1. . . .

1.1. ( ). ,

, :KPNLKKN
SдK,L,N, ж - / ( 4)
- ;
,
, /
/ / /,
.
(6198.233) :
10 3 102 101 100 . 10-1 10-2 10-3

6 1 9 8 . 2 3 3
Ця Д

 : S{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}  10
(decimal, DEC)
: 9 0 1 3
3.100
1.101 9.103+0.102+1.101+3.100=9013DEC
0.102
9.103

 : S{0,1}  2 (bТnarв, BIN, %)

: 1 0 0 1 1
1.20
1.21 10011BIN=1.24+0.23+0.22+
0.22 +1.21 +1.20=19DEC
0.23
1.24

 : S{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}  8 (octal,
OCT)

9
 А.Т , В.М , К.М , Ръ . .

: 6 7 2 0 2
2.80
0.81
2.82 67202OCT=6.84+7.83+2.82+0.81+
+2.80=28290DEC
7.83
6.84
 :
S{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F}  16 / 0 9
A F (Hexadecimal, HEX, $)
: 3 F B 4
4.160
11.161
15.162 A3FB4HEX=10.164+3.163+15.162
3.163 +11.161 +4.160=671668DEC
10.164
З : F
, . . A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15.
 - /BCD /:
S{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}  0 9
( ).

Д : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

BCD : 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

1.2. – ,

2n-1 2n-2 2n-3 2n-4 22 21 20

1 0 0 1 ...... 1 0 1
- -
(Most Significant Bit – MSB) (Least Significant Bit – LSB)

>> :
: 110.01BIN  6.25DEC  6.4HEX

10
 .К …

: 1 1 0 . 0 1
1.22 + 1.21 + 0.20 + 0.2-1 + 1.2-2 = 6.25DEC

>> :
: 219DEC  11011011BIN  DBHEX
ъ ъ
219 : 2 = 109 1 (LSB) 13 : 2 = 6 1
109 : 2 = 54 1 6 : 2 = 3 0
54 : 2 = 27 0 3 : 2 = 1 1
27 : 2 = 13 1 1 : 2 = 0 1 (MSB)
! ,
0. Д
.
>> :
: 2 HEX  %1011 0010 1010
2 HEX =1011 0010 1010

B 2 

1.3. , ъ
- . . ” ”
( - )
: 5 , , 4-
 0101BIN

ъ :
(1) ъ ( ъ , sign and
magnitude) - - ,
(0 - „+”, 1 - „−”),
- ( ) .
: +5DEC  0, 0101 (
)
−5DEC  1, 0101
(2) (one’s complement):

2N−1. Ф
(
11
 А.Т , В.М , К.М , Ръ . .

). −(2N−1−1) (2N−1−1),
N , . +0 -0:
00000000 (+0) 11111111 (−0).
: +41DEC  0,0101001BIN
−41DEC  1,10101101’s

(3) ъ (two’s complement):

2N. Ф –
„1”
, . К

,
.
: +52DEC  0110100BIN
−52DEC  10011002’s
1.4. ,
>> :
,
.
: 9DEC (1001BIN) 4DEC
(0100BIN):
+9  0 1 0 0 1 -
+4  0 0 1 0 0 -
+13  0 1 1 0 1 -

t .
,
. ,
.
: BCD :
45  0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
33  0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
78  0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 - BCD (2- )

12
 .К …

,
6 (0110BIN),
„ ” .
>> :

,
. Ч
- ,
– ( 1)
( 0).

, „ ”.
: 91001-
11  1 0 1 1 -
1 0 0 1 - 1-
1 0 0 1 - 2-
0000 - 3- ( )
1001 - 4-
99  1 1 0 0 0 1 1 -
>> :

, - ,
„ ”
– 1 ( ) 0 (
). , ,
.
: 1 0 0 1 : 1 1 = 0 0 1 1 (9:3 = 3)
011
0011
0011
0
: 1 0 1 0,0 : 1 0 0 = 0 0 1 0,1 (10:4 = 2,5)
100
00100
00100
0

13
 А.Т , В.М , К.М , Ръ . .

1.5. ъ
– ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange).

: 7- ( .1): -
,

. 8-
,
( .2).

( .1): CR  0D h  68
S  53 [  5B

.1 .2

14
 .К …

1. ъ 0 15
( 10, 2, 8, 16 BCD ):
- -
DEC BIN % OCT @ HEX $
/BCD /
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

2.
:
541DEC= ...................................................BIN
1011,101 BIN= ..........................................BCD
100110 BIN=..............................................DEC
11110011,0101BIN=..................................DEC
25,375DEC=................................................BIN
54,31OCT=..................................................BIN
2AFHEX=....................................................DEC 4 81HEX=..............................................DEC
1110100110BIN=.......................................HEX
2745,214DEC= .........................................BIN
372OCT=....................................................BIN
0,110001BIN=….……..............................DEC
632,8510=...............................................BIN
11010,1011BIN=.....................................OCT
356HEX=.................................................DEC
9F2HEX=................................................BIN

3. ъ :
4 DEC - .............. −47 DEC - .............

4. - (BCD)
:

874DEC= ..................................................BCD 94,3DEC= ………...........................BCD

0110100000111001BCD = .......................DEC 011111000001BCD=......................DEC

15
 А.Т , В.М , К.М , Ръ . .

5. ъ ,
ъ :

+9 -4 = ..........................BIN −9 -4 = ..........................BIN

−9 +4 = ..........................BIN −9 +9 = .........................BIN

6. ъ - (BCD)
( 6):
+5 +4= ........................................BCD +45 +33= .......................BCD

+6 +7= ........................................BCD +47 +35= .......................BCD

7. :

1101 1001

8. :

1010,0 100

9. ASCII
, ( . .1 .2).

16