHCTeMbI 'ITO II

1:

nepeirrn
(1)
II

rHe

nsnne, lWTO-

aCCOIJ,HaTHBHOMY

K,

3JIeMenTbI

[(ei1:cTBYIOT B I\OJIblJ,e

(4), npaxesr 3aAaH rOMoMopqJH3;1I rp: K -+ KR, '1'. e. rarorce YCJIOBHH (.1) H (G) H3 § 11. TaKl1lI{ o6pa30M, aAAIITIIBHaH rpyrma n:O.'IbIW R OKa3MBaeTCH K -1Il0i,YJIeM. ECJIlI IWJIbIW K ofixanaer eAIIHuI~eii e, TO eCTeC'l'BC'HHO npennoxoacarr., 'ITO rro;rryqeHIILlil: K -MOAYJIb yrrarapcu, T. e. BMrrOJIHHeTCH TUIOT{e ycnonne (7) II3 § 11. Ec.m AaHLI rrpOH3BOJIbIIOe IHlJIblJ,O R H aCCOIJ,HaTIIBBhlIIO.'IJlHIOTCH Hoe I;:o;rrLIJ,O I\OJILf~a HHeTCH

D COOTBeTCTBIIn

C YC.TIOBIIHMIf

C eAIIHIIlJ,eH,

rrpH'IeM

aAAHTIIBHaH H

rpyrma BMrrOJI-

HBJIHeTCH

YIUfTapIIbIM TO KOJIbIW

K-MOP;YJIeilf

YCJIOBHe HaA

(4),

aseetipou

KOJIblJ,OM O[(HaKO, T. z e.

K.

R naaunaerca K
!lIM He KOJIblJ,O

AUHeUHOli

no"mtYTaTHBIIOCTb MO£I\ITO nonaaarr., }lnH

IW.1LIJ,U

npennonar-aeu.

'ITO ecnn T3I\IlX

He conep3JIeMBHTOB

allNYAHmopo6,
IJ;JIH scex

HeHy.'IeBhlX

b,

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br
TO «AeHCTBYIOm;ee» Ta'l'HBHhIM. coofipamenna, CJIeAYIOru;eM TIo nOll C

.rn

0,
6YAeT KOllIMynpyr-ax D H B CHJIY MbI

I{oJIblJ,O npanane. O~HlII H3

K rrenpexreano
a TaIGEe KOTOPbIX lJ,e.'IeC006pa3HO

BCTpe'l'll.MCH OrpaHH'IH'I'bCH

naparpatpe,

84

13. YHHBEPCAJIbHbIE AJIrEBPbI C OnEPATOPAMH

paCCMOTpeHHeM JIHHeHHbIX anrefip JIHmb Hap; aCCOI"(HaTHBHO-KOMMYTaTHBHbIMH KOJIbIJ;aMH C ep;HHHu;eH. Oco6eHHO nazaaoe MeCTO 3aHHMaeT B 06ru;eH aarefipe TeOpHJI JIHHeHHbIX anrefip Hap; nOJIJIMH. OHa pa3BllBaeTCJI COBepmeHHO napaJIJIeJIbHO 06ru;eH reopaa KOJIeu; 6e3 p;OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX ynapasrx onepauaii, npH'IeM 'IaCTO aner MHoro nansme nOCJIep;HeH, TaK KaK senropane npocrpaaCTBa Hap; nOJIJIMH ycrpoensr MHoro npome, 'leM npOH8BOJIbHhle afienensr rpymnr. CeH'IaC 6YP;YT YKa3aHbI nexoropsre THnbI yHHBepCaJIbHbIX anrefip, ofiotimaiomae re HJIH HHhle H3 paCCMOTpeHHblX paaee «KJIaCCH'IeCKHX» THnOB anrefip. 8TH o606ru;eHJIH 6YP;YT 06hl'lHO HP;TH BeCbMa p;aJIeKO B CTOPOHY npOH3BOJIbHbIX YHHBepCaJIbHbIX anrefip, H noaTOMY aTH THnbI anrefip eCTeCTBeHHO BBOP;HTb JIHmb renepr-, xorna otimee nOHJITHe YHHBepCaJIbHOH anrefipu MOiI\HO C'IHTaTb BnOJIHe onpaanauasnr. 3aMeTHM, 'ITo6bI He oronapaaarr, aroro Kamp;bIH paa, 'ITO see paccaarpaaaeuue HaMH KJIaCCbI anretip 6YP;YT MHoroo6pa3HJIMH. Ha-men C nOHRTHR, 06'bep;HHJIIOru;ero nOHJITHR rpymra (npHTOM C npOH3BOJIbHOH CHCTeMoii ynapnux oneparopos) H KOJIbu;a. Ilycrs nana rpynna G. 8Ta rpynna He 06JI3aHa 6blTb HOMMYTaTHBHOH, HO HaM 6yp;eT yp;06HO HCnOJIb30BaTb P;JIJI nee ap;p;HTHBHYIO aarnrcr.; B 'IaCTHOCTH, HYJIeBOH aneMeHT 3TOH rpyrrmr 6yp;eT, KaK 06hl'lHO, 0603Ha'laTbCJI CHMBOJIOM O. I'pynna G lIa3bIBaeTCJI epunnoi: c cucmeuoii MYAbmuonepamopo6 Q HJIH, xopoxe, Q-2pynnou, eCJJlI B G nOMHMO rpyrmoasrx onepanaa aanana erne HeIWTOpaJI CHCTeMa onepatraa Q n 0 JI 0 m H T e JI b H bI X apHOC T e ii, npH'IeM 3TH onepauaa CBJI3anbI C rpyrmonsnnr orreparraaaa CJIep;YIOru;UMYCJIOBHeM: P;JIJI BCHKoro ro E Q"

O ...

Ow = 0,

(5)

rne CJIeBa HyJIb CTOHT n pa3. fpyrrrry G Ha30BeM aooumue1tOU epunnot; Q-2pynnb~ G. ECJIH nonanrefipy Q-rpyrrrrbI KaK YHHBepCaJIbHOH aJIretipu MbI 6yp;eM Ha3hlBaTb Q-noiJ2pynnou, TO YCJIOBHe (5) MomHO 6bIJIO 6hl 3aMeHHTb CJIOBallIH: HyJIb Q-rpyrrrrhl G JIBJJJIeTCJI ee Q-nop;rpyrrrroH. IIoHJITHe Q-rpyrrrrhl npeapamaerca npa nycroa CHCTeMe MYJIbTHOrrepaTopOB Q B rrOHJITlIe rpynrrsr. BCJJRaJI

13. YHHBEPCAJIbHbIE AJIrEBPhl C OllEPATOPAMH

85

~-onepaTopHaH rpynna HMeeT ~ cacrexoa (vaapnux) JllYJIbTHOnepaTopOB, TaR RaR )l;JIH BCHRoro a E ~ paneacrno O·a = 0 Hell1e)l;JIeHHO BbITeRaeT H3 YCJIOBHH (1) § 11, uepenncannoro a)l;)l;HTHBHO. Haxonen, npOH3BOJIbHoe RO.TIbn;O HBJIHeTCH 'IaCTHbIM CJIY'IaeM Q-rpynnhl~HCTeMa MYJIbTHOnepaTopOB Q COCTOHT B 3TOM CJIY'Iae H3 O)l;HOrO 6HHapiioro YMHo»;eHHH; cnpanennanocrr, B JIIO60M ROJIbn;e panencrna 0·0 = 0 nsrrexaer 113 3aROHOB )l;HCTPH6YTHBHOCTII. I\oHelJ:HO, CBH3b JIle;l,)l;Y MYJIbTHOnepaTOpaJlIH H rpynnOBbIMH onepanaaxa, aananaeuaa YCJIOBHell1 (5), 'Ipe3Bhl'IaHHO cJIa6a. ORa3aJIOCb, O)l;HaRO, 'ITO Bce napaJIJIeJIbHO pa3BHBaIOrn;HeCH paananu reopaa rpynn C oneparopaua H reopaa ROJIen; (HX, BnpO'IeM, He O'IeHb MHoro) MorYT 6bITb H3JIOmeUbI cpaay )l;JIH JII06bIX MYJIbTlIOnepaTopHhlX rpynn (X H r I' H H C, Proc. London Math. Soc. 6 (1956); PYCCRHH nepenojt B c6. «MaTeJlIaTHRa» 3, M 4 OTJlIeTHTb, 'ITO H rpynnu C oneparopasra, H ROJIbn;a npunanneacar na caMOM nene R lJ:HCJIY imcmputqtmueuux Q-rpynn. lIMeHHo, ycnonae (5) 3aMeHHeTCH CJIC)l;yIom;HM MHoro 60JIee CHJIbHhlll1 YCJIOBHeJII )l;HCTpH6YTHnHOCTH Rail\)l;oU onepanaa H3 Q na Ra/I\)l;OM MeCTe: ecnn ffi E Qn, TO )l;JJH i = 1, ... , n at .•. = at ... ai-l (b

(1959». Cnenyer

+ c) ai+1 .••
..• anffi

ai-Ibai+l

+ al

anffi

=
... ai-Icai+l' . anffi.

(6)

OTCIO)l;a caenyer, RaR 06bT'IHO, 'ITO al ••• an(u = 0, eCJIH XOTH '6hl O)l;HHH3 aJIeMeHTOB aH ••. , an panen HyJIIO; YiRe aTO CBOHCTBO CaMO MHoro CHJIbHee YCJIOBHH (5). Cnenaex ern;e O)l;HU mar B CTOPOUY reopna KOJIen;, a HMeHHo, BbI)l;eJIHM TaRHe AHCTPH6YTHBHbIC Q-rpynm>l, aAAHTHnHbTe r-pynnu ROTOPhlX a 6 e JI e B sr, a nee JlIYJIbraoneparopsr H3 Q ne MelIee 'IeM 6 H Hap H sr. ::ho o6pa30BaHHe Ha3bIBaeTCH .MYllbmuonepamOp1lbl.M Q-KOlllr qO.M. napaJIJIeJIbHO BBO)l;HTCH nonnrne .MYllbmuonepamop1l0U IlU1leU1l0U Q-allee6pbL nan nOJIeM P; HMeHHO, B Ra'IeCTBe aAAHTHBHOH rpynnu 6epeTcH nexropnoo npoCTpaHCTBO Ha)l; nOJIelII P, a MYJIbTHOnepaTophl H3 Q

86

§ 13. YHlIBEPCAJIbHhlE

AJIrEBPbI

C OIIEPATOPAMlI

y,n;OBJIeTBOpHlOT

He

TOJIblW eCJIH

YCJIOBHlO
(f)

(6),
i
a1

= 1, ... , n
••.

HO

YCJIOBHlO:

,n;HCTPHOYTHBHOCTH

Qnf

a P,

TO ,n;JlH

ai-1 (aai)

ai+1 ••.

anU)

=
!li-1

= a (a1 ••.
MOH\HO caenyer yraepxrnarr, ya,e, paCCMaTpHBaTb anrefipan nayn nonpocu,

aia!+1

•••

anU).

'ITO HMeHHO B 3TOH OOrn;HOCTH OTHOCHIIl;HeCH H npo0030P ROJIbJJ;aM II HeaCCOJJ;HaTHB-

H3BOJIbHbIM YcneXH

HeaCCOJJ;HaTHBHbIM

HhIM JIHHeHHhIM l.IaTeM.

24 : 1 (1969)).

(csr.

A. f. I\ y

p OlII

a,

§
IIepeH,II,eM aaretip.

14. ABEJIEBbI AJIrEBPbI

reneps
K

aexoropsnr

npyrau

KJIaCCUM

0606m;aIOm;HM na

()TOT paa nOHHTHe aCCOIl,lIaTlIB-

noro J> 0.'1 bIl,a. 3TO nOHHTIIe 6bI.1I0 OnpaB,II,aHO B § 9 npn ncsroum KOJIeu; 3H)::;PMOpQlH3MOBa6eJIeBbIX rpynn, K01'Opsre B03IUlKJIH BBH,II,y roro, 'ITO rOMoMopQlH3MbI JII060H r'pyrrm.r (na caMOM nene p;ame mo60H anretipsr, OP;HOTnnHoI;j: C rpyrrnoa) B a6eJIeBY rpynny COCTaBJIHIOT no c.roacenaro rOMOMOP<PH3I1IOBa6eJIeBY rpynny. OnHnreM aarefipsr npOH3BOJIbHOH cnrnarypsr, ofinanaroutae
CROHCTBOM, aHaJIOrHlJHblM rpynn. IIyCTb p;aRa rOIlIO~IOp<pn3Mbl 3TOllIY CBOHCTBY a6eJIeBUX

anretipsr

anrefipa A carnarypu Q. CKameM, 'ITO G nOH iKe carnarypsr B anrefipy

eCJIH

CyMIIIHpyeMbl, a) ll:JIH JII060ro

<PH3l\IOB 1JlI>

onpenenneaoe

ro E Qn, n::;;;' 1, n ;1II06b1X rOMOMopIJln: G -+ A oT06paaWHHe (PI IJlnw, paneacreon

0, 0 • 0

caxro
6) nOM tp",:

HBJIHeTCH rOl\IOl\fOp<PH3l\fOl\I; ,ll,JIH mofioro WE Qo' onepannea anestear onpenezrnenoe

nprrsen arrrefipsr

0", - OTlIIelJaeMMO A, orotipaxreune (2)

G -+ A,

paBl'HCTBOM

gEG,
HBIIfIC'TCH rOMoMoP<PII3MOM.

Aarc.ipa
JIIIlJUblX

curnarypu CJIY'IaHX

Ha3l>IBaeTCH

atieneaoii

(B paap;py-

lJaCTIIblX

ynoTpe6JIHIOTCH

l\lHorHe

rae na3BaHl1H), scan rOMoIlIOP<PH3MbIB nee .JII060H anretipu :noM iHe carnarypsr cyMIIIlIpyel\Iblo

Aueetipa A cuenamupu
moxcdecmeo
0 0 0

Q moeda u mom-so moeiia a6e-

.!leea, nO?iJa a) iJ.!lR .!l1061ilx WE

Qn,

w' E
xsnw)
0 0

Q.,

n,

nosnsemcsc (Xu'

«:»

1,

eu-

• oXln to)

(Xsi
0 0

W' =
0

= (J'u .

Xsl w')

eoe (:r,jo 1 eecmuu«;

< i < s, 1 < j

(Xln

••

X511W')

w,
U3

(3)

<n)

- scampuua

1teU3-

88

§ 14. ABEJIEBhl

AJIrEBPbI

6) ece ro E Qo omsceuuom. 8 A oiiun. u mom »ce sse.ueum. u smom aAeMenm !l8AJWmC!l Q-nooa.rll?e6poll (J A.

,I1, 0 R a 3 a r e JI b C T B O. IIYCTb ro E Qn, ffi' E Qs, n, s:> 1, rrycrr, p;aHhl rOMoMop<pH3MbI <flI' ... , <fln anrefipsr G carnarypn Q BAH nycrs bI, •• , b, E G. IlO:IO;HlIlIl 1
Marpnna

< i < s,

< j < n.

(4)

(ail) HBJIHeTCH na caMOM nene npoaanoar.noa MaTpHIl,ell: nanmrx paasrepon H3 3JIeMeHTOB anrefipst .h, BBHP;Y 3aMeqaHHH, Cp;eJIaHHOrOB § 1, p;OCTaTOqHO6J,w:o 6hI B3HTb B xaaecrae G anrefipy Q-C.::IOB Hap; aJI<panHTOM bI, ... , b., a B xaaeorne <flJ rOMoMoP<PH3M aToll: a.rrefipsr, nepeaonamaa ynaaannsra aJI<paBHT B j-ll: cToJI6eIl, p;aHHOll: uarpansr. HCnOJIb3YH (4), (1) II rO!lfOMoP<PHOCTb orofipameHHll: <flj, nonynaesr: (au ... aInffi) ... [(bI<flI) .•. (ad' .. asn ffi)ffi'

=
(bs<fln)wlffi'

(bI<fln)ffil ..• [bI (<flI .•. (aln ... (bs<flI)w'l ..• bsw')<flIl ...

[(bs<flI) ...

=
(au ... asIffi') [(bI<flI)

<flnffi)l ..• asnw')w

[bS(<flI .•.

<flnffi)lffi';

=
(bs<fln)ffi'lffi ~
CPnUJ).

[(bI<fln) ..• [(bI •..

[(bI

b,ffi')<flnlffi bsffi')(<flI ...

=
onI
ncex

(bI ...

paBeHCTBa rrORa3bIBaIOT, 'ITO crrpaBep;JIHBOCTb B A Tomp;ecTB BHp;a (3) paBHOCHJIbHa TOMY, qTO BCHRoe orofipaaceune anna <flI •.. <flnw, n:> 1, sener cefia RaR rOMoMoP<P1I3M no OTHomeHHIO RO l:lCeM neHYJIbapHbI!II onepaIl,HHM ffi' E Q. C P;Pyroll: CTOPOHbI, H3 rOMoMoP<PHOCTH orofipazxenaa {P",1I3 (5), ro E Qo, cnenyer, B qaCTHOCTII, qTO P;JIHJII06oro w' E Qo :)JIeMeHT, OTlIIe'IaeMhIll: aToll: onepannea B G, p,OJImeH nepexonrcrs npa <fl'" B 3JIeMeHT 0"" E A, T. e., BBlIP;y (2), nee to E Qo p;ell:CTBHTeJIbHO OTMeqaJOT B A OP;HUH TOT a;e :)JIeMeHT; 0603Ha'IUM ero rrpOCTO xepea 0. 113 :)Toll: me rO~IOl\lOp<PIIOCTH orofipaacenaa <fl"" (u E Qo, cnenyar, 'ITO P;JIH .lI060ll: onepanan eo' E Q", n:> 1,

§ H. ABEJIEBhI AJII'EBPhI

89

II JJI06lUX

al,...,
•.

an E G 6Y,lJ,eT anw')
(j'", =

(al•

(a1cp",) •.•

(an(j'",) w',

T. e. O ... Ow' = O. 06paTHO, Il3 CnpaBe,lJ,JUIBOCfII yCJIOnIlH 6) reopexnr cnonyer ronouopdmocrr, BCHRoro OTOfipaacennrr cp"" wE Qo. OTCIO,lJ,a me CJIe,lJ,yeT, lIaROnerr, II roxroxropdnrocrs BCHKoro orofipaa.enun BJJ,lJ,a qJl ... qJnw, (oE Qn, n;> 1, OTHOCIITeJIhHO nyxr.apmax onepanaii: eCJIII oneparraa w' E Qo ornexaer B anrefipe G 3JIeMeHT 0"", TO, no (1),

(O",'CPn)W =

= 0 ...

0(0 ~ O.

Teopena noxaaana. 3aMeTIIM, 'ITO MhI nOJIY'lIIJIII 6lU B TO'IHOCTH :nOT ;J\e unacc anrefip, eCJIII 6h1 B onpe,lJ,eJIeHJIII a6eJIeBOll a.rrefipu Tpe60BaJIII CyMMIIpyel\IOCTh rOl\IO~IOpqHI3l\fOB B a.nrefipy A JIIIIllh ,lJ,JIH TaKIIX anretip cnr-narypu n, xo'ropue npnH3,lJ,JIemaT K HeKOTopOMY 3a,lJ,aHHOMY MHoroo6pa3UIo, co,lJ,epJI{a~el\Iy A. B 3TOM cnynae nyacno 6blJIO 6bl TOJIhHO IlCnOJIh30BaTh B ,lJ,OI{aaaTeJIbCTBe TeOpel\IJ,J He a.rrefipy Q-CJIOB, a COOTBeTcTByIO~yIO CBo6o,!J,HYIO an refipy aroro xaorootipaaaa. ECJHI anreripa A onrua'rypsr Q a6eJIeBa, TO onpcneaeHUH (1) rr (2) npespamaror MHOJT;eCTBO ncex rOJlIO~lOpqJllJMOB B A mo6oH anrofipu G car'aarypu Q B ame6py ;nOll me cnrnalypbJ,(1) aanaer nee onspamm no.roiIiHTeJIhIIbIX a puocreii, a rOMoMop!fJII3l1I cP", 113 (2) OTMC'weTCH aynr.apnoii onepamrea co; 3TO aneetipa <:OMO:ltOPfjJu3.i1We G B A. Vl3 orrpenenerrna onepanaii nan roxroxrop!fJII3uaMrr neJlIep,JIeHHO Cl!e,!J,yeT, 'ITO e aseetipe <:OMOpopfjJU3.ltoe .!l1060ii aseetipu. G e a6eMey a.!lee6py A e~nO/llUUOmCR ece moscdecmea, ebmO.!llUl1011{UeCJl e A; B qaCTJIOCTII, ora aarefipa cava 6yp,eT a6eJICnoll. 113 cxaaannoro CJIep,ye r, 'ITO onnoxroprpnaxn; a6e.-WBoll aarefipu A caru a rypsr Q COCTaB.'IHIOT no YKa3aHHbD! onepannau afieneny anrefipy 3TOll me cIIrHaTYplU. C p,pyroij CTOPOHbI, OHII COCTaBJIHIOT nonyrpyrmy no YMHO}!,eHlITO (n cxucne YMHOiIWHUH oTo6paa;eHull, CM. § 3). Elmo Y.ltHO»ceuue cessano c onepauunsui U3 Q eaxonasui Bucmpu/iumoonocmu. VI~leHHo, eCJIII (J) E Qn, n;> 1, TO p,.UH .1ITo6oro

00

§ 14. ABEJIEBhl

AJIrEBPbI

II

JII06blX

3H)J;0M:OplPu::mon

BBH)J;y

(1),

CPv.'
=

.,CPn,'¢

6Y)J;eT,

aht'{cpI ... CPnw)l = (a'¢)(cpI =- [(a'¢)cpIJ ••• [(a'¢)cpuJw

= [a(1jJcpI)l •.. [a(1jJcp,,)lw = = a [(,¢cPI) ... (,¢{jJII)wl,

•••

CPnw)

a[((PI ... CPnw)'¢ 1 = [a(CPI ... CPllW)J'¢ = [(aCPI) ... (acpn)wJ,¢ = [(aCPI),¢l ... [(acpn),¢lw = =-[a(CPI,¢)l ••• [a(CPn,¢)lco) = a[(CPI'¢) ... (CPn'¢)wl,
T.

e. '¢(CPI .•.

CPllW) = ('¢CPI)

('¢CPn)w, (CPn'¢)w.

(5) (6)

(CPl' •. CPllW),¢ = (CPI'¢) C npyroa CPo HYJIeBoii:

na (2),
CTOPOHhl, eCJIH lI1hl 3H)J;01lWPIPH3l11 anrefipsr

0603HR'IHM

oT06pamaIOID;Hii:

pu),

TO )J;JIH JII060ro

a EA

B HyJIb

H JII060ro

renepr, xepea
e. 3H)J;OMOPIPIl311i a6eJIeBoii:

(T.

[)Toii:

a.rrefi-

3H)J;oMopqm3Ma

'Ill

uY,L(eT

a('¢cpo) = (a'¢)cpo = 0, a(cpo'¢) = (acpo)'¢ = O,¢ = 0,

T C.

1~CPO -= CPo. CPol\l = cpo·

1\lhl IlMeIOTCH rpynnsr IO'lCH a6eJIeBoii: rrpHI1IJ1I1 r; c.:reiJ.yIOII~eMy orrepamrn) ~11Oafie.rensr rro

(7)
(8)

anretipu carnarypu
6IIHapHOlllY arpaer ,L(HCTpH6ynfBHocTH pOJIb

smoroofipaamo anrefip: (c HyJIeM 0, ec.tu B &~

BpeMH noayHyJIb

HYJIbapUhW

H B TO iKe II, B

YMHOFl,eHHIO, HyJIH

npasen

BbIrrOJIHH-

3aKOHhI

'1aCTHOCTII,

anrefipsr

)J;JIH YMHon;eHIfH. 6Y)J;eT BBetWHa srozcao

B
B

COOTBeTCTBHH C TepMHHO.T[OrHeii:, CJIe)J;YIOID;ellI naparpatpe,

KOTopaH

nonyseaasre anrefipsr Ha3hIBaTb itucmpu/iumuenuscu. r.OJl,blJouiJaMu nai) GblMU aseetipascu,

PaCCMOTplIllI HeKOTOphIe npasrepsr.

aiieneaseseo«
)J;JIH HMeeT

epunn.
epimnu,

a6eM6blMU
norna

axeetipauu.
II W'

B sucoeootipaeuu.
6

6yiJym

monnocmu

,r:t;eii:cTBHTeJIbHO. H to,

TOa{)J;eCTBO HBJIHIOTCH

(3)

rpyrrue

C.TIY'laH,

YllIHOIr;eHIIeM,

14. ABE:IEBhI AJIrEBPhI

!H

IIliP;

(D)
orxyna X12X21 = X21X12' T. e. YMHOmeHHe KOMMYTaTHBJIO. ECJIH me ortaa H3 onepanaa (0, (0' JIBJIJIeTCJIYMHomeHHE'M, a npyraa - nepexonou K 06paTHOMY aJIe~IeHTy, TO (3) npHHHMaeT BHP;
(XIX2tl

= X?C;l,

'ITO B a6eJIeBOii rpynne p;enCTBHTeJIbHO BhInOJIHJIeTCJI. HaKoHeD;, ep;HHHD;a rpyrrmr na caMOM nene JIBJIJIeTCJI nOHrpynnoii. ,n:HCTPH6YTHBHhIe KOJIbD;OHP;bI onnanaror c B a1'O:\I cnysae C accoD;HaTHBHbIMH KOJIbI~aMH. ,n:JIJI nonyr-pyrm C e,u;HHHD;eii a6eJIeBOCTb TaIOI\8 COBnanaer C KOMMYTaTHBHocTbIO, KaK nOKa3hIBaeT TOrH)J,eCTBO (9) npn Xn = X12 = 1. B sucoeootipasuu ecex no.1yzpynn cutuecmeutom, oduaso, nesosoumuimuenue, no a6e.lteObl nO.ltyzpynnbL 'I'axona, nanpmrep, BCJIKaJI noayrpyrma C YMHomeHHeM ab = a. HO.1bLfo 6yoem a6e.lteeb~.M moeda u monuno moeda, noeiia ouo c nY.lteebUf. y;,Jt.1iOJICenue.M, T. e. B HeM BblITOJIHJIeTCJI Tomp;eCTBO xy = O. ,n:eiiCTBHTeJIbHO, TOII,p;eCTBO (3) ).1,JIJI CJIY'laJI, xorna (0 - CJIOII\eHHe, a (0' - YMROIKeHlle, npnHHMaeT BUP;

(xn

X12)(X21

X22)

xnx21

X12X22,

orxyna npn X22 = 0 nOJIY'laeM X12X21 = O. KOJIblW C nyJIeBbIM YMHOllieHHe:M HrpaIOT B reopaa KOJIeD;aa C3MOM AeJIe Ty IKe POJIb, KaKaJI B 06m;eii reopaa rpynn npanannemar a6eJIeBhIM rpynnax. Pacc?IOTpHM, HaKOHen;, YHHTapHhIe MOP;YJIH Hap; acCOD;HaTHBHbIM"KOJIbD;OM K C enaaanea. Bee Tpe60BaHHJI, conepzaamaeca B npHBep;eHHoii asmre xa pasrepaaanaa a6eJIeBbIX anrefip, BbITeKaIOT B aTOM cnysae H3 onpeneJleHHJI MOP;YJIJI, KpOMe ozmoro. JhIeHHO, eCJIH ex, E K, TO TOlliAeCTBo (3) npHHHMaeT P;JIH CJlY'laJI (0 = ex, (0' = BHP;

T.

e.
x(a~)

= x(~ex).

(10)

92 ECTeCTBeHHO MO,ll,YIIeH, I\IO,ll,YJUlMH IIoM

§ ill. ABEJIEBbI AJIrEBPhI

OrpaHlr<IHTbC.H Ha,ll,

IIOaTOlllY

IIpH

paCCMOTpeHHH IIPOCTO KOJII,-

.HBJI.HIOIIJ;HXC.H a6eJIeBbIMH

anrefipaua,

IWMMYTaTHBHO-accOIIHaTHBHbIM

K. Ilpu omos: oepauuuenuu tea K oucmpuiiumuenue nOJLbuouin« uai) unumapnuscu K-~WOy.l[,Jl.MU - smo e mounocnui accouuamueuue suneiacue aneetipu. uai) nOAbqO.M K. ,D,eii,ll,HCTPH6YTJ'IBHOCTb MeCTe (YCJIOBH.H YMHOn{eHH.H na
W,

CTBHTeJIhHO, H na BTOpOM paa YHapHoii KaK

IIepBOI\I II ecrs

oIIepaIIHH YCJIOBHe

ex
(4)

H3

K, B3.HTOH § 13.

(5)

II

(6))

OTHOCHTeJIhIJO

B KR'leCTBe

§ 15. KOJlb~OH,I(bI

B ;:)TOMnaparparpe 6yp;eT BBep;eH em;e OP;IIH Tun an refip , 60JIee llIIPOKIIM, 'IeM paCCMOTpeHHblM nsnne HJI8CC P;UCTpu6YTl1BHbIX HOJIbU;0IIP;OB Hap; a6e:reBblMII anretipaua, no He !lIeHee eCTeCTBenHblM. A6eJIeBbI anrefipu nOHBIClnCb y Hac nOTOMY, 'ITO Mbi XOTeJIH 06eCne'lHTb CYlllllIMpyellIOcTb rOMOMop<pII3I1WB npOII3BOJIbHOll anretipsr carnarypsr Q II p;aHHyIO aarefipy. iha nOTpe6HOCTb ornanaer, OiJ;HaIW, PCJIII MhI 6y~eM paccaarpnaarr, He rOMO\IOP<p1I 3m,I , a npoJI3BOJIbHbIe orofipaaceaaa. 11!IIeHHO, nYCTb p;aHa anrefipa A carnarypu Q. PacCIIIOTpHIII IIfHOmeCTBO BceB03MomHblX orofipaacenna (ne TOJIbKO rOMoMop<p1I3MOB!) anrefipu G CIIrHaTypbI Q B a.l{re6py A. Onpe)J,eJIHH )J,JIH mofioro co E Qn, n;> 1, U JlJ06bIX oT06pameIIIIll <PI' .•• , <P71: G --+ A orofipa.rrenue (Pl ... <Pnffi paBeHCTBOIlf (1) II3 § 14, a )J,JIHmo6oro co E .E Qo orofipaaceaae <po> paBeHCTBO!II (2) II3 § 14, ~!hl npenpanraexr IIflf0meCTBO ncex oT06paR,eIIHll G B A B a.n-efipy carnarypu Q. 113 onpe)J,eJIeHIIH orrepanaa nan orofipameIIIIHIIfII Cell'IaC me CJIe)J,yeT, 'ITO B oroa anrefipe orofipa;l{elIlIH G B A BbIllOJIIIHIOTCH see rox.neoraa , cnpanennnnne B A, T. e. ara anrefipa npnnannemar I{ IIfHoro06pa3llIo (Q, A), eCJIU B HeM CO)J,epiI{IITCH anrefipa A. B 'IaCTHOCTII, sea npe06pa30BaHIIH anrefipu A JIIHOr006pa3IIH (Q, A) COCTaBJIHIOTno YHa3aHHhl!II orrepanamr anrefipy aroro me MHoro06pa3HH - anrefipy npeofipa30BaHuH anrefipu A. C )J,pyroll CTOPOHbI, OHII COCTan:UIIOT nOJIyrpynny no YIlfHO/l\eHIIIO npeofipaaonaaaii - ClImle'fpasecnyro rroxyrpynny na MHomeCTBe A. IIPII ;:)TOIIIysmomeHlIe npe06pa30BaHIIH CBH3aHO C onepanaaxra 113 Q 3aKOHallf1I )J,I1CTp1I6YTIInIIOCTH na BTOPOJl{ MeCTe: )J,.:IHmofioro ro E Qn, n;> 1, U JII06bIX npeofipaaoaanaa
'Ijl, <PI' ••• <Pn 'IjJ( <PI •••
)J,JIH m060ro

<Pnffi)

('P<PI)

•••

('IjJ<Pn)ffi; 'IjJ

(1)

ro E Qo IT JII060ro

npe06pa30Bl1HIIH

'PCP",

CPw-

(2)

,I.J;ellCTBIITeJIbHO, npn BblBO)J,e <POPMYJI (5) II (7) 1I3 § 14 (B OTJIII'IlIe OT <poPMYJI (6) II (8)) !lIbI na Call1OTI[p,eJIe He UCIIOJIb30Baml roro, 'ITO paCCMaTplmaeMhle npeofipasoBaHIIH HBJIHIOTCH 3H)J,0~!Op<p1I3I1Iallln.

nO:rYlJeHHOe

06pa30BaHlIe aa 06ID;IiM carna

Ha3bTBaeTCH ame6pe

cnu.»
co

(Q, A)-IfOAblfOUOOM G,
rypa

cuscuempuueCOOTBeTCTBIiIi

CJIeAYIOID;IIM

onpeneneaaev: ROTOPOH COCTOIlT 1I3 Ha3bIBaeTCH

Anrefipa
.oMoro

6l1HapHOro

YMHOiIWHUH,

tuu)

aneetipot;

uuoeootipususc
noayrpynnoa,
113 II

UiJOM, ecnn G, paccnarpnnaesran Q, COAepiRlITCH B MHOro06pa3111I

(Q, A) IIJIII xax anrefipa (Q, A), a rro

eCJIII

Q II erne IfOAblfOUOO.~ (Q, A)-IfOAblfO-

carrrar-ypsr
YMHomeHIITO CBH3ano na BTO-

HBJIHeTCH

YMHomeHlIe

C onepaU;IIHMII POM

3aIWHaMlI 1I3

AIICTPll6YTlIBHOCTlI Ha3bIBaIOTCH

xtecre. onepouusisui
Q-

OnepaU;1I1I lWJIbU;0IlAa

Q
a

aoitumuenusc«
cnrnarypu 3aKOHb! onepaECJIII

G,

xax

a nrefipa

aooumuenMI Q

aneetipoi;
II

RO.TIbu;oIlAa. na Teo

JiI1CTPll6YTlIBHOCTlI l~l1H lI3

AJIH y~moiI\eIIIIH

OTHOCIITeJIbHO ~IeCTe (cp.

BhlrrOJIHHIOTCH CJIeAYIOm;yIO MaTeM. O-Ba

(8)

113

§ 14),

nepnoxt
p eMy

(6)

II

TO ROJIbD;OJlA Ha3hlBaeTCH

oucmpu6ymuenbL.~

..

,Il;oRaiIWM

(Tp.

MOCK.

14 (1965), 3-47),

H. B. X
xopomo

II 0 II a onpan-

l!:hTBaIOID;Yro nOHHTlIe

ROJIbU;OIiAa:

BCJlIWu (Q, A)-noAblfouo G u30Moprjmo ennaoueaemox e cusiuempuuecxuu. (Q, A)-IWAblfOUO S IW nenomopoii

a.ieetipe H scnoeootipaeusi ,II;

(Q, A). B nauecmee H

~T

aneetipu H
aii-

~toJ/Cno eesm«, nanpuscep ; aJt<'e6py npeoripasoeanuii Oumuenoti aseetipu. G+ nOAbllyouoa G.

0 K a 3 a r e JI b C T B O. n !lJ0PMYJIlIpOBKe B He ClIlelTIHBaTh y:r.momeHIIC lIT06bI nYCTh TeOpeMbI. ero BbI6paHO C:rOBIIMCH HaK YKa3aHO

rare,
060-

auanarr,
AJIH roro,

IW.!n.U;OIlAax

G rr S CIIMBOJIOM ~ C npnaeneaaexr npcG+

(T. e. MHOII{eCTBa C ~.

oOpa30BaHHH. CpeT\H npe06pa30BaUIIM .T a;rIre6pbJ

G)

1I111eIOTCH CJIeT\YIOm;ne rrOCTOHHIIbIe

npsofipaaonanaa

G:

)J,JIH BCHKoro

XCg MHomeCTBO

= g.
npeofipaaoaaaaa HB.!UIAJIH nca-

C
Qn,

scex

nOCTOHHHbIX

eTCH nonanrefipoit xoro 6YT\eT,

wE
BBIIAy

(1)
al
•••

n:>
1I3

anretipsr

H.
II II

,Il,eil:cTBIITeJIhHO,

1, § 14

BCHKIIX

(3),
(.TCa,)

x, aI'
X

...

, an

EG

XCa, •. an'"

all{t)

•••

(.:rcan) W

=
••• Can

(cm

oi),

§ 15. HOJIbUOH,n:bI

95

(4)
C B p;pyroii CTOPOHhl, eC.TlH H3 OnepaD;IIH

3JIeMeHT

0""

TO P;JIH

qJ", 6yp;eT,
oTRy.n;a,

BBHP;Y BBHP;Y

(2) (3),

§ 14,

orsrenaesror-o
XqJ",

ro E 00 OTlIJe'l~eT ero B H (lJIeMeIITa 0 P;JIH ncex x E G,

ConOCTaBHM Sit

Ramp;OMY RaI\ TO 06PS30M: Cg,

3JIeMeHTY

3JIellJeUT

E S,

onpep;eJIHeMblii

npeofipaaonaane

MHO,ReCTBa

H,
CCJIH

C.lIeP;YIOm;HM

hE C, h =

hs.,
eCJ1H ,1\e

Cgca;

(6)

h $: C,

TO

(7)
ECJIU B 3TOM He

a, bEG H a =F b, TO Sa =F Sb' ,IJ,eiiCTBHTe.lIbITO, cnyaae aaiinerca npeofipaaonaaae h MHmReCTBS G, npaaanneacamee R C (nanpanep, nepecranonxa a
H,
no

b),

(7),

HO l\IOM

Ca

=F

Cb' BJIOmeHHe IhIeHHO,

TIOJIYlleHHoe JII06bIX

HBJIHeTCH

MOHollIOPtl>ua-

ROJIbD;OHp;OB.

eCJIU

ro EOn,

aI' ••.

, an

>- 1,

TO P;JIH

S al~ .. anW

S at • TO, npUMeHHH nonynaesn

CaMOllI

AeJIe, a

eCJIH

CHOBa

(6),

aaren

(1)

=
H3

Cg,

§ 14,

(6), (1), (4),

hs a, ... 0,,'"

C go(a, ... a ",) n

=
n

= Cgoa, •••

Cgoa (j)

(hsa.).

=h
(7), (4),

(hsa n )

(j)

=
••• Sa (.)).
11

(Sa,

ECJIH

me

h $: C,

TO, npUMeHfUI

CHOBa

(7),

a aaTeM

96 (1)
1f3

§ 15. ROJIbI(On,a:bI

§ 14,

TalOl,e

nOJIY'laeJlI:

,il;aJIee,

eCJIIf 6yp;eT

onepattan

ro

0""
B

6 Qo
Cg,

OTMe'laeT

3JIeJlleHl' a

TO SO",

3JIeMeHTOM, eCJIIf

OTMe'leUHbUl

aTOll

orrepamre

S. B

caJlIoJII nene,

TO,

npasrerraa

(6)

(2),

nOJIyqaCM

OCJIlI }I,e

h. t$:. C,

TO,

no

(7),

CHOBa

Tcnepr,

OCTaeTCH COCJIaTbCH na P;JIH JII06hlX

HaKOHeI(,

a, bEG

(5),

a 3aTeM

na

(2)

1f3

§ 14.

CaMOM

.n;eJI0, eCJIH YMHomeHHH

h.

=
B

Cg,

TO,

HCnOJIh3YH

COI(HaTHBHOCTh onpenenenae

YMHomeHHH

KOJIhI(OHAe,

CHOBa

(6), ac(6) I{
:

npe06pa36BaHHH,

noay-raea
0

hSaob
ECJIH

Cgoaob = (hSa)Sb
TO, BBHP;Y

=
II

h(sa

Sb)'

n,e h $. C,
hSaob

(7)

(6),

CHOBa
0

= Caob = (hs a) Sb = h (s a
ronax T. e. cnenars 60JIee Ha'laJIOCh

SI,)'

Teopel\Ia

.n;OKaaaHa. B TpHp;I(aThlX BhlIIIe, KaK MomHO l'I H3Y'IenHe 113 roro, IWJlh!(()'ITO 6hT.IO 06'hel\TO~1 npoueITO

Eme
CKa3aHO aayxeaaa, noro

HP;OB Hap; rpymrasm, nO'lTl'I-KOJIhI(a uoasua.

nosmu-noneu,
yaxoe

3 aKJIlOlJeHHe , 'ITO nOHHTUf' nOHHTl'Ie U na accounarunnO'lTll-KO.-ICI( JI1eCTa", II

HBJIHeTCH CTOJIb me eCTeCTDeUHLIM

sraoro
me -

::ho

crrpasennaso

P;JIH p;ByX ofioax

mYTOlJHhlX aP;Al'ITl'IBHaH nO'lTU-IWJIeI(

CJIY'laeB rpynna na

P;JIH l\IICTPl'I6YTHDHbIX MomeT 6hlTb

(p;l'ICTpl'I6YTl'IBHOCTb

BbIllOJIHHeTCH

aeafienenoit)

JVlfI

C a6eJIeBOll nepson

UP;P;UTUBHOll r-pynnoa MeCTe l\WmeT

(,"OTH J\lIC-

Tpu6YTUBHOCTb

He BbmO.TIIIHThCH).

§ 1 ;,.

HO.nhl.(OHl(hI

97
T. e.
II

noa yr-pyrrrtaxia.

I(HBHO nayxaiorca U nO.1YIfOJl,blta, PaCClIIaTpIlBa.TIIICh ,TIynaMII, II T. p;. Haf.\

neoxo.u.ua,

KO.lJhD;OHlI:hlHall; T. e.

hO,'1 blJ:OII:J;hI Hap;

r pvnrrava
ChO.lJhIW

Becr.aa
B

a raroxe
I1HTepeCHhI f.\JIH HlIX qnCJIe

ROJIhl.(OIlJl,bI Han; I,OHhypUpYIOT

n-

II p;aBHo 1I3yqaIOTCH

I:O,iIbI,C)lI;(I,I

Iw.TIhl.(aMII; TOllt

ne-

axeetipu, ~~HH<IeI1H(, HX OCHOBano na TOM, qTO CIIMMeTpnqnaJI srenrcpona a.rrefipa na KOJIhD;e R - aro rrpOCTO coaoxynaocrr, IlCIO,lY orrpeneaenmrx <PYHl{l.(IIH Of.\IIOro nepeaeanoro WI R n R, paccuarpaaaexran xa R KOJIhD;O OTHOCIITe.lJhIIO
onepal~l1ll C:IOiI;PIlJIH :mH'feHlIII CJIOmeIlHH
II yr.mOIl.,enIlH

naanamrii,

ueueepoeu.

cPYUKD;Ull (B CMhlCJIC cPYHlu~nH

II Yll1HOa,eIIIIH

3IIaqeHIIll

npn

KMI'f.\Olli

nepenernroro, cp. (1) U3 § 14) II B liah rroavrpyrma OTHOCIITeJlbHO cynepnoaamra

TO lEe npel\'lH cPYHKD;nll:

(fog)(.r)
J 10
cy~eCTIly 3TH a;e
C,'lY'IHIO

= g(f(:r)).
nOnH'fHO,
It

C.1IOna npH!lJeIlIIMhT. KOJIhlWII)J,a HU

I,

CUllI1I1eTpIflleCEoro

anrefipe

.nrofior«

xrnoroofipaaaa (Q, A). IJ .rurepa-rype yJI\e noaannrrcr,

l;O.TlI)j~OIlp;OB. TaR,

paa.tnsmre 0606ro;eHi!H neaccouuamuenue (Q, A) - KOJl,blt0UOM - no YMHomemllO ,TIUILIh rpynno an (B qaCTIIOCTII, xnaaarpyrma). a He no.ryrpynna. PaCClIIaTpIlBalOTCH 1I n-apuue (S~, A) -nonuucuin«, B qaCTIIOCTII, CIIlIIMeTpI1QeCIHIe II-a pnue IW.lIhIWH)J,hl, 11 2, B03HUKaIOT TaR ace, l,aI{ nOHBU/IHCb nunre CU\I1I1eTpU<H'CKIIe 6I1HapUhle KOJIbll,0Uf.\hl - Hyn·;Il.O TO.'JbKO paccxrarpnnarr, na nannoa anrefipe cPYHIHl,I111 OT n:___ 1 nepexrennoro, a He OT onnoro nepeneaaoro. IIoRa npepaCClItaTpHBaIOTcH

>

ulIlYIIl,eCTBeHHo IVlMU; rrananocs

II3YQaJIUCb

zz-apuste

KOJIbl.(OIlf.\bI Hap: KOJIh-

I13Y1reHIIe I1X II Hap: My.TJhTIIOnepaTopHhlMII

rpyrrnaun.

§ 16. CTPYRTYPLI Bsenea, HaROHen;, em;e onaa RJIaCC ynanepca lbHhIX 3JIre6p, aamoraromna n 06m;eii: anrefipe neCbMa aauernoe MeCTO. HanOMHHM, 'ITO MHOmeCTnO S uaatmaercn uacmusuo ynOp!lOO'leUUbl,M" eCJIH na S aanaao 6lIHapnOe 0'1.'JIOmeHHe r. e. P;JIJI aexoropux ynopano-renmax nap a, b E S nOJIOmeHO a b, npasea 3'1.'0 ornomenae P;OJImHO 6hlTb peqlJIeRCHnHhlM, TpaH3HTHnHhlM II aHTHClIMUeTpH'IHhIM, T. e. P;JIJI ncex a, b, c E S a<a, eC.lIH a b II b c, TO a c, eCJIH a b II b a, TO a = b. HanO?IHIUf rarorce, 'ITO OTHomeHHe ;:> 06paTHO OTHOmCIHlIQ T. e. b;:> a rorna H TOJIhRO rorna, xorna a b. qacTlI'IHO ynopanoxeaaoe MHomeCTno S naarrnaereJI cmpuxmupot: (ynoTpe6JIJIeTCJI TaH)Re repuan «pemerxa»), eCJIH OHO yp;OnJIeTnOpJIeT CJIep;YIOm;I1M p;nYM yCJIOnHJIM. II' ~JIJI nCJIRoii: napu 3JIeMeHTOn a, b E S n S cymecrnyer TaRoll 3JIeMeHT c = a b, nepeceueuue nnesrearos a H b, 'ITO C a, c b, npaaen eCJIII HeROTOpJJIii: 8JIeMeHT c' TaR/I{e 06JIap;aeT caoacrnaua c' a, c' b,

<, < <

<

<

<

<

<,

<

<

<

TO

c' C. 12, ~JIJI nCJIIwii: napu 3JIeMeHTOn a, b E S n S cymecrnyer TaRoii: 8JIeMeHT d = a U b, o6'beouueuue 8JIeMeHTon a H b, 'ITO d;:> a, d ;:> b, npaxeu eCJIlI aeuoropua oaenenr d' raroxe 06JIap;aeT CnOHCTBallfH d' ;:> a, d' ;:> b, TO d.

<

<

<

U U cocmaessuom unoeootipaeue, eaoaeaexoe moocbecmeauu III' x x = x,x U x = x; 112, x y =y x, x U y = y U x;

aroro onpeneaenaa cnenyer, 'ITO II nepecexenae a b, II 06'bep;I!IHeHHe a U b 3JIeMeHTOn a H b onpenenema n orpyrrrype S 0p;H03HaqHO. BCJIRaJI crpyxrypa JInJIJIeTC1I, CJIep;OnaTeJIbHO, YHHnepCaJIbHOii anrefipoa C p;nyMJI 61IHapHhlMII onepan;IIJIMII II U. MCXOp;HaJI qaCTIIqHaJI yrropanosenaocre n crpyarypo S MomeT 6hlTb aanaaa npa nOMOm;1IJIIo60ii H3 3TlIX oneparrait. MMeHHO, oaennnao, 'ITO )J;JI1I JIeMeHTOn a, b E S rorna II TOJIbRO rorna a 3 b, xorna a b = a (a TaRme xorna a U b = b). CmpY'KmYPb~ nan a.ltze6pbl, c tiunapuusu: onepauueuu

M3

«»

<

§ 16.

CTPYHTYPbI

911

y) = x. B CaMOM neae, BbIllOJIHeHHe B crpyxrype S TOa;,n;eCTB III II II2 O'IeBH,n;HO. IIpoBepIIM lIs, XOTH 6hl ,n;JIH nepeceneaaa. ,lJ;JIH JlI06bIX a, b, c E S 6y,n;eT, BBH,n;y II' (a

II3· (X y) z=X (y Z), (X U y) U z = X U (y U Z); II",. X (X (J y) = x, X U (X

n n

(a
orxyna,

n n

n c < a n b < a, b) n c ~ a n b < b, (a n b) n c ~ c,

b)

CHOBa no II'
(a (a

b)

b) (b

c~

c";;;_; a

n
(b b)

c,

n n

c).

n
n

c),,;;;_; (a

n
<

c,

a nO:>TOl\IY HMeeT MeCTO 113, IIpoBepHM reneps XOTH 6bI nepnoe BBH,n;y II a (a U b) a, HO a

H3 TOiI\;V~CTB II,.

< a H,

no 12, a ~ a
a";;;_; a

U b, orxvna,

no II'

(a

U b);

OTCIo,n;a cnenyer II". IIYCTb reneps S - anrefipa C onepartaaxa y,n;oBJIeTBopHIOII\HMH Tom,n;eCTBaM III - II". 'ITO ,n;JHI a, b E S paaeacraa
a

IIORaH,eM, (1)

n,

U,

G,

U b=b

o,n;ROBpeMeHHO BbIllOJIHHIOTCH MJIH He BhlnOJlHHIOTCH . .IJ:eii:CTBllTeJIbHO, eCJIII a b = a, TO, ~O II2 II II""

Ub=

(a

b)

U b = b; U b) = a.

eCJIH ,lie a

U b = b,
a

TO,

no II4,

(a