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654600 552800 "
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 681.3.06
32.973.26-0473
27
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13.03.2002 . .

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ISBN 978-5-94157-397-4 . ., 2004

, "-", 2004


........................... ......................................................................................................1

.........................................................................................................................................5

1.
.................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1. ....................7

..................................................................7
................................ ....................... 10
...................................................................... 11
.........................................................13
1.2. ..................................................................... 13
............................................................................................................ 13

........................................................................................... 15
()............................................ ..................... 17
(

)................................................................................................. 21
.......................................................................................22
1.3. -
.................................................................... 22

pull-up- pull-down-.......................................... 22
..................... 24
1.4. .
........................................................26

1.5. .
. .......... 28
......................................................................................................28
..................................................... 29
.......................................... 32

................................... 36

................................................................................................... 37
...............................................................................................37
............................................................ 40

" ".. .................................................................... 42

/ ......................................................... 43
( DDR).................................... 50
. SERDES CDR......................... 50
 V

2.9. - .... 129

2.10. ........................................................................................132
- ........................................................................... 133
................................................................................... 135

2.11. ............................................................................................... 138
, "1 N"................................................................139
, ()....................... 141

3.
( )............................................................................................................ 143
3.1. ( ).
. ..............................................................................143
............................................................................................ 144

..........................................................................147
....................................................................................... 147
3.2. ................................................................... 149
3.3. .........................................................................162
3.4.
.........................162
................................... ......... 162

................................................................... 164
.................................................................... ....................... 165


............................................................................................166
3.5.
.............................................................................................................................. 167
.......................................................................................... 169

............................................................................................... 172
3.6. ................. .......................................... 179
................................................................................ 180

......................................................................... 182
............................................................................. 183
PLL DLL,
.............................................................. .................................................. 184
..........................................................................................188

..................................................................................................................190
...........................................................................................192
3.7. ............................................................................ 194
........................................................................................................ 195
................................................................................................... 197

..............................................................................................198
3.8. . ......................................201
............................................................................................202
.......................................................................... .............................. 202
.............................................................................. 206
 VI_________________________________________________________________

3.9. - ..........................208
..................209
............................................. 212
3.10. .............................................................213
..................................................................................................... 213

"1 N"................... ........................................................................... 214
"1 N" ................................... 215
"1 N" .....................................218

3.11. ...................................................................................222
()...................224

4. ................................................................................... 227
4.1. . . ............................227
............................................................................................228

............................................................................... 229
................................................................................ 231
............................................................................ 236
.............................................................237
4.2. ............................................... 237
2D....................................................................................................................237

3D............................................................................... ....................................238
2DM................................................................................................................241
.................................................................................................. 242

...................................................................... 244
-...................................................................................................................... 247
4.3.
............................................................................................................................... 252

................................................................ 252
.......................................................................................253
......................................................................... 253

( DDR Double Data Rate).

QDR (Quad Data Rate).................................................... ......................... 254
.......................................................................254
.............................................................. 255
4.4.

" " ( ROM(M), PROM, EPROM, EEPROM).......................... 256

....................................................................................................................256
PROM.................................................. ...............................................................259
EPROM, EPROM-OTP EEPROM............................................................262
ROM............................................................................................268

4.5. -.............................................................................................................. 269

.................................. 271
-HE -...................................... ............................271
-.......................................................274
-........................................................................ 275
 ___________________________________________________________ VII

-................................................................ 276
- ...........................................277
- ()......................... 280
-

( StrataFlash .).................................................................................. 283
- ............................................................................. 284
4.6. EEPROM Flash.................................................. 285

4.7.
...................................................................................................... 287
() ................................ ........ 287
.................................................................................288

.....................................................................................................................289

4.8. ..............................................................291
.......... ......................................................292
....................... 293
...................................................... 297

.......... ........................................................ ............299

NV-SRAM.............................................................301
4.9. ................. .303
.............................................................................................. 303

-...............................................................................................307
..........................................................................307
..................................................... 308
............................................................................................... 309

4.10. ............ 311

4.11.
.................................................................................................................... 313
FPM, EDORAM, BEDORAM................................................................... 314

MDRAM..................................... ......................................................... 316

SDRAM........................................................... ................................... 318
DDR SDRAM............................................................................ ........ 320
RDRAM.............................................................................................. 324
CDRAM............................................................................................... 329

() .... 329
RLDRAM.................................................. ......................................... 331
FCRAM...............................................................................................332
.......................................................................................333
........................................................................... 334

4.12.
(FRAM, PFRAM, MRAM, OUM)...................................................................................... 335
FRAM ()............... ........................................................335
PFRAM (-)................................................337
MRAM ()......................................................................338
 VIII

OUM ( ).........................340
.......................................................341
4.13. ................................................................................. 342

5. /

.................. ........................................................................ 345
5.1. .
............................................................................................ 345

................................................................... 349
5.2. .
............................................................................................... 354
................................................................................................................356
.................................................................................................... .357
........................................................................................................................ 358

5.3. .......................................... 359
182185...............................................................359
............................................................................................................... 361
.............................................................................362
..................................................... 363
............................................. 367
......................................................................................................369

....................................................................................................... 373
..................................................................................... 378

5.4.
........................................................................... 380
....................................................................................... 387
..........................................................388
/............................392

/................................. 394

6. .................................................. 397

6.1. ............................................................ 397

...................................................399
,
.............................................................400
6.2. ................................................ 401

............................................................................................... 401
........................................................................................................403
6.3. ......................................................................... 404
......................................................................... 404
...................................................................410

6.4.
................................................................................................................................ 419
............................................................................................................... 419
()........................................................... 424
UART.................................................................................................................. 433
 _____________________________________________________ ____________ IX_

SPI..................................................................................................................434
l2C...................................................................................................................437
6.5. .
................................................................................................. 439
....................................... .................... 439

........................................................ 440
............................................................................................................... 443
..........................................................................449

6.6. ............................................................. 450
....................................................................................... 451
................................................................................. 457
..............................................................................458
6.7. .......................................................................................................................459
, .................................................. 459

54 ....................................................464
6.8. JTAG........................................................................... 471
JTAG ..........................................................471

7. ................................................................................................ 479
7.1. ....................................................................................................479

7.2. ............ ................................................................... 482
'7.3. ................... 486

AVR............................................................................... 486
, ......................................488
...............................................489
................................................ ........... 490
...................................................................................................... 491

.....................................................................491

8. ,
, ..................... 493

8.1. ................................................................................................... 493

8.2.
( )..................................................................................... 494
...............................................................................................................494

........................................................................................................ 497
.....................................................501
.............................................................................................. 501
......................................................................... 502
........................503

........................... ................................................................................... 506

................................. 507
( 1556)........................................................512
..................................... 515
........................... 516
 X

8.3. (
)....................................... ........................................... 520
......................................................................................................... 520
............................. ....................................................................... 523

........................................................................................................ .....528
................................................................................. 529

9. /
(CPLD, FPGA, ).............533
9.1. ......................................................................................................... 533
-
............................................................................... ....... 535
..................539

......................................................................................... 541
9.2. (CPLD)......................... 543
CPLD.......................... .................................................................... .............. 543
CPLD.....................................................................................544
CPLD ( ) ....549
/ CPLD........................................................................................... 551

9.3. (FPGA)................ 553
..................................................... ................................. 553
FPGA................................................................................................ 554

/ FPGA........................................................................................... 559
FPGA...................................................................................561
FPGA......................................... .............................................567
9.4.

........................................................................................................... 569
tbHC 1 ........................................569
..................................................................................................... 571
........................................................................... 576
.............................................................................................578

/..................................................................................... ..................580
9.5. - .......................... 580
............................................................................................................... 580
.................................................................... 581
.............................................................................................583

10. " "................591

10.1. ...................................................................................................... 591
IP- " "................................. 592

SO PC......................................... .........594
SOPC............................................................................................ 596
10.2. " "
( ).............................................. 598
APEX 20//, APEX ............................................... 598
Stratix........................................................................................................... 601
 XI

Virtex /, Virtex II, Virtex II Pro............................... 604

SOPC .............................................608
10.3. " "
().................................................................................. 609

SOPC, ...................................... ....... 609
SOPC ....................................................... ........ 610
FPSLIC Atmel................................................... ............................611

SOPC Triscend................................................................................. 617
SOPC Altera......................................................................................619
SOPC ........................................620

11.
........................................................................................... 623

11.1. ........................................................................................... 623
11.2. ............................................................................. 626
11.3. ............................. ..................... 629
11.4. ..............................632
........................................................................632
....................................................................................634

12.
....................................................................................... ........................637
\

12.1. ....................................................... 637
12.2. ,
.............................................................................................. 642
12.3. .......................................................647
12.4.

.............................. .................................................................... 649

12.5. ......................................................................652
................ ............................................653

.....................................................654
................................................. 655
......... ...............................................658
- ..................660
....................................... 661

SOPC................ 662
12.6.
............................................................. .......................................................... 663
.....................................................................................................................663
- ................................664

.......................................................................................... 665
...................................................................................... 668
12.7. ..............670
............................................670
12.8. VHDL................... .................................................. 673
................................... 674
 XII

VHDL............................................................................. 675
VHDL........................... 678
VHDL ................................................................679
...............................680

.............................................................................................................................. 681
VHDL-AMS........................................................................................695
12.9.

................................... 705
. ........................ 706
. ...................... 707
. ......................................709
AHDL VHDL
........................................................................................................................711

.
.........................................................................................................................718
. ............................................................................718
.
............................................................................................ 720
.
...............................................................................................................720

1.

................................................................................................................ 721

2. ......................................... 723

3.

......................................................................................................724
.3.1. .................................................... 724
.3.2.

................................................................................................................................. 725
.3.3. ........................................726
.3.4.
........................................................ ......................................... 729

.................................................................. ................. ............................................. 731

. ...................................748

........................................................................................................... 756

.................................................................................761
.......................................................................................................761
-................................................................................................................765

....................................................................................... .................. 767



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.
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).
.

130

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(, )
 164

 ( ) 165

 166___________________________________________________________________ 3

 ( )______ 167

, ,
.

,
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,
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 ( ) 169


170






3

 ( ) 171


172






3

 ( ) 173

 174

 ( ) 175


176






3

 ( ) 177

(. 3.28)
.
= 0

0000
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010,
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.
.
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,

.

3
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, . .
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, .
,
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, .
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 178 3

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.

,
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 ( ) 179

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,
,

.
,

.
.

.

, .
, /
,
,

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,
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,
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, ,
. . .
.

.
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)
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tKU min tKU.max.

.
.

180






3

 ( ) 181


182






3

 ( ) 183

:
;
;

. ,
.

, ,
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.

(. 3.35),


.
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.


184






3

 ( )__ 185

 186 3

, , . .
,

.
, ,
,

.
, ,
. PLL DLL,
,
(,

30-35%).
PLL DLL "
,
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,
.

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, .
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 ( )___ 187

 188 3

, ,
.
, ,

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.

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PLL N.
PLL DLL ,
,
.

. , ,

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9.



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.

.

.
, , . .
, . . ,

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( ).
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,
.
 ( )____ 189


190






3

 ( )____ 191


192






3

 ( )___ 193

 194 3

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.
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.

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Input Parallel Output),
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 ( ) 195

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()

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,
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196






3

 ( ) 197

()

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(. 3.43, )
.

(DSR Data Serial Right). . 3.43,
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,
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()
 198 3

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 ( )____ 199


200






3

 ( )__ 201

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202






3

 ( )____ 203


204






3

 ( ) 205


206






3

 ( ) 207

 208 3

3.9. -

 ( ) 209


210






3

 ( ) 211


212






3

 ( )____ 213

, , , -
,

. 3.55, , ,
1001 = 9, . . -.

3.10.

"1 N".

70- XIX ,
. 50- XX , .

8 * 904

214






3

 ( )____ 215


216






3

 ( ) 217


218






3

 ( )___ 219


220






3

 ( ) 221

 222 3

,

. .

,

, ,

3.11.

 ( ) 223


224






3

 ( ) 225


226






3

4.1. .
.
()
.
40%

.
, .

.
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228






4

 _____________ 229


230






4

 __________ 231

 232 4

. 4.2. ()
 233

. 4.2. ()

EEPROM , , E2PROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)

,

- ( )
( ).
EPROM, EEPROM FLASH .
PROM, EPROM EEPROM
. PROM EPROM

. EEPROM

, .

FLASH EPROM EEPROM,
,
.
RAM . RAM

, ,
.
RAM ,

-.
, (
) , .

, RAM,

.
,
,

.

).

SRAM (Static RAM), DRAM (Dynamic RAM).
 234 4

( .
, . .

.

, ,
.

.

.

, .
(, CS
).

,
,

. ,
.

, ,
(
, ).
.

DDR (. 1).
()

. .
,
,
.
.

,
. .

,
. .
4.11.
45

 ______________ 235

. ,
-, FIFO LIFO,
,

. .

.
, .
,
.
FIFO
" " (First In First Out),

.
FIFO , FIFO
, . .
( ).

, .


- .

,
().
.
,

.
(VRAM).
,
" ".

LIFO (Last In First Out).

.

.

, ( ).

, ,

( . tag) ,
( ). , .
, ,
.

.
 236 4

-
.
,
.

, . .

.
. 4.2, .

, ,
(FRAM, Ferroelectric RAM),

. ,
, , EEPROM, FLASH-.
MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM).

MRAM ,

. ,

MRAM
. MRAM
. MRAM , FRAM,
,

.
-
(PFRAM, Polymeric Ferroelectric RAM).

( ),
.

.
PFRAM

/.
PFRAM . ,
PFRAM .
OUM (Ovonics Unified Memory)
, - (CD,

DVD), . . ,
OUM -
(GeSbTe),
.
.
 ___________ 237

-, 2003 . :
DRAM ~ 58%;
SRAM ~ 21%;

FLASH ~ 13%;
EEPROM ~ 5%.
97%
,

4.2.



,


.

ROM.
. 4. ROM

2D, 3D, 2DM .

2D

2D (. 4.3)
= m,
; ; m .
DC CS

(Chip Select) ,
, ,
.
( ,

/).
. /
R/W (Read , Write ).
2D
, . . ,
 238 4

( ).

. 4.3. 2D

3D
3D

.
ROM (. 4.4, ),
.
,
. ,
 ______ 239

. 4.4. 3D
()
 240 4

. 4.4. 3D
()

:
2D 1 1024
, 3D 32

. 3D
, .
3D, . 4.4,
,
(. 4.4, ), "" .

,
.
, .
3D ,

2DM

.
 241


242






4

 243

 244 4

N .
.
, ,
, ,

.
(
), ,

.
( , ).

( ),

.
,

FIFO ( LIFO).

,
,
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,
,

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.

, 24- ,
16 .

,

.
, .

( ).
.

 245

.
( )
,
.

.
(. 4.7)

,
.
,
. ,

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MUX
.
( ,
. 4.7 ).

.

.
DI, -
 246 4

MUX .
CTR, , ,

.

). MUX
,
.

FIFO

FIFO, . 4.8,
()
, , .
, . .

.

. 4.8. FIFO

,
, ,

,
, , .
FIFO,
. ,
.
 ____________ 247

 248 4

, , .

( ) .

- ,

.

-
, ,
(), ,
.
- (FACM, Fully Associated Cache

Memory), . 4.10,
, "" ,
.
""
Hit.

. 4.10. -

Hit = I ,
(Hit = 0),

-.
 ___________ 249

, ,
- ( Hit = 1 Hit = 0).

, .
FACM

, .
-
, . .
-.
FACM -,
.

- -
- (
). ,
- (Cache Line)
(. 4.11). .
.



-, , [27]
, , , .
,
, ".

,
-,
.


250






4

 _________ 251

,
,
(), .

,
, .
- ( )

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, .
. ()
. -.

.
. ,
, Hit
.
. ,
.

-
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. . 4.12, 128.

.
,
, . .
,

.

FACM -

(-).
,
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, , . . 2, 4, 8, ...
. . ( 2).

, (
64).
.
, .

- :
, . .

.
( ). ,
.
 252 4

.
.
- - . 4.12, .

, -
( ).

, . .
.
, LI ( Level
()), - ,
L2 () .

.
- SRAM
-.
Power 3 IBM
- 32
64 128 .

L2 Power 3 256- .
L2 1 16 .

4.3.

.
,

,
,
. ,
, ,
.

.
,
.
.
() .
 253

, .
, ,
, .

.
.

.
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.
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,

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,
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.
 254 4

,
,
. ,

5-2-2-2 5-1-1-1 4.
, 5 ,

2 1.

(Timing). ,
,
.

( DDR Double Data Rate).
QDR (Quad Data Rate)


, . . / . ,
,
.

-

( SDR, Single Data Rate). DDR (Double Data
Rate) no ,

. ,
( )

. , DDR

, .
QDR (Quad Data Rate),
DDR .
,

(Multibank Memory, Interleaving

Memory)
,
, . .
.

 __________ 255

 256 4

, .
, ,
.

. 4.13. () ()

4.4.

" "
( ROM(M), PROM, EPROM, EEPROM)
" "

, ,
.

.
" "
( 8-, 16- 32-),
2DM.

2D.
, (), , n- .

ROM(M)
()
.
( )
, , - . .
 _________ 257

ROM(M) (. 4.14, )
, .


258






4

 _________ 259

ROM
: 1
200 . ROM
128 40100 .

PROM

PROM

.
PROM
. ( )

. ( )
.
(
fuse). ,

.

.
( ,

) (
).
, , .

,
.
( antifuse) .

(.
9).

,

.
, ,
.
.

. 4.15, , .

( 155) . 4.15, . 32x8.
32 9 (8
,









 261

10100101.
, . 2D.

. . 4.16
() ,

.

, .
OEf ,
.
( = 0), F .
, ,

D7...D0. , ,
.

.
. ,
, . . , .
,

.

. 4.16.

( ).
,
556, , 0,50,7.
-
.


















 264 4

,
,
, -,

.
,
.

,
.
, .
,

"- -
". FLOTOX,

( ).

(
).


( ).

EPROM,
EPROM,
EEPROM, .
(. 4.17, )

-
, ,
.

,
( ), , ,
,
. .

-n- ,
. , ,

, .

,
( ).
,
 265

,

"" .
-

, EPROM .

,
.
.


.

( EPROM)
.
.
,
.
,

&.
, '

. -
(101000 ),
. .
.

FLOTOX, (
.).
(10

).
10

(FowlerNordheim).

FLOTOX Floating-gate Tunneling Oxide (

Extremely Thin Oxide).
, , ,

.

( ).
EEPROM , EPROM,
( -
).
 266 4

, ( EEPROM
). "-"
,

( 104 106 ). ,
, ,
.

,
, .
- -.
,
.

p-, ( n-)

, .
.
EPROM
,

. .



EPROM-OTP (OTP One Time Programmable).
EPROM

. , . .
- .

,
,
. , ,
, , .

. 4.18.
""
. ,
,

, . .
Ucc
.
EPROM ( )
573 ,























. 4.20. () ( )

, . .
.
, ,

, .

4.5. -

- (Flash-Memory)
,
. -

.

-, EEPROM,
, ,
,
,
/ ()
, . .









 271

, -
.
- :

( ,
);
.

.
(
). Boot-,
,
Boot Block Flash Memory. Boot-
,

.


(Flash-File Memory)
( ).

- -

- (
).
:

-HE (NOR);
- (NAND).
. 4.22.

,

.
- (. 4.22, )
F

.
, , ,

,
, .
 272 4

, .

. 4.22. -HE () - ()

- (. 4.22, )

.

, , ,
, , . .
.
,

,
, .
,
-.

- , , -HE,
,
(). ,
, ,
, .

-
. ,
Boot-
Block.
ROM EPROM, ,
.


. 4.23. - -

-HE Intel.

, -.
- ,
, , -
 274 4

. ,
.
.

0,13
1 . - - (NAND),
-HE (NOR),

(
2 ).
-
1 60
80 . -
,

-HE,
( 8090% -
). ,
-.
- /
( , ),

, .

-
-
.

(Erase Suspend). ,
. . .
-

.
, -,

.

/.
,
, ,

(,
2 ).
() .

(5 ; 3,3 .). ""
.
 275

, .
, "-",

, ,
. ,
, .

.
EEPROM EPROM,
, - EEPROM
,
, EPROM ,

,
,
, ,
. -
,
.

,
. - 2003 90%

, 90% , 50%
. .

, -
, ROM(M), EPROM-OTP EPROM,
,

. -

,
, .
- .

- -,
. -

,
.
- :
, (
/ );
 276 4

, (
/ );
, (

);
, .

,
.
. (, , )
, . ,
.
.

.
(
).
, .
.
.


/.

,
- , .
.
.

-
-

( Bulk Erase
).
(
Boot-Block Flash Memory Parametric Flash Memory),
(Flash-File Memory).

. ,
64256 .
64

64.
()
Boot-
/,
.
,
 _____________ 277



















 280 4

,
.

.

.
WE .

,
I/O
( DATA). ,
,
,
,

( 0 1
), .
- Boot-

: ,
() (Bottom).

. 4.24 Boot-.

-
()

.
()
.

,
( ,
, ,
).

() . ,
3 ,
3,35
0,60,9 , .

- () ,
,
,
, ,





































 285

. ,
,
(. 4.27).

. 4.27.


.

,
. ,
.
.

,
,
,

.
,
, ,
, .
.

MLC
, 4 ,
.

4.6.
EEPROM Flash

EEPROM
 286 4

Flash. ,

.

EEPROM Flash-
,
.

.
( ) , .
.
,

, .
5 :
, "", ,
.



. 8- 16-
, .
105106,

10100 .
, ,
1 SOT-23
5 2, 2 2.

. , 1,8
1 ,
(Standby) .

,
.

(Microwire, 12,
SPI).

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interconnect) 10 ,

,

.
,

.
10
8- , 0,8 ,
16-
 _________ 287

1,6 .
,
.

,
.

. ,
, 93 Atmel
,
,
.
.

,
.

4.7.




.

.

.
.

,
.

()
2mxl m-
(0 1).

m , . .

. , 1024x1

10 .



















290






4

 291

. 4.30.

4.8.



. -, ,

,
FIFO LIFO,
.
(SRAM) 2DM (

),
2D, 3D.

. .
((), 2, , -,
, AsGa .),
.
. --

, -,
,
, .
SRAM
64 8

1020 .
537
132 n- (
,
).

292






4

 ________ 293


294






4

 ______________ 295


296






4

 ____________________ 297

 298 4

,
,
(,

). :
.
4.3.

SRAM
,
( ,

).
-

,
.

, - ( ).
(Synchronous Burst SRAM)


:
() CLK;

, ( )

( ,
);

.

.

(Pipelined Burst SRAM).

.
, ,
,

. , ,

"" 58
75 ( ).

. SRAM

(,
"").
ZBT (Zero Bus Turnaround), NoBL (No Bus
Latency), NtRAM (No Turnaround RAM) .
 299

,
. DDR SRAM
( )

8 400 .
Intel (2003 .) 16
900 .

SRAM
. ,
Cypress Semiconductor (1,8 2,5 ),
, DDR,
, . .

300
4 18 36 .

.
.
, . .
.

, . 4.36, .

Ucc.
Ucc, D1 , D2 .

. D2, D1 ,
. . Ucc .

,
. 4.36, , .
Ucc ,

. Ucc ,
.
, .
.
(. 4.36, ).

300






4

 _________ 301

NV-SRAM
NV-SRAM (Non-Volatile SRAM) ""

,
.
-.

. SRAM,
,
.
NV-

SRAM . -
-,

.
,
.

-


,
.
-
. -, ,
. -

.

. NV-SRAM

. 10 ,

( 0,7 ). ,

, , ,

100
( ).

( ).

.
. NV-
SRAM

302






4

 _____________ 303

4.9.
































































 ____________ 311

,
, , "--".

, ().

, ,
. ,

. "-
-" ,
, .

4.10.


312






4

 ___________ 313

4.11.

. ,
.
,

.

. , ,
. -

314






4


















































































 324 4

RDRAM
RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) -
Rambus.

, , ,

SDRAM.
RDRAM, SDRAM.
RDRAM ,
,
RDRAM
. ,

RDRAM . , RDRAM
,
. RDRAM
/ (
8- , 16-).
,

,
.

.

.
,

,
. N
N ,
.

.
RDRAM , ,
, .
Pentium 4 .

RDRAM Intel,
SDRAM
.
RDRAM (Base, Concurrent, Direct),

.
Direct RDRAM .
RDRAM - 13
, ,
. ,
 _________ 325


326






4

 327


328






4

 329

 330 4

, .

DRAM 20484096,

(WL-).

DRAM
, ,
, ,
, , .
DRAM,
-

.
.
. 4.49, DRAM,
, . . . . 4.49,
,
. DRAM

WL -
, ,

-
. DRAM.
-
- "" .

DRAM
50% ,
DRAM 35.

RC- () .
4 , . .
.
,

.
.

DRAM , , ,

.

DRAM ,
.
DRAM 5 .
 ___________ 331


332






4

 _________ 333


334






4

 __________ 335

64- (8-).
( ).
RIMM RDRAM .

,
. RIMM
, RDRAM.

4.12.
(FRAM, PFRAM, MRAM, OUM)


336






4

 337


338






4

 _________ 339


340






4

 _____________ 341

 342 4

4.13.

( USD). ,
.
.
, .


, 0,13 ,
0,050,07 .

,
, -
. , , Intel
,

90 (0,09 ).

1 2, 100 .

,
, ,
, .

.

, 1020

. ,
, ,
.

. 4.54.
 _______________ 343

. 4.54.

2 , -
4 .
715 .
250 ,

600 1 ( 510 ).

816 .

: [18], [24], [25], [29], [32], [35], [63], [67], [IV], [VI], [X],
[XI], [XII], [XIV], [XIX], [XXIII], [XXV], [XXVI], [XXX].

5.1. .




, -,
.
,
.

,
, , , ,
.

() ( )
/ - ,
. , ,
"" ""
, ,

,
.
,
, ,

, .
(-).

(), , ,
/ ( ) .
,
 346 5

,
.
Intel 4004 1971 .

.
, ,

, .
, , ,
- .
- ,
( ),
.

.
2300
108
. 200
, 5 ,
.

.
.


( ),
. ,

.

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.

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 / 347

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(CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer), . e.
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 / 359

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;









 / 361

RF (Register Flags) , . . ,
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 362 5

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Push Pop

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 380 5

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 / 381


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 / 385


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 / 387


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 / 389


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6

 399

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 403

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 423

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 433

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 450_______________________________________________ ____________________ 6

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 453


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 469


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 __________________________________ 471

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 473

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 475

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6

7.1.


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 481

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() ,
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534






9

 / .. 535

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538






9

 / .. 539


540






9

 / . 541


542






9

 / ... 543

9.2.
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PLD PAL () CPLD

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CPLD

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544






9

 / ...______ 545


546






9

 / .. 547


548






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 / .. 549

 550 9

,
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,
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 / . 551


552






9

 / . 553

(GOE1,
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216
520 . CPLD , ,
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Altera, 9500 Cool Runner Xilinx, 15 Lattice
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.

CPLD ,
EEPROM Flash.
, . .
, ,

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,
.
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9.3.
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(
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Arrays)
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(),
 554 9

,
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, . FPGA
, & .
, FPGA ,

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, " " , ,
,

.
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Xilinx, 1985 . FPGA
. FPGA antifuse
Actel QuickLogic.
FPGA . Xilinx
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Spartan , Spartan-3.

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.

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( )
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;

,
LUTs Look-Up Tables.
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.
,

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,
, ).
( ).
,
.










556






9

 / . 557


558






9

 / .. 559


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9

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 562 9

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 566 9

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9

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 580_____________________________________________________________ 9

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9

 / . 583

 584 9

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 586 9

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( 100% ,
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 / . 587

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9

 / . 589

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 592 10

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 596 10

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.
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SOPC
1990- . -

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, Altera Xilinx.
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Triscend, Atmel, Altera, Xilinx, Cypress Semiconductor .).
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soft- Nios. Nios RISC-
 " " 597

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soft- Power PC IBM.

. soft-
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8051
Intel AVR Atmel.
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32-

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 " " 607

. 0,12 0,15

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 610 10

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SOPC 8-
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 " 611

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Intel RISC- AVR Atmel.
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SOPC hard-
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FPSLIC (Field Programmable System-Level Integration

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40 10 40
2 18 ,
100 .
FPGA,
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 614 10

(
):
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. 10.8. FPGA AVR FPSLIC

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 618 10

.

.
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soft- Nios
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11

11.1.

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 626 11

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 628 11

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 640 12

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 749

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CDRAM Cached DRAM

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CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer ,
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Clock Lock ,
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Clock Skew
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CPU Central Processor Unit .

CRU Carry Unit .
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DCM Digital Clock Manager
.

DDR Double Data Rate .

DIMM Dual In Line Memory Module
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DLL Delay Locked Loop .
DMA - D irect Memory Access .
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DMUX Demultiplexer .
DRAM Dynamic RAM .
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EEPROM Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory

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 751

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GRM General Routing Matrix .

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JEDEC Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council

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JTAG Joint Test Action Group

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 752

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LVTL Low Volt Transistor Logic
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.

MRAM Magnetic RAM ,

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Node .
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.
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PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
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PLD Programmable Logic Device PAL
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PREP Programmable Electronics Performance Corporation
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RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer

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 754

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).
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SOC System On Chip / ,
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SOPC System On Progammable Chip /
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SRAM Static RAM .

SSTL Stub Series Terminated Logic ,
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Terminator ,

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Verilog HDL Cadence.

VHDL
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VHDL Very-High-Speed Hardware Description Language
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Xilinx.
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()

/ ()
-


(LE)

(LSI)
()

"---"
(MOS) "--
()

(MCS)

-

(RAM)
()
 758

(DMA)
(ROM)

(PIT)
(PIC)

(PLD)
(PLA)

(PLD)

(PAL)
(PIA)
(PPI)

(FPGA)
(PROM)
(BS)

(PCI)
() ( JTAG)
(PIP)

- -
(EPROM)
 759

-
(EEPROM)

(VLSI)


(MSI)
(SRAM)

(ASIC)
(CPLD)

(SSI)
- (IP)

(CLK)

(TTL) -

(TTLS)
(UART)
/

(CW)
- -
(USART)

 760

(DAC)

(DSP)

()
(DB)
()

(ECL) -

1. . 6 .: . / .
. .: . ., 1990.

2. . . . 3- ., .
. - .: , 2002. - 448 .
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Altera. .: , 1997. 142 .
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. . . / . . . . .: , 1992.
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/. .: ,
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Atmel. .: -1, 2002. 288 .
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22. ., ., . :
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: . .: , 1994. 216 .
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1993.- 496 .

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28.
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29. , : . 2- ./. .
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30. . . . .: , 2001.
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31. . ., . . :

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./ . . . . . 7:
/. . , . . , . . ,
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36. - -
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.: , 1998. 158 .
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39. . . OrCad.

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. .: , 1998. 270 .
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VHDL. - .: -, 2003. - 576 .: .

44. ., . :
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45. . . : .
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46. ., . : . 6- .
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-
,

.

 766

, 15
( , ,
). ,

,
- .

, . . , ,

(
).

, ,

, .

: Electronic Design (USA) Electronic Design News
( ) Chip News, -
(, , ), , ,
, , BYTE-.
- , ,
,
.

1 D
1T-SRAM 313 DCM 608
DDR LVDS 50
DDR SDRAM 320
Design Flow 640

DesignLab 658, 660
Active Interconnect Technology 609
Development Board 661
AGP 46
DIMM 334
598
DLL 184, 186, 188
AMBA 598
DMA 450
AMI 626
DRAM 233, 303
ANSI 45
DRDRAM 325

APB 598
Aplac 658
ASB 598 E

ASICs 645
EABs 571, 578
ASSP 643
ECL 47
ECU 610
Editor of FSM 68?

EDORAM 315
BEDORAM 316 EDRAM 329
BIOS 277 EEPROM 233, 537
BSC 472 E1A45

BST 472 Electronics Workbench 658

End-Front Design 581
EPROM 231
EPROM-OTP 537
CAB 589 ESB 600

CDR 188 ESP 609

CDRAM 329 Evaluation Board 661
Charge Pump 187 Excalibur 619
Clock Boost 184
Clock Lock 184 F

Clock Managers 184

Clock Skew 184, 186 FACM 248
CoCentric SystemC Compiler 666 FCRAM 332
CoreConnect 598 FLASH 233, 537
CPLD 494, 533, 543 FLEX 533
CSOC 592, 617 FPAA 589
CTT 46 FPAD 589
 768

FPGA 494, 533, 553, 612 MAX+Plus II 692

FPGA- 542 MDAC 586
FPM 314, 315 MDRAM 316
FPM DRAM 315 Microblaze 607

FPSLIC 592, 611, 616 Micro-Cap 658
FRAM 236, 335 M-LVDS 46, 48
FT! 571 ModelSim SE 5.7b 692

MPGA 533, 645
MRAM 236, 338
G
GA 494, 520 N
G A/SC I 647
GAL 507 NoBL 298

GPSS 654 NtRAM 298
GRM 605 NV-SRAM 301
GTL+ 46

H One Hot 693
OPB 598

HDL 667
HSTL 46 OrCAD 655
OUM 236, 340

I
P
Idle 490
IEEE 45, 674 PAL 77, 494, 507
IOB 544 P-CAD 655

IOE 601 PCI 45

PC1-X 45
ISP 537, 628
PC-LOGS 660
PECL 47

L PFRAM 236, 337

PIA 543
LAB 600 PIO 617
LI 600 PIP 538
LPGA 645 Pipelined Burst SRAM 298

LUTs 77, 554 PLA 77, 494

LVCMOS 45 PLB 598
LVDM 48 PLD 494, 517
LVDS 45, 46, 48 PLL 184, 186, 188
LVDT 48 Power Down 490, 540
LVPECL 45

PREP 632
LVTL 45 PROM 231, 259
Protel 655
Prototype Plate 661
M PSoC 584, 591
MathCAD 654 Pull-down Resistors 24
MATLAB 654 Pull-up Resistors 24
 769

SSTL-3 46
R Standby Power 540
RC- 54 Starter Kit 661
RDRAM 318, 324 State Machins 668

RIMM 335 Synchronous Burst SRAM 298
RLDRAM 331
ROM(M) 231, 256

RS-422 46
T
RS-485 46 Test-Bench 671
RTL 679 T1A 45
RC- 55
TriMatrix 602

s u

SDRAM 46, 318
UART 424, 433
SERDES 610
SignalTap Logic Analysis 673 US ART 424
SIMM 334
Simula 654

SI MU LIN 654
Singie-gate Logic 70 VersaRing 606
SLC 77, 554

SOI 540
SOP 600
w
SOPC 494. 533, 591 Waveform Editor 673
Spice 654
SPLD 494

SRAM 233, 291 z

SSTL-2 46
ZBT 298

 770

582, 583
: :
169 162

222 162
169 -
169, 171, 173 () 129

:
175 346
346
"1 N" 177 346
() 73, 143, 167, 168 235
168 692

170
169, 172
168, 169

: :
(UART) 424, 433 8
(USART) 424 8

357 8
355
354 () 494, 520, 645

355 526
355 () 522
525
489

488 522
355 525
355 523
355 520

354 523
355 523
. 135
114, 129 () 522
: 528

9
9 () 522
520
9 MPGA 533
9 526

9 521
9 () 522
581 526
582 526
526
582 () 523
 771

5, 69 :
/: FIFO 52, 235, 246
520 LIFO 235

CPLD 533, 543 403
/ 551 139

546 () 141
"1 N" 139
545 314
549
543
544

FLEX 533 /
FPGA 533, 553 356
VersaRing 567 78
() 494, 520
563 106
/ 559 235, 244
39, 40

554 :
149
561 683

9
556, 557 157
554, 557 :
231

554 230, 685

567 230
230
Actel 561

Xilinx 563

:
() 561 56
SOPC 533, 593

521 224
335 () 226
: 58
CDR 52
CRU 52 339

DES 52 472
SERDES 51 685
131
:
271
271

- 88, 440
420 91
 772

135 309
: BEDORAM 316
81 CDRAM 329

83 DDR SDRAM 320
81 EDORAM 315
83 FCRAM 332

81 FPM 314
MDRAM 316
() 78, 495 RDRAM 324
39 RLDRAM 331
163 SDRAM 318
163 - 307

CAS
RAS 317
() 228
: () 228
29 228
233. 313
231
3


: 318
252

53
55 317
55 236
RC- 54 ROM(M) 231, 256
144 255

86 234
( ) 227 234
Boot Block Flash Memory 271 234
Flash-File Memory 271 () 231

234 237
235, 248 243
228 2D 237
317 2DM 241
317 3D 238

317 FIFO 246

229 228
255 -
233, 234, 303 236
333 286

() 231
313 308
311
"- () 303
-" 311
307
329 253
 773

235
234

297 14

:
298
298 () 61, 62

297 7
297 59
233, 234, 291 () 5
646

645
292, 293
646

645

299 643
397
298 hard- 398
NV-SRAM 301 !2 437
302 12 401
235 JTAG 471

JTAG- 475
252
253 477

255
477

474
253
BSC 473
DDR 254
475

QDR 254
(Timing) 254, 316, 317 475
234 Microbus 398, 399
EEPROM 262 Multibus 399

EPROM 262 SPI 401, 434

EPROM-OTP 266 () 399
FIFO 235, 246 -41 399
FRAM 335 416
MRAM 338 () 399

MTJ 339 398

IP 398
OUM 236, 340
soft- 398
PFRAM 337
397
PROM 259
397

261 355
QDR 254 355
ROM 256 398
235 397
236 Q-bus 399
235 VME 400
229 397
 774

: 453
RS-232C 401 453
RS-485 401 453
CAN 401 451

EISA 400
ISA 400 458
MCA 400 :

PCI 400 2 105, 107, 109
USB 401 () 106, 107
VL-Bus 400
110
29 31
534 106

80
80
80
106 79
"1 N" 170, 172 80
ASCII 421 -
290

172, 213
-8 421 - 227, 247
-7 421 (L2) 252

251
110, 112 - 249, 251
(L1) 252
112 248
226 249, 251

106 249
106 248, 251
106

() 73, 167
100

101 355
101, 103 :
657 41
614

" 42
: :
350 8
449 8
351, 450
455

457
455 521, 645
453 529
455 132
455 470
453 37
 775

9 / 364
() 378, 479 READY 364
489 RESET 365

491 TRAP 365
S0 S, 364
491 373

361
490 LIFO 361
490 363, 368
490 CISC 347, 481
AVR 481 482 182185 359
489 RISC 347, 481

VLIW 347
491 378
490
() 5, 345 () 345
360 380
361 354
(PC) 362 351, 371

(RA) 363 394
351
() 361 369

(SP) 361 349
- 349
362 349
369

() 367 () 348
() 363, 367 479
() 363, 368
363 78, 79

353 5, 69, 493

: -
369 132, 133
370 132
369 - 262

351 419
(IR) 362 356
(RF) 361, 376 DIMM 334
- 359 R1MM 335
INTA 365 SIMM 334

ALE 353, 364, 367 18

CLK 365 400
HLDA 365 :
HOLD 365 13
fNT 351 13
1NTA 351 13
INTR 365 - 224
 776

89 Multipoint 48
63 Point-to-Point 48
88 421
90 - 422

- 422
28
79

FPGA 541 472
71 410
55 () 400
" " 123 244
41 264
103 534, 645

535
541

534, 581 539
ispPAC 584 534
538
584

-
587
537
FPAD 589
antifuse 535

:
ONO 535
228

- 227
537
227

231

() 538
227
535
227
FreeRam 614 Power Down 540
Standby Power 540

() 410 - 540
417 63
411 439
: 439
421 335

421 404
423 167
422
423 200
423 :

421 442
() 422 441
441
423 442
48, 421 442
Multidrop 48 86
 777

:
HDL Designer 669, 687 419, 424
LeonardoSpectrum 695 430
StateCAD Version 3.2 669, 709

Synplify 695 433
SystemVision 695 428
261

- 358
650
/ 392
() 494 637
1556 512 -
507 660
PAL 22VI0 516

640
663
351, 459
467 664
466 652
671
470, 471
640

469
671
470
670
469
-


638
468
- 657
468
650
463
658
- 0 460

649
- 1 461
639
54 464

467
671

439, 440 653
442 640
442 657
445 653
443 671

SOPC 662
() 494 672
497 639

503 655

- 499
504 705
501 657
497 653
664
(FPGA) 553 ( . . 778)
 778

():
:
666 218

667 194
667 - 194
666, 667 () 194

657 194
668 194
- 668 197
661 198
638 197
670 197

641 223, 226
198
670 :
638 " " 9
663 64
672 "" 9

657 :
"" 24
641 "" 24

638 73
74
670 73
667

668
667
50
358, 450 169

450 2, 6, 640, 652

450 654
5, 69
223 534
firm- 593

hard- 593, 594, 595

594, 596
: 597
214 soft- 593, 594
214, 215 596

214 IP 593
195 593
194 629
PISO 194
SIPO 52, 194 631
403
194 630
 779

ESP 609
630 615
629 FPGA

623, 624, 625 612, 614
626 600
EPSL1C 611,

627 616, 617
- Excalibur 619, 620
627 QuickDSP 610
QuickPC 610
627 QuickPCI 609
QuickRAM 609
628

QuickSD 610
628 622
627 593, 594
HardCopy 625 596

724 620
634 - 608

635 APEX 20, APEX II
632 598
PR 632 Eclipse 608

632 Stratix 601
633 Virtex 604
629 592,
598 617
726

632
103
569 2, 107
/ 580 :

Barrel Shifter (
570, 578 "1 N") 139, 140
570 76, 77
:
576 222
571 294

572 226
569 226
9
571 112
637

725
634 164
- 593 ' :
SOPC 591 192. 193
594, 609 194
609 188, 189
610 190
 780

202
179 210
5, 69, 493 201

222
288 204
182 202

DLL 184 206
PLL 184 208
209
: 212
32 210
36

31 205
IEEE 1149.1 472
361 207
324
114
124

127 :

114 76
76

119 :
180
118 183
117 235
495

122 32
127 78
: :

"" 135 DDR 50, 254

188 SDR 50, 254
107 302
Weak pin-keeper 24, 25 26
135 179

201 :
204 264
202 264
"1 N" 214 265
265

215 FLOTOX 264, 265

213, 214 143
- 211 162
202 145
218, 220 147
147
208 146, 156
 781

148 - 269

152 (CUI) 282

148 MLC 283
144 284
145

153 277
153
146, 158 280
-
146, 155 - 271
145 Concurrent Flash

148 Memory 277
145 StrataFlash 283
274
147 - 275
148 280
149

145

55
145

D 145, 149, 152, 154, 160
507

JK 145, 151, 159
PLD 517
RS 144
:
152
73
152
73
145, 149

:
- 146
120
145
120
146

144
148 X
39
10 340
339

86, 88 143

91 () 586
7 () 5
179

182

26 400
 782

:

61
349 58
598

598
AS 598

CSI 617

:
598 ABEL 667
PLB 598
AHDL 667
SPI 286
ED1F 667
:
PLDASM 667
598
SystemC 666
CoreConnect 598

401 Verilog 668
VHDL 668, 673, 674
85 679
85 677
87 675

680

676
() 167

2 62 678
:
104 674
() 677
17-19

() 18, 19
680
()
VHDL-AMS 674, 695
15, 16
HDL 529
22

80
13
53
472