＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠

＠＠＠｣ｯｭＮｫｷ･､ｵｦｩｬ･ｳＮｷｷｷＯＯＺｨｴｴｰｳ＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ Ｊ

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠Ｊ

ｨｴｴｰｳＺＯＯｫｷ･､ｵｦｩｬ･ｳＮ｣ｯｭＯＱＴ＠＠＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠ ＠Ｌ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠Ｊ

ｨｴｴｰｳＺＯＯｫｷ･､ｵｦｩｬ･ｳＮ｣ｯｭＯＱＴｰｨｹｳｩ｣ｳ＠＠＠＠＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠ ＠＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠Ｊ

ｨｴｴｰｳＺＯＯｷｷｷＮｫｷ･､ｵｦｩｬ･ｳＮ｣ｯｭＯＱＴｰｨｹｳｩ｣ｳＲ＠＠＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠Ｊ

ｨｴｴｰｳＺＯＯｷｷｷＮｫｷ･､ｵｦｩｬ･ｳＮ｣ｯｭＯｧｲ｡､･ＱＴ＠＠＠＠＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠Ｊ＠＠＠＠＠

｢ｯｴ｟ｫｷｬｩｮｫｳＯｭ･ＮｴＯＯＺｨｴｴｰｳ＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠ ＠Ｚ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠ ＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠

＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠＠ ＠ ＠

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2019 / 2018



( 12 )

2018 // 2018
2019 2017

................................................... 

.............................. 

W�—b*« d�b� �H�« t�u*« r�I�« fOz—

r�U'« e�eF�« b�� Øœ ÍœUL(« œuL� Ø√ w�«b�« qO�� Ø√


-0-
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫) ‪: ( 1 -1‬‬

‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍ ﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻪ ‪ A‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪φ‬‬
‫=‪B‬‬
‫‪NA cos‬‬
‫‪φ = NBA cos θ‬‬
‫‪T = Wb/m 2‬‬ ‫‪Wb = T.m 2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ) ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ (‬
‫‪‬ﻭ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍ ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‪‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪o‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫‪= 60‬‬ ‫‪= 60‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫**‬

‫)‪(φ‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫=‪φ‬‬ ‫‪= 90‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫=‪φ‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪φ = ½ NBA‬‬ ‫‪= 60‬‬ ‫) ‪( 30o‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪φ = NBA cos 30‬‬ ‫‪= 30‬‬ ‫) ‪( 30o‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪-1-‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫ﺎﻝ – ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪ -‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫**‬

‫‪60‬‬ ‫**‬
‫)‪( A‬‬ ‫)‪( B‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫) ‪( 2A‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫**‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪( 2 m2‬‬

‫) ‪( 10 Wb‬‬ ‫)‪( 4 T‬‬ ‫) ‪( 5 m2‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪( 60‬‬ ‫‪) 30‬‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪= BAcos‬‬ ‫‪‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺘﺠﻬﻲ ﺍ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺃﻛ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍ ﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭ ‪ cos0 = 1‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪= BAcos 0 = BA‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍ ﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 90‬ﻭ ‪ cos90 = 0‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪= BAcos 90 = 0‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫) ‪( 0.4 T‬‬ ‫) ‪( 10 cm‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬

‫‪A = πR 2 = π × (0.1) 2 = 0.0314 m 2‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪( 60o‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪φ = NBA cos θ = 1× 0.4 × 0.0314 × cos 60 = 6.28 ×10 −3 Wb‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪φ = NBA cos θ = 1× 0.4 × 0.0314 × cos 0 = 0.0125 Wb‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪φ = NBA cos θ = 1× 0.4 × 0.0314 × cos 90 = 0 Wb‬‬
‫‪-2-‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍ ﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍ ﻠﻔﺎﻧﻮﻣ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍ ﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺜﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪‬ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺜﻴﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪‬ﻳﺘﻐ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺜﻲ ﺍ ﺘﻮﻟﺪ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪‬ﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍ ﺜﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻳﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺜﻲ ‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍ ﺜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻐ‬

‫ﺘﺎﺯ ﺍ ﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫‪∆φ‬‬
‫‪ε =−‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﺍ ﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪∆t‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻞﺯﻣﻦ‬
‫‪∆φ‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫‪ε = −N‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﺍ ﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻞﺯﻣﻦ‪‬‬

‫)‪(+‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫**‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫(‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ‬

‫(‬
‫‪∆φ‬‬ ‫‪BA‬‬ ‫)‪∆B ( L.x‬‬ ‫‪∆x‬‬
‫‪ε =−‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫‪= −B L‬‬ ‫‪= −B L v‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪∆t‬‬
‫(‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ – ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ – ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‬

‫‪∆ cos θ‬‬ ‫‪∆B‬‬

‫(‪ε = − NBA‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫( ‪ε = − NAcosθ‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪∆t‬‬
‫‪-3-‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪ * :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍ ﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ )‪(S‬‬
‫* ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺎﱄ )‪(N‬‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍ ﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺔ ﺍ ﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺔ ﺍ ﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫)‪(+‬‬ ‫)‪(+‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪ε = +B l v‬‬ ‫‪ε = −B l v‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫)‪(I‬‬
‫) ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ (‬ ‫) ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ (‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﻸﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫)‪(B‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬

‫ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫**‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫)‪( B A‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫)‪( ε‬‬ ‫)‪( A‬‬
‫‪R = 2 cm‬‬
‫‪R = 4 cm‬‬ ‫‪4ε‬‬ ‫)‪(B‬‬
‫)‪( B A‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪ε‬‬ ‫)‪(B‬‬ ‫)‪( ε‬‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ – ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬ ‫**‬
‫‪V ε‬‬
‫=‪I‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫**‬
‫‪R R‬‬

‫‪dφ‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪-4-‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛ ﻱ ﺍ ﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻳﺴﺮﻯ ﺑﺎ ﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍ ﻮﻟﺪ ﻟﻪ‬

‫)‪(N‬‬ ‫)‪(N‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺐ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬

‫ﻳﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍ ﻠﻔﺎﻧﻮﻣﻴ ﰲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍ ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺎﻟﻒ‬
‫ﻭ ﺪﺙ ﺎﺫﺏ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍ ﻠﻔﺎﻧﻮﻣﻴ ﰲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻣﻌ‬
‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺪﺙ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺜﻲ ﺍ ﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺜﻲ ﺍ ﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬

‫‪-5-‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍ ﻮﻟﺪ ﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﻨﺰ ‪‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺘﺎﺯ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩﺍﻱ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫ﺪﺙ ﺗﻐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﺍ ﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫‪-6‬‬
‫ﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺃﻛ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭ ‪ cos0 = 1‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪= BA‬‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍ‬

‫‪-7‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 90‬ﻭ ‪ cos90 = 0‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪= BAcos 90 = 0‬‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍ‬

‫)‪(+‬‬ ‫‪( R = 10‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪( 0.8 m‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫)‪( X‬‬ ‫) ‪( 0.4 T‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(2 m/s‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪ε = + B l V = 0.4 × 0.8 × 2 = 0.64 V‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪ε‬‬ ‫‪0.64‬‬
‫=‪I‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.064 A‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬

‫) ‪( 0.1 T‬‬ ‫) ‪( 0.04 m2‬‬ ‫) ‪( 10‬‬ ‫‪:2‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪( 60o‬‬
‫) ‪. ( 0.2 S‬‬ ‫) ‪( 90o‬‬
‫‪∆φ‬‬ ‫‪∆ cos θ‬‬ ‫)‪(cos 90 − cos 60‬‬
‫‪ε = −N‬‬ ‫‪= − NBA‬‬ ‫× ‪= −10 × 0.1× 0.04‬‬ ‫‪= 0.1 V‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬
‫‪-6-‬‬
 2019 / 2018

/ /
................. ......... ........ :

(0.5 m2) (100) :3

: .
(t < 2 s) (
∆B 0.2 − 0
ε = − NAcosθ ( ) = −100 × 0.5 × cos 0 × ( ) = −5 V
∆t 2−0
.(t>2s ) (
∆B
ε = − NAcosθ ( )=0 V ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‬
∆t
. ( R = 20 ) (
ε1 −5 ε2
I1 = = = - 0.25 A ⇔ I2 = =0
R 20 R
(0.2 m2) (100) :4

0.3 .
∆B 0.3 − 0
ε 1 = − NAcosθ ( ) = −100 × 0.2 × cos 0 × ( ) = −3 V
∆t 2−0
∆B 0 − 0.3
ε = − NAcosθ ( ) = − 100 × 0 . 2 × cos 0 × ( ) = 1.5 V
0 ∆t 6−2
2 6 2

( 0.4 T ) (200) :5
: . ( 50 cm2 )
. ( 0.4 S ) (
∆φ ∆ cos θ (cos180 − cos 0)
ε = −N = − NBA = −200 × 0.4 × 50 × 10 − 4 × =2V
∆t ∆t 0.4
. ( 0.2 S ) ( 0.8 T ) (
∆B 0.8 − 0.4
ε = − NAcosθ ( ) = −200 × 50 × 10 − 4 × cos 0 × ( ) = −2 V
∆t 0.2
. ( 0.3 S ) ( 0.1 T ) (
∆B 0.1 − 0.4
ε = − NAcosθ ( ) = −200 × 50 × 10 − 4 × cos 0 × ( ) =1V
∆t 0.3
. ( 0.1 S ) (
∆B 0 − 0 .4
ε = − NAcosθ ( ) = −200 × 50 × 10 − 4 × cos 0 × ( )=4V
∆t 0 .1
-7-
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫) ‪: ( 2 -1‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍ ﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻚ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍ‬ ‫ﻮﻝ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍ ﺒﺬﻭﻝﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻠﻒ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻓﺮﺵﺗﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺘ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺣﻠﻘﺘ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﻴﻴﺰ ﺃﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻶﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮ ﺇﱄ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍ ﻤﻞ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍ‬ ‫**‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮﺷﺘﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍ ﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪( N‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺪﺙ ﺗﻐ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻴﺼﻞ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺣ‬

‫)‪. ( f‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪-3‬‬

‫ﺪﺙ ﺗﻐ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱄ ﺗﻐ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬

‫ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪∆φ‬‬ ‫‪∆NBA cos θ‬‬ ‫‪∆ cos θ‬‬

‫‪ε =−‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫⋅ ‪= − NBA‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪∆t‬‬
‫‪∆θ‬‬
‫( ⋅ ‪ε = − NBA‬‬ ‫) ‪)(− sin θ‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬
‫‪ε = + NBAω sin θ = ε max sin θ‬‬

‫‪ε max = NBAω‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪-8-‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ – ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍ ﻠﻒ – ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ) ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻠﻒ (‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‬
‫**‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫‪φ‬‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪90o‬‬ ‫‪180o‬‬ ‫‪270o‬‬ ‫‪360o‬‬ ‫) (‬

‫ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫)‪(φ‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫)‪( φ / t‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫) ‪(ε‬‬
‫‪( 10‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪( 0.5 , 0.3 ) m‬‬ ‫) ‪( 200‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.1 T‬‬ ‫) ‪( 60 Hz‬‬
‫‪ω = 2 f = 120 rad/s‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪A = 0.5 × 0.3 = 0.15 m‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪ε max = NBAω = 200 × 0.1× 0.15 ×120π = 1130 V‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪ε max‬‬ ‫‪1130‬‬
‫= ‪I max‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 113 A‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪( 0.01 S‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪ε = ε max sin ωt = 1130 sin(120π × 0.01) = -664 V‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬
‫) ‪ε = ε max sin ωt = 1130 sin(120π × t‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬
‫) ‪I = I max sin ωt = 113 sin(120π × t‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.2 Wb‬‬ ‫‪:2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(20 V‬‬
‫‪NBAω ε max‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫=‪ω‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 100 rad/s‬‬
‫‪NBA‬‬ ‫‪φmax 0.2‬‬
‫‪-9-‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫‪F = I L B sin θ‬‬ ‫‪F = qVB sin θ‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‬
‫‪B‬ﻭ ‪I‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑ‬ ‫‪B‬ﻭ‪V‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍ ﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻌﻞ ﺍﰿ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺗﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻣﺒﺘﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫) ‪(I‬‬ ‫) ‪(v‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(B‬‬ ‫) ‪(F‬‬ ‫)‪(B‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫‪ :‬ﻷﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍ ﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ :‬ﻷﻥ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴ ﻭﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍ ﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍ‬

‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺍ ﺴﻴﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ :‬ﻷﻥ ﺍ ﺴﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ) ﻗﻮﺓ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺘﺰ ( ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ‬

‫‪- 10 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻌﻞ ﺍ ﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺗﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻣﺒﺘﻌﺪﺓ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺭﻓﺔ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬ﻻﻥ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪‬ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻐ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍ ﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪.........‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X X‬‬
‫‪.........‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X X‬‬

‫‪⊕ . . . . . . V. . .‬‬ ‫⊕‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫‪X X X‬‬ ‫‪V. . . . . . .⊕. .‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬
‫⊕‬ ‫‪X X X‬‬

‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪.........‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X X‬‬
‫‪.........‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X X‬‬

‫‪VX‬‬ ‫‪V. . . . . . . . .‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫‪. . . . . . V. . .‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X‬‬ ‫‪X X X‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪.I‬‬ ‫‪.I‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫× × ×‬ ‫× ×‬ ‫×‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪. . . . . . . . .‬‬ ‫× × ×‬ ‫× ×‬ ‫×‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪. . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫×‬ ‫× ×‬ ‫× ×‬ ‫× ×‬ ‫‪. . . . . . .‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫× ×‬ ‫× ×‬ ‫× ×‬ ‫‪. . . . . . .‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪- 11 -‬‬
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫) ‪( 0.2 T‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬

‫)‪. (200 m/s‬‬ ‫) ‪( - 2 µc‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬

‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍ ﺎﻫﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍ ﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺯ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍ‬

‫‪F = qVB sin θ = 2 ×10 −6 × 200 × 0.2 × sin 90 = 8 ×10 −5 N‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺍ ﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬

‫) ‪( 0.4 T‬‬ ‫‪:2‬‬

‫)‪(2A‬‬ ‫) ‪( 10 cm‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪F = ILB sin θ = 2 × 0.1× 0.4 × sin 90 = 0.08 N‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺍ ﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻕ‬

‫)‪(5A‬‬ ‫)‪(1m‬‬ ‫‪:3‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪( 0.2 T‬‬
‫‪F = ILB sin θ = 5 ×1× 0.2 sin 0 = 0‬‬

‫‪- 12 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻮﻝ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍ ﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﺍ ﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺑﻨﺼﻔﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﺸﻘﻮﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺘ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻳﻼﻣﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺗ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﻳﺘﺼﻼﻥ ﺑﻘﻄﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫)‪( K‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻧﺼﻔﻰ ﺍ ﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺕﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺷﺎﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﻋﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻭ ﻌﻼﻥ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ‬

‫‪τ = NBAI sin θ‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪P = F ×V‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪P = I ×ε‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍ ﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ‪‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪‬ﻭﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ sin = sin0 = 0‬ﻭ ‪τ = NBAIsin = 0‬‬ ‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍ ﺮﻙ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍ ﺮﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍ ﺮﻙ‬

‫‪- 13 -‬‬
 2019 / 2018

N B I A

P P P P

F V I

( 4 cm2 ) ( 200 ) :1
( 90o ) ( 2 mA ) ( 0.1 T )
.

τ = NBAIsin = 200 × 0.1× 4 ×10 −4 × 2 ×10 −3 × sin 90 = 1.6 ×10 −5 N.m

(+)
(1 m ) :2
( 10 )
B
( 4 m/s ) ( 0.6 T )
.
. (
ε = + B l V = 0.6 × 1× 4 = 2.4 V
. (
ε 2.4
I= = = 0.24 A
R 10
. (
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻ ﺎﻩ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬

. (
F = ILB sin θ = 0.24 × 1× 0.6 × sin 90 = 0.144 N
. (
P = F × V = 0.144 × 4 = 0.576 W
. (
P = I × ε = 0.24 × 2.4 = 0.576 W
- 14 -
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫) ‪: ( 3 -1‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺒﻂء‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺒﻂء‬

‫ﺗﺄﺧ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍ ﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻌﻞ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﺒﻂء‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍ ﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻂ ء‬
‫ﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﺱ ﺍ ﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﰲ‬ ‫ﺪﺙ ﺷﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑ‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺪﺙ ﺷﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑ ﻣﻠﻔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺗﻐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺘﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﰲ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫‪∆I1‬‬ ‫‪∆I‬‬
‫⋅ ‪ ε 2 = −M‬‬ ‫⋅ ‪ ε = −L‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪∆t‬‬
‫)‪(M‬‬ ‫)‪(L‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍ ﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﺍ ﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍ ﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﺍ ﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍ ﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫ﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﻣﺒ ﻛﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﻣﺒ ﻛﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪∆I1‬‬ ‫‪∆I‬‬
‫‪M = − ε2 /‬‬ ‫‪L = −ε /‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪∆t‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍ ﻠﻔ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻠﻔ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬
‫‪-3‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍ ﻠﻔ‬ ‫‪-3‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬
‫‪-4‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍ ﻠﻔ‬ ‫‪-4‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬

‫‪L‬‬

‫‪∆I‬‬ ‫‪∆I‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪∆t‬‬

‫‪- 15 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍ ﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺗﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ) ‪ 1‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ (‬

‫)‪(H‬‬
‫ﻌﺪﻝ ) ‪ 1‬ﺃﻣﺒ ﻛﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ (‬ ‫‪‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫‪V.S/A‬‬ ‫)‪(H‬‬ ‫**‬

‫)‪.(5H‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻌﺪﻝ ) ‪ ( A/S‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪( 5V‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﺍ ﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒ‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍ ﻘﻮﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪( L‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍ ﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ﰲ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪‬ﻻﻥ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻟﻪ ﺣﺚ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺣﺚ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪‬ﻻﻥ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍ ﻠﻔﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺚ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺃﻛ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﻻﻥ ﺍ ﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻐ ﰲ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛ ﻳﺔ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻘﺔ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍ ﺎﻫﻪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻘﺔ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍ ﺎﻫﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫‪- 16 -‬‬
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‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ ( N2‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫) ‪ ( N1‬ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺍ ﺚ ﺍ ﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫(‬
‫)‪( K‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺪﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍ ﻠﻔﺎﻧﻮﻣﻴ ﰲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ‬

‫)‪( K‬‬ ‫(‬

‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻣﻌ‬

‫)‪( K‬‬ ‫(‬

‫ﻳﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍ ﻠﻔﺎﻧﻮﻣﻴ ﰲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ‪‬‬
‫)‪( K‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺜﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬

‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫(‬
‫(‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻓﺘﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻛ ﰲ ﺷﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻐ‬

‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫)‪(10 A‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬

‫)‪. (10 KV‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫)‪. (4 H‬‬
‫‪∆I‬‬ ‫‪0 − 10‬‬
‫( × ‪∆t = − M ⋅ 1 = −4‬‬ ‫‪) = 4 × 10 −3 S‬‬
‫‪ε2‬‬ ‫‪10000‬‬
‫)‪(0.1S‬‬ ‫)‪(4 A‬‬ ‫)‪(0.5 H‬‬ ‫)‪(100‬‬ ‫‪:2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪∆I‬‬ ‫‪−4−4‬‬
‫⋅ ‪ε = −L‬‬ ‫( × ‪= −0.5‬‬ ‫‪) = 40 V‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪∆φ‬‬ ‫‪ε‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫(‪= − = −‬‬ ‫‪) = −0.4 Wb/S ‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
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‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟ ﺩ ﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪ -1 ‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍ‬
‫ﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ‪‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻮﻝ ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻪ ‪ 100 %‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫) ‪( N1‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍ ﻤﻞ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫) ‪( N2‬‬ ‫‪(2‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻔ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍ ﺚ ﺍ ﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑ‬ ‫‪(3‬‬

‫)‪(N2‬‬ ‫)‪ (N1‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪(4‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪(P2‬‬ ‫)‪ (P1‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪(5‬‬

‫‪∆φ‬‬
‫‪ε 2 = −N2‬‬ ‫)‪(N2‬‬ ‫‪(6‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪∆φ‬‬
‫‪ε 1 = − N1‬‬ ‫)‪(N1‬‬ ‫‪(7‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬
‫)‪(4:1‬‬ ‫‪(8‬‬
‫‪ε 2 V2 N 2 I 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫)‪( f‬‬
‫‪ε 1 V1 N1 I1‬‬
‫ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪(9‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪I .V‬‬ ‫‪I .N‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﱂﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑ‬

‫‪= 2 = 2 2 = 2 2‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪I1.V1‬‬ ‫‪I1.N1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬

‫‪N1‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪N1‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫) ‪( N2 ) ( N1‬‬

‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫) ‪( V2 ) ( V1‬‬
‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬ ‫‪I1‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬ ‫) ‪( I2 ) ( I1‬‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪. (100 %‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﰲ ﺍ ﻮﺍء ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬

‫‪- 18 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﺯ ﺇﱄ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫)‪( 3‬‬ ‫)‪( 6‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪N = 20‬‬ ‫‪N = 40‬‬ ‫‪N = 40‬‬ ‫‪N = 40‬‬ ‫‪N = 40‬‬ ‫‪N = 20‬‬ ‫‪N = 20‬‬ ‫‪N = 40‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫ﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ) ‪ : ( A‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬
‫)‪(4000‬‬ ‫)‪(800‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬
‫)‪(200 V‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫)‪. (20 Ω‬‬
‫‪V2 200‬‬
‫= ‪I2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 10 A‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪P2 = I 2 .V2 = 10 × 200 = 2000 W‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪V2 N 2‬‬ ‫‪200 4000‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫‪V1 = 40 V‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪N1‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬
‫)‪. (80 %‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫= ‪P1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2500 W‬‬
‫‪0 .8‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪P1 2500‬‬
‫= ‪I1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 62.5 A‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫)‪(220 V‬‬ ‫‪:2‬‬
‫)‪. (96 %‬‬ ‫)‪(12 A‬‬ ‫)‪(110 V‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪I 2 .V2‬‬ ‫‪12 × 110‬‬
‫= ‪I1‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ I1‬‬ ‫‪⇒ I1 = 6.25 A‬‬
‫‪.V1‬‬ ‫‪0.96 × 220‬‬
‫) ‪( 1 : 12‬‬ ‫‪:3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪. ( 15 : 1‬‬
‫‪I .N‬‬ ‫‪1 × 12‬‬
‫= ‪= 2 2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.8 = 80 %‬‬
‫‪I1.N1 15 × 1‬‬
‫)‪(10 : 5‬‬ ‫)‪(N2 : N1‬‬ ‫‪:4‬‬
‫) ‪( 12 V‬‬
‫‪N1 = 5‬‬ ‫‪N2 = 10‬‬ ‫‪V2 = 0 V‬‬
‫‪- 19 -‬‬
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍ ﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍ ﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ‬

‫'‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪P =I .R‬‬
‫‪P1 = I . V1‬‬ ‫‪P2 = I . V2‬‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣ ﺩﺩ ‪‬‬

‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬

‫‪. ( 100 ) %‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ‬

‫‪P12‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪P' = 2 × R‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪P' = I 2 × R‬‬ ‫= ‪I‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪P12‬‬
‫‪P' = 2 × R‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫'‪P‬‬ ‫'‪P‬‬ ‫'‪P‬‬

‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪I2‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫) ‪( 2000 V‬‬ ‫) ‪( 400 K W‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫) ‪. ( 0.5‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫)‪(400000‬‬
‫= '‪P‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪×R‬‬ ‫‪× 0.5 = 20000 W‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪(2000) 2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪400000‬‬
‫= ‪I= 1‬‬ ‫‪= 200 A‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪P2 = P1 − P′ = 400000 − 20000 = 380000 W‬‬
‫‪P2 380000‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1900 V‬‬
‫‪I2‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫‪- 20 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫) ‪: ( 1 -2‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( AC‬‬ ‫) ‪( DC‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻐ ﺍ ﺎﻫﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻻ ﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺷﺪﺗﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍ ﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪...‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫‪V‬‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫ً‬ ‫ﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺩ ﰲ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻬﺪ ﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻐ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

‫) ‪I = I max sin(ωt + φ‬‬ ‫) ‪V = Vmax sin(ωt + φ‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺩﺩ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔ ﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬

‫) ‪( Vrms‬‬ ‫) ‪( Irms‬‬
‫‪Vmax‬‬ ‫‪I max‬‬
‫= ‪Vrms‬‬ ‫= ‪I rms‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(P‬‬ ‫)‪(E‬‬
‫‪P = I 2rms .R‬‬ ‫‪E = I 2rms .R.t‬‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ‬ ‫**‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪I2rms‬‬

‫‪I2rms‬‬ ‫‪I2max‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫‪- 21 -‬‬
 2019 / 2018

: V = +20 sin(100πt ) ( 10 ) :1
V . -1
Vmax 20
Vrms = = = 14 V
2 2
. -2
t V 14.14
I rms = rms = = 1.4 A
R 10
. -3
V 20
I max = max = =2A
R 10
. -4
I = 2 sin(100πt )
. -5
ω 100π
f = = = 50 Hz
2π 2π
. -6
1 1
T= = = 0.02 S
f 50
.( ) -7
P = I 2rms .R = (1.4)3 × 10 ≈ 20 W
. -8
E = P.t = 20 × (2 × 60) = 2400 J

... =- =+ =0 ( )

 
ً
‫ﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍ ﻬﺪ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺘ‬ ‫ ﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺄﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺑ‬

- 22 -
 2019 / 2018

/ /
................. ......... ........ :

-3 -2 -1
: : :
‫ﻟﻮﺣ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻝـه ﺗﺄﺛ ﺣﺜﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﻭﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﱄ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺎ ﺗﺄﺛ ﺣﺜﻲ‬

... = - 90 = + 90 =0

i C = i m sin(ωt ) i L = i m sin(ωt ) i R = i m sin(ωt )

π π VR = Vm sin(ωt )
VC = Vm sin(ωt − ) VL = Vm sin(ωt + )
2 2
: ( XC ) : ( XL ) :(R)
  
  
VC max VC rms VL max VL rms VR max VR rms
XC = = XL = = R= =
i C max i C rms i L max i L rms i R max i R rms
1 1 ρL
XC = = R=
2πfC ωC X L = 2πfL = ωL A
- 23 -
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻚ‬

‫) ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ (‬ ‫) ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ (‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍ ﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪XL‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪XC‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪XL‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪XC‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪XL‬‬ ‫‪f L‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪XC‬‬
‫‪f C‬‬ ‫‪X L = 2π f L = ω L‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪XC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2π f C‬‬ ‫‪ωC‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐ‬

‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪UE‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪C.Vrms‬‬ ‫= ‪UB‬‬ ‫‪L.i 2rms‬‬ ‫‪E = i 2rms .R.t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪UB‬‬ ‫‪XC‬‬ ‫‪XL‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪UB‬‬ ‫‪XC‬‬ ‫‪XL‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪I2rms‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫‪UE‬‬ ‫‪XC‬‬ ‫‪XL‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪V2rms‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪- 24 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﻹﻟﻐﺎء ﺍ ﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ) ‪( L = 0‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐ ﺑﺘﻐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻐ ﺑﺘﻐ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﺍ ﺜﻲ‬

‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﺩﺩ ﻣﺘﻐ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻻ ﺎﻩ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﰲ ﺍ ﻠﻒ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪‬‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫(‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ) ‪ ( f = 0‬ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﱂﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ) ‪X L = 2πfL = 0‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫ﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫ﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺩﺩ ) ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ ( XL‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺩﺩ )ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪( XL‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍ ﻜﺜﻒ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-7‬‬
‫ﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻜﺜﻒ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﺍ ﻜﺜﻒ ﻭ ﺪﺙ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺗﻴﺎﺭ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬ﻷﻥ‬

‫(‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪-8‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪XC‬‬ ‫∞= =‬
‫‪2πfC‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍ ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-9‬‬
‫ﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻲ ﺷﺤﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-10‬‬
‫ﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺩﺩ )ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ (XC‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺩﺩ )ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪(XC‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻊ‬

‫‪- 25 -‬‬
 2019 / 2018

(150) (15) **
‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬ **

‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬ **

‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬

( 0.01 H ) :1

: . i(t) = 2 sin 100π t :

. (
X L = ωL = 100π × 0.01 = 3.14 Ω
. (
I max 2
I rms = = = 1.4 A
2 2
. (
Vrms = I rms × X L = 1.4 × 3.14 = 4.4 V
. (
1 1
UB = L.i 2rms = × 0.01× (1.4) 2 = 9.8 × 10 −3 ≈ 0.01 J
2 2
: ( 400 µF ) :2

: . i = 4 sin 100π t
. (
1 1
XC = = ≈8 Ω
ωC 100π × 400 × 10 −6
. (
I max 4
I rms = = = 2.8 A
2 2
. (
Vrms = I rms × X C = 2.8 × 8 = 22.4 V
. (
1 1
UE = 2
C.Vrms = × 400 × 10 −6 × ( 22.4) 2 = 0.1 J
2 2

- 26 -
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪XL − XC‬‬
‫) ‪VT = V + (VL − VC‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪Z = R + (X L − XC‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫= ‪tan φ‬‬
‫‪R‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻣﺘﻐ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻠﻒ ﺣﺜﻲ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻭﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣ ﺩﺩ‬

‫‪XL = XC‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍ ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﱂﻗﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫= ‪2π f 0 L‬‬
‫‪2π f 0C‬‬
‫ﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻛ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻦ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﱂﻗﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪f‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍ ﻬﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻔﻘ‬
‫‪4π 2 LC‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪f0‬‬
‫‪2π LC‬‬

‫( = ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‪R=(Z‬‬ ‫) ‪VR = ( VT‬‬

‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪- 27 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪XC‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪XL‬‬ ‫)‪(f‬‬ ‫) ‪( XC‬‬ ‫) ‪( XL‬‬ ‫)‪(R‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻧ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻬﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻬﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﺍ ﻬﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻜﻦ ﻭ ﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻛ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍ ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍ ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍ ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍ ﺜﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﱂﻗﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻛ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻦ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ‬

‫‪VL = Vmax sin (θ +45) :‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪X‬‬
‫‪tan 45 = L = 1‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﻖ‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪VC = Vmax sin (θ - 26.5) :‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪− XC‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪tan − 26.5‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺎﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪(0.5 H‬‬ ‫‪(100‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪:1‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(200 V‬‬ ‫)‪(14 µF‬‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪f0‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 60 Hz‬‬
‫‪2π LC‬‬ ‫‪2π 0.5 × 14 × 10‬‬ ‫‪−6‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪Vrms 200‬‬
‫= ‪I rms‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=2A‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪(20‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪:2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪. (10‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‪(100 Ω‬‬ ‫)‪(60 Ω‬‬
‫‪RT = R + RL = 20 + 10 = 30 Ω‬‬
‫‪Z = RT2 + ( X L − X C ) 2 = 30 2 + (100 − 60) 2 = 50 Ω‬‬

‫‪- 28 -‬‬
 2019 / 2018

/ /
................. ......... ........ :
V3 V2 V1 :3
200
( ) Hz (223.6 V)
π
A ( 50 µF )
: .(20 ) (100 mH)
~ . -1
200
X L = 2πfL = 2π × × 100 × 10 −3 = 40 Ω
π
1 1
XC = = = 50 Ω
2πfC 2π × 200 × 50 ×10 −6
π
Z = RT2 + ( X L − X C ) 2 = 20 2 + (40 − 50) 2 = 22.36 Ω
.( ) -2
Vrms 223.6
I rms = = = 10 A
Z 22.36
. -3
X L - X C 40 − 50
tan θ = = ⇒ θ = −26.5o ‫ﺍ ﻬﺪ ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
R 20
. ( V1 ) -4
VR = I rms × R = 10 × 20 = 200 V
. ( V2 ) -5
VC = I rms × X C = 10 × 50 = 500 V
. ( V3 ) -6
VL = I rms × X L = 10 × 40 = 400 V
-7
1
XL = XC =
2πfC
1
40 = ⇒ C = 6.25 × 10 −5 F
200
2π × ×C
π
( ) -8
X C = X L = 2πfL
200
50 = 2π × ×L ⇒ L = 125 × 10 −3 H
π
- 29 -
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫) ‪: ( 1 -1‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍ ﺮﻣﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫**‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺕﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻱ ﺇﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﻔﺰ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬

‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ‬ ‫‪‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ‬ ‫)‪(B‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍ ﻈﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫)‪(C‬‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﻳ ﻙ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻳﺴﻤﻲ ﺛﻘﺐ ) ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ( ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍ ﺎﻝ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪‬ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱄ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ‪‬‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﻞ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫‪(3)eV‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ‪( 3 ) e V‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫) ‪ : ( A‬ﻻﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫) ‪ : ( B‬ﺷﺒﺔ ﻓﻠﺰ‬

‫) ‪ : ( C‬ﻓﻠﺰ‬

‫‪- 30 -‬‬
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻏ ﻣﻮﺻﻞﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻈﻮﺭ ﺑ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﺍ ﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍ ﺮﻣﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺒ ﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻐ ﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ‪ (4) eV‬ﺇﱄ ‪(12) eV‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺇﱄ ﺃﻗﻞ ‪(4) eV‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﺓ ) ﺻﻔﺮ (‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﺎﻕﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﺇﱄ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬

‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱄ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬

‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻛ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍ ﻈﻮﺭﺓ ‪‬‬
‫‪-5‬‬
‫ً‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺒ ﺟﺪﺍ‪‬‬
‫‪-6‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ‬

‫‪ni + p i‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫**‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫**‬
‫)‪(n‬‬ ‫)‪(P‬‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍ‬

‫) ‪( 1.2 x 1010 / cm3‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬

‫) ‪. ( 1.1 eV‬‬ ‫) ‪( 300 K‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪( cm3‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫‪ni + pi = 2×( 1.2 x 1010 )= ( 2.4×1010 ) / cm3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪( 6.4 x 1011 / cm3‬‬ ‫‪:2‬‬
‫‪pi= (3.2 × 1011) / cm3‬‬
‫‪- 31 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺃﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

‫‪P - type‬‬ ‫‪N - type‬‬

‫‪Si‬‬ ‫‪Si‬‬

‫‪Si‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪Si‬‬ ‫‪Si‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪Si‬‬

‫‪Si‬‬ ‫‪Si‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﻌﻢ ﺍﻝﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻌﻢ ﺍﻝﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻻﻓﻠﺰ ﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ‪ -‬ﺍ ﺎﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ – ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻧﻴﺦ ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻧﺘﻴﻤﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ‪ 3‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ‪ 4‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﻘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺇﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﺣﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍ ﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍ ﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ‬

‫‪Na + ni + pi‬‬ ‫‪Nd + ni + pi‬‬

‫ﺫﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻑﺗﻪ ﺇﱄ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺛﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻑﺗﻪ ﺇﱄ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺇﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﺣﺮ‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍ ﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ ‪‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻻﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(P‬‬ ‫)‪(N‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍ ﻄﻌﻤﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍ ﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺷﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ‬ ‫**‬

‫‪ 15‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪- 32 -‬‬
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫) ‪( 1.4 x 1014 / cm3‬‬ ‫‪:2‬‬ ‫)‪(2.4 x 1013 / cm3‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬

‫) ‪( 8 x 1020 / cm3‬‬ ‫) ‪( 7.2 x 1018 / cm3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪Na+ni+pi = 7.0000028 x 1020 / cm3‬‬ ‫‪Nd+ni+pi = 7.200048 x 1018 / cm3‬‬

‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍ ﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍ ﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻠﺘﺤﻢ ﺑﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺐ‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﺎﻥ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫‪‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬

‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻻﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﻼﻙ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫(‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻘﺪﺕ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫( ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫( ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬

‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V= E× d‬‬ ‫(‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬

‫ﻨﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﺍ‬

‫) ‪. ( 0.6 V‬‬ ‫) ‪( 0.4 mm‬‬ ‫(‬

‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1500 V/m‬‬
‫‪d 0.4 × 10‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ‪‬‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻨﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪- 33 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍ‬ ‫) ‪( Eex‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ‬ ‫) ‪( Ein‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬

‫)‪(I‬‬

‫)‪(V‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺮﻭﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ‬

‫ﺩﺩ ﺇﱄ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ‪‬‬ ‫ﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫**‬
‫‪- 34 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍ‬
‫ﺍ ﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻘﻞ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭ ﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍ ﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﺍ‬
‫ﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ ﻭ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍ ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭ ﻻ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍ ﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺩﺩ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻭﻛﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺩ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫) (‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫) (‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬

‫ّ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺏ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ ﻴﺎﺯ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍ ﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ‬

‫**‬
‫) (‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫‪- 35 -‬‬
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫) ‪: ( 2 -1‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫‪‬ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺗ‬

‫ﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﻣﻀﺨﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫**‬

‫‪NPN‬‬ ‫‪PNP‬‬

‫‪NPN‬‬

‫ﻤﻊ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺎﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺷﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓ‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﻛﺔ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺃﻛ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓ‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﻛﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺃﻛ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻲ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﻊ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ – ﺍ‬

‫ﻤﻊ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ – ﺍ‬

‫ﻤﻊ – ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪:‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﺸ ﻙ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ ﺍ ﺸ ﻙ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍ ﺸ ﻛﺔ‬

‫‪IE = IB + IC :‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺎﻛﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺃﻛ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺮ ﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺒ‬

‫‪- 36 -‬‬
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪NPN‬‬ ‫‪PNP‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍ ﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺍ ﻴﺎﺯ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺍ ﻴﺎﺯ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺍ ﻴﺎﺯ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬

‫‪IC‬‬
‫‪IC‬‬ ‫=‪β‬‬
‫‪IB‬‬
‫‪IB‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪IC‬‬
‫=‪α‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪IE‬‬
‫‪IC‬‬ ‫‪IC‬‬ ‫‪IC‬‬
‫=‪α‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪⇒ IC = β IB‬‬
‫‪IE‬‬ ‫‪IC + IB‬‬
‫‪IE‬‬
‫‪β IB‬‬ ‫‪β‬‬
‫=‪α‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪β IB + IB‬‬ ‫‪β +1‬‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬

‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪- 37 -‬‬
 2019 / 2018

/ /
................. ......... ........ :
(95 %) (40 mA) :1
I C = 0.95 × I E = 0.95 × 40 = 38 mA . ( : .
I B = I E − I C = 40 − 38 = 2 mA
. (
I C 38
β= = = 19
IB 2
. (
IC 38
α= = = 0.95
IE 40
(150 µA) (2 mA) :2
I C = I E − I B = (2 ×10-3 ) − (150 ×10 −6 ) = 1.85 ×10 −3 A . (

I C 1.85 × 10 −3
β= = = 12
I B 150 × 10 −6
. (
I C 1.85 × 10 −3
α= = = 0.925
IE 2 × 10 −3
. (40) (80 mA) :3
. (
IC 80
IB = = = 2 mA
β 40
. (
I E = I C + I B = 80 + 2 = 82 mA
. (
I C 80
α= = = 0.975
I E 82
. . (0.9) :4
α 0.9
β= = =9
1 − α 1 − 0.9
(100) (1V) (0.7 V) (VBE) (VCE = 20 V) :5
. . (10 mA)
I C = β × I C = 100 × 10 = 1000 mA
I E = I B + I C = 1000 + 10 = 1010 mA
- 38 -
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫) ‪: ( 1 -1‬‬

‫) ‪10-3 x ( g‬‬ ‫) ‪10-3 x ( m‬‬

‫) ‪10-10 x ( AO‬‬ ‫) ‪10-9 x ( n‬‬ ‫) ‪10-6 x ( µ‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫)‪(J‬‬ ‫‪1.6 x 10 19 X‬‬ ‫)‪(ev‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫)‪(J‬‬ ‫‪106 x 1.6 x 10 19‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫)‪(Mev‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻤﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍ ﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﱄ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﺎﺩﺓ ﻻ‬
‫ﺮ )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺒﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﻭﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻴﺦ ﺍ ﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﺍﻷ‬
‫ﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺈﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺻﻐ ﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ )ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻲ(‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺍ ﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺍ ﺴﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫**‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍ ﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺗﻘ ﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻳﻌﺘ ﺟﺰءﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﺍ ﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﺍ ﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍ ﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻭﺍ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻲ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺃﻭ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻼ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍ ﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻏ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻏ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪‬‬
‫‪- 39 -‬‬
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺺ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻭﻻ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺇ ﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻥ‬
‫ً‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻩ‬

‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪hc‬‬
‫‪E = hf‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫= ‪f‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‪E‬‬
‫*‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬

‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﱄ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺴﺘﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑ‬

‫‪E = Eout - Ein‬‬ ‫)‪( E‬‬ ‫**‬

‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍ ﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ 1‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍ ﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﺑ‬ ‫) ‪( eV‬‬

‫‪C = 3 x 108 m / s‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪h = 6.6 x 10-34 J‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪e = - 1.6 x 10-19 C‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( E1 = - 3.4 eV‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫) ‪. ( E2 = - 13.6 eV‬‬
‫) ‪. ( eV‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪∆E = Eout − Ein = −3.4 − (−13.6) = 10.2 e.V‬‬
‫)‪.(J‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪∆E = 10.2 × 1.6 × 10-19 = 16.32 ×10-19 J‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪E 16.32 × 10 − 19‬‬
‫= ‪f‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪− 34‬‬
‫‪= 2.47 × 1015 Hz‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪6.6 × 10‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪3 × 108‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.2 × 10 −7 m‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪2.47 × 10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬

‫‪- 40 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺿﻮء ﻟﻪ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﺃﻣﻴ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﺍ ﺴﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫**‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﻭ ﻳﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍ ﻴﻜﺮﻭﺃﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ ﺇﱄ ﺍ‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻛ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻴﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺪﺙ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺒﻄﺊ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻷﻥ ﻳﻨﺸﺊ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺗﻘﺎﱄ‬ ‫–‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷ‬
‫)‪( f‬‬ ‫)‪(f‬‬
‫)‪(E‬‬ ‫)‪(E‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫) (‬

‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺿﻮء ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ‬

‫ﻟﻮﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺿﻮء ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

‫ﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ‬ ‫ﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫ﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ‬ ‫ﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻟﻠ ﺩﺩ‬

‫ﺃﻛ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪‬‬

‫) ‪( f > fo‬‬ ‫) ‪( f < fo‬‬

‫‪E = Φ + KE‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪hf = hf o + m.v 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪hc‬‬
‫‪= hf o + e.Vcut‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬
‫‪- 41 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪ :‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ‪ -‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ‪ -‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫‪-3‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬

‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪½m‬‬ ‫‪KE‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬

‫‪KE‬‬ ‫‪KE‬‬

‫‪Vcut‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪fo‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ) ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻥ ( ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء )ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ‬

‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱄ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻛ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺭﺓ‬

‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﺘﻠﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻛ ﻓﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻃﻊ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﻻﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻐ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻐ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻥ‪‬‬

‫‪-5‬‬
‫ﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺺ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻃﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ‬

‫‪- 42 -‬‬
2019 / 2018

/ /
................. ......... ........ :
14 15
: . ( 9.92 x10 Hz ) ( 1.5 x 10 Hz ) :1
. (1

E = hf = 6.6 ×10 −34 ×1.5 ×1015 = 9.9 ×10 −19 J

. (2

φ = hf 0 = 6.6 ×10 −34 × 9.92 ×1014 = 6.5 ×10 −19 J

. (3

KE = E − φ = 3.4 ×10 −19 J

. (4

2 KE 2 × 3.4 ×10 −19

V= = −31
= 864437.8 m/s
m 9.1×10
. ( ) (5

KE 3.4 × 10-19
Vcut = = = 2.125 V
e 1.6 × 10-19
. (6
‫ﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﻷﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺃﻛ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ‬

: . ( 3.3 ev ) ( 200 nm ) :2
. (1

φ
3.3 ×1.6 ×10 −19
fo = = = 8 × 1014
Hz
h 6.6 ×10 -34

. (2

6.6 ×10 −34 × 3 ×108

hc
E= = = 9.9 ×10 −19 J
λ 200 ×10 −9

. (3

KE = E − φ = (9.9 × 10 −19 ) - ( 3.3 × 1.6 × 10 −19 ) = 4.6 × 10 −19 J

. (4
2 KE 2 × 4.6 ×10 −19
V= = = 1005479.4 m/s
m 9.1×10 −31
- 43 -
 2019 / 2018

( 4400 AO ) :3
-19
. (1 : . ( 1.2 x10 J)

6.6 ×10 −34 × 3 ×108

hc
E= = = 4.5 ×10 −19 J
λ 4400 ×10 −10

. (2
φ = E − KE = 3.3 ×10 −19 J

: **
* Fe = FC
Kq 2 mv 2 Kq 2
* 2 = ⇒ v = 2

r r mr
nh n 2h 2
* L n = mv n rn = ⇒ m v n rn =
2 2 2

2 4 2
2
2 Kq n 2h 2
* m ( )rn =
2

mr 4 2
n 2h 2
* m ( Kq ) rn =
2

4 2
h2
* rn = n ⋅
2
⇒ rn = n 2 r1
4 2 ⋅ m Kq 2
rn ‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍ ﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ **

**

n2 ‫ﺍ ﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ **

25 r1 9 r1 ( r1 ) **
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﻮﺭ‬ **
-11
. ( 47.61 x 10 m) :1
-11
. ( : . ( r1 = 5.29 x10 m)
rn
n2 = =9⇒n =3
r1
. (
−34
nh 2 × 6.6 × 10
Ln = = = 2.1× 10 −34 Kg.m 2 /s
2π 2π
- 44 -
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫) ‪: ( 1 -2‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻤﻮﻉ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻭﻱ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴ ﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪ ( N‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫) ‪ ( P‬ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬ ‫**‬

‫‪A‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪N=A-Z :‬‬ ‫)‪(N‬‬ ‫**‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫**‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺃﻛ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟ ﻛﻴﺐ ﺍ ﺘﻤﻞ ﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺪ ﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻩ‪‬‬

‫‪V = A V0‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪m = A m0‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4 3‬‬
‫= ‪V0‬‬ ‫‪r0‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪R = A r0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪M Am0‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.3 × 1017 Kg / m3‬‬ ‫(‪:‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪AV0‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ‪C‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫)‪(a.m.u‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ‬

‫‪- 45 -‬‬
2019 / 2018

R V m

1
A A 3 A A

195
: . 78 Pt ( r0 = 1.2 x 10-15 m , m0 = 1.66 x 10-27 Kg ) :1
: (1
N = A − Z = 195 − 78 = 117
: (2
m = Am0 = 195 × 1.66 × 10 −27 = 3.2 × 10 −25 Kg
: (3
1 1
R = A r0 = 195 × 1.2 × 10 −15 = 6.95 × 10 −15 m
3 3

: (4
4 3 4
V0 = r0 = × (1.2 × 10 -15 ) 3 = 7.23 × 10 − 45 m 3
3 3
: (5
V = AV0 = 195 × 7.23 × 10 −45 = 1.4 × 10 −42 m 3
: (6
M Am0
= = = 2.3 × 1017 Kg / m3
V AV0
189 1
76 os 3 :2
1 1
1 1
RX = × ROS ⇒ A r = × A OS
3
X 0
3
r0
3 3
1 1
1
A 3
X = × 189 3 ⇒ AX = 7
3
Er = m C2 ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺴﻴﻢ ﺍ ﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ‬

( 3 x 108 m/s ) . ( 1 g) :1
−3 9 × 1013
Er = mC = (1× 10 ) × (3 × 10 ) = 9 × 10
2 8 2 13
J= −13
= 5.625 × 10 26 MeV
1.6 × 10
- 46 -
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﻗﺼ ﺓ ﺍ ﺪﻯ ﺕﻧﺸﺄ ﺑ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻗﺼ ﺓ ﺍ ﺪﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﺒ ﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ‪‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫(‬
‫‪. N=Z‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﱄ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻛ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪( Z > 82‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﺒ ﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑ‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ً‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻭﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻝﻧﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﺼﻼ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻧﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺘﺤﺮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻠﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﻻﻥ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱄ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻧﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫) ‪( 10 X‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫)‪(120 Mev‬‬ ‫) ‪( 15 Y‬‬ ‫)‪(100 Mev‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪‬ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ) ‪ ( X‬ﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻧﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﻮﻛﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻛ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ) ‪( Y‬‬

‫( ‪‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=)‬

‫‪m = (Z mp + N mn ) − mX‬‬

‫) ‪E b = m C 2 × (931.5 MeV / C 2‬‬

‫‪Eb‬‬
‫= ‪E 'b‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪- 47 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﻮ ﻛﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻧﻮﻭﻳﺔ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻛ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﻮ ﻛﻠﻴﻮﻥ ‪‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪( 120 – 40‬‬
‫‪‬ﻷﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﺒ ﺓ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪( 40‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﻮ ﻛﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺣ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪( 120‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-6‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﻮ ﻛﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺣ‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﻥ ‪ -‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫**‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪Mev‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Be‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪He‬‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪79‬‬ ‫‪196‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪฀‬‬ ‫‪฀ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪฀‬‬ ‫‪฀‬‬
‫‪235‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪. 92‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫) ‪MU = ( 234.9934 a.m.u‬‬ ‫‪:1‬‬
‫) ‪( mN = 1.00866 a.m.u ) ( mp = 1.00727 a.m.u‬‬
‫‪N = A − Z = 235 − 92 = 143‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪m = ( Z m p + N m n ) − m X = (92 ×1.00727 + 143 ×1.00866) − 234.9934 = 1.9138 amu‬‬
‫‪E b = mC2 × (931.5 MeV / C 2 ) = 1.9138 × 931.5 = 1782.7 MeV‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪E b 1782.7‬‬
‫= ‪E 'b‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 7.58 MeV‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪235‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪Ca‬‬ ‫) ‪( 8.55 Mev/nucleon‬‬ ‫‪:2‬‬
‫‪E b = E 'b × A = 8.55 × 40 = 342 MeV‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪Eb‬‬ ‫‪342‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.367 amu‬‬
‫‪931.5 931.5‬‬
‫‪m X = ( Z m p + N m n ) − m = (20 ×1.00727 + 20 ×1.00866) − 0.367 = 39.95 amu‬‬
‫‪- 48 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫) ‪: ( 2 -2‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫**‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺿﻤﺤﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻷﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻏ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍ ﺸﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍ ﺸﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻀﺮﺓ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻮ ﺎ ﺇﱄ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻫﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﻏ ﺧﻄ ﺓ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻟﻜ ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍ ﻮﺍء‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍ ﺎﺩﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﺬﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍ ﺎﺩﺙ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱄ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﺏﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺭﺫﺭﻓﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺇﱄ ﺛﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠ‬ ‫‪‬ﻗﺬﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴ ﻭﺟ‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪He +14‬‬
‫‪7 N → 8 O +1 H + E‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫** ﻗﻮﺍﻧ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫**‬

‫‪230‬‬ ‫‪88‬‬
‫‪234‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪X → AZY + 42 He‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪- 49 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﺒ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪e‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍ ﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ ‪He‬‬
‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻋﺪ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺻﻐ ﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺒ ﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﺪ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍ ﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﺃﻛ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺤﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺤﺮﻑ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱄ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﻤﺤﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﱄ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ ﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪4‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ ﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪2‬‬

‫ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎ‬ ‫( ‪ :‬ﺟﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫**‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱄ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧ‬ ‫‪‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍ ﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧ‬

‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻹﻟﻜ ﻭﻥ ) ‪ ( -‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪‬‬

‫(÷ ) ‪( 4‬‬ ‫=)‬ ‫**‬

‫(‬ ‫(– ) ‪X 2‬‬ ‫=)‬ ‫**‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪234‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪X → 214‬‬
‫‪80Y + 5 2 He‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪238‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪X → 238‬‬
‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬

‫‪86Y + 2 He + γ‬‬
‫‪X → 226‬‬
‫‪230‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪88‬‬

‫‪222‬‬ ‫‪234‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫**‬

‫‪- 50 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍ ﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺤﻞ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺸﻊ ﺣ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ‪ -2‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ ‪ -3‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺘﻨﻴﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺰﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺖﺣﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍ ﺸﻊ‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫½‪t‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍ ﺸﻊ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍ ﺸﻊ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫**‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻ ﻼﻝ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻏ ﺍ ﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫) ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ (‬ ‫) ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ (‬
‫‪235‬‬ ‫‪238‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫‪92‬‬‫‪U‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬‫‪U‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪t‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍ ﻴﻂ‬

‫(‪‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪15‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪:1‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫→‪1‬‬ ‫→ → → →‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8 16‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪t 15‬‬
‫= = ‪t 12‬‬ ‫‪=3 h‬‬
‫‪n 5‬‬
‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫)‪(1×10 mg‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‪7‬‬ ‫)‪(8×10 mg‬‬ ‫‪:2‬‬
‫‪8 ×10 −4 → 4 ×10 −4 → 2 ×10 −4 → 1×10 −4‬‬
‫‪t = n × t 12 = 3 × 7 = 21 day‬‬

‫)½ ‪(t = 5 t‬‬ ‫‪. t=0‬‬ ‫)‪(24 g‬‬ ‫‪:3‬‬

‫‪n =5‬‬
‫‪24 → 12 → 6 → 3 → 1.5 → 0.75 g‬‬

‫‪- 51 -‬‬
 2019 / 2018

/ /
................. ......... ........ :

m = mr – mp – =

E = mC2 x ( 931.5 MeV / C2 )

4 A 238
: . 2 He Z Th 92 U :1
(4.0026 a.m.u) (234.0435 a.m.u) (238.0508 a.m.u)
. (
238
92 U → 234
90Th + 2 He + E
4

. (
m = m r - m p = 238.0508 − (234.0435 + 4.0026) = 4.7 × 10 −3 amu
E = mC2 × (931.5 MeV / C 2 ) = 4.7 × 10 −3 × 931.5 = 4.378 MeV

: :2
235
92 U + 01 n →88
38 Sr + 54 Xe + x 0 n
136 1
:
(mU = 235.0439 a.m.u) (mn = 1.00866 a.m.u) (mSr = 87.9056 a.m.u) (mXe = 135.9072 a.m.u)
. (
X = (235 + 1) − (88 + 136) = 12
. (
m = mr - mp
m = (235.0439 + 1.00866) − (87.9056 + 135.9072 + 12 × 1.00866) = 0.1358 amu
E = mC2 × (931.5 MeV / C 2 ) = 0.1358 × 931.5 = 126.5 MeV
(
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺮﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱄ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ‬

(
‫ﻜﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬

( 0.1 MeV ) :3
. 2
1 H + H → He :
2
1
4
2

. (mHe = 4.0026 a.m.u) (mH = 2.0141 a.m.u )

m = m r - m p = (2 × 2.0141) − (4.0026) = 0.0256 amu
E = mC2 × (931.5 MeV / C 2 ) = 0.0256 × 931.5 = 23.846 MeV
E T = E + 2KE = 23.846 + (2 × 0.1) = 24.046 MeV

- 52 -
‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫) ‪: ( 3 -2‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪................. ......... ........‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱄ ﺗﻐ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺢﺍﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺻﻐ ﺓ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺃﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﻮﻭﻱ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻏ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ) ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻏ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ (‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻒ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﻭﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱄ ﻧﻮﺍﺗ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍ ﺪﺭﻭﺟ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺒﻠﺔ ﺍ ﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﱄ ﻣﻼﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫ﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍ ﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱄ ﺍﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪n + 235‬‬
‫‪92 U → 56 Ba + 36 Kr + 30 n + E‬‬
‫‪144‬‬ ‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪235‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪U‬‬
‫‪92‬‬

‫ﻗﺬﻳﻔﺔ ﻟﺸﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺇﺑﻄﺎء ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍ ﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬

‫ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫**‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫**‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍ ﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬ ‫**‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻄﻲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻛ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱄ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬

‫‪- 53 -‬‬
 ‫‪2019 / 2018‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍ ﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍ ﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺑ‬

‫‪-5‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻮﻝ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱄ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-7‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻮﻝ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺇﱄ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-8‬‬
‫ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻨﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍ ﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-9‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﻳﺔ ‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪-10‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬

‫‪- 54 -‬‬
2019 / 2018

cm ÷ 100 → m
gm ÷1000 → Kg
mm ÷ 1000 → m
min × 60 → S cm 2 ÷ 100 2 → m 2
hr × 3600 → S mm 2 ÷ 1000 2 → m 2

mA × 10 −3 → A µC ×10 −6 → C

nm × 10 -9 → m amu × 931.5 → MeV

A o × 10 -10 → m eV ×1.6 ×10-19 → J

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧ‬

φ = NBA cos θ
∆φ
ε =− ( )
∆t
∆φ
ε = −N ( )
∆t
ε = ± BLV
ε = NBAω sin θ
F = qVB sin θ
F = I L B sin θ
τ = NBAI sin θ
P = F ×V
P = I ×ε
∆I
ε = −L ⋅
∆t
∆I
ε 2 = −M ⋅ 1
∆t

- 55 -
 2019 / 2018

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭ ﺍ ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ‬

ε 2 V2 N 2 I 2
= = =
ε 1 V1 N1 I1
P2 I 2 .V2 I 2 .N 2
= = =
P1 I1.V1 I1.N1
P12
P' = 2 × R
V1
I
I rms = max
2
Vmax
Vrms =
2
P = I 2rms .R
E = I 2rms .R.t
VT = VR2 + (VL − VC ) 2

Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
XL − XC
tan φ =
R
1
f0 =
2π LC

‫ﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍ‬

i C = i m sin(ωt ) i L = i m sin(ωt ) i R = i m sin(ωt )

π π
VC = Vm sin(ωt − ) VL = Vm sin(ωt + ) VR = Vm sin(ωt )
2 2
VC max VC rms VL max VL rms VR max VR rms
XC = = XL = = R= =
i C max i C rms i L max i L rms i R max i R rms
1 1 ρL
XC = = R=
2πfC ωC X L = 2πfL = ωL A
1 1
UE = 2
C.Vrms UB = L.i 2rms E = i 2rms .R.t
2 2

- 56 -
2019 / 2018

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧ‬

hc
E = hf =

∆E = E out - E in
E = Φ + KE
1
hf = hf o + m.v 2
2
hc
= hf o + e.Vcut
λ
rn = n 2 r1
nh
Ln =
2π
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧ‬
N =A−Z
m = Am o
V = AVo
1
R = A ro 3

4 3
V0 = r0
3
E r = mC 2
m = (Z mp + N mn ) − mX
E b = m C 2 × (931.5 MeV/C 2 )
Eb
E 'b =
A
t
t 12 =
n
m = mr − mP
E = m C 2 × (931.5 MeV/C 2 )
- 57 -
2019 / 2018

( 12)

-2 -1

(+)

∆φ
*ε =− B
∆t L

∆NBA cos θ
*ε =− X
∆t ∆φ ∆B ⋅ A
*ε = − =−
∆ cos θ ∆t ∆t
*ε = − NBA ⋅
∆t ∆B ⋅ l.x
*ε = −
∆θ ∆t
*ε = − NBA ⋅ ( )(− sin θ ) ∆x
∆t *ε = −B l
∆t
*ε = NBAω sin θ ∆x
*v =
* ε = ε max sin θ ∆t
*ε = −B l v
-4 -3
1
* XC * XL f
f
1 * XL L
* XC
C * XL f L
1
* XC * X L = 2π f L = ω L
f C
1 1
* XC = =
2π f C ω C

- 58 -
2019 / 2018

-6 -5
* XL = XC
IC
*α = 1
IE * 2π f 0 L =
* IE = IC + IB 2π f 0C

*α =
IC * 4π 2 f 02 LC = 1
IC + IB
1
* IC = β IB *f =2

4π 2 LC
0
β IB
*α = 1
β IB + IB * f0 =
β 2π LC
*α =
β +1
-7
* Fe = FC
Kq 2 mv 2 Kq 2
* 2 = ⇒ v = 2

r r mr
2 2
nh n h
* L n = mv n rn = ⇒ m 2 v 2n rn2 =
2 4 2
2 2 2
Kq n h
* m2 ( )rn2 =
mr 4 2
2 2
n h
* m ( Kq ) rn =
2

4 2
h2
* rn = n ⋅ 2
2
⇒ rn = n 2 r1
4 ⋅ m Kq 2

- 59 -