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)3( Hallaq, "Qadi's Diwan ) "?P G( ," pp. 415-436.

36
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)1( Agmon, Social Biography, p. 106.

37
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)1( Rosen, Justice in Islamic Culture, pp. 39-40.

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)2( Peirce, Morality Tales, p. 387.

52
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)1( Marcus, Middle East , p. 112.

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)1( Jennings, Women in Early 17th Century, pp. 61-62, 98, 112; Peirce,

Morality Tales, p. 7; Zarinebaf- Shahr, Women, Law, p. 84.

)2( Hirsch, Kadhi's Courts, p. 218; Mitchell, Family Law in Algeria, pp. 201-

202.

2k .,1 J,S9P$ G QO .V$ G .Y0 L_& C Gh Marcus, Middle East, p. 106. : L_& G )3(

.)11 .9 G )1S# ., G

)4( Peirce, Morality Tales, p. 176.

57
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)1( Seng, Standing at the Gates of Justice, p. 202.

)2( Zilfi, We don't Get Along, pp. 269-271; Rapoport, Marriage, Money and

Divorce, p. 70.

)t 2 0 F G A .P( G )# v Kt h ,IQ Lu9# IO .b %,8 .> hR )# L GhR $ G V G L9q G f .t Jr )3(

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J .12!E G A .P( G )b h Marcus, Men, Women and Property, p. 145 : L_& G )1(

.Y0 L_& )1XL9r$ ),( .1 )$X .2 .e ),> .t 2 0 .11 L$

k

: C G , G F R GhR C f F Gh ,J G G

R.C. Jennings, Women in the Early 17th Century, pp. 97-101.

: L_& G , Sh Lc G IM,> )# Jb C I e .?D )b C )2(

Rapoport, Marriage, Money and Divorce, pp. 12-22.

.3+ P Q .(0 O m C 7,# -9$1q g!28 .S1

Q G f .\!P G .,r9b 70 .> :2 .[C Q :d .<$t h

63
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)1( Rapoport, Marriage, Money and Divorce, p. 4; Peirce, She is Trouble;

Marcus, Middle East, pp. 205-206; Jennings, Women in the Early 17th

Century, pp. 82-87; idem., Divorce in the Ottoman Shari'a Courts, p. 157;

Ivanova, Divorce between Zubaida; Tucker, Revisiting Reform; Zilfi, We

Don't Get Along, p. 272.

@d>L$ G v P )# 22 T# .+ 2k .,1 J,S9P$ G QO .V$ Gh

65
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k

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dR .(8 71 .<$1 f .t .# QJr1 ,I C L$ G J .u!9$$ R .l(9O 71 .<$1 G L Gh M!

. ,> hR d!G .,l!t 29 G

)2 (

y7SF .bz 7 .Ek @ .,q.rD Zc1 )b .,(#

L# $ dq 2k "<$8 .,8Jb 7rl& / 7k .X) .1 .,q JU LG&#

)3(

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G Gh E G
p

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s )4 ( s

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)1( Marcus, Men, Women and Property, p. 155.

: "madaline zilifi" 2l!0 R )1 .# 7OO GQO 2k 7;.E2# J1O 7 .D I )2(

We don't get along: women and hul divorce in the eighteenth century

: -8 LD
Q j K G H .9u G )$X IQ .S($ Gh

Women in the Ottoman Empire: middle estern women in the early modern

era.

)3( Zilfi, We Don't Get Along, pp. 276, 284.

6
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I O G z J .c!9H$ G

71!# #8 ., J> 2k .$,1!b J$9b 29 )19 .E )# 7 $ )u "cl .1 .E1EU

k

G J G G G O G h ,

.7c(r# .,!c?8 29 G "1U .l9! Lr9l8 h ,IO .c G L1e /!b L12t "uS1
s

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66
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29 G v!8 -2S8 ] 71q 0G $ Gh 71b .$9> / G %1 r Gh 2 ,r l G W( G

)$Y90 Jq )u ,g 0b C g .(Sq .& j K G b 0\ G d .<# .,(b FVk C

71q 0G 71b .$9> 71!t 7l!9H# LG L1f9# v19u .0J K+

s

Ch G : i C J G G G

T .r(1 2_D LG B d .<# 2k L_((!k @I E @@@ 71O .1O h 70 .#O h

)G .O T .r& .(+ GQ - .D Qh J0 j K G , 71(0J G J .1!q $ -rk G : m1 < t

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, G K G C f G b H

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k )3( s

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.295U , we don't get along : .,<E1 2k , 2l R J(b .+J?& 7,1 .S# Luk I )1(

d> .q .q 0b )# -($Y90 .$1 .,l$! .t.l /(c$ .1 .(+ .\G

s
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k

G f G G Gh G G Gh y G

)1( Al-Qattan, Dhimmis in the Muslim Court; idem., Litigants and

Neighbors.

68
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k

h G d G , G E I G

f .& .r Gh -rl G )11 jh .P& f C fPE # \H G )# f .u1O @)11&.& .r G

; 7<0JE G J .q .1P G 2k f . & . q F ! \V # ) # gJVr& j K G /(c$ .1

s

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k

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k )2(

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s

h ,i C F j G G

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.#J(b L(O .$t LPl0 .# K+ .$1 - .V s12\9 .1 .(8

s

i h , G Q( eQ G jO

)0LG )11 )# B f .1& .\0L2 G f .1 .1&. .u G )^ GP .$ , :q. G )1E0

6
Lr9l0 h W Ll# "uS1 F# .P9# y 2# 0O) G J .1.rc G f .& .q z f C

A .O QE / h W .2Y& / G %1$c8 / s
E jO &0 / h d> .& L1e h J .1.rc!

@ )ye . _( Gh f .& . r Gz

]7c0LS G d # . ,9 ,> . # 2 k G [ 7<0JE G 7 J h G Q .V9& "<$90 % G

)# -#M!9O G .$1k .$& Eh ; ]r k h ] .,&.& .r1 [ 7c0LS G d G J29O G 2k

7 J .k @)11# 0O)
h G 2c0LS9 Gh 2b .$9> / G e . _( G 318L8 IO .b E

.,lU.1 )g 0b 71& .< C G 7\r( G 2k .(EX h C .$t 7c0LS ( G :,1 .> Jq

@ LS# .1t ZE#

q o

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)2(

O . >.
v v G ]$& v v - l U. 1
v v v
)1(

2 &. & v v .vrv G Jv0.vuv9v G f .t

v Jr v v

)1( Codification

"uS1 fh J8 h )1& .r G G )P8 =1D ; 2c0LS8 ]$& .+ h : 2&.& .r G s1P(9 G h C J0.u9 G

"uS1 -1 .$c$ ]$( .+ codes 71&.& .q .t 7&.u# 2# ._& 2rP&

k

d G G h , GO G C , h

.& .r ]$( "1 .r$t .2 .e LtK0 JE9$ .0 /. 711Lf .1 2k 2O .O

k

f G h ,I G J Gh G hQh C C

. d> L$
) G G( .71& .\0L2 G 7O J$! d>L0 Q j K G , common low c L9S$ G h C e .c G

.
) %>L9$ G( @modus vivandi : W( G 2k 71(18 0 .1 )2(

80
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k k

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7\!P 7O .$$ 70 .(c1 .9H# .\$& .$!u1

k

.t Jr LG
k s

G Q GQ f ,i C J h

2k 7$,# )# L<t .?& /!b .q .19G 71c0LS9 71O .1P

k k
s
C R E GQO GQ G , Gh G

6
2k "<$98 ]$( G G K, 70L+.> L<t $ G J .$P G fE @-Pl& :q. G

6
2 &. & . r G O .u G fE @
)1(

7\!P Gh 7qJ Gh 71k .lS Gh e . _( G L .9&E

6 6
.# "t z "E# "D Jq f .& . r G A G L2G -1!b sk .0 G j K G =0JE G

K+ 7rP9$ L1e )1& .r .c Lb $ )# s2O

)2 (

G , y G G Gh J GO Gh a G G

6
3 ?0 2&.& .r .u .$ .[ .1& /.$R .t 0D)
)3( k

f C G O G f C , f d G

-(# L0 K .\( "# .R "uS1 2\f0 .c& .# .c# .> . u0

o k k

e G j G b G f Ch , f

S .$!# s12\8 j C f hO dh &E G IQh LX 2Y9r0 .# .+ h , -$1_(8

.(<9O .(+ .t .# @Qk .(# .& .q $ %; )# 7\!O

q

A G c f G P Eh f j ) j Ch (

6
/ E %90 / v P f (k ; "cl .1 O .>.# LG B f .& .q s12\91 F$P0

g K+ "<# f #1 =0JE G 2&.& .r G O .u G )# F0LV G fP ) G "Yl1

)1( Stone, A Primer on Codification, pp. 303-310, at 303-304.

6
2b .$9> G e ._& L .9&) , .,9O .O h 7 J h G I GO C , 2&.& .r G )0 J9 h G f #1 Lr0 f .9O h

W( G : J0.u9! I JD Gh 7l1^ h / s
E d .r0 .$t .(1 .c0 v O P )u h , )0J0J> 2c0LS8 h

. .?0
R Eh M .X.1 )1& .r G G /!b s

)2( Bayitch, Codification in Modern Times, pp. 161-191, at 164.

)3( Codes.

" u S1 7 & J $
v v v v h v v G Jb . r v G v v G ) # 7 b. $ ? # ) b
v v v v v v IQ . 2b . +
v v v h , 2( 1( r8 ] $ &
v v v v v v v : 71&.& .q
v v v v O G .t v C

k
k

f .&.rvv vv vv Gh , 2 .(?
vvF vv vv vv G f .&.rvv vv vv Gh 2 &J $
vv vv vv G f .&.r .t
vv vv vv vv , .(1c# .q.\& 2\f8
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv h 2rP&vv vv vv

@ %>L9$ ) G( @I E @@@ jQ .?9 G

81
) 1 & .r K+ "GJ8 .#J(b @ .,r12\91 .$P# LG $ ) 1 & .r
s

G G g h M i G G G

k 6
29 LS! .rk / .c2[ J E0 / v (k K1l(9 M1D
k

G Wh h E K P f ; G

6
.u LG .$!u1 @Q uc Q1 7 J .& .q .,1!$0
s

O G fE ,i C J h G h , h G f

)# .k .1!c 7r!\$ 7\!P .# 2bJ0 =0JE 2&.& .r

k

j C b Gh G G hO G G

@-1!b 7r1 .P G ) 1 & .rG G

6
f C J1 / 71&.& .r G OG .t $ . k ; JE G G K+ J(b L# $ mq.90 / G h

dh .(9# 2k h 2r\(# h 2& 0rb "uS1 728L# h 7EX G hh 71# ._& f . u8

k

) u8 % 2+ L?$ .,9c12\ .rk @ .Yr )1# .E$

)1(

, IO G hh I Gh G

; ]r k h .,9\!O )b f 0b) Gh j L1Pl9 G % uE Gh Q G Lr G v!$8

6
@ .?0) .1 %P98 %; )#
R h , 2#.$b "uS1 Jb .r G G Q Lr8 2+ .$& Eh

k
k

)# h[ .(1c# .& .P& E h C 7(1c# 71Yq f .t A G .O ,jO Ll! :l9!8 / .,& E

2k 70J0L?8 .# 2+ 7$P K, M0Mc9t @ .,91#.$b .(+

)2( k

zh hO G g h ]

o
n

. u0 M1# L29b Jr!k @J$c9# "uS1 7(1c9# / %1$V

o )3(

f f C I G h y G

.2b.9P0 )u$0 2& . $ $ 2P&Ll 2&J$ 2&.& .r .u

o

fC , Gh G G G O Gz

729u# 3!\90 c L9S$ G f .& . r G .$(11 , JD Gh J!?# 29k O )11

@-1 .c19O / 7!# .t

)4 (

s1P(9 G O .> h Q L2# (Primer, pp. 303-304) f .9O 3PE1 2+ J .$P G g K+ )1(

. 0U C 2&.& .r G

)2( abstract.

)3( To the point.

)4( Stone, Primer, p. 306.

82
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s
Q G O .u! 71O .O $ 7$P G G )u h

7bLl9# 7$O 2+ h ]a 09G 0 Zr1(t Q& .?9 Gh "; .$9 G[ I JD. G

IO G .+ 0 1 2 b . P G , 2 &. u G 2; JE G G W LS G ) # L # $ dq G Gh 2k

:& .t .$ LPl0 .# K+ @ Q& .?9 JD. s1rE8 .E&

)1 (

GP G h Gh I G

2 &. & . r sP ( 2+ )10.1O Lk $ ) 1 1 &. & . r ) 1 E !V $ 7,>

o

G G C -h G G G h

c L9S$ G f .& .r G Q1 h 711Lf G .1 h Qh C 2k - 1 d .$c$ G 2&J$ G

"G GO I JD. G srE98 f C 3?0 / , G Ku+ h @ M1!?&)j G ]e .c G[

6
J1 / .$& .0L_& ]rk .,Pl& 71&.& .r .P& $
k

f C Eh ;] :j C [ h C G b G

6 k

. \O @ .1!$b .,$1$c91 .Y0 s12\9 J1cU /!b srE98

k
s
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I Q GO E /!b 7!e.9#
s
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@ 7 Jc K1l(8
)2(

G G h

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s
s
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k
k q

v!9$8 .,& J1 J8 % 2+ / #k .20Lr8 71&.& .r .t $

k

C G C Y , h ; G O G G

JJ$9b G
p

/ !b Jq .,& L# $ dq "1 7r!\$ 7\!P LVD

k
s
C G Gh ; G G G

-1k :r2[ .u# 7$; Q1!k 2, ) .& . r )11

o

f ; G f Gh a Lc G fh .c9 G

a Lc G f .t f .u# "t 2k .$(11 ,j LVD "uS1 .+JD h 7c0LS G

o 6
7O .$$ dq 2k .,Pl& Jr8 % 7c0LS @ .,c# s2\0
)3(

Q G Gh e G fE

.(+ JD. I G , d$> % .c C G /!b =0JE

s
G 21 hQh $ Z11 $ ">L
G G G 7k .r; %1$c8 :j C )1(

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) %>L9$ G( . H Lf! y LG ! Gz Y .YH1 srE98

)2( Bayitch, Codification, pp. 162-167.

"_8 70L_( K+ "<# )u 0ck v K1 :# .q Jq .,& .r0 )u$# .0L_&

k

, G g h , E d f C , )3(

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k k

C h Q G

83
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G GR C G 7r!\$ G 7 \! P G 72D .U .,lU.1

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k
s
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k o
k

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k

G G Qh G Eh ; h

q
6
%P98 7c0LS G f .t 2bJ0 f C JD C dO.1 Q1 -& C ,d .E Gh

2k .E .+ .$t 2,rl %u E .r JD 71!G J JD. .1

n

d G G G/ d G I h[ G G I

6
a Lc0 .# h C- A GQ ! G 70 Jc8O f C .$ .[ ] =0JE G 2&.& .r G sP ( G

K+ /!b @ .19# .1 JE$ .,9$O 2+ .,9> / Jc91

o n
s
g h R IO G -J G O G O
p p

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H .c19O G )# .,9(u# 29 G 7& L $ h G J J> h Jq 70 Jc9 O G g K+ 2 k h

I Jb .r G : E8 yA .1$b z IQ .V1 .,c$> dr9 :& .t C , 7l!9H# mq .# G

@=0JD 2&.& .q O .t j C 2k .,Pl&

6
; ]r k h 7U .H G m q .$ G G O Jc9 3?9P8 % 70 Jc9 O G g K+ fE

L11f8
vvv vvv vvv vvv [ 2,rl vvv vvv vvv vvv G L11f9
vvv vvv vvv vvv vvv G IQ h LY vvv vvv .Y0 vvv vvv C : 1. ? 9 O
vvv vvv vvv vvv G .$&
vvv vvv Eh

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s
f C h , G I C G C G

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s

2k - & . + C , 71$+ C L <t $ G L# $ G @ 71#.$c] G[ 71&.u Gh 70J0L?9 G

. SO .P Gh Q# .H G "Vl G , 712+K$ G 7\!P G ,b 0D )1(

)2( Homogenization.

e ._( G )11 h %,(11 %; ,O G Lk $ )11 Q& .?9

G G s1rE8 h L,V Gh L M$ Gh J1D.9 G :j C

. ) %>L9$ G( .7 h J G -XLl8 j K G

84
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2k J>.8 f C )11&.& .r G -(1c8 h g L; C IJD hh 2&.& .r G O .u G 7c12[

J0L?9 L_( .9P$ .$1k 2 cq .9P#

s s

j Gh j G i G A GQh Gh i j C

@ 2 8 .+ 0
) Gh 2r0M1k .91$ G ) u0 % f E( ZE $ G

7 J!h Ll_$ G LV( .1 7& Lr# 71$1+ .l$ h G J . X . c9 Q G K+

g

g2 V ! IQh K(# J Je Jq , 71(P G 71c0LS9 G J .PO&$ G d 1 $ > / !b s

" uk , -8 #[ h : E8 h )$1,$ G H . \H G J 0 / !b s
) -0.S9 G h C(

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2k .20Lr8 :$8 72tL# 71!$b g2V 70.S9 K+ .t Jr

k

) G h C( G G f

71 .1&. .u G .1 h Qh C )11 7,k .u9$ G L1e 7q 0c G J .0.9P# d1$>

2k 7$!P$ .c$9?$ 7<0JE 7 J 7r .G 7<0JE

)1(

G J Gh ) G h G ( G

)# 2+ )J .$P G h C( -0.S9 G LU .(b :& .t Jr h @% .c G A . E& C

dO . / ( c$ . 1 2&.& .r J0.u9 MtL$ LG LU .(b )11

r n s
s
G G ( G Gh I G :i C

7P& .?$ Gh ] 71[ Lq L12! "0.E9

G h G[ 7[Lr2 Gh ) )1(r9 G :j C , 7$!u!

7 J h G Yh LS$ j Lrl G O .$c G : ! uR J q .,!t h , 71c0LS9 G

@7Y+ .($ .r "t JX L9 .1 :!$b Jq .,!t 7<0JE

s

G i G aO G h , G

:E8 J(, G[ 71& .\0L2 G J(, G ,d .<$ G "12O /!b KG #( s

h

6
711 711Le L+ .^ .# .$8 71H0 .8 L+ .^ 7 J /!b .# 0D LV0
k k
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d> .1 .O .$1k / 7; JE "2q .$1k .> ., )u0 % 7<0JD L+ .^

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85
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] G Q .$c9O / G

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K+ J1$?9 71!$b :cq m 1t .X .1 LS8 .,& $

)1(

:j C [ g G h M M

2(c8 .(+ yM .X .1 zh @ 71&.& .q

] U .V& "uR 2k 7c0LS G J1$?8
6
I LR .2# IQ .U 7Y2q 2k :cq h Jq .,&.t 32P1 .$1 Qh , J(, G f C

I .r G Q .; Bh "$b Q .P# Q .,^ /!b

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s
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70 .[ L2#) .t .+ .O )# L<t
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L ; #8 " q :P1 L1G $ K+ .t )# %eL .1 0<# 71& .$<c

k

G C I G g f , G

Q .$c9O 0 dYG f .1t j C )# .,2& .> m!9H$1 7($1,$ G G 7; JE .1

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s k
s
G LP G i G E GQ G

@2# 0O) % .c G G 2k dr8 d G M8 / h : cq h 29 G J / .E 9 G

O .>.1 2Yr8 1772 e .b 2k

)3(

M ? 9O . (1 + )0 Q Gh 7\G :& .t

)1( rigidification.

, 71& .$<c G 70 .[ L2#)

Q G Gh 71& .\0L2 G J(, G )# "t 2k 7c0LS G J /.E8 /!b s
Y 0[ 0 )2(

.20Lq JV1O K .9u L_&

k

: Q j G H G G

Hallaq, Islamic Law in History and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press).

)3( Warren Hastings:

. %>L9$
) G( .71& .\0L2 G J(,! %t .D dh C h ,)1818-1732( 2& .\0L1 7 hO "> Q

86
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,J .0.9P$ G O Jc9# 2#L+ e . _&

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k

fh Qh G G I G , G

29 G .0 .Yr G WH0 .$1k ) 2 0$ G( )11!E$ G )19l$ Gh I .Yr G

q o

I .Yr G mr0 f .t .1&J G 7> J Q G / !b s

h , 7c0LS G .,1k %uE8

71&J$ G %t .E$ G 2k f .& . r G fh Kl(0 )0K G ,f .0 .c O G f .$!P$ G

Z ,( 8 . Y 0 C 7\H G :& .t @ j .2#.1 h ]j .(1S8 [ S GQ J# p

h d .f(2 .1

. ,? # O )u$0 71!E$ G a G Lb $ Gh J GO .c G f .t V G L 9k G / !b s

"<$ .1 7#.uE$ 7 Jc! 71& .\0L2 71PO&$ 71(2 )$X

o

G , G G G G

@ .c2[ 71& .\0L2 2(c8 .(+ 71&.u 71&.u 71c0LS9

k

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7 1 & . 0J
vv vv G vv vv G : %t.E$ vv vv vv vv G )# vv ) 1 b. &
vv vv vv A .O vv DQ : 3 LY vvF G vv vv G 70.2>vv vv vv

f .& .r v v v Gz s2\8v v v :& .t v v 29 v v Gh , /

s v h$G .# v C ;
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7 0 J >. l
v Q G v v v Gh

/!b s
vvv vvv y 2O J(, vvv h v vv vvv vvv G f . &. r
vvv vvv vvv Gzh )1$!P$ vvv vvv vvv vvv vvv vvv G /!b s
vv v vvv y 2 # 0 O) vvv vvv G

3& .?1 3 LY F G G 70 .2> 7$,$1 d!\Y8 :& .t Jrk ;S h J(, G

.,1k s2[ 71 .(> 7$uE# 2,k

o

F ; 7 .< G
1& .# C @71&J# 7$uE# .,&.t

IQ .S9O G L 2b I .2? G .,1 -$,k 29 G 7r0L\ .1 y 2# 0O) G f .& . r Gz

6
.2? .$t . Yr / &+ .r0 @ 2 0$ K8 .O $
)3( )2 (

)I G ( I G A fE d h Gh I G

)1( Fujdari

. ) %>L9$ G( .71 .(? F G 7$uE$ G 2+ h

. ) %>L9$ G( @pandits : W( G 2k 7190LuP(P .1 )2(

)3( Singha, Despostism of Law, pp. 1-35; Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of

Knowledge, p. 62; Anderson, Legal Scholarship, p. 67.

87
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m
m

: ck 29 .$P 2+ @ 2O J(, 2 # 0O ) .& . r

)1(

O G J G h ) h G h( y G f Gz

)0K )11!E$ L2H /&+ )# .1?0 J8 W!H9! )11& .\0L2

k

G , G A G G A Q G

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)2 (

I G c

71,rl 2k .$HY8 L29b .# d# "# .c9 "12O 2k

o

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k

G A GQ G G G h

M > e. h
k

L1P L9q L\1P /!b J(0 .l!9# 70 Ll

o

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s
G M G ;I G h h O G
p

, ) 1 1 u1 O 0 u G OQ .lPt 2qLS9P# " C F Gh C JD C , )1794 -1746 (

g .$O .# /
q
s
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s
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g K+ "0.E8 ( +
s

f .t Jr h @
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2# 0O) G f .& . r G "G GO )# 30Lf G e ._( G G K+ "<# 7e .1U Q L2#

k k k

2k .2 .r# 0Yc# .&.& .q -(# :!c> 7f!1 .e .V# 2O J(,

k

h , ) h G h(

.O .lU .# .$8 .1[ .29b .P8 / .c0 2rP& L1e "uR

k k

a J - Gh ,b G gR

) 7bJ2# 71>. .1O.O 7>K$& 71!$b L2b .rD / .,\2X %90

)4(

: d> GQ , 7# .b L_( I )1(

Menski, Hindu Law; and Kugle, Framed, Blamed and Renamed.

:L_& G , 7U .H G M&.> e .1 h c .uR )b )2(

Strawson, Islamic Law and English Texts, pp. 36-37.

: 2k O .,S9O G )3(

Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge, p. 69.

)4( Typolization

L+ ._
G G "1!E9 L21k Qt .# .+Lu91 71?,(# 71 G B , 71 .<$ G W .$& $ %1$V8 G :7>K$( G
.>.$ 71O .O $ .$P L?0 2(+ .(1 .+ 2 .<$ ]$( 71b .$9> /
o

= IO G G J G O P A G Gh , G

88
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k

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1 #
s
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:D h C 29 G 2+ I L\1P G )b 79!l($ Gh 7\2Y($ G L1e 2 0$ Gh

7 Jb G I Lul1 - -!$t #1 L21k /!b s1 .P s

G b G LS9O / "rE G h- L21l

2k %; )# -Pl& )b JE9 FVk Jr @ 71 M, 2X .r

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Sanskrit Press, 1861).

: =0 . $ Q G G 2k f .91k .X E f .9$>L8 JL,^ 71 .9 G J G .(P G 2k h

Macnaghten, W.H., Principles of Moohumudan Law (Calcutta: Brahma

Samaj Press, 1861); and Elberling, F., A Treatise on Inheritance, Gift,

Will, Sale, and Marriage (Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1832).

: L_& G , 2 .1&. .u Q0 J9 2k .rD / -l1^.8

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trawson, Islamic Law and English Texts, pp. 27-28.

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pp. 56-57; Fisch, Law as a Means and as an End, p. 15.

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@A Study of History, Volume I, p. 36 : L_& . %,$,k 2k G y Y LS& % .((u h

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Strawson, Islamic Law and English Texts, p. 26.

)2( oreintalised.

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