YllK 656. 7.071:658 .

386
rnaBa 1

nPEAMET. 3AAA'tM M COAEPmAHME METOAMKM IlETHOrO OEiY'IEHMSI

1.1. onPE.aEllEHIoIE, HAY4HA5I H METO.aHI.lECKASl OCHOBA

KapTaMIoIUle8 n. B., Hf1l3T08M'I M. B., OPKMII A. H. M CTOllHK3
.~l'THOrO 06y'll.'HIIH. M.: Tpaucnop'r, 1987.-279 c. OCBOeHl{e '-IeJlOBeKOM 3HaHI{H, Ha BblKOB I{ yMeHHH B n epeyio
Paco">Tpl'lIl~ C110CI,(ill, Cpl';J.CTBn, vero na. !lp nI' m>! n op raunauuacu-
ovepene 3aBHCHT OT npaaeuaeaux B 06y'-leHHH 3$¢leKTHBllblX Cpe.D.CTB,
Hl~l' 4Jop"lbl 06Y'lCHIIH .1l.'THOfO cocru a a 110 1Il'l' X II H;J.nX HOW\1HOH
nonrorosxu II II no.tcre. pacxp ur a "ll'TO ,lHK3 o(IY'II' lI HH IIlnya.l b ll l~"l cnocoooa, MeTO.D.OB I{ npHeMOB, «oropue HB JlHIOTCR CJIaraeMblMH Me -
110.1<'T3"l, 1l1l.loTllPOII<lIIHIO no npIl6opa"l , ,ll.'HCTIIIIIl"l II o c06b1 x CltT YOILHH X. TO.D.HKI-i 06y<JeIlHH. llJlR npaaam.noro. 0.D.1l03Ha'-lHOrO nOHHMaHHH ripen -
lb.1<lillt'lIb1 npununuu <111<1.11\]3 KII'II'CTBIl 1Ib11l0.1111'1lf1l>!X 110.1 eT OII , T 3K/K l.' a aeta MeTO,llHK<I JleTHOrO 06y<Je1lHH (MJIO) He06xo,llHMO '-leTKO yHCHHTb
opr3WU31l111l II IIpOIII'.ll'HIlH HX p3.l6opOIl. ' TaKHe nOHHTHH, KaK: MeTO,llHKa, MeTO.D.HKa 06y<JeHHR H MeTO,llHKa aeruoro
n.1I1 .1I'TtIUrO, IlHl'TpyKTOp,KUro II KU"l3H.J.1l0rO CUCT30011 r p a lK .J.i l HCKOH
anaauuu: \lOlKl'T 61Hl> IlCIlO.ll>:lOllnHll C.1YUlllTl.'.1I1\1H 3K3 .1l.'''lHIl r-p a acn aa - o6y'-leHHH.
cllm1 1l1l11<lIlIlH II q.3KY,11,TCTOIi nOOblllll.'HHII KII1l.1I1o!lIl KOIU!11 MeTOduKa - ccsoxynaocn, clIoc0608 , MeTOJl.OB H npaeaoa. n eooxo -
H.T. 12. T'I6.1 3: t'i1l6.1Itor p. 20 ua ae. AHMblX D,JIH CHCT e M a T H<J e CKo r o , 1t0CJle.D.OBaTeJlbHOrO H HaH150Jlee ueneco-
ocpaauoro BblnOJlHeHHH KaKOIf·JlI{15o pa60TbI. B YCJlOBI{HX JleTHOH npax-
TIlKI{ TepMHH MeTO,llHKa cnenyer nonnxats KaK [lIlJlOTllpOBaHHe Be
B KllHf l.' 11, B. K opTaMbiUl CIII~M 1l3nHC311 b1 r J1311b1 1-8, 10-1 3, 16-- HJlH K<lK Me TO.D.IlKa BblnOJlHeHHH none'r a. K COlKaJleIlHIO, sacn, JleTIlOrO
17, A. H. 0PIWHblM - f.raBbI 14, 15, M. B, Hr llllTOIIH4 l.'M - raaaa 9. H KOMaHJl.1l0rO COCTaBa OTOlKJl.eCTBJlHIOT MeTO.llHKY BbinOJlHeHHH nonera C
MeTO.D.HKOH JleTHOrO 06y'-leHHH , '-lTO CBH;teTeJlbCTByeT 06 OTCyTCTBHH
Y IlHX 3HaHHH B aonpocax TeopHH 06 y'Il'HHH.
MeToduKa o6ylieHuff - 3TO OTpaCJIb nenarorauecsoa HayKH, xanara -
P \' U C II 3 e II T npeaceaare.u. Ull K.l 0 1l0 H 1(U"lIlCCIiIl (je:KlIlilCIIOCTII noaeroe
IOUlaH eeronu npenonaeanaa KaKorO-JlH6o npene era HJlI{ BHJl.a
He urpa rA C 3B H. A. CIl.J.OPl' liKO
,lleRTeJlbHOCTIL Ee 3a Jl.3'-lH COCTOHT B H3Y'-leHIIH 3aKOilOMepHOCTeH 06y-
3 a oc .'lYlOll l llH p e n a x u u c H B. C. g a xapoe '-leHIlR, YCTaHOBJleHHH ua HX OCHOBe HOpMaTI-IBHblX Tpe60BaHHH K
PC !! iI K TOp Jl. B . B il Cll .11,l' o a npenOJJ.aBaTeJlbCKOH ,AeHTeJlhHOCTH n enarora. 3HaHHe MeTOJl.IlKH 06y'-l e ·
HHH n03BOJIHeT nenarory C MHHHM aJibHblMH 3aTpaTaMH BpeMeHIl"CHJI,
cpeztc'ru nOMO'-lb OCBOHTb y'-laIJJ;HMCH H3y'-laeMylO nncunnn nny HJlH BIlJl.
Jl.eHTeJlbHOCTH ,
Oe060 eaacnoe aaaxeaae HMeeT MeTOllHKa B JleTHOM 06y'-leHHH ,
'-lTO ooycnoeneno PHllOM $aKTopOB, B HX uacne:
CJlOlKHO CTb, He06b1'-lllOCTb H noauureauan c r e ne a s onacuocrx
Jl.eHTeJlbHO CTH uenoaexa B YCJlOBHHX ncne'ra;
CTpeM.HeHHe r A K OCBoellHIO e c enoronnux 1t0 JleTOB H Y BeJlH'-leHHIO
pa 3J1H<JHblX BH Jl.OB p a60T B HapOllHOM X0 3HH CTBe ;
B03pa CT alOUl aH aa r pyscenaocrs ner acrc COCT a Ba , Bbl 3B a HH a H He -
rtpepsraac YCJlOH<HHIOUlHMCR xapa xre p ov 110JleTOB;
xenp epu a noe OCHam eH He. f A CJlO lKH e HW eH aB HaU Ho HHo H T e xHHKo H,
HaBHr a UH OHHblMH CHCTe Ma MI-I H c p encraaa u YBll ;
aeoe xonn xocrs H3 YCJl OAHH penra oensa ocm noesnnenua npOH3BO llH-
3606040000-370 TeJlbHOCTH 3 K Hn ama a a C<JeT COK p a Ul e HHR e ra 4HCJleHHOCTH ;
K 9U7 sp ea astvaflno BblCOK8H CTOI-IMOCTb y'-le6HhlX 110JleT OB H8 coepevenner x
049(01)-87 ,(;) lt n,,, e.l bCT"O . TP'Htno p... 1 ,,~7
Be ;
2
3
 BblCOKaH CTOI1MOCTb TeXHM4eCKI1X Cpe,LlCTB 06Y4elll1R (TCO), ococex-
110 nponenypnux H KOMnJleKCHblX TpeHa)KCpOB;
C06J1IO,LleIlHC Tpc6oBaHHH, rapaHTHpYIO!l\HX nOJlHYIO 6e30naCHOCTb
nO.'IeTOB;
Heo6xo,LlHMOCTb aup ariora'n, y nHJlOTa CJlOI+\HeHUme, rH6KHe H yCTOH -
'lHBble HaBblKH B nHJlOTHpOBaHHII BC; . eaer nYTH npeono.tenna '33 TpY.D.HeHl-IH B JleTHOH nOJlrOTOBKe nHJJO-
nOTpe6HOCTb B pa3BH THH Y mctora nCHXOJIOrH'leCKHX Ka'leCTB, He.
06XO,LlHMblX .IlJIR eocnpnsrrua H OueHKH 06CTaHOBKH, npHIiRTHH peiuenna
II BblnOJlHeHlIll 'leTKliX ,LleHCTBHH B YCJJOBHRX CJlOmliOH, 6blCTpO MCHll-
IOmeHCH 06CTaHOBKIi.
Flepcvxcneunae lfJaKTOphl 06R3blBalOT HIICTpyKTOpCKHH H KOM<lH,LlHO-
JleTHblH COCTaB H3blCKHBaTb HaH60JIee 3lfJlfJeKTHBHble Cpe,LlCTBa, lfJOpMbl,
MeTOD,bl H npaeau 06Y'le1lHll nHJlOTOB (3KHllameJ1), T. e. HCnOJIb30BaTb
3H<lHHR MJlo.
MerOaUKa AeTH020 o6y'ieHUfl - 3TO caMOCTOllTeJlbHaH BeTBb rtena-
rOrH'leCKOH uaysa, HCCJJC,LlYlOlUaR 3aKOHOMepHOCTH OCBoeHHR JJeTHOH
,LleHTe.1bHOCTH H llBJJRIOw,aRCH Ha)"-lHoJ1 reopnen o6y'leHHH H BOC-
nHTaHliR aernoro COCTaBa. ·M Jl O , pa3BtlBWaRCR B caMoCTOHTeJJbHYIO
Hay'lHylO TeopHIO, aayvaer H 0606waCT npaKTIIKY aernoro o6Y'le1lHR
II na 3T0l1 OCHOBe -. paapacanaaaer , yTO'lHReT, KOHKpeTH311pycT
conepacanae. xeronu, lfJOPMbI 06y'lCHHR H eocnnraaun JlCTHOro COCTaBa.
npe.D.MeTOM MJlO HBJIRCTCR npouecc BocnHTaHHR H 06y'lCHHR nHJlOTOB
(3KHnameH) CJJomHoMy KOMnJJeKcy nHJIOTHpOBaHHH, CaMOJJCTOBO)K,LlCHHH
l-i 3KCnJJyaTauHH BC B -nOJICTe. B HCCJle,LlOBaFlHHX npouecca 06)"leHHl'I
Ii eocnaranna JleTHOrO COCTaDa MJlO aepaapaaao caaaaua C aBHaUHOH-
HOH nCHXOJlOrHCH, lfJli3liOJIOrlieH BblCWCH HCpBliOH ,LleSlTCJlbHOCTH, aBH-
auaonnoa Me,LlHUHHol1, JJOrHKOH, KH6epHeTliKOH, 3proHOMHK0I1, O,LlH<lKO
TI'CHee ecero OHa «cnraxrupyer C 06wcii nenarorusoa. HenOCpe.D.CTBeH -
HOM TCOpeTM'lCCKOH OCHOBOH MJlO SlBJJSleTCH COBcTcKaH ,LlH.D.aKTHKa.
Me-rO,LlOJlOrM'IeCKYIO ocuoay MJlO COCTaBJISleT ,LlHaJJCKTH'IeCKHH H
HCTOPH'lCCKHH aarepnanaa«. Y'IeHHe, C03.D.aHHoc K. MapKCOM H <D . .3H-
reJJbCOM H paaauroe B. H. JleHHHblM, HBJlSlCTCSl OCHOBOH nayvnoro
MMpOB033pCHHfI, Dce06uUlM MCTO,LlOM aayvuoro n03HaHHR H npaKTH'IeC-
«oro .D.eHcTBliH. MapKCH3M-JIeHHHH3M Y'lHT paccaarpuaan, SlBJleHHR H
BIi.D.b1 npapoae. 06U{eCTDa H 'lCJJOBC'lCCKOro c03HaHHSl B nocTORHHOM paa-
BliTHH, .D.BHmeIiHIi , B CHCTeMe CJlOmHblX B3aliMocBH3eM, r.D.C BCCr,Lla npo-
RBJISlIOTCR e.D.HHCTBO H 60pb6a npOTMBOnOJJOmHocTeH, 60pb6a uoeoro H
craporo, nepexona H3 O.D.HOro Ka'lC CTBeHHoro COCTOllHHH B npyroe. OTpH-
uasae OTpHuaHHH. TOJIbKO o n u p aace na 3aKOHbl MaTcpHaJJHCTH'leCKOH
.D.HaJleKTHKH, MO>KHO ocyutecransrn, nOD.JJHHHO liay'lllblJ1 nonxon K eonpo-
caa BOCnHTaHHSl H o6y'leHHll.
E,LlliHCTBO a B3aHMoo6YCJIOBJIeHHOCTb reopna H npaKTHKH HBJlHIOTCIl
pyKOBO,LlHmHMH npaeunnaaa nOCTpoeHHR MJIO, cnococnoq oeecne-urn,
BblCOKYIO 3lfJlfJeKTliBHOCTb H eacoxne aaqecrea yveeno-eocnarareaenoa
pa60TbI npn MHHHMaJJbHO Heo6xo,LlHMOH aarpare BpeMeHH H 101 are-
pHaJJbHblX Cpe.D.CTB n03TOMY MJIO uyacno paccuarpuean, KaK CHC-
4
rexy npaBHJJ, H3JJOmeHHe MeTO,LlOB, coeoxyrmocrs cnococoe neaecooo-
paaaoro npoeeneuaa JJeTHOrO 06y'leHHR. MeTO,LlliKa JleTIIOrO o6y'leliliH
He TOJJbKO YCTaHaBJlHBaeT npnnuuna l-I MeTO.D.bI, «oropue cnococcrayxrr
nOBblweHHIO xaxecraa y'lC6110H H BocnHTaTCJlbHOH paeoru, 110 H pacxpu-
TOB (3Klinal+\eIi).
MeTO.D.H"a JIeTIiOrO o6y'leHItR COCTOl-lT H3 ,LlBYX 'laCTcJ1: 06meIi,
npncyuren neruoxy o6y'IeHliIO B UeJJOM, l-I KOHKpeTHblX MeTO,LlMK 06Y4e-
III1H nHJJOTOB (3KHna>Keii) na onpeneaeneoa rarte Be. B 06meH
uacru MJIO p accaarpusmorca IIPHHUl-IIIHaJJbHble nOJJO>KeHHSl (.D.H,LlaK-
TH'leCKMe npaaunnu, aeronu H lfJOPMbJ 06y4eflHH), KOTOpbJC HBJJHIOTCSl
06R3aTCJJbHblMl-I H oTnpaBHbJMH ,LlJJR ecex KOHKpeTHbix MCTO.D.HK, 06be,LlH-
HeHHblX C.D.HHCTBOM o6mei-i UCJIIt, crosnnef nepen o6y'leHHeM a eocnx-
r
Tall HeM JJeTHblX 3KHna>KeM A. B 06meH 'laCTH H3JJaraeTCR caa npouecc
o6y'leHHR Ii BOCnl-lTaHl-ISl nHJlOTOB (3Klinameii) Ii paspaearuaaiorca Me-
TO.D.b1 ero uaysnoro HCCJIC,LlOBaHliH, a ras ace onpC.D.CJIHIOTCH 06mHe
aana cx JIeTHOIi nO,LlrOTOBKH, xayvno-reoperavecxae OCUOBbl ee conep
)1<allHH, 06y'leHHSl H eocnnra ana C yserov 3aKOIIOMepHOCTeH YCBoe-
HHSl 3HaHHH, HaBblKOB, YMPIIHi-i o6y'laeMbiX na pa3JIH'lHblX sranax
OBJJa.D.eIlHH JleTHblM «acrepcrso«. KOHKpeTHble MeTO,LlHKH paapaoaru-
BalOT 3a,Lla'lH conepacauna H xeronauecxae OCHOBbi o6y'leHHH H BOC-
nHTaHHfI odyuaea ax npaaenareasuo K KOI1KpeTHbiM xypcau (nporpaua)
JIetHOH nO,LlroToBKH nllJJOTOB, 'IJJCHOB 3KHnameH na OCBal-lBaeMOM BC.
Baacaeauraa Ii uauroaee CJlOmHaSl veers ecero MeTO,LlIi'leCKOrO
«oxnnesca nO,LlrOTOBKIl Ii npotpeccaonaaeuoro COBepweHCTBOBaHliH
JlCTHOrO cOCTaBa - 06y'lCHlie B nOJICTe. OHO Opr3HH'leCKH CBR3aHO
C sranaau o6Y'lelil-lH IIa 3eMJIe B npouecce reoperasecson, rpeua-
>KepHoii, Ha3eMHOM (06weH, npeneapnrensnoa, npennoxernoa) nO.D.rOTO-
BOK Ii HBJISleTCH HX npO,LlOJliKeHHeM.
OCBoeHHe MJIO lfJOpMHpyet nena rora.recxoe H MeTO,LlH'leCKOe MliPO-
B033peHHe KOMall.D.HO-JJeTHoro COCTaBa r A, cucreay B3rJJSl,LlOB ua npeno-
naaauue JJeTHOrO ,LlCJIa, aocnurueaer yeaaceaae K nenaror-nvecxoq
nporpeccau. eoopyacaer 3HaHMeM MeTO,LlOB Ii npHeMOB 06Y'leHliH H BOC-
narauan. HaKOnJIeHHblX y'le6HOH npaxraxon H npennar-aeaoa HayKoM,
YMeHlieM orcnpars HaH60J1ec 3lfJlfJeKTHBHble H3 HHX D.JJH KOHKpeTHblx
YCJlOBIlH. Kpoxe roro, MJIO opuenrupyer aa TDOp'leCKHH no.D.XO,Ll
IIl-I.10Ta-IIHcTpyKTopa K cBoeMy ,LleJIY, npenynpecsnaer B03MO>KHble MeTO-
.D.l-I4CCKlle Olllli6KIi Ii l-I36aBJISleT ero OT nOl-lCKOB roro. 'lTO ,LlaBHO
y>Ke ,LlO Hero 6bl JIO YCTaHOBJJeliO H npoeepeno. H TeM caMbiM
naer eMy B03MO>K HOCTb 3KOHOMllee pa CXO,LlOBaTb CHJJ bl, CpC,LlcTBa H Bpe -
MH H<I 06Y'leliHC .
1.2. CO,D,EP>HAHIo1E 101 3A,D,A4101
KBaJJHQ>liKaUMH nHJlOTa, urrypuaaa, 60pTMexaHHKa (ooprmosenepa}.
60pTpa,LlHCTa, HX npotpeccuonaaeuoe xacrepcreo B nepBylO ouepens
OnpCllCJIRIOTCH conepacannee o6y'lCIII-IH, T. e. 06beMoM H ypoeuea
5

nOJlY4eHHblX 3U8HHH, HaBbIK08, yMeHHH B n pouec ce TeOpeTH4eCKOH, na-
3eM IlOA, Tp eHa IKep UOH U .1eTHOH non r or o eo «.
Conepacanae JleTHOrO 06Y'leHHR 06ycJlOBJleHO UeJlbJO 06y4eHHH,
Tpe6yeMblM ypoeueu nOJlr OTOBJleHHOCTH oynyurerc CneUHaJlHCTa H
onpenenaercu Y'le6HblM nJiaHOM, "pOrpaMM3MH, ,J;llpeKTHB3MH, npaxa-
3aMIf, If HCTp y KUIfHMH, pyKOBollcTBaMII, HaCT3BJleHHHMIl, y'Ie6HHKaM Ii
M 1l0C06HHM Il. GHO YCTaHaBJl HRaeT: xexy 06Y43 Tb JleTHbJH COCTaB,
KaKHe rtpenver u 011 JlOJIlKeH 1l3Y'l3Tb, KaKH1'.1H BIIJlaMH lleRT£'.lbIlOCTH OR-
naner u.
OPIf nep BOH 3 'l aJlbHOM 06Y'l£'HIlH H nepeY4HB3HHH B aeruux Y4IfJlIll..U3X,
urxon a x JleTHOH nOllrOTOBKII H y'le6HO-TpeHHpOBO'lHhlX orpanax fA co-
nepacaaae neruoro 06y'leHHH OTpalKeHO B KYJIO, p83pa60T3 HHOM ,'J,.l 51
xonxpcruoro rurta B e. B Hero BKJl JO'leHbI aaaexnaa. TpeH8IKepH8 Sl
H ,,1eTHaH nO,'J,roToBKH . B " pOH 380nCTBeHHbJ X nO,'lpa311eJl£'H1tHX fA, r-ae
JJerHOe 06y'leHlfe npenycaarpneaer BBOll B CT pOH, cOBepweHcTBoB8 HHe
npoQleccHOH3J1hHOrO M8cr£'pcTB8 B p83J1H 'l HhlX YC.l0BHSlX H BH,'J,ax noae-
TOB, nepu on nse c s uc npoaepx a y pOBHH nonroroexa KBC H 'lJleHOB 3KHna.
IKt"H, conepacaa ue neruorc 06Y4t"HIfH orpaaceuo B nporpaaaax nonroroa-
KH JleTHOrO cocraaa 110 KalKllOMY ru ny B C , yraepacnenuux M fA. GH II
npenycvarpueator Ha3t"1'.1HyJO, rpenaxepuyo If ae r nyo 1I011rOTOBKH.
KYJIO H npo rpaMMhI nOllrOTO BKH neruor-o COCTaBa f A HBJlHJOTC H
06fl33Te.TJ bHhlMIf pe rna MeHTH PYIOl..U HMH 1l0KyMeHTaMH, onpeneaa IOIIlHMH
conepaca n ue. 061>e1'.1 H ypoaem, cne nnansaax 3IlaHHH, JleTHbJX HaBbI-
KOB Il yMeHHH. B HHX YK33h1BaeTCH nopanox npOXOlKlleHHH paanenoe,
aanav H y npaacae uun, Il X B3alfMOCBH3b C C06.1IOlleHHeM np ua nu n a
CIiCTeM aTH'l HOCTIt, no cn en o ear e,nbHOCT H Il nocrynnocru. KOMa Hll,HO-JleT-
IIb1H Il HHCT py KTOp CKH H COCTaBbI 06H3aHbI ctpo ro C06J1I011arh 110.1HOTY
II nOCJlellOBaTe.1bHOCTb eunoaneuan KalKlloH 3a./la411 H ynpaacaenaa.
r eopsec xn H36 Hp aTh coaee paUIlOU8.1b HbIe aeronu H npaevsr B 06Y4e-
HHII «aacnoro 3.TJeMeHTa rton er a . Ilporpavaa nernoro 06Y'lellHA llOJH/{'
n a HCXOJ],II Tb H3 nOCTaa.1eHHoH uenu. eurexaroumx H3 nee 38J],a'l,
II MeTb cooTBeTc TByJOLUee conepacanne, onpeneneauae QlOPMbI H veronu
06y 'leIlIlH.
MeTO./lI1Ka ne-rucrc o6Y'le1lHH 06Sl3bIBaeT np H paapaoorxe KYJI n,
nporpaxu H npyrux y'le6Hhlx J],oKyMeH ToB Y41lTblBaTb lIaJl Il'lHe B HIlX:
4eTKO co opaynapoaa nuon uemr Il aanav. n an pa aa euu a x na
nOllrOToBKY rpecyeaux aBliaCneUHaJlIlCTOB;
KOUKpeTIIo r o conep acauaa. ocecnevaeaomero BbInOJIlleHHe noctae-
JleHHOH ue.111;
orrrueaassoro 060eM a TeOpeTIl'leCKOH, TpeH8IKepUOH If JleTlIOH
nOm'OTOBOK;
paunoaansuon nOCJle;l;OBaTe.1bIlOCTH B OCBoellHH TeOpeTIl'leCKHX 3Ha-
HHH: If npa KTH'leCKIiX HaBbiKOB;
o npeneaeuan Tpe6oB8HHH B ./leHCrBHHx 06Y4alOLUIlx B y4e6HoM
npouecce;
nOJlHOH: RCHOCTH B n p HMeHeHHIf opraxaaauucnaux QlOpM, MCTOllOB
H npH£'MOB 06Y4eHIlH;
6
KSaJlHQlHu,HpOB8Il HblX peKOM eH./la UII H ocyv aea oay. -rro cnenyer
113Y4IlTb, rsepno anart., KaK BocnplfHIfMaTb 1l3Y4aeMblH aarepaaa,
OCMblCJlHBaTb ero Il KaK lleHCTBOBaT h B nonere:
'l eTKO 06YCJlOBJlell HOro eaaaaonouaaauan H B3aHMolleHCTBifA HH-
crpvxropa Il o6y4aeMoro B n po u ecce Bb(nOJlHeHIfH rton er a.
B uenov nporpaxaa npe./lCTaBJIHeT C060H CIlCTeMY, OTpalKaJOIllYIO
KOHKpeTHyJO MerOll HKY 06Y4£'HIlH aa ./l3HHOM 'rane Be.
MJIO , accaenya 3aKoHoMt'PIlOCTIi OCBoellH H JleTIiOH lleHTt'J1bHOCTIl
II AB."JSl SlCb teopaef 06y'IeH HH Il eocrtaraxua aemoro COCTaBa, pewaeT
C.1C'll,VIOIUHe OCH.OBH.bJe 3aaa'lU:
o npeneaaer ne.tu. cneUHQlIfKY, conep xcan ae H 06beM JleTHOH non-
r OTORKII npll Ha'la,,1hHOM 06Y4eH Hft, nepey - meanun . BBOJl.e B CTpOH
H ./laJlbHeHUleH TpeHHpOBKC If npoaepxe n eraoro COCTaBa B n poa aaon -
craeuuux YCJlOBll flX;
060CIIOBblBaeT Ha1f60.1ee p auaouaas uue. 3KOHOM H4Hble H 3QlQleKTHB-
uue ¢OPMbl, MeTO;I,h1 II npuea u 06Y 4eHlfH B 3aB HC HMOCTIl or noste-r-
1I 0 r o aanaa un. YCJlOBliH non er a . nCIl XOQlll31l 0JIO r ll 4eCK HX oco6eHHOCTeH,
.~eTHbiX HaBblKOB If pa60Tocnoc05110CTif ooyvaexoro :
paapaoaru aae r YC JlOBIiH If nyTH ycneumoro YCBoeH IIH 06Y'laeMblMIl
cneu na.n.au x 3IlaH HH, lIaBblKOB H yMeIlHH, T. e. ooecnec ueaer
OTIleTJlIfBOe aoc rtpaarue, acnoe IIOH HMaHIfC, 'reepnce aa nOMHH a HHe
yuecucro MaTepHa.1a H npuxeneune ero B JleTHOH n p a KTII Ke;
oc oc xc eu eaer PYKOBO./lSlIUHt" fJOJIOJKell HH B JleTlIOM o6y4eHHH, T. e .
npauuanu 06y4eHHA C Y4ero 1'.1 113MeHelIlfH, npoxcxonamax B crpys'rype
f A , B opra uaaaunn Y'le6l-Io-BocnIfTaTeJlhlloro nponecca. nocTyn.1eHHH
a enauuonno a r ex u axn If TeXIl1f4eCKHX cpencra 06Y4£'HHH;
pa apa oa r smaer aeronu 06y4eHHfl IICXO./lH 11 3 B03MO}f{1I0CreH
euenp euas noee tliuax TeXHH4eCKll X c pencru nporpaaaapoeaa uoro o6y-
4eHHH II KO II TPO~Sl:
rpop a upyer en na ue n pen cr a aze naa II 1l0Hfl THH cp enn KOMaH.1HO-
JleTHOrO COCT3Ba f A 0 «eronake nepaou avaasuoro 06y 4eHIlH, nepe-
)"I IlBaH IIH, BBO./la B CTpOH JleTHOrO COCTaBa, a TaKJKe npoaepaa
r ex na xa n IlJlOr HpOBaHHH;
aoopyscaer K0 1'.1aHllHO-Jl£'TllblH COCTaB fA nen a r o r uv ec s u vn If MeTOJl.If-
4eCKIlMH 3HaHHAMH H HaBblKaMII .llJIfI KBaJmQlHuH po BaHHoro rtpoue.ae-
HUSl netuoro 06y4CHIlH;
paapaearuaaer MeTOJl.b1 uayqaoro auaa uaa oW1l50K, ./lOIlYCKaeMbiX
JleTHbl1'.1 COCTaBOM B n pouecce nanorapcea nua. caMO.1erOBOJKlleHIlH
Il 3KCJl.TJyaT8UHH aaaauaoanoa TeXIIHKIl, B neanx noeenueuaa
ypOBIIH JleTHO rO «acrepcrea If 6e30naCilOCTH nOJleTOB;
nccaenyer npoueccsr ne-ruoro 06y'leHHSl . Y'le6HO-MeTO./l1l4ecKYIO pa -
60 TY KOMaH.1l,1I0-IIHcTpyKTopcKoro COCTaBa II llaY41l0 060CHOBblBaeT
HaH50.1ee nplleMJleMbie nyra ycneumon nO./lrOTOBKH K 3TOH nearene-
HOCTII ;
lIaY4HO 060CHOBbiBaeT orrraaam.nue Y4e6Hble nnauu. op rauuaa-
UHOIIHble QlOPMbI, MeTO;l;bl Il CpOKIf 06y4eH Hfl a em o r o COCTaRa, ./l061l-
7
 BaR Cb c ox p a u re u u st M aTepHaJl bllbiX aar par 6e3 ymep6a .lIJlR K3'leCTOa
nO.llfOTOBKII ;
onpeneaaer ({e Jle C0 06pa 3110CTb Blle.llpellHR B npaKTHK Y 06y'leHHR 11 0 .
eocnar a u uo. nepeoua uaaeaox y 06 Y'l eHHIO II n ep e Y'lHB31UlIO aeruor o
BeHWHX .lI0C TII >KeIl Il H Ha yKH II nepenoaoro onura . yKa 3b1Ba51
COcr8 D3 . HOBbie noaenuenaue rpeoceaua s K BocnHT 3 1UllO H opra n uaa ua u
aa lIe06xo.llHM OCTb HX e uen pe una . aeruoro o 6y'lell HR 06 YCJIOBJIHB;l1OT HeoOXO.llIIMOCTb pa apaootxa H
Peureaae.lI8JTeKO aenoau oro KOMruteKC3 nepevucaeunux aaaau DHt'J1peHHR 1l0BblX Y4e6Ho-BOCIIHTaTeJlbllbl x Mepon pHRTIIH , $OpM II
n03BOJIReT, C O.llIlOH croponu, KBaJlII$IIUllpOBaHHO, CO 3HaHll eM nena MeTOD,O B o6 y'leHHR C UeJlblO .3$cfJeKTIIBHOrO ynpaeneuna l10 3113BaTeJlb-
ocycan, H BOCIIHTblllaTb JleTlIIJlH COC Ta B, C npyroa CT Op OUbl , - CO- Hoil nenrem.nocn,» o 6 y 'l a e Mbl X H cOBcpwell cTBoB 311HH y 'Ie6uoro npo-
BepWeHCTB(ma Th Jll'TIIOe MIl CTCp CTBO, noauuran, per-yaapnocre, 3Ip $l' K' uccca B UCJlOM. Yxaaanuue 06CTORTeJlbCTSa a CDOIO ouepens rpe-
THBHOCTb H 6e 30na CIlO CTb 1I0Jl eT OB BfA. OYIOT ra ycoxoro. acecropouaero 113y'IeHHR nena roruuecxa x f1DJ1eIlIlH
Ii npouecco e nerucro 06 Y'le1l1HI, npoeeneuau Ha y'lll bl X II CCJleJ10BaIlHH
,llcflTeJlbIl OCTII 3 KHn a >Ka . Hanpawep, B peayn sr are pau ee npoe enenuux
1.3. HCT04HHKIo1 PA3BIo1TIo1.l1 101 METO.o.b1 HCCnE.o.OBAHH5I HCCJl CJ10BaHHH H B HeD,peHII R npenn o sce u a u x Mepon p"RTHH 6blJl3 C03.n. a Ha
rpeaa scepn aa ann aparypa , n er uu e 1I urr ypa an cxue rpeuaacepu.
Hay'lHOH OCHOBOH MJlO HB Jl RIOTCR nOJlOlKeHHR 0 BOcnHT aHHH II
'lTO KOp CHHblM 0 6p a 30M 1I3MeHIIJlO Cy tU HOCT b lIa 3e MiloH nOD,rOTOB KH .
06y'lt'HHH , p a 3pa60T31111blt' MapK CHCTCKO-JleHHHCKOH $IIJlOCO$HeH , n ena -
Hayseune npoue c ca nO D,rQTODKH KBC n03BOJl HJlO paapaeoran, CT pO HHy lO
rOrHK OH H a BHa l { HOHUOH n CHXOJlOrHeH . Onapaacs u a 3 Ha HHR 3T HX
nporpa a a y OBOJ1a B CTpOH . HC CJlC.n.OB311H C lleRTeJl b HOCT H 3 Kll n a iK e H
nayx. ua HOBbie 0606111ellHR , B bl BOJl,bl H OTKpblTHR, MeT O.llHKa neruo -
ro .o6Y'leHHH II OCTOHlIIlO 0 6 0ralUaeTCR . Onnaxo MeTO.llHK3 HMeeT H
H au e nua aea aunoana x npoucure crsua H npennocuno x K IIHM coy-
CJlODHJIH ll e 06xO.ll.HMOCTb C0 3D,aIlHR TllnOD OH Te XII OJlOl'lIH p ~16oThr 'lJl eHOD
npyrue IICTO'lIIHKH , IHI ocuoee KOTOPblX OHa TaK>Ke coecpurencreycr c«
II aayvuo pa 3BHBaeTCH , B HX '!HCJle : . s x u rt a ac a B n OJlCTe.
HCTOp"'l e CKOC na ca enne BOeHI/OH H rpa>K.lIaHCKOH aBHaUHH B H3Y'le1lH e nenerorusecxux RBJl eHHH Ii npoue c coe n erucro o6y'l ellHR ,
nonroroexe JleTllbl X x a npoa: K8 K p aue e 6b1JlO orxeueno. A OJl)KHO 0IIHp3 TbCH ua ececro p o n uee
COBp e Me HHbl H n epeJIOBOH o n u r 06y'l t'HHR H BOCn HT a tl HR JleTiIOrO IICI10 Jlb3 0 Ballll e 3 11aHHH 3a KOHOB H MeT OllO S nenaro ru xu . II CHXOJlOrHH ,
COCTaBa B npoue c c e npOH 3R O.ll CTBeHH oH .lIe RTeJI b HOCTII 11 01 npennpaa - COILHOJIOrll H, M aT eM a TIIKH .
THR X fA; Y cn e x Ha Y'lIlO -H Cc.'1ellOB3 TeJlbCKoH paeoru onpeneaa er ca Y MeJl bl M
np axruxa y 'le6 Ho' JleT " " lx 3a Be.llt'II HH II opraHH33uHH II 1J0.llrOTOBKa CO'l eT~ IIH eM MeT OD,OD, ooecneu HBalOUJ,H x n a KOIIJl ellH e ~ M nH puu ecxoro
neruux xanpoe. 1I03B OJIRIOmaR u enpepueuo 0606maTb s e e HOBo e B »arepa aaa a a onur a y'le6110H II eocnurarensuoa np a KTHKlI , r eop e -
pa3BHTHH MeTO.llHKII; TH'l e CKH X ncca enceauua. 06bR CII RIOUlH X 3a KOIIO Me p HOCT H IIPOHCXO.llHIUHX
onur Jl y'llllH X IlIlJlOTOB -M eTO .llHCTOB, KOTOpblH RBJlReTCR lIe3aMC - HBJlPIIHH H npoue c coe . a TaK>K e MCTOD,OB. n03BOJIRIOIl{H X ocp acaruea'n,
IIHMblM II lIelfC'lepnaCMbl M HCTO'lIlHKOM c OBep w e HCTBo Ba HII R r eopuu Me - n a u uuc t1a6J1IOD,e IlHH H sscnepxaeura .
TO.llHKH, HCTO'lI/HKOM ce UOIII.( X H.n.eH ; Jlemo -nen aroracecsoe HCCJleD,OSaIlH C RBJl RCTCfI 'lpe3Sbl 'laH llo CJlOiK -
peKOMCH.n.IlI{HII lIa Y'IIl O· II CCJlC.n.OBBT CJlbCKIIX y'lpe>KD,eHHH H y 'le6 ll bl x IlblM npoue c coa . BKJlIO'l-3lOmHM :
33BeD,eHHH B 06Jl a CTH n c cnen ceauaa JleTHOH D,eIHeJlbHOCTH ; u ayu euu e COC TOHII HfI uccaenyeaoro e onpo ca H II bl pa 60TKy nporpaa -
peureuaa Jl CTIlO- Me TOD,II'ICCKIIX ce M HHa p OB, KOH¢lepeHUHH H COBe TOB. Mbl na a uu pycxoro II CCJlellOBaHHR ;
O CHOBHbl e 3 aJ13 ' 11I 0 P 3 3BHtHII H COBe p w e H"CTBOBa HHII MJlO COCTO- nenocpencreenu oe lIa6J!lOD,elille B noacenae a u ux YCJlOBI I RX a e pe a y ne-
RT B TOM , 'lT06b1 r JI y 6>K c oc aa u e an, ucropacecxoe aacaena e, 6 blC T ' Ta TaM H npOBOD.IIMOH Y 'l e 6 HO- Bocm I T a TeJl b II OH pa OOTbl C 0 6y'l aeM bl M
p e e cocapa'n , H 0600 tU a T b COBpeMt' Hll bl H OllblT, He3aM e J1,JlHTCJlbHO JlCTllbiM COCTaaOM;
pe8JTH 30BblB aTb ece nepenoaoe. HOBDe D n pa KTHKY JleTH OrO ooyvc- lI a I<OIlJlt'HH t' H oooeurenac Ha6J!lOD.a eM bl X RBJle ll HH H $ aKTOB H3
tlII R. Fp a x n au c x a a aBHaUIIR 60 raT3 BblJ1alO tU lIM HcR IIH JlOT a Mll , u ucrp yx - 01l1>l Ta y'le6 110H Ii eocnurer easa oa npaKTIIKH ;
r opaxn. n en arorn a u II aoc n HT3TeJlR MH, 3aMe'la Te Jl b Hbl MH HX rpan u - npa a eucuue s xc ne p n a e a re. C n OMOU1b lO « o t o p o r o n a yx a ea o e HBJle-
UHflMH, neraaeno e 11 3 Y' I ellH e KOTO pblX He COMH eHHO 0 60 ra T HT COK PODII Ul- IIH e IIOCC03.n.aeTCfI II CKYCCTDeHH O Ii CTa DHTCR II aapa uee onpenenenu ae
HliUY HaweH MeTO D,H'leCKOH KyJl b Ty p hl. YCJlOIl 11R:
By pnoe pa aen'ta e 0 0 3D,YUJIIoro rpaucnopra , eceno ronn u e HOJle - naxonn euu e aayun or o MaTepllaJIa no p eaynerara a IlPOlIO.n.HMorO
Tbl, oc u a uie n ne fA CJlO>KIIO H a B Ha u lIO HHOH Te XHHK OH Ii PT C xan a ra- sx cncpu MCUTa;
l.lHII - a ce 3 TO npeJ1bRDJlR eT 1I0 Bbl e, 60Jlee Bbl COKHC r p e e oe auu a K o6 Jla60TKY na u nux np oeonaau x Ha6Jl lOllCIIHH H axc nep u a e n ra C
a cnom.ao a aun ea npa 310M MeT O.n.OB CT3T HCTHKH, 11 3Mep ell HR, c pa BHe HII R,
8
conocraeneuua. an aaa aa II CII HTe3a ;

•
 on peneaars 1ll'110CTaTKIf B opra HH3aUHH H npoaene a ax yceoao-
auecnu H pexovennanna no COBepwellCTBOBaH HIO aaysaevo ro BO- ro n pouecca.
npoca. • Ha6AIOaeHue llBJIlleTCll TaKHM MeTo.n;OM, KOTO phi H n03BOJllleT H3Y-
Pa3BHHte H coBepweHCTBoBa H He MJ10 rp ee yer: HCCJIe110Ba Tb eocna- l.fHT b yoeeuo ro npouecca B nacroauie». npo eonarca ueaeaan-
XOl1
TaTeJIb ll blH npouecc. npOBOl1HMblH cpenn JIeTHOrO COCTaBa; H3Y'laT b paaaeuuo no aapaaee paapaeor auuovy nJl3I1Y, C T0 'l 1lbl M YK333 HHeM
06beKTa, ueJlei'! H nporpaaau ero npoeenenna. H a 6 Jl lOl1e HHe 1I0 3 BO-
.nernyio l1eSHeJIbHOCTb B y'le6ll blx aaeencsxnx H npOH3B0l1CTBeHH blX
n0l1p a 311eJIe HHllX; HCCJIe 110 Ba Tb opraH H3aUHIO ysecao ro npouecca. co-
xaer npoae pnrs H auacn urs:
xaxue HMelOTCll ycnexa a llOCTHmeHHH eocnn rareasnux H y 4e6-
nepaca uae H aeronu 06y'leH Hs:I; y 'lHTblBaTb HOBe HwHe acca ea oe au aa
HPIX aanau, l.fTO cnococcrayet '3TOMy;
CMeJKllbiX aa yk, B nepayo osepem, nena rormcn, nCHXOJIOrHII Ii COIlHO- KaKHe ecrpevaiorca aarpynue unn H npnqunu HX;
JIOrHIi.
lI a CKOJl b KO orneneaue aerona, npaeau H opra unaa unonuue ¢lOpMbI
Hayvaa HCTOp H'leCKHH onur 06y'leHHll H eocmr ran aa JIeTHOro
06CCnel.fH BaIOT 110CTHJKe HHe Y4e6 HblX u e JICH;
cOCTaBa, pa3BHTHs:I r p a JK,Il a HCKOH aB Hau.H H H JIeTHO-nella rOrH 'leCKOH ne- KaKHe aeronu H npneau, np u a ena ea u e HHc T p y KTo p a M H H npenona-
s:lTeJIhIlOCTH KOMa H,IlHO-HllCTpyKTopcKoro COCTaBa, HCCJIe,llOBaTeJIH na xa - Ba T e.'1ll MH , s:l BJHIIOTCll Ha HJIyl.fllI HMH .
nJI HBalOT H 0606ma lOT ¢laKTbI, n pO HHKalOT B cyuntocn, nen arorav ecxax Il eoaeoeuwecsua secnepueenr - :':lTO rtpoaoaa a aa B y4e6 HoM aaee-
llBJIeHHH, n03HalOT HX 3a KO/lOMep HOCTH . TOJI hKO npH 3 THX YCJIoaH s:lX neuaa accn enoa ar em- cx aa pacor a. noae onn o uraa yC TaHOBHTb 3aK01I0-
B03MO}lma paspaeonca KOIIKpeT llblX nayx uo ooocnoe aua ux pescaeuna- MepHble CBll3 H B n e l1 a r OrH'le CKII X HBJIeH HRX Ii Ha HX oCHOBe
UHH, aeooxonna ax ,IlJIH n p a KTHK H 06y 'leHHs:I H eoc na raua n ablHBIITb uancoaee 3¢l¢leKT HBll ble nena r o ru v ec k a e cpencrea. Sxcnep u-
JIeTHOro COCTaBa. MeHTaJIbHble HCCJIe.n;oBaHHll npoaonarca C u,eJlblO np oeepxa HOBhlX yl.fe6-
Kaaoioe 1I0Boe accn enoe aune CTpOHTCll na OCIiOBe nocra rnyroro IIblX «ypcoe. nporpaae, BH.n;OB 3a HllTHH II orneasaux MeTolLHK
paxee. OHO 06 s:13aTeJIhHO .n;OJIJK HO yqa r uea n, TO, 'l TO yace H3BeCTHO BblnOJIHell HH noneraerx Ja.n;aHHH . Xa paxrep H nnn rensnocr» nen a ro-
H YCTa HOBJIeliO B l1allHoH 06JI3CTH npenanyuuo m HCCJle .n;OBa Il Hll M H, r uvecxoro axcne pauenra 3aBHCHT OT ero neaen H xons peraoro
.n;OJImHbI 6b1Tb noneepruyru aHaJI H3Y ¢laKTbI, Ha KOnJI e HHbl e B MeTOllHKe conepxcax aa . 011 aoacer OXBaTblBaTb xnaccaoe OTlleJIeHHe, neTHylO
JIeTHorO odyvenaa, H onpeneaeno. 'leM HOBoe HCCJIe110Ba HHe MOlKeT rpy nny, y 'le6110-JIeTHOe nonpasneaenne. JIeTHOe Yl.fIlJIIl lU,e, pan y'le611b1x
YJlY 'lW HTh pe ureu ue aay saea oro eo npoca. aaacaenua H npOH3 Bo .n;CT Be II Hbl X npen npaarna fA.
Ilenarornvecsne HCCJIe.llOBaH Hll B CHJIy CJIOmIlOCTH, MHomeCTBeHHOCTH Beceoa KaK «eron HCCJIe.n;OBaIlHll xapaare paayerca caoea ueae-
CBll3eH ne.llarOrH 'l eCKHX llBJleHHH oCYUleC TBJllllOTCll pa3Ho06pa3 11b1MH Ha npaBJIeHHOCTblO, U1 HpOKO npaaeusercs B yveono- eocnararea unoa
aeronaan . KaJK.llblH MeTOll HMee T CBOIO Cneu.HlfJHKY H cnococeu npouecce H n03BOJIlleT H3 Y'l HT b TaKHe o c 0 6 eH Ho CTH OBJIalleHHH Yl.fe6-
ec xpern, Ty HJIH liHylO CTopOHy H3Y'laeMhlX llBJIeHH H H np oueccoa. HblM M3TepHaJlOM, xoropue lI e B0 3 M OIKII0 ecepsrn, n pu nOMOllIH
Cpena MeTo.n;OB aeruo-nenaro ravecsoro HCCJle.llOBaH Hll BrA HCnOJIb3yIOT- npoa enenu a KOHTpOJI b HblX npoeepox. Becena n03BOJIlleT Bhl llCHHT b:
ca: aaysenne y'le6HOH .n;oKYMeIlTaIlHH, Ha 6 Jl lOl1 e UHe . nellarorH'lecKHH 3K- ypOBC Hb 3HaHH H otiy saex ux no H3 y 'l e HHo M y MaTepHaJly;
cnep naenr. occena. nayuenu e na r epat ypuu x HCTO'lIlHKOB, a ra xace nay- yMeH He ocyuaeao ro 3HaJIll3HpOBaTh B nonere CBOH ,IleHCTBHH;
venue, aHaJIH3 H 06061u.e1lHe JleTHO-MeTo.n;H'leCKOro onura. CHCTe- JJH4Hhle xavec'rna ocyvaeao ro - n a M llT b , co06pa3 HTeJIbIlOCTb, ua-
MaTH'leCKOe, n JIa HOBOe , lleJIeHanpaBJIeH HOe npna euea ae KOMaHl1Ho- XO.n;·IIIBOCTh;
JIeTHblM COCTaBOM y'le6HblX aaeenenuf H npennpaama nepes ncteuusx OTHoweHHe ooycaeeoro K JIeTHOH .n;es:lTeJIhIlOCTH 1'1 CBoeH ycne-
aeronoa HCCJIe.n;o B a HHll cyner cnocoecraoaan, pa3BHTHIO H cosepurea- eaevocrn ;
CTBOBaHHIO MJ10. K3KHe yveouc-eocnnrareasnue Mepon p HllTHs:I n pH Me HllJIlf Ch o6Yl.falO-
Kparxo pacxpoea CYlU,HOCTh nepesucaeaaux aeronoe accaenoeanaa. lU,IIMH H KaKoH OHH HMeJIH 3¢l¢leKT.
npaveuaexux B 06y'l eHIIH H BocnHTaHHH xeruoro COCTaBa. H3y'lefme M3y'leHUe nurepurupnux UCTOliHUKD8 snnaerca Ha4aJIOM scex BIi-
y'le6HOU aOKYMeHTQI~UU npoaonurca Mil o606meHlill onerra H H3BJIe'le- .n;OB aayvaeax HCCJJe.n;OBaHHH, 0110 n03BOJIlleT 0606lU,HTb HMeIOU{HHCll
IlHs:I onpeneaeunux eueonoa no opr-aunaauua II npoaenenmo ysecncro on biT no nannoxy eonpocy. euepan,
1'1 3 Hero ace panaonansuoe.
npcuecca. Haysenae 3TOH 110KyMeHTa llHH n03BOJlllCT: euacnnrs. 'ITO B nauuoa eonpoce neacno H aacnyscueaer cepseauoro
BblHCHHTb conepacanue 3aHllTHH H y'le611b1x nOJIeTOB; H3y4eHHll, llaMeTHTb nporpaaay naaeaeaurero HCCJle.n;oBaHHSl.
BbillCll liTb, C noeoun,io KaKIIX MeTo.n;OB H npneaoa npoeonannce M3y'leHUe, aHaAU3 U o606U{eHue AeTHo-MeToiJU'leCK020 OnblTQ
3allllTlill; KaMaHl1HO-JICTHOrO If HHCTPYKTopcKoro COCTaBa fA, ero onHcaHlfe,
oLleHHTb pe3YJIbTaTbl H onpe.n;eJlHTb ycneBaeMoCTb 06y'laeMblX; cpaBHeHHe, KJIaCcHQJHKall Hll 1I0 3 BOJIllIOT 06Hapy>KHTb 06beKTHBHble 3a-
BCKphlTh OCIlOBHble 3aTpYJlHeHHll 06y'laeMblX, npHl.fHHhI 3aTpYl1lieHHH; II
10
 KOHOMepHble CBH3H nenaroracecxux HBJleHHH H, onapascs IIa 3TH
3HaHHfI, pa3pa60T8:Th 60J1ee 3<p<peKTHBHble aeronu 06Y'leHHfI H BOC-
nHTaHHfI aeruoro COCTaB3. Ihy'leHHe 3TOro onura f10MOr3eT npaaans -
HO onpenenu-n, ocnoesue aanavn, Tpe6yIOuIHe npaxruuecxoro peure-
HHfI H Hay'lHOH p33pa6oTKH. 3THM MeTOllOM HCCJle)l,OBaHHfI 3aHHMaIOT-
CfI nHJlOTbl-HHCTpyKTOphl, aernue KOMaHllHpbl, PYKOBOllHTeJlH y'le6HblX
aaaeneuaf H MfA, a TaK>Kf? uay'nto-accxenoeareascxm- y'lpe>K)l,eIlHfI,
O)l,HaKO uean H peuraexue HMH 33)l,a'lH pa3JIH'-IIIhl.
0606111afl paccaorpeuao Hay'lHblX HCCJlellOBaHlu1 ne1l3rorH'-IeCKI1X
fl8JleHI1H 11 HX np3KTH'leCKOro HCnOJlh30BaHI1f1 )l,JlfI peweHHH np06J1eM
o6Y'-lelll1f1 11 aocnaranua aetnoro COCTaaa fA, caenyer nonvepxuyrs.
'-ITO HI1 O.llI1H 111 · yxaaeuuax MeTOllOB uayunoro HCCJle.llOBaHI1H y'-Ie6HO-
BOCnl1TaTeJlbHOH np<lKTI1KH HeJlh3f1 paccvarpueen, H30J1HpOBalliIO 11
C'lI1TaTb yaaeepcansuua. MeTOlll1'1ecKaH aaysa MO>KeT pa3BHBaThcH
H CJlY>KIlTh PYKOBO.llCTBOM K npaKTI1'-1eCKOH nenreasuocru JlHWh rorna,
scrna OHa naysaer 11 0606maeT onur pacoru no KOMMyHHcTH4ec-
KOMy BOCflHTaHHIO Ii JleTfIOMY o6y4eHliIO, CTaaHT H paapaoarsmaer
aoeue eonpocs H, pyxoeoncrayscs )l,liaJleKTH'leCKHM MeTO)l,OM, acxptaea-
er 06beKTHBHble 3aKOHOMepHoCTH pa3BHTHH, eocnarauua H aernoro
06Y4eHI1H nHJlOTOB (3KHna>Keii:) fA. Flpaennsnoe HCnOJlb30BaHHe nayv-
IIhlX OCHOB II HCT04HHKOB pa3BHTliH MJIO naer B03MO>KHOCTh
HaMeTHTh nYTH ee HCCJle)l,OBaHHH Ii COBepwellCTBOBaHHH, uayvno
opr311H30BaTb JleTHOe 06)"leHHe.
fnaBa 2
nscuscc OliY"lEHMSJ nersorc COCUBA
2.'. CYI..UHOCTb 05Y'-lEHIo1SJ
OCHOBOH npooeccaouaaeuoa nonroroexa ne-ruoro COCTaBa HBJlHeT-
CH 06y'lf'HHe, soropoe cnar-aerca H3 Tf'OpeTH'-IeCKOH, naaeanon, tpena-
>KepHoif H JleTHOH nOllrOTOBOK. tlpouecc o6y'teH.uJl npencraanser co-
6011 COBoKynHoCTb naaucaepuu x, Uf'JleHanpaBJleHHhlX, B3aHMocBH3aHHhlx
JIeHCTBHH nenaror a (HHCTPYKTopa, KOMaHllHpa) H PYKOBOllHMhlX HM
yvauraxca. nanpaeneanax na C03H3TeJlbHOe H npoxaoe oeaanenne HMIi
CHCTeMbl 3H3HHH, naeuxce. y Me HHH, B peaynsrare KOTOphlX pa3BH-
BalOTCH noanaeareasuue CHJlbI, cnoc06HoCTH, <PopMHpyeTcH KOMMyHHCTH-
'1eCKOe MHpoB033peHHe H nOBeJIf'HHe yvaumxca.
3TOT eJIHHb/H npouecc HMeeT JIBe croponu: npenonaeauae H ysenue.
Il penooaeanue 3aKJIIO'laeTCSl B opraHH33UHH y'-le6HoH pacoru, pyxo-
aoncree e o. CHCTeM3TH'IeCKOM H3J10>KeHHH y4e6Horo xarepuana, 'leTKOM
noxaae Jly'lWHX npHeMOB y'le6HOH H npOH3BOllCTBeHHOH npaKTHKH
pyKOBon.CTBe caMOCTOHTeJlbliOH pa60ToH y'-laWHXCSl, npoeepxe H oueuxe
12
3H3HHH, llaBhlKOf! H YMellHH yvaumxca. Y'teH.ue - 3TO aKTHBllhlH npouecc.
R pe3YJlbT3Te xoroporo nyreu CHCTeMaTH'leCKOrO ynopuoro yvcreeuuoro
Ii <PH3H4€,CKOro rpyna 06y4aeMblH yceaneaer 3HallHH, oaaaneaacr na-
BblKaMH H YMeIlHeM.
I1CCJleJl.YH npouecc 06Y'leIlHSl JICTHOrO C'OCT8Ba, MJIO KaK caxo-
CTOHTeJlhHaH BeTBh nCj1arorH'IeCKOH nayxa BhlSlRJlHeT ero 3aKOIlOMep~
HOCTH H npaauunu. coocaoeueaer YCJJOBHH ycneruaoro HCnOJlb30BaHHH
paanacnux <POpM, MeTO.llOB. npne aoe H CpCllCTB non.rOTOBKH ysaumxca.
Oj1HOBpeMeHHO OHa nporucaupye'r pa3BHTHe conepacauaa H oprauuaa-
UIlH yveouoro npouecca. aapacarueaer pexoxeanauaa no ero co
BepweHcTBoBaHHIO.
~eTO)l,OJIorH'leCKoii: OCIlOBOH 06y4eHHH SlBJIHeTCH MapKCHCTCKO'
JIeHIIHCKaH reopua n03HaIlHSl. Flpouecc yCBoeHHSl 3HaHHH ycaunwaca
npencraaaxer C060H CJlO)l(IIh1H H rJly60KHH noaaaaareneuua npouecc,
B 3H8'1HTeJlhIlOH aepe 06yCJlOBJIeHHhlH TeMH see 3aKOHoMepHocTHMH,
xoropue BblBelleHhI B. 11. JIellHHblM H3 npouecca nayunoro n03HaIlHSl,
nanpaanenuoro na 1l0HCKH H OTKpblTHe HCTHHhI: «Or >KHBOrO coaepua-
HHSl K a6CTpaKTlloMY MhlWJleHHIO U OT neeo K npasruse - TaKOB
llHaJleKTH'leCKHH nyn, n0311allHH UCTUHbl, n03HaHHSl 06beKTHBHOH peam,-
1I0CTH»I. 3Ta yuaaepcansaaa JleHHHCKaH <popMyJIa HMf'eT .IlJISl opo-
uecca JleTHOrO 06Y'-leHHSl OCHOBOnOJlaraIOUlee auaseuae.
Havaaeuaa cTynf'lIb n0311aHHH euenrxero aapa - 3TO scueoe C03ep-
uanue, xoropoe CB~3a1l0 C <PyHKUHoHl1pOBaHHeM oprauoa 'lyBCTB.
B. 11. JIeHHII nacan: «I1Ha4e, KaK xepea ourymenna, MbI HH 0 KaKHX
cope ax eemecraa H HH 0 KaKHX <popMax )l,BH>Kf'IIHH HH4ero Y3H3Tb He
MO>KeM»2. nOCpej1CTBOM oiuyureuan 1I03HaIOTCH ornensuue CBOHCTBa
npenaere. Ilpenaeru >Ke B UeJlOM, CBSl3H Me>K)l,y OTlleJlbHblMH HX CBOM-
CTBaMH n03HaIOTCSl a npouecce BocnpHHTHSl.
Bocnpnaaxaexee 113MH npenxeru H HBJleHHH OCT3BJIHIOT caene
B xope roJlOBHOrO M03ra. 3TH cnenu 3aKpenJlSllOTCH H eoryr ncnrc
ynepaeaearsca. Bnaronapn 3TOMy CTallOBHTCH B03MO>KHblM nepexon K
06pa30BaHHIO nOIlHTHH, nepexon OT >KHBOrO c03epU3HIISl K aocrpax-
TIIOMY MhlIlIJleHHIO. Ouryurenue OTpa}K3eT .ll.eHCTBHTCJIbHOCTh nenocpencr-
Bf'HIiO. MblllIJleHHe ace HBJISleTCH onocpenoaaaaua OTpa}K€'HHeM.
CK3110K OT ouryiuenna K MblCJlH COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO COBepWaeTCH
nepexon OT orp aacenaa HBJIeHHSl K OTpa>KeHliIO cyuraocra. OT neno-
CpeJICTBeHHoro K onocpenoeanuoxy. OT ellHHH'IHOrO K oourexy. no aepe
rcro KaK B 06Y'-lf'IIHH npOHCXO.llHT rtepexcn OT OCBemeHHfI «oaxpemux
<PaKTOB K <POpMHpOBaHHIO nOHHTH11, B C03HaHHH ocyvaeaoro pa3BHBaIOT-
CSl 3J1eM€'HThI 0606me1lHSl, cnocoeuocn, lie TOJIbKO paanauart., llH<P-
<pepeHUHpOBaTb, HO H CBH3b1BaTb en.HIIH'-IHOe B OllHO, 0606maTb, T. e.
a6CTpaKTHO MhlCJlI1Tb.
1 J1 e II II II B. H . ¢l1l.'OCO¢!CKIIl' TCTpa.llt //no..1H . coop. COIl. T. 29. C. 152-1 53.
" JI e II II It B. H. MaTep"il.'1I3M II .,MOllpllnIqlIl THUIIJM/ /00.111. coop. C04. T. 18. C. 320.
13
 He06xon,HMOH cryneus,o npouecca n03Ha ll HH nanserca n pa KTHK3
KaK HCTO'lHHK H KpHTepHH HCTHHbI; TOJlbKO 're lIay'lflble ocoouiea nn ,
«oropue non r eep acn en u npaKTHKOH, nanmorca HCTHH llblMH . B n pouecce
o6y'lellHR n pa x r u ka eucrynaer lie TOJlbKO B BH.lI,e aavnoro onura
y'laWHXCR, HO H KaK nayvuoe 0606u1e1lHe HCTOpH'l E.'CKOro o n a r a
seen JleTIlOH nearen enocra fA. En,HHcTBo r eo p aa H n p a KT HKH B npo-
uecce 06y'leHHR ocyutecranaercn B nOCJIen.OBaTeJlbHOM npoxoacneau n
JleTHbJM COcTaBOM reOpeT H'leCKOH, lIa3eMHoH, TpeHa.>Kep HOH H JleTIlOH
non,rOTOBOK. Cnenya MapKCIICTCKO-Jlefl HIICKOH reopua n03HaHHll, MbI
CTpeM HMcR K TOMy, 'lT06bl naure 1I03HallHe OCHOB TeXHHKH 1I0.neTa
npaaaa eno or paxaao 06beKTHBHYlO ll,eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTb non er a .
B COOTBeTCTBIIH C MapKCHCTCKO-JleHHIICKOH MeTon,OJlOrHeH MJIO
paCCMaTpHBaeT non,rOTOBKY neruoro COCTaRa KaK CJI0}f(HblH: COllHaJlbHO-
nen a r o ru v ecxn p npouecc. OCHOBllbl MII epY"KUHllMH KOTOpOro RBJlllIOTCll:
06pa30BaTeJlbllall, BOOpY}f(alOw.all JleTHblH: COCTaB 3HaHHllM II, HaBblKaMH
H yMeHHflMH; eocnarareasnas. epOPMHpylOWafl y JleTHOrO COCTaBa
Ka4eCTBa JlH'lIlOCTIi, ue06xon,HMble JlJlH ycneumoro s unoaueuaa noa er-
IiblX 3a11,aHHH; paasueaioman, Bblpa6aTblBalOlUafl y ne ruoro COCTaBa
TBOp'l eCKOe MblllJJleHHe npn peureaaa B03HIIKalOtUHX B noaere aanau:
nCHXOJlOrH'leCKall, epOpMHpy1OUl811 y aeruoro COCTaBa IICHXOJloni'lecKylO
roTOBHOC Tb K yc ne unrsra n.eHCTBliflM R YCJIO}f(HeHHWX YCJlOBHfl X
rtonera H OC06blX carya uanx . OCYlueCTRJleHHe 3THX epyHKUHH B
HX OpraHII 'leCKOM en,HHCTBe aeaaercn Ba}f(ueH weH npenn ocea xos KOM-
IlJleKCHO ro n011,XOll,a K nonror oex e JleTHOrO COCTaBa fA.
OCIIOBHblMH yCJlOBHflMH, npe11,onpe11,eJlllIOWliMH ycneumoe H nnono-
TBOp Hoe n po aen enu e npouecca 0 6 yuenaa, fllIJI snores: HaJlH'lHe llBH}f(YW.eH
CHJlbl yveonoro npouecca, crporoe C06J1I011,eHHe B HeM JlOrHKH H3Jl O-
}f(eIl Hll, e11,HHCTRO 06y4eHHH H Boc nHTaH.HH.
J],8UJlCYW. eU CUAOU y'le6HOeO npouecca HBJlfleTCfI npornaopevae Me}f(-
ny Bbl11,BHraeM blMH X011,OM 06Y'le1lHfI n03HaBaTeJlbHblMH H npaKTH'lecK liMH
aanavaaa H ypoe nea 3HaHHH, HaBblKOB, YMetmH ooyvaeaux c-
HX YMCTBeHllblM pa3BHTHeM. Ilponecc nernoro 06Y'lelllifl 11,HaJleKTH'leH,
eMy, KaK H BCflKOMY HBJleHHIO n.eHCTBHTeJIbIlOCTH, rrpacyura n pOTH-
sopevan. xoropue B 11,aHHOM cnyq ae 06YCJlOBJlHBCllOT 11,BH}f(YUlylO CIIJlY
npouecca 06y4eflHH. K HHM OTtIOCllTCfI npOTHBOpe'lHfI:
Me}f(n.y HOBblMH. eoaee BblCOKHMH Tpe60BaflHflMH Ii npe}f(HHM
ypoaaea non.rOTOBKH nernux KaJl,pOB;
Me*11,y eppOHTaJlbHhlM H3J10*eHHeM xarepnana neaaroroa (uacrpyx-
TOpOM) Ii HH11,HBH11,yaJlbHblM xapaxrepoa ere ycaoenua:
npliBbl'lHblMH npeJl,CTaBJIeHHflMH Y'la1llliXCH 0 npenaere, xapaxrepe
ncnera H HaY'lHblMH nOllflTHflMH, «oropue pacxpueatorca B nepH011,
o6y 'leHHH;
Me}f(llY yceoeuueu 3HaHHH. lIaBblKOB, YMetmH y'laUlHXCH H HX
pa3BHTHeM.
KaK BHJl,HM, B en.HHOM npouecce COBMeCTIIOH Jl,eHTeJlbHOCTH o6y-
'lalOwero H 06y'laeMOrO npOHBJlHIOTCR npOTHROpe'lHR MelKn.y Jl,RyMH
14
cropoua a a sr or-o npouecca . 31"0 aanac a , Bon pOCbI, 3a.na11 HH, R03HHKalO-
lliHoe B xo ne 06Y'leIl HfI, C 0Jl,1I0H .cTOpOllbl, H nOHcK 11,Oran.KH, OTBeTbi.
na aneuaue peureaaa - C n pyrou. Onpenenenne CTeneHII xapaxrepa
TPYllHOCTeH R Y'le611OM npouecce COCTaBJl fleT rJlaR HblH cnocoe
B pyKax oeyc aourero Bhl3blBaTb Jl,BH* y tUYIO CHJlY y 'leHHR, pa3B HBaTb
YMcTBeHll hle H IIpaBcTBeH HO-BOJleBble CHJlbl ocyvaea ux .
Floau a earea s nsre H n paxnorecsne aanava H3Y'l aIOTCfI H YCBaHBalOTcfI
nyre M Ha 6J1 IOn.eHHH npenaeroe H flBJleHHH, a a anuaa H HMelOul e r oc R
onerra, H3y'le HHfI conepacan aa KHHrH, 06bflcilell HH HJl H noaaaa
nen arora ( HIICTpYKTo p a ). JI I060H H36 p aHHblH 06Y 'laeM blM nYTb np HBO-
.nHT K nepecacrpy u a eiouiaxca y Hero n pen cra aae nuf C nOCJI e11,YIOWHM
yHcHeHHeM HOBbJX o606 weHHH, nOIlHTHH, .neHCTRHH, a 3aTeM K HX
KOII Kperll3a UHH H n p a xruc ecxo a y HCnOJl b30Ba IlHIO. ECJlH *e nporuaope-
'lHH Me* .ny no an a eareaeaof aanaxef H B03MO* HOCTRMH oeyvaeao ro
TaKo RbI, 'lTO naxce n p H Hanpfl}f(ellH H acex YCH JlHH 011 li e B COCTOflHH H
ee RblnOJl HHTb, 'rcrn a npOTHBOpe'lHe CTa llORHTCfI TOpM030M B pa3BH-
TH II YMCTRellHOH H n pa KTH'leCKOH .neHTeJl bHOCTH ocy ua eaoro. Ilpuxe-
pOM cx aa aauoro aoacer CJIY* HTb OTcyTcTR He 3HaHIIH no MaTeMaTHKe
B 06 b eMe cpen nea WKOJlbl npH H3Y'leIl}lH BblCllleH MaTeMaTHKH B eyae.
n OJl,06HOe MO}f(eT npo H30HTH H B JleTHO H rtpa xr ax e, eCJlH K 06y4eHHIO
nHJlOTHpOBa flHIO BC npHCTynH T 1I0'l blO, MHUyfl 11, HeB IlWe 1I0JleTbi. B net-
110M 06y'leH HH noaa a aa'renenue H rtpaxr auecx ae 3a.na'l H BbI.Q.BllraIOTCR
B H3 BeCTHOH: nOCJleJl,OBaTeJlbflOCT H. onpen ea s e v o n JlOrHKOH yseouoro
npou ecca .
Jloeuea y'fe6noeo npouecca - 3TO 06beKTHBHaR aaxoaovepaocrs.
aupa *a lOlllaR 1l0CJle.nOBaTeJl bHOCTb OIlTIIMan bll0-3epepeKTHBflo ro Jl,R H*e-
HHH oeyvaeaux OT TOH crenena HX 3f1aHHH: II ypOBIiH pa3RHTH ll . C KOTO-
pblX naxaaaerc a H3y'leflHe ysecnoro rtp ea a er a Jl,0 roro y pOB1I1l 3Ha-
IIHH H pa3BH THH, KOTOpblH cOOTReTcTByer nOJlHOMY OBJla.neHHIO npen -
MeTO M. JIorHKa y vecaoro rtpo uecc a aaxona rcs B TecHeHweH CBfl3H C
JlOrKKOH npenaera, ocaoe n nea JleTHOH Jl,eRTeJlbHOCTII . Pacxpu r ne
JlOrHKH yveeuoro npouecca nae'r B03MOIKIlOCTb lI a HTH OIJTHMaJlbHOe
peurenae aonpoca 0 nOCJle.nOBaTeJlbHOCTH 113Y4eflHlt yveonoro aarepna-
Jla B CBR3H C aana ce a C03H aTeJlbllOrO ere YCBoellHH H pa3B HTHH
»uume uas 06y'laIOIIIHXCfI.
Jlor nka y'le6HOrO n pou ecca oeycaoeaneaer 'l eTKy lO nocnenoearene-
HOCTh B npoxoacneu au TeOpeTH'le<:KHX 3all flTIIH. Ha3eMflOH nonro-
TOBKH, 06y4eHHH ua rpeaaxepe H Y4e{)HbIX noncrax. MIIOrOJleTHHH
nella rorusecsaa npl.IKTIIKa H npOBCH€'IIHble HCCJlen.OBaIlHIl n0 3BOJlHJlII
asrpaoorat s cnenyjoume 3aKOHOMepHOCTH JlOrH4HOCTH yneoaoro npo-
uecca ;
onnoepexeunoe (napannexsuoe) yceoeuae JlOrH'leCKH CBR3allHblX
Me)l{Jl,y COUOH nOHHTHH OKa3bJBaeTCH conee 3epepeKTHBHhlM, 'leM IiX pa3-
.I1e.1blloe H3y'leHHe no cnoc06y JlHlleH lloH noc,nellORaTeJlbHOCTH;
napaJlJle.1bllblH cnoco6 H3Y\leHHll B3aHMOCBSl3aHHblX f1BJleH HH nOJlo-
}f(IITeJlbflO BJlHRer Ha ['H6KOCTb, II0llBIi }f(HOCTb 110UHTHH, npHBOJl,HT
K 60.nee oc03HalllloMY YCBOCHHIO;
IS
 C03113TCJlbllOe H npovnoe YCBOellHC 31l3HIlH, uauaxoe . YMCIIHH
OOY'l3CMblX H p33BHTHe HX CIlOCoOllOCTeH .nOCTHraIOTCR OhlCTpee H
nyqur e I1pH JI.H1I3MH'leCKOM X3p3KTCpC yveonoro np0I1CCC3 , BbITCK31O -
~
~i
;',}~
nr n ...~
~
§~ ~
HH(lJf1p",a/.lllfl nt"tiJo60tMOfl «a Atf(/.IURI

""P"""',"""",.,.., 'py,", ,,'"' " ..mpp

14
JlHI:PMOllUfI,tHJcml/no/0iJ4ofl 1 VIlCOlCQIftJ-
mCM H3 KOllKPCTHhlX YCJlOBHH JI.CHCT OHTCJl b H OCT Il .

Hble
PYKOB OJI.CTBYHCb JlO rHKOH y 'lCO HOr O np0I1CCC3, P33P303Tbl031OT Y'leO -
1IJ13I1b1, nporpaaau 'lHT3eMbIX .IlIlCUHnJlHII, «ypcoa yueo no-
JlCTIIOH lIo.nrOTOBKH, COOJl101l31OT 1I0CJl C.IlOB3TCJlhHOCTb H3J10>KeIllHl M3TC -
~-a
=-
~,""",m,".
:It ~~ '"

Cp t ilcfTIl o 06'1'itIfUIl
"' ;JllHllfTlUR!;
'Y"m"",,, 'f
f4
ma6lru I~Vf(1I'11I'8cm6o,.mT~omr
H '''~ ,",_~"'
C, ti/CJ1/(Jo Odg'iCHUfI
1",,, '."" m,,-
fTltJ/bHOU PODOfTIbl
pH8J1a H y'leOuHK3X, nocooaax U3 Jl CK!1HH X, B noxaanax . np3KTIl -
lIocm U'f l/ bl 1;0."'(11I0/111I/11
'leCKHX 3 3 11 RT HH na TpC1I3>Kep3X Il Y'leOHblX nOJJeTOB . 3 1la HHC 33KO -
IIb1T1r1JT1l11lJ6vttlfUJI IfOHmpOllb O6Y'fOt"b ll:
HOB JlOrHKH y 'lCOHO r O npouec ca H )"lCOIlOro npenaera nOMO>K CT n et -
1I0MY KOM3I1.1lHPY, nenaror y np3 BHJ1bll0 1l8MCTHTh Ba>KlleHUlHC l1yTH H '-l KOHCljAbmouuu I
CpeJlCTBa COB MeCT HOH y'lCOHOH Jl.CRTeJl b HOCT Il C oO Y'laeMbIMH, lie Jl.0 -
nYCK3Tb p euenrypuoro. MeX3UH'IeCKoro noaxona K y'le6110H paeore .
Flepaocrenenayo POJIb B ynp3BJ1CIlHH y'le6HblM npOllCCCOM , ooe- PHI' , 2, ¢I YUKllII Oll a.r1 b ll ;Jll MO,l f.'_' b npouec cu oI'lY'I"lI lH1
CnC'lHB31OIUHM rpOpMHpOB3Hlle H p3 3BIITHe CnCUH3J1HCT3 , arpae r 1I33HM -
liaR HlirpOPM3UHH (pHC. I) . OO y'l 31OIUliH. 'lHT3R Jl CKU H fO, eena npa«- 1I0H paO OTOH o O y 'l 3 e Mo ro, nOJlY'lCIIH e OT a ero OTBCT OB, oupenene -
TH'lCCKIl C 3aHRTIlR II JlH f10Ka 3hlB 3R TCXHHKY BhlnOJJIlCHHR nO.1CT 3, HHC TCMn3 oOY'l eIlHH , 3113Jlll3 pe3YJlbTaTOR KOIITPOJIH , eucop ,113J1bIl CHUIe H
nepeJI.3CT 06 Y 'l aC M bl M onpeneaenu y o ItHrpopMaUHIO (K31l3Jl npRMOH CBR - nporpaaxu oO y'lellHH ,
31l) , KOTOPYIO nOCJICllllHH BocnpHIIIlM3 CT H nepepaoaruaaer . 0 crenenu CY~NOCTII npouecca 06y'lCHIlH J1CTllOro COCT3B3 3aKJ1IO'la eTCH II
BOCnplUITHH H yC BOCHHH 06 Y'l3 eMI.oIMH 11000 y'lCHHOH HHrpOPM3UHH 06y- C.1e.ltYIOUlCM :
'l3101l!IlH C yJI.HT C nOMOlllblO ll aOJlK)JlCIIHR 3 3 pe3KUHCH BOCllPHRTIlH, BbI- COBMCCT II OH T OOp 'll' CKOH llCH TCJlbllOCTH 01ly'1310111HX II o O y 'l aeMhl X,
CJIYlll llS3 HHH OTBeTOB. BbllIMHClIllH Jl.CH CTBIlH , T . C. a a HllrpOp M3UHCH HanpaBJICIlHOH 113 yc ne ur a oe YCBO CIIIlC y'I e6 l1hlX nporp axv:
no K31HIJl y o Op a T II OH CBR3H . nepenace nenaroraaa, HHCTPYKTOpCKHM COCT a a OM CaO HM Y'leIl Il Ka M
Jlorpccuocn, B nonroroex e Bbi COKOOOP330B31lHhlX, KHaJilirpHltM - 311aHHH Il onura. neorixonneorc B nx JIl~TIlOH .nCRTeJlbHOCTH ;
poeauuux Cllel(1l3J1HCTOB , OCIl3HB:.tKlUUIX CJlO>KIlCHIlIYIO 3I1H311IlOlU1YIO aKTHllllOM II TnOp'leCKOM BOCllPHJlTHH, OCMLl CJlHa3HHH, aaapenaenuu
TeXIlHI< Y H llHllbl nOJleTOS, OOH3b1Ha CT COBCp W CHCT SOBa Tb y'leOllbllf npo- B n3M}!TH Ii npHMcueHHH H3 np3KTlIKe y ' 13 111Il M II CJI CIICllH3 J1b1U.lX
nec c uyrca npHMClleHHSI P33J1H'lllhl X TC XHH'lCCl<liX Cp C.nCTS OOY'l CHIIH 3HallHH ;
II KOIITPOJTSI (TCO H Kl.
npliM CHR CMbl X B COOT BCTCTBHH c o c nC I1H3 Jl b - rp OpMHpoa allHH H p3 3BHTHH Y Y'la IU H XCR aeruux 113BblKOB II yMC II HH
HO p3 3p aOOT3111lhlMH nporpaavaau . B nItJlOTHp008HHII, Ca MOJIe TOBO >KJI,eHHH H ~KC ll JlY 8 T 3 U Il H B C 0 " OJ1 CTe ;
l-1J o6p a>KCIIH3R H8 pHC. 2 MOJl,CJlL OTp3>K8eT npouecc rpOPMHPOB3 - rpOpMHpOllaUHH y 0YJl,YlllHX CnCllH 3J1HCTOB aaysuoro MHpOB033p C-
HHH .ltllll'IK TIt'I CCKOH CHCTCMI.r oOy'leHHH , T , e , ee COBOKYl1110CTb B3311 - HHH, 6C33aDCTilOH npCllaHHOCTH AeJlY napmu . KOMMyHHCTH'l eCKIlM n nea -
MOCIIH 3 allllhlX H eaanxooe yca cen enuux Cp e .nCT B, MeTOJl.OB Il rpOPM Jl3M , JlI06BH I< CO!tll a Jl HCT H'-It'C KO H OT 'l H3 Ile, nponerap cxo r o uurep -
0 6Y'lr Il HH Y'l3 U! H XCH. B ~TOM c n yq ae oo yveuue IlPO BOllHTCR lIO c n e- H3UHOll3JlH3M a ;
uu aa s no p 3 3p a60T3HIlbiM nporpavv a v. oli ecne'lHS810111IlM ~rprpeKT ll s H o e pa 3BHTIlH y 06 y'l8eMbiX !PH 3H 'I t'CKH X H Y MCT Re H ll hl X c n oco e ucc-
It ueupcpueuo e y n p a ea e n a e npou ecc o« oOy'leHHSI . a T8K>Ke lIIHpOI<Oe TeH, 06e Cn e'lH0310111H X caMOCTORTeJlhllOC H nuuuaaruenoe pe uren ue
npueeueuue pa3JlIi'lllhlX Te XIIH'l e CKIl X Cp eJl,CT B 06Y'-lCllHH If KOllTPOJIH. CTORlUHX n ep en !lHMH 38118'l ,
Ocuoeu u a u rpY"KUlfHMH IlPl '1l 0 1UIBa 'rCJICH B .n8IlHOH CUCTCMC o OY' le-
HIIH HBJIH IOTCH : COCTa BJleHHC nporpea «. n p OBCJI,eHHC Y'leOll hlX 3a IlRT HH, 2,2, CO.D.EP)t(A HIo1E 0 6Y"lEHIo1 51
H3J1 0 >KCIIH C y'leOHo ro aa rep uana . y n paene n a e ca MOCTO HTcn b -

e
O BJI a Jl,e llH C JleT IIO H n.c RT e.1b HOCTb lO npen y ca arpa sa er np nocperc -
HOlfoll np fI"iJu. c6JlJU
HHe li YJl.YIllHMH Cne UH 3Jl HCT3 M H npooeccuou ansaux 3 11 3HIl H H na H X

c$il L ~-_-_--j
itOI/O" 1)f1/lDmllf1U c l ll.1U
PIIC. l . CXt'M3 o(hn'Ha ltU¢"'pMIIllHeH
lll'i'f(Jly ooy<lalOlllH\l H O(iY'lIl" MI~M
OCHODe rpOpMHpO » 311Il C JlCTllblX !l311h1KOII Ii YMClI lI H. Cnenoe ar easuo .
co.neP>K3I1HC npO /t CCC8 06y'leHHH JleTlI OrO COCT a Ba CJlar3 CTCR H3 Tp CX
er o 3.J1e Me ll TOB: 3 113HIIH, H30blKOB H yMC IlH H. Flepe uu H BC.IlY III II M
3JICMClITOM COJl,ep >K8 I1HH "pOueC C8 oOY'l elllUI HS Jl RIOTCSI 3 H3 UHH, TM b -
1<0 OIlH n03BO JlHIOT "pH 06peCTH JleT H I.l~~I$~~Ji:HJl..a _ , , _

11 '. 's:~. #ff.J

16
17
\ t ' ~ ~
[l ' I ~ ' )
",H o)
. '--
' · ~_ I ,
'

\ ~t YiD
"
'.'
 6It OJlOrlt 'l CCKH M II llpeJl IIOC hIJlK<lM H, KOTOpt>l C' O(')Jl(,r'laIOT e vy 6 110JlO f H4eC-
3 NQHUH - 3TO or paacenue B 'H a W e M C0 3H<HlIlH 06beKTH BHOH .llCH- (Koe CY llleCTBOBa IHte . Ha OC1I08(' 6 HOJlO n t ' ll'CKI1X IIpe.Qn OCbl Jl OK '1e-l0 Be K
CTII HT ('JI b IlOCT H B <POpMC npe.nCT BBJleHHH II nOHSITHH . <l>H3HOJIOflllfCC· 1MO>KCT p a m rrn, a uoroocpaaue uamncon It yMell HH. Hx eu pa oonca
KItM M('X<l lllt3MO M ~Ha IIH H RB.1R,? TCH CHCTe M bi epeaeuuux CBll 3 CH, 803 - 1 npOHC XO.llHT 8 c n e l l ll qn l ' I l'CKOii np aKTIl'l CCKOIt JlCHH'J1b IlOCTl I, a H X x av ecr-
11It KlIlJ~X BO BTO rWH CHf HaJlbli OIl ('IICTeMe. nCII Xo.,nO fH'l (' CK" B OCHOB(' j 80 onp en ena erca xa paxrepcx :nOH llCHTCJl b Ii OCTI I.
3 118HHH Jlt'1K8r u pouecc u M bl illJlC HlJH II naMHTH . Dill! B 3Ha4H TC'J lbHOH Ha eu « _ 3TO npun u -ma a . 6('3 0 11I 1160 '1110 BblIl O.l Il H t'M 8H one p aua a .
Ml'PC onp encotmor. II pH npocu x pa euux YCJlOBHflX, HHJlHBHll yaJlbHblel xorop aa BCJlCJlC TB He M IIOrOK pa TllOro noeropeuu a CTa llOBllTCSI aBTOM 3-

,. . I
c Iloc06HOCT H n a ua unax ""JlOTOD. m aapoeauuof H OCY IUl'C TaJl HC'TCH IIpH 701 lI lI HMaJlb l107o1 KOIlTp OJle C0311a-
B n a c r oauree e p e aa 8 C8 f13H C oceoeuu ea Kp yrJlO CyTo411b1 X " R B e e fH ID.b1 D.CHTl'Jl b IlOC T H 4 CJlO li CKa B TOIi HJl II HHOH aep e
nceuoron nux IIOJl eT0 8 , 701llOIKe CTB 07o1 CneU H3 J1 b Hbl X BH .nOB pa60T 8 lIa J 1111 • _ '" ...... nOI ' H"""K II" " " K3 HH 3"10M H3 Bbl Ka
~ - \, BKJlIO'1 3 IOT fl Ct "UH ll aBl>IKH . '40'11 3110.. ... ~ ~ ~ ..
POll1l0M XOJ HHCTBe H OCHa tu.e HHe M fA CJlOIKHOH a B ll a UHOHHOH TeXHHKoH .... n .. K" " O' P33YIOIUH'" B KOp C 6 o.1 b -
a erua a ncer e..1 bHOCTb Cr3J1a oon ee HHTeJI:leKTy a ..1 b HOIi, 4 eM B f1pOUJ · HaJlHIOTCfI CJiO lK. ll bie ycnonuue p e'f'm '-U1, u '-
O>KIi Bllly IOCH CItCTeMY ape
JlOM . B peayn srare eoa poca a rpeooeanua K 06beM Y Ii Ka4eCTOY 3H3 ' 1I1li X noa yut apua r OJlOB IIOrO M0 3r 8 IIP O'H~O CJI . -
IIIIH Jl CTl I OrO COCTaBa. 3TO 3 H3 'l H T 4TO B COBpe701eHllbiX YCJlOB HSJ X Hco6. MelUU,/ X II CPBIU,/ X COfl 3 CH (D.II Ha M Ii 'll't'Klllt CH'peOT HII) :.
XO)l,HM O 60Ji b lU e OHliMa UH H YD.e~RTb
ax TeOpCTlt4eCKOH 1I0.nrOTOBKe S uaveuue 11 3 B I,/ KOB e >K113 11 11 JlKl )l,C'H 4 pe3 Bbl48 11 11O BC.'l IlKO, Ta K
H rJlaB ll bl M 06 p aJOM yMeH1l1O caMOCTOHTeJlbHO npnccperari, HOBbie K8K eup aoota xuue IHI Bhl KH CIl oco6c TBy KJT 3 KO IIOM II II auepr uu ' le..1 0BCK a
aaanu a. ne OTCT3 11 aT b OT Tpe60B3HIIH epevenn. i H 31134li TC.'l bIHl oC ll0601K1la Kl T ere coa nnuuc OT Ii0CTOHI1I lOro 1<0 IlTp O.'l H
Y Cll oellll C 3 1t8 11 HH npeD.CT<lBJlSJeT C060H JU:laJleKTM4eCIOtH npouecc.r a a IlblIlOJlIHH'Mh'MH Jle iic TIl IIHM II. Ha euxu IlpU 0 6p CT alO TCH ." npouecce
COCTO ~1Il1 Il H 113 OC0 3HaltH H n0311aBaTeJJbllOM sanaxn. eocnpunrua Y4e6 - i npaK TUKH H y n p a>K lI l'UMH. Buav aa c Ka >K1l0C 1I0B TOp t'11l1C JleHC TB II H 311a -
uor o M3Tt-'PMBJl3 , ero OCMbl CJlIiBaHHA, aanoannauna II npIlMCHeIlHH. i 411TeJll>l1O ynyu ruaer era IlWlOJIII euue. B /la JlbIlCIIUIt-'M , 11 0 a epe tore
Bee 3T H sr a nu MeIKD.Y c06011 TeCHO caaaanu, npouax aor n pyr B npy -! KaK npOIlC XO/lH T oea aneu nc /lC'iICT lI Hl' M H OUO Il blll OJlIIHCTCA C 6 0.1 b-
ra . Ycnoenn e 3 1Ja ll HH npennonaraer nayseuae npenveroa II flllJIeHHH IIIH701 COll CP lllC ItC TlIO M, ncak oe 1I0 C.1l'.ll.YIOII J(' l ' yny -uuc uue ua esnca /l OCTH -
OKP Y iK 8 K)lI lC H .ll eH CTOMTeJlbIlOCTII , 11 3Y4eHIle nOHATIlH II 3 BKOilOfl Teo - raC TCH co nee 60Jll>IlIMM TpyD.O M. Hepenxo fla M IOD.Bl'TCH D.aIKC 6 0 Jl cc IIJ1H
pHH , 0 KOTOp blX 1I000 y'la1OT 8 bl p a IK e HHSI cyurecra euuue np"3HaKII KOII - MCIIC t' nna-rexuna x 3 BJlel'>KKa B OIlJl aD.CIHI Ii .
xperuu x npe D.MeT0 8 H HllJI e ll HH, a T3KIKe 113Y4eHItt' 38 Ko IIO Me p liOCTe H, B np ouecce 0 6PB 3 0 li BIHtfi llall bi Ka CJlO>K ll ble nericra ua 8 11 a 'l aJi C
T . C. cy uiecraenu ux H Heo(i XO.ll IIMblX CBH3eH MeIKD.Y f1llJ1ellHfl MIt npapo- pa 36HB a lOTCH ua (50JlCt-' npocru e. K8>KJlO(' 11 3 ~K OTOP bIX Bhln OJlHHeTCH
/lbl M 0611~eCT liB . KaK OTItOCIt T eJlbllO cua ocro urensuoe. B /lB Jlhll t' II UleM n p OMCXOJlMT CHII '
YC BOHTb 3 Ha HHH - 3TO 3 11 a 4 1-1T cnenars CBOIIM .llO CTOHHlleM CMblCJI Te 3 ornea su u x llt'HCT8 I1H, 0 6 b e ,/1,HII A IOIUIl XCH B CJlIl II O(' U t-'Jl OCTH Oe It
onpenenc unux CJl OIl , 1I0llfiTHH , 331<0 H0 8, Ha y'lllblX reopnp, 3 a KO- 3 B KO II'leII Il0t' llCHCT Blle, oonanao uice 1I0ll hl MH KB'l('CTOC lt lt bl M II oc 06t'1I~
1I0Ml'PIl OCTCH. n OltM M 3Tb H X cy um ocrs M nO CTOfl HIlO COXp 3H fl Tb B naMRTM . 1I0 CHI MH . Il pa 310M uamnuuue .ncli CTB HH yC T p3 11 HIOTCH , aparensnuu
B lI a 'l a Jl bll OH IJI KOJie H3Y4a IOTCSl npeua yuiecr senno ¢i aKTbl Ii 3JIe701 ell - KOIITPOJIb aa 110 HIKell llHM II B TOH HJlH ftl~OH
crenenu 3B Me llSleTC fI KOHT '
r apuu c 1I0HflTH R. 4eM euur e crynem, 0 6Y 'l e IlH SI. Te M 60J1bWe accra POJIt'M C 1J 0 MOlllhlO Ml>IUJC411b1 X OIU YIIIt'IlItH . 110 MCpC JB Kpe llJleHIIH 113BbI -
aa uuvac r H 3Y4 eIlM(' 061U HX 3 a KOIlOMepIlOCTe H. T eM rJly 6 m e OIlH KB uesor opue KO MllOlIl' lIT bl JleliCT BHH CTa llOBHTC SI 60Jl('(' aBTOM3T H3 I1PO-
p a e Kp l>lBBIOTCH. O )l,lI aKO na ecex cr y nena x 06 y'l e1lM H Heo6 XOD.IIMO A O - DallllblMM. onuaxo KOIlTpO.'l b aa IIHM I1 co CTOPO/II>l C03 1la ll MSI coxp a ua -
6 111l a TheSl OCM I.leJlC IIIlOrO 3a no M IIIla ll HSJ r oro . 4TO 1t3 Y4 aeTCA . Floxaaa - CTCH. XOTfi It II Mt'lIhUlCH c'rcueux.
TeJlCM ocaucneuuoro aano a una una f1BJl He TCSI Y Me Hlle H3Jl OmHTb cyur- HaB bi KII n o IlCH XO.101'l1'l CCKo H cr pyxr ype p a 3 11CJlSJ IOTCSI na yvcr ee u-
II OCTI> npen aera. I1BJle ll llSl , npouecca n pOC TO, HCHO H !lOXOJl4111l0 . IIblC, ccucopnue. Jl ll ltraTt'Jl bllbiC II BOJH:'1l1>l1'. no
pony D.eSlTCJl b IlOCT II
BI>l eO l<ll i l II OK a 3 3 TeJl b nonuor u II r Jl y 6111lbl 3 Ha HHH - MX D.eHCT BCH· lt aB bl KH KJlaCC Hep ~tlIltPYIl)TCfI, KaK y'Ie61lble, TPYll011bl(', cnopraan ue
1I0CTl>, M0611J1I,1l0CT b H lJOJlBHIKIIOCTb. Taxae 3Ha HHH 11,BIOT B03MOIK IIOCT b II BO(' IIIII.l e .
06Y'Illl'MhlM oncpupoeari, li Mit 8 iKII31111 npu peurea a u caM biX paaa a vuu x Xa pax re puua u 'l l' p T a MU 11llB'.lKOIi HllJIHIOTCH :
33.1111'1, onupa'n.cn ua II I1X B npaoopereu ua IIO Bbi X 3 1131lMH. B TO pO H npOD.y KTH lIItOCTb , 1l 1>l paiK1:I K HI~aH peaynernrueuoc'n. Jll'HTeJl bHOCT II
3J1eM(' IIT t'OJ!.(' PiKilIIIlR Y4e61l0ro npou ecca - Ha8b1 KH, KOTOpblC' epOpMIt - 4 C'Jl OB('K a II npou eccv c.f! o p Mupon all ll H unnuka. KOTopaH onp CD.CJlfleTC SI
PYK)TC H It pa aeuea xrr cu B peay..1 l>TBTe BbllIOJllleH MfI Cl JeUII3J1bll blX yn- 'IH CJl OM II Ka'It'CT BOM nunon ucuuux JlC HCT ll il H IM II onep auau :
pa>K IIC l l ll ii ua OCII Olle ycnoeuuux 3 Ha HII H. Ilpa CBoeM p0>K,/1,eIl HH a BTOMaT H3a l~ IIS1, orpaaca orua u H3M e ll ('ItHC crpyxry pu uaeuxa Il IlPO-
4 l 'Jl OIl CK Ill' o(iJlBJlaeT cure 1I1lllhlK3M H II y Mell MRM lI, ona pa31l HBalOTC H ueccc y npa>K IICII HSI Il CTOpO Hy 60J1l'l' «auecrac uno ro eunonueuua
TOJI hliO II II p a KTll'It' CKOH JlCfl TeJ1b IiOCTII. Il epeouavaasno seotoe ex 06J1 ana- ll('HTCJlh IlOCT H li p H ocn a Meit HII 0 6 1>l' M U B Itll MB IIII H (C0311811 MH ) ;
er OJl Il HM H " P Il P0 .l1H1>l MII D.3 1l1lblM II II JII l aanarx a v u, TaK U3 3 bl B3 eMblMH 19
IK
 "pO'lHOCTb, XapaKTepH3ylOmafl yCTOH'IHBOCTb npOll,yKTHBHOCTIi HaBbI- 1 Ilon YAle/weAl cnenyer nOHHMaTb npaooperenayio B npouecce o6y-
xa K BnliflHHflM ll,eaBTOMaTH3HpYlOWHX 4JaKTOpOB; 4eHHH cnocoeuocrs vencnexa onepupoe ars HMelOmHMHCfI y nero 3Ha-
m6KOCTb (IInaCTH4HOCTb), onpenensnouran yvenue pearupouan, Ha HItRMH H HaBblKaMH. YMeHHfI Henb311 IIH npOTHBOnOCTaBJlRTb 3HaHHHM
H3MeHflIOWHeCfI ycooeus nenrem.nocrn. H HaEJblKaM, HH pacnonar-a-n, nptt nepe4HCJleHHH pausure HX, TaK KaK
Berpafio-rxa HaBhlKOB If veer peurasotuee 3Ha4eHHe B neTIlOM 06y_ YMe1lHfI 06pa3yIOTcR JlHlllb ua HX OCHOBe. YMeHHe xapaxrepuaye'r
4eHHH H ll,eHTeJlbHOCTH nuaora, TaK KaK aBTOMaTH3aUHfI neTHblx Cnoco6HOCTb yvauteroca nOJlb30BaTbCH nony'leHHblMH 3HaHHflMH H HaBbI-
HaBblKOB Bb1CB06o)f{ll,aeT 4aCTb BHHMaHHll nunora D,..HI oneaxa Henpe-raMH, 0110 cxnanuuaerca H3 orneasnux HaBblKOB KaK KOMnOHeHTOB H
penao MeHflIOweikfl 06CTaHOBKH, ee OCMbJCJJHBaHHR, npuuaran peUJeHHR pa3BHBaeTCfI B MaCTepCTBO. B OTJlH4He OT aaeuxa Iin aronap a rJly6H.
H BblnO.1HeHl1R rpecyeaux ll,eiiCTBHiL fi e 3HallHH H coeepureucmy ll,eikTBHH OHO npHMeHHMo B pa3J1H'IHbIX
Jl ernue Ha8biKU - 3TO HaBblKH, Bblpa60TaHHble B pe3YJIbTaTeYCIIOBHflX ll,eRTeJlbHOCTH
nHnoTHpoBaHHR Be, OHH npell,CTaBJIHIOT C060H COBOKynHOCTb yMcTBeH. 1 JIeTHoe YAleHUe - 3TO npaooperenuaa nHJlOTOM cnocooaocn, ueaeycr-
HhlX, ceHcopHuhlX,u nanrareasuux H eoneaax HaBblKoB, xapaKTepH3yIOT_ p es cre a u o H TBop4eCKH onepnpoea'n, HMeIOILlHMliCR'y Hero cneua-
CfI 4pe3BbJ<laHIlOIi CJlO)f(HOCTblO, rH6KOCTbIO, nJiaCTH4HOCTblO, peaauay- aJlbHbIMH 3HaHHllMH H HaBblKaMH B npouecce JleTHOH neareneuocm.
IOTCR B cHTyauHRX BpeMeHHOH ueonpeneneuuocrn Ii consuroro 3MOUHO- Bupacar sreaeaoe B JleTHOH nporpeccnu yeeuae ovem, CJlO)f(HO H pa3HO-
HaJIbHoro B03ll,eHCTBHR apenusrx 4JaKTopoB (YCKopeHHR Bli6paUHH 0 6 p a 3 HO eanny CKOpOTe'lHOCTH npOHCXOll,llWHX npoueccon, f1enOCTORH-
neperpyax« H T. n.). " t
e TBa H H3MeH'IHBOCTH ycnoBHH noaera, Heo6xo1l,HMOCTH yCBoeHHfI
PaCCJI,IOTpHM pone xaacnoro KOMnOHeHTa neTHblX lIaBblKOB' 6 0JlbW Or O 06beMa cneuaaasnux 3HaHHH H oTpa60TKH no BblCOKOH
YMCTBeHHble lIaBblKH, OCHOBaHHble ua nonyvennux 3H~HHflX H 'c Te rre H H aBTOMaTll3aUHH MHO)f(('CTBa pa3J1If'lHblX HaBblKOB.
1
onsrre. n03BonHIOT YflCHHTb nOCTaBJIellHYIO aana c y, OI\eHHTb 06CTaIlOB. YMeflHe C'IHTaeTCR eupacorauauv, «orna B npouecce JleTIlOH
Ky, npuuars uyacnoe ' peurenae M rrpOH3B01l,HTb paanavnue paC'IeTbl.1l,eRTeJlbHOCTH aepenue CBfl3H B Kope rOJlOBHOrO M03ra 06pa30Ba,1H
ceuccpnue HaBblKH, OCHOBaHHble ua opraaax 'IyBCTB, n03BonfllO; F a Ky fO xpenxyjo cucrexy. 'ITO o6y'laeMblH na ee OCflOBe rrpH C03Ha·
onpenemm, nonolKeHHe Be B npocrpaucrae. paccroanae 1l,O 3eMJlM M TeJlbHOM KOHTpOJle H ynpaaaeuaa MO)f{eT ycneurao aunon asrn, rpeoye-
OKpY)f{aIOWHx opuenrnpon, pacrrpe1l,eJlHTb H rrE'peKJIIO'IaTh BHHMaHHe era Mble nencrunn. YMeHHe xapaxre paayer crenem, npo4JeccHoHa;~bHoH
npneopu, onpenensm, aa cnyx pa60Ty nenrareaea H T. n.: nOll,rOTOBJleIlHOCTH naaora. 3HaHHll, HaBblKH H yMeHHe TeCHeHUJHM
nenrarensuue HaBbIKH, f1BJlflIOWHeCfI OTBeTHOM peaxunep nuaora 06pa30M CBR3aHbl Me)f(1l,y C060H. Benyuraa pOJIb B 3TOM ennucrae rtpn-
ua npuuaroe peilleH~He, ocyutecransnorca copaaaepnuau. 'IeTKHMH H Hallne)f(HT aaaauaa TOJlbKO ua OCHOBe HX pa3BHBalOTCfI neruue ua-
CBoeBpeMeHHblMH ll,t'HCTBHRMH H 1l,OCTHralOT BblCOKOH creneaa aeroaa- BblKH H yMeHHfI, «oropae B CBOIO o-repene pacumpmor , yrny6JUflOT
TH3al\HH; H aaxpenaaor 3HaHHR.
aoaeaue HaBbIKH BocnHTblBaIOTCfI B nponecce 06Y'leHHfI H Ha '
npOTfI)f{eHHH acef npOH3BOll,CTBeHHOH 1l,eflTeJlbHOCTH nyrev cHCTeMaTH-
'IeCIWM, rrntlHOMepHOM noaroroexn rrMJIOTa B yMeHHH 6e30llJH601.JHO, 2.3. YCBOEHl'lE 3HAHl'lVl, HABblKOB l'l YMEHl'l1'l
yaepeaao. XJlall,HOKpOBHO H lIaCTOii'lHBO ll,eHCTBOBaTb rtpa B03HHKHO'
BeHHH B nonere pa3J1M'IHblX YCJlO)f{HeHHH H OC06bIX caryaunn. fl pouecc YC80eHUfl3HaHHH, HaBblKOB H YMellHH - no ell,HHblH UeJlOCT-
DPH Bblpa6()TKe lIaBbIK3 Heo6xo1l,HMO OT.1Ji'laTb noaeanyo aBTOMa- HblH J],JIHTeJlbHblH npouecc n03HaBaTeJlbHOH 1l,eflTeJlbHOCTM ooyvaeaux,
TH~aUHIO OT apennoro BBTOMaTH3Ma. Flon aBTOMBTH3MOM rrOHHMBeTCfI B peaym.rare so'roporo OHH He TOJlbKO BocnpHIlHMaIOT, OCMblCJlHBaIOT,
1l,eHCTBHe, BblnonHSleMOt' 6eCC03HaTeJlbHO, MaWHHaJlbHO, xorna B C03Ha- 3aKpenJlHIO~ 3Ha1lHfI, HaBblKH. H yMeHHfI, HO H OCBaHBalOT H rrpH-
HHH venoeexa uer npencraaaenaa 0 ll,eikTBHH B ue,IJoM HJlH era MeHRfOT HX B JleTHOH .llellTeJIbHOCTH.
'IBCTRX. - 3BellbR npouecca yCBoeHHR HaX01l,f1TCR B TeCHO» B33HMOCBfl3H
TpeTHH 3neMeHT conepscauua y-reenoro npouecca _ yxeuae KO (pIIC. 3), npencraenmor C060H e1l,HHblH ueJlOCTHblH npouecc C orrpe-
ropoe 4JopMHpyeTcR B xone neTIIOM lleflTenbHOCTH H xapaKTep~3ye; 1l,eJleHHOH aaxouoaepaof rrOCJJe1l,OBaTeJlbHOCTblO, 06R3blBalOmeH ocyva-
creneue rrpopeCCHOHanbHOH nOll,rOTOBKH mereta B aunonueuau CBOHX eaoro yRCHHTb n03HaBaTeJlbHYlO aanavy. eocnpunan, Y4e6HblH wa-re-
06113aHHOCTeH. COlfeTBHHe .llOcTaTO'lHO UlHpOKliX 3HaHHH, C 01l,HOH pHaJI, OCMblCJlHTb socnpnaaroe, aanosnnm, occnscnenuoe, npHMeHHTb
CTOpOHbl, Ii BblCOKoaBTOMaTH3JipOBallHblX H rH6KliX HaBblKOB C npyroa H3JlO.lKeIlHOe H noxaaausoe ua npaxraxe. oaaanen, JleTHblM xacrep-
RB.1ReTcfI OCHOBOii yMeflliH:, .1E')f{aillHX B CBOIO osepem, B ~CHOBe Ma~ CTBOM. Kparxo OCTaHOBHMCll HB KalKll,OM 3BeHe npouecca yceoeuns
CTepCTBa. 3I1aHIfH, HaBblKOB H yMeHHH.
20
21