. .

--
--

, , (Meillet 1922);
( 1960),
-- ,
.
, . (Watkins 2008, Garret 2006),

,
.
-,


.

1. 1.
C

, ( ) XI- . . . (
X . . . .
2007; c. Dolgopolsky 2008; Bomhard 2008) , , - (Rosteck 1937, op 1974, 1975; 1979;1981;1989)
- (
, . 1994 ; Klimov 1985; 1994;1998; ,

. .

2003 ), .
7 . ,
, .

1. 2. : ,

, ,
IV-
. . . ,
.
(, 1984, II).
,
,
, (Witaker 1998; 2004).
IV . . .,
.
,
: , (), , ,
( , -- ). , h
urin ( A 11/620 ), -
. hara-n-, .-. ( =

) --:
. ere-lis , . (.-.)arelis ( eras, aras; , Bga 1958, I,
13, . 3, 55, 118, 132, Fraenkel KZ 58, 285 f.; 122; 2007), .
erglis (< *er(d)lis, Endzelin 1923, 176; Endzelins 1951, 244 f.); c. .

. . . -- 7

. . . . ereli, . Erlaa,. Ergli), .-. arelis (

arelie, Elb. Voc., 709; 1975, I), c.-c. , . ,
. orze, . ra (Lehmann 1981; : .
er (*ero-), . eryr (<*eriro-).
, , , h- (

).
, , o t, - , (
, . . . . . . *to-d
;
). u- ,
- , : Gusmani 1968;
Puhvel 1982; Erhart 1995.
( . . u ).
, . eren , 1. (
, ) , , ,
, 4 .
. .
, , .
1

:
, . .

. .

: ,
(, ,
,
).

1. 3.


.


,
, . - ( )-. XVIIXVI . . .,
. ( ) XIVXIII . . .
, ,
. .

( ),
-. ( )

.
,
. -
,
. . , , . -

. . . -- 9

(-) , , .
III II . . . (
2008). .
, ,
.
,
Ni-p-as.
i-na a Ni-p-as Nipas , . c i-na Ni-p-as Nipas,
(Kryszat 2006, 114; Ivanov 2008). Ni-p-as nepi . ti-pa-s [
, tipas],
*n > d-/t-, . debess , . debess
.
, , . , -, . nbhas , , . ,
. nebula , .-.-. nebul, .-. nifol. (
- , - , -- ).
ti-pa-si [
tipas-i], tap-pa-i-i debesij, .

10

. .

ne-e-p-i.

( .
ne-p-a-an, . , . ),
( ) .
II Perwa ( ) .
I II , Perwa, , Pe-ru-wa na-si-ir Ka-ni-is Perua, . , . ,
. peru(na) , , ( - ), . parvata ,
(Kloekhorst 2008, 669)
, Perk-un-as, perk-unija , Fjrgyn
, . , (, 1974). .
, *ni-, - ( *Per- ni-),
-. C .-.
- ( *Per- ni-), . perk-unija , . Fjrgyn
--
, . C
. Pirwa- (Perwa), -
, , .
( , )
.
, , -

. . . -- 11

, . ,
. Tarhunu
nu-.
. (d) IKUR
( IM)-un-ni ,
Tarh-unni Tarhunt-,

tarh-u- , - *tr-v-nt-
, . C *o/ur *h/o/ur (.-. rr, unarr; .-. unor, r;
:- unr; .-. Tonger, .-.: Donar; .-.-. Donar; .
*h/o/unaraz) ,
( ).

, *-o- > . -a-. ,
.
( )
.
composita,
men-a-hhanda (), , (CHD, III, fasc. 3, 1986,
<men-(i/a) , ( , 289290) +-a<-*o- + and-a 274288)
h
( - hant-
, 2).
2

(, , ) *H(o)nt- ,
(-. *oa , op 1975, s. 12, 1718, 20, 24, 46, 90) ( ) . ,
*men-, *-to- , . .

12

. .

()
-ne/ik/ga-; *-o- >
-a-. -a-nig/ka.
, nika, -nega- , ego , (
) , -.
-g/k-
: . anna-nega- . anna-niya-[mi] ( . ann-i,
), . neg-na . nana-sr-i :
, ( --) . , ,
, (,
, ,
, , ). :
-, . n - (op 1979, 21; 1990,
84); *nekV > -. *neku (, ) > .
, , ,
, , ; ,
.-. men-i- -i- -a- ,
. Puru- h anda,

(
- ).

. . . -- 13

, . ng- < . *nVkV3. ,

,
--. ,
,
( ).
(L, 297306) , , , c -hu- -ar
-hu-

-ar , .
( , 4),
ar-a-, ( - ), ( ) , ,
i: ar-ai , nana-ri (< + ), .-. str <*sr-iH. hu- -ar
, . hau -ara (

-u-)

hau-ar-na (Michel 2001, 505; L, 63, N 328) , , , , (
)5. hu-ar.

Starostin 2003; Starostin, Dybo, Mudrak 2003, vol. 2, p. 968; 1982,

. 248. .
, , ,
*negho->neka-, .
,
queen , .

14

. .

, , -
, ,
.
/
- , ,

. 6
,

, .-. tuzinnum ( ), ,
, . tuzinnum
, c
, . : i-nu-mi ru-ba-um a-na t-zi-nim e-a-dim a-na e-ti-u-nu i-aq-lu (Kt 88/k 90 1012) () .
, . bl tuzinnum tuzinnum, . e. , , .
, -
, (. touto, . tutas
civitas, . tud , c, .-. tuath , , . iuda
, .-. tauto c, .-. taut) , ,
(. totus) , . ,
*ju, jud
( 1926; 2005, 363); . -, . ( -)
6

D, pp. 142, 148150; Dercksen 2005; 2007.

. . . -- 15

. , , ,
( .
kuwalan, 2004, c. *kwel-);

*kor- (.
.-. kar-a *kwel-).
, ,
tuzinnum ubadinnum.

. ( *-t- > -z- -i) (-) . (). .-. ubadinnum ,
,
, ( , Hocart 1936). C . ub-ati-t 7.
. upa- , = . ube- , , . . uba , , -, . . bt = . upati-t- ,
( , Adiego 2007, 347, 492).
-.
(L 1966) .-. Upati-a-hu (

,
) , .
m-ba-L-i = ba- iti- ( ). C
, . wepe
, (= go-cara ); .-. *webh-,
, , *we-bh-/ dh
, ; .-. ead.
7

Melchert 1993, p. 243; Starke 1990, p. 195 f.

16

. .

1. 4.
C . . , 5-%- ( 14-%-, )
( 2007),
2004 . (Blaek 2007).
, , . 3810 . . .
4670 . . . ( -
, , . Ivanov 2001). ,
, , ,
. , .
. m-k-te (. A mn-t), , , < ; c- .-. man,
. mahhan, - *mo> . . mana- ,
. me - . -- ---
.
(. Pedersen 1938, Greenberg 2000) (
, )
: .
(*mi- ?, Rosenkranz 1950, 439440; op 1975, 28)
, , , ,
, (Rosteck 1937, 96; Pedersen 1938, 7172, Collinder 1965, 127,
148, Greenberg 2000, 229231). ,
- (1976, 9, 6668, N 300) , *mi -

. . . -- 17

, ,
, , .
(
) , - -, .
*kw-o- yo8. ( , ,
) . ,
.
t-/ tt- , ) . ( ) tt- , (Adams 1999, 285) relects a reduplicated present with
a generalized zero-grade a 3rd. sg. middle *dhidhH1-to-r would regularly produce the atested Tch B tttr. As always the initial consonant of the reduplicating syllable agrees in palatalization or its lack with the initial consonant of the
roothis paradigm is as archaic as anything in the Tocharian verbal system and fully as archaic as anything in the Tocharian verbal system and fully as
archaic (if not in certain respects more so) as anything found much earlier in
Greek and Indic (
. 3 . . *dhidhH1-to-r . tttr. ,
.
, ).
, ,
: .-. tita-nu- ,
, , titiya- ( 1981, 152). , 8

Ringe 1998, . 171, 193, 197.

. .

18

( ),
. . . . tatun, .-. ( ) daedon,
. dedun, . . -, . (-) , (
1981, 139157).
,
,
(. 1 2).
1. ( )

(-)

ekupai-,
.
bidiya-

ahu

- (-)

upiya-, .
.
pipi-aaya-

pi-ya-

pije- .
.
pibi(ye)
ai-

A yokA e-<* ai-

A y

, ,
, . 2.
2.

( )

()

ahar-a

yasr-sa

. . . -- 19

- .
trkanam 1 . . . . . . . (VI ),
trk- , , , , ,
(A trkn).
( ) . tark-,
( ).

, ( , ).
.
wte 3 . . . . . ( III) ws- /
, ; ( IX yss-) < I-E. *w-es- > . wes-, . vaste, . wasjan.
,
. -. . m , . . A m mar
, , - * m > . . m, .-. , . mi, . mo-s.
-
, . po , , ,
, , . puna-, punata/i, .-. (-
humant- , . omn-is); -, .
, , . e(-?)
er-n-na- . . . . , ( ) (- er-n =
), . er , . A ar , . sister, . Schwester, . < I. E. *swe-sor < .-. *swe- +-sor-, ,
. , . eer-. e-
e- < *an- <*n [ ]

20

. .

ee ( < []: ). sor -, . h

au -ara ( . nana-ri < +

, ), .
.-. str < *sr-iH.
- 3 4.
. er-ka-na
. .- . . er-.
ka- ( , 2008)
. *ka- > . , .
( ) .
( , Adams 1999, 661, *swesorkikeha
; -- , . 2008).
, ,
-- . , - ( *- po- ),
.
. cke-ntse, . . . . cake river, . . cke-nta < .- *tek- , , ; ,
, - (*taka- > . taka- ;
*tka > [. ] te , -. nta < *ni-taka- ,
. taex , 1979, 246, 284), . (. , )
() (. p-taka ).

1. 5.
, . .
, . ,

. . . -- 21

, , - -. ,
(, , )
- - . , , --
--. -,
- ,
( ). -- ,
, - . -
, (satm- ).

2. -- .

2. 1. /

. (Schmidt, G. 1973)

, , . dukt,
.
- (
)
(-) * *ter (c *
*H

22

. .

). .-. *-a- : tu-wa/i-tara/i- (c. AHMAR I 24);

FILIA
t-wa/i-ta[ra/i-na] (TELL AHMAR I 29), FILIA-tara/i-na (KELEKlI
2)=[tuwatara], . kbatr-a, . . . . kbatr-u, . ., kbatr-i, . .
<<I-E *dhugh(e/o)Hter, .-. duhitar-, .-. , . . tkcer,
. . tktr, A ckcar. , - (-) , , , , : . , . . ,
. , .-. ( *), , XVXVI . . ,
. . , .-. , . . , . , .-. dci,
. dcera, . dcera, . cora, corka; . dukte "", .-. duckti
"" ( 1975, I), . dauhtar, . Tochter ( 1951, 52; 1959, 54 .; 1964, I, 533).
, , , ,
( , ) , . ,
.
-
:
. .
- ,
. ,
, , , , - , , , . ,
,
.

. . . -- 23

- ,
, - . ,
(,
1928 . . . ):
.
,
. - .

2. 2.


, --.
, *-m-: . . . . *m-i-s, .-. .
. . *m-o-s, .-. . . . *m-. --, ,
- () -
*-bh- .
. . . *bh -i-s, .-. . . . *bh -o-s, .-. . . . *bh . . (Lejeune
1958), , , ( , .-. . . . . w- < *-bhi).

(Greenberg 2000).
-

24

. .

.
, . . (Dolgopolsky 2008).
*bhi/y-, .-.
. . . . bh -i-s, . . . . bh -ya-s, .-. . . . *bh y-m.
- (
),
(- , -, , -) : .-. wk, -bk, . -b; . -bus <-c.-. bos
< *bhos; . fs, ss, . - < *bo/bo-s (?), . -., .
-bas. *m-i- --,
, . galvomis
, rnkomis, . . ruokmis, . rkami > . ,
. aim . tomis,
. tmi > . , . Boutkan 1999.
,
, .
. dantms < *dantmus: .-. dadbhyas, . dentibus
. *matermi : .-. mtbhis:, . matribus
. *materm: .-. mtbhyas
. *imenm: .-. nmabhyas, . nminibus.
, , ,
. , .
--
. is, c.-c. , . *hi- < *ki: .-.
hi, .-. he ( 1956, . 425426; 1964, . 166): - ki - satm- .

. . . -- 25

2. 3.
--

(
)
-
( )
*() (distanciateur),
(Haudry 1981, 191200).
- (*yo bhuH . .), *yo *ya ,
.
.-. *yo, . *ya, ,
- , .-.-. .
. *-s-yo
( ) , *yo.
(
. *tV .-. *to) , .-. *yo- .-. *kw-.

3. --

3. 1.
3. 1. 1. . draugas ", ", . draugs, .-. draugiwaldnen . . ( 1975, I), C.-. , , . , , . . , . x/ ( .-. .
., . . ), . , .-. , . , . , . drug, ., . druh, .-. drug, .-. draugr
(.) "", . gadrauhts, .-.-. trucht " , ", .-.-.

26

. .

truhtin , ( 1964, I, 543; Ostheeren 2000; Stang

1971, 1920). , , .
3. 1. 2. . kaimas, kiemas , , .-. caymis, . haims.
(Stang 1971, 28) .
, ( 1959;
2008).
3. 1. 3. . liudis , . ; .-.-. liut. ,
,
( 1997, 297298). ,
.
, :
, ,
?

.
3. 1. 4. (Stang 1971, 25) (-) --
: .-. assanis (=Herbist ) -.-. *jesen- (. ) . asans (=o),
(=). ( 1963, 132136), . -
.
, , . . *kes- ( , ) 9 . zen-(anta)9

- (Koivulehto 1999, p. 303, N 19) .

-
-, . op 1974, . 106107.

. . . -- 27

c( ), .-. . zen-i (
.-. - , . yeien-i,
-. jesen-i, . jesen-i;
= Casus Indeinitus *i).

-a-: . . . . . . zen-a- ( (Kloekhorst
2008, 1034), ), . . zen-a-, c.
( ) anta-,
: . . . .
. . zen-anza [zenant-s], . . zen-ant-a-, .-. . zen-ant-i.
.-. zen- .-. . *-ni- ,
: kbi-ni -/ (?), tri-ni /
(?) (. .-. . tri-yuga- ,
yuga= .-. yuga- ); *-i-, , ( )
- (. ). . zen- -n- , .- . . aun~ . anan~
. anamb (-) -- : .-. assanis (=Herbist ) -.. *jesen- (. ) . asans (=o), (=).
-r - (.-)
(= ) ( );
( ); , ( )
< *op-(H)osar ; aestas quae sequitur.

, .
.- .-. *je- < *e- o- ~ [] (
) : , 1265 .;

28

. .

, . ( c . . ),
, oc''
( ), . , -10, -.
*e/o-
( , . ), .
( ) II (*Hs-n), I *H/s-r/-n.
, .
, . *-s-
. *Hs- > . z-: .-. a-
, .
.
.-. anun
: . laman. .

,
,
- . ,
, . .

10

( 724 (11611167 .)) = , . . zeni?

. . . -- 29

3. 2.

. ( , Stang 1971, 68. 7071), ( , 68), (
, 69, 7273),
( , , 69, 74), , ( , 7576) ( , 74)
3. 2. 1. :
-
, . . , - (
, ) , : .-.
*wlkwo-s> -. *vlko-s > . vilkas/ . .-.
*H3t-ko-s . , , -, .
,
.-. hartagga- , ( ,
) , , ,
, 11.
,
-
( ). , 11

Puhvel 1991, . 201202. ark- , futuere : UR. MA-a katan ekit

UG. TUR -a katan ekit -artagga-ma-ma ar arkikita ()
() ( ), ( ),
(), KUB XXIX 1 I 2830, Puhvel 1984, p. 142.

30

. .

, , ,
*r . () - l ().
, (
-, - -).
tlok-un (Tlok-un-pelk )12. - (,
.-. cloc-is, lok, , 65565613), - ( +
) .
- *tl- > kl-,
, (
) ( ): . lokis, lcis .
, ,
vilktakis, vilktakys, vilktakas, vilkalotas, vilkalatas, vilkatas, vilkatakas14, . . , . *vilk- & *(t)lak-, -15.
-
- (.-.
*dlak-(a) , ) / . (-)
- . (12

13

14
15

. . . : 1984, c. 6978 (
); . 1963, c. 139; 1986, c. 122;
Eckert 2001, S. 15.
1980, . 181182; Endzelns 1982, I, 241; Maiulis 1981,
c. 40, . 161; 1993. II 2, . 208; 1997. IV, . 220223.
Vlius 1977, c. 268281.
1984, . 74.

. . . -- 31

) =
( -, .-. madhv-ad-)
(, - ) : .-. *dlak-(a)
, , . , :
( ) (> >)
/ () ( -)
: / () > ,
> 16. . *vlko-t/dlak(-)
, .

, -: .-. Ulf-biorn, .-.-. Wulf-bero17;
c , , -- , .
, ,
, .

, -18. , - 19.
3. 2. 2. -
*vCko-dlak(-) . vlko-dlak(-). 16
17
18
19

, . 75.
1977.
1965, . 3134; 1975.
1983, . 42; , 1995, . 418.

32

. .

20, (.) vyko-dlak c.

vyko-lak ( ,
),
( -) .
,
, : .-. tlak-a, -y pub(e)s,
, ( ,
21: Clar., Gloss., VI, 7, 1305: Pubs tlaka).
,
- ,
, ( )
, ,
, 22. ,
23 *tlak-a , *vlko-tlak- ;
. - 24 (
)
20
21
22

23

24

Machek 1957, c. 571.

Flajhans 1926. (TITUS).

. - (c. c - Jakobson1966) - ,
. . - : 1985, . 221; , 1995, . 418.
, . . 1982.
Supecki 1987.

. . . -- 33

(. wilkolak, c. vyko-lak), *tl-, * dl: ( ) -.

4. --

4. 1. . sidabras, . sidrabs (sudrabs), .-. siraplis, .-. , . , . silubr . (. 19, 15). p.-. silr,
. siolur, siolfor, .-. sel(o)ver, silver, . silubar, . sil(a)bar ,
(Lehmann 1986, 303; 2007). , .

HD he Hitite Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of
Chicago, ed. H. G. Gterbock, H. A. Hofner, T. P. J. van den Hout. Chicago,
19802002.
D Dercksen J. G. Some elements of the Old Anatolian Society in Kani //
Assyria and Beyond, p. 127178.
KUB Keilschriturkunden aus Boghazky.
KZ Zeitschrit fr vergleichende Sprachforschung.
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Librairie Klincksieck, 1966.
ZA Zeitschrit fr Assyriologie.

1979 . . - . . III, ., 1979.

1926 . .
// . . I, . 1926.
2005 . . . - . . ., 2005.

34

. .

1997 .. . .: , 1997.
, 1984 . ., . . . . III. , 1984.
2007 . . - . Par jauno Krimas gotu valodas etimoloisko redakciju. Zu
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. . . . . I -. ., 1995, . 418420.
1986 . .
// . . , . ..
( 19771983 .). 9 19511983 .). ., 1986, . 89
219.
1957 . . a // . 1957. 1.
1965 . . ,
. ., 1965.
1975 . .
, // . . 1975. . 34, . 394408.
1977 . . ---
// . .,1977, . 143164.
1981 . . , . . ., 1981.
1982 . . c // . .,
1982, . 212236.
1990 . . : , // UraloIndogermanica: - -
. III - 1822 1990 .
., 1990.

. . . -- 35

2001 . . . 2 ., . ., 2001.
2001 . . // : . . . . 1. ., 2001.
2004 . . // . . . . . III. ., 2004.
2004 . . . // : . 75- . . . .,
2004, . 4167.
2007 . . . . I. ., 2007.
, 1963 . ., .. // C . . ., 1963.
1983 . .
- // - .
- . , 29 2 1983. ., 1983, . 42.
1994 . .
. ., 1994
1994 , . . usxo- *uks-on- // 19901993. M., 1994, . 154158.
, . ., , M. .
M., 2003.
, 1963 . . - . , 1963
1951 . . ., 1951. 1985
. (
) // . 1985, c. 213227.
1960 . .
. .., 1960 (. . 1954).
2007 . . . ., 2007.
1975 . . . . A-D, E-I < I-K,
K-L. ., 19751980.

36

. .

1959 . .
. ., 1959. .
1964 . .
. IIV. ., 19641973.
1982 . . . ., 1982.
1921 . . - // . . 1921. . I, . 356364.
1968 - .
XIX . . . /
, , ., . ., . . . ( XIV). ., 1968.
1988 . . ( ,
XIX . . .) // - . . VIII. ,
1988, . 133139.
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. .
:

.
, heoderic (< heodericus, ) < / *eua-/
iua- + *rkaz 1.
, Osda (<)
< / *uzda (+ N). ,
-il- -ik- . Wulila < / *wulfa-
+ -il-, Merila/Mirica < / *mri- , + -il-/-ik- (551 ., , pap. Marini 119, P. Tjder 34, , . bokareis; .
. Merila, 946 ., Mirellus, 858 .)
, , ,
. , , . 2
, , .

1.
, , . .

Eterpamara. ,
, [ ] [Get. 43]. 1

heodoricus, , ,
heodericus, .
: [
2008].

. . . :

43

Erpamara3. , , .
et ; ,
.
*Erpamara . / *erp- , ,

, *arp- . . A ( , ), . . Arpus ( ), .
Erpr ( ; *arp-), . *Erpa (. *Erpila)4.
. jarpr, . eorp, earp, . erpf , -, . / *erp- ,
. - (-), , .-.
, , . rebahoun , . .-.
*erb /*ereb- , 5.
, , Arpus Arpila /
*erp-, *. * *,
, . , /
*arp- *erp-: . . *Arpila
. *Erpamara, . *Erpila. * , . jarpr ( < ), . eorp
( < ). *arp- Arpus Arpila. *rp-/rp- , .
/ *rp-/rp- ,
*rb-/*rb- , ,
/. 3
4
5

[Schnfeld 1911, 81, Wagner 1982, 364].

[Gamillscheg 1936, 114].
[de Vries 1962, 291].

44

. .

,
, '
. , . Arpila / *arp- , (< .-. *rb- , ) -il-; . . erpel, arpel, . erpel, . Erpel . . *Erpa(mara),
, / * rp-.
.
. Amara ( VI .,
Cass. Var. IV, 27-28) *Erpa-amara, / *amara ()6. . ,
, : Erpa Amara7.
( ) . , ( )
.
, *erpa- + *mra , 8.
*mriz ,
-mer (-mir ).
, *-mara, *mar.
, .
, ,
. .
Malatheus (551 ., , pap. Marini 119, P. Tjder 34, ).
. 9, /
* /waz , . , 6
7
8
9

[Wrede 119-120].
[Wagner 1982, 364].
[Schnfeld 1911, 81].
[Wrede 1891, 143].

. . . :

45

; . . Malorix. *mala- () *amala( . ) ,

10.
*mala- .-. mael , .
, . . , mael , , ,
, ,
11. , ,
. , *mala-
* /waz , .
Marabadus ( VI . Cass. Var. III, 34, IV, 12, 46).
. Marobodu(u)s,
. / *marha- 12, ,
*mer-, *mir-. ,
: . *maro- ,
+ / *baw- .
.
Mateswintha ( VI . ,
.). , .
M (), Mateswentha, Matesvinta ( ), Matheswentha ().
/ *swin .
*mata- . (/ *mala- )
/ *mat- , 10
11
12

[ 1999].
[ 1991, 253].
[Wrede 1891, 115-116].

46

. .

13. . . mat(h)u- 14. . . mathu ( , ). ,

*mat- . . ,
. .-. Mathgen, . Math ( -),
Mathon15.
,
.
, .
, . ,
. , .
, ( ) . .
: Hereleuva < / *hru- + *leug/
*liug *lig , (V ., )
Eusebia. , Anon. Val. 58, . ,
, . , Ostrogoto < / *austra- , +
*g/t(n)- (VI . Get. 297) Ariagne (< Areuagni; Anon. Val.).
. , , (551 ., ap. Marini 119, P. Tjder 34) Minnulus, Willienanth < / *wilja- + *nanaz ,
; , Danihel,
Igila (, , . ).
.
13
14
15

[Wrede 1891, 96-97].

[Schnfeld 1911, 165].
[ 1991, 252].

. . . :

47

() : Eilo
qui nomine Dulcevida (895 .), Gogilli cognomento Bellida (978 .), Emiso
cognomento Matre (985 .), Godegeva connomento Madrecella (1078 .).
: . Trastalo-Trastina . rafstjan - trast- (. Trastemirus, 818 .).
. . ,
(-) :
Petrus cognomento Gontoigio. - : Pelagius Cartimiriz (1088 .),
. Manualdo
cognomento Manoi (998 .), - ,
(-ila/-ika), oi (. Godoi .)16.
: , Petrus-Gontouigio (
) Manualdo-Manoi (
), Eilo-Dulcevida (. ) Godegeva-Madrecella (. ) ,
.
, . . Valamer <
/ *wala- + *mriz , (. 474526, , ). ,
( ). . ,
, (), .
*Walamir , : . ,
= *Wisand Wandalari ( ). , , Wan16

[Piel, Kremer 1976, 30-31].

48

. .

dalari ( ),
Wisand . . visundr,
. wesend, weosend, . wisunt, wisant 17.
, . , ,
( , Bell. Goth. VII (III), 35, 23). Gundulf (< ) < / *gunj- + *wulfaz , , , : , .
[Bell. Goth.
VIII (IV), 23, 1]18. , , *Hildulf <
/ *hildj- , + *wulfaz (. . Ildulfus), . . ,
: < ,
, 19. / *hina- ,
. . fra-hinan* (. 3) . , , mi-fra-hinan* (. 2 .
, ), us-hinan* , huns . hinna, hanna , . h , .
heri-hund < / *hinan(an) , 20.

: . Totila Badwila (. ). . ,
. , , , , , 21.
17
18
19
20
21

[Wrede 1891, 101, Schnfeld 1911, 267].

. : [ , 1950].
[Reichert 1984, 363].
: [Lehmann 1986, 122].
[Reichert 1984, 355].

. . . :

49

2.
. .
. , , , ,
22. , .
. . , , .
23. ,
Amal < / *Amalaz. ,
( ) ,
.
. , . (,
Wulila ) ?
, ( ) Merila, Mirica ( i). .
24. ,
il- -ik- ,
.
Triggwa / Triggwila < . *triggw-,
/ *triwwa- + -il- (20- VI ., , , Anon. Val.).
22
23
24

.: [Lehmann 1968, Reichert 1984].

.
[Wrede 1891, 142].

50

. .

(praepositus regiae domus , praepositus cubiculi Anon. Val.), Triggwa Triggwila

. ,
, . - . , ,
. , ,

, : quotiens Triggvillam regiae praepositum domus ab incepta, perpetrata iam prorsus iniuria deieci [Phil. Cons. I] , , , 25.
.
Albila, Ansila, Brandila, heudila, Runilo (..), Waki . . Ibba, Morra, Pitza, Patza . . , .
( 1).
Bojo ( VI . Cass. Var. I, 38). , Boioni, Coioni (..).
. (. Boio-rix). ,
- . Marabadus.
*Goio < Coio (. Vidigoja) , 26. ,
. *bojo- (+ N ?).
Duda ( VI . Cass. Var. IV, 27). .
Dudda, .
. . *Dod-, *Dud- 27.
, ,
- ,
25
26
27

. : [Boethius 1997, 26]. . ..

[Wrede 1891, 111].
.: [Piel, Kremer 1976, 112, 1999b].

. . . :

51

, . Dudila, (646 .), Duoda (Dodana), (IX .), . Tuata, Tuota, Tuotilo. . . u . ua, ou
*Dda, Dodana ( Duoda). . tut(t)o
, (. . daddjan )28. ,
*, ,
daddjan *Dda.
,
(Touta Tuota) , , .
Totila (. ), . . 29. (. Bojo, Marabadus)30,
( ),
*taut-/*tout- (. teutana ; ,
).
, *tt-
/ *eu/ iu < .-. *teut . *tt-/*dd- t d (, ).
Maza (< Mazenis, .., VI . Cass. Var. I, 5).
. *Mata, -ane (?) (Matan, 1050 .)31.
*tj z , , . . 28
29
30

31

[Wrede 1891, 120-121].

[Wrede 1891, 136].
Bacauda (Cass. Var., V, 25;
), , .
, [Wrede 1891, 125].
[Piel, Kremer 1976, 201].

52

. .

nomen agentis (..-ja) , 32.

*mat- (<*mat(h)u-
*math- , )
.
Tata ( VI . Cass. Var. V, 23).
. Tat-, Dad-33.
Tatanem (..). , .
(inernationale kondliche Lallform). , Duda, Totila, .
Totila (< , VI ., ).
, 541552 .,
. . . Tota (. ., 759)
34.
Badwila (< / *baw + -il-), , , . , Totila, Tutela, Tutela.
. . Zuozilo , , Totila Badwila. . . ttna , , . ttian , ge-tt [Wrede 1891,
135]. . *tt- Totila . Toutela, Toutillus, Toutus, Toutobocio < *touta- [Wrede 1891, 136]. ,
*dd-/*tt- (, *dad-/*tat-).

, , , , . ( 2)
, , .
32
33
34

[Wrede 1891, 108].

[Piel, Kremer 1976, 259].
[Piel, Kremer 1976, 266].

. . . :

53

Cillica ( VI ., ).
, , Cilliga, Cellica, Gallica, Filica (),
Cillica ( ), Cilliga (Anon. Val. .). . , ,
,
Eutharicus. Filica
, , (< . *ilu- ),
Cillica, . Cilix, -icis , . , -, . Kileikia (
. ). , Cillica ,
. , . , Gallica
35.
, (
),
, .
Baza (VI ., Get. 266).
, Baza: qui et
Baza dicebatur, .
/ *baw- , 36,
.
().
. , Baza Patza (.
Patza), , , . , Duda/Totila/
Tata ( ).
Patza (< Patzenis, VI . Cass. Var. V, 32-33.). .
. *pahtja ,
. pactus, pactum : . . pfahte ( 35
36

[Wrede 1891, 67-68].

[Hler 1956, 305].

54

. .

) paht37.
*p-, , *p- , ,
(. Pitza). .
Patzia Baza (. ), ,
() 38,
(. Baza).
Pitza ( VI . , ). ,
504 . .
Pitza [Get. 300], Petza [Get. 301], Pitzia (). . .
, . . 39. .
*Bizzo, 40, *p- > b-. *Patja (*Batja) *Pitja (*Bitja).
, . ,
IV .
, (, ,
, -, )41 . ,

.
Morra (< , 538 . ,
2000 ) . . maurus (au >
.-. o) 42. .
37
38
39
40
41
42

[Wrede 1891, 127128].

[Hler 1956, 305].
[Wrede 1891, 72, Schnfeld 1911, 180].
[Hler 1956, 305].
[Reichert 1989]
[Wrede 1891, 104-105].

. . . :

55

. . .
. Maurila, Murila , *Mr-il-a43.
( 3).
Grip(p)a (< , 535 . ).
.
. . *Grp(p)a, 44. *grp-/grip- , *grpan(an) , ,
. . grpe , ( ).
Ibba (508 . , [Get. 302] .).
; ( ,
) 508 .
. . Iban (1098),
Ebani (XI .)45.
Ebba, Hebba, Helba. . .
., . ebba . . ibuks* (.-)
, . ippihn 46, / * /g(j)- , . , / * /gn- . . ibns, . jafn, . ifn, . egan,
. eban , . . ibns ibuks*, , / * /gnaz , ibuks* .-. *epi-/opi- , 47.
* /g(j)- /gn- , 1 4 ;
43
44
45
46
47

[Piel, Kremer 1976, 202].

[Wrede 1891, 92].
[Piel, Kremer 1976, 179].
[Wrede 1891, 81].
. : [Lehmann 1986,
202].

56

. .

, *-j- ( ) *-n- .
, , . ,
, ,
, (. ,
).
.
Himnerith, [Get. 190]. .
. *igna48. , Ibba
*igna- . himne-
. *himina- , Ibba / * / gna- + N (. . Jafn-hr -).
(, ,
) Igila
(551 . (pap. Marini 119, P. Tjder 34, ).
, Danihel,
Igila. . Hiccila (633 .), Igila (844 .)49.
. , , . igull, . igl, l, . igil , *igils50.
, . . - , . Ig-ulfo (1032 .)51 ( . Achiulf?).
/ * aii- ,
i-: *aii- > *eii- (. . Egill) 48
49
50
51

[Schnfeld 1911, 138].

[Piel, Kremer 1976, 179-180].
[Wrede 1891, 144].
[Piel, Kremer 1976, 179].

. . . :

57

. , .
, , Igila il-.
ig-/ik-/iz-/iqu(il)-
.
*ingw- ( *ngw). . enguz (, , ng).

(. ) , [Ptolem. III, 5, 9]52.
(-? ?), I . . . (. ). . 53.
.
, -
. . .
Gaina (399400 .). , .
, .
Gagnrr , . Gegin-rad < / *gaiina- + *raz
. ,
i, , ,
*-aii- ai.
T(h)eja/T(h)ela/T(h)ila. (552 ., .).
, ; , .
hela , 493 . ,
Zeia (Epistolae romanorum pontiicum). . . Tegjo (. .?; 985 .), Tegila (
Patrebono; 1083 .), Tellus, Tello54.
52
53
54

. .: [ 1990, 176].
.: [ 1990, 163].
[Piel, Kremer 1976, 259260].

58

. .

heia, hela, hila, [Bell. Goth. VIII (IV), 26, 21] (

), Teia, heia. Zeia
*tj tz/z.
. *t- Teia Tila/
Tela , . Teja *Tajija
, . teigr teigja
.
, . Tila, , *tila- . Tilarids55.
, Tela/Tila ( ). Teja ; . , . *tewja ,
56.
. , .
*heud-el-, heja/hela/hila *eua-/iua- . . Dietrich: Diehl, Dill, Till, Tilo57.
() ,
. ,
: (551 .) heudila, *eua-/iua- , . ,
. ,
.
55
56
57

[Wrede 1891, 149150].

[Frstemann 1900, Sp. 1394, Grienberger 1913, 49].
[Wagner 1993, 131].

. . . :

59

, T(h)eja T(h)ela
: . T(h)e-ja (nomen agentis) T(h)
e-ila , , T(h)ila
T(h)e-ila ( ). t- th , ,
.
., , heudegisl.
, *t-. : 1) *tajija / (?) *tewja , ; 2) . ga-teihan ,
( ). . tj , , . ga-teihan, 2 tginn, 58.
*taihun , 2 *taihans [thans] , *thja > *teja.
ja-
2, *taihjan [thjan] , . , *te- .
, , *th-,
. eihan (.1) . ,
[2 . 3, 9], ,
[. 2, 19]. ,
aih [. 2, 52], ga-eihan .
, [. 4, 10; Sk. 4, 10], ufar-eihan
, [Sk. 3, 21-22], eihs , (..-; < /
*ingan , ) . [. 13, 11]. . eihan . on, . thigja, . thhan, . dgan ,
, . gi-thungan ( 2 > ) ,
58

.: [Lehmann 1986, 359360].

60

. .

. ingan , , . thingia, . dingan ,

. eihs, , , , . ., . ing, ., ., .
thing , 59. .-. *tenk- , , .
nomen agentis ,
, , , .
, . engill, . engel , . , . eihan
2 aih- [h-], , *hila engill, . engel , .
, -
. / *h-/*ing- , , , *th-
.
*Wraja (< , Orajo, 538540 . .).
, , (
), .
(), Orajo ( , ). . *Oragja60 ; / *wraija , [Schnfeld 1911, 271]. ,
. recke , .
.
59
60

Ibid.
[Wrede 1891, 105].

. . . :

61

, .
Braulio ( VII .), . 61.
. . .
, . . ,
IX . (; . ).
. .
. . .-. pravlna , , *pravlina- , ,
62. . . - , Braulio .
Bracila/Brachila Bravila [Get. 243],
. / *brahw- ; ;
. . bra# , ( in bra#a
augins . ` m 1 . 15, 52), .
brehen 63. ch/v [hw] . / *brak- , (. . brakja (..-) .
, () . 6, 12)64, Braulio, Bravila, bra# ; ; (+ -il-).
, (: ). (
)
Bravalla, . . ,
61
62
63
64

.: [ 2002, 154, -- 2003, 100].

[ 1999, 8890].
[Schnfeld 1911, 53, Lehmann 1986, 7879].
[Schnfeld 1911, 53].

62

. .

. . 65.
, IX .? ()
,
( , )66.

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. C.

: MANCIPIUM
MANCIP *
,

, , , , , servus. , servi , .

servi
. , ,
.
,
,
, (
, , ) , . ,
,
. , , , ,
1. *
1

, 08-01-00523.
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; ,
, XIX .
,

, . ,
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, , , ,
, , , ,
. , .
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, , . , , , ,
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2.
. , , XI
XIII . , servus
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;
,
4. ,
2

Ourliac P. Lhommage servile dans la rgion toulousain // Mlanges L.Halphen.

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XI. . 4151; Cabanis A., Anex-Cabanis D. Serfs commingeois // Mlanges R.
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XI au XIII sicle en Languedoc occidental // Mlanges de lEcole franaise de
Rome. Moyen Age, 1999. T. 111. . 5160; eadem. Jeux de mains, jeux de vilains.
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Bonnassie P. Survie et extinction du rgime esclavagiste dans lOccident du haut
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343; idem. Libert et servitude // Dictionnaire raisonn de lOccident mdval.
Paris, 1999. . 595609. . -

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67

,
, . .
, XI . ? ,
, , , , . , , ,
, , ,
- , ,
. servus, , , ,
. , , , . , ., servus
, , , 5? , captivus 6

5
6

, : Les formes de la
servitude: esclavages et servages de la in de lAntiquit au monde moderne. Actes
de la table ronde de Nanterre, 12 et 13 dcembre 1997; La servitude dans les pays
de la Mditerrane occidentale chrtienne au XIIe sicle et au-del : dclinante ou
renouvele? Actes de la table ronde de Rome, 8 et 9 octobre 1999 (Mlanges de
lcole franaise de Rome. Moyen ge 112/2. Rome, 2000).
Bloch M. Les caractres originaux de lhistoire rurale franaise. Oslo, 1931. . 99.
(. . 1147 .).
.: Jaufre Rudel. Lanquan li jorn son lonc en mai, V. 1214 // Riquer M. de.
Los trovadores. Barcelona, 1975. T. I. . 164: Tant es sos pretz verais e lis / Que lai
el renc dels sarrazis / Fos eu, per lieis, chaitius clamatz. chaitiu : , . ., : Bernart de Ventadorn. Can vei la lauzeta mover, V. 57
58 // Ibidem. . 387: Queu men vau, chaitius, no sai on ( ,
, ( . . -

68

. .

sarracenus7, , , . , , 8. . , , ,
,
. , esclavus,
X . 9,
XIII ., ,
10, ,
XIV ., - 11.

10

11

). captivus
cativo .
., : Usatges de Barcelona. El Codi a mitjan segle XII. Publ.
J. Bastardas. Barcelona, 1991, art. 21, 116, 117.
.: Catafau A. Esclaves musulmans et matres chrtiens Perpignan et en
Roussillon au Moyen Age // Perpignan. Lhistoire des musulmans dans la ville.
Perpignan, 2005. . 6383. .: Heers J. Esclaves et domestiques P. 135144.
Verlinden Ch. Lorigine de sclavus = esclave // Archivium Latinitatis Medii Aevi,
1943. T. XVII. . 97128; . : Morris J. Slaves and serfs // he Modern
Quarterly Journal, 1948. T. 3. N 3. . 4262.
, , , ( XII .) (.
1234 .). .: homas A. Posies compltes de Bertran de Born. Tolosa, 1888.
. 122: Ges de disnar no fora oi mais matis. V. 2526. (80, 19): Ab doutz esgar
que.m fetz et ab clar vis / Mi fetz amors son esclau ( / ); Schwind U. Le Roman de
Flamenca // Romanica Helvetica, 1976. Vol. 86, l. 18: Mais aisso.m par causa
trop brava / Si Flamenca deven esclava. , schlavus
, X .
(Liutprandus Cremonensis. Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana, 23), ,
,
.
.: Rouiandis L. Lesclavage de Roussillon sous
les rois de Majorque et dAragon // Bulletin de la Socit agricole, scientiique
et litraire des Pyrnes-Orientales, 1957. Vol. 72. . 131150; Carrieres M.
Lesclavage domestique en Roussillon, Languedoc et Provence jusqu la in du
XVIII sicle // Information historique. 1963. T. XXV. . 185193, T. XXVI.

. . .

69

,
? , ,
volgare IX .,
, , XIXII .
, , . 12. 13. :
, . ,
, .
?
( , ) , servus XI,
XII ., .
(, cliens famulus), serviens, sirvent sirven , .
( , , ) , , XI .14,
servientes 15.

12

13

14

. 612; Malaussna P.-L. Matres et esclaves en Provence au Moyen Age // Mlanges R.Aubenas. Montpellier, 1974. P. 527544.
Brunel Cl. Les plus anciennes chartes en langue provenale. Paris, 1926; idem. Les
plus anciennes chartes en langue provenale. Supplement. Paris, 1955. , , .
., : Pujol P. Documents en vulgar dels segles XI, XII et XIII,
provenants del Bisbat de Seu dUrgell. Barcelona, 1913.
Cartulaire de labbaye de Saint-Sernin de Toulouse (8441200). Publ. C. Douais.
Paris; Toulouse, 1887 ( Toulouse), 158 (ca. 980): alberc cum sex militibus
et uno serviente; Vic Cl., Vaissete J. Histoire gnrale de Languedoc. 3-me ed.
T. 115. Toulouse, 18721892 ( HGL), V, 164.4 (a. 1005): vicecomes
unicuique servientibus meis; Toulouse, 205 (ca. 1050): Volo et mando ut Petrus,
serviens meus, colligat omnes decimas et tascas et omnia blata ideliter servet
et custodiat; 138 (a. 10311060): set mei servientes, si voluerint, comparent salem tam care ut alii homines, sine clamante; Cartulaire de labbaye de Saint-Victor

70

. .

mancipium, ,
.
,
. 16, ,
mancip (mancebo,
macip, mansip, massip), -

15

16

de Marseille. Publ. par B. Guerard, L. Delisle, J. Marion. Paris, 1857 (

Marseille), 102 (a. 10651079): terra de Stephano Sirvent; Toulouse, 138 (a. 1080
1100): mei servientes, si voluerint, comparent salem tam care (sic) ut alii homines,
sine clamante; Cartulaire de labbaye dAniane. Ed. P. Alaus, L. Cassan et E. Meynial.
Montpellier, 1905 ( Aniane), 71 (a. 1120): convivium quinque militum et
suorum equorum et unius servientis; Cartulaire du chapitre cathdral Saint-Etienne
dAgde. Ed. R. Foreville. Paris, 1995 ( Agde), 276 (a. 1147): laudatio ista
facta et airmata fuit in presentia Petri de Pomariolis et Petri servientis; Aniane,
73 (a. 1151): debet dare annuatim alberc V militibus et I servienti; 221 (a. 1157):
albergum tribus militibus et uno dienti; 206 (a. 1164): alberc cum duobus militibus
et uno vernula; Le cartulaire de La Selve / Par P. Ourliac et A.-M. Magnou. Paris,
1985 ( La Selve), C 153 (ca. 1170): alberc afaisel el mas ab III cavalers e
ab I sirvent; Agde, 354 (ca. 11501200): albergum ad tres cavallarios et ad I servento; Cartulaire de labbaye de Bonnecombe. Ed. P.-A. Verlaguet. Rodez, 19181925
( Bonnecombe), 289 (ante a. 1208): alberc ab V cavalers et ab I sirvent;
Agde, 345 (a. 1223): lego X libras melgoriense Johanni servienti meo; Liber miraculorum Sancte Fidis. Edizione critica e commento a cura di L. Robertini. Spoleto,
1994, III. 10: rusticorum atque servientium oppugnatione victus, terga vertit cum
suis omnibus. . : Paterson L. M. he World of the Troubadours. Medieval
Occitan Society. . 1100 . 1300. Cambridge, 1993. . 4950.
., : Bernard A., Bruel A. Recueil des chartes de labbaye de Cluny.
Vol. IVI. Paris, 19761903 ( Cluny), 227 (ca. 920): ad monachos
ibidem Deo servientes; Cartulaire de labbaye de Conques en Rouergue. Publ.
G. Desjardins. Paris, 1879 ( Conques), 132 (a. 966): dono ad ipsa casa
Dei vel ad ipsos servientes.
.: Fossier R. Paysans d'Occident (XIXIV sicles). Paris, 1984. P. 169: Il faut
d'ailleurs ajouter que descendants probables des prisonniers mditerranens, ou
peut-tre des esclaves antiques, des hommes vivent au milieu des chrtiens, massips
(mancipia) de Provence, homines de criatione dEspagne: ils sont bergers, servantes,
domestiques. .: Bascle de Lagrze G. Les massipia. Bordeaux, 1851.

. . .

71

mancipium17. , ,
.
mancipium ( manus + capio) , .
res mancipi res nec mancipi. , , ,
18. ; , res mancipi, , mancipium,
, servus, .
mancipium servus , 19. ,
, 20. ,
mancipium , servus .
17

18
19

20

., : Gouron A. La rglementation des mtiers en Languedoc au

Moyen Age. Paris, 1958. . 267; Castaing-Sicard M. Les contrats dans le trs
ancien droit toulousain (XXIII sicles). Toulouse, 1959. . 571.
.: . . . ., 1997. . 342345.
: Cicero. Paradoxa stoicorum, XXXV: Non enim ita dicunt eos esse
servos, ut mancipia, quae sunt dominorum facta nexo aut aliquo iure civili, sed, si
servitus sit, sicut est, oboedientia fracti animi et abiecti et arbitrio carentis suo, quis
neget omnes leves, omnes cupidos, omnes denique improbos esse servos; Aulus
Gellius. Noctes Aticae, II.4: In edicto aedilium curulium qua parte de mancipiis
vendundis cautum est, scriptum sic fuit: Titulus servorum singulorum scriptus sit
curato ita, ut intelligi recte posit, quid morbi vitiique cuique sit, quis fugitives errove
sit noxave solutus non sit. . .: Johannes
Cassianus. Conlationes, VII.25: Secundum apostoli namque sententiam, a quo
quis superatur, eius et servus est. Nisi quod in hoc isti desperatius aegrotant, quod
cum sint eorum mancipia, nec impugnari se ab illis nec dominatum eorum ferre
cognoscunt. .: Augustinus Hipponensis. Sermones, 115.6.
Digestae, I.5.4: serui ex eo appellati sunt, quod imperatores captiuos uendere ac
per hoc seruare nec occidere solent: mancipia uero dicta, quod ab hostibus manu
capiantur.

72

. .

(1- . VI .)21, , mancipium . ,

mancipium, servus, 22. mancipium.
,
, ,
, servus, ancilla, famulus, puer, mancipium. , ,
,
, mancipia23,
servi et ancillae, ,
24. , mancipium , ,
servus, , , , .
21

22

23

24

Caesarius Arelatensis. Sermones, 157.6: Sicut enim nobis non placet, si servi nostri
se proiteantur nostra esse mancipia, et tamen non velint inplere opera sua.
Ars Ambrosiana. De nomine, 318: potest et masculus esse et femina esse et
mancipium esse advena; ibidem. De pronomine, 283: ego dicit vir, ego dicit
mulier, ego dicit mancipium.
., : Salvianus Massiliensis. De gubernatione Dei, VI. 99: Illorum more
dominorum nobiscum barbari agunt, qui mancipia obsequiis suis non necessaria
mercedibus dependendis locant; Sidonius Apollinarius. Epistulae, VII.2.8: de
mancipiorum sponsaliciae donationis paucitate maerere; Formulae Turonenses, 6:
absque diminutione rerum vel mancipiarum; Marseille, 31 (a. 780): villa Caladius,
una cum apendiciis suis, vel omnes adjacentias suas, mancipia, tam rustica, quam
urbana, libertis, accolabus, inquilinis, tam ibidem consistentibus, quam et aliunde
ibidem translates; Agobardus Lugdunensis. De insolentia Iudaeorum, 65: nisi qui
praedicavimus christianis ut mancipia eis christiana non venderent; Conques, 581
(a. 838): res et mancipia predicti monasterii
Dig. XXXI.1.60 (Alfenus libro secundo digestorum a Paulo epitomatorum):
Servis et ancillis urbanis legatis agasonem mulionem legato non contineri
respondi; Jer 34.16: et subiugastis eos ut sint vobis servi et ancillae; 2 Ezdr 5.1:
et servi et ancillae eorum et pecora illorum. .: HGL, II, 190 (a. 876): villa cum
suis servis et ancillis; Conques, 6 (a. 930); Agde, 320 (a. 956), etc.

. . .

73

, mancipium 25, servus Dei servus Domini26,

famulus Dei, famulus Domini27.
, , , mancipium Dei mancipium
Christi28 : , , , 29. , , servus Dei mancipium , ,
30. 31. servi Dei servi , 32; ,
(, -, ),
servi servorum Dei, mancipium 25
26

27
28

29

30

31

32

Ez 27.13; 2 Mcc 8.11; Apc 18.13.

Dt 34.5; Ios 22.5; 4Rg 18.12; 1Par 6.49; 2 Par 24.9; Dn 10.17; Act 16.17; 1Pt
2.16; Apc 15.3, , : Mt 18.23;
25.14 . .
Ios 1.13: Moses famulus Dei; Jud 2.8; 3Rg 8.25; 1Par 17.19, etc.
Prudentius. Liber Apotheosis, 408; Epistulae, 1.7; 2.19; 3.1; 4.4; 6.10; 8.5; 8.15;
Paulinus Nolanus. Carmina, 21.202: mancipia Christi; Victor Vitensis. Historia
persecutionis, I. 33.
X .: Vita
Sanctae Idae viduae Hertzfeldi in episcopatu Monasteriensi, auctore Uingo,
monacho Werthinensi, cap. 19 // AASS, Sept. T. II. . 256: mancipium Christi.
Lucifer Calaritanus. Quia absentem nemo debet iudicare nec damnare, 2.16: a te
Antichristi mancipio; 2.19: tu cum mancipium sis nostri inimici et ille sit servus
Dei; De regibus apostaticis, 8; De non parcendo in Deum delinquentibus, 25.10:
nisi satellitem atque mancipium daemonum.
Augustinus Hipponensis. Sermones, 255 A: servos faceret ilios Dei, mancipia
diaboli faceret fratres Christi. .: Ibidem, 335: et unde bis servi, inde liberi:
mancipia creatoris, fratres redemptionis.
: Conques, 1 (a. 801): servis domni Salvatoris dono vel posteris
servientibus ibidem; Cartulaire de labbaye de Gellone. Ed. par P. Alaus,
L. Cassan, E.Meynial. Montpellier, 1898 ( Gellone), 324 (a. 1113):
Geraldus monachus et servus Sancti Guilelmi.

74

. .

,
33 .
. , mancipium 34, : 1)
mancipia diversi generis vel condicionis; 2) , ; 3) ,
. , . , , ,
familia35, .
, , , mancipia36.
, servus , : tam ingenui
quam servi. mancipium
, , (, 33

34

35

36

Augustinus Hipponensis. Enarrationes in psalmos, 70.2: o homo, mancipium inoboediens; idem. Sermones, 117: avaritiae mancipium; 162: ipsius corporis mancipium;
De diversis quaestionibus ad Simplicianum, 1.17: mancipium servire libidini.
Dubled H. Mancipium au moyen ge // Revue du moyen ge latin, 1949. T. V.
. 5156.
., : HGL, II, 4 (a. 680): cum omni integritate et soliditate, curtis,
ecclesiis, domibus, ediiciis, mancipiis, colonis ibidem commanentes; 24
(a. 813): omnes omnino mancipiola mea utriusque sexus. .: 13 (a. 799): pro
nobis et iliis ac iliabus nostris seu cuncta familia domus nostrae; 95 (a. 837):
monachis eorumque rebus vel familia.
HGL, II, 5 (a. 767): cum mancipiis et omnibus possessionibus que ad illud
pertinebant; 26 (a. 814): haec omnia praescripta cum ecclesiis, villaribus,
domibus, mancipiis, virgis, silvis, terris; 36 (a. 815); 41 (a. 815); 42 (a. 816):
mancipia de monasterio Sancti Martini per loca diversa fugitiva sint; 71
(a. 826): quasdam res et mancipia ibidem delegavit cum mancipiis ac ceteris
rebus; 87 (a. 834); 103 (a. 843): in pago Conluente villa quae vocatur Prata
cum mancipiis quae ad idem Conluente pertinent; 122 (a. 844): quaedam
mancipia similiter monasterio pertinentia; Cartulaire de lEglise dApt (835
1130). Ed. N.Didier, H.Dubled et J.Barruol. Paris, 1967 ( Apt), 6
(a. 896): cum terris ac vineis et mancipiis ad se pertinentibus, etc.

. . .

75

813814 ., ), , , 37. , .
,
. , , ,
, descriptio mancipiorum. ,
, -, -38. servus.
, . mancipium (, , , servi iscales
mancipia39), , 40.
XI . mancipium ( servus ) .
1005 ., 1035 ., XI ., , ,
37

38

39

40

Polyptyque de Wadalde // Marseille, T. 2. . 633654; Conques, 1 (a. 801): de

mancipiis dono vobis Ariberto et Remelde et ilio suo Froderamno et ilio suo
Gairaldo; Cluny, 231 (a. 922): mancipa his nominibus; Cartulaire de labbaye
de Vabres au diocse de Rodez. Ed. E.Fournial. Saint-Etienne, 1989 (
Vabres), 47 (a. 942): de mancipiis in ipsa curte nomen Gariberto et uxore sua
cum infantes illorum
Magnou-Nortier E. La socit laique et lEglise dans la province ecclsiastique
de Narbonne (zone cispyrnenne) de la in du VIII la in du XI sicle.
Toulouse, 1974. . 210213; Poly J.-P. La Provence et la socit fodale (879
1166). Contribution ltude des structures dites fodales dans le Midi. Paris,
1976. . 102104; Bonnassie P. La Catalogne du milieu du X la in du XI sicle.
Croissance et mutations dune socit. Toulouse, 19751976. . 298302.
Lex Vis., XII.1.2; VIII.1.5. .: King P.D. Law and Society in the Visigothic
Kingdom. Cambridge, 1972. . 6465.
., : Vabres, 9 (a. 945): de mancipiis mei, servo meo nomen Aicbrando
dono; HGL, V, 107 (a. 960, Monmajour): cum mansis, mancipiis, servis et
appendiciis earum; Cluny, 1145 (a. 963): domo in villa Vigusco mancipium meum
nomine Benedicto et in villa Casutit manso uno cum servo Frotlanno

76

. .

, , .
, mancipium
macip, mancip, massip . . : , , , , , . , -,
,
. , . . ,
, mancipium, -
, ,
41.
, (, ). Mancip, (
.-. 42 , , , ), .
, ( ),
1035 . 43, 1085 .44. 41

42

43

44

., : Grand cartulaire de la Sauve-Majeure. Ed. par Ch.Higounet et

A.Higounet-Nadal. Bordeaux, 1996 ( Sauve-Majeure), 584 ( - , , -, XII .): Cui rei nodatores et testiicatores afuerunt Iulianus de Faverneto
et Augerius mancipium aliique plures. , , , , . : Aniane, 44 (a. 1067); Gellone, 178 (a. 1109); AD
Hrault, 9H 3738. Cartulaire de labbaye de Valmagne ( ; ., ), 278 (a. 1170), 803
(a. 1171); Aniane, 354 (s. XII).
Morlet M.-h. Les noms de personne sur le territoire de lancienne Gaule du VI
au XII sicle. Vol. IIII. Paris, 19681985.
Marseille, 718 (ca. 1035): ego Waldemarus Forsanus et frater suus Isoardus,
Ricaudus, Herbemonus, Beraldus, Ericaudus, Mancipius, Guigus et uxor sua
Ebresia isti seniores fecerunt donationem sancti Victoris martiris Massiliensis.
Cartulario de Sant Cugat de Valls. Ed. J. Serra Rius. Vol. I-IV. Barcelona, 1945
1981 ( Sant Cugat), 497 (a. 1085): Signum Guitardi Mancipii.

. . .

77

,
. 45, 46, 47. , 48,
, ,
. , ,
; : Bonusilius49, 50.

45

46
47

48
49

50

. . , 1000 . .: Bols J., Moran J. Repertri

dantroponims catalans. Barcelona, 1994. : Llibre
vert de la ciutat de Girona. Ed. Ch. Guiller. Lleida, 2000, 1 (a. 1144): Signum
Alberti Macipii; Sant Cugat, 1011 (a. 1157): Bonus Mancipius, ideiussor; Liber
Feudorum Maior. Ed. F. Miquel Rossell. Vol. 12. Barcelona, 19451947. T. II.
735 (a. 1164): Pere Bonmacip; Cartulario de Poblet. Ed. J. M. de Marques.
Barcelona, 1938 ( Poblet), 325 (a. 1168): Signum Boni Mancipi de
Tevicia; Sant Cugat, 1096 (a. 1174): Bernardus Mancipius; 1159 (a. 1185):
Berengarius Macip; 1181 (a. 1189): Bonus Mancipius de Granata.
Cartulaire de labbaye de Silvans. Ed. P.-F. Verlaguet. Rodez, 1910, 31 (a. 1144):
Deodatus Mancips; 187 (a. 1157): Petrus Mancip; 107 (a. 1167): Deodatus
Mancipii.
Sauve-Majeure, 138 (a. 1169).
Cartulaire de labbaye de Gimont. Ed. A. Clergeac. Paris; Auch, 1905, 102
(a. 1178): de Bernardo Macip; 94 (a. 1181); 20 (a. 1187); 24 (a. 1187); 125
(a. 1190); Recueil des actes de labbaye cistercienne de Bonnefont en Comminges.
Publ. par Ch. Samaran et Ch. Higounet. Paris, 1970, 222 (a. 1205), 367 (a. 1251),
467 (a. 12751286).
Cluny, 4327 (a. 1188, Leon): Bonus Mancipus.
Cartulaire de labbaye de Lrins. Vol. III. Publ. H.Moris et E.Blanc. Paris, 18831905 ( Lrins), I, 142 (a. 1016): abbate nostro Constantino et fratre suo
Bono Filio; Marseille, 770 (ca. 1040, Castellane): Bonus Filius irmavit; Lrins, I,
232 (a. 1046-1066): Bonusilius irmavit; 169 (a. 1092): Johannes, ilius Bonilio;
253 (a. 1101): Guillelmus Boniilii; 209 (a. 11201125): Rotbertus et Bonusilius
frater ejus; 313 (a. 1167): Guillelmus Bonusilius testis, Fulco Bonusilius testis.
. , .: Blancard L. Documents indits sur la commerce
de Marseille au Moyen Age. Marseille, 1885. T. II. . 411, 599 (Bonusilius judeus); 658 (Bonusinfans); Schatzmiller J. Recherches sut la communaut juive de
Manosque au moyen ge. 12411329. Paris; La Haye, 1973. . 169170, 174
175; Iancou D. Les Juifs en Provence (14751501). Marseille, 1981. . 92, 101,
123, 189.

78

. .

mancip , , Junior (),

, 51,
.
52, 53, 54, 55. 51

52

53

54

55

Brunel Cl. Les plus anciennes chartes Paris, 1926, 317 (a. 1198, Toulousain):
per los autres enfans den P.Malpel aizo so a saber P. Malpels macips et R., sos
fraire; Poblet, 300 (s. XII): Ego Guillelmus de Bergitano Mancip volo pergere in
pereginacione Sancti Jacobi , ( ) Guillelmus de Bergitano.
Marseille, 718 (ca. 1035): ego Waldemarus Forsanus et frater suus Isoardus,
Ricaudus, Herbemonus, Beraldus, Ericaudus, Mancipius, Guigus et uxor sua
Ebresia ( , Mancipius
Ericaudus); 146 (ca. 1090): terram quam comparavit Iterius monachus de
Iterio Mancipo et de matre sua; Silvans, 499 (a. 1190).
Germain A., Chabanneau C. Liber instrumentorum memoralium ou cartulaire
des Guilhems de Montpellier. Vol. III. Montpellier, 18841886, 50 (a. 1090):
hoc donum superius scriptum vidit Deodatus Mancipus; Cartulaire de Bziers
(Livre noir). Publ. J. Rouquete. Prsentation dH. Barthes. Montpellier, 2009
( Bziers), 100 (a. 1097): signum Guitardi Mancipi; Cartulaire de
Maguelone. T. 13. Ed. J. Rouquete et A. Villemagne. Montpellier, 19121920
( Maguelone), 33 (a. 1110): in presencia Deodati Mancipi; Agde,
287 (a. 1146): in presentia Petri Bernardi Mancipi; Sauve-Majeure, 705 (a. 1126
1147): videntibus Raimundo Mancip et Amalvino et aliis multis habitatoribus
ipsius salvitatis; Toulouse, 606 (a. 1173): testes Petrus Mancipius; Agde, 95
(ca. 11521175): testes Petrus Bernardi Mancipi, etc.
Bziers, 85 (a. 1082): de meridie alaterat in ipsa perpresa de Johanne Mancipio
de Narbona; Marseille, 145 (ca. 1090): abet ista terra ab occidente terram
Iterii Mancipi.
Conques, 59 (a. 1083): ego quidem Amelius Mancipi et uxor mea Garsendis et
infantes sui; 392 (a. 10651087): Amelius Mancipium et uxor sua et Amelius ilius
ejus; 277 (s. XI); 329 (a. 10601108); Aniane, 127 (a. 1124): ego Garsindis, uxor
qui fuit Guitardi Mancippi de Biteris, et ilii mei Petrus Luponis et Guillermus;
Cartulaire de labbaye de Lzat. T. III. Publ. P. Ourliac et A.-M. Magnou. Paris,
19841987 ( Lzat), 1166 (a. 11301137); 1456 (a. 11431144); 1499
(a. 1193).

. . .

79

56. , ,
. ,
, , 57.
, , 58. : XIII . Bonmancip,
Bonus Puer59. Bonmancip, Bonus Mancipus, 60. XI . mancipium .
56

57

58

59

60

Diplomatari de la atedral de Tortosa (10621193). Ed. A.Virgili. Barcelona,

1997, 282 (a. 1176): cum orto de Morel quod fuit de Mncipiis; Agde, 354 (f. s.
XII): mansus Petri Rainaldi Mancipi mansus Poncii Rainaldi Mancipi.
Marseille, 718 (ca. 1035): . ; Bziers, 143 (a. 1133): signum Bernardi
Virmili, Mancipi et Conilii; 163 (a. 1148): testes Bernardus Bonifati, Mancipus,
Bernardus Duranti; Cartulaire de Berdoues. Publi et annot par labb Cazauran.
La Haye, 1905. N 745 (a. 1243): Macip Bernardus; El monestir de Santa Maria
de Gerri (segles XIXV). Barcelona, 1991. Vol. 2. 284 (a. 1300): Testis sunt
Mancipius, ilius Petri de Sancto Sebastiano.
Seror S. Les noms des juifs de France au moyen ge. Paris, 1989. . 177178. .:
Regn J. Etude sur la condition des Juifs de Narbonne du V au XIV sicle. Paris,
1912. . 184 (a. 1252): Bonmancip; Baer F. Die Juden im Christlichen Spanien.
Bd. 1. Aragon und Navarra. Berlin, 1929, 101 (a. 1270, Barcelona): Bonus Macip
judeus; 371 (a. 1384, Perpignan): Bonmancip Struch; Regn J. History of the Jews
in Aragon. Regesta and Documents. Jerusalem, 1978, 1401 (a. 1285, Barcelona):
Bonmassip; 2539 (a. 1294, Vich): Bonmancip; 3109 (a. 1319, Barcelona): Samuel
Bonmacib; Nahon G. Condition iscale et conomique des juives // Juifs et
judaisme de Languedoc (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 12). Toulouse, 1977. . 64 (a. 1294,
Montpellier): Bonmancip; P. 66 (Narbonne): Samuel Bonmancip de Lescaleta.
Saige G. Les juifs du Languedoc antrieurement au XIV sicle. Paris, 1881, XXXI
(a. 12351236): Bonus Mancipius judeus ilius Provincialis; XXXVII (a. 1247):
Bonus Puer judeus, ilius quondam Provincialis. .: Castaing-Sicard M. Les contrats dans le trs ancien droit toulousain
P. 417, 420. .: Recueil des chartes de labbaye de la Grasse. T. II. 11171279.
Publi par Cl. Pailhs. Paris, 2000 ( La Grasse, II), 92 (a. 1207),
Bonus Mancipius de Grassa Bonus Puer de Grassa.
Toulouse, 143 (a. 1141): Bonus Mancipius Maurandi; 71 (a. 1143): Bonum
Mancipium Mauran; 386 (a. 1155); 399 (a. 1160); Maguelone, 285 (a. 1182):

80

. .

Mancip . , ,
61. 62, 63, 64,
65, 66, 67. XII . . , Guillermo Amancip 68.
Maurandi Bonmancip69.
, XIXII . mancipium - . mancip , ,
, ,
,

61
62

63

64
65

66
67

68
69

Durantus Bonus mancipius; Cartulaire du Prieur de Saint-Gilles de lHopital

de Saint-Jean de Jrusalem (11291210). Ed. D. Le Blvec et A. Venturini. Paris,
1997, 128 (a. 1192): ego Bonus Mancipius; Guilhaume Pelhissan. Chronique
(12291244), suivie du rcit des troubles dAlbi (1234). Texte dit, traduit et
annot par Jean Duvernoy. Paris, 1994. . 46, 47, 5859: Petrus Bomancip.
Marseille, 718 (ca. 1035). . , . 43.
Maguelone, 18 (a. 1096): Deodatus Mancip canonicus; Portal Ch., Cabie E.
Cartulaire des Templiers de Vaour (Tarn). Paris, 1894, 67 (a. 1181).
AD Hrault, 1 Mi 6. Cartulaire des Trencavel, 73 (a. 1139): judices Guillelmum
Mancip de Carcassona; HGL, VIII, 307 (a. 1234).
HGL, X, 73.7 (a. 1291): in presentia domini Bonmancipii advocati domini regis.
Limouzin-Lamothe R. La commune de Toulouse et les sources de son histoire
(11201249). Toulouse; Paris, 1932, N 249 (a. 1194); HGL, VIII, 117 (a. 1203);
118 (a. 1203); 395 (a. 1246).
HGL, VIII, 209.2 (a. 1220).
Sanchez Casabn A. I. Alfonso II Rey dAragn, Conde de Barcelona y Marqus
de Provenza. Documentos: 11621196. Zaragoza, 1995, 603 (a. 1194); Benito
i Moncls P. Senyoria de la terra i tenena pagesa al comtat de Barcelona (segles
XIXIII). Barcelona, 2003. . 571 (a. 1194); Duvernoy J. Histoire des Cathares.
Toulouse, 1979. . 272 (a. 1232).
HGL, V, 554.10 (ca. 1144; ).
Mundy J. H. Society and Government at Toulouse in the Age of the Cathars.
Toronto, 1997. . 54. . : Wolf Ph. Commerce et marchands de Toulouse
(vers 1350 vers 1450). Paris, 1954. . 66, 246, 272, 274.

. . .

81

. ,
, .
, , , XIII .,
volgare, , macip, . . , 70. , ,
, 71. , , , , ,
. (. . 1149 .)72, (. 1196 .), ,
73, (. . 1200 .)74, 70

71

72

73

74

Le Liber Aureus du chapitre cathdral de Bayonne. Publ. par C.Moron. Paris,

2001, 106 (s. d., s. l.): En Per Gi. dou chapelan testimonia que quent ere macip,
ed estave ab en J. caperan, son oncon, en le vite den A.R. de Nogueirou, e anave
au molin soen e menud ab lui; e portave les fogaces e le pomade aus borers. .:
Millardet G. Recueil de textes des anciens dialectes landais. Paris, 1910. . 2
(a. 1259): i homi e sa molier e sos macips nadz e a neyser.
Homilies dOrgany. Ed. A.-J. Soberanas i A. Rossignol. Barcelona, 2001. . 82
83: Qan om s macip, penssa aix com macip e sab aix com macip i emperor, qan
s feit hom, lex[a] aquel[e]s coses que sn de macip; Vides de sants rosselloneses:
text catal del segle XIII establert comentat i glossat per Ch. Maneikis Kniazzeh i
E.J. Neugaard amb prefaci i aportacions de J. Coromines. Barcelona, 1977. Vol. 3.
. 286 (De senta Eufemia, 203, v. 2): O verge mancipa, batalera! Eufmia qui
retenguest la mirta de virginitat e merist sser vestida de la corona de passi
Djeanne J.-M.-L. Posies completes du troubadour Marcabru. Toulouse, 1909.
. 29: Et ab lo comens dun chantiu / Que fant lauzeill per alegrar / Auzi la votz
dun pastoriu / Ab una mancipa chantar.
Guillem de Bergueda. Obra Potica. Vol. II. Abadia de Poblet, 1971. . 64:
cantarey mentre mestau chantaret bon e leiau que xanton macips de Pau, / del
fals veill coronat bisbau e dEn Folcalquer lo barrau.
Kolsen A. Samtliche Lieder des Trobadors Giraut de Bornelh. Bd. 12. Halle, 1910
1935, 66, v. 5356: Ja coill ardit desc aura mes / Sentencion en sos afars, / Que
mentre ques mancips e tos / Leschai solatz e pretz e dos. mancips
e tos , ,
, tos , .

82

. .

(. 1264 .)75. (XII .)76 (.

XIII .)77. , (. . 1300 .), , ,
, 78. , For generau ,
, massip 14 , massipe 12 79. , , , . , (), . .,
, .
, .
mancip (mancipa)
-. ,
, , . , , : , . .
, . . ,
75
76

77

78

79

Perceval Doria, 2. v. 2: Per aqest cors, del teu trip / non vi tan azaut mancip!
Girart de Roussillon, 3385: E li enfant resterent chevalier bon: / e de taus nia
furent pau mancipon, ere sunt tant cregut, chevalier son; 3418: Li il Teirri lai
vant, pau mancipon; 9937: Quatre ilz a qui sunt gent mancipun.
Gesta Karoli ad Carcassonam et Narbonam, BP 14501457: Karles donec al
macip L sols metam en carcer lo macip ( puer Ibidem, LC 14491454).
Revelatio de las penas dels yferns // Denkmler der provenzalischen Literatur.
Hrsg. v. Karl Bartsch. Stutgart, 1856. S. 311312: Aqui avian massipas negras
que vestion vestimens negres, que pudion a pega e a solpre, e tenian en lors cols
serpens et dragos e foc.
Les Fors anciens de Barn. Ed. par P. Ourliac et M.Gilles. Paris, 1990, FG 203:
Massip no es de hedat entroo XIIII ans ni massipe entroo dotze per bener fontz
de terre.

. . .

83

, , , , maiden () maid ()
garon. baccalarius, , , bach ,
80 bachlach , 81
bachelor .
813814 . , , , 15
( , 12) , . , ,
.
, , , ,
. , baccalarius
, ,
, . :
,

;
82. mancip,
( 80

81
82

Chevallet A. de. Origines et formation de la langue franaise. Paris, 1858. T. 1.

. 20.
hurneusen R. Keltoromanisches. Halle, 1884. S. 3839.
Flori J. Quest-ce quun bacheler? // Romania, 1975. T. 96. . 289314;
. . . .,
2000. . 497497. iuvenis (jeune),
, , . .: Duby G. Les jeunes dans la socit aristocratique
dans la France du Nord-Ouest au XII sicle // Annales ESC, 1964, Anne 19.
P. 835846.

84

. .

), ,
. mancip
.
, , XIII ., . ,

. :
. , XIIXIII ., , ,
, ,
, , , , .
, : , . -
XV ., camera mancipiorum, . ., , ,
83. mancip (mancipa) :
, , , , 84 85. servants86
83

84

85

86

Combes J. Hteliers et htelleries Montpellier la in du XIV sicle et au XV

sicle // Hommage A.Dupont. Montpellier, 1974. . 80.
Vidal A. Douze comptes consulaires dAlbi du XIV sicle. Albi, 1906. T. I. P. 38,
40, 47 et passim; Comptes consulaires de la ville de Riscle de 1441 1507 (texte
gascon). Publ. . Parfouru. T. I (14411484). Paris; Auch, 1886. . 257 (a. 1481):
e lodit jorn fen carreyar au masip de Labat ab lo car e voeus. .: Otis-Cour L.
Terreur et exemple, compassion et misricorde: la rpression pnale Pamiers
la in du moyen ge // Mlanges H.Vidal. Montpellier, 1994. . 147.
Pujol P. Documents en vulgar, 5.5 (s. XII, Cerdagne): NArsn dUrg he in
R. de Castelb, macip, qui albergen los oclergers forcuiament
Vinyoles M.-T. Les barcelonines a les darreries de Edat Mitjana: 13701410.
Barcelona, 1976. Doc. 7 (a. 1376): Item que naguna serventa o macipa qui haie
proms o prometr star ab altre, que no sen gos exir tro que haie complit lo
temps per lo qual hi haur proms star. , ,

. . .

85

, , valet87. 88, 89, , , , 90,

87

88

89

90

, : Item que qualque persona de qualque stament o condici sia, qui stant
ab altre a soldada, far fornicaci ab esclava o mancipa qui sia ab aquell mateix
senyor sia prs en la dita pres XXX dies perda la soldada la qual sia guanyada
al senyor o dona ab qui star; Furs de Valncia. Vol. VII. Barcelona, 1999. Llibre
IX. Rbrica VII. Tit. LX (a. 1403): Fem fur nou que si alcun pendr de sclava o
macipa ab altri que stiga alcuns bns que sien del senyor ab qui star o de la cas
de aquell, sens voluntat del dit senyor, que sia aotat perla ciutat, vila o loch hon
star lo dit senyor.
Livre de Vie (13791382). Bergerac au Coeur de la Guerre de Cent ans. Ed. par
Y. Laborie et J. Roux. Gardonne, 2002. . 113: Item, lo dich jorn, los ditz pilhartz
Gavel et Lo Duc raubren e despolhren la ganla al massip de Raul Malhart,
que trobren el poder de Bragayrac. Valia, si cum lo dit vaylet afermt per son
sagramen, I franc e mch.
Foresti E. Les livres de comptes des frres Bonis, marchands montalbanais du XIV
sicle. Paris; Auch, 1893. T. II. . 7, 11, 26 et passim; Blanc A. Le livre de comptes
de J. Olivier marchand narbonnais du XIV sicle Paris, 1898. T. 1. P. 71, 78, 85
et passim; Reyerson K . Business, Banking and Finance in Medieval Montpellier.
Toronto, 1985. . 94, note 54, : AD Hrault, II E 95/370 J. Holanie,
f. 8590 (a. 1333). mancipus negotium gestor;
, 500 . (11.05.2000) . , : AD Hrault, II E 95/369.
Luc P. La vie rurale et pratique juridique en Barn aux XIV et XV sicles. Toulouse,
1943. . 210, 1382 .: masip aprenedis;
Bofarull I Msacar, P. de. Colleccin de documentos inditos del Archivo General
de la Corona de Aragn. Barcelona, 1858. Vol. VIII. . 287 (a. 1387): Tot macip de
sastre o de pellicer que vulla esser de la dita confreria; Caucanas S. Introduction
lhistoire du Moyen Age en Roussillon. Perpignan, 1985. . 117118; eadem.
Moulins et irrigation en Roussillon du IX au XV sicle. Paris, 1995. . 169170,
182; Victor S. La construction et les mtiers de la construction Grone au XV
sicle. Toulouse, 2008. . 137, 157, 170, 206, 361.
Brunel Cl. Les plus anciennes chartes, 239 (a. 1188, Moissac): de tot aiso sunt
testes Guillems Bernat, mancips descriva. -

86

. .

, ,
91, (macips de ribera) , , , (macips de
soldada, manobres)92. , ,
: 93.
mancipa , , XIII .94, . ,
, 1385 . , (Monein) lostau de las macipes deu portau,

91

92

93

94

: clerc, employ. .: Ibidem, n 318 (a. 1198, Toulouse): De rescabs Ramons

Unalds masips es intraz izansa e deveire pagaire; Gilles H. Les Coutumes
de Toulouse (1286) et leur premier commentaire. Toulouse, 1969, art. 73: et
est similis consuetudo in omnibus ante dicte consuetudini inter mercatores et
mancipium seu mancipios, et socium sive socios, videlicet si dictus recipiens
mancipius aut socius talis extiterit qui nullam partem habeat in dicta mercandaria
ex conventione sed ad voluntatem domini mercandarie; Furs de Valncia. A cura
de G. Colon i A. Garcia. Vol. II. Barcelona, 1974. Llibre II. Rbrica VI. Tit.
XV (a. 1329): Advocats ne macips o escrivans lurs no reeben paga o salari de
escriptures alcunes que ordonen o dicten en advocati.
Cartulaire des vicomtes de Lavedan dit Livre vert de Bnac. Publ. par G.Balencie.
Tarbes, 1910, VII.2 (vidimus 09.01.1339, ): e dix que aprop
beco lo cog deu senhor de Casted Loboo et sober diit port, ab IIII macips, e quels
carnala I mardaa e I motoo e I ouelha, lasquaus dixo que depuix no agon.
Freitag R. Die Katalanischen Handwerkerorganisationen unter Knigsschutz im
Mitelalter. Mnster, 1968. S. 116; Bonnassie P. La organizacin del trabajo en
Barcelona vida a ines del siglo XV. Barcelona, 1975. . 8794 et passim; Guiller
Ch. Girona al segle XIV. Vol. 12. Barcelona, 19921993. Vol. I. . 317, Vol. II.
. 6570.
. , , , XV .: Roig J. Espil. A cura d'Antnia Carr. Barcelona, 2006. . 322.
V. 76647671: cornut e bord, / bastard, malnat, / efeminat, / gaiol, fembrer /
e bagasser, / concubinari / e fornicari, / macip catxat; Curial e Gelfa. Ed. R. Aramon
i Serra. Barcelona, 1931. Vol. II. . 249: Vets quina macipa s la mesquina Enveja,
que, quanta ms honor li farets, ms vos avorrir e desijar que hajats dan! . .
Les Statutes municipaux de la ville de Marseille. Par R. Pernoud. Monaco; Paris,
1949, V. 13: nec recipiat meretricem publicam seu mancipam

. . .

87

95. - : . , , - ,
,
; Rue
des desmoiselles96. , mancipa ,
: , . , . massipa
97, 98, ,
, : , , , 99. ,
, , , 100. , mancebia,
95

96

97

98

99

100

Dnombrement general des maisons de la vicomt de Barn en 1385 par ordre de

Gaston Fbus. Rd. par P. Raymond. Pau, 2000. . 77.
Rue des illes , , ,
Rue des illetes. Rues des desmoiselles
, , -- --, -, , -.
Sant Vicent Ferrer. Sermons. Barcelona, 1975, vol. III. LXXIX: Volries
que ton prosme se acosts a ta muller ne a ta illa ne mancipa? .: Vinyoles i
Vidal T.-M. La vida quotidiana a Barcelona vers 1400. Barcelona, 1986. . 141.
.: Vinyoles M.-h. Unes notes
sobre les marginades a Barcelona als segles XIV I XV // Acta historica et archaelogica
mediaevalia, 1981. Vol. II. . 107132; Sabat F. Evoluci i expresssi de la
sexualitat medieval // Anuario de Estudios Medievales, 1993. Vol. 23. . 163195.
XIV . , XV .
, , . .: Garcia Herrero M. C. Las
mancebas en Aragn a ines de la Edad Media // Garcia Herrero M. C. Del
nacer y el vivir. Fragmentos para una historia de la vida en la Baja Edad Media.
Zaragoza, 2005. . 177197; eadem. El mundo de la prostitucin en las ciudades
bajomedievales // Ibidem. . 311352.
Carboneres M. La mancebia de Valencia. Imp. De El Mercantil, 1876; Carmen
Peris M. La prostitucin valenciana en la segunda mitad del siglo XIV // Revista

88

. .

, , , , , 101. manceba mancebia . , mancipa

(manceba) . , , 102, .
,
mancipa .
,
mancebos. ( mancipium), , , , ,
. , . , , , , . , , .
, , . .. , ,
, 103, , .
; ,

101

102

103

dhistria medieval, 1990. Vol. I. . 179200; Narbona R. Pueblo, poder y sexo: Valncia medieval (13061420). Valncia, 1992; Molina A. L. Mujeres pblicas, mujeres secretas. La prostitucin y su mundo: siglos XIIIXVII. Murcia, 1998; idem.
Estudios sobre la vida cotidiana (ss. XIIIXVI). Murcia, 2003. . 5162 (
La manceba lorquina en la primera mitad del siglo XVI); Beirante M. A. As mancebias nas cidades medievais portuguesas // O ar da Cidade. Ensaios de Histria
Medieval e Moderna. Lisboa, 2008. P. 724.
Novo Dicionrio da Lngua Portuguesa de Francisco Torrinha. Porto, 1956.
. 776
Els documents, dels anys 11911200, de lArxiu Capitular de la Seu dUrgell.
Ed. C.Baraut // Urgellia, 19921993. Vol. 11, 1895 (a. 1199): ego Raimunda de
Bonmancip.
mancebos das vacas ,
. . .

. . .

89

, , .
. ,
vassalus, idelis panyaguado (). , ,
,
104. mancebo manceba 105, , 106. ,
mancebo sirvent, vasal peon107.
, ,
.
, , , , , , ,

104
105

106

107

. . . ., 2005. . 100105.
., : Los Fueros de Sepulveda. Edicin critica y apendice documental
par E. Saez. Segovia, 1953, 235: Toda muger mala que denostare a bon ombre
o a bona muger o bona manceba; El Fuero de Jaca. Edicin critica de M. Molho.
Zaragoza, 1964, B 250: Si algun omne forca puncela en bosc o en desert loc, ades
se den grainar la cara la mancipa.
Fuero de Calatayud // Muez y Romero T. Colleccin de fueros municipales y
cartas Madrid, 1847, T. 1. . 465: si mancipio qui estat ad soldada mataverit
homine; Los Fueros de la Novanera. Publ. G. Tilander. Uppsala, 1951, 42: De
mancebo a de manceba asoldados; 52: De mancebo o manceba que fuz furto a su
sennor; 215: De mancebo cmo puede leissar a su sennor.
. ., , Foral de Evora, segundo o modelo de
Avila (a. 1166) // Documentos medievais portugueses. Lisboa, 1958. T. 1. . 372:
Mancebo qui mactaret hominem foras uille et fugerit suo amo non pectet homicidio.
El Fuero de Jaca, A 156: De sirvent que demanda soldada e l synnor nega; A 285:
De vasal, co est de sirvent qui esta a soldada ab altrom; A 36, 154, 156; Fuero de
beda. Edicin y notas de J.Gutiro Cuadrado. Valencia, 1979, XCI: Mando que
los peones logados labren fasta que tengan la campana de los labradores de Santa
Maria. .: Vicens Vives J. Historia social y econmica de Espaa y Amrica.
Barcelona, 1979. T. II. . 192194.

90

. .

108. , . 109; ,
( ) . ,
, ,
. , macip de botica, mancebo de bodega , 110. .
, . , , 111. mancebo , , , manceba, , 112,
108

109

110

111
112

.: Pauli I. Enfant, garon, illes dans les langues romanes. Lund, 1919.
. 137139. .: Raynouard F. Lexique roman ou dictionnaire de la langue des
troubadours. Paris, 1844. T. 4. . 142; Honnorat S.-J. Dictionnaire provenalfranais ou dictionnaire de la langue dOc. Vol. IIII. Digne, 1847 (rimpr.:
Genve, 1971). Vol. II. . 580; Mistral F. Lou tresor du felibrige. Aix-enProvence, 1876. T. II. . 261262; Godefroy F. Dictionnaire de lancien franais
et de tous ses dialectes du IX au XV sicle. Paris, 1888. T. 5. . 136137; Levy E.
Provenzalisches Supplement-Worterbuch. Leipzig, 1907. Bd. 5, S. 8485; Alcover
A. M. Diccionari catal-valenci-balear. Palma de Mallorca, 1977. T. VII. . 104;
alay S. Dictionnaire du Barnois et du Gascon Modernes (bassin Aquitain).
Paris, 1980. . 631, 651; Coromines J. Diccionari etimolgic i complementari de
la llengua catalana, vol. V. Barcelona, 1985. . 347349.
Bataglia S. Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Torino, 1975. T. IX. . 613:
Mancipio chi si trova in condizione di servitu, in senso generico: servitore,
domestico, dipendente, subalterno.
.: Mateos Royo J. A. Jornaleros y mancebos: identitad, organizacin y conlicto en
los trabajadores del Antiguo Rgimen. Barcelona, 2002; Jordi Gonzlez R. Collectanea
de speciers: mancebos boticarios, boticarios, farmacuticos practicantes de farmacia
y farmacuticos en Catalua (12071997). Barcelona, 2003.
Moneya y Puyol J. Vocabulario de Aragn. Zaragoza, 2004. . 309.
Santa Rosa de Viterbo J. de. Elucidrio das palavras, termos e frases que em
Portugal antigamente se usaram e que hoje regularmente se ignoram. Edio
crtica por M. Fiza. Porto, 1966. Vol. 2. . 381.

. . .

91

, .
mancebia, ,
, , . 113.
mancipium,
?
. , Mancip 1035 . , , ,
, . , . XI . ,
Bonusilius , X .114, , , 115. , ,
113

114

115

., : Paterson L. M. he World of the Troubadours P. 286: In his

Surgery Raimon of Avignon < XIII . . .> oten refers to an
adult patient as a macip or poor fellow, . . ; La Curne de SaintePalaye. Dictionnaire historique de lAncien language franois T. VII. . 258,
XVI .: Ainsy a est la noble maison de sainct George
destruite et mancipe , .
: Lrins, I, 249 (a. 828): instante Boneilio,
XI ., , Boneilio, .
.: Fvrier P.-A. La donation faite Lrins par le comte Leibulfe // Provence
historique, 1956. T. VI. . 2333.
: Marca P. de. Marca Hispanica sive limes
hispanicus. Paris, 1688, 84 (a. 947): Miro Bonill; Cartulaire de lEvch dAgde.
BNF, ms. lat. 9999, 8 (a. 958): Pontius qui vocatur Bonilius; Marseille, 170
(a. 973 vel 974, Avignon): Bonilius vicarius irmavit; HGL, V, 127 (a. 977,
Narbonne): Signum Aialberti Romani qui Bonusilius vocatur; Abadal i de
Vinyals R. d. Com neix i com creix un gran monestir pirinenc abans de lany
mil // Analecta Monserratensia, 1954-1958. Vol. VIII. . 125337 ( -), 103 (a. 979): ego
Boneilius; Marseille, 1042 (a. 979, Arles): Bonilius judex; 104 (a. 980): ego

92

. .

, Bonus Puer116. IXX .

: Juvenis117, Junior118, Filiol119. , : Adolescens120,

116

117

118

119

120

Altemirus quem vocant Boneilium; HGL, V, 141 (a. 987, Cardonne): Signum
Ennego que vocant Bonoilio; Chantelou Cl. Histoire de labbaye de Montmajour.
Ed. par baron du Roure // Revue dhistoire de Provence. T. 1, 18901891 ( Montmajour). . 72 (a. 991): Signum Bonilius; Cais de Pierlas E., Saige
G. Chartrier de S. Pons de Nice. Monaco, 1903, 2 (a. 1004): Bonilius et uxore
sua; HGL, V, 164 (ca. 1005, Narbonne): alodem de Madiano quem comparavi de
Boniilio, etc.
., : La Grasse, II, 80 (a. 1201); AD Pyrnes-Orientales, B 59
(Liasse), 11 (a. 1203): concede tibi Petro Bono Puero ilio Johannis Peregrini.
Montmajour, P. 37 (a. 952 vel 953): Pontius juvenis irmavit; P. 38 (a. 961);
P. 60 (a. 981?): ex donatione senioris nostri domni Pontii iuvenis et uxoris suae
Profectae et ipsorum ilio domno Ugone; Marseille, 169 (a. 1000, Avignon):
Poncius Juvenis et ilius suus Josfredus irmat; Lrins, I, 149 (a. 1032): Rostagnus
juvenis; Marseille, 775 (ca. 1043): mansum qui fuit de Durando Juvene; 288
(a. 10481060): Rotbaldus de Albania et uxor sua et ilii sui, et alter Rotbaldus
Juvenis et uxor sua et ilii sui; Lrins, I, 123 (a. 1056): Raimbaldus juvenis;
Montmajour, P. 136 (s. XI): testes Josfredus, ilius Poncii Juvenis; Lzat, 1166
(a. 11301137); Gellone, 538 (a. 1170): in testimonio Bernardi Gervasii
juvenis; Agde, 412 (a. 1202): ego Sibnida, uxor de Olergio juvenis.
Cartulaire du chapitre de lglise cathdrale Notre Dame de Nmes (8341155).
Publ. E.Germer-Durand. Nmes, 1874 ( Nmes), 153 (a. 1077): Sicfredus
junior; Cartulaire de lancienne cathdrale de Nice. Ed. E. Cais de Pierlas. Turin,
1888, 32 (a. 1154): Raimondo Raimbaldi iuniore; Agde, 250 (a. 1157): in
praesentia Petri de Moneclaro junioris; Aniane, 184 (a. 1174); Maguelone, 172
(a. 1180): Guiraldus de Belloloco junior; 185 (a. 1184): pro alodio libero Petrus
Petri junior; Lrins, I, 290 (a. 1208): Stephano Juniore; Agde, 415 (a. 1231); 372
(a. 1232). .: Montmajour, P. 57 (a. 979): Pontius maior irmavit; Lrins, I, 69
(a. 10461066): Poncius Arbertus vetus; 31 (s. XI): Landricus senior.
Marqus i Planagum J. M. El cartoral de Sta. Maria de Roses (segles XXIII).
Barcelona, 1986, 34 (a. 1050): Mir Filol; Recueil des chartes de labbaye de la
Grasse. Publi par E.Magnou-Nortier et A.-M. Magnou. T. I. Paris, 1996, 112
(a. 10681081): Stephanus Filiol; Marseille, 450 (s. XI, Toulon): mansum de
Pontio Filiol; Maguelone, 153 (a. 1171): Petrus Filioli; Avignon, 129 (a. 1187):
Pontius Filiolus; Bonnefont, 282 (a. 1231): Filol.
Lzat, 137 (a. 10601107): Adolesens rogatus scripsit.

. . .

93

Infans121, Juvenior122, Juvenis Homo123, Minor124, Minimus125, Parvulus126,

Puellus127 . . 128.
129
. , , ; ,
III Willelmus Juvenis130. , ,
131. , IXX .
, , Mancip. , ,
121

122
123
124

125

126
127

128

129

130

131

Lrins, I, 157 (a. 1029): uxor mea Bonafanta; Montmajour, P. 94 (in. s. XI):
Herbertus infans irmat; P. 166 (s. XI): Nice, 16 (ca. 1078): Bonfant; Maguelone,
110 (a. 1161): quod Latget Infans de Piniano, pater Raimundi Guillelmi, fecerat;
123 (a. 1165): Bonus Infans.
HGL, V, 66 (a. 936): Rotbertus vicecomes, itemque Rotbertus juvenior.
Lrins, I, 320 (ca. 1080): Petrus Juvenis Homo.
Marseille, 418 (ca. 1025): Bonifacii ipsius patri Bonifacii minoris ilii ejusdem
Bonifacii majoris; Agde, 317 (a. 9961031): Stephano minore; Nice, 61
(ca. 1150): Guillelmus Marinus minor; Maguelone, 124 (a. 1165): Raimundus
de Castriis major, Raimundus de Castriis minor.
Apt, 71 (a. 1035): ego Petrus et frater meus Guarnaldus Petrus Guarnaldi ilius
atque Guarnaldus minimus.
Nimes, 182 (a. 10951097): Odolricus Parvulus.
Bziers, 74 (post a. 1067): fuit factum in presentia Guillelmi Gaucelmi pueri;
Gellone, 157 (a. 1122): donum quod fecit Ugo Puellus ex omni alode suo.
: El monestir de Sant
Lloren del Munt sobre Terrassa. Diplomatari dels segles X i XI. Ed. . Puig i
Ustrell. Barcelona, 1995, 138 (a. 1011): cartas de terra quod mihi fecit Raimundus
comes et uxori sue et Boniilius prolis Senderedi et Senderedi que dicitur Iuvenis.
prolis Senderedi .
Maguelone, 175 (a. 1181): Raimundus de Castriis junior; 189 (ante a. 1182):
Raimundus de Castriis minor. .: 124 (a. 1165).
Montmajour, P. 168 (a. 1045): Willelmus maior irmavit. Willelmus juvenis
irmavit. .: Marseille, 381 (a. 1039); 289 (ca. 1050); 119 a. 1065), etc.
.: Marseille, 977 (a. 1202): magister Guido Juvenis; 997 (a. 1218): ego
magister Juvenis, domini G. Ade et domine Mabilie notarius.

94

. .

XI . : ,
mancipium.

. , , ,
, , , , , ,
.
, mercennarii, XI .132? , , ,
133, 134, 135, 136.
mercennarius cotidianus137, 132

133

134
135

136

137

Sant Cugat, 553 (a. 1040); Marseille, 676 (ca. 1050): in tali convenientia,
quantum sine muliere stetit, quod illi vestimentum donent, sicut dederint ad
alios mercennarios, et si melius, melius.
Lex Vis., IX.1.11: Si servus ingenuum se esse dicat et aput quemlibet fuerit
inmoratus sub certa conditione mercedis, si inveniatur a domino, non potest
tamquam reus teneri, qui nesciens fugitivum mercennarii loco suscepit (.:
CJ VI.1.4); XI.3.34; XII.2.14; Isidorus Hispalensis. Etymologiae, 9.4.30:
mercennarii sunt qui serviunt accepta mercede.
Johannes Cassianus. Conlationes, XXIV.13: tonsor ( ).
Sidonius Apollinarius. Epistulae, 2.8.2: quam si non satis improbas, ceteris
epigrammatum meorum voluminibus applicandam mercennarius bybliopola
suscipet.
Caesarius Arelatensis. Sermones, 6.2: novimus enim aliquos negotiatores qui
cum literas non noverint requirunt sibi mercennarios literatos.
Ambrosius Mediolanensis. De interpellatione Iob et David, 1.2.5: Nonne
temptamentum ist vita hominis in terra et sicut mercennarii cotidiani vita ejus
aut sicut famulus timens dominum suum, qui se sub umbra optegat aut sicut
mercennarius expectans mercedem suam; idem. Exhortatio virginitatis, 3.16:
mercenarii quotidiani; Augustinus Hipponensis. Adnotationes in Job, 7: cotidiani
mercenarii.

. . .

95

cotidianus servus cotidianus,

, 138.
, , IVVI . 139. , , 140. ,
, : -, , ; -,
, , ,
, , -, -
, . ,
, 141. , , ,
142.
138
139

140

141

142

. . C. 521522.
Eusebius Gallicanus. Collectio homiliarum, 42: non exspectamus, ad obsequia
Domini nostri, mercenariorum et servorum more, compelli; Lex Vis., XII.2.14:
nulli Hebreo christianum liberum vel servum mancipium in patrocinio vel
servitio suo habere, nullum ex his mercennariorum nullumque sub quolibet
titulo sibimet adherentem hec divalis sanctio fore permitit.
Agobardus Lugdunensis. De cavendo convictu et societate iudaica, 31: plereque
mulierculae ancillarum iurae, aliae ab ipsis velud mercennariae detinentur; idem.
De insolentia Iudaeorum, 65: nisi qui praedicavimus christianis ut mancipia eis
christiana non venderent, ut ipsos Iudaeos christianis vendere ad Hyspanias non
permiterent, nec mercennarios domesticos habere.
.: Ambrosius Mediolanensis. In Psalmis, 118.22: veni sine malis operariis,
veni sine mercennario; Hieronymus. Commentarii in Isaiam, 6.16.14: et qui
non est pastor, cuius non sunt oves, cum viderit luporum venientem, fugit, quia
mercenarius est et oves ad eum non pertinent; idem. Commentarii in Ezechielem,
8.27; Augustinus Hipponensis. Sermones, 137: pastores sumus non mercenarii;
138; 251: docet bona, agit mala: necessarius est, mercenarius est; 252; 259 ( : Jo 10.1213); Ruricius Lemovicensis. Epistulae, II.6: de custodia sollicitudo,
non de persuasione contentio, ne mercennariorum subeant notam, dum pastorum
non tenent disciplinam; Avitus Viennensis. Homiliae, XVI.2.
Lv 25.3940: si paupertate compulsus vendiderit se tibi frater tuus, non eum
opprimes servitute famulorum, sed quasi mercenarius et colonus erit, usque ad

96

. .

(mercennarii, operarii
) , , , , .
, ;
, (
)143; , ,
, -,
.
XIII .144
145. X . operarii, -

143

144

145

annum jubileum operabitur apud te. .: Johannes Cassianus. Conlationes, II.7,

9, 12.
: Boyer R. La Charteuse de Montrieux aux XII et
XIII sicles. Marseille, 1980, 135 (a. 1179); 64 (a. 1204).
Guillaume P. Chartes de Durbon. Montreuil-sur-Mer, 1893, 271 (a. 1204):
ego Amadeus, prior constituo etiam ut nullo futuro tempore, per clericum
vel conversum vel quacumque personam, mercennariam sive aliam, ad nos
vel successores nostros pertinentem, domus Durbonensis ledatur in pascuis,
nemoribus, agris; 279 (a. 1205): fratres istarum domuum vel earum familie
non debent mercennarios suos sibi subtrahere vel corrumpere; Cartulaire
de labbaye de Bonneval. Ed. P.-A. Verlaguet. Rodez, 1938, 135 (a. 1216):
statuimus, ut nunquam in Ruthenensis diocesi familia eorum compensum sive
comune persolvere cogantur, excepto quod pastores eorum mercenarii habent
de animalibus suis tantum persolvere preter XXX oves et V vaccas, de quibus
non dabunt compensum cum earum custodia transierit in rationem mercedis ex
pacto; preterea de animalibus parciariis non dabant pro parte sua compensum,
set pro parte que contingit extraneos persolvetur; Bonnecombe, 206 (a. 1229):
herbas meas cum ingressibus et aquas meas et ligna ad usus vestros et animalium
vestrorum, peccorum et jumentorum atque mercenariorum; Bonneval, 220
(a. 1283): agriculturam vel vineas non ieri per fratres conversos seu familiares
Bonnevallis vel mercenarios propriis eorum manibus vel sumptibus.
., : Bondurand E. Les Coutumes de Saint-Gilles (XIIXIV sicles).
Paris, 1915, I.18: similiter [potest] dominus de suburbanis et rusticis prediis
colonos mercenarios et [totam] familiam expellere, et totam agriculturam impedire.

. . .

97

, 146; ,
( ), : .
,
-, , .
, ,
.
, , , , , ,
-. , ( , )
. -
, , ,
, .
,
XIIXIII , ,
, , 147. , 146

147

Bziers, 39 (a. 977): in tale advenit pactum deliberationis, usque dum ipsa
ecclesia totum sit facta atque cooperta, usum et fructum ita habeant ipsi operarii
pro mercede laboris; Marseille, 665 (a. 10401080, Avignon): accipiebant
homines mei de vineis supradicti sancti, pro custodiis que vulgo gardias dicunt,
contra morem, quantum illis videbatur; sed et de villanis qui habitant in ipsa villa
sancti consuetudines malas accipiebant.

1155 . (Cluny, 4143), .
, , , ,
. .: Duby G. Hommes et structures.
Paris; La Haye, 1973. . 61103.

98

. .

, ,
, . , - ,
,
, . ,

, .

. .
SKR JARPR ,
JARPSAMMR :


1.
brnn jarpr

,
: brnn jarpr. brnn , , , ,
[Wolf 2006: 184]. . ,
brnn 1
: jarpr, ,
, , ( ), (. Jarpr Jrp ) [Ibid.].

. , brnn ,
, . ,
jarpr, ,
. , brnn , brnn bera
(Gecc brnni / bero hold steikia / [Vkv. 9]), bera . (. . bjrn ,
bera ), . , (. . brnn). .-. *bher
1

(basic color terms) .: Berlin,

Brent and Paul Kay. Basic Color Terms. heir Universality and Evolution. Berkley: University of California Press, 1969.

100

. .

, -, , .-.
brnn [Vries 1961: 41].
, , , , ( ).
brnn bera
, .
brnn
jarpr. , jarpr : jarpi
(nach der dunkelrtlischen farbe benannt [Vries 1961: 291]; , jarpr), jerr (das braune
Tier [Vries 1961: 292]), rer , r , arr ( ) [Vries 1961: 291]. , , brnn,
- ( ), . , , . jarpr
(Gkv. II 19; Hm. 20) () , ..
. , , , , , . jarpr
, ,
jarpr .

2. jarpr

jarpr, ,

. . . Skr jarpr

101

. Gkv. II
: Valdarr Dnom / me Iarizleii, // Eymr rii /
me Iarizkri // inn gengo / ifrom lkir, // Langbarz liar, / hfo loa
raua, // skreytar brynior, / steypa hilma, // sklmom gyrir, / hfo skarar
iarpar , / , // , /
// , / , // , /
, // , / , // ,
/ (Gkv. II 19).
. . - :
[] - XI .
; , ; (
, ).
, [ : 244].
, , : , (skarar jarpar) , , . .,
, 2.
skarar jarpar
, , , .
, , . ,
2

, , , , , , : , ,
, , , , [],
[Getica: 102]. , , [Getica: 306],
Gkv. II
, .

102

. .

, .
,
: . [Vries 1964: 73].
, 375 376 .,
VI .
: , , []
, , , . , ,
.
[], , [ ], , [], ,
, . ,
, , .
, (Getica: 91-92).
, , . ,
, : ,
,
.
, .
.
, ,
, , , ( - ), , , , . [Vries 1964: 7576].
: ,
;
, .
,
, ,

. . . Skr jarpr

103

: eira synir vro

eir Srli o Erpr o Hamir , .
(Sn.E. iii. 39(2))3,
(Vls. 41). : , ,
.
, ,
, , , , .
( 1215), . , : Hv mun
iarpscammr / ocr fultingia? < / ?>
(Hm. 12)4. :
Svarai inn sundrmri, / sv qvaz veita mundo // fulting frndom, / sem
ftr rom < , / // , / > (Hm. 13). : Hvat megi ftr / fti veita, // n holdgrin / hnd annarri? <
/ , // / ?> (Hm. 13).
(Illt er blauom hal / brautir
kenna < / > (Hm. 14))
: Ko haran mio / hornung vera , / (Hm. 14).
.
-, (blaur halr) , : ,
, . , , hornungr
3

. c. 188191 Snorri Sturluson. Edda / Udg. af Finnur Jnsson.

2 udg. Kbenhavn, 1966.

, .

104

. .

, , . , . sundrmr
, ( sammr ).
inn sundrmri ,
, - . , , , , hornung
- .
,
, , , .
,
, ,
, : < >
, , , , , ( : 78).
-, : 1. ,
( (Am. 7779)); 2.
( ).

. , , , . , , , , . ,
, , .
, jarpskammr . jarpskammr
: (jarpr -)
(skammr , -

. . . Skr jarpr

105

). , . ,
, , , , .
, ,
, .
: []
, , , . ,
. : , .
, , , (eir vru allir svartir sem hrafn hrs-lit sem
Gunnarr ok Hgni ok arir Nilungar) ( : 77).
, , , , , . ,
, , -, . ,
, , ,
.
: , , . ,
, .
,
, Nilungar nil .

brr berharir - (Akv. 11), , -, * birnir
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[ 2004: 190].

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, ; , , ,
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, . ,
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. , (. . )
Erpr ( jarpr -). (jarpskammr)5, , -
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, , , ( jarpskammr okkr
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. *jarp-smr (. )
[Kuhn 1968: 517]. smr, , saomi
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. . . Skr jarpr

107

). ,
( ),
, , .
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, , . , , . , , ,
: ,
, , ,
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, ,
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(sundrmri ) (jarpskammr ), , -,
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, jarpr.

Akv.
Am.
Gr. II
Gr. III
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Vls.
6

Atlakvia in grnlenzka
Atlaml in grnlenzko
Gurnarkvia II
Gurnarkvia III
Helrei Brynhildar
Hamisml
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Christian Rafensperger
DYNASTIC MARRIAGE IN ACTION:
HOW TWO RUSIAN PRINCESSES CHANGED
SCANDINAVIA
Recent changes in the study of women in the Middle Ages and their inluence have reinvigorated the study of medieval marriage. hough the number and
class of women being studied has expanded, the majority of the evidence, and
thus the majority of the scholarship, still explores royal women, and thus the
marriages are largely dynastic marriages. hese new currents in medieval scholarship suggest that women, especially queens, were not impotent decorations at
mens courts, but rather igures of power in their own right who were oten able
to exercise their own as well as their husbands power. Key to this argument is an
idea developed by John Carmi Parsons that royal daughters were valued by their
parents and were reared to be loyal to their families in order to sustain their connection to their home state and natal family even in the foreign land to which
they traveled upon marriage.1 Such familial loyalty has been implied when discussing sons, but for daughters the assumption has traditionally been that they
were chatel to be disposed of, rather than valuable partners or participants in
the dynastic marriage process. Parsonss idea, which has been discussed by others as well,2 changes the way dynastic marriages are examined. his theoretical
framework of an empowered and educated (at least in how to rule) royal woman
as not only wife but also as ambassador has been used here to construct a picture
of two Rusian women and their lives in Scandinavia. Building on this framework
1

John Carmi Parsons, Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power: Some Plantagenet

Evidence, 11501500, in Medieval Queenship, ed. John Carmi Parsons (Gloucestershire: Suton Publishing, 1994), 69.
Such as Jane Tibbets Schulenberg, who writes that daughters were deinitely
valued by their families, particularly as players of major roles in the formation of
marriage alliances and extended connections, as childbearers, and as abbesses of
family monasteries, interceders for their families souls, etc. Jane Tibbets Schulenberg. Forgetful of heir Sex: Female Sanctity and Society ca. 5001100. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 240.

194

. .

are key primary sources, mainly from Scandinavia, and modern interpretation.
he modern interpretation is essential, but also requires a caveat, as the inferences made here are built on a solid foundation, but are themselves speculative.
Motives and thoughts are rarely recorded in medieval chronicles, even less so for
women, and thus to truly tell a tale, we must make reasonable assumptions in order to expand on the evidentiary base.
his article focuses on two Rusian women, daughters of Mstislav/Harald
Vladimirich3 and his wife Christina, and their dynastic marriages. Malfrid and
Ingeborg both married into Scandinavian royal houses. heir marriages were designed to advance the interests of Rus, particularly of the Monomakhovichi line,
but they also used their positions as Scandinavian royalty to help each other and
their families when needed. heir lives and marriages demonstrate the continued interconnectivity between Rusians abroad, family ties between sisters, and
how two Rusian women changed Scandinavian history.
he story of these two Rusian women and their marriages creates a web of
genealogical relationships that can oten seem confusing, thus I have included
a genealogical table at the end of the article as a reference tool. In the following
narration and discussion, please refer to the genealogical table as necessary.
he story begins, then, with Malfrid Mstislavna, presumably the elder sister
based on marriage dates, who is an enigma in the Rusian sources, in which she
does not appear.4 Latin and Old Norse sources tell us that she married King
3

Mstislav, son of Vladimir Monomakh was oten referred to as Harald in Scandinavian sources, a clear reference to his maternal grandfather, Harald Godwinsson. I. M. Ivakin, Kniaz Vladimir Monomakh i ego pouchenie (Moscow: Universitetskaia tipograia, 1901), 208; A. V. Nazarenko also devotes a whole chapter
to Mstislav/Harald. Drevniaia Rus na mezhdunarodnykh putiakh: Mezhdistsiplinarnye ocherki kulturnykh, torgovykh, politicheskikh sviazei IX-XII vekov (Moscow: Iazyki russkoi kultury, 2001); substantial discussion of his genealogy and
the sources in A. F. Litvina and F. B. Uspenskii. Vybor imeni u russkikh kniazei v
XXVI vv.: Dinasticheskaia istoriia skvoz prizmu antroponimiki. (Moskva: Indrik,
2006).
his is not rare for Rusian women, as there are few references, especially by name,
to women in the Rusian chronicles. hose mentions do increase over the course
of the twelth century, but women who marry out of Rus are almost entirely absent. he rare cases where they are mentioned are oten highlighted by some
seminal occurrence. For example, see Christian Rafensperger, Evpraksia Vsevo-

Christian Raffensperger. Dynastic marriage in action

195

Sigurd the Crusader of Norway.5 V. T. Pashuto has dated this marriage to 1111,
and added that she was in Schleswig at the time as a guest of Duke Welf.6 Malfrids location cannot be conirmed and seems odd for a Rusian princess, but
the approximate time of the marriage is likely correct. Sigurd was on crusade in
the eastern Mediterranean from 11071110,7 and at the time of his return was
only twenty years old, thus it was reasonable that he would not have married before leaving. Why the marriage was arranged remains a mystery, though perhaps
there is a simple explanation, such as increasing preexisting family ties8 or tying
together Baltic powers such as Rus and Norway.9 A. F. Litvina and F. B. Uspenskii, however, have noted Orderic Vitaliss conclusion that Sigurd returned from
the crusades via Rus, and met and married Malmfrid while there.10 hough this
is not widely accepted, or known, it provides an interesting possibility, and another example of the many Scandinavian royal visitors to Rus. Snorre Sturluson
in his Heimskringla narrates the history of the Norse kings, but Sigurds marriage
to Malfrid, or Malmfrid as she is referred to in the text, receives very litle description, though her genealogy is extensively traced, especially her Scandinavian connections.11 his may be because the marriage to Malfrid was slightly

7
8

10
11

lodovna between East and West Russian History/Histoire Russe 30:1/2 (2003),
2334.
For example, Saxo Grammaticus, Danorum regum heroumque historia Books XXVI: he Text of the First Edition with Translation and Commentary in hree Volumes, trans. Eric Christiansen, vol. 1: Books X, XI, XII and XIII (Oxford: B.A.R.,
1980) and Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla: History of Kings of Norway, trans. Lee
M. Hollander (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964), 702.
V. T. Pashuto, Vneshniaia politika Drevnei Rusi (Moscow: Nauka, 1968), 146. Although if this is the case it would provide another subtle connection between the
two marriages as Knud Lavard is later named Duke of Schleswig.
Sturluson, Heimskringla, 699.
Ibid., 716. here were already multiple ties between these families. For example,
Christinas brother Rognvalds daughter was married to Sigurds brother, Harald
Gille. hus, Sigurd was both Christinas son-in-law and her nephews brother.
Witness the refounding of Lbeck slightly later where both Norway and Rus are
mentioned as major Baltic traders. he Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold, Priest of
Bosau, trans. Francis J. Tschan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935),
229 ch. 86 (85).
Litvina and Uspenskii. Vybor imeni u russkikh kniazei v XXVI vv., 246n26.
Sturluson, Heimskringla, 702.

196

. .

fraught, as is apparent from Sigurds demand that he be allowed to marry his mistress Cecilia, though the author prefaces this with such statements as his mind
wandered.12 Malfrid is not mentioned at all in the episode, only Sigurd and multiple bishops who unsuccessfully atempted to dissuade the king from his goal.
But even if he did marry Cecilia, who let him in 1130 when he was on his deathbed, he never set aside Malfrid, and may in fact have been married to both at
the same time. he Heimskringla presents this as the whim of an older king, and
no other reason is available to us, though the whole episode may also be a set
piece designed to portray the negative foreign inluence of German ecclesiastics in Scandinavia, which would make the whole episode suspect. he issue of
inheritance, which might have motivated such a decision, was not in doubt as
Malfrid had borne him a daughter, Christina,13 and a previous mistress, Borghild, had given him a son, Magnus,14 so he had a living male heir. Although Magnus was illegitimate, this was not a problem in early twelth-century Scandinavia. Sigurd died in 1130, leaving Malfrid a widow.15 But unlike many women in
dynastic marriages, she did not return home upon her husbands death,16 instead
she stayed in the Norwegian royal court as stepmother to the new king, Magnus,
which placed her in an efective position to aid her sister the next year.
Ingeborgs marriage occurred ater Malfrids marriage to Sigurd and thus it
has been assumed that Ingeborg was younger. Ingeborgs marriage to Knud La12

13
14
15
16

Snorre Sturlason. Heimskringla or he Lives of the Norse Kings. Erling Monsen,

ed. A. H. Smith, transl. (New York: Dover Publications, 1990), 63032, 64142.
his episode does not appear in the Hollander translation of the Heimskringla. It
is from a variant of the earliest Kringla manuscript, but does appear in the Morkinskinna. Morkinskinna: he Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings
(10301157). Transls. heodore M. Andersson and Kari Ellen Gade. (Ithaca and
London: Cornell University Press, 2000), ch. 80.
Sturluson, Heimskringla, 751.
Ibid., 701.
Ibid., 714.
Oda of Stade, wife of Sviatoslav Iaroslavich, returns to the German empire ater
Sviatoslavs death. Martin Dimnik. he Dynasty of Chernigov 1054-1146. (Toronto: Pontiical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1994), 129n292 (citing an unnamed
German annalist); Additionally, the Byzantine princess who married Geza of
Hungary returns home ater his death. Cecily J. Hilsdale. Diplomacy by Design: Rhetorical Strategies of the Byzantine Git. Vol. 1. (Ph.D. Dissertation,
University of Chicago, 2003), 72.

Christian Raffensperger. Dynastic marriage in action

197

vard was most likely arranged by her father and grandfather in an atempt to
bolster their familial alliances against the Iziaslavichis Polish ties.17 Knud was
a son of the Danish king Eric Ejegod, but he had been displaced by his uncle
Niels ater his father died while on crusade.18 Ater Knud came of age he went
to the court of Lothar, duke of Saxony,19 who appointed him to the vacant post
of duke of Schleswig in 1115.20 he date of Knud and Ingeborgs marriage is unrecorded, but it most likely occurred at this time.21 Lothar was a major power in
central Europe and a foe of the Poles, and Knud was one of his favorites. his
alliance meant that, as was the case with the earlier marriage of Vsevolod Iaroslavichs daughter Evpraksia to Henry III of Stade, the ruling power in Kiev had
protection against the Iziaslavichi because the Poles were threatened from multiple sides.22 his was part of Monomakhs overall plan to isolate Iaropolk Sviatopolchich in Vladimir-Volhynia and eventually drive him from power.
Saxo Grammaticus ofers a diferent explanation for the marriage, one
grounded in Scandinavian familial connections. He asserts that the marriage
was arranged by Margaret, daughter of Inge Steinkilson of Sweden and sister to
Mstislav Vladimirichs wife, Christina. Margaret was married to Niels Ericsson,
the king of Denmark, who had succeeded Knuds father, Eric Ejegod. According to Saxo, in an atempt to draw the family closer together and build support
for her son Magnus, she arranged a marriage between her niece Ingeborg and
her nephew by marriage, Knud (and also arranged another marriage between
kinsmen).23 his is an important acknowledgment of medieval kinship ties and
17

18
19
20

21

22
23

Marriages were oten arranged by the ruler of Kiev for his family members, and
even, on occasion, for other members of the Riurikid line outside of his immediate kin group. hus, though we have no speciic information stating that this marriage was arranged by Monomakh, it is a relatively safe assumption to make when
properly qualiied.
he Chronicle of the Slavs, 152.
Lothar would become king of Germany in 1125 and German emperor in 1133.
he Chronicle of the Slavs, 152. Knud later became king of the Abodrite Slavs, a position he also received from Lothar, probably in approximately 1128. he Chronicle of the Slavs, 153.
Wilhelm, Wilhelmi abbatis genealogia regum Danorum, in Scriptores minores
historiae danicae medii aevi, ed. M. C. L. Getz (Kobenhaven: 1917), 180.
Pashuto, Vneshniaia politika Drevnei Rusi, 147.
With the stated purpose that she wanted to create a stronger family feeling towards him [her son Magnus] among his kin by means of marriage alliances.

198

. .

the power of marital ties, both of which are generally assumed and illustrated,
but rarely stated outright in the sources. hat said, this may be a rationalization
of the marriage based on too litle information and the authors reliance on genealogical explanations for causation, as is evident in other places in Saxo. he
marriage of Ingeborg and Knud was made in the large-scale arena of interkingdom politics and while Saxos explanation is reasonable, the larger picture of European politics should also be considered when looking at this marriage.
In Saxos portrayal, Margaret seemed truly interested in building loyalty for
Magnus, and once the two marriages she arranged had occurred, she divided
her patrimony into three, keeping one piece for herself, and giving one piece
each to her two nieces.24 Although we are forced to guess at the material means
that other Rusian queens had, we know in the case of Ingeborg that she owned
land in Sweden that was deeded to her from her aunt. Eric Christiansen in his
commentary on Saxo notes that Scandinavian royal women regularly inherited property, though usually patrimonial, not royal, lands.25 his suggests that
Christina, wife of Mstislav, would also have inherited patrimonial land in Sweden, which she could have kept to maintain herself in Novgorod or later deeded
to her children.26 his is a fascinating insight into the maintenance of medieval
women abroad in general, and speciically the maintenance of Rusian women
and women in Rus.
he Kntlinga Saga ofers up a third version of the marriage to contrast with
the two already given. his later saga states that Knud Lavard knew of Ingeborg and her family and that he dispatched a friendly Baltic trader whom he
had converted to Christianity, Vidgaut, as his emissary to Harald (Mstislav
Vladimirovich) to negotiate a marriage agreement. Harald is clearly identiied
via his, his mothers, and his wifes genealogies. In the saga Vidgaut successfully impresses Harald with tales of Knud, about whom Harald has already heard,
and with Ingeborgs consent the marriage is arranged. Vidgaut then returns to
inform Knud, who prepares for the festivities while Ingeborg is dispatched from
Rus with a splendid retinue.27 his version of the story is particularly interest-

24
25
26

27

Grammaticus, Danorum regum heroumque historia, bk. XIII, 110.

Ibid., bk. XIII, 110.
Ibid., bk. XIII, 110n8.
Ibid. he land did pass down through multiple generations. Magnus Nielsson inherited his mothers land ater her death and used it to declare himself king of
Sweden.
Kntlinga Saga: he History of the Kings of Denmark, trans. Hermann Plsson and

Christian Raffensperger. Dynastic marriage in action

199

ing as it contains many details that are not seen elsewhere that develop the ideas
behind the importance of dynastic marriagesthat is, an emissary is sent to arrange the marriage, the consent of the woman involved is received, and the bride
brings a retinue with her to her new kingdom.28 he details are very important in
the dynastic marriage process, and the Kntlinga Saga becomes more convincing
because of their inclusion. Whether Knud arranged the marriage himself via the
embassy of Vidgaut, or whether it was arranged through the auspices of Queen
Margaret is impossible to say with any certainty. Even if Margaret had arranged
the marriage, an emissary to her sister Christina and her brother-in-law Mstislav
would have been required, as would an accompanying retinue for the returning
bride. While not always mentioned, these parts of the dynastic marriage tradition were still necessary.
Knuds relationship with his uncle and cousin was a complicated one. Niels
was, most likely, the rightful heir to Knuds father Eric Ejegod, as the Danes practiced a system of lateral succession from brother to brother (similar to Rus).
hus, Knuds loyalty to Lothar of Saxony and Knuds subsequent naming as king
of the Abodrites29 are viewed as evidence of animus between Knud and Niels,
especially in light of later actions. his image is made more complex by evidence
from the chronicle of Helmold, who notes a collegial relationship between Niels
as king of Denmark and Knud as a powerful neighbor.30 his relationship, while
not necessarily friendly, was in Helmolds portrayal worrisome to Margaret, who
was interested in the succession of her own son to the throne (a concern also
made evident in Saxo). Her worries were, in all likelihood, well founded, as following a system of lateral succession, Knud would have precedence over her son
Magnus, which is likely why she incited Magnus to kill Knud. Margarets actions,
while convincing, also it into the medieval topos of the manipulative queen, and
thus must be read with caution.31 Magnuss ploting roused Ingeborg to warn
28

29
30
31

Paul Edwards (Odense: Odense University Press, 1986), 12830.

hese ideas are developed in recent works, but I have speciically dealt with the Rusian situation in Christian Rafensperger. Reexamining Rus: he Place of Kievan
Rus in Europe. (PhD Dissertation: University of Chicago, 2006), ch. 4.
he Chronicle of the Slavs, 153.
Ibid., 154.
For more on the complex view of Margaret in the many sources on Knuds death,
see homas A. Dubois and Niels Ingwersen, St Knud Lavard: A Saint for Denmark. In Sanctity in the North: Saints, Lives, and Cults in Medieval Scandinavia,
Ed. homas A. Dubois (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008), 16263.

200

. .

her husband about Magnus, about whom she had misgivings because of a premonition in a dream.32 A dream foreshadowing the future is a tool of the narration of saints lives (Knud is later sainted), as well as other medieval writings,
but it does serve as another chance to discuss one of our two heroines. Knud
disregarded his wifes advice, and in 1131 Magnus arranged for an ambush, killing Knud ater giving him the kiss of peace.33 Eight days ater the death of her
husband, Ingeborg gave birth to their fourth child, their irst son.34 he boy was
named Valdemar, in honor of Ingeborgs grandfather and the patriarch of her
family, Vladimir Monomakh.35 he Kntlinga Saga records that Ingeborg was in
Rus at the time and thus gave the baby a Rusian name.36 his was probably an
atempt to explain the foreign name of Valdemar, which could more easily be explained by maternal inluence, as has been shown in other Rusian cases,37 particularly the case of the irstborn daughter of Ingeborg, Christina.38 Further, if one
accepts some truth in her premonition and warning, that would require her to be
in some proximity to Knud soon before his death.
Following Knuds murder, there was a brief atempt at revenge, or retaliation,
by Knuds patron, Lothar, ruler of the German empire. Lothar had given Knud
his positions ater Knuds light from Denmark and his uncles, Niels, succession
to the throne in Denmark. However, Lothar had other maters more pressing in
the south of his empire, and ater a desultory atempt, he made peace with Niels
in exchange for compensation.39 In the wake of this, Ingeborg and Knuds children were in a poor situation, but soon Ingeborg was aided by her brother-in-law
32
33

34
35

36
37

38

39

he Chronicle of the Slavs, 155.

Ibid.; Grammaticus, Danorum regum heroumque historia, bk. XIII, 12628. he
kiss is an obvious biblical allusion and is repeated in most variants.
Ibid., bk. XIII, 130.
Valdemar is the common Latin version of Vladimir. It appears in Latin chronicles
in reference to Vladimir Sviatoslavich and Vladimir Vsevolodovich both.
Kntlinga Saga, 13536.
Christian Rafensperger, Rusian Inluence on European Onomastic Traditions. In Imenoslov: Istoricheskaia semantika imeni. (Moscow: Indrik, 2007),
11634.
here is also no need to call such a name outlandish, as Eric Christiansen does
in his notes to Saxo Grammaticus. Grammaticus, Danorum regum heroumque historia, bk. XIII, 130n66. For Christinas name (rendered as Kristn), see Sturluson,
Heimskringla, 716.
Grammaticus, Danorum regum heroumque historia, bk. XIII, 134.

Christian Raffensperger. Dynastic marriage in action

201

Eric, who looked ater her and her children and fought to avenge her husband,
his brother, against Magnus and Niels.40 It was at this point that Malfrid began
to play a role in Danish politics. According to Saxo Grammaticus, King Magnus Sigurdsson of Norway, Malfrids stepson, approached Eric about a marriage
alliance between himself and Christina, Ingeborg and Knuds eldest daughter.41
his was agreeable to Eric, who proposed that in addition to this betrothal, Malfrid and Eric should marry, which would immediately strengthen Erics position
through family ties, as Christina was still too young to marry.42 he main purpose of this alliance for Eric was that Magnus Sigurdsson, who had inherited the
vast majority of his fathers leet and arms, would assist him in his batle against
Magnus Nielsson. While waging his war against Magnus Nielsson, Eric operated from land in Scania (in Sweden), using the people and resources of that
territory as his own. Where he came by this land is never explicitly mentioned,
but it is possible that this was part of the territory given to Ingeborg or Malfrid
(now Erics wife) by their mother Christina, who had goten the land from her
father Inge Steinkelsson, king of Sweden.43 his land may have been granted permanently or temporarily to Eric to aid him in his campaign against the murderer of Ingeborgs husband, and thus provide further impetus for the marriage to
Malfrid. For Magnus Sigurdsson the reasoning behind the marriage is much less
clear. He was engaged in a semicold war with his uncle Harald, and the support
of an insurgent Danish prince and his brothers family would probably be incidental to that conlict, though it may have increased his diplomatic credentials
to arrange such a marriage.44
he alliance came in handy quite quickly as Eric, Malfrid, and Erics son
Svein had to lee the next year (1132) ater losing a batle to Magnus Nielsson
and his father. hey were able to seek refuge in Norway with King Magnus Sigurdsson, who sheltered them for a time.45 Unfortunately these marital ties were
40
41
42
43

44

45

he Chronicle of the Slavs, 156.

Grammaticus, Danorum regum heroumque historia, bk. XIII, 134.
Ibid.
As discussed above in reference to land given to Ingeborg by Christinas sister Queen
Margaret. Grammaticus, Danorum regum heroumque historia, bk. XIII, 110.
Magnus and Harald had split the country between them, with Magnus inheriting all of his fathers weapons and treasury. Harald had a slight advantage in land.
Sturluson, Heimskringla, 715.
Grammaticus, Danorum regum heroumque historia, bk. XIII, 138.

202

. .

not as strong as money and that winter Eric, Malfrid, and Svein were forced to
lee in the night ater having been warned by Magnuss wife Christina (Ingeborgs daughter and Malfrids niece) that Magnus Sigurdsson had been bought
of by King Niels of Denmark.46 Christina valued her family ties more than her
marital ties and destroyed her marriage (she was repudiated aterwards47) to
save her aunt and uncle.
he conlict between the two sides lasted only another year and in 1134, Eric
defeated Magnus and Niels and assumed the throne of Denmark himself. His
death, in 1139, is the last known appearance of Ingeborg. According to Kntlinga
saga, a source speciically writen to honor this familial line, the people of Denmark asked Ingeborg for her son Valdemar as their king, but because of his age
(eight), Ingeborg and other counselors advised that Eric Lam be made king
until Valdemar reached the age of majority.48 Adviser was a typical role for a
mother to play, but it is atypical for it to be recorded, so this an important instance to keep in mind. Unfortunately, this is the last time either of the sisters appears in the extant sources.
What has been laid out here is the direct intervention in Scandinavian politics and royal succession by two Rusian women. How this afected Norway and
Denmark is clearthe marriages of Christina and Malfrid to Magnus Sigurdsson and Eric Emune, respectively, helped Eric avenge Knud Lavards death and
created the preconditions for Valdemar, the half-Rusian Danish prince, to become Valdemar the Great, king of Denmark. he efect these marriages had
on Rus is not as clear, but one can imagine that there were also consequences in
Rus or for Rusians abroad. he one piece of information from a Rusian chronicle that hints at this is from the Novgorod First Chronicle (hereater, NPL),
which records that in 1134, Novgorodians, presumably merchants, were arrested in Denmark.49 1134 is also the year of the climactic conlict between Eric and
Magnus that saw Erics victory and Magnuss death. It would not be unreasonable to assume that the arrest of Rusians in Denmark may have been a preventative or punitive measure by Niels and/or Magnus during the conlict with Eric.
46
47
48
49

Ibid., bk. XIII, 140.

Ibid., bk. XIII, 142.
Kntlinga Saga, 145.
Novgorodskaia pervaia letopis: Starshego i mladshego izvodov. Polnoe sobranie
russkikh letopisei, tom III. (Moskva: Iazyki russkoi kultury, 2000), 23.

Christian Raffensperger. Dynastic marriage in action

203

Understanding this would shed additional light on the ramiications of what has
been looked at as largely a Danish or Scandinavian conlict. It would also change
the interpretation of Rusian eventsJanet Martin states that Rusian rulers did
not protect mercantile interests and uses this incident as an example.50 Perhaps
Rusians were acting to protect Rusians, even if they were not the rulers of Kiev or
Novgorod. Further, punitive, or other, action by Rus may not have been needed
because of the change in government in Denmark that same year, which could
reasonably be assumed to favor Rus.
his story weaves together a number of elements: Scandinavian sources,
Rusian sources, secondary literature on dynastic marriage and the inluence of
women, and no litle conjecture, all of which have gone into creating a complete
picture out of fragmentary evidence. Ultimately, two Rusian women, sisters, let
Rus but managed to rearrange Scandinavian politics to suit their own interests.
Valdemar, son of Ingeborg, namesake of Vladimir Monomakh, became one of
Denmarks greatest medieval rulers, initiating primogeniture, solidifying control
of Denmark itself and the Baltic more generally, and marrying a Rusian woman.
hese later events were made possible by the actions of Ingeborg and Malfrid,
providing a powerful example of dynastic marriage in action.

50

Janet Martin. Treasure of the Land of Darkness: he Fur Trade and its Signiicance
for Medieval Russia. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 5051.

204

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.............................................180
Christian Rafensperger
DYNASTIC MARRIAGE IN ACTION:
HOW TWO RUSIAN PRINCESSES CHANGED SCANDINAVIA .............193

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20062009 ............................................................................................. 235