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103 J GO .,S9O / Gh d .<# $ G H .9t
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n n 6 n n n l 8 n n n no 8n k n n
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8
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:jqR GL G )$s DL G J2b )1 J$q E# )1 u G J2b :)844/230 J( 3cV# )1 )1PE G
jqR GL G u G J2b L_& G 354
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q q
O .0R )1 2q !b )1 J$q E# )1 u G J2b J$q E# u G J2b J$E# .1 C = H .+. G J2b )1 u G J2b
q q
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174 ,171 274 :)841-3/227
q q q
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q n r n
-5/374 J( %!c$ G 2q k.V G -0r .n !Yk )1 A .\b
206 :)984 q q
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u G J2b )$DL G J2b .1 C = O.cP# )1 u G J2b 2q O.\ G
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399 ,308 ,193 ,171 ,136 2q O.\ G L GLq P G
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jqO GJf2 G 2q # 0P G )PE G :)838/223 J( jqL\(r G LLl G )1
q
L_& G :jO GJf2 G 2q # 0P G /O.# )1 u G J2b 142
jqO GJf2 G 2q # 0P G )PE G .1 C s
J2b )$DL G J2b .1 C = cQ .2$ G )1 u G J2b
J1 . G .1 C = sS#O "+ C )# I1R v!$ G J2b 2q $1$9 G 2q M(E G FX Gh )1 cQ .2$ G )1 u G
o
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q
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248 :)769 u G J2b %O .r G .1 C L_& G :J$q E# )1 u G J2b
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147 U . HR $ G : O L ,k
6 :)729 531 ,504 ,496 ,456

u G J2b )1 7#Lub u G J2b .1 C = 7#Lub J2b L_& G :gF .V G )1 Lu1 )1 JD G. G J2b
J( S .2q b )1 G / .# 2q &J$ G jqL1L2 G Lu1 )1 JD G. G
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JD G. G J2b :jQ .1q P G 2q !b )1 JD G. G J2b
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q q o
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q q
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100 :jqL2uc G J$D C :)990/380 J( 2q & .,2U) G jqR GL1S G
545 :2q \O G. G J$D C )1 2q !b 378 ,305
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q q
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q q
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q
183 J( 2q [.n E G 2q !2? G IJ?& )1 H .+. G
q
312 :jR GL G Llc> )1 2q !b 390 :)846-7/232
27 :)1PD )1 2q !b 418 ,153 :%O .r G )1 ShJ2b
q q q q
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J( )0J1 .c G )0M1 ahLc$ G 3 .[ 21 C )1 321
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q
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528 ,522 ,155 :2 H!2 G IO . 9q
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q q q
q q
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q q
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1 O.# L$b 1C .\P2 G b .XL G Llc> )1 /O.#

q o
q q
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189 ,187 :2$ ah G / 156
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539 :2! ?c G J$D C )1 L9(b sk.$ G
q
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q
) 2 !1 b
27 ,6 :)e 0P G -1! b( / P1b
q
142 :)878-9/265 J( jO G Jf2 G
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Z 321
q q
1 0f .0LtR 1 J$E# 1 0f L$b WlD .1 C .R )1 J$D C )1 L$b
q q
q q
J( 2 G ) = 2 G = ) 1+
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q
jO G Jf2 G ) 1+ .R ) 1 f .$<b ) 1 J$D C ) 1
149 U . HR $ G : O L ,k
b a
q q q q
jQ .1P G S .2c G .1 C L_& G = %O .r G SQ .k )31\ G .1 C h C( %O .r G .1 C = SQ .k
q q
)1 %O .r G J12b .1 C = "1b .$OE )1 %O .r G /340 J( jO GJf2 G jQ.(0J G /P1b )1
q
156 :)935/323 J( 2q 2Y G "1b .$OE 322 ,303 ,275 ,98 ,90 :)951
q
293 :)PE G )1 %O .r G SQ .k L_& G :jO GJf2 G SQ .k
q q q q
%& .e )1 %O .r G J$E# .1 C = %& .e )1 %O .r G :d .$E G SQ .k 31\ G .1 C = d .$E G SQ .k
q
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q
413 :)977 SQ .k L_& G :jQ.(0J G SQ .k
q q q q
jQ .1P G S .2c G .1 C L_& G :%O .r G )1 %O .r G 545 ,516 :jQ .1PhL G 2!b 21 C I CL# G 7$[ .k
q q q
S .2c G .1 C L_& G :jQ .1P G %O .r G )1 %O .r G )1 )1PE G :(1 7$[ .k = )1PE G :(1 7$[ .k
q q
jQ .1P G 372 :3 .[ 21 C )1 2q !b
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q
J( 2q & 0f2 G 2q lr< G m0L[ )1 "2(D "2q J( jQM? G f .$1!O )1 3F .P G
301 :)854/240 4 ,)788/170
f GL$b .1 C = 2q b GMH G u G J2b )1 7# GJq 186 :f.bLk
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q
184 :2q 1 .EV G jL# .c G )1 d11L G )1 "Yl G = d11L G )1 " Y l G
s q
)$DL G J2b )1 2q !b )PE G .1 C = O .(r G /208 J( J1RL G 3> .D L1# $ G Q&.0
q
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528 ,518 V .1b )1 "1Yk 2q !b .1 C = V .1b )1 "1Yk
534 :M0Mc G J2b )1 Q1q 2q b.1L1 G 2q $1$9 G LS1 )1 O.cP# )1
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,38 ,37 ,36 ,35 ,34 ,33 ,32 ,317 ,292 ,210 ,199 ,125 :f 0k
,45 ,44 ,43 ,42 ,41 ,40 ,39 549 ,529
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q
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n
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U .HR $ G :OL,k 150
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290 ,460 ,451 ,448 ,428 ,424
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q q
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q c
o
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q q q o
2tM$ G 2v# .vPv G 2v$v0Jvuv G f .v$v1v!vO )v1 /vO.v#
312 :J$D C )1 J$q E# 217 :)899-900/286 J( jqLV2 G
.1 C L_& G :%1+ GL1E )1 J$D C )1 J$E#
q )e 0P G -1!b( /O.# L_& G :%1!u G
q
2OQ .l G )1PE G 444 ,442 :iLPt
L_& G :2q OQ .l G %1+ GL1E )1 J$D C )1 J$q E# d& .# )1 3ct b .EOE .1 C = Q .2D $ G 3ct
q
2OQ .l G )1PE G .1 C 652/32 J( Q .2D $ G 3cu1 ahLc$ G
377 :Llc> )1 J$D C )1 J$q E# 401 :)654/34 h C
q
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q
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q d
539 :s0L1R )1 .1 aLc0o ,b GQq. G mO.0 427 ,125 :/!1
hL$b .1 C L_& G = f GJ$D )1 J$D C )1 J$q E#
f GJ$D )1 e
q
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q fhQ .+ )1 u G J2b S .2q c G .1 C = f.# #$ G
jqR GL G J1cO )1 J$D C )1 J$q E# Llc> 241 ,186 :)833/218 J( J1RL G
8
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f.c$O )1PE G jqL1$E G 2q E2U $ G L# .b 21 C )1 v .# )1
J$E# "Yl G .1 C = ",O )1 J$D C )1 J$q E#
q 301 ,174 :)795/179 J(
jqQ.1 .P1( G ",O )1 J$q E# )1 J$D C )1 %vD GMv# )v1 M.q v!v$v G )v1 Qv1vq :f.v(v?v$v G
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377 ,229 ,182 )1 )1PE G u G J2b .1 C = 2X .r G 2!# .E$ G
q
q q
)1 J$E# Lu1 .1 C = A GLl G J$D C )1 J$E#
q jO GJvfv2v G 2q v2vYv G Jv$q vEv# )v1 "v1vb .v$vOE
-1/370 J( A GLq l G fhJ$D )1 J$D C 382 :)941/330 J( 2q !# .E$ G
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151 U . HR $ G : O L ,k
J$q E# J$D C .1 C = jqK#L9 G J# .D )1 J$q E# 428 ,399 ,261 ,211 ,209

q
)v1 %v1v+ GLv1E )v1 Jv$vEv# )v1 Jv# .vD )v1 Lu1 .1 C = J1l$ G J$q E# )1 J$D C )1 J$q E#
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141 :-0hLYG )1 J$D C H .EU C )# 542 :)988/378 J( 2q & .>L? G J1l$ G
q
)1 S .2c G .1 C L_& G :)PE G )1 J$E#
q =cR $ G )1 J$q E# = =cR $ G )1 J$q E#
q
jqO GJf2 G H .SH G .E& J( Oh GO 21 C e .#) G .G C 2q & .9P?P G
S .2q c G .1 C L_& G :jqO GJf2 G )PE G )1 J$q E# 326 ,178 :)868/255

q q
jqO GJf2 G H .SH G )1 )1PE G .1 C L_& G :2q OQ .l G %1+ GL1E )1 J$E#
200 :jqJ .H G )PE G )1 J$q E# 2q OQ .l G
184 :2q & .$1 G u G J2b )1 )PE G )1 J$q E# )1 Lu1 .1 C = f GL,# )1 "1b .$OE )1 J$E#
q
q
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q ahLc$ G jqQ.1 .P1( G f GL,# )1 "1b .$OE
q
jqO GJf2 G H .SH G )1 S .2q c G 235 :)908/295 J( 2q !1b .$O) .1
J .G )1 )PE G )1 J$q E# = J .G )1 J$q E# q o
",O )1 Q GJ(1 )1 J$E# = Q GJ(1 )1 J$E#
q
204 :jqO GJf2 G 238 :)905/292 J( jqO .1 GL9O $ G
186 :m!G )1 J$q E# 372 :Jc? G )1 J$q E#
413 ,398 ,328 :2q #hL G )1 J$q E# q
)1 Llc> )1 J$E# L_& G :Llc> )1 J$E#
q
148 :2q & .>Qq $ G J1cO )1 J$q E# L\# )1 J$q E#
q
357 :LuP G )1 J$q E# J$q E# Lu1 .1 C = jqO GJf2 G Llc> )1 J$q E#
q q
)1 J$E# LV& .1 C = jL0R. G L+ .[ )1 J$E#
q 357 :jqO GJf2 G Llc> )1
L0R. G )1 )PE G )1 J$q E# )1 L+ .[ :jqR GL1S G %1DL G J2b )1 Llc> )1 J$q E#
373 ,372 :)976/365 J( jqL0R. G 148
521 :Q.l1[ )1 J$q E# .1 C = L\# )1 J$q E#
)1 Llc>
q
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q q L\# )1 J$E# )1 Llc> )1 J$q E# hL$b
q
q q q
2q 2Y G S .2c G /360 J( J+ GM G dJc$ G jqQ.1 .P1( G
S .2q c G )1 J$q E# = ",O )1 S .2q b )1 J$q E# 208 ,207 ,185 :)971
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406 :)932 2q !1rc G )0RQ )1 /1E0 )1 Llc> )1 J$E#
q
q
J$E# u G J2b .1 C = 2q 2Y G S .2q c G )1 J$q E#
q 6 :2q V$E G Q .\c G
o o q q q
"+P 21 C )1 %Vb )1 J$D C )1 S .2c G )1 )1 Llc> )1 J$E# L_& G :Llc> )1 J$E#
J( jqhL, G 2q $Vco .1 aLc0o ,2q 2q Y G L\# )1 J$q E#

U .HR $ G : O L ,k 152
q
153 ,418 :f .\r G /P1b )1 497 ,476 ,280 ,150 :)988/378
221 :J12b )1 J$q E# J2b )1 J$q E# L_& G :M0Mc G J2b )1 J$q E#
445 :jqR GL G jqO GJf2 G 2q !b )1 J$q E# jqL2\ G M0Mc G
175 :2q >q .E G 2q H!2 G 2q !b )1 J$q E# Lu1 .1 C L_& G = 2q !?2 G M0Mc G J2b )1 J$q E#
290 :jqJ(? G 2q !b )1 J$q E# jqR GL G
q
)1 J$E# 2q !b .1 C = ak .E G 2q !b )1 J$E#
q Lu1 .1 C = jqL2\ G M0Mc G J2b )1 J$q E#
avk .vEv G 2q v(v1vF GLvlvO) G )v1vPvEv G )v1 2q v!vb :jqL2\ G M0Mc G J2b )1 u G J2b )1 J$q E#
q
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179 ,382 ,334 ,281 ,301 ,242
166 :2q (PE G 2q !b )1 J$q E# 384 ,383
q
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q qjR GL G Lu1 .1 C L_& G :u G J2b )1 J$q E#
)1 )1PE G )1 2q !b )1 J$E# Llc>
q Lu1 .1 C L_& G :jqR GL G u G J2b )1 J$q E#
J( bhJV G 2q $r G -0.1 .1 )1 /O.# jqR GL G
423 ,237 :)991/381 Lu1 .1 C L_& G :f GP .R )1 u G J2b )1 J$q E#
q q
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jq.!c G )1PE G )1 q q
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502 ]/!1 f.(?# ,3 . [ 21 C ) 1 2 !b

q [ G G
Lk . 1 Ao .Yr G Jrb GP E
q q
514 2!2S G "# . u G 1 ., .P& Fp e .1H G .# C
361 "#L G AhM?# 3 2 F GO J11
469 d0LP G 2 2 F G L Gh hL$b .0
A .2 G
o q o
495 "0.\ G 1 HLq Ch HQ / C
q o
505 ]L 0E G[ "0.\ G 2 3 .e F /lt
o
549 "0.\ G 1 Q .2> /Yq
q o o
179 ]2q !U.$ G b .EOE ,e .$8 .1 C[ "0.\ G 4 HQ . q C :!q h
q o
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q o
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Lk . 2 31V& 312D
q o
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q G m1lH G 3 3cU 2& hO.q b
q
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p
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Q .cR $ G : O L ,k 168
OJb
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p
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460 2#
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r G O.c G GPE
231 2#
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3P9u# .#h
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189 ]J1$D [ AhM?# 2 r FG G

)1 J1cO 3 .(
m
7DLk %t
"# . u G
A .9 G
o n
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417 "# . u G 2 Jp .k! G QO .1
r o q
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522 "# . u G
oo
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m1lH G
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q [ "0.\ G 3 JpLq $9O .k JL2U
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%1? G
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q
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n
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o
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q
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p
2(0QP
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532 ]J1(? G[ L k G. G 2 O.,

p
S G jO. >h
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p
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533 2q !2S G =9?$ G 2 O.,

p
R J >. G
n
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q
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427 "# . u G 1 GO . ?O h f. c$P0 .
q
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q q
477 ] m(D $ G )1 S .2c G[ M LP($ G 3 G Je fEh 2&E
r
167
q
]2! U.$ G b .EOE[ "#L G 2 J !1 fC :1
Q .cR $ G :OL k , 170
OJb
J .11 $ G
A GL G
o
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.+ .>O
o n
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o
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o q
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q o
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q o
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o
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491
q
332 , 2q &hJ$E G ,IO . 1# )1 G[ ML P($ G 2 GhQJe G .& .t
]2(F GJ$ G %O .r G .1 C
7
498 m1lH G 1 Ll$ G :(t
548 "0.\ G 4 L+ J G 22!r1

p
430 "0.\ G 2 L2V G JL2U

p
q l
441 ]c .uc G[ "0.\ G 1 L+ J G %$+ -
p
72 ] 2q $0LH G[ "0.\ G 2 Lrl G :P h

p
q
q
508 , 2 DJ G O .O $ G .1 C[ ,L 0 E G "0.\ G 1 L2V G JO .c8
p
]7 1+ .9c G .1 C
527 /!1
] f .(?# ,F Q P 0 )1 Q1q[ "0.\ G 1 L$H .1 : 0 h GJ 8
p
r o
190 2q ck .S G m1lH G 3 L1c2 G F!$1 "t
p
q 8 q
429 ]jQhRL S G , 2,0J2 G )PE G .1 C[ m1lH G 1 LD /($8 C
q n
56 jQ .1PhL G 2q !b .1 C ]1P2 G 1 L_( G :& Ch
p
171 Q .cR $ G : O L ,k
OJb
J .11 $ G
q
490 ]1P2 GdH ! # 2 Qp GLr G b .S .k
464 "0.\ G 1 GLq r G )PE0 h

525 G G
Lk . 2 GQ .b 2& .E
296 G G
Lk . 4 GL2Uh L tK 8 C
494 ]7c 1Q 1 C
1 2 )1 L$b [ "# . u G 1 GQ e .1 M . L G GPEh
0
507 ,b GQq G O E ,7 .9c G 1 C[

. .$ # 1+ . d0LP G 2 r
L_ G ( aLR )#
]cQ .2 G 1 u G J2b
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j GM G
416 q
2u#L2 G f GL $b )1 /O.# ML P G
($ 2 GR . D S. G (
)1P G
515 ] q hL G 1 G[
2# ) "0.\ G 2 -P1 .0
o 7D GQ -
521 q
7 hJc G 7c1 GQ
0 "# . u G 2 2O.!> Jr h
226 d0LP G 2 p C
Q# fE .#
451 ]jqJ 1M G HLt jJc

1 # )1 hL b[
$ "0.\ G 2 .P1 G b . .
k#.1k
)1S G
q o q
438 ]OL1 )1 Q .S1[ "0.\ G 2 .,R .R Q :! ^ C
q q
449 2!2S G AhM? # 2 .RL G f .\ O fE
!
m1lH G
O .Y G
o
208 "0.\ G 1 Z0L# L1e h
484 2!2S
q G "0.\ G 1 2 Y c1 2(2PE8 h
478 2!2S
q G HQ .r9 G$ 1 2Yr(8 v1k 2 h
A .\ G
o n
154 ] dK c G $ )1 J$V G J2b[ d0LP G 2 W .\E# cQoKb
Q .cR $ G :OL k , 172
OJb
J .11 $ G
r
334 AhM? # 4 ]\ R H .V8 C
m
m1lH G
)1c G
q o n
,431 ]jJ M 0 1 G[ "0.\ G 3 d& .U : ( t GP E
529
o
472 ]2q #hL G ) 1 G[ "0.\ G 1 d> h C 2O .r0
q o q
,150 ]jL9E2 G[ "# . u G 2 d0O.9 Gh YOh #O
497
503 ]1P2 G 4 G .c?+ : .q
o o
305 ]1P2 G 3 dl9& C :(t Jq
455 2q !2S G "0.\ G 2

n
d$> bQ G .[
q
n
489 d0LP G 1 dF .? .1 L0O .r$ G fE
n
425 ]1P2 G 4 .bL> G . .q
445 "# . u G 3 .b .2O . fC
l
500 ] 2q u#L2 G 7 _ E> [ "#L G 3 .c![ LF GR
A .l G
o
471 "0.\ G 2 a QK 0 %8Ll^
l q
424 )1PE G )1 m O .0 "# . u G 1 aLR dP
q o q
326 O .2b )1 3D . V G ML P ($ G 2 m&J Gh 3E G
q q
537 ]jRQM2H G jLV2 G J $D C )1 LV&[ "0.\ G 4 mSu G
p
2& .,&
q
517 L 0E G LM , G 4 m1E G
p
2$0J&
q
519 2q 1 .9c G AhM? # 2 2l 8 2(1!\# C
m1lH G
458 ]1P2 G 1 .lU f . t Jq

173 Q .cR $ G : O L ,k
OJb
J .11 $ G
a .r G
488 ] P2 G
1 1 so [ . & jLq O
482 2!
q 2S G "0. \G 2 sp F GP f .t k )$
509 "0. \G 2 sp \ G ( :o r\ &
510 ]M .1Q 1 3 V [
) 1 & Lk G G. 3 bp GK G $ 2 k.h #
526 ]M .1Q 1 3 V [
) 1 & Lk G G. 2 bp GLl G 2 u2 k
1
546 "# .u G 2 bp .9S # Jb ( )#
473 q hL G 1 G
2# ) "# .u G 2 bp 0r # YJk
444 q 2S G
2! d LP G
0 3 bpLS G $ u Gh
452 ] q hL G 1 G ,m D $ G 1 S .2q c G[
2# ) ( ) ] P2 G
1 2 . qLk 3 EO J q
470 "# .u G 3 .q q S8h Q . J .1 mq
. 0
534 "# L G AhM? # 1 / rP o 0 m q Gh

275 m lH G
1 2 b .9S # - E. 0
a .u G
q
527 "0. \G 2 .t . C ,& )0 K G fE
506 q 2S G
2! ] P2 G
1 2 . t GL t P fE . #
540 ] q 2 S G[
2! Lk G G. 1 . t GP F2r h 0
545 jqQ .1PhL G q b 1 C2! . Lk G G. 2 .t GQ C

q
vr Dh
286 AhM? # 2 .t E
. & HL r G
"# .u G
q 2S G n
454 2! d LP G
0 2 vk 1 2 ck . C&
536 ]J ? G[
1( AhM? # 2 .u9o CQ 0 : q 8h 1($
m lH G
1
Q .cR $ :OL,k
G 174
OJb
J .11 $ G
e0 G
o
2!2S "0.\ M(8 " .O
o
q
439 G G 1 d F C
o
480 ]e .$8 .1 q
C[ "0.\ G 4 -!# .& C O .c8 q
o r
544 "0.\ G 1 -! .O F h f Jc28 / h
7
422 UG .H %1+ L1
q
G G E Lk . G G 2 J9P0
d FX Jr h
o
437 m(D $ )1 G S .2c q
G Lk . G G 2 dh M0 v .1G
2O .l Lu1 .1 "# . u "2P# Lu(8 /
o n
q
428 Q G C G 1 j
LP($ "M Lq
o q
440 M G 2 G I
284 "0.\ G 3 2!2q : O Le

499 HQ .r9$ G 2 " u< 0 p
f . .r0
q
486 ] 38 .u J .G G [ m1lH G 2 /!r90 :P o
528 =9?$ G 2 0+ C :(t

o
fE
"#L "E$X L \G
r
436 G 2 G I
%1$ G
,453 2!2S q
G "0.\ G 3 %!b o
%u! .O F C
466
q
493 ] 2# L ) 1
q
h G G[ "0.\ G 2 G .$!u90 .# GP E
m1lH Lu
r
552 G 1
o
eG G fE .& C
487 2b MH W1S .1
]
q
G G G C[ "# . u G 2 %,(#o
:,2R C
241 f .# #$ G "#L G Ah M ?# 4 -#7 r

Ch 2k .& C
0E Lk . %0Lt :1P# ),
q o
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n
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q
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G m1lH G 5 .# .#M Gh /Yq Jq
175 Q .cR $ G : O L ,k
OJb
J .11 $ G
f .( G
o
523 d!H# )# 4 f.VE Gh 2lO C Gh
]1P2 G
q
267 "# . u G 3 )o 0Lq v90 CQ 2&E
459
q
,2q .V G S .2c G )1 %1+ GL1E[ ]1P2 G 2 fp .[h Ch v(q c($0 /
]%,? G )1 2q !b ,2& G.f G d0LU
511 ]F0QP )1 Q1q ,Mq 9c$ G )1 G[ ]1P2 G 1 )p 1& .?$! G. .q

q
538 2q !2S G ]1P2 G 1 fp GLuO 72q E$ G fE
56 -1rl G Q.V(# ]1P2 G 2 )p 1c G G. .q

o
433 F .U )1 J$q E# u G J2b .1 C[ "# . u G 4 -& .c$ GJ1h
]2q (PE G
q
476 2q !2S G "#L G 5 )p (k A .qQh HQ
q q
512 ]L 0E G[ "#L G AhM?# 4 2& . P v9rrE8h
q
435 m1lH G 1 2& . P 2& $ /
k q
504 , :1 . ;)1 f .Pq D[ m1lH G 1 fp .PD) .1 GL+O fE
]7c11Q 21 C )1 L$b
q
511 ]M9c$ G )1 G[ m1lH G 1 fp.(? G f.(> 21
q
541 ,jQ .V& $ GL1S1 )1 f .$c( G[ m1lH G 2 fp .1r9!0 .,0q C
]7c11Q 21 C )1 L$b Fu($ G
n
28
q
jQ .1PhL G 2q !b .1 C m1lH G 2 -o (r # f .$9t v1
A ., G
q
184 f.(?$ G d.!,1 L M, G 2 u
p G :o !t.8
r
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L9 O g 9 L1 J
( ( & M Q
& C )0 G 0O 0C J M? &C
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2009 d.!0 C )# )1 G 2 k
2009/9/30-1-1748
30 Sufi Treatises of Abu
Å Àbd al-Rahma
Ån al-Sulamõ
Å
Ç
listed in the short form in which it occurs in the text, followed after an equal sign
by a full name and, in parentheses, a date of death inasmuch as it could be
established by research in the Arabic biographical sources. There are also indices
of qur'a
Ånic verses (fihrist al-a
Åya
Åt), Åth statements (fihrist al-aha
Hadõ ÅdõÅth), verses of
Ç Ç
poetry (fihrist al-ashà
År) and place names (fihrist al-ama
Åkin). The index of poetic
verses includes the meters of the verses as well as the beginning and end (matla`
Ç
and qa
ÅfõÅya) of each couplet for accurate reference. The names of poets were
identified by a meticulous search in the primary sources of Arabic biography and

78
literature. The index also includes a citation index that traces relevant
statements of the text in the early Sufi literature (takhrõÅj al-nusuÅs), thereby
Ç
offering insight into the source dependency of Sulamõ
Å and early authors who
quoted his statements.
78) The index of pútic verses, including the identification of the meters of the verses, is exclu-
sively the work of Dr. Bilal Orfali.

Introduction 29
BayaÅn lataÅ'if al-mi`raÅj are explicitly intended by SulamõÅ to constitute appendices

Ç Å'iq al-tafsõÅr, his major Qur'aÅn commentary, and include Sufi qur'aÅnic
to the Haqa
Ç
exegesis not found elsewhere. While the other three treatises share a certain
amount of Sufi source material that can be found in Sufi manuals, they
nevertheless include new information about the formation of early Sufi thought
and practice.
In critically editing the text, the following principles have been observed. To
make the text manageable for the reader, it has been arranged by paragraphs,
with a number assigned to each of them in parentheses. The paragraphs have
been numbered in continuous order throughout the text for easy reference in the
index. Wherever possible, each individual paragraph includes one or more items
that form a textual unit, be these anecdotes, poetic verses, qur'aÅnic inter-
pretations or items of Sufi language and terminology. Meters have been added in
brackets, preceding the verses of poetry in the Arabic text. The sura and verse
numbers have been provided at the end of Qur'aÅn citations, which have been fully
vocalized.
Some ancillary signs were added consistently to the Arabic text, such as the
doubling sign over a consonant (tashdõÅd). The tashdõÅd was omitted, however, in
liaison for the definite article in case of «sun» letters. The sign of nunnation
(tanwõÅn) was added regularly in the accusative and, when helpful, in the genitive
and nominative. Vowel signs were added to indicate a passive form of a verb or to
refer to the first or second person when required for textual precision. Otherwise,
vowel signs were added to the body of the text only when they serve to avoid
textual ambiguity or indicate a preferred reading chosen from among
grammatically correct options. Vowel signs were not added to personal names,
except when required to avoid a possible confusion in the pronunciation of a
particular name. Marks of punctuation, such as commas, periods, question marks
and exclamation marks have been added to the Arabic text when the sense of
specific sentences requires it. A colon was added after names of particular
authorities, separating authors from their statements. A colon has been added
after anonymous authorities introduced in the text by qa Åla ba`duhum or qõÅl. The
chains of narrators or transmitters (isna Åd) were recorded inÇ the text as they
appear in the manuscript. The scribe's customary shorthand HadõÅth notation at
Ç
times neglects and at other times includes such phrases as qa Ål, yaquÅl, sami`tu,
haddathanaÅ and akhbaranaÅ. In such cases the long hand HadõÅth notation was
Çwritten out and, inasmuch as possible, the actual wording ofÇthe isnaÅd in the text
was respected.
The indices refer to paragraph numbers throughout. The principal index
(fihrist ashkhaÅs) lists the names of the Sufi authorities quoted in the text as well as
Ç
the names of narrators that appear in the chains of transmitters. Each name is
28 Sufi Treatises of AbuÅ Àbd al-RahÇmaÅn al-SulamõÅ
RahÇÅõm b. Àbd al-KarõÅm b. MuhÇammad al-SamàÅnõÅ al-MarwazõÅ, (d. 617/1220), the

son of the author of the AnsaÅb, knew it as such.76
Most of the poetic samples cited by SulamõÅ were not composed by Sufis, with
the exception of ShiblõÅ (d. 334/946), whose verses are often quoted (#426, 439,
444, 449, 453, 454, 455, 456, 466, 475, 476, 478, 479, 482, 483, 484, 506, 514, 531,
533, 538, 540, 543) and, to a lesser extent, HÇallaÅj and RaÅbià al-ÀdawõÅya (d. 185/
801; #494, 521). The preponderance of the poetic verses quoted by SulamõÅ can be
traced to the love poetry of many well-known Arab poets, which SulamõÅ
interpreted as expressing the Sufi experience of the mystical power of divine love.
Among the most frequently quoted of these Arab poets are Ùmar b. AbõÅ RabõÅà
(d. 93/712 or 103/721; #488, 494, 504, 541), al-ÀbbaÅs b. al-AhÇnaf (d. between
188/804 and 193/809; #437, 461, 477), AbuÅ TammaÅm (d. 231/845; #480, 485), Ibn
al-RuÅmõÅ (d. 283/896; #460, 472, 473, 493, 515), al-BuhturõÅ (d. 284/897; #434, 446,
497) and Ibn al-Mu`tazz (d. 296/908; #442, 511). TheÇgreat majority of the poetic
specimens quoted by SulamõÅ belong to the literary genre of ghazal, i.e. love
poetry,77 while only a few are panegyric (madõÅÇh), especially those composed by
Ibn al-RuÅmõÅ and BuhÇturõÅ. In these love poems SulamõÅ discovered mystical
inspiration and understood them as intimately linked to the circumstances under
which Sufis uttered them. Thus the poetry of «secular» poets became poetic
testimony for the «sacred» experience of the early mystics of Islam.
C) Technical Observations about the Arabic Text Edition
The Arabic text of the RasaÅ'il ÇsuÅfõÅya li-AbõÅ Àbd al-RahÇmaÅn al-SulamõÅ is based
on the manuscript, MS MuhÇammad Ibn SaùÅd 2118, which has two hundred and
twenty-seven folios. It was copied in 474/1081 at Samarqand some sixty years
after the author's death by the copyist, Àbd al-Sayyid b. Ahmad b. YaÅsõÅn al-
KhatÇÅõb al-MaskhaÅ'õÅ al-AsruÅshanõÅ. The detailed description ofÇ the manuscript,
which is the oldest known manuscript of SulamõÅ's writings, except for one short
text, can be found in G. Bowering, Two early Sufi manuscripts, JSAI 31 (2006),
pp. 219-230. The manuscript includes twenty-six treatises, many of them minor
texts. Our selection of SulamõÅ's writings includes three unpublished and
substantial treatises, SharhÇ maàÅnõÅ al-hÇuruÅf (ff. 2b-12a), al-Muntakhab min
hikaÅyaÅt al-suÅfõÅya (ff. 147b-180b) and KitaÅb al-AmthaÅl wa'l-istishhaÅdaÅt (ff. 184a-
Ç207b), to which
Ç have been added two minor texts, TafsõÅr alfaÅÇz al-sÇuÅfõÅya (ff. 57a-
60a) and BayaÅn latÇaÅ'if al-mi`raÅj (ff. 12b-18a). Both SharhÇ maà ÅnõÅ al-huruÅf and
Ç
76) DhahabõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm, 37, (yrs. 541-50), 268, SÇafadõÅ, al-WaÅfõÅ bi l-wafayaÅt, vol. 11 (ed.
ShukrõÅ FaysÇal) Beirut 1401/1981, 41 (nr. 76), both with reference to JaÅmi` b. Àbd al-RahÇmaÅn,
Abu l-Khayr al-SÇuÅfõÅ; see also DhahabõÅ, Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ', 22, 107 and idem, Ta'rõÅkh al-Isla Åm
(yrs 611-620), 347.
77) R. BlacheÁre, «Ghazal,» EI2, 2, 1028-33.
Introduction 27
examples have a parallel in his Haqa

Ç Å'iq al-tafsõÅr (#430, 441, 517, 519). Although
some other examples of poetry quoted by SulamõÅ can be discovered in SarraÅj's K.
Luma` (#438, 450, 456, 469, 476, 510, 512, 534, 540), he did not copy directly
from the K. Luma`, with perhaps one exception (#540). Rather, SulamõÅ received
ten other verses from SarraÅj by oral communication (#435, 443, 457, 465, 477,
499, 503, 534, 543, 544). Next to SarraÅj, it is again Abu
Å Nasr Mansu År b. ÀbdallaÅh
Ç
al-IsfahaÅnõÅ who serves as SulamõÅ's most frequently cited direct Ç
informant (#431,
Ç
442, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 458, 513, 529, 635).
For the poetic verses of HallaÅj, SulamõÅ was able to draw on a collection of
Ç
Halla Åj's poetry that he is known to have kept in his library in Nishapur,71 but only
aÇ few of these verses appear to have been included in the K. al-Amtha Ål wa l-
istishhaÅdaÅt (#423, 479, 505, 508, 512, 517, 518). The number of poetic verses that
SulamõÅ's treatise shares with the TahdhõÅb al-asra År of AbuÅ Sa`d Àbd al-Malik b.
Muhammad b. IbraÅhõÅm al-WaÅìz al-Kharku ÅshõÅ (d. 406/1015)72 is astounding
Ç 430, 432, 434, 436, 444, 448,
(#426, Ç 449, 450, 451, 458, 465, 468, 470, 473, 490,
501, 505, 512, 521, 523, 527, 532, 533, 537, 538, 552).73 It is tempting to suggest a
mutual dependence of these two authors, especially since Kharku ÅshõÅ lived the last
74
decade of his life in Nishapur, SulamõÅ's hometown. Yet, SulamõÅ's name does not
appear in the TahdhõÅb, and Kharku ÅshõÅ is never cited in SulamõÅ's treatise, where he
meticulously mentions the direct informants for each poem.75
SulamõÅ's k. al-Amtha Ål wa l-istishhaÅdaÅt has a somewhat unusual introduction

(#421), presenting an anonymous Sufi who, when approached with questions
about his mystical experiences or doctrines, would respond with poetic verses
composed by others so as to explain his own experience and doctrine. Thus
SulamõÅ's K. al-Amtha Ål wa l-istishhaÅdaÅt can be seen as a compilation of such verses,
often mentioned together with the circumstances under which they were recited.
In the light of this enigmatic introduction and the considerable coincidence of
poetical verses found in the works of Kharku ÅshõÅ and SulamõÅ, the anonymous Sufi
who prompted the compilation of SulamõÅ's K. al-Amtha Ål wa l-istishhaÅdaÅt may have
been none other than Kharku ÅshõÅ. Clearly, SulamõÅ's treatise was known by the title
of K. al-Amtha Ål wa l-istishhaÅdaÅt since early times because Abu l-MuzÇaffar Àbd al-
71) QushayrõÅ, al-Risa
Åla, 487; KhatÅbõ al-BaghdaÅdõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh Baghda Åd, 2, 249; DhahabõÅ, Siyar a`laÅm
al-nubalaÅ', 17, 255; DhahabõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh Çal-IslaÅm (yrs. 401-20), 307.
72) KhatÅbõ al-BaghdaÅdõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh Baghda Åd, 10, 432 (nr. 5594); DhahabõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm (yrs. 401-
420), 161-3. Ç
73) Kharku ÅshõÅ, TahdhõÅb al-asra
År, Abu Dhabi 1999; TahdhõÅb al-asraÅr fõÅ usÇuÅl al-tasÇawwuf, Beirut,
1437/2006; all references to the TahdhõÅb follow the edition of Abu Dhabi, 1999.
74) Cf. GAS 1, 670; A.J. Arberry, Khargushi's Manual of Sufism, BSOAS 9 (1937), 345-9.
75) Furthermore, QushayrõÅ copied some of the verses in his Risa Åla (# 427, 429, 430, 435, 448,
450, 506, 509, 537, 545, 552). Only a few of these examples are shared by some of the sources (# 429,
430, 448, 450, 458, 469, 473, 490, 537, 552).
Å Àbd al-Rahma
Ån al-Sulamõ
Å
Ç
the Muntakhab offers at most a store of illustrative narratives and a selection of

sayings that flesh out the present state of knowledge about the development of
early Sufism without adding new historical information. The snippets of Sufi
commentary on qur'a
Ånic verses also have limited value because of their sparse
and incidental character (e.g. 140. 165, 175, 242, 264, 266, 387). The scholarly
value of the treatise lies in its reliable account of the «stories» circulating among
the early Sufis. These stories provide a vivid picture of the religious environment
in which Sufism was formed and underwent its early development.
5) K. al-Amtha
Ål wa l-istishha
Åda
Åt
In this treatise Sulamõ
Å takes on the task of gathering the poetic verses chosen
by the Sufis of the second/eighth to fourth/tenth centuries to illustrate their
mystical experiences and thoughts (#421-553). As the title of the treatise
indicates, Sulamõ
Å tries to collect «similes» ( amthaÅl , literally, «proverbs,» mathal ,
pl. amthaÅl )
69
that give expression to the Sufis' mystical experiences in poetic form
(with meter and rhyme) along with «illustrations» istishhaÅdaÅt
( , literally
«quotations») found in a variety of Sufi writings. Sulamõ
Å may have understood
these «illustrations» as the fruit of the Sufi experience mushaÅhada
of
("witnessing» or «contemplation»), using them to give testimony in verse to the
height of mystical experience. Sulamõ
Å's use of the term istishhaÅdaÅt may also have
been influenced by the literary usage of shaÅhid shawaÅhid
, pl. , as a marker for
figurative expressions.
70
By using the formula of sami`tu («I heard so-and-so say»)
consistently throughout the treatise, Sulamõ
Å clearly states that he received the
vast majority of these poetic verses directly from his informants by oral
communication. In fact, Sulamõ
Å is meticulous in introducing each quotation of
poetic verses with a chain of narrators (isnaÅd) , thereby identifying his direct
informants and their respective sources.
Many examples of poetry assembled in this treatise can also be found in

Sulamõ
Å's
ÇTabaqaÅt al-sÇuÅfõÅya . One finds these parallels about forty times, mainly in
the mid-section of his treatise (#429, 457, 458, 460, 461, 462, 466, 467, 469, 470
471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 477, 478, 479, 480,482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 490,
493, 494, 495, 496, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 550). By contrast only a few
69) R. Sellheim, «Mathal,» EI2 , 6, 815-25.

70) Cl. Gilliot, «Shawa
Åhid,» EI2, 9, 370-2; Ibn Sõ Å uses the hendiadys,
Åna al-amthaÅl wa l-istishhaÅdaÅt
K. al-MantÇiq
in his , 3 vols., Cairo 1428/2008, 3, 212. There is a collection of proverbs attributed to
Abu
Å Mansu
Å r Àbd al-Malik b. Muhammad b. IsmaÅ`õ
Ål al-Thaà
Ålibõ
Å (d. 429/1038), that bears the title of
al-AmthaÅl wa l-IstishhaÅdaÅt
Ç
(MS
Ç
Aya Sofya 6824
, 523 h). Unfortunately, it has not been possible to
obtain access to this work at the present time. The preliminary description of its content, however,
dús not indicate any relationship to Sulamõ
Å's K. al-AmthaÅl wa l-IstishhaÅdaÅt. For a detailed analysis of
al-Thaà
Ålibõ
Å's anthologies, see B. W. Orfali, The Art of Anthology Al-ThaàÅlibõÅ and His YatõÅmat al-
:
dahr , (Ph.D. dissertation) Yale University, New Haven 2009.
Introduction 25
material in this Muntakhab, SulamõÅ very strictly conformed to HÇadõÅth

methodology and quoted each statement with a preceding isnaÅd that identifies
the direct informants and their respective sources.
The treatise begins very abruptly with a statement of al-HÇusayn b. AhÇmad al-
RaÅzõÅ (d. 404/1014), a contemporary of SulamõÅ (#132), who is cited for reports of
two anecdotes later in the treatise (#163, 167). Among the principal direct
informants, however, the Muntakhab cites the obscure AbuÅ NasÇr MansÇuÅr b.
ÀbddallaÅh al-IsÇfahaÅnõÅ (#134, 141, 154, 157, 172, 181, 192, 205, 226, 234, 271,
299, 335, 340, 346, 347, 374, 396, 416, 431, 442, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 458) and
Abu l-ÀbbaÅs MuhÇammad67 b. al-HÇasan b. Sa`õÅd al-KhashshaÅb al-MuhÇarramõÅ al-
BaghdaÅdõÅ (d. 361/971-2), another little known Sufi (#146, 153, 162, 182, 188,
229, 264, 266, 287, 300, 311, 312, 313, 368, 418). AbuÅ MuhÇammad ÀbdallaÅh b.
MuhÇammad b. ÀbdallaÅh b. Àbd al-RahÇmaÅn al-RaÅzõÅ, also known as al-Sha`raÅnõÅ
(d. 353/964), appears as an informant on a few occasions (233, 273, 291, 294, 345)
while as SarraÅj, the author of K. al-Luma`, is cited only once in the Muntakhab
(#149). Although mentioned infrequently, AbuÅ Bakr Muhammad b. ÀbdallaÅh b.
MuhÇammad b. Àbd al-ÀzõÅz b. ShaÅdhaÅn al-WaÅìzÇ al-RaÇÅzõÅ (d. 376/986) was a
principal source for SulamõÅ's Sufi «stories» (hikaÅyaÅt) as explicitly recorded by
KhatÇÅõb al-BaghdaÅdõÅ and DhahabõÅ.68 Known asÇ a journeyman who gathered Sufi
anecdotes and sayings, Ibn ShaÅdhaÅn al-RaÅzõÅ collected Sufi «stories» in his al-
HÇikaÅyaÅt al-sÇuÅfõÅya, which was also an important source for SulamõÅ's ÇTabaqaÅt al-
suÅfõÅya and many of his minor writings including this Muntakhab (#145, 297, 333,
Ç371). It should be noted, however, that in the Muntakhab SulamõÅ refrained almost
completely from duplicating information on Sufis and their sayings recorded in
his ÇTabaqaÅt al-sÇuÅfõÅya.
In his famous RisaÅla, QushayrõÅ made good use of the source material on
SulamõÅ's authority that can be found in the Muntakhab (e.g. #133, 143, 145, 149,
151, 158, 162, 165, 167, 168, 181, 183, 188, 205, 211, 228, 234, 236, 243, 262, 269,
271, 272, 284, 285, 290, 300, 315, 324, 327, 328, 333, 345, 348). The variance in the
actual wording of these text portions, however, may point to a source that was
partially shared by QushayrõÅ and SulamõÅ (such as Ibn ShaÅdhaÅn al-RaÅzõÅ's al-
HÇikaÅyaÅt al-sÇuÅfõÅya). Then again, it may also be possible that SulamõÅ's selection of
stories reached QushayrõÅ in part from the lost Ta'rõÅkh al-sÇuÅfõÅya, which QushayrõÅ
quotes in his RisaÅla. Many other Sufi sayings and anecdotes included in the
Muntakhab, however, represent fresh material about Sufi stories belonging to the
development of Sufism in the second/eighth to fourth/tenth centuries that did not
find entry into the Sufi handbooks of later generations. The anecdotal nature of
67) DhahabõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm (yrs. 351-380), 284.
68) KhatÇÅõb al-BaghdaÅdõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh BaghdaÅd, 5, 464-5 (nr. 3006); DhahabõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm (yrs.
351-380), 600-1.
24 Sufi Treatises of AbuÅ Àbd al-RahÇmaÅn al-SulamõÅ
Rarely are there terms for which multiple meanings are given or plural definitions
expressed. It is as if SulamõÅ wanted to clarify ambiguities of Sufi language and
streamline the use of Sufi terminology. It appears that he tried to establish some
form of consensus about the particular applications of Sufi terminology, which
had developed over a period of two to three centuries. In many ways, this treatise
is quite unlike vintage SulamõÅ, who is known for his ample recourse to Qur'aÅn and
HÇadõÅth as well as the extensive documentation via in most of his writings.
isna
Åds
In this treatise, by contrast, he is quite succinct, setting forth the definition of the
terms without introduction or illustration.63
It should be noted that SulamõÅ cites no source for his statements in this
treatise on the explanation of Sufi terms but actually borrows a very substantial
portion of his definitions, word for word, from a section on difficult Sufi terms in
SarraÅj's K. al-Luma` (#113-130).64 SulamõÅ's dependence on this source again
poses the question, first raised by A.J. Arberry, whether SulamõÅ plagiarized SarraÅj
or whether, as Sezgin observes, both authors used a common source (AbuÅ ÀlõÅ al-
RuÅdhabaÅrõÅ, d. 322/934) for the definition of Sufi terms.65 In the absence of
RuÅdhabaÅrõÅ's treatise, which to date has not been found, it is not possible to
answer this question. It has to be noted, however, that the same question also
arises with regard to SulamõÅ's al-Ghalata , MS
Åt al-su
Å fõ
Åya , Konya Yusuf Agha 4862/
5606 (91 ff., 617h.) in comparison to the Ç Ç

.66
K. al-Luma`
4) al-Muntakhab min hikaya

Åt al-su
ÅfõÅya
Ç Ç
This rather lengthy treatise, entitled as «a selection» of Sufi
(muntakhab)
«stories» (hika
Åya
Åt), is arranged without any order or logical development (#132-
420). It also includes many statements that do not refer to Sufi «happenings» or
Ç
anecdotes but rather represent a medley of Sufi statements on mystical themes.

This mix of Sufi material is not ordered by the names of particular Sufis nor
organized by subject matter, whether presented as anecdotes or topical Sufi
sayings. In addition, there are many poetical verses that SulamõÅ includes in the
treatise to illustrate his points (#148, 150, 154, 155, 167, 179, 184, 189, 190, 191,
208, 218, 226, 231, 241, 267, 275, 284, 286, 296, 305, 326, 332, 334, 354, 361, 375,
393, 416, 417). The authors of almost all of them have been identified and are
found in the index of poetry that is attached to the Arabic text. In collecting his
63) It is possible that the text of
Daraja
Åt al-muà Åt (MS. Berlin 3453 ;
Åmala ff. 74b-79b) is identical
with the present treatiseTafsõÅr alfa
Åz al-su
Å fõ ;
Åya GAS 1, 673.
64) SarraÅj,
The Kita
Ç Ç
Åb al-luma` fi tasawwuf (ed. R.A. Nicholson), Leiden 1914, 333-74; introduc-
tion, 86-99. Ç
65) A.J. Arberry, Did SulamõÅ plagiarize SarraÅj? JRAS 1937, 461-5; cf.GAS , 1, 673.
66) See also, Àbd al-FattaÅhÇ AhÇmad al-FaÅwõÅ MahÇmuÅd,
al-Tasawwuf : al-wajh wa l-wajh al-a
Åkhar ,
Cairo 1405/1984, 21415/1995, which includes the al-Ghalata
Ç
Åt al-su
Åfõ
Åya on pages 283-348. This edition,
however, is based on MS. 2
Cairo I , 267, majmu
Åà 178
Ç
(ff. 33f-80a, 11th c.h.).
Ç
Introduction 23
SaÅdiq and a dozen anonymous Sufis (qaÅla ba`duhum). SulamõÅ quotes most of the
Ç statements without the support of a chain
Sufi Ç
of narrators (isnaÅd), except in the
few instances in which he refers to AbuÅ Nasr MansuÅr b. ÀbdallaÅh al-IsfahaÅnõÅ
(#79, 102, 106, 107), the same narrator who Çserved him
Ç as a direct informantÇ in
the Sharh maàÅnõÅ al-huruÅf.60
Ç Ç
F. S. Colby has published the Arabic text of SulamõÅ's BayaÅn lataÅ'if al-mi`raÅj
together with an annotated English translation, an introduction andÇan appendix
of biographical notes on the Sufi authorities cited in the text.61 The book is
beautifully presented and lavishly illustrated. Unfortunately, the Arabic text itself
is full of mistakes (about twenty for each folio of the underlying manuscript),
many of which are glaring. Not only do mistakes occur consistently with the
orthographical use of the hamza, but there are obvious misreadings of the text
and grammatical errors throughout. In addition, substantial text portions have
been inadvertently omitted, while the names of well-known Sufis have been
corrupted.62 The English translation glides over the inadvertently dropped Arabic
text by linking previously unrelated sentence fragments together. Regrettably,
Colby's edition is not suitable for scholarly or reference purposes. In contrast, the
present edition of SulamõÅ's BayaÅn lataÅ'if al-mi`raÅj in this collection of SulamõÅ's
Ç
writings offers a reliable Arabic text that can serve as a basis for accurate
translation in the future.
3) TafsõÅr alfa
Åz al-su
ÅfõÅya
Ç Ç
In this short treatise SulamõÅ defines the usage of Sufi terminology, speaking
on his own authority and without reference to any other Sufi author (#113-131).
He records extremely concise definitions for crucial terms used by the Sufis in
their manuals and treatises. There is no particular order to the sequence of the
terms and each is defined with very few words and scarcely any illustration. His
definitions are based neither on qur'aÅnic verses nor HadõÅth statements ± he
Ç term (#114, Q 35:32)
mentions only one verse of the Qur'aÅn to explain a difficult
and refers only twice to a HadõÅth statement of the Prophet, cited without an isnaÅd
Ç
(#119, 130). The vast majority of these definitions pertain to theological and
mystical terms referring to Sufi theory and doctrine, rather than to Sufi practices.
60) G. BoÈwering, The major sources, 35-56.
61) F.S. Colby, The Subtleties of the Ascension, Louisville 2006; the Arabic text of BayaÅn lataÅ'if
Ç
Åj is printed on pages 163-211.
al-mi`ra
62) For example, the author's paragraph 9 (page 172) is missing altogether. Several lines of text
are omitted from the author's paragraph 41 (page 200); moreover, the English translation runs over
the gap without noticing the ruptured sentence structure. Names of particular Sufis and narrators
have been corrupted (e.g. the author's paragraph 8, page 171; paragraph 35, page 136). The text of a
famous HadõÅth has been misread (the author's paragraph 38, page 198). Even the very first intro-
Ç
ductory paragraph has five glaring mistakes in five short lines of text (page 164).
22 Sufi Treatises of AbuÅ Àbd al-RahmaÅn al-SulamõÅ
Ç
bring it to him surreptitiously. Feeling embarrassed to take the book away

stealthily, QushayrõÅ revealed his predicament to SulamõÅ. The latter handed him a
volume of six parts, including the teaching of HallaÅj (min kalaÅm Husayn), with the
admission that he, SulamõÅ, had copied HallaÅj'sÇverses from it in his
Ç
own writings.57
Although the incident stresses HallaÅÇj's poetry, the reference to the six-part
volume as including HallaÅj's wordsÇ (min kalaÅm Husayn) suggests prose as well as
poetry as its content.Ç It also demonstrates Sulamõ
Ç
Å's uninhibited use of HallaÅj's
writings. Ç
2) Baya Ån latÅa'if al-mi`ra

Åj
Ç
This short treatise on Sufi interpretations of the Prophet's ascension to
heaven (#77-112) is also meant by SulamõÅ to form a brief addendum to the
Haqa Å'iq al-tafsõÅr, his major Qur'a
Ån commentary (#77-112). SulamõÅ employs the
Ç
terminology of both israÅ' (night journey) and mi`raÅj (ascension) in the treatise and
builds his text on the interpretation of Qur'aÅn 17:1, the verse in which Islamic
tradition perceives a reference to both the miraculous nocturnal journey and the
heavenly ascent of the Prophet.58 In addition, SulamõÅ refers a number of times to
Muhammad's vision, depicted in Qur'aÅn 53:1-18,59 and occasionally draws on the
Ç
interpretation of a few other qur'aÅnic verses (6: 83; 12:76; 20:114; 28:46; 67:4;
68:4). He also comments on the degree of nearness to God in the visionary
experiences enjoyed by Moses on Mount Sinai (al-tuÅr) and Muhammad at the
Lote-Tree of the Boundary (sidrat al-muntahaÅ),Ç illustrating Çhis point with
statements by pseudo-Ja`far al-SaÅdiq (#83 ad Q 53:8), Junayd (#84 ad Q 28:46),
Ç
HallaÅj (#91) and AbuÅ Sa`õÅd al-Qurashõ Å (#91), as well as with an anonymous
Ç
statement (#89). The other qur'aÅnic verses and a small number of HadõÅth
statements (#82, 88, 95, 102, 103, 107, 109, 111), however, are quoted directly Ç in
praise of the Prophet.
With the exception of a few Sufi comments on passages from Qur'aÅn 53, 8-14,
there is no duplication between this appendix and the text of the HaqaÅ'iq al-tafsõÅr
Ç
(for such an exception see #79, 87 and 92 compared with the edition of HaqaÅ'iq
Ç
al-tafsõÅr 2, 284-5), and thus the material in Baya
Ån lata Åj offers important
Å'if al-mi`ra
Ç
source material for the Sufi interpretation of the theme of the Prophet's heavenly
ascent. About a dozen Sufi authorities are quoted by name only once, some
others appear more than once in the text, such as AbuÅ Bakr al-WaÅsitÅõ (d. 320/
932), HallaÅj (d. 309/922), Ibn ÀtaÅ' (d. 309/921), AbuÅ Sa`õÅd al-KharraÅÇz (d. 286/
Ç
899), Junayd Ç Å (d. 312/924), as well as pseudo-Ja`far al-
(d. 297/910) and Jurayrõ
57) QushayrõÅ, Abu l-QaÅsim Àbd al-KarõÅm b. HawaÅzin, al-RisaÅla. (ed. Àbd al-HalõÅm MahmuÅd
and MahmuÅd b. al-SharõÅf), 2 vols., Cairo 1972-74, 486-7. Ç Ç
Ç
58) B. Schrieke, J. Horovitz and J.E. Bencheikh, «Mi`raÅdj,» EI , 7, 97-103; Ch. H. de FoucheÂ-
2
cour, «Mi`raÅdj,» EI2, Supplement, 618-20.

59) R. Bell, Muhammad's Visions, The Moslem World 24 (1934), 145-54.
Introduction 21
discourse on the letters and their meanings» (#3). Having based his explanation
(sharh) of the meanings of the letters on traditions backed by the Prophet's
Ç
authority, SulamõÅ develops his treatise in three stages. First, he records his own
interpretation of the Arabic alphabet on the pattern of the abjad (#5-7).51
Second, he offers a small selection of mystical interpretations of the letters52 by
representatives of early Sufism (#8-21). Third, he presents the bulk of the
treatise, which consists of the interpretations of each of the twenty-eight
consonants in the long alphabet of the Arabic lexicon, following its successive
alphabetical order (huruÅf al-hijaÅ'),53 plus the LaÅm-Alif added in the penultimate
Ç
position of the alphabet (#22-76).54
Clearly, HallaÅj stands out as a major source for SulamõÅ's Sharh maàÅnõÅ al-huruÅf
and is the SufiÇ most frequently quoted by name in the treatise Ç(#11, 12, 15, Ç
54,
74, 75). In his K. al-Fihrist, Ibn al-NadõÅm (d. 385/995 or 388/998) attributes to
HallaÅj a treatise on the letters entitled, K. al-Ahruf al-muhdatha wa l-azalõÅya wa l-
Ç Å' al-kullõÅya («The Book on the Originated
asma
Ç Ç
and Eternal Letters and the
Universal Names»), and also mentions two other titles that indicate themes
discussed in SulamõÅ's treatise, namely K. al-nuqta wa-bad' al-khalq («The Book of
the Primordial Point and the Beginning of Creation») and a book known as al-
Alif al-maqtu Åf («The Alif standing separately and the Alif that is
Å` wa l-alif al-ma'lu
linked»).55ÇThese three works of HallaÅj are no longer extant, but HallaÅj's K. al-
Tawa
Ç56 Ç
ÅsõÅn, studied by L. Massignon, includes interpretations of the letters that
Ç
resonate with statements found in SulamõÅ's Sharh maàÅnõÅ al-huruÅf. Furthermore,
Ç Ç
in an autobiographical statement, QushayrõÅ (d. 465/1072) relates that he was sent
by his master AbuÅ ÀlõÅ al-DaqqaÅq (d. 405/1015) to SulamõÅ's library to look on a
pile of books for a small red volume of four parts, including HallaÅj's poetry, and
Ç
=J.D. McAuliffe, B.D. Walfish and J. W. Gúring, With Reverence for the Word, Oxford 2003, 346-
365, in particular, 351, 360.
51) G. Weil (G.S. Colin), «Abdjad,» EI2 1, 97-8; G. Krotkoff, «Abjad,» EIran, 1, 221-2; W. Lane,
An Arabic-English Lexicon, 8 vols., Beirut 1968, 1, 4; for general and detailed information about the
development of the Arabic alphabet and script, see B. Gruendler, «Arabic Script,» EQ, 1, 135-44.
52) T. Fahd «HuruÅf,» EI2 3, 595-6.
53) H. Fleisch,Ç «HuruÅf al-hidjaÅ',» EI2 3, 596-600.
54) ÀlõÅ b. AbõÅ TaÅÇlib (d. 40/661), Muhammad's son-in-law and the fourth caliph, was the leader
Ç
of the ShõÅà and is regarded Ç as the originator of the jafr, T. Fahd, «Djafr,» in EI2 2,
by its tradition
375-7; G. Windfuhr, « Jafr,» in EIran 14, 367-71 and the select literature quoted in the article. SulamõÅ,
however, dús not raise the issue of the jafr in his Sharh maàÅnõÅ al-huruÅf, and his explanations of the
Ç Ç
letters do not coincide with the table of the jafr designed by L. Massignon, Essai sur les orgines du
lexique technique de la mystique musulmane, Paris 1968, 98-101. For a detailed analysis of SulamõÅ's
interpretation of each of these letters, see the forthcoming study and English translation of Sharh
Ç
maàÅnõÅ al-huruÅf in G. Bowering, The Science of the Letters in Early Sufism, al-Abha Åth 58 (2010).
Ç Ç
55) Ibn al-NadõÅm, K. al-Fihrist (ed. RidaÅ Tajaddud), Tehran 1350sÏ/1391/1971, 241-2; G. FluÈgel,
Åb al-Fihrist, 1,192.
Kita
Ç
56) L. Massignon, KitaÅb al-TawaÅsõÅn, Paris 1913.
Ç
Å Àbd al-RahmaÅn al-SulamõÅ
Ç
attribution of the treatise to Halla Åj.46 Finally, L. Massignon copied the preface of
the K. al-Sayhu Ç
År fi naqd al-dayhuÅr in his own handwriting from MS Firkovitch 4885
Ç Ç
(National Library, St. Petersburg) that attributes the treatise to Halla Åj but has as
its title K. al-Zuhu Ç
År fõÅ naqd al-duhuÅr. 47
Ç Ç
B) The Five Treatises Included in this Collection of SulamõÅ's Writings48
1) Sharh maàÅnõÅ al-huru
Åf.
Ç Ç
As stated explicitly in his introduction to this short treatise (#1-76), SulamõÅ
intended it to form an appendix to Haqa Å'iq al-tafsõÅr, his major Qur'aÅn
Ç
commentary. For this purpose he collected statements about the letters of the
Arabic alphabet and their mystical meanings and organized them in a coherent
document (#2). SulamõÅ quotes many Sufi sayings anonymously (qa Åla ba`duhum)
Ç
and also uses the anonymous «it has been said» (qõÅl) to introduce statements he
derives from a great variety of sources, some of them probably from memory. A
number of Sufis, however, are cited by name along with their words, occasionally
supported by chains of narrators (isna Åd) to authenticate a particular statement.
The most frequently quoted direct informant of SulamõÅ for Sufi statements, cited
by name, is Abu Å Nasr Mansu År b. ÀbdallaÅh al-IsfahaÅnõÅ, who has been shown to
have played a pivotalÇ role asÇ a direct source in the
Ç compilation of Sulamõ's major
Å
49
and minor commentary on the Qur'aÅn.
SulamõÅ begins the treatise with reference to a saying traced back to ÀlõÅ b. AbõÅ
TaÅlib (d. 40/661), said to be confirmed by a statement transmitted on the
ÇProphet's authority, which serves SulamõÅ as the basis for his discourse on the
meanings of the letters: «Each verse of the Qur'aÅn has a back (zahr) and a front
Ç
(batn, lit. «belly»), and each letter (harf) has a definition (hadd) and a point of
Ç Ç Ç
ascent (matla`, muttala`).50 SulamõÅ adds explicitly, «This saying justifies the
Ç ÇÇ
46) According to L. Massignon, « sayhu År » as a technical term was borrowed from the Aramaic
Ç
(The Passion of al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, 4 vols., Princeton 1982, 3, 335) and refers in
HallaÅj's usage to «the umbra in which the age-old periods are eclipsed» (ibid. 1,216). Hence the title
Ç be read correctly as K. al-Sayhu
should År fõÅ naqd al-dayhuÅr (Massignon, ibid. 2, 396; L. Massignon,
Ç It is also possible
KitaÅb al-TawaÅsõÅn, Paris 1913, 141-2). Ç that HallaÅj chose the title of the treatise with
Ç
an implicit reference to the two adversaries (khasma Ç
Ån) mentioned in the qur'aÅnic passage 22:19-24,
especially because yushar is mentioned in Q 22:20.
Ç
Ç
47) L. Massignon, Esssai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane, Paris
1968, 447; L. Massignon, Nouvelle bibliographie hallagienne, Opera Minora, 3 vols., Beirut 1963, 2,
191); cf. GAS 1, 653.
48) The manuscript base of these five treatises is MS Muhammad Ibn Saù Åd 2118 : Sharh maàÅnõÅ
ÇÅr alfaÅz al-suÅfõÅya (ff. 57a-60a);Çal-Mun-
al-huruÅf (ff. 2b-12a); BayaÅn lataÅ'if al-mi`raÅj (ff. 12b-18a); Tafsõ
takhab Ç 147b-180b); and K. al-AmthaÅl wa l-istishha
Ç min hikayaÅt al-suÅfõÅya (ff. Ç Ç ÅdaÅt (ff. 184a-207b).
49) G. Bo
Ç Èwering,ÇThe major sources, 35-56.
50) See also G. Bowering, The Scriptural «Senses» in Medieval Sufi Qur'an Exegesis, in:=
Introduction 19
Mas'alat al-firaÅsa (ff. 98b-106a). 40
Also unpublished, yet extant in manuscript, are:
ÇHadõÅth (aw juz') al-SulamõÅ (MSS. KoÈpruÈluÈ 1584/6 [ff. 46a-48b, 8th c.h]; Chester
Beatty 3495 [ff. 46-54, 738 h]); GAS 1, 674.
WasÇÅõya, (MS Cairo, Supplement III, 199, nr. 21504b [ff 17-22]); GAS 1, 674.
One particular treatise, K. al-Sayhu
Ç Åitr isfõÅ subject
deserves special consideration because
naqdÇ al-duhuÅr, attributed to SulamõÅ
to conflicting evidence in the
Arabic sources. The attribution of the treatise to SulamõÅ seems to be confirmed
by the text of an autobiographical statement of QushayrõÅ (d. 465/1072) in his
famous RisaÅla
, which was completed in 437/1045-6.41 ZakarõÅyaÅ al-AnsaÅrõÅ (d. 956/
1520) comments in his SharhÇ al-RisaÅla al-QushayrõÅya
that Ç K. al-SÇayhuÅr fõÅ naqdÇ al-
duhuÅr 42
was SulamõÅ's polemic against the «materialists.» R. Gramlich maintains
SulamõÅ as the author of this treatise on the textual basis of QushayrõÅ's .43 RisaÅla
Nevertheless, the evidence that attributes the treatise to HallaÅj is overwhelming.
It is based on KhatÅb
44 Ç
õ al-BaghdaÅdõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh BaghdaÅd
Ç sources that depend
and later
on it. It is independently confirmed as a treatise of HallaÅj by Ibn al-ÀrabõÅ, (d.
638/1240) who correctly states the title as Ç K. al-SÇayhuÅr fõÅ naqdÇ al-dayhuÅr
.45
Furthermore, the research of L. Massignon has added other aspects favoring the
= (d. 774/1373) knows the book as MihÇan al-mashaÅyikh , see Ibn KathõÅr, al-BidaÅya wa l-nihaÅya, 12
vols., Beirut 1405/1984, 10, 270 (yr. 205 h). A comparison of SarraÅj's K. al-Luma` with SulamõÅ's
treatise, Dhikr mihÇan al-mashaÅyikh al-sÇuÅfõÅya (ff. 79a-88b) included in MS MuhÇammad Ibn SaùÅd
2118 , demonstrates that SulamõÅ relied in part on SarraÅj's K. al-Luma` as a source for his treatise
on the trials of the Sufi shaykhs.
40) MS MuhÇammad Ibn SaùÅd 2118 also includes a series of very small unpublished pamphlets
of SulamõÅ, each covering only a couple of folios, that are briefly described in G. Bowering, Two early
Sufi manuscripts, 229-30. They are: Ta'wõÅl qawlihi taàÅlaÅ «falanuhÇyõÅyannahu ÇhayaÅtanÇtayyibatan»
(ff.
208b-210a); Ta'wõÅl qawl AllaÅh subhÇaÅnahu wa-taàÅlaÅ «li-yahlika man halaka àn bayyinatin wa-yahÇyaÅ
man Çhayya àn bayyinatin» (ff. 210a-211b); Ta'wõÅl qawl al-nabõÅ
(ff. 212a/b); Mas'alat al-habõÅb wa l-
khalõÅl(ff. 213a-214b); Mas'alat dhawqÇta`m al-hÇayaÅt al-asÇlõÅya
(ff. 215a-216b); Ma`naÅ qawlihiÇ «al-sÇawm
lõÅ wa-anaÅ ajzõÅ bihi»
(ff. 219a-220a). It is incorrect that the treatise, al-NaÅsikh wa l-mansuÅkh fi l-Qur'aÅn
(MS. Princeton, Yehuda 228/2) , attributed to al-ZuhrõÅ (d. 124/742), has been reworked by SulamõÅ
( GAS 1, 283, 674); cf. ZuhrõÅ, al-NaÅsikh wa l-mansuÅkh Arbaàt kutub fõÅ l-naÅsikh wa l-mansuÅkh
, in:
(ed. HaÅtim SaÅlih al-DaÅmin), Baghdad 1409/1989, 2/13-34; rather, ZuhrõÅ's treatise refers to Abu Å
Ç ÇmanÇ Àbdalla
Àbd al-Rah Ç
Å Åh b. HabõÅb al-SulamõÅ (d. 70/689).
41) al-RisaÅla
Ç (ed, Àbd al-H Ç alõ Mahmud and Mahmud b. al-Sharõ Cairo 1385/1966, 487.
Åm Å Å Åf),
Ç
42) Printed in the margin of al-Àru Ç Ç
ÅsõÅ (d. 1293/1876), NataÅ'ij al-afkaÅr al-qudsõÅya fõÅ bayaÅn maàÅnõÅ :
SharhÇ al-RisaÅla al-QushayrõÅya, 4 vols., BulaÅq 1290/1873, 3, 181 ( allafahu fõÅ radd àlaÅ al-dahrõÅya al-
qaÅ'ilõÅna bi-qidam al-àÅlam).
43) R. Gramlich, Das Sendschreiben al-QusÏayrõÅs u Èber das Sufitum, Wiesbaden 1989, 332, 646.
õ al-BaghdaÅdõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh BaghdaÅd, 2, 249; DhahabõÅ, Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ', 17, 255; and
44) KhatÅb
DhahabõÅ, Ta'rõ ÇÅkh al-Isla
Åm (yrs. 401-20), 307. In his K.al-Fihrist, Ibn al-NadõÅm (d. 385/995) quotes a K.
al-SÇayhuÅn (sic!) among HÇallaÅj's works (cf, G. FluÈgel, KitaÅb al-Fihrist, 2 vols., Halle 1872, 1, 192; 2, 81)
and, in his Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ' (14, 353), DhahabõÅ cites the title as K. al-Suhu År, rather than SayhuÅr.
ÅÇhaÅt al-makkõÅya, 4 vols., BeirutÇ (DaÅr SÇaÅdir, n.d.),Ç4, 332.
45) Ibn al-ÀrabõÅ, (d. 638/1240), al-Futu
Å Àbd al-Rahma
Ån al-Sulamõ
Å
Ç
MaqaÅmaÅt al-awliyaÅ', cited by RaÅfi`õÅ, TadwõÅn , 2, 383, 464, 465; 3, 332, 437; Ibn al-
Àrabõ
Å, FutuÅÇhaÅt , 1, 234; (Pseudo-)MuhÇaÅÇdarat al-abraÅr wa-
Ibn Àrabõ
Å,
musaÅmarat al-akhya År , 2 vols., Beirut (Da

År SaÅdir, n.d., 1994?), 1, 11.
al-MawaÅìzÇ wa l-wasÇaÅyaÅ TadwõÅn

, cited by RaÅfi`õ
Å,
Ç
Kanz al-
, 3, 227; MuttaqõÅ al-Hindõ Å,
ùmmaÅl , 3, 209 (nr. 6194).
Ta'rõÅkh ahl al-suffa , cited by Kashf al-mahÇjuÅb

Hujwõ
Årõ
Å (Julla
Åbõ
Å), (ed. V.
Ç ukowsky), Tehran 1358s/1399/1979, 98-9; transl. R.A. Nicholson, The

Z Kashf
al-Mahjub of Al Hujwiri : the Oldest Persian Treatise on Sufiism , London 1936,
al-TahbõÅr
MajmuÅàt al-rasaÅ'il wa l-masaÅ'il Ç
repr. 1976, 81-2; Samà
Ånõ
Å, , 2, 103; Ibn Taymõ
Åya (d. 728/1328),
, 3 vols., Beirut 1412/1992, 1, 36; Dhahabõ

Å,
Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm (yrs. 541-50), 375.
K. al-Zuhd ÇTabaqaÅt al-sÇuÅfõÅya

, cited by Sulamõ
Å, (ed. J. Pedersen), 5; (ed. Nu
Å r al-Dõ
Ån
Shurayba), 3.
A number of Sulamõ
Å's minor treatises have been discovered in MS
MuhÇammad Ibn SaùÅd 2118 , which is preserved in the library of the Islamic
University Muhammad Ibn Saù Å d (Maktabat Jamõ

Åàt al-Ima
Åm Muhammad b.
Ç Ç
Saù
Å d)of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A preliminary description of this collective
manuscript can be found in G. Bo

È wering, Two early Sufi manuscripts, in JSAI 31
(2006), 219-231. The Arabic text of five of these minor treatises is edited in this
volume and will be presented in detail below. Five other minor treatises from this
collective manuscript have been published separately and are included above in
the list of Sulamõ

Å's published writings. They are:
K. AÅdaÅb al-ìshra wa l-sÇuhÇba (ff.106a-130a), ed. M.J. Kister.
Adab mujaÅlasat al-mashaÅyikh wa-hÇifzÇ ÇhurumaÅtihim, (ff. 73b-79a), ed. K.
Honerkamp.
Dhikr al-niswa al-mutaàbbidaÅt al-sÇuÅfõÅyaÅt (ff. 20b-32a), ed. M. M. al-Tana

ÅhÅ õ.
DarajaÅt al-sÇaÅdiqõÅn fi l-tasÇawwuf (ff. 52b-57a), ed. K. Honerkamp.

Ç
ÙyuÅb al-nafs (ff. 88b-98b), ed. E. Kohlberg; ed. Majdõ

Å FathÅõ al-Sayyid.
MS MuhÇammad Ibn SaùÅd 2118

Ç
The remaining treatises included in , as yet
unpublished, are listed here to complete the survey of Sulamõ

Å's minor treatises.
They are:
Mas'ala fõÅ qawaÅìd al-tasawwuf wa-mabaÅnõÅhaÅ

Mas'alat al-hÇayaÅ' Ç
(ff. 32b-37a).
(ff. 38b-42b).
Mas'alat maÅ'õÅyat al-faqr wa-aÅdaÅbihi (ff. 60a-63b).
FusÇuÅl fõÅ nasÇÅõÇhat al-umaraÅ' wa l-wuzaraÅ' (ff. 63b-67a).
Dhamm takabbur al-ùlamaÅ' (ff. 67a-73a).
Dhikr mihÇan al-mashaÅyikh al-sÇuÅfõÅya (ff. 79a-88b).

39
39) The title of MihÇan al-sÇuÅfõÅya is signaled by Dhahabõ

Å, Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ' , 11, 534; 12, 93;
14, 489, 525 and Dhahabõ

Å, Ta'rõÅkh al-Islam (yrs. 241-50), 54; (yrs. 301-20), 509. Ibn al-Kathõ
År=
Introduction 17
Many of these minor works of SulamõÅ are reprinted collectively in N.
Pourjavady (ed.), MajmuÅà-yi aÅthaÅr-i AbuÅ Àbd al-RahÇmaÅn-i SulamõÅ, vol. 1, Tehran
1369; vol. 2, Tehran 1372. The following works have been announced for
publication in vol. 3, Tehran 2009 (forthcoming):
AÅdaÅb al-faqr wa-sharaÅ'itÇuhu (ed. N. ZaydaÅn),
Adab mujaÅlasat al-mashaÅyikh wa-hifz ÇhurumaÅtihim (ed. K. Honerkamp),
K. BayaÅn tadhallul al-fuqaraÅ' (ed.ÇK.Ç Honerkamp),
DarajaÅt al-sÇaÅdiqõÅn fi l-tasÇawwuf, (ed. K. Honerkamp),
Dhikr aÅdaÅb al-sÇuÅfõÅya fõÅ ityaÅnihim al-rukhasÇ (ed. N. ZaydaÅn),
ÇHK.ikam muntakhaba min aqwaÅl al-ùlamaÅ' (ed. K. Honerkamp),
FusÇuÅl fi l-tasÇawwuf (ed. K. Honerkamp),
K. MahÇaÅsin al-tasÇawwuf (ed. K. Honerkamp),
Mustakhraj min hikaÅyaÅt AbõÅ ÇSaÅlihÇ ÇHamduÅn b. AhÇmad al-QasÇÇsaÅr (ed. M. SuÅrõÅ),
RisaÅla fõÅ ma`rifatÇAllaÅh (ed. M. SuÅrõÅ),
RisaÅlat rawdÇat al-murõÅdõÅn (ed. M. SuÅrõÅ).
Arabic primary sources provide the titles of additional works attributed to
SulamõÅ. It has not been possible, however, to locate manuscripts of them; they
may be duplicate titles, works yet to be found, works lost altogether or writings
falsely attributed to the author. In addition to SulamõÅ's two 37lost major works,
Ta'rõÅkh al-sÇuÅfõÅya and Sunan al-sÇuÅfõÅya, these minor writings are:
al-AmaÅlõÅ, cited by al-MuttaqõÅ al-HindõÅ, Kanz al-ùmmaÅl, 6, 686. (nr. 17407).38
K. al-AtÇìma, cited by RaÅfi`õÅ, TadwõÅn, 4, 9; MuttaqõÅ al-HindõÅ, Kanz al-ùmmaÅl, 12,
340 (nr. 35311).
al-Ikhwa wa l-akhawaÅt min al-sÇuÅfõÅya, cited by KhatÇÅõb al-BaghdaÅdõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh
BaghdaÅd, 14 vols., Cairo 1349/1931, 7, 112. This biographical work of Sufi men
and women may have been partly identical with his Dhikr al-niswa al-
mutaàbbidaÅt al-sÇuÅfõÅyaÅt inasmuch as hagiographies of female Sufis are
concerned.
=b. MuhÇammad b. ZarruÅq al-BurnusõÅ (d. 899/1493) in metrical form, entitled K. al-Uns fõÅ sharhÇ
ÙyuÅb al-nafs or al-Rajaz al-ma`yuÅb, and the other in prose by Muhammad b. ÀlõÅ al-KharruÅbõÅ al-
SÇafaÅqusõÅ (d. 963/1556), entitled, K. al-Uns fi l-tanbõÅh àlaÅ ÙyuÅb al-nafsÇ , see IsmaÅ`õÅl BaÅshaÅ al-BaghdaÅ-
dõÅ, al-IÅÇdaÅÇh al-maknuÅn, 2 vols., Istanbul (1364/1945), 2, 274; GAL, 1, 201; S 1, 362; GAS 1, 672-3.
37) Some titles, mentioned by HÇaÅjjõÅ KhalõÅfa and IsmaÅ`õÅl BaÅshaÅ al-BaghdaÅdõÅ as writings of SulamõÅ,
cannot be substantiated in the Islamic historical and biographical literature. They are: AÅdaÅb al-taàÅzõÅ,
cited by HÇaÅjjõÅ KhalõÅfa, Kashf al-zÇunuÅn, 2 vols., Istanbul 1360-1362/1941-1943, 1, 42; IsmaÅ`õÅl BaÅshaÅ al-
BaghdaÅdõÅ, HadõÅyat al-àÅrifõÅn, 2 vols., Istanbul 1951-55, 2,61; AmthaÅl al-Qur' aÅn, cited by Hajji KhalõÅfa,
Kashf al-zunuÅn, 1, 168; IsmaÅ`õÅl BaÅshaÅ al-BaghdaÅdõÅ, HadõÅyat al-àÅrifõÅn, 2, 61; and K. al-AnwaÅr, cited by
IsmaÅ`õÅl BaÇÅshaÅ al-BaghdaÅdõÅ, HadõÅyat al-àÅrifõÅn, 2, 61 (probably confused with K. al-AnwaÅr of MuhÇam-
mad b. AhÇmad al-SulamõÅ (d. 750/1349).
38) It remains questionable whether al-AmaÅlõÅ, cited by al-MuttaqõÅ al-HindõÅ, Kanz al-ùmmaÅl, 6,
686. (nr. 17407), refers to SulamõÅ's sessions of dictation in general, rather than to a particular title of
one of SulamõÅ's actual works.
Å Àbd al-Rahma
Ån al-Sulamõ
Å
Ç
K. al-FutuÅwa , ed. F. Taeschner, in Studia Orientalia J. Pedersen septagenario ,
Copenhagen 1953, 340-51 (excerpt only); ed. S. Ates

Ë, Ankara 1397/1977; ed.
Ihsa
Ån DhannuÅ n al-ThaÅmirõ
Å and Muhammad Àbdalla Åh al-Qadaha Åt, Amman
Ç Ç Ç
1422/2001; English translation, Tosun Bayrak al-Jerrahi al-Halveti, The Book
of Sufi Chivalry, London 1983; German translatiion, F. Langmayr, Der Sufi Weg
zur Vollkommenheit , Freiburg im Breisgau, 1985. French translation, F. Skali,
KitaÅb al-FutuÅwa : TraiteÂ de chevalerie soufie , Paris 1989.
K. al-SamaÅ`, ed. Àlõ

Å Àqalih Àrsa
Ån, inal-TuraÅth al-ÀrabõÅ 5 (1985), 80-94; ed. N.
Pourjavady, MaàÅrif 20 (1367/1989), 291-318.
ManaÅhij al-àÅrifõÅn ManaÅhij al-àÅrifõÅn

, ed. E. Kohlberg, : A treatise on Su
Å fism by
AbuÅ Àbd al-Rahma Ån al-Sulamõ

Å, JSAI 1 (1979), 19-39; ed. S. Ates
Ë, Tisàt kutub
Ç
,
Ç 35
37-92; repr., 141-64.
MasaÅ'il waradat min Makka , ed. G. Bowering, MaàÅrif Ï/1996), 190-204.

, 12 (1374s
al-Muqaddima fi l-tasawwuf wa-haqõÅqatih Tisàt kutub

Ç Ç
, ed. S. Ates
Ë, , 93-130; repr.,
Beirut, 291-362; ed. Husayn Amõ Ån, Baghdad 1984; ed. Yu Å suf ZõÅda
Ån, Cairo
Ç
Å sim Ibra
1407/1987; repr. Beirut 1419/1999; ed. À Åhõ
Åm al-KayyaÅlõ
Å, Beirut 1426/
Ç
2005.
NasõÅm al-arwaÅh Tisàt kutub

Ç
, ed. S. Ates
Ë, , 171-84; repr., 411-27; ed. Ahmad TaÅhirõ
Å
Ç Ç
Ìra
Åqõ Ï/1994.
Å, Tehran 1372s
al-Radd àlaÅ ahl al-kalaÅm: selections by Abu l-Fadl Àbd al-Rahma Ån b. Ahmad al-
Ç Ç Ç
Muqri' al-Ra
Åzõ
Å (d. 404/1013), ed. Na Åsir b. Àbd al-Rahma Ån b. Muhammad al-
AhaÅdõÅth fõÅ dhamm al-kalaÅm wa-ahlih

Ç Ç Ç
Ç ÅmatõÅya
Juday`, , Riya
Åd 1417/1996, 75-104.
RisaÅlat al-mala al-MalaÅmatõÅya wa l-suÅfõÅya wa-ahl

Ç
Ç
, ed. Abu l-Àla
Å' al-Àfõ
Åfõ
Å,
al-futuÅwa Cairo 1364/1945, 86-120; analysis and German summary translation
by R. Hartmann, Der Islam 8 (1918), 157-204.
SifaÅt al-dhaÅkirõÅn wa l-mutafakkirõÅn

Ç Majallat al-majma` al-ìlmõÅ al-hindõÅ
, ed.AbuÅ Mahfu Å z al-Karõ
Åm al-Ma`su
Å mõ
Å, in
Ç Ç Ç
(1404/1984).
Su'aÅlaÅt AbõÅ Àbd al-RahmaÅn al-SulamõÅ li l-DaÅraqutnõÅ fi l-jarh wa l-ta`dõÅl

Ç Ç Ç
, ed. Majdõ
Å
FathÅõ al-Sayyid, Tanta 1413/1992; ed. by a group of scholars under the

Ç
supervision of Sa`d b. Humayd, Riyadh 1427/2007.
SuluÅk al-àÅrifõÅn , ed. S.

Ç
Ates
Ë, Tisàt kutub, 155-69; repr., 391-410; ed. Na
Ådiya
Å
Zayda
Ån, Tehran, forthcoming.
UsuÅl al-malaÅmatõÅya UsuÅl al-

Ç malaÅmatõÅya wa-ghalataÅt al-suÅfõÅya Ç wa l-
, ed. Àbd al-Fatta
Åh Ahmad al-Fa Åwõ
Å Mahmu
Å d, in
Ç Ç Ç
al-Tasawwuf : al-wajh
Ç Ç Ç
, 1405/1984, 138-74;
wajh al-aÅkhar , Cairo 1415/1995, 285-322.
ÙyuÅb al-nafs wa-mudaÅwaÅtuhaÅ , ed. E. Kohlberg, Jerusalem 1976; ed. Majdõ

Å FathÅõ
36 Ç
al-Sayyid, Tanta 1410/1990.
35) These two editions of the ManaÅhij al-àÅrifõÅn are based on unreliable manuscripts; a more
BayaÅn manaÅhij al-saÅdiqõÅn min al-suÅfõÅya Muhammad Ibn SaùÅd 2118

Ç Ç Ç
accurate text is included as in MS
(ff. 42b-52b).
36) There are two commentaries written on the ÙyuÅb al-nafs , one by Abu
Å l-Àbba
Ås Ahmad=
Ç
Introduction 15
that its chains of narrators (isna

Åd) were frequently headed by Sufi authorities.
Many minor treatises of Sulamõ

Å have been published over the years:
Adab muja
Ålasat al-masha Åtihim,
Åyikh wa-hifz huruma ed. K. Honerkamp, Maà
Årif 20
Ç Ç Ç
Ï/2004), 149-168.
(1382s
Baya
Ån ahwaÅl al-su Åya, ed. S. Ates
Å fõ Ë, Tisàt kutub li-Abõ
Å Àbd al-Rahma
Ån Muhammad
Ç Ç Ç Ç
b. al-Husayn b. Mu Å sa
Å al-SulamõÅ, Ankara 1401/1981, 131-40; repr. Beirut 1414/
Ç
1993, 363-75.
Baya Å',
Ån zalal al-fuqara ed. S. Ates
Ë, Tisàt kutub, 185-207; repr., 429-63; English
translation K. L. Honerkamp, The Stumblings of Those Aspiring, in N. Heer
and K.L. Honerkamp, Three Early Sufi Texts, Lousville 2003, 129-53.
Daraja
Åt al-muà Åt,
Åmala ed. S. AtesË, Tisàt kutub, 21-6; repr., 165-182; ed. Ahmad
Ç
TaÅhirõ
Å Ìra
Åqõ
Å, Tehran 1369s Ï/1991.
Ç
Daraja
Åt al-sa Ån fi l-tasawwuf, ed. S. Ates
Ådiqõ Ë, Tisàt kutub, 141-52; repr., 377-90;
Ç Ç Ç
English translation K. L. Honerkamp, Stations of the Righteous, in N. Heer
and K.L. Honerkamp, Three Early Sufi Texts, Lousville 2003, 119-28.
Dhikr al-niswa al-mutaàbbida

Åt al-su
Å fõ Åt,
Åya ed. Mahmu Å d Muhammad al-Tana ÅhÅ,
õ
Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç
Cairo 1413/1993; ed. Mustafa
Å Àbd al-Qa
Ådir Àta
Å, Tabaqa
Åt al-su Åya, 2, 385-425;
Å fõ
ÇÇ Ç Ç Ç
see also R.E. Cornell, Early Sufi Women, Louisville 1999 (Arabic text and
English translation side by side), and Maryam Husaynõ
Å, Nukhustõ
Ån zana
Ån-i Su Å,
Å fõ
Ç Ç
Tehran 1385/2006 (Arabic text and Persian translation).
al-Farq bayna ìlm al-sharõ Åqa,

Åà wa l-haqõ ed. Najma Raja
Åyõ Ï/
Årif 14 (1376s
Å, Maà
Ç
1998), 70-84.
GhalataÅt al-su Åya, ed. Àbd al-Fatta

Å fõ Åh Ahmad al-Fa ÅwõÅ MahmuÅ d, Usu Å l al-
Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç
malaÅmatõÅya wa-ghalata Åt al-su Åya, 1405/1984, 175-99; al-Tasawwuf : al-wajh wa
Å fõ
Ç Ç Ç
Åkhar, Cairo, 1415/1995, 323-348. This edition is based on MS. Cairo
l-wajh al-a
2
I , 267, majmu
Å à
Å 178 (ff. 33f-80a, 11th c.h.). A better text can be found in MS.
Konya, Yusuf Agha 4862/5606 (91 ff., 617h), which belonged to the library of
Sadr al-Dõ
Ån al Qu
Å nawõ
Å (d. 673/1264). However, Sulamõ
Å's Ghalata Åt al-su Åya is
Å fõ
Ç Ç Ç
copied almost entirely from the K. al-Luma` of Sarra Åj, cf. R. Gramlich,
Schlaglichter È ber
u das Sufitum, Wiesbaden 1990, 29-30; A.J. Arberry, Did
Sulamõ
Å plagiarize Sarra
Åj? JRAS 1937, 461-5; GAS, 1, 673.
Jawa
Åmi` a
ÅdaÅb al-suÅ fiyya, ed. E. Kohlberg, Jerusalem 1976; ed. S. Ates
Ë, Tisàt
Ç
kutub, 37-92; repr. 183-290.
Kala
Åm al-Sha Å fi l-tasawwuf, ed. Ahmad Ta
Åfi`õ Åhirõ
Å Ìra
Åqõ
Å, Tehran 1372.
Ç Ç Ç
Å da
K. A Åb al-suhba wa-husn al-ìshra, ed. M.J. Kister, Jerusalem 1954; ed. Yu
Å suf
Ç Ç Ç
Àlõ
Å Badyawõ
Å, Beirut 1410/1990.
Ån fi'l-tasawwuf,
K. al-Àrba`õ HaydaraÅbaÅd 1369/1950; ed. Muhammad Su Å rõ
Å, Tehran,
Ç Ç
forthcoming 2009; commentary by Muhammad b. Àbd al-Rahma Ån al-Sakha Åwõ
Å
Ç Ç
(d. 902/1497), Takhrõ
Åj al-arba`õ Åya fi l-tasawwuf, Beirut and Amman,
Ån al-Sulamõ
Ç
1408/1988.
Å Àbd al-Rahma
Ån al-Sulamõ
Å
Ç
BaghdaÅd , 5 vols., Beirut 1417/1997 (Da

År al-Kutub al-Ìlmõ
Åya, 5 volumes
numbered 16-20), 16, 82 (nr. 68); 17, 170 (nr. 472); 18, 37 (nr. 541); 19, 212 (nr.
1068), 213 (nr. 1069), 219 (nr. 1082); 20, 51 (nr. 1170), 62 (nr. 1190), 137 (nr.
1310), 138 (nr. 1313); Samà

Ånõ
Å (d. 562/1166), al-AnsaÅb , Beirut 1408/1988, 1,
255, 443; 3, 509; 4, 31; Ibn Àsa

Åkir (d. 571/1176), Ta'rõÅkh madõÅnat Dimashq , 80
vols., Damascus (Da

År al-Fikr) 1415/1990 ± 1419/1998, 6, 443; 21, 192; 26, 253;
36, 433; 41, 213, 239; 48, 231; 51, 9; 54, 304; 67, 34; Ra
Åfi`õ
Å (d. 623/1226), al-
TadwõÅn fõÅ akhbaÅr QazwõÅn , 4 vols., Beirut 1408/1987, 2, 358, 383-4, 439, 464; 3,
255, 435; 4, 51, 192; Ya

Åqu
Å t (d. 626/1229), Mu`jam al-buldaÅn , 7 vols., Beirut
(DaÅr SaÅdir), 1410/1990, 1, 381; Dhahabõ

Å, Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ' , 12, 88; 13, 89;
Ç
16, 272; 17, 248; Dhahabõ Å, Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm (yrs. 231-40), 39; (yrs. 241-50), 54;
(yrs. 251-60), 142; (yrs. 261-80), 143, 501; (yrs. 291-300), 92; (yrs. 301-20), 253,
351; (yrs. 351-80), 226.
The principal book of Sulamõ

Å on religious customs and Sufi manners, often
Sunan al-suÅfõÅya
Ç
referred to as the , is lost today. The work, however, is frequently
cited in later sources, but nothing is known from them about its date of origin.
The following references give witness to its widespread circulation:
Sunan al-suÅfõÅya Salwat al-ahzaÅn

Ç al-TahbõÅr fi l-majma` al-kabõÅr Ç
, cited by al-Khaffa
Åf (d. 543/1148), , Cairo 1991, 77;
Ç
Samà
Ånõ
Å, , 2 vols. Baghdad 1395/1975, 2, 103; Ibn
al-Jawzõ
Å (d. 597/1200),TalbõÅs IblõÅs , Beirut 1409/1989, 235, 256, 363; Ra
Åfi`õ
Å,
TadwõÅn , 2, 464; 4, 13, 88, 148, 159, 176; Dhahabõ

Å,Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm (yrs. 541-50),
375; al-Suyu
Å tÅ al-HaÅwõÅ li l-fataÅwaÅ
õ, (d. 911/1505), , 2 vols., Beirut 1403/1983, 2,
248; Muttaqõ
Ç
Å al-Hindõ Å (d. 975/1567), Kanz al-ùmmaÅl fõÅ sunan al-aqwaÅl wa l-
afàÅl , 16 vols., Beirut 1405/1985, 1, 110 (nr. 511); 3, 473 (nr. 7484); 13, 605 (nr.
Fayd al-qadõÅr
Ç al-khafaÅ'
37546); al-Muna
Åwõ
Å (d. 1031/1623), , 6 vols., Beirut 1422/2001, 1,
245; 2, 255; Àjlu

Å nõ Kashf
Å (d. 1162/1749), , 2 vols., Beirut 1419/1998, 1,
79.
Without actual reference to the title of the work, many extracts of the
Sunan al-suÅfõÅya al-Sunan al-kubraÅ K. al-

Ç Shuàb al-õÅmaÅn
contents of were integrated into the , the
Zuhd al-kabõÅr
and the of Abu
Å Bakr Ahmad b. al-Husayn b. Àlõ
Å b.
Ç Ç
Mu
Å sa
Å al-Bayhaqõ
Å (d. 458/1066), as is shown by the high frequency with which
Sulamõ
Å is quoted as Bayhaqõ
Å's source.
33
Judging by these extracts Sulamõ
Å's Sunan
al-suÅfõÅya
Ç
appears to have been similar to other works of the literary genre of
sunan books (collections of traditions),

34
with the characteristic mark, however,
33) See Abu Å Bakr Ahmad b. al-Husayn b. Àlõ

Å b. Mu
Å sa
Å al-Bayhaqõ Å (d. 458/1066), al-Sunan al-
kubraÅ Ç Ç
, 11 vols., Beirut 1406/1986; idem, K. al-Zuhd al-kabõÅr
Å mir Ahmad Haydar), Beirut 1408/
(ed. À
1987; and idem, Shuàb al-õÅmaÅn

(ed. AbuÅ Ha
Åjir Muhammad al-Sa`õ
Ç
Åd b. Basyu
Ç
Å nõ
Å ZaghluÅ l), 9 vols.,
Beirut 1410/1990; see also, J. Robson, «al-BayhakÅ

Ç
õ,» in , 2, 1130; EI2 GAL
1, 363; S 1, 618-9; Dha-
habõ
Å, Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ'
, 18, 163-70; Dhahabõ
Ç
Å, Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm
, 30 (yrs. 441-60), 438-41, with
additional references.
34) J.G.H.A. Juynboll, EI2 , 9, 874.

Introduction 13
which a boy was crushed by the crowd and a man died of a heart attack.27 In the
opinion of Shurayba and Nwyia, the HaqaÅ'iq al-tafsõÅr was compiled before the
Ç and 370/980.28 This opinion appears
Ta'rikh al-sÇuÅfõÅya, probably between 360/970
to be based principally on the evaluation of the esoteric nature of the work, which
does not document any tendency of harmonization with orthodox points of view.
This orthodox point of view, mainly inferred from the TabaqaÅt al-suÅfõÅya, is
presumed to have marked SulamõÅ's later work.29 Ç Ç
Some factors work against this view, however, and argue for the completion of
the HaqaÅ'iq al-tafsõÅr closer to 390/990 in SulamõÅ's life. As has been stated, SulamõÅ
Ç the book in its entirety in Nishapur in 399/1009, without the addendum of
taught
the ZiyaÅdaÅt al-haqaÅ'iq that resembles it in content and method. In addition, two
circumstantial Çreferences to ShaÅfi`õÅ scholars establish a terminus ad quem for the
HaqaÅ'iq al-tafsõÅr and demonstrate that SulamõÅ continued to lecture on the work in
Çhis later career. AbuÅ HaÅmid al-IsfaraÅyõÅnõÅ (345/956-406/1015), who from 393/1003
onward became counselor Ç to the caliph al-QaÅdir, is said to have requested to
examine the work, when SulamõÅ came to Baghdad. Finding the material highly
noteworthy, AbuÅ HaÅmid arranged for a chair in the mosque to be established for
SulamõÅ to teach the Ç HaqaÅ'iq al-tafsõÅr.30 Abu l-ÀbbaÅs al-NasawõÅ, who died in 396/
1005, followed Sulamõ ÇÅ's lecture on the HaqaÅ'iq al-tafsõÅr in Baghdad, took a copy of
the work to Egypt, and made a thousand Ç gold pieces (dõÅnaÅr) teaching it there.31
On the basis of this evidence, the HaqaÅ'iq al-tafsõÅr appears to be a Sufi primary
source that was compiled some timeÇ after the K. al-Luma` of AbuÅ Nasr al-SarraÅj
(d. 378/988) and the QuÅt al-quluÅb of AbuÅ TaÅlib al-MakkõÅ (d. 388/998).Ç 32
Ç
The existence and use of the Ta'rõÅkh al-suÅfõÅya in the Islamic historical
literature, however, is widely attested, as shownÇby the following examples:
Ta'rõÅkh al-sÇuÅfõÅya, cited by KhatÇÅõb al-BaghdaÅdõÅ (d. 463/1071), Ta'rõÅkh BaghdaÅd, 2,
348 (nr. 851); 4, 97 (nr. 1747), 361 (nr. 2216); 5, 310 (nr. 2822); 6, 188 (nr.
3246), 294 (nr. 3323); 12, 30 (nr. 6396), 225 (nr. 6673); AnsaÅrõÅ-i HarawõÅ (d. 481/
Ç ÅrõÅ), Kabul 1340sÏ,
1089), TabaqaÅt al-suÅfõÅya (ed. Àbd al-Hayy-i HabõÅbõÅ-i Qandaha
Ç Ç Ç
100 (86), 340 (291), 444 (374), 482 (406); (ed. Muhammad Sarwar MawlaÅ'õÅ),
Kabul 1362sÏ, 115, 405, 525, 567; Ibn al-NajjaÅr (d.Ç 643/1245), Dhayl Ta'rõÅkh
27) DhahabõÅ, Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ', 17, 248
28) See Shurayba's introduction to his edition of SulamõÅ's TabaaqaÅt al-suÅfõÅya, 49-50; P. Nwyia,
Ç
Trois úuvres ineÂdites de mystiques musulmans, Beirut 1986, 26 (introduction). Ç
29) For a study of TabaqaÅt literature, see J. A. Mojaddedi, The Biographical Tradition in Sufism,
Richmond 2001. Ç
30) DhahabõÅ, Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ', 17, 248.
32) AbuÅ Nasr al-SarraÅj, K. al-Luma` (ed. R.A.. Nicholson), Cambridge 1963; AbuÅ TaÅlib al-Mak-
kõÅ, QuÅt al-quluÅb,Ç2 vols., Cairo 1961. Ç
12 Sufi Treatises of AbuÅ Àbd al-RahmaÅn al-SulamõÅ
Ç
Significant sections of the HaqaÅ'iq al-tafsõÅr have been included in the ÀraÅ'is al-
bayaÅn wa-hÇaqaÅ'iq al-Qur'aÅÇn of AbuÅ MuhÇammad RuÅzbihaÅn al-BaqlõÅ (d. 606/
1209).19 Some time after the completion of the HaqaÅ'iq al-tafsõÅr, SulamõÅ wrote a
separate Qur'aÅn commentary, entitled ZiyaÅdaÅt al-h Ç aqaÅ'iq, which he compiled late
in his life as an addendum to the former.20 HisÇ substantial Ta'rõÅkh al-suÅfõÅya, a
hagiography listing the biographies of hundreds of Sufis, is lost and known Ç only
through extracts incorporated in later sources. It was probably based in part on
the HikaÅyaÅt al-suÅfõÅya,21 the Sufi hagiography compiled by AbuÅ Bakr Muhammad
Ç Åh b.Ç Àbd al-ÀzõÅz al-BajalõÅ, known as Ibn ShaÅdhaÅn al-RaÅzõÅ al-Wa
b. Àbdalla Ç Åìz,
who died in 376/986 in Nishapur. SulamõÅ completed the Ta'rikh al-suÅfõÅya in 384/
22 Ç
Ç
994 in the city of Rayy. The TabaqaÅt al-suÅfõÅya appears to be an abbreviated
23
Ç summary
version of the Ta'rõÅkh al-suÅfõÅya, listing Ç biographies of one hundred and
Ç
five Sufis with selections of their sayings. SulamõÅ composed the TabaqaÅt al-suÅfõÅya
as a continuation to his now lost K. al-Zuhd, in which he had Ç recorded the
hagiographies of holy men belonging to the first three generations of Muslims
(sahaÅba, taÅbiùÅn and taÅbiù l-taÅbi`õÅn).24
ÇÇ
The order in which SulamõÅ compiled his major works is not altogether certain
because the precise dates of compilation remain subject to some conflicting
evidence. The TabaqaÅt al-suÅfõÅya was a later work, definitely compiled well after
387/997 according Ç to the explicit
Ç internal evidence of the text.25 The Ta'rõÅkh al-
suÅfõÅya may have been completed as early as 371/981 while Ibn KhafõÅf (d. 371/981)
Çwas still alive, as Massignon has argued.26 It was definitely completed, however,
by 384/994 when SulamõÅ lectured on the work at Rayy, causing a commotion in
=MUSJ 44 (1968), 145-7; idem, Trois úuvres ineÂdites de mystiques musulmans, Beirut 1973, 23-182.
The items of Ibn ÀtaÅ''s Qur'aÅn commentary included in SulamõÅ's HaqaÅ'iq al-tafsõÅr have been trans-
Ç introduction by R. Gramlich, Abu l-ÀbbaÅsÇ b. ÀtaÅ': Sufi und Koranausleger,
lated into German with
Stuttgart 1995. Ç
19) See RuÅzbihaÅn al-BaqlõÅ, ÀraÅ'is al-bayaÅn wa-haqaÅ'iq al-Qur'aÅn (lithograph), 2 vols., Cawnpore
Ç Ån (ed. Ahmad FarõÅd al-MizyadõÅ), 3 vols.,
1301/1884, and TafsõÅr ÀraÅ'is al-bayaÅn wa-haqaÅ'iq al-Qur'a
Beirut 1429/2008. Ç Ç
20) G. BoÈwering, The Minor Qur'aÅn Commentary of AbuÅ Àbd al-RahmaÅn Muhammad b. al-Hu-
sayn al SulamõÅ (d. 412/1021), Beirut 1995, 21997 (Arabic text, 1-255); Çsee also ÇG. BoÈwering, The Ç
major sources of SulamõÅ's minor Qur'aÅn commentary, in Oriens 35 (1996), 35-56.
21) «SulamõÅ ta'rõÅkh-i khud bar ta'rõÅkh-i wõÅ kardah,» AnsaÅrõÅ-i HarawõÅ, TabaqaÅt al-suÅfõÅya (ed. Àbd
al-Hayy-i HabõÅbõÅ-i QandahaÅrõÅ), Kabul 1340sÏ, 444 (374); (ed. Ç Muhammad Ç Sarwar Mawla
Ç Å'õÅ), Kabul
Ç Ç
1362sÏ, 525. Ç
22) See GAS, 1, 666; DhahabõÅ, Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ', 16, 364-5; DhahabõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm (yrs.
351-80), 600-1, with additional references; and F. Meier, Ein wichtiger Handschriftenfund zur Sufik,
Oriens 20 (1967), 60-106.
24) SulamõÅ, TabaqaÅt al-suÅfõÅya (ed. J. Pedersen), 5; (ed. NuÅr al-DõÅn Shurayba), 3.
Ç
25) See J. Pedersen's Ç
introduction to his edition of SulamõÅ's TabaqaÅt al-suÅfõÅya, 60.
26) L. Massignon, Quatre textes ineÂdits concernant l'histoire deÇla mystiqueÇ en pays d'Islam, Paris
1929, 11.
Introduction 11
AbuÅ Sa`õÅd MuhÇammad b. ÀlõÅ al-KhashshaÅb (381/991-456/1064), as his attendant

and scribe.12 Sulamõ Å's works, amounting to more than a hundred titles, were
composed over a period of some fifty years from about 360/970 onward.13 The
statement recorded by his scribe that SulamõÅ wrote a thousand pamphlets ( ), juz'
seven hundred of them on Sufi topics, testifies to his prodigious level of

production. This round figure, however, should not be understood as
representing the actual number of treatises SulamõÅ wrote, but rather as an order
of magnitude indicating the booklets he filled and the tracts he authored over a
long career of writing.14 Many of SulamõÅ's minor works have been published,
while others are known to be extant in manuscript. Of his major works, two have
appeared in print, the Tabaqa
15 and the
Åt al-su
Å fõ
Åya .16 His entire
Haqa
Å'iq al-tafsõ
År
corpus may be divided into three main categories: Sufi hagiographies, Sufi
Ç Ç Ç
commentaries on the Qur'aÅn, and treatises on Sufi sayings, manners and customs,
and each of these categories appears to be represented by a major work, Ta'rõ
Åkh
al-su
Ç
Å fõ
Åya, Haqa
Ç
, and
Å'iq al-tafsõ
År .
Sunan al-su
Ç
Å fõ
Åya
It is not known exactly when SulamõÅ's principal commentary on the Qur'aÅn,

Haqa
Å'iq al-tafsõ
År, was completed. One manuscript of the text, however, confirms
that SulamõÅ taught the
Ç
Haqa from beginning to end in Nishapur in 399/
Å'iq al-tafsõ
År
1009.17 L. Massignon and P. Nwyia18 have published certain extracts of the work.
Ç
12) AbuÅ Sa`õÅd MuhÇammad b. ÀlõÅ b. MuhÇammad b. AhÇmad b. HÇabõÅb al-KhashshaÅb al-NaysaÅbuÅrõÅ
al-SaffaÅr (381/991-456/1064), DhahabõÅ, (yrs. 441-60), 420-1, with additional referen-
ces.Ç
Ta'rõ
Åkh al-Isla
Åm
13) DhahabõÅ, Siyar a`la

Åm al-nubala
Å' , 17, 249.
14) DhahabõÅ, Siyar a`la
Åm al-nubala
Å' , 17, 247.
15) SulamõÅ,Tabaqa
Åt al-su
Å fõ
Åya (ed. J. Pedersen), Leiden 1960; (ed. NuÅr al-DõÅn Shurayba), Cairo
1389/1969, 21986; (ed. MusÇÇtafaÅ Àbd al-QaÅdir ÀtÇaÅ), 2 vols, Beirut 1419/1998; both the editions of
Ç Ç
Pedersen and Shurayba include extensive introductions to SulamõÅ's life and work; see also, H. Ritter,
Oriens 7 (1954), 397-9.
16) The edition of the
Haqa Å'iq al-tafsõ
År , published by Sayyid ÌmraÅn under the title, Tafsõ
År al-
Sulamõ
Å wa-huwa Haqa
Ç
Å'iq al-tafsõ
År , has been printed in two volumes, Beirut 1421/2001. Unfortunately,
it is based on one single manuscript, MS.
Ç
Fatih 261 (316ff; 600h) and is lacking a considerable part of
the text, missing in the manuscript on folio 110a. Thus there is a large lacuna (vol. 1, page 235)
including the end of SulamõÅ's commentary on suÅra 11 (Hu
Å d), from verse 11:90 onward, all of his
commentary on suÅra 12 (Yu
Å suf) , and the beginning of suÅra 13 (al-Ra`d)until verse 13:2. In addition,
there are many mistakes in the published text, often due to the state of the underlying manuscript,
but often also due to the less than painstaking way in which this edition was produced. The Haqa
Å'iq
al-tafsõ
År is known to exist in about sixty Arabic manuscripts found in libraries all over the world. Most
Ç
of them are listed in GAS , 1, 671-4, and G. BoÈwering, The Qur'aÅn Commentary of al-SulamõÅ, 41-56.
Two additional manuscript references should be added: MS. St. Petersburg, Nr. 9 (ANC-9), nr. 60
(306 ff., 7th c.h) and MS. Medina 16 (312 ff. , 704 h).
17) MS. St. Petersburg , Nr. 9 (ANC-9), nr. 60, f. 1b.
18) See L. Massignon, Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane , Paris
1922, 21968, 359-412; P. Nwyia, Le TafsõÅr mystique attribueÂ a GÆafar SaÅdiq, in 43 (1968), 181-
Ç 1979, 125-212, repr. Beirut
MUSJ
230, repr. in ÀlõÅ ZayùÅr,

al-Tafsõ
År al-su
Å fi li'l -Qur'a
Ån ìnd al-Sa , Beirut
Ådiq
1993, repr. Beirut 2002; P. Nwyia, Sentences de NuÅrõÅ citeÂes par SulamõÅ dans
Ç Ç
Haqa
Ç
Å'iq al-Tafsõ
År , in=
Å Àbd al-Rahma
Ån al-Sulamõ
Å
Ç
Ùthma Ån Sa`õ
Åd b. Isma
Å`õ
Ål al-HÅõrõ
Å (d. 298/910), a well-known Sha
Åfi`õ
Å scholar of
Ç 4
HadõÅth and an adherent of the ascetic tradition of Nishapur.
Ç
Sulamõ
Å was formally initiated into Sufism and granted a teaching certificate
(ija
Åza)
by the Hanafõ Å judge Abu
Å Sahl Muhammad b. Sulayma Ån al-Su`lu
Å kõ
Å (296/
Ç Ç Ç
909-369/980), a learned teacher and leading personality of Nishapur since 337/
5
949. His full accreditation as a Sufi, however, Sulamõ
Å received from Abu l-Qa
Åsim
6
Ibra
Åhõ
Åm b. Muhammad al-Nasra Åba
Ådhõ
Å (d. 367/977-8), a Sha
Åfiì scholar of Hadõ
Åth
Ç Ç Ç
who had become a Sufi at the hands of Abu Å Bakr Dulaf b. Jahdar al-Shiblõ Å (d.
7
334/946) at Baghdad in 330/942. After many years of traveling, Nas ra Åba
Ådhõ
Å
Ç
returned to his native Nishapur in 340/951 where, some time later, he invested
8
Å with the Sufi mantle (khirqa).
Sulamõ
An avid student of Hadõ

Åth, Sulamõ Å traveled widely throughout Khurasan and
Ç
Iraq in search of knowledge, visiting Marv and Baghdad for extended periods of
time. He journeyed as far as the Hejaz, but apparently visited neither Syria nor
9
Egypt. His travels climaxed in a pilgrimage to Mecca, performed in 366/976 in
10
the company of Nasra Åba Å, who died shortly after the hajj.
Ådhõ When Sulamõ Å
Ç Ç
returned to Nishapur about 368/977-8, his teacher Isma
Å`õ
Ål b. Nujayd had passed
away, leaving Sulamõ

Å his extensive library. This library became the center of the
Sufi lodge (duwayra) which Sulamõ

Å established in his quarter of the town, the
Sikkat al-Nawand. There he spent the remaining forty years of his life as a
resident scholar, probably visiting Baghdad on a number of occasions. By his later
years Sulamõ
Å had become highly respected throughout Khurasan as a teacher of
HadõÅth, a Sha
Åfi`õ
Å man of learning, and the leading authority of his time on the
Ç 11
doctrines and practices of the Sufis.
Sulamõ
Å was a prolific author who eventually employed his future biographer,
=with additional references.
4) Dhahabõ
Å, Siyar a`la
Åm al-nubala
Å', 14, 62-6; Dhahabõ
Å, Ta'rõÅkh al-Isla
Åm (yrs. 291-300), 149-53,
with additional references; R. Gramlich, Alte Vorbilder des Sufitums. Erster Teil : Scheiche des Ostens ,
Wiesbaden 1996, 175-241.
5) Dhahabõ
Å, Siyar a`la
Åm al-nubala
Å', 16, 235-9; Dhahabõ
Åm (yrs. 351-80), 423-6.,
with additional references.
6) Dhahabõ
Å, Siyar a`la
Åm al-nubala
Å', 16, 263-7; Dhahabõ
Åm (yrs. 351-80), 367-71,
with additional references.
7) Dhahabõ
Å, Siyar a`la
Åm al-nubala
Å', 15, 367-9; Dhahabõ
Åm (yrs. 331-50), 116-20,
with additional references; R. Gramlich, Alte Vorbilder des Sufitums. Erster Teil : Scheiche des Wes-
tens, Wiesbaden 1995, 513-665.
8) Àbd al-Rahma
Ån al-Ja
Åmõ
Å, NafahaÅt al-uns min hadara
Åt al-quds, ed. M. TawhÅõdõ
Å Pu
Å r, Tehran
Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç
1336, 311.
9) Dhahabõ
Å, Siyar a`la
Åm al-nubala
Å', 17, 249.
10) Dhahabõ
Å, Siyar a`la
Åm al-nubala
Å', 17, 249.
11) For documented details on Sulamõ

Å's biography, see Bo
È wering, The Qur'a
Ån Commentary of
al-Sulamõ
Å, 41-56.
Sufi Treatises of AbuÅ Àbd al-RahmaÅn al-SulamõÅ
Ç
Introduction
A) The Author and His Writings1

The author of the Sufi treatises included in this Arabic text edition entitled,
RasaÅ'il suÅfõÅya li-AbõÅ Àbd al-RahmaÅn al-SulamõÅ, was the well known Sufi historian
Ç
and traditionist (muhaddith), ÇAbuÅ Àbd al-RahmaÅn Muhammad b. al-Husayn b.
Muhammad b. MuÅsaÅÇ b. KhaÅlid b. SaÅlim b. ZaÅwiya Ç b. Sa`õÅÇd b. QabõÅsa b. Sarra
Ç Åq al-
Ç Ç
AzdõÅ al-SulamõÅ al-NaysaÅbuÅrõÅ. He was born at Nishapur (Khurasan, Iran) in 325/
937 or 330/942, belonged to the tribe of the Azd on his father's side and to that of
the Sulaym on his mother's, and died in the same city in 412/1021.2 When
SulamõÅ's father, al-Husayn b. Muhammad b. MuÅsaÅ al-AzdõÅ, who instructed him in
his early youth, left ÇNishapur to settle
Ç at Mecca, SulamõÅ's education was entrusted
to his maternal grand-father, AbuÅ Àmr IsmaÅ`õÅl b. Nujayd b. Ahmad b. YuÅsuf b.
KhaÅlid al-SulamõÅ al-NaysaÅbuÅrõÅ (d. 366/976-7),3 who was a Çdisciple of AbuÅ
1) Where the spelling of Arabic or Persian places and terms is included in English dictionaries,
we have adopted standard American usage. The exceptions to this rule are «Qur'aÅn» and «qur'aÅnic»
for Koran and Koranic. The word «HadõÅth» has been capitalized without italics. Journal titles are
Ç Islamicus, London 1958. EI2 stands for the new edition of
abbreviated following J. D. Pearson, Index
The Encyclopedia of Islam (ed. H.A.R. Gibb et al.), Leiden 1960-2002, EIran for the Encyclopedia
Iranica, (ed. E. Yarshater), vols. 1-14, New York 1985-ongoing, and EQ for Encyclopaedia of the
Qur'aÅn, 6 vols., Leiden 2001-06. GAL stands for C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Littera-
tur, 2nd ed., vol. 1-2, Leiden 1943-49; supplement volumes 1-3, Leiden 1937-42, and GAS for F.
Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, vol. 1-9, Leiden 1964-84. The sign # is used for the
paragraphs that refer to the Arabic text, independently from page numbers. The « K. » stands for
« KitaÅb » in book titles.
2) SulamõÅ's life and work have been examined in G. BoÈwering, «The Qur'aÅn Commentary of al-
SulamõÅ,» in W.B. Hallaq and D.P. Little (eds.), Islamic Studies Presented to Charles J. Adams, Leiden
1991, 41-56; see also, G. Bowering, «al-SulamõÅ,» EI2, 9, 811-2; for a general survey of SulamõÅ's life
and work see, L. Berger, Geschieden von allem ausser Gott, Hildesheim ± ZuÈrich ± New York, 1998;
for documentation from Arabic primary sources, see KhatÅõb al-BaghdaÅdõÅ (d. 461/1073), Ta'rõÅkh
BaghdaÅd, 14 vols., Cairo 1349/1931, 2, 248-9 (nr. 717); Dhahabõ Ç Å (d. 748/1348), Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ'
(ed. Shuàyb al-Arna'uÅt and others), 25 vols. Beirut 1401/1981-1409/1988, 17, 247-55; DhahabõÅ,
Ç
Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm (ed. Ùmar Àbd al-SalaÅm TadmurõÅ), 52 vols., Beirut 1407/1987-1421/2000, (yrs.
401-20), 304-7, with additional references.
3) DhahabõÅ, Siyar a`laÅm al-nubalaÅ', 16, 146-8; DhahabõÅ, Ta'rõÅkh al-IslaÅm (yrs. 351-80), 335-7,=
9
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
A) The Author and His Writings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Å's Writings . . . . . . 20
B) The Five Treatises Included in this Collection of Sulamõ
C) Technical Observations about the Arabic Text Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Arabic Text
C ................................................................................................................ LuR
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7
Acknowledgement
This book, an edition and analytical study of five early Sufi treatises, owes a
special debt of gratitude to Salah AboujaoudeÂ and Camille HechaimeÂ, who
agreed to accept it into the series «Recherches» of the Institut de Langues
Orientales (UniversiteÂ St. Joseph, Beirut) and publish it with Dar el-Machreq,
Beirut. A generous grant from the Guggenheim Foundation coupled with the
hospitality of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton made it possible to
bring this project to completion. A good portion of the Arabic text had to be
prepared under unusually challenging circumstances, as it was typed in the
summer of 2006 in Beirut when the Lebanon was subjected to constant bombing
raids. In gratitude for their hospitality and in hope for their peaceful future we
dedicate this volume to the people of Lebanon.
5
# Tous droits reÂserveÂs, premieÁre eÂdition, 2009
Dar el-Machreq s.a.r.l
B. P. 166778
Achrafieh, Beyrouth, 1100 2150
Liban
http://www.darelmachreq.com
ISBN 2±7214±6026±9
Distribution: Librairie Orientale s.a.l

el-Jisr el-Wati, Sin el-Fil
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Fax: (01) 485796 ± (01) 492112
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RECHERCHES
PUBLIEÂES SOUS LA DIRECTION DE
L'INSTITUT DE LETTRES ORIENTALES DE BEYROUTH
FACULTEÂ DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES, UNIVERSITEÂ SAINT-JOSEPH
Nouvelle SeÂrie: A. LANGUE ARABE ET PENSEÂE ISLAMIQUE

TOME: XXII
Sufi Treatises
of
AbuÅ Àbd al-RahmaÅn al-SulamõÅ
Ç (d.412/1021)
Edited with Introduction by

Gerhard Bowering
and Bilal Orfali
DAR EL-MACHREQ EÂDITEURS

LA COLLECTION RECHERCHES
Depuis le lancement de la collection Recherches en 1946, quatre-vingts
volumes ont paru, dont beaucoup sont eÂpuiseÂs. Voici la liste des ouvrages
actuellement disponibles:
SeÂrie 1: PenseÂe arabe et musulmane.
3 . A. N. Nader, Le systeÁme philosophique 11. H. Fleisch, TraiteÂ de philologie arabe, Vol.
e Â
des Mu`tazila. 2 edition. Â
II. 3 edition.
e
31. F. Kholeif, A study on Fakhr al-DõÅn al- 15. L. Pouzet, Damas au VIIe/XIIIe s. 2e
RaÅzõÅ and his controversies in Transoxiana. eÂdition.
2e eÂdition. 16. E. Maalouf, Risa Ålat maqaÅmaÅt al-suÅfiyya de
46. M. Mahdi, KitaÅb al-hÇuruÅf de FaÅraÅbõÅ. 3e SuhrawardõÅ. 2e eÂdition.
eÂdition. 17. G. BoÈwering, ZiyaÅdaÅt haqaÅ'iq at-tafsõÅr de
49. P. Nwiya, eExeÂgeÁse coranique et langage SulamõÅ. 2e eÂdition. Ç
mystique. 2 eÂdition. 18. C. van Nispen, ActiviteÂ humaine et agir de
Dieu. Le concept de « Sunan de Dieu » dans
le commentaire coranique du « ManaÅr ».
SeÂrie 2: Langue et litteÂrature arabes.
16. H. Fleisch, TraiteÂ de Philologie arabe, Vol.
19. J. Peters, KitaÅb al-majmuÅ` fõÅ-l-muhÇÅÇõt bi-l-
taklõÅf de Ibn Mattawayh.
I. 3e eÂdition. 20. K. L. Honerkamp, Ar-RasaÅ'il al-kubraÅ
38. C. HechaõÈmeÂ, Louis CheõÈkho et son livre d'Ibn ÀbbaÅd de Ronda.
« Le christianisme et la litteÂrature chreÂti- 21. S. Daccache, Le probleÁme de la creÂation
enne en Arabie avant l'islam ».
du monde et son contexte rationnel et
historique dans la doctrine d'AbuÅ MansuÅr
al-MaÅturõÅdõÅ (333/944). Ç
SeÂrie 3: Orient chreÂtien.
10. A. Fattal, Le statut leÂgale des non-musul- 22. G. Bowering and B. Orfali, Sufi Treatises
mans en pays d'islam. 2 eÂdition. of AbuÅ Àbd al-RahmaÅn al-SulamõÅ (d.412/
Ç
30. J. MeÂceÂrian, Histoiree et institutions de 1021).
l'Eglise armeÂnienne. 2 eÂdition. B. Orient chreÂtien.
6 . C. HechaõÈmeÂ, Bibliographie analytique du
PeÁre Louis Cheikho. 2e eÂdition.
Nouvelle SeÂrie: 8 . R. Tardy, NajraÅn. ChreÂtiens d'Arabie
A. Langue arabe et penseÂe islamique. avant l'islam.
2 . P. Nwiya, IbnÀtÇaÅe' AllaÅh. Texte et traduc- 9 . I. KeÂchichian, Explication de la divine
tion des Hikam. 3 eÂdition. liturgie de NerseÁs de Lambron.
Ç
Sufi Treatises
of
AbuÅ Àbd al-RahmaÅn al-SulamõÅ
Ç
(d.412/1021)

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