Почему люди включают себя в фотографию

Учёные из Университета штата Огайо провели интересное исследование и выяснили, что среди
примерно двух тысяч участников (а точнее - 2113), существует интересная зависимость:

Люди делают фотографии от первого лица, когда хотят запечатлеть физические эмоции от
происходящего и создают фотографии от третьего лица (в том числе и селфи), когда
подразумевают более глубокий смысл в моменте.

Участникам предложили эксперимент: Они с другом находятся на пляже. И насколько важно будет
на итоговой фотографии испытуемым появиться самим? И станет ли данный момент значимым в
плане сиюминутных эмоций или получившаяся картинка отразит значение более глубокое, чем
просто фотография с другом на пляже?

Испытуемые ответили, что если фотография будет от первого лица, не включая их самих, то это
будет важно в плане эмоций текущего момента. А вот если они и сами появятся на фото, то в этом
будет тайный смысл, а не только фотография, отражающая красивый океан.

Во втором эксперименте, участникам предложили оценить последнюю фотографию, которую они

сделали от третьего лица, от 1 (крайне негативно) до 5 (невероятно позитивно). А также указать,
делали ли они эту фотографию с прицелом на "вот сейчас просто сфотографируюсь" или "я отражу
какую-то определённую идею".

И результаты совпали с тем, что описано во втором и четвёртом абзацах данного сообщения.
Также учёные узнали, что фотографии людям не нравятся, если те не достигают поставленной
перед собой цели отражения определённого настроения/момента/идеи.

Why people include themselves in photos

A new study may help explain why people choose to include
themselves in some photos -- and it is not vanity.

Researchers found that first-person photos (capturing the scene as it looks from
one's own eyes) best represent the physical experience of an event for people.

But third-person photos like selfies (documenting a moment with themselves in

it) better depict the deeper meaning of the event in their lives.

"We found that people have a natural intuition about which perspective to take
to capture what they want out of the photo," said lead author Zachary Niese, a
PhD graduate of The Ohio State University, now a postdoctoral scholar at the
University of Tübingen in Germany.

The results also provide a counter to the view that people post selfies on sites
like Instagram just to promote themselves, said study co-author Lisa Libby,
professor of psychology at Ohio State.

"These photos with you in it can document the bigger meaning of a moment,"
she said. "It doesn't have to be vanity."

The study was published today (April 27, 2023) in the journal Social
Psychological and Personality Science.
Previous research suggested that capturing the physical experience of an event
or its broader meaning may be two important motivations for taking personal
photos.
For example, someone at the beach with a friend may take a photo of the ocean
to capture the physical experience of the beautiful and relaxing day. Or they
could take a photo with themselves in it to capture the bigger meaning of
spending time with a friend.
In a series of six studies involving 2,113 participants, the researchers explored
the impact of perspective in personal photography.

In one online study, participants read a scenario in which they might want to
take a photo, such as spending the day at a beach with a close friend. They were
asked to rate how important the experience itself would be for them, and how
important the bigger meaning would be. Results showed that the higher
participants rated the meaning of the event to them, the more likely they said
they would take a photo with themselves in it.

Another study demonstrated the truth of people's intuitions about whether each
perspective better captures the experience or meaning of events. This study
asked people to examine photos they posted to their Instagram accounts.

Participants opened their most recent post featuring their own photo and were
asked: "What does this photo make you think about more?" with the response
options being "The physical experience of the moment" or "The bigger meaning
of the moment."

Results showed that if the photo featured the participant in the shot, they were
more likely to say the photo made them think of the bigger meaning of the
moment, while photos featuring how the scene looked from their own visual
perspective made them think of the physical experience.

But sometimes people may not take the photo that captures their goal - and the
result is that they don't like the photo as much.

In another experiment, the researchers again asked participants to open their

most recent Instagram post featuring one of their photos. They were asked
whether they were trying to capture the bigger meaning or the physical
experience of the moment.

Participants then rated how they felt about the photo on a scale of 1 (not at all
positive) to 5 (extremely positive).

"We found that people didn't like their photo as much if there was a mismatch
between the photo perspective and their goal in taking the photo," Libby said.

For example, if they said their goal was to capture the meaning of the moment,
they liked the photo more if it was taken in third person, with themselves in the
image.

Overall, the results suggest that people have an intuition about what perspective
they should use in photos to fulfill what they want the photo to do, Niese said.

"I hope this study increases people's knowledge about how photo perspective
affects how they react to photos," he said. "That way they can make sure they
consciously choose the perspective that will meet their goal."

The results also suggest people may be posting photos on Instagram and
elsewhere for more than just their audience, Niese said.
"This work suggests people also have very personal motives for taking photos.
Even on social media, it appears that people are curating images for themselves
to look back on to capture the experience or the meaning of the event," he said.

Бумажные стаканчики такие же токсичные, как и пластиковые

Гётеборг, Швеция, группа учёных, что идёт против текущего мирового порядка со своими
исследованиями. Ведь они посмели указать на то, что бумажные стаканчики также приносят вред
земле, ибо в них тоже содержатся токсичные элементы!

Для этого учёные из кафедры биологических наук и наук об окружающей среде Гетеборгского
университета, провели эксперимент - оставили как бумажные, так и пластиковые стаканчики во
влажной среде и в самой воде на пару недель и посмотрели, что произойдёт с личинками комаров-
бабочек (butterfly mosquito).

Ответ убил: Оба варианта стаканчиков - полная фигня для природы. Ну и ответ в прямом смысле
убил, разумеется.

Бумажные стаканчики не водонепроницаемые, в отличие от пластиковых. Хотя и пластиковая

плёнка сейчас чаще всего делается из полилактида, типа биопластика. Полилактид создаётся из
возобновляемых ресурсов - кукурузы, сахарного тростника, в отличие от рыночного пластика, что
на ~99% создан из ископаемого топлива. И полилактид считается биоразлагаемым, но при этом
все как-то подзабывают, что он тоже токсичный.

А быстрая разлагаемость в той же воде может случайно попасть внутрь организмов человека и
животных. По типу, биопластик содержит столько же химикатов, как и обычный пластик.

Но что же делать, если и пластиковые стаканчики - фигня, и биопластиковые (бумажные) тоже?

Приносите с собой в кофейню собственную (керамическую) кружку и пейте из неё. Ну или из
фарфоровой - предлагают исследователи стаканчиков.

Paper cups are just as toxic as plastic cups

Replacing single use plastic cups with paper ones is

problematic. Researchers at the University of Gothenburg
show that a paper cup that ends up in nature can also cause
damage as they also contain toxic chemicals.

Reports of plastics pollution contaminating all parts of the Earth and in all living
things has accelerated a shift to alternative materials. The coffee latte you take
with you from the kiosk on the corner now comes in paper cups, sometimes even
with paper lids. But that cup can also harm living organisms if it ends up in
nature. Researchers at the University of Gothenburg show this in a study testing
the effect of disposable cups made of different materials on the larvae of the
butterfly mosquito.
"We left paper cups and plastic cups in wet sediment and water for a few weeks
and followed how the leached chemicals affected the larvae. All of the mugs
negatively affected the growth of mosquito larvae," says Bethanie Carney
Almroth, Professor of Environmental Science at the Department of Biology and
Environmental Science at the University of Gothenburg.

A thin plastic film lines paper cups

Paper is neither fat nor water resistant, so paper that is used in food packaging
material needs to be treated with a surface coating. This plastic protects the
paper from the coffee in your hand. Nowadays, the plastic film is often made of
polylactide, PLA, a type of bioplastic. Bioplastics are produced from renewable
resources (PLA is commonly produced from corn, cassava or sugarcane) rather
than fossil-fuels as is the case for 99% of plastics on the market today. PLA is
often regarded as biodegradable, meaning that it can break down faster than oil-
based plastics under the right conditions, but the researchers' study shows that
it can still be toxic.

"Bioplastics does not break down effectively when they end up in the
environment, in water. There may be a risk that the plastic remains in nature and
resulting microplastics can be ingested by animals and humans, just as other
plastics do. Bioplastics contain at least as many chemicals as conventional
plastic," says Bethanie Carney Almroth.

Potential health hazard of food packaging

[]

"When disposable products arrived on the market after the Second World War,
large campaigns were conducted to teach people to throw the products away, it
was unnatural to us! Now we need to shift back and move away from disposable
life styles. It is better if you bring your own mug when buying take away coffee.
Or by all means, take a few minutes, sit down and drink your coffee from a
porcelain mug," says Bethanie Carney Almroth.[]

Amsterdam

Amsterdam is one of Europe's great cities. Amsterdam is a cosmopolitan centre with a fine way of life, a
rich culture and its own style of humour. Amsterdam has history. Lots of it. The four main canals at the
heart of city life haven't changed much since the 17th century. Nor have the other 100 canals - except
that today they're lined by stylish cafes where you'll want to linger. But the first thing to do in
Amsterdam is get on a boat. Gliding under the bridges, you'll really appreciate the tranquil beauty of the
city and its waterways. There's much more, too. You'll find world-class museums with wonderful works
of art. Then there is the diamond industry. Several diamond merchants open their doors to visitors,
offering a fascinating glimpse of the craftsmen at work and the chance to admire - and buy - the finished
products. And when you've seen the small gems, you can see the big ones: the magnificent historic
buildings of which Amsterdam has many. Amsterdam's architecture is really worth making time for.
Amsterdam is compact for a capital, so it's easy to enjoy it on foot. And a stroll is the perfect way to soak
up the atmosphere of special city neighbourhoods. And if you are tired of sightseeing, shopping and
dining there's always the chance to relax and drink in the special ambience of Amsterdam's classic brown
bars. Named for their dark brown interior, they're cosy, friendly, and full of what the Dutch call
Gezelligheid.

Bergen

Bergen is a city surrounded by mountains, a real city but with old world charm and atmosphere, wooden
houses, narrow alleyways, a busy harbour, and a whiff of salty sea in the air. Bergen is cosmopolitan, and
rich in tradition and history. It's easy to see why those who are far from their beloved city get so
homesick. Bergen is the gateway to the world-famous fjords and offers you a wonderful combination of
pulsating city life and unforgettable scenic fjords. The choice is yours. Visit the Fish Market and enjoy
fresh seafood, or stroll along the quayside and soak up the atmosphere of the old merchants' quarter.
Take the cable car to Ulriken, where the view of the city framed by sea, fjord and mountain is one of the
most spectacular in Norway. Bergen hosts a multitude of international music and cultural events all year
round of which Bergen International Festival in May is probably the best-known. The city is home to one
of the world's oldest symphony orchestras, as well as theatres, dance companies and revues. Visit
Edward Grieg's home to hear his music where he composed it. Museums, art collections, churches and
fascinating architecture are all certain to capture your imagination.